The Small Payload Flight System (SPFS) provides a simple and cost-effective approach to carrying small size experiments on the space shuttle. The system uses a bridge-like structure which spans the orbiter cargo bay but is only 3 feet in length. The structure can carry up to 4300 lb of payload weight and can be positioned at any location along the length of the cargo bay. In addition to the structural support, the SPFS provides avionics services to experiments. These include electrical power distribution and control, command and telemetry for control of the experiments and subsystem health monitoring, and software computations. The avionics system includes a flight qualified electrical power branching distributor, and a system control unit based on the Intel 8086 microprocessor. Data can be recorded on magnetic tape or transmitted to the ground. Finally, a Freon pump and cold plate system provides environmental control for both the avionics hardware and the experiments as necessary.


the ongoing events and risks surrounding cities, whether natural, such as earthquakes, floods or unnatural ones (poverty, unemployment and lack of resources, etc.) have led to the need to examine and resilience of cities to resist such pressures and risks. This research presents the theoretical study of urban resilience and its characteristics and the concept of the resilient city in addition to studying the framework of the city's resilience and its goals and indicators. An analytical study is also undertaken in form of a comparative analysis of three city examples that face similar risks to that of Egypt. Finally, a summary is to have a methodology that is formulated to solve the problems and ways of dealing with them, especially economic and social development (the socioeconomic aspects of resilience) in an analytical framework. Through which recommendations are targeting the most important urban elements of the city's poor areas, which can be given to develop and advance them. Received: (3 September, 2019) Accepted: (14 November, 2019) Marwa E. Ali, Demonstrator Nile Higher Institute of Engineering and Technology,Master student at Architecture Dept., Mansoura University, Egypt (e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com) Asmaa Nasr El-din Elbadrawey,Doctor, Mansoura University, Architecture Engineering Dept., Egypt (E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com) Sherif A. Sheta, Associate Professor, Mansoura University, Architecture Engineering Dept., Egypt (e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com)


The Bostonians and The Princess Casamassima, out of the complete novels of Henry James, are assorted as social novels which directly deal with the social issues of the time. In the writing of the latter, James arranges the concrete description of the social environment of London in the late 19th century along with the impressionistic description of the psychological condition of Hyacinth Robinson, the hero of the novel. Thus it effectively shows how some contemporary social ideas have been projected in the consciousness of the protagonist. This paper interprets the characteristics of the experience of Hyacinth in the light of the contrasting epistemological viewpoints of rationalism and empiricism. Hyacinth undergoes a biting inner conflict and confusion while he struggles to achieve his self-definition and self-accomplishment in the fluid social atmosphere of London in 1880's.
James, as writer of psychological realism, tends to focus the narration of most of his novels on how such elements of perception as impressions, ideas, thoughts and feeling, experience and personality are functioning in human consciousness. He explores the epistemological aspect in which the two contradictory tendencies, that is, the rationalistic and the empirical, interplay in our mind. In The Princess Casamassima, the opposing perceptive traits, such as reason and ideas versus thoughts and feeling, cause severe inner contradictions in the hero's mind, which finally lead to his tragic self-destruction.


Abstract: In this chapter, Fisher's marriage and brief experience in Montreal during the pre-World War II years are discussed. The bulk of this chapter concerns his induction into the Canadian Navy and his experiences on ships during the early portion of World War II. The sinking of one of the ships on which he served and his capture by the Germans are also discussed. Fisher enlisted in the Canadian Navy in 1940 and was commissioned as a Surgeon Lieutenant. In April 1941, the Germans sank the ship on which Fisher served, and he was captured and sent to Germany as a prisoner of war.


In this research it is presented as the brands: Herbalife and Scientology through the construction and dissemination of their communication, they have a structural closeness to the term religion, which facilitated the entrance to the Bogota market, city in which the study is carried out branded. Through ethnographic immersion it was possible to observe that the Scientology brand is a religion, as it calls itself, however, it is argued that the Herbalife brand, due to its structural proximity to Scientology, also responds to the term of religion. It is argued how the propaganda advertising discourse associated with several elements of the brand anatomy, allows to consolidate a strong brand structure and thanks to this one can strengthen a loyal and loyal relationship by its users. In this qualitative research, ethnography was used as the main tool, thanks to this was carried out: a process of immersion, semi-structured interviews and field diaries. For the analysis of the information, the Branding is taken into account, with which a comparative analysis is constructed, based on the twenty-seven elements that make up the brand anatomy, the three most relevant in the development of the research are chosen, as they are personality, advertising and customer service. Finally, some conclusions about the commercial structural proximity of Herbalife are presented, with the religious structure of Scientology, making these: cult marks, where communication and the channels of speech emission play a fundamental role for its development and strengthening.


Based on Lopes and Cyrino (2005) and Creus e Menuzzi (2005), thepurpose of this work is to investigate how Brazilian Portuguese (BP)children are filling the anaphoric direct object position once occupiedby 3rd person accusative clitics. Since these clitics disappeared fromBP's pronominal system, we aim to determine the linguistic evidencesavailable to children in order for them to choose between a lexicalpronoun or a null object in this position. Results from our analysis ofthe language acquisition data confirmed Lopes & Cyrino's hypothesisthat the semantic features of animacy and specificity in the antecedentare responsible for the alternation between lexical pronoun and nullobject, as well as bring into question some of Creus & Menuzzi'spredictions, which ascribe to the semantic genre of the antecedent (andnot to animacy and specificity) the main role in the choice of positions.


A 9-month-old sexually intact male Golden Retriever weighing 34 kg (75 lb) was admitted to the veterinary medical teaching hospital because of a right hind limb lameness of 1 month's duration with no history of trauma. The dog previously had osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) of each humeral head, which was surgically treated approximately 60 days prior to admission. Physical examination revealed signs of pain on manipulation of the right hip joint and moderate atrophy of the muscles of the right hip joint. While the dog was in dorsal recumbency, radiographs of the pelvis were obtained with the hind limbs held in a flexed, abducted (frog-leg) position as well as in an extended position (Figure 1).


Three methods for estimating the pKa of a radical cation using thermochemical cycles are discussed. These methods enable the calculations of the pKa of radical cations which have not been determine...


Abstract As proposed by Olson and Copland (2016), "the politics of form" should help us examine both the ways in which politics condition narrative form and the ways in which narrative forms, in turn, participate in their political contexts. Contextualist approaches in narratology have gained attention since the beginning of the 21st century, but theorists still struggle to determine how political discourses are relevant to narrative form. This article proposes that the modulations of narrative reliability known as "estranging narration" (Phelan 2007) and "discordant narration" (Cohn 2002) are especially dependent on the political discourses that make them possible. Both categories describe forms of narrative reliability based on biased judgment rather than misreported facts, but the use of political ideology in these approaches has not been sufficiently examined. This is evident in Albert Camus' L'étranger (1942) [The Stranger], which actively uses the École d'Alger colonial discourse of the Méditerranée from contemporaneous French Algeria, to produce an ambivalent version of estranging and discordant narration. The politics of form, therefore, provides an opportunity to delve into and revise the concepts of estranging and discordant narration, which constitute a good starting point for narratologists' efforts to elucidate both the uses of historical discourse in narrative poetics and the uses of narrative poetics for shaping political ideology.


Background: With the spread of infectious diseases, especially coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), healthcare workers are vulnerable to mental health problems. Culture-based interventions in such critical situations are highly effective for the individuals in that cultural context. Objectives: The current study aimed to investigate the effect of Logotherapy Based on Rumi's Thoughts (LBRT) on depression, anxiety, and distress in frontline nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: The present study employed a quasi-experimental controlled pre-test-post-test design with a 2-month follow-up. This interventional study was conducted on frontline nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic 2020. Imam Khomeini and Fatemeh Zahra hospitals were selected as the research samples, as they were the main educational and medical centers of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Mazandaran, Iran, and provincial referral centers. A total of 32 eligible individuals were selected for experimental (n = 16) and control (n = 16) groups through the convenience sampling method. The data were collected using the Impact of Event Scale-Revised and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Logotherapy Based on Rumi's Thoughts included eight sessions of 90 minutes. The control group did not receive any intervention during the study. The data were analyzed using repeated-measures one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results: The results revealed a statistically significant difference between the two groups. The intervention group exhibited lower levels of depression and anxiety among the frontline nurses at the post-test and 2-month follow-up than the control group (P < 0.001). However, there was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of distress at the post-test and 2-month follow-up (P > 0.001). Conclusions: The findings showed that LBRT improved anxiety and depression among frontline nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, this intervention did not significantly affect frontline nurses' distress during the COVID-19 crisis. Further studies should examine the effectiveness of culture-based interventions in critical situations.


Time and space are clearly interconnected, but modern physics still struggles to unify their relationship to each other and quantum behavior. Here we demonstrate a plausible dimensional connection of time and space in our universe and the cosmos using a mathematically semi-classical and phenomenological approach. We show how quantum behavior applied to relativistic concepts could play a role in the overall geometry of both spacetime and the multiverse. By applying Newton's laws with time as a spatial dimension and employing quantum degrees of freedom to the entire universe, a description of the geometric relationship of time, space and gravity is established. This information is leveraged to show how quantum behaviors at the largest scales outside our universe can be employed to gain a deeper understanding of the size of our universe over time, dark energy and the cosmological constant.


Reflex sympathetic dystrophy or causalgia is a painful syndrome usually occurring after trauma to a limb, characterized by its own peculiar type of burning, diffuse pain, trigger points and manifestations of sympathetic stimulation such as, subjectively, a cold or hot limb and, objectively, rubor, pallor, or both, and swelling. There is often atrophy of the bone, characteristically mottled owing to spasm of the nutrient arteries, and sometimes atrophy of the skin and muscle. There may even be immobility of a joint, scleroderma and Dupuytren's contracture. An attractive theory of the mechanism of this pain is adopted from De No1by Livingston2in his monograph on "Pain Mechanisms." I have slightly modified this conception in figure 1. A prolonged bombardment of pain impulses sets up a vicious circle of reflexes spreading through a pool of many neuron connections upward, downward and even across the spinal cord, and perhaps reaching


The competition in architectural industry becomes fiercer under the policy of state's macrocon-trol. Price for contracting construction projects becomes more and more competitive. To stand firm in the fierce market competition, therefore, needs an exploration in new management modes to reduce constructing cost. The contracting out system of controllable responsibility cost is an effective administrative mode for striving for economic benefits and developing more living space.


Purpose
Events are a significant component of Ireland's tourism offering. They are an important source of economic activity and an incremental driver of social change and development throughout the country. However, the visual and physical impacts often created by event activities to the environmental and social resource base upon which, events depend, have begun to draw attention to the way events are planned and managed. Although the concept of sustainability has become the topic of much discussion and debate in event management literature, there exist many gaps in relation to its practical application in event management planning in Ireland. This is despite the statutory obligation of local authorities in Ireland to license events and to facilitate the process of planning for large-scale outdoor public events in Ireland. Yet, with the continued expansion of Ireland's event industry, there is a fundamental need for an evidence-informed approach to planning for event management. Through the application of the European tourism indicator system (ETIS), the long-term sustainability and competitiveness of the national event industry in Ireland could be secured. This paper aims to examine and discuss the application of the ETIS as a possible tool to facilitate greater levels of sustainability and accountability within the events industry in Ireland.

Design/methodology/approach
This study used a quantitative content analysis approach involving a complete population sample of local authorities in the Republic of Ireland to determine the application of the ETIS within the legal process of planning for event management in Ireland.

Findings
While the findings have identified a basic provision for event management within a number of local authority legally required County Development Plans, none, however, were using the ETIS to monitor the impacts of events at the local level. This lack of data collection and benchmarking highlights the need for greater levels of sustainability and accountability within the legal process of planning for event management in Ireland.

Originality/value
This study suggests the ETIS as an easy, cost effective and viable solution to facilitate an evidence-informed approach to planning for event management at the local level. However, the lessons learned from this study may also have implications for destination planners and event managers outside of Ireland.


The concept of perivascular myomas was recently proposed to designate perivascular myoid tumors arising from pleuripotent perivascular cells like smooth muscle cell cells, pericytes and glomus cell. They represent a histological continuum between three categories; myofibromatosis, glomangiopericytoma and myopericytoma. Myopericytoma is a rare, soft tissue tumor that primarily occurs in the skin and the subcutaneous and soft tissues of the extremities, but very few cases have been reported in other locations, which occurred in our present case. We herein report on a rare case of myopericytoma that developed on an unusual location, that is, the ear. The patient was a 35-year-old man who had a painless, slowly-growing red nodule on the upper auricle of the right ear for 5 years. The nodule was revealed to be a well-circumscribed mass composed of round to oval cells that strongly expressed smooth muscle actin. These cells were arranged in the concentrically multilayered pattern and they were surrounded by small to medium-sized vessels.


Encoders based on the High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) standard consider an input sequence as a succession of slices grouped in Structures of Pictures (SOP). The SOP used while encoding specifies many parameters, such as the coding order of frames, or the reference frames used during inter-prediction. Reference encoders typically make use of a fixed SOP structure of a given size, which is periodically repeated throughout the whole sequence. In this paper, the usage of unconventional SOP structures is first analysed, showing that most sequences benefit from usage of larger SOPs, and that the selection of the optimal SOP is highly content dependent. As a result, an algorithm is proposed to automatically select the optimal SOP size based on a low-complexity texture analysis of neighbouring frames. The algorithm is capable of adaptively changing SOP size during the encoding. Extensive evaluation shows that consistent bit-rate reductions are reported at the same objective quality as an effect of using the proposed algorithm.


The purpose of this paper is to examine the properties of various tests of linear and logarithmic (or log-linear) regression models. The test procedures may be categorized as follows: (1) tests that exploit the fact that the two models are intrinsically non-nested; (2) tests based on the Box-Cox data transformation; and (3) diagnostic tests of functional form misspecification against an unspecified alternative. The small-sample properties of several tests are investigated through a Monte Carlo experiment, as is their robustness to non-normality of the errors. Copyright 1988 by MIT Press.


In the process of remote sensing image fusion,we put forward an image fusion algorithm based on statistical character IHS transform and enhancing wavelet transform to avoid spectrum deformation caused by conventional IHS transform.The above IHS method chooses different strategy to fuse I components after wavelet transform and high frequency coefficient and low frequency coefficient of high resolution image according to different region statistical character and makes inverse wavelet transform and color space transform to obtain fusion image.Our experiments show that the IHS method can keep a better spectrum quality and higher spatial resolution of multispectral than traditional algorithm such as IHS transform high-pass filtering method and wavelet transform.


In inductive power transfer systems, a transmitter array can maintain high power transfer efficiency (PTE), despite lateral misalignment between the transmitter and receiver. However, a control method for reducing magnetic field leakage in this situation has not been found. Therefore, a novel theory of controlling the transmitter array is necessary for electromagnetic compatibility and user safety. In this study, we optimize the input currents at the transmitter array and the load impedance at the receiver to maximize PTE under the cancellation condition of the magnetic field leakage. Simulations show that the proposed method reduces magnetic field leakage by more than 10 and 38 dB, with and without ferrite plates, respectively, compared with existing PTE maximization methods, even when there is a lateral misalignment between the transmitter and receiver. Additionally, experiments using coils having ferrite plates show that the proposed method reduces magnetic field leakage by more than 6.75 dB. The decrease in PTE is within 4.17 %, which compares favorably with existing methods.


Perceptions of medical practice: malpractice and the presumptions of medical practice, D.T. Ozar what's so special about medicine?, D. Sulmasy clinical loyalties and the social purposes of medicine, M.G. Bloche. Liability of medical practitioners: a fiduciary relationship? - the doctor as fiduciary, A. Grubb confidentiality - the limits of medical confidence, L. Waller standard of care - 100 years of harmful error - the historical jurisprudence of medical malpractice, T. Silver medicine, accountability and professionalism, J. Montgomery the Bolam test and the responsible expert, M.A. Jones medical malpractice and the contract/tort boundary, P.S. Atiyah medical malpractice implications of alternative medicine, D.M. Studdert et al practice guidelines as legal standards governing physician liability, C.C. Havighurst causation - causation, risk, and loss of chance in medical negligence, M. Stauch informed consent - rethinking informed consent, P. Schuck English medical law and "informed consent" - an antipodean assessment and alternative, P.D.G. Skegg the powers of compassion - truth-telling among American doctors in the case of dying patient, N. Miyaji. Institutional liability: enterprise medical liability and the evolution of the American health care system, K.S. Abraham, P.C. Weiler. Social foundations of medical malpractice litigation: medical malpractice in 20th-century United States, the interaction of technology, law and culture, K. De Ville. Medical injury, litigation and compensation: an empirical analysis of accidents and accident law, T.A. Brennan. Perceptions of malpractice and malpractice litigation: physicians discourses on malpractice and the meaning of medical malpractice, T. Marjoribanks et al why do people sue doctors? - a study of patients and relatives taking legal action, C. Vincent. Reform and future directions: alternative dispute resolution - adapting mediation to link resolution of medical malpractice disputes with health care quality improvement, E.A. Dauer, L.J. Marcus. (Part contents).


Pellagra is a nutritional deficiency disease associated with low levels of niacin (vitamin B3). Neuropsychiatric symptoms are rare and are difficult to be diagnosed by clinicians in a timely manner. A 35 years old male was brought with complaints of generalized weakness, decreased appetite and work impairment since past 4 years. Scaly and itching skin rashes have also been present since 3 months followed by hearing voices, suspiciousness and agitated behaviour since one month. On examination, he had pruritic skin rashes over hands which extended over face and neck. His diet comprised mainly of jowar and maize and had history of occasional alcohol use. With an initial diagnosis of psychosis, the patient was started on oral olanzapine. Laboratory and imaging investigations were within normal limits. Dermatology referral confirmed pellagra clinically. The patient was started on injectable multivitamins for 14 days and later shifted to oral multivitamins. Patient showed significant improvement in his skin and neuropsychiatric symptoms. Present case suggests that physicians need to remain vigilant because it is easy to overlook such patients. Pellagra has an insidious onset and psychiatric symptoms appear rare and late in the course when disease is allowed to progress.


Peer teaching or commonly referred to as peer tutoring is a method based on student activity in learning. Certain students who meet the criteria will be appointed by the teacher to become tutors and teach their friends in a group. So that the material delivered by peer tutors will be understood by each student in the group equally. This study aims to determine the effect of applying the peer teaching method with a group discussion strategy to improve understanding of nahwu rules. This research uses a qualitative approach with the type of case study. Data collection techniques in this study were using observation and tests. The population in this study were all students of class X MAN Surabaya, while the sample in this study were students of class X-1, totaling 34 students. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that the peer teaching method with a group discussion strategy has a positive influence on increasing the understanding of nahwu rules in class X-1 students of MAN Surabaya City.


This study aims to analyze the policy of crime prevention based on population database system in E-ID program. This research uses normative research method use legislation and conceptual approach. The legal materials use primary and secondary legal materials which analyzed deductively. The result of the study explains that the E-ID database system that contains the complete information of a citizen, including the criminal record should be a reference in the prevention of crime that has been done. The policy model is to integrate the e-ID card program as an integrated population administration system with police agencies, prosecutors, and especially prisons. Law enforcers will easily get information related to each person's resident document. The document will also include a track record of someone who is constantly updated at all times who will help the community to monitor the actor of crimes.


Abstract α‐Hydroxyaryl ketones such as 2‐hydroxypropiophenone and 1‐(2,4‐difluorophenyl)‐2‐hydroxy‐1‐propanone, the key intermediates in the preparation of antifungal agents, decompose into oxidized, rearranged, and condensed products. These products were isolated and characterized. The possible mechanisms for the formation of the products are discussed.


7367 Background: Preclinical and clinical studies including IDEAL 1 and 2 showed that oral gefitinib (Iressa, ZD1839) is an effective treatment for advanced NSCLC. Because reported studies reflect referral oncology experience, we reviewed toxicity and outcome data on 100 patients entered into an expanded access clinical program within a community oncology program.

METHODS
Patients with histologically confirmed advanced NSCLC (Stages IIIB and IV) were maintained on 250 mg of gefitinib daily until they developed worsening performance status (PS), gefitinib related intolerance/ toxicity, disease progression or death. PS and drug toxicity were monitored at 4 weeks and then at 12-week intervals. Informed consent was obtained from all patients.

RESULTS
During September 2000 to April 2003, 100 patients were enrolled. Pretreatment characteristics included a higher percentage of males (54M, 46F) and older median age (68) than IDEAL 2. The PS of the patient population (ECOG 0/1/2: 8/44/48) was worse compared with IDEAL 2 (19/68/13). The disease control rate was lower (28%> 4 months) compared with IDEAL 2 (42%). Better PS was associated with longer average time to progression (155 days/110/69). Patients with adenocarcinoma had a significantly longer time to progression (156 days) when compared with other histologies (Squam: 94 days, Large-cell 92 days, Bronchoalv: 86 days). Those who developed a rash while on treatment also had a significantly longer time to progression (162 days) than those without (100 days). Within the group of patients with a rash, those with adenocarcinoma had a longer time to progression (196 days) when compared to the other histologies (Squam: 105 days, Bronchoalv: 96 days).

CONCLUSIONS
Gefitinib use in the community was less efficacious than in the IDEAL 2 trial. Clinical predictors of response to gefitinib included better PS, adenocarcinoma histology, and development of rash while on treatment. No significant financial relationships to disclose.


"The freest way to travel is by train." That's most of what I got from Miguel when I met him at Carnicer?a Reyes on Avenida Guerrero, one of those butcher shops in the middle of the market district, about seven blocks from the border. He was a butcher, a short, stocky man with a silver moustache that ended near the wrinkles on the outside of his mouth, creases impressed by decades of sun and smoke. He told me a lot of stories, all of which made me depressed, and then he told me the one about his daughter and how she took off from Chiapas in early May to get to Nuevo Laredo at the Texas-Mexico border, about halfway between Brownsville and Eagle Pass if you clock it right. Story went that she took off with a gallon jug of water and a cloth full of tortillas fresh from the comal, those clothes, "on her petite, brown body" and a machete. "She didn't take any pictures," he said, "just a few of those plastic cards the color of Camel Filter hard packs with the saints and their corresponding prayers on the back, all of them St. Christopher's on the front even if he's not a real saint anymore." It got me wondering why she needed so many prayers of the same saint. I got my answer, but that's a story for another time. She brought those things north along the migrant line, "from Tijuana to Nuevo Laredo, Matamoros to Oaxaca, to the southern most reaches of Honduras," and imagine that, guey, about thirteen hundred miles of stretch.


Background While swallowing function is known to be affected in the later stages of Huntington's disease, far less is known in the earlier stages of disease. Aims This study investigated swallowing and the impact of changes in swallowing issues in patients at different stages of Huntington's disease severity. Methods Thirty nine people with Huntington's disease completed the Swallowing Quality of Life questionnaire. These participants were at different disease stages, ranging from premanifest to the later stages of Huntington's disease. Results We found that there was a significant difference between Stage 4 and Stage 5 patients where the latter group scored more poorly on all the following aspects of swallowing, that is symptom frequency, social function (as a results of swallowing difficulties), eating desire and eating duration. On the symptom frequency measure, Stage 3 participants showed a significantly poorer score compared to Stage 2 group, and the Stage 1 group also showed a significantly poorer score relative to the premanifest group. There was also a trend for Stage 1 participants to score more poorly for the eating duration score relative to the premanifest group. Conclusions There was a general increase of swallowing-related symptoms particularly between Stages 4 to 5. Furthermore, there was some evidence of a gradual and earlier onset of involvement where swallowing related changes in participants begin to appear much earlier on.


This study was carried out on all the private architect firms and relevant government department within the Kota Kinabalu area. The main aim of this study is to investigate on the existence of the relationship between service delivery differentiation and architect's specifications. It is also the aim of this study to investigate whether price and quality variable may moderate the relationship
between service delivery differentiation and architect's specifications. However, after conducting a questionnaire survey at both the sector, with a sample of 87
respondents, it was discovered that out of three dimensions that represents service
delivery differentiation, only one were found to be significant in the relationship between service delivery differentiation and architect's specifications. In addition to that, it was discovered that the suggested moderating variable, one had moderating effect which is price and the other that is quality had no moderating effect towards
the relationship. Apart from that, the study was able to gather some information pertaining to the specifier of the building industry in Sabah and also provide some insight knowledge regarding the service delivery of metal roofing manufacturer in relation to architect's specifications.


As the key supporting system of telecommunication enterprises, OSS/BSS needs to support the service steadily in the long-term running and maintenance process. The system architecture must remain steady and consistent in order to accomplish its goal, which is quite difficult when both the technique and business requirements are changing so rapidly. The framework method raised in this article can guarantee the system architecture's steadiness and business processing's consistence by means of describing business requirements, application and information abstractly, becoming more specific and formalized in the planning, developing and maintaining process, and getting the results needed. This article introduces firstly the concepts of framework method, then recommends its applications and superiority in OSS/BSS systems, and lastly gives the prospect of its application.


The 787 Dreamliner has been touted as the aircraft of the future, but the program has been hampered with development problems, delays and most recently, fires. Boeing has spent billions in research and development and for a new facility in Charleston, SC to produce the aircraft. This study analyzes the potential value Boeing could earn on the 787 program. Assuming orders and deliveries materialize as expected, Boeing could achieve upwards of $50 billion over the next 20 years. Markets appear optimistic about Boeing and the 787 program. An analysis of abnormal stock returns shows the recent bad news about the 787 only temporarily affected Boeing's stock price. As long as the 787 remains problem-free, the future of Boeing appears to be promising.


Risk stratification in localized prostate cancer (PCa) has come a long way since the seminal 1998 publication by D'Amico et al. that described how biochemical recurrence rates after treatment vary according to clinical risk group [1]. Notable examples of these risk stratification tools include the Partin tables (for pathologic stage) [2], the pre-operative Kattan nomogram (initially developed for biochemical recurrence) [3], the Briganti nomogram (for pathologic nodal metastases) [4], the CAPRA score (for biochemical recurrence, metastasis, and cancerspecific survival) [5], magnetic resonance imaging (for pathologic stage) [6], and genomic assays (such as Decipher, for metastasis) [7]. These prognostic tools are useful for individual patient counseling, but enrollment into clinical registries or trials is still based largely on the basic D'Amico risk structure: low, intermediate, and high. Within each of the three major risk groups, there is considerable variability in cancer outcomes. Specifically, some high-risk prostate cancers are curable with a single treatment modality, while others will rapidly recur, metastasize, and potentially lead to cancer-specific mortality despite initial treatment with curative intent. We began a series of studies on veryhigh-risk (VHR) prostate cancer with the idea that the high-risk group might be able to be dichotomized based on inflection points in basic clinical features (disease stage, PSA, and biopsy results) that are associated with metastasis and cancer-related deaths. Our vision is that the resulting VHR criteria, which identify men with the most-aggressive prostate cancers, might serve as optimal enrollment criteria for clinical trials that evaluate combination therapies; since patients with VHR prostate cancer would have the most potential clinical benefit. In a discovery cohort of 753 men with localized high-risk (clinical stage T3-4 or PSA >20 ng/ml or Gleason sum 8-10) PCa undergoing radical prostatectomy, we noted that three specific factors identified men who bore the highest burden of metastasis and cancer-specific mortality: primary Gleason pattern 5 present on biopsy, or five or more biopsy cores containing Gleason sum 8-10, or presence of multiple high-risk features [8]. These same factors, the VHR criteria, was found to be similarly prognostic in a validation study of 1981 men who underwent radical prostatectomy for high-risk PCa [9]. Notably, despite the relative simplicity of VHR criteria, they were more closely associated with prostate-cancer related deaths in these study populations than either the Kattan or CAPRA nomograms. Considering that the 5-year event rates for metastasis and cancer-specific mortality (19.5% and 4.5%, respectively) for VHR men were considerably higher than for men with non-VHR, high-risk disease (7.6% and 0.6%, respectively), men with VHR are likely to be ideal candidates for novel combination therapies that may increase cure rates. Moreover, it is oncologically safe to enroll men with VHR PCa into clinical trials. Reichard et al. analyzed if time/delay to standard treatment was associated with disease recurrence, metastasis, or survival; and found that cohorts of men with VHR prostate cancer who underwent radical prostatectomy <8 weeks, 8-12 weeks, or >12 weeks from diagnosis had similar outcomes [10]. The impetus has never been clearer: men with VHR prostate cancer suffer unusually aggressive oncologic outcomes and should be considered for multimodal treatment approaches, preferably in the context of clinical trials.


ABSTRACT Mango is distinctive among all fruits considering its exceptional flavors. All varieties of mango have their unique essence. It is one of the largest consumed fruits worldwide. Its antioxidant properties are also well known due to the presence of carotenoids and phenolic compounds. Unlike other studies, this study considers that the methanolic extraction may not well reflect the antioxidant activity of mango after consumption, i.e., in vivo. Thus, an in vitro gastrointestinal model has been used for the simulation of digestion of pre-ripe and ripe mango samples. Both samples thus extracted are compared with their conventional methanolic extracts for their antioxidant compounds and antioxidant activity. Interesting differences in the two types of extracts can be observed. The simulated gastrointestinal extracts show significantly higher antioxidant properties in parameters, such as total phenol content, flavonoid content, flavonol content, carotenoid content, reducing power, and radical scavenging activity. From the results, it can be concluded that the conventional extracts under rate the antioxidant value of mangoes and they may have much higher health significance than they are believed to have.


Background and Aims: In patients without mucosal changes, dyspepsia is thought to be secondary to a disorder of function, rather than structure; hence, the name "functional dyspepsia". We aimed in this study to investigate the relation between endoscopic findings and Helicobacter pylori / histopathologic findings in biopsies taken during endoscopic examination, comparing these findings with control cases, and to review the effectiveness and importance of endoscopic examination in diagnosis and therapy of functional dyspepsia. Materials and Methods: Forty-five patients were included in the study. Twenty-two were classified as the patient group with functional dyspepsia, and 23 asymptomatic cases were classified as the control group. All cases included this study underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopy by the same physician and antral biopsies were taken during endoscopic examination. Results: Patient and control groups were similar with respect to gender and age. The most common symptom was epigastric pain. Patient and control groups were compared in terms of endoscopic findings, Helicobacter pylori and histopathological changes, and no significant difference was found between the two groups (p>0.05). Conclusions: The "test and treat" strategy is recommended for dyspeptic patients with primarily functional dyspepsia in the absence of alarm symptoms, without necessity of endoscopic examination and biopsies. Patients should be tested for Helicobacter pylori and treated if positive. If Helicobacter pylori is negative, other treatment options should be started empirically.


The cognitive semantic analysis of denotational incongruencies by means of comparative investigations of structural field patterns (cf. Jakel 2001, 2003, 2010) can also be put to use in the investigation of certain kinds of contested concepts (Lakoff 1993), namely cases in which the field patterns themselves are under dispute. The case to be analysed is that of marriage, a cultural concept that has recently come under dispute in the socio-political discourse of Western countries. Competing cultural models (cf. Lakoff 1987) to be compared in this context include the traditional/conservative model as well as different versions of a more tolerant model and a liberal/progressive model. The analysis will focus on authentic language data from the United States, Canada, Great Britain, and Germany, supplemented by a diachronic comparison of dictionary definitions as well as the results of a survey done with young German informants. Keywords: denotational incongruency; contested concepts; denotational boundaries; lexical field patterns; marriage; same-sex marriage; cultural cognitive models; competing construals; alternative classifications; field semantics; structural


Whole-body irradiation of a variety of inbred strains of mice has been shown to induce thymic lymphomas (1-3). Although considerable research has been directed at the etiology of radiation-induced leukemia in strains of mice such as C57BL, the factors involved are still problematical. Initially it was proposed that primary tumors in irradiated mice were induced by the activation of a latent endogenous C-type virus, based on the observation that leukemogenic viruses could be obtained by continued passage of cell-free extracts (4-6). However, detailed serological and virological studies have demonstrated that there is little correlation between endogenous ecotropic virus expression and induction of leukemia by irradiation in C57BL/6 mice (7-9). Moreover, irradiation induces leukemia in mice such as the NIH Swiss (10) and C57L (11) which genetically lack an endogenous ecotropie C-type virus. Serological and structural analyses of the virus isolated from radiation-induced leukemia indicate that this virus may be a recombinant virus which may have developed after the primary event of radiation-induced leukemia (12). Thus, it appears that the primary etiological factor in radiation-induced leukemia does not involve complete endogenous ecotropic C-type virus expression. Therefore, this disease is quite distinct from the spontaneous leukemias in AKR mice, which are more clearly associated with active replication of endogenous ecotropic C-type viruses (13, 14). In spite of the lack of a consistent etiological factor associated with radiationinduced leukemia, a number of biological phenomena have been described for radiation-induced leukemias which bear directly on the possible mechanisms of induction. First, the regimen of irradiation has been shown to be extremely important (3), in that a single irradiation of 350 rads is only weakly leukemogenic, whereas four weekly doses of 175 rads is highly leukemogenic. This observation argues against a simple mechanism of somatic mutation and supports a more complex inductive mechanism (6). A second observation is that the primary leukemogenic effects are in the bone marrow. This is illustrated by the ability to block the leukemogenic effect of whole-body irradiation by shielding the legs (15) and by the observation that early after irradiation, preleukemic cells can be transferred to appropriate recipients by bone marrow cells but not by thymocytes (16). This effect is also evident by the ability to induce leukemia in thymeetomized mice which have received a normal thymus


When Zadeh first introduced the notion of a fuzzy set, it was laughed away by the ruling caste of 'serious' mathematicians and logicians. Driven by ignorance, the main reason for it was probably strategic: as fuzzy set theory touches upon the very building block of mathematics, it might be better to deny it than to risk being taken out of business. Even the ample practical realizations had no effect on them. Unfortunately, the fuzzy mathematics community has offered plenty of stones to be thrown at them. One by one, the core mathematical theories were subjected to fuzzification: topology, algebra, analysis, etc. The literature has witnessed various waves of these activities, not in the least the 'replace min by a triangular norm' wave. The majority of these works are sheer mathematical exercises and have no reason to appeal to the established mathematical community. Indeed, instead of trying to generalize things on a microlevel, the potential interest of fuzzy set theory lies on the macro-level, offering a global view and additional insight into existing mathematical theories. Fortunately, more and more works of this kind are appearing, and are, finally, attracting the interest of non-fuzzy mathematicians. A nice work of the latter kind is the far-reaching monograph "Metamathematics of fuzzy logic" by Hajek on fuzzy logic in 'narrow sense', making its way into the estabished community of many-valued logicians. Another example is the book "Triangular norms" of Klement, Mesiar and Pap, dealing with the omnipresent concept of a triangular norm, originating from the theory of probabilistic metric spaces, but elegantly further explored by this trio of fine 'fuzzy' mathematicians. The purpose of this lecture is not to bore the listeners with a historic account of the contributions that fuzzy set theorists did make to the development of mathematics, but to offer the audience a digestible selection of mathematical appetizers illustrating what fuzzy set theory has to offer. One thing is clear: it takes a multi-skilled mathematician to succeed. Without the purpose of being pretentious, the author will discuss a number of developments he was privileged to be involved in. Possible topics include uninorms (ranging from semigroup aspects to applications in expert systems), fuzzy preference structures (ranging from functional equations to applications in decision support systems) and similarity measures (ranging from inequalities in quantum-mechanics to applications in numerical taxonomy).


Superluminal wave propagation phenomenon achieved from a periodic structure in which a transmission line (TL) is loaded with non-Foster negative capacitors is presented. The loading decreases the effective capacitance and the effective permittivity of the dielectric substrate of the TL. An experimental investigation of the superluminal phase and group velocity in the non-Foster loaded TL is reported. The phase and group velocities are extracted from measured S-parameters. To do so, three non-Foster negative capacitors operating over [50–350 MHz] frequency band are integrated in a TL. Superluminal broadband effects are obtained from 50 to 220 MHz. The negative capacitors loaded TL paves the way to innovative broadband leaky wave antennas, active metamaterial surfaces and cloaking devices.


It is easy to manufacture and can effectively utilize the intensity of the laser beam of the optical pickup apparatus comprising: a polygonal prism having an upper surface, the inclined surface and the bottom surface. The laser beam emitted from the laser light source reflected by the inclined surface of the polygonal prism and is converged onto the optical disc. Then, the reflected laser beam reflected by the optical disc is transmitted through the inclined surface into the prism, it is disposed in a transflective Fresnel prism bottom surface, and eventually focused on the light detector. The optical pickup apparatus to record information and a tracking servo of the objective lens focusing the beam on the optical disk and reproducing data from an optical disk information by using reflected and received by the light detector back.


We discuss classroom experiments using WordsEye, a system for automatically generating 3D scenes from English textual descriptions. Input is syntactically and semantically processed to identify a set of graphical objects and constraints which are then rendered as a 3D scene. We describe experiments with the system in a summer literacy enrichment program conducted at the Harlem Educational Activities Fund with 6 grade students, in which students using the system had significantly greater improvement in their literary character and story descriptions in preand posttest essays compared with a control. Students reported that using the system helped them imagine the events in the stories they were reading better. We also observed that social interaction engendered by this process was a strong motivator.


PLA/SPI composite fibers were prepared by electrospinning and characterized by FT-IR,SEM,and XRD.The results showed that in the composite fibers,PLA and SPI were associated by hydrogen bond,and the diameters of the composite fibers were 100~300nm.


In order to lower the risk, reengineering projects aim at high reuse rates. Therefore, tasks like architectural restructuring have to be performed in a way that developed new system architectures allow reuse of all valuable legacy systems' parts with minimal changes. During architectural restructuring there are two major types of modification: detection of architecture disproportions and their refactoring and detection of redundancies and their fusion. We introduce a method for applying domain knowledge for supporting these restructuring steps. The method operates on feature models. Words and terms of features and of architectural documents are analyzed by cluster analysis, information retrieval and metrics techniques. In this way, the method joins the approaches of feature analysis and of enhancing reengineering with domain knowledge by applying feature models for structuring the domain knowledge. The method results in clues and hints for the development of a new architecture. It provides an effective addition to the conventional software architecture design methods. The method was developed and applied in an industrial reengineering project within image processing domain. It has been proved to be applicable to large and complex systems even in case of heavy monolithic parts. We use examples from this project to illustrate the method.


Automotive castings are predominantly produced of d uctile irons and compacted graphite irons. These materials satisfy the require ments of the automotive companies for a long time. The evolving environmental requirements the tend to decrease the pollutant emission and to decrease the petrol consumption dem and changes in the applied materials as well. The present examination is dealing with th e heat treatment of a Cr alloyed ferritic stainless steel developed for die casting. The aim of the heat treatment is to decrease the hardness of the as-cast semi-product according to t he requirements of the subsequent machining. The effect of the heat treatments with d fferent times and temperatures were examined through structure examinations and hardnes s m asurements.


It has been proven by several authors that hybrids of Hidden Markov Models (HMM) and Neural Networks (NN) yield good performance in speech recognition. However, in many of the current hybrids the HMM and neural networks are trained separately and only combined during decoding. In this paper we propose a new hybrid called Hidden Neural Networks (HNN) where all parameters are trained discriminatively at the same time by maximizing the probability of correct classiication. The probability parameters in the HMM are replaced by neural network outputs, and instead of the local normalization of parameters used in standard HMMs the HNN is normalized globally. On the task of classifying TIMIT phonemes into ve broad classes the new hybrid obtains a recognition accuracy of 83.7%, whereas a standard HMM obtains 76.1%.


The reservoir ecosystems of Sri Lanka are ancient man-made riparian habitats. Adequate food supply and suitable climatic and soil parameters make these habitats ideal for tiger beetles. Twenty-six reservoirs were investigated for the presence of tiger beetles, and four species were recorded: Calomera angulata (Fabricius, 1798), Myriochila (Monelica) fastidiosa (Dejean, 1825), Cylindera (Oligoma) lacunosa (Putzeys, 1875) and Lophyra (Lophyra) catena (Fabricius, 1775). Calomera angulata is the most common species, occurring in the majority of reservoir habitats. Key environmental factors of climate and soil were examined and linked to habitat preferences of tiger beetle species.


Plastics being a man-made synthetic organic polymer has vast varieties of applications in every human life. Plastics are globally one of the most used and widespread materials and add comfort, convenience, and safety to human life (Alam et al., 2018). They had become the essential commodity to enhance the comfort and quality of life due to their versatile qualities. Based on the density and branching of Plastics are classified into different types. The following properties such as the extent and type of branching, the crystal structure, and the molecular weight involved in the mechanical properties of plastics. HDPE, LLDPE, and LDPE were considered the most important Polyethylene grades. Generally, it was believed that higher the density greater the stability because of shortened bond length and tight packaging. Physically, HDPE is harder, more opaque and can withstand somewhat higher temperatures (Balasubramanian et al., 2010). International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 9 Number 8 (2020) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com


The influence of implanted yttrium at dose of 1 × 1017Y+/cm2 on the isothermal oxidation behavior of directionally solidified alloy Ni30Cr in air at 1000℃ was studied using TGA, SEM/EDAX, SEM/EPMA and XRD. The oxidation behavior of both transversal and longitidinal samples was similar despite of their difference in microstructure. Y+-implantation reduced the weight gain by a factor of 2-3 after 20h oxidation. A finer grain size scale formed on the Y+-implanted alloy. Preferred oxidation and internal oxidation along grain boundaries were eliminated and the formation and growth of interfacial voids were inhibited. Y+-implantation improvement might be due to the change of the growth mechanism of scale from predominant outward diffusion of cations to prevailing inward diffusion of anions.


One of the main purposes of a phase I dose‐finding trial in oncology is to identify an optimal dose (OD) that is both tolerable and has an indication of therapeutic benefit for subjects in subsequent phase II and III trials. Many phase I dose‐finding methods based solely on toxicity considerations have been proposed under the assumption that both toxicity and efficacy monotonically increase with the dose level. Such an assumption may not be necessarily the case, however, when evaluating the OD for molecular targeted, cytostatic, and biological agents, as well as immune‐oncology therapy. To address this issue, we extend the Bayesian optimal interval (BOIN) design, which is nonparametric and thus does not require the assumption used in model‐based designs, in order to identify an OD based on both efficacy and toxicity outcomes. The new design is named "BOIN‐ET." A simulation study is presented that includes a comparison of this proposed method to the model‐based approaches in terms of both efficacy and toxicity responses. The simulation shows that BOIN‐ET has advantages in both the percentages of correct ODs selected and the average number of patients allocated to the ODs across a variety of realistic settings.


Salt-sensitive hypertension is a special type of hypertension. Because of its special pathogenesis and clinical features, it has attracted more and more attention in recent years. Marinobufagenin is a kind of endogenous digitals-like substance, which is the unitary ligand of Na + /K + ATPase widely distributed in human and animal. Marinobufagenin mediates water sodium retention, increases blood pressure, and interferes myocardial and vascular fibrosis and other pathologic mechanisms by blocking Na + /K + ATPase and various signaling pathways, which playes an importent role in the occurrence and development of salt-sensitive hypertension. This article hlights recent advances of the relation between marinobufagenin and salt-sensitive hypertension.


This research focuses on a theory of knowledge integration proposed by Linn (2000) for the purpose of clarifying the concrete process of thinking by associating knowledge and skills toward the realization of "deep learning", a theory that has been attracting attention in recent years. We conducted a case study analysis of students' thinking on the problem-solving process based on dialogue in science. Our results revealed that the students repeatedly performed "micro integration (referred to as MI in this study)" intended to solve the immediate problem. In knowledge integration, it became clear that students perform "micro integration" in problem solving, gradually increasing the abstraction of knowledge and ideas, to eventually reach a deep understanding of scientific knowledge and theory.


By the example of the quasi-periodically forced logistic map we investigate statistical properties of the transition from strange nonchaotic attractor to chaos in the system with intermittent dynamics. The probability characteristics of laminar and chaotic phase distributions, as well as scaling laws for distributions of local Lyapunov exponents are studied at parameter values near the transition point. The transition is shown to possess a statistical character and to be associated with the decrease of the average length of laminar phases at nearly constant value of the average length of chaotic bursts. The probability of chaotic phase demonstrate approximately linear increase under variation of the parameter of transition. The distributions of local Lyapunov exponents satisfy common scaling laws for strange nonchaotic and chaotic attractors of intermittent type before and after transition, respectively.


Introduction Bayesian analysis of multidimensional scaling (MDS) model using Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithm has received considerable attention recently. There are several advantages in adopting Bayesian analysis over the standard methodology. First, the distributional properties of Bayesian analysis are exact, and do not depend on asymptotic assumptions. This implies that a small-sample inference proceeds in the same manner as a large-sample inference. On the other hand, justifications of maximum-likelihood MDS rely on the asymptotic theory, which may not be applicable in practice. Second, the results of Bayesian estimation are presented in the form of posterior probability, which is easy to interpret. For example, the result of Bayesian MDS can be used to estimate the posterior distribution of not only the distance matrix D = {dij} but also any of its function. The posterior probability that the distance between any two objects is above some threshold c, that is, dij > c, can also be evaluated. In addition, the Bayesian paradigm allows the incorporation of prior information, whenever available, in the inference process. However, existing Bayesian MDS techniques are limited to the analysis of symmetric data matrices. In contrast, asymmetric relationships among objects (variables) are frequently observed in reality. To the best of the authors' knowledge, up to now there is no Bayesian MDS method to analyze asymmetric data. Given the above situation, we propose a Bayesian MDS model that incorporates asymmetric data structure. We consider the hill-climbing model proposed by Borg & Groenen (2005) and the jet-stream model proposed by Gower (1977). These models introduce a slope vector or a stream vector that measures to what extent it is more difficult or easier to go from one point to another in the MDS space than the Euclidean distance only. This vector reflects the asymmetric information underlying the data, and is shown within the same low-dimensional MDS space as objects. Although originally these models are built via least squares estimation technique, we consider additive errors to the observed dissimilarities and propose a Bayesian estimation method.


Two types of management education (or development) provision are compared. The possibility and appropriateness of the new type replacing the older is examined. A matrix of types of management education is then established ‐ onto which the two types are located. Provision in the range is then examined and weaknesses are identified.


The present disclosure relates to an aqueous composition for use in preparing the capsule shell and the capsule with a functional polymer dispersion. The present disclosure relates to an aqueous composition for use in preparing the capsule shell given a controlled release. The present disclosure also relates to an aqueous composition for use in preparing the capsule shell and the capsule was given moisture resistance. The present disclosure also provides a method of manufacturing a capsule shell and a capsule, and a capsule shell and capsule obtained in it.


In this paper we propose a 2-2 pull-downed film mode detection and treatment method considering scrolling subtitles to improve the feathering problem of scrolling subtitles. The method includes: First, the screen is separated into two areas: subtitle area and other area. Second, film mode is detected in other area. Third, in the subtitle area, scrolling subtitles are searched. If it is 2-2 pull-downed film mode and there are scrolling subtitles on this film, then traditional de-interlace method is used in subtitle area, and traditional film mode treatment is used in other area; If it is 2-2 pull-downed film mode and there are no scrolling subtitles on this film, then traditional film mode treatment is used in the whole area. If it is not 2-2 pull-downed film mode, then traditional de-interlace method is used in the whole area. Hardware simulations and FPGA prototyping demonstrate that the method is effective, the progressive frames can be reconstructed perfectly.


Characteristics of the recirculation zone of petal flame stabilizers(PFS) have been studied in detail by numerical simulation.It's the first time that a 3-dimensional picture of the recirculation zone of a petal flame stabilizer is shown,with an analysis of parameters like the zone's length,breadth,the recirculation flow volume,and the maximal recirculation flow speed,accompanied by an analysis of the mixing factor for assessing the mixing speed and intensity of coal particles with the recirculation flow,compared with parameters of the recirculation zone of a common bluff-body stabilizer.Results show that PFS burners,due to their particular construction,which enhance the formation of various kinds of recirculation zones,featured by their flame stabilizing property,are suitable for using whirl burners to fire coals with low volatile content and also advantageous for low load operation.Figs 6,table 1 and refs 4.


Architectures of optoelectronic neural network modules based on digital 3-D holographic memory are evaluated in terms of holographic memory design, module scalability and learning capability. A feed-forward module with 900 inputs and 9 outputs with 12-bit interconnection accuracy and perceptron learning are demonstrated experimentally.


Calcium is one of the most necessary mineral nutrients in the development of fruit trees.The effect of calcium on the quality formation of sweet cherry was conducted in this paper.The results showed that calcium spraying had increase the soluble suger content,the soluble solid content and the hardness of sweet cherry.While decreased the anthocyanin content,the a/b and the PPO activity of sweet cherry.


Virtual reality (VR) has been shown to be eff ective in the treatment of anxiety disorders. The eff ects of a behavioral intervention procedure that included exposure to VR, diaphragmatic breathing, diff erential reinforcement, and functional analysis of behavior of participants with public speaking anxiety were investigated. The Virtua Therapy simulator with an Oculus Rift® was used for VR exposure. Six university students participated in the procedure involving the following sequence of sessions: initial interview and baseline measures (3-5), intervention (6), closure (1), follow-up (2). In the baseline sessions, the participants gave a speech in a room without an audience (avatars): in the intervention sessions and follow-up they spoke in a classroom or auditorium with an audience, and verbal consequences (feedback) were provided for appropriate speech pitch and speed. Verbal and non-verbal measures of behaviors were recorded. In the intervention sessions, functional analyses of everyday public speaking situations were performed. There was statistically signifi cant diff erence in the preand post-intervention data in the Self-Statements during Public Speaking Scale (improvement in self-evaluation) and improvement in speech quality. The conclusion was reached that the intervention procedure contributed to the reduction of anxiety.


The factors affecting on fermentation and extraction of L-asparaginase by the asparagus were discussed here.The optimized conditions are as follows: The MS +NAA(3mg/L)+6-BA(0.01mg/L) +sucrose(35g/L)is a better medium in fermentation,the better pH value is pH6.4,the temperature is 28℃,the rotation speed is 110r/min and the inoculative cell number is 5.0×104/ml.The enzyme activity reached 22.37U/ml in fermentation.When the L-asparaginase was treated by chemical precipitation process with ammonium sulfate,30.8% yield of enzyme with a specific activity of approximately 0.55U/mg was obtained and the purity of product was increased 9.85 fold.


Focus on some stratagem emphases in the west development in China,pointing out that the traffic must be firstly developed,and then bring forward some ideas to different department for the development.


1096-7192/$ see front matter 2009 Elsevier Inc. A doi:10.1016/j.ymgme.2009.10.008 Abbreviations: PKU, phenylketonuria; Phe, pheny hydroxylase; BBB, blood–brain barrier; IQ, intelligen ropeptide; PAL, phenylalanine-ammonia lyase; LNAA BH4, tetrahydrobiopterin; FDA, Food and Drug Adm Medicines Agency; rAAV, recombinant adeno-associa q References to electronic databases: Phenylketonuri alanine hydroxylase, EC 220.127.116.11, phenylalanine 22.214.171.124).Conflict of interest disclosure: Dr. van Spronsen advisory board for phenylketonuria, which is supp Geneva, Switzerland. Dr. Enns reports serving on the data safety monitoring board for clinical trials invo phenylalanine-ammonia lyase and also is on the B speaker's bureau for Kuvan .Funding statement: Dr. Arline and Pete Harman Scholarship. * Corresponding author. E-mail addresses: firstname.lastname@example.com (F stanford.edu (G.M. Enns). Phenylketonuria (PKU) was the first inherited metabolic disease in which treatment was found to prevent clinical features of the disorder; dietary management was established almost 60 years ago. The institution of a low-phenylalanine (Phe) diet in the first few weeks of life was made possible by Guthrie neonatal screening, which further increased effectiveness of therapy. Indeed, neonatal diagnosis of PKU followed by institution of a low-Phe diet has been a remarkable success in preventing the devastating brain damage associated with untreated PKU. Nevertheless, significant difficulties exist in caring for PKU patients, including problems with adhering to the prescribed dietary regimen and the presence of neurocognitive deficits despite therapy. During the past few years, several ideas for new treatment strategies have emerged. This review aims to address these treatment strategies based on theoretical considerations of the biochemistry and pathogenesis of PKU. Recent times have seen the introduction of a wide array of novel treatments currently in clinical use, including more palatable medical foods, glycomacropeptide, large neutral amino acids, and tetrahydrobiopterin. Human trials are underway using an enzymatic therapeutic approach, while preclinical work continues in the fields of gene and cellular therapy. These therapeutic strategies propose to treat PKU at various levels, including nutritional intake, gut, liver, and blood–brain barrier, and have the potential to further improve outcome in PKU. 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.


The way of system identification is introduced in this paper, which assures that the missile three channel linear model can be got accurately as sharp points exist in original aerodynamic parameter list. The feasibility and realization procedure is discussed in the paper. Finally, the simulation block diagram and the statistic characteristic of identification error are presented in the paper,the result indicates that the modeling precision can achieve the requirement of engineering design.


Based on information from 542 survey samples, the social psychological adaptation of Migrant Muslims in Lanzhou city of China is examined using quantitative methods. The results show that: 1) the social psychological adaptation of Migrant Muslims depends on both individual characteristics and unique religious and cultural traditions inherited within this group. In general, Migrant Muslims both have adapted to urban society in their psychology with a low level of adaptation and showed different degree of adaptation between different connotations of psychological adaptation; 2) their social psychological adaptation has changed with their age: relatively highly educated Migrant Muslims show obvious resistance in their psychological adaptation; the ethnic homogeneity (same religious culture, faith, customs, ethnicity and psychology), can serve to shorten the distance between Migrant Muslims and the native Muslims in Lanzhou city, leading to a sense of urban association and acknowledgement of self identity amongst these Migrant Muslims.


A new method for the selective excitation of diatomic molecules in single vibrational states on excited electronic potentials by two-photon absorption is proposed. The method implies the use of two chirped strong pulse lasers detuned from the optical transition to an intermediate electronic state. We show under what scenarios the method is successful on the time–energy scale in which the pulses operate. They involved a long-time (nanosecond) weak-field regime and a short-time (picosecond) strong-field regime. The adiabatic representation in terms of energy levels or in terms of light-induced potentials is used to interpret the physical mechanism of the excitation. The efficiency and robustness of the scheme are demonstrated by the excitation of the ground vibrational state of the 1Σg(4s) electronic potential of the Na2 molecule.


This paper presents first results of the analysis of slope instabilities along a highway under construction in the Tafrent Region, Constantine Province. They show that many different types of failures characterized by a high degree of heterogeneity affect the road works. Some appear as clear landslides, others develop as diffuse movements in zones previously classified as stable areas. Most of the recent slope movements were triggered during the road works involving extensive removal of rock and soil masses. Some instabilities initiated within paleo-landslides and now affect entire mountain slopes larger than 50 ha. Due their large size (with a volume reaching more than 10 6 m 3 ) it is likely that remediation measures will be very costly. Therefore, it is necessary to assess the full impact potential of these slope instabilities. First, we started to make the inventory of all slope instabilities within a large corridor along the highway. Second, detailed geomorphologic and structural geology analyses using remote sensing (based on aerial photographs and SPOT imagery) and field observations are performed. Third, many geotechnical tests complemented by sedimentological analyses provide valuable data on the geomechanic behaviour of the soils that are mainly made of weathered marls and often exhibit viscous types of movements that affect the entire unstable mass.


The development of hypotheses, methodologies and data collection techniques and procedures have been described in depth in a wealth of textbooks and periodicals. However, there is a dearth of written literature on the more operational and interactive aspects of initiating a major federally-funded and directed effort. Not only are priorities for applied research established by governmental agencies; but, in addition, clearance review procedures often dictate the specific nature or manner of inquiry. Any project requiring data collection from nine or more individuals requires forms clearance from Office of Management and Budget (OMB). A research project, funded by Federal contract dollars, undergoes careful review of substance and form. Prior t o a project's implementation, a series of administrative reviews occur and recommendations and modifications may be suggested even though such implementation might be in direct conflict with good scientific practice. The inherent conflicts between a research-motivated staff and the bureaucratically-oriented officials of a Federal agency should be reviewed in order to understand the mechanics of implementing a research project. The development and implementation of the Treatment Outcome Prospective Study (TOPS), a National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) longitudinal study on the effectiveness of drug treatment programs, provides an opportunity to review these conflicts. The basic underlying philosophy in organizing this study includes a clear understanding that each component of the study, the design, the implementation, the data analysis and the data dissemination will be under the careful scrutiny of the public sector, the academic sector, and the governmental sector. Thus, the project was conceived and developed under the influence of a concept which can only be labeled "defensive research."


were at work at the dawning of the socalled Modern period. The outward forms and dominant principles of medievalism persisted after its philosophical structure became decrepit. When some branches of culture, education for example, attempted to move forward upon new premises, they found resistance from the forces of en trenched custom in religion. The significance of the transition which affected all phases of life appears in its true light when we remember that the education of the Middle Ages was essen tially religious education. Before 1400, the Church could rely upon the learning of the time to serve her interests. The fifteenth and sixteenth century, however, brought movements toward a new form of education an education which almost inevitably moved in directions independent of Church control. This paper will seek to analyze several factors which contributed to the seculari zation of education, and to evaluate the impact of these factors upon the educa tional aims and program of the Christian


INTRODUNCTION Since the discovery of high temperature superconducting (HTS) material in 1986 [1], the HTS materials have been expected for superconducting magnets for NMR and MRI. However, mainly because of high cost and difficulty in producing long wire, there were very few practical applications to NMR/MRI magnets [2]. In 2007, a new design NMR magnet using a HTS bulk material was reported by Nakamura and his colleagues [3]. This magnet has overcome the above problems for NMR/MRI applications. Moreover, the HTS bulk material has several advantages over superconducting wire in current density, magnet size, and design simplicity. In this study, we performed the first MRI experiments using a bulk superconducting magnet and evaluated its possibility for MRI magnets. MATERIALS AND METHODS Annular bulk superconductors (outer diameter = 60 mm, inner diameter = 28 mm, height = 20 mm) made of c-axis oriented single-grain EuBa2Cu3Oy crystals were used for the conductor of the magnet as shown in Fig.1 [4]. Six annular superconductors were vertically stacked and stored in a cryostat (outer diameter = 88 mm, room temperature bore diameter = 20 mm) and cooled using a pulse tube refrigerator as shown in Fig.1. The bulk magnet was energized as follows. The temperature of the magnet was kept at 100 K which is above the critical temperature (~90 K) of the superconductor, the bulk magnet was inserted into the room temperature bore of a 4.7 T wide-bore conventional superconducting NMR magnet, the bulk material was cooled down to 50 K under the 4.7 T homogeneous (NMR quality) magnetic field with superconducting shimming, and the electrical current of the main magnet was slowly decreased to zero. Magnetic flux generated by the 4.7 T superconducting magnet was trapped by the bulk superconductor and a homogeneous magnetic field was produced in the bore of the bulk magnet. A three-axis cylindrical gradient coil set was wound on an acrylic pipe (outer diameter = 16.8 mm, inner diameter = 14.8 mm) using 0.3 mm diameter polyurethane coated Cu wire. RF probes for 5 mm and 8 mm NMR sample tubes were made to fit the inner bore of the gradient set. The gradient set and the RF probe were inserted into the bore of the bulk magnet and connected to an MRI console. Magnetic field distribution was measured in the central φ7.0 mm × 12.8 mm region using a phase shift method. Several phantoms were measured using 3D spin-echo sequences for evaluation of the MRI system. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Figure 2 shows inhomogeneity and histogram of the magnetic field measured in the central φ6.2 mm × 9.1 mm cylindrical region. Peak to peak and root mean square values of the inhomogeneity were 35 and 3.3 ppm, respectively. Figure 3 shows 2D cross sections selected from a 3D image dataset of a water phantom acquired with a 3D SE sequence (TR/TE = 100ms/10ms, image matrix = 128, voxel size = (100 μm), NEX = 1). Although signal void caused by a considerable offset of the magnetic field is seen in the images, detailed structure of the phantom is clearly visualized. The inhomogeneity of the magnetic field is mainly determined by that of the bulk superconducting crystals and by their spatial arrangement. The accurate evaluation of the inhomogeneity demonstrated here is helpful for optimization of the spatial arrangement, and the inhomogeneity will be further improved. Available volume for MRI measurements of our system is currently smaller than that of conventional vertical bore superconducting magnets, but the bulk magnet is cryogen free and compact, which is advantageous to conventional superconducting magnets. In conclusion, we have developed the first MRI system that uses the bulk superconducting magnet in the persistent current mode and shown promise of our system.


Art is a privileged way to express social representations, particularly the imaginary and affective dimensions. At the same time, art is the space where new social representations stem and transform themselves. In the modern context, it is inevitable to bind present with future, because to be modern is break with the past. Future, then, appears in the artistic creation. It stems attached to a approach to the industrailized, urban, reality, that is condensed in the representations of the cities. In this article, two relevant moments when future becomes a represented issue in art are analyzed: the first one was developed during the artistic vanguards in the early XX Century; and the second one is developing now, with the inclusion of three elements: tecnology, sustainability and cultural mundialization in art.


Introduction: Spanning the three stages of the Alzheimer's disease (AD) continuum, amyloid-beta (Aβ40 and Aβ42) oligomers (AβO's) and tau protein constitute a set of biomarkers ideally suited for the non-invasive monitoring of AD (Wolgin et al., 2022). AD progression is correlated with the presence of low molecular weight oligomers and not amyloid plaques. Moreover, low molecular weight AβO is present in the beginning and later stages of disease even when the plaque burden becomes prevalent. Furthermore, changes in AβO levels occur prior to the initial stages of the disease, suggesting they may be used to evaluate the risk of disease onset. Currently, the monoclonal antibody CrenezumabTM is considered the primary treatment for reducing low molecular weight oligomers in various animal models and humans. AβO's can be sourced from blood, plasma, and cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) and acquired quickly, permitting long-term storage and retrospective analysis. However, samples usually contain single molecular oligomer concentrations often requiring amplification (spiking/seeding or ultrasonic) or enrichment prior to measurement with conventional instrumentation and antibodybased platforms such as SiMOA or Sigma Millipore (An et al., 2017; Dominguez et al., 2022). In addition to AβO, other protein biomarkers that span all three stages of AD include total tau (t-tau) and CSF phosphorylated tau (p-tau). Tau is a microtubule-binding protein subject to phosphorylation, and its aggregation is a major hallmark of AD pathology. t-tau and some p-tau isoforms, such as p-tau threonine 181 and p-tau threonine 217, are elevated in AD CSF. However, t-tau CSF levels poorly correlate with plasma levels due to peripheral interference restricting its usage as a biomarker (Janelidze et al., 2020).


A 60-year-old truck driver, right-handed, presented with a non-traumatic slow-growing mass on the palm of his left hand. He reported that the mass appeared 3 years prior to consultation, but he failed to seek a medical advice because it did not bother him. The mass slowly grew and started to become painful on palpation. He was referred for excisional biopsy by his family physician because the mass demonstrated signs of inflammation and was extremely painful. Upon presentation, he did not complain of any other symptoms, including fever or signs of systemic illness. On history, he denied smoking, medication use, allergies or a family history of tumors.


In a recent paper Zabusky has given an accurate estimate of the time interval in which solutions of the nonlinear string equation ytt = c2(1 + eyx)yxx exist. A previous numerical study of solutions of this equation disclosed an anomaly in the partition of energy among the various modes; Zabusky's estimate shows that at the time when the anomaly was observed the solution does not exist. The proof of Zabusky uses the hodograph method; in this note we give a much simpler derivation of the same result based on an estimate given some years ago by the author.


A binary optical memory disc-shaped information for the information along a spiral track in the form of pits and lands are successively stored to be read by means of laser according to the interference principle, immutable and can produce by the following method security tag, i.e., a select set of planes corresponding to the pits as a pit in making the optical reference plane. The indicia may be substantially in any form, be as small as can be seen only by electron microscopy, can be as large as can be identified with the naked eye in white light.


The invention discloses a single intersection dynamic traffic signal control method based on data driving. The single intersection dynamic traffic signal control method comprises the following steps of step 1: acquisition of high-precision data; step 2: execution control of a signal controller; step 3: intersection performance indicator evaluation; and step 4: signal timing iterative optimization. The high-precision data are detected based on sensors, and accurate time at which a vehicle drives on and leaves a detector can be accurately recorded in the data so that green light time duration and idle time of the detector can be calculated, the efficiency of dynamic traffic signal control is enabled to be further exerted, the internal area of the intersection is ensured to be used constantly, and thus accessibility of an urban road network is guaranteed to some extent.


From the alcoholic extract of stem bark of Mangifera indica cultiver Chausa two new triterpenic constituents, namely manghopanal and mangoleanone, have been isolated and characterized in addition to known compounds taraxerol, friedelin, C-24-epimer of cycloart-25-en-3Beta, 24,27-trioltriacetate, mangiferonic acid and phenolic component mangiferin.


This study focuses on employee workplace and demographic predictors to know the employee attitudes and behaviours regarding organisational change. The findings indicate significant relationships between readiness for change and workplace and demographic factors. The economic and social environment is so dynamic that without adopting to such change even the most successful organization can not survive in the changed environment. Any business in today's fast-moving environment that is looking for the pace of change to slow is likely to be sorely disappointed. In fact, businesses should embrace change. Change is important for any organization because, without change, businesses would likely lose their competitive edge and fail to meet the needs of what most hope to be a growing base of loyal customers. It is difficult for organizations to avoid change, as new ideas promote growth for them and their members. Change occurs for many reasons such as new staff roles; increases or decreases in funding; acquisition of new technology; new missions, vision or goals; and to reach new members or clients. Changes can create new opportunities, but are often met with criticism from resistant individuals within the group.


This paper introduces authentication states for SBAS receivers describing all processes ranging from preauthentication verification to nominal authenticated operations. Most importantly, the secure transitions between these states and receiver operations are proposed to better define what the receiver's role is in delivering a secure service. Different authentication techniques also require tailored modifications for the receiver concept of operations (CONOPS). This paper focuses on the use of two different authentication schemes: an I-channel implementation of TESLA and a Q-channel implementation of ECDSA. The receiver state machine outlines how a receiver should securely acquire public keys over the air and how a receiver transitions into a fully authenticated state from start-up. This paper presents a general message processing procedure that protects the SBAS receiver from using potentially spoofed data while preserving the integrity delivered by the service.


In this report we compared consumption of three groups ot graphite eiectroaes, each consisting of three or four plates. We measured ratio of current used for consumption of carbon, total weight loss and ratio of sludge to consumption, by oxidation.The main difference between Acheson graphite and Jaban's graphite consists not in consumption by oxidation but in the ratio, of sludge to that, and according to small value of this ratio, about 0.2, Acheson graphite gives relatively small value of total consumption.


Finite amplitude acoustic wave propagation through bubbly liquids is studied by using the Burgers–Korteweg–DeVries model equation. Numerical solutions are obtained using a pseudospectral method. Spectral analysis of the numerical solutions is performed to study the spectral energy transfer due to nonlinearity. Numerical solutions of the two limiting cases obtained by neglecting either the dissipation or dispersion term of the Burgers–Korteweg–DeVries equation are also analyzed. In nonlinear wave propagation, short waves are generated by long waves due to nonlinearity. In bubbly media, these short waves may undergo strong resonance absorption due to the presence of bubbles, even if other mechanisms of dissipation are negligible. The effect of such an absorption is simulated by applying a low‐pass filter on the results obtained with the dissipation term neglected. The filter eliminates the short waves generated after each time step. It is shown that such resonance absorption corrections may be necessary for...


Based on the introduction of physical,chemical and biological treatment methods of wastewater containing cadmium,through comparison,this paper came to a conclusion that biological strengthen technology have great development potentiality in the treatment of wastewater with cadmium.It took a further expound on cadmium pollution in Kui river.


The purpose of this study is to provide an overview of how people perceive online loans. The approach used is a qualitative approach. This type of research is a type of case study research. Sources of data in this study were generated from informants, namely the public, sources of relevant journal books that had previously existed articles and previous research. Data collection techniques were obtained by means of interviews and observations comparing with data in the same journals. While the data analysis technique in this study used interactive model analysis using three techniques, namely: data reduction, data display, and drawing conclusions. The results of this study show that people's perceptions of online loans are considered as a solution to the economic problems faced by the community, there are even some people who have made online loans an addiction to solve their economic problems, we cannot deny that online loans are very much needed in society, especially in the masses after this pandemic. While the impact of ilegal online loans is also very dangerous for users such as high interst rates, risk of leaked contacts, terror thereats, the risk of contacts being tapped, loss of privacy.


Cultivated land is the material basis and condition for human survival and development. Ecological land is an important guarantee to maintain ecological balance and meet people's yearning for a good ecological environment and a good life. With the increase of population and the need of social and economic development, the cultivated land resources are becoming increasingly tense. Unreasonable farming is an important reason for the degradation of cultivated land, which not only seriously affects the effective supply of food, but also brings great pressure on the environment. As a heavy industry base in China, it is still early to use sewage for farmland irrigation, which makes the heavy metal content of farmland in sewage irrigation area exceed the standard and seriously threatens the food security. It is of great significance to scientifically promote the rotation system of polluted farmland, promote the ecological restoration of farmland through the conversion of farmland and ecological land, and ensure the sustainable utilization of land resources.


As America's population becomes increasingly more diverse ethnically and culturally, the opportunities for individuals of differing racial backgrounds and ethnic groups to mix interracially when engaging in romantic relationships increase also. The purpose of this study was to compare college students' perceptions of couples engaged in interracial romantic relationships compared to college students' perceptions of couples engaged in romantic relations with individuals of the same racial heritage. Possible effects of subject age, gender and educational level are examined as well. The research was conducted in the southwest region of the U. S., using adult college students drawn from student populations on one publicly supported, historically Black university and one private Baptist university. The purpose of this research is to make a comparative examination of attitudes and perceptions concerning interracial dating. In total, 107 students completed the Korolewicz Interracial Dating Preference Questionnaire (K-IDPQ), an instrument designed to assess attitudes toward interracial dating. Results indicate that African Americans and those with previous interracial dating experiences were significantly more likely to express openness to becoming involved in an interracial relationship. NATIONAL FORUM OF APPLIED EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH JOURNAL 2_________________________________________________________________________


-Work-life balance is a challenging task which decides if a woman is successful or unsuccessful. The study explores the life of married and unmarried working women, problems of work-life balance and the strategies used by women who balance their work and family. One hundred women were chosen from various workplaces; however, all of them invariably stated work-life balance as a major issue. Quitting the job for taking care of home was not a reasonable solution as it had its drawbacks. The option that repeatedly surfaced in this study was the development of alternate careers. Keywords--Work-life Balance, Ethnography Study, India, Corporate Women, Alternate Careers. Introduction We are in an era where women are gaining equal importance to men in the society. Women in this generation are equally qualified as men and also get placed in reputed companies. However, the sad thing is that women joining the companies are forced into a situation where they fail to reach higher positions or quit the job and stay at home. In the past centuries, main role for women was to get married and take care of the family; only a handful of women, especially women in the higher society had opportunity for good education and concentrated on their careers. However, the current scenario has changed because of the economic and financial conditions which have increased the number of working women in the society. On the other hand, the society also wants women to take up good positions. Most of the private organisations are keen on maintaining the diversity ratio, which has led to introducing many benefits for the women employees. However, most of the working women fail to maintain the balance between family and job. Since most of the work comes under high pressure, and also on the other hand women have responsibility to maintain the family, many women fail to look after their health, job and their family, due to which they are forced to sacrifice one or more of the above. At times financial needs are too high that the couples are forced to work in different locations hampering the family life. Work-life balance in fact is a challenging task which decides if a woman is successful or unsuccessful. Many women hesitate or fear to take a job as they feel their personal life would be affected by the job. Most of the literature has given more concentration on married women, especially young mothers. However, this study will also expose the difficulties of unmarried women, as unmarried women also face certain challenges which make them lose their interest in their career. Though equally Gender Parity and Women Empowerment-Challenges and Way Forward DOI: 10.9756/BP2018.1012/21 118 qualified as men, women always don't get enough support from the family for pursuing their career. This study is particularly aimed to understand what are the issues faced by married and unmarried women related to work-life balance. The secondary objective of this study is to provide strategies for women to balance the work and family without any difficulty, and also motivate more women to concentrate on their career without giving up prematurely. Methods This study explores the life of married and unmarried working women. Also, it shows problems that impact women in balancing work at office and home. This study will also explain strategies used by women who balance their work and family. Between July 2005 and June 2015, ethnography study (D A Snow et al., 2003)1 was done among 100 women. One hundred women were chosen from various workplaces through first level contacts in the following two categories: 1) working married women 2) working unmarried women. There were 50 in each category. Some of these women quit their jobs to take care of their family or due to personal reasons. They were chosen in such a way that they closely resembled regarding culture, tradition and social strata for comparability. Two out of three of these factors were similar in all of them to avoid too much variation. They were explained about the study, informed consent was taken and proper ethical procedures were followed. No data related to their identification was taken. They were interviewed informally once a while to understand how their lives were progressing, and they were documented to understand the work-life balance issues, how they face them, the strategies used by them to handle it, etc. All these were noted in the form of field notes and compared from time to time. After ten years, all the field notes were analyzed to derive the major ideas. Results All of the participants were between the age group of 31-34 years at the end of the study. Some of them got married during the ten-year course which was instrumental in understanding how their lives evolved before and after marriages. Table 1 shows the number of samples in each category when the study ended. Table 1: Categorization of Samples Married Unmarried Working 50 50 All of them came from the upper middle strata of the society based on modified Kuppusamy scale. They were all from Chennai whose native was Tamil Nadu in India.


A new deposition method is described using micro electrical discharge machining (EDM) to deposit tool electrode material on workpiece in air. The basic principles of micro electrical discharge deposition (EDD) are analyzed and the realized conditions are predicted. With an ordinary EDM shaping machine, brass as the electrode, high-speed steel as the workpiece, a lot of experiments are carried out on micro EDD systematically and thoroughly. The effects of major processing parameters, such as the discharge current, discharge duration, pulse interval and working medium, are obtained. As a result, a micro cylinder with 0.19 mm in diameter and 7.35 mm in height is deposited. By exchanging the polarities of the electrode and workpiece the micro cylinder can be removed selectively. So the reversible machining of deposition and removal is achieved, which breaks through the constraint of traditional EDM. Measurements show that the deposited material is compact and close to workpiece base, whose components depend on the tool electrode material.