It is known that in the lattice of all varieties of /-groups, there is a unique maximal proper subvariety. Based on this fact we give a simple algorithm for deciding the word problem in free /-groups. Some other applications are also given. The word problem for free /-groups was shown to be solvable by Holland and McCleary [4] by techniques appropriate to /-groups. We give here a brief universal algebra proof of this theorem which is not much use in studying further properties of /-groups but which generalizes to any finitely presented variety V for which there is some effectively given list of identities, none of which are satisfied by V but at least one of which holds in any proper subvariety or V. It was pointed out in Evans, Neff, and Mandelberg [1, p. 261], that the word problem is solvable for free algebras in any finitely presented equationally complete variety and what we have here is a mild generalization of this result. We recall that a lattice ordered group is a set G which is (i) a lattice under a partial order x < y, and (ii) a group under the operations xy, x_1, 1, with the order relation compatible with the group multiplication, i.e. x < y implies ax < ay, xa < ya. The class of all such algebras is a variety or equationally defined theory, as is easily seen if we express the lattice axioms as identities in terms of the join and meet, the group axioms as identities, and the compatibility properties by x(y A z) = xy A xz, (y A z)x = yx A zx, x(y V z) = xyV xz, (y V z)x = yx V zx. It is this class of equationally defined structures we have in mind when we talk about the variety of /-groups or the equational theory of /-groups. THEOREM. The word problem for free l-groups is solvable. PROOF. This decision problem is equivalent to that of deciding for any given identity u{x\, x-i, X3,... ) = u(xi, 2:2, £3, ■ ■ ■ ) in the theory of /-groups whether or not the identity is a consequence of the axioms and hence holds in all /-groups. There is an algorithm Mi which enumerates all identities, which hold in all /groups and only such identities. If u = v is an /-group identity which holds in all /-groups, it will eventually appear in this enumeration. Let L be the variety of all /-groups. In the lattice of all subvarieties of L, there is a largest proper subvariety N which is covered by L (Holland [3]). N is the variety Received by the editors July 2, 1985 and, in revised form, August 22, 1985. 1980 Mathematics Subject Classification (1985 Revision). Primary 06F15; Secondary 08B20, 08A50. This research was supported in part by NSF Grant MCS 8203615. ©1986 American Mathematical Society 0002-9939/86 $1.00 + $.25 per page


A gigahertz analog multiplier based on OTA and squaring is proposed. The multiplier has gigahertz frequency response is suitable to use in communication system. The circuit is based on 0.18 μm CMOS technology simulated using PSPICE level 7. This technique provides; wide dynamic range, GHz-bandwidth response and low power consumption. The proposed circuit has been simulated with PSPICE and achieved −3dB bandwidth of 3.96GHz. The total power dissipation is 0.588mW with ±1V power supply voltages..


This article summarizes our experience in clinical teaching of student trainees preparing for the self study examination of higher nursing,where we used appropriate teaching methods to cope with the specific requirements of the teaching self students.The article points out that competent teachers are the prerequisite of assuring the quality of internship training,strict examination rules are the basic condition for evaluating the actual outcome of the internship training,and that appropriate teaching methods play a key role in mobilizing the students to act as the main body of teaching.Based on these characteristics,the article proposes some teaching methods of internship training of such students.


: - In this paper we present the design and implementation of a robust, marketable, general purpose and flexibly configurable device that offers three years of battery lifetime, GSM communications, local and/or remotely configurable behaviour, with wired and/or remote firmware-update facility and "one month before battery depletion" warning. It has been designed based upon WSN's power-aware techniques and empirical obtained results borne laboratory measurements out.


The author, Ken Cockburn, is an internationally recognised poet and writer. His first collection of poems was shortlisted for a Saltire award; He established and ran, along with Alec Finlay, pocketbooks which was an award winning series of books of poetry and visual art. This book is a collection of translated poems and features work by Thomas Brasch, Rudolf Bussmann, Christine Marendon, Arne Rautenberg and Tina Stroheker. Other than Brasch, this is the first time work by these poets has appeared in English in book form.


The Extended Air Defense Testbed (EADTB), is a comprehensive, high- and mixed-level-of-detail, environment for modeling weapon system entities and interactions. Due to the complexity of the models and large scenario sizes, in its current single-threaded form, EADTB is limited in run-time speed. Our goal is to speed up the simulation without re-architecture or re-implementation of the models which comprise 1.76 million lines of Ada code, and without altering model behavior or compromising repeatability and causality. Our work demonstrates that the use of optimistic scheduling techniques and its derivatives, offers the best alternative for object-based systems like EADTB. Specifically we have retrofitted and integrated the same representative pseudo-EADTB prototype with two different object-oriented optimistic scheduling engines (SPEEDES and TEMPO/Thema). We discuss the required architectural and behavioral features of a simulation to allow this retrofit, the issues of C++ to Ada language interfaces, and the employment of the basic services of the optimistic scheduling engines in this environment. Experimental results suggest that order-of-magnitude speed-up is feasible through parallelization, and is scalable to larger experiments simply by adding hardware.


The importance of coal power in maintaining the security of the national power supply and the stability of the grid is irreplaceable for China at present, as was reflected in the "power shortage" event of 2021. To achieve the goal of carbon neutrality, the low-carbon transition paths of coal power for each province were analyzed in the context of China's emission trading scheme (ETS). The prospect and importance of coal power was preliminarily analyzed first. Following the "bottom-up" direction, the real option method was used to establish decision models for investing in carbon capture, utilization and storage equipment (CCUS) and eliminating high carbon-intensive units. Results showed that Inner Mongolia will first adopt CCUS in 2037 and the thresholds can be met in all provinces before 2050. However, the ETS will not lead to the elimination of coal power during the studied period. Combined with an evaluation of the development potential of coal power, four transition paths were distinguished for Chinese provinces. Considering that China's ETS is in the developing stage, its full potential for stimulating the low-carbon transition of coal power was further discussed. On this basis, several policy implications were provided.


Describes construction of a Southern California Edison Co. power plant which will convert coal to hot synthesis gas (syngas), which in turn will fuel a combustion turbine and also yield heat for a steam turbine. Reports that with a coal input of 1000 t/d, the 2 turbines will generate a net power output of about 100 MW. Explains that the Cool Water plant will be a commercial-scale demonstration project for integrated gasification-combined-cycle (IGCC) power technology. Reports that if design and construction schedules are met, Cool Water will be on-line in 1984, producing electricity and providing data to EPRI.


Hydroxyapatite (HAp) nanocrystals with excellent biocompatibility and bioresorbability are usually used in the fields of tissue engineering, medicine, etc. In this review, recent advances in the tunable synthesis, ion doping, assembly and applications of monodisperse HAp nanocrystals are summarized, which may be helpful for the designed synthesis and surface modification of HAp or other nanocrystals according to practical applications.


Objective To study the prevention effects of AduoLa Fuzhenglin(ADL)Oll the brain injury induced by microwave radiation in rats.Methods A total of 140 male Wismr rats were divided randomly into 5 groups,including control group,microwave exposed group,low dosage(0.75 g·kg-1·d-1)group.middle dosage(1.5 g·kg-1·d-1)group and high dosage(3 g·kg-1·d-1)group.Rats in three ADL groups were lavaged with ADL per day for 2 weeks before radiation.After administration,rats were exposed to microwave at 30 mW/cm2 for 15 min.The abilities of learning and memory were detected by Morris water maze,and the contents of amino acids neurotransmitter of hippocampus were detected by HPLC, then the histology and uhrastrncture of hippocampus were observed with light and electron microscope at 6 h,7 and 14 d after exposure.Results The abilities of learning and memory were declined(F=0.000-0.043,P<0.05)from 6 h to 7 d after exposure,and the contents of four kinds of amino acid neurotransmitter in hippocampus were decreased,of which GLU,GLY and GABA were decreased significantly(F=0.000-0.007,P<0.01)at 6h after exposure,then tissue edema,neuronal degeneration,neuron mitoehondria swelling and cavitation,endocytoplasmie rotieulum broaden,synaptic cleft blurred,and perivascular space widen were found in the hippocampus at 6 h and 7 d after exposure.The changes in low dosage group were similar to those of the radiation group.However,in middle and high dosage groups,the abilities of learning and memory were normal to some extent with the significant differences compared to the radiation group from 6 h to 7 d after exposure(F=0.015-0.028.P<0.05).The contents of four kinds of amino acid neurotransmitter were not decreased,especially GLU contents close tO normal level.There were significant differences between middle and high dosage groups and radiation group at 6 h after exposure(F=0.000-0.042,P<0.05).Moreover,no obvious injury in the hippocampus was observed in middle and high dosage groups at 6 h and 7 d after exposure.Conclusions Exposure to 30 mW/cm2 microwave radiation could decrease the abilities of learning and memory,induce amino acid neurotransmitter turbulence,and injure the histology and uhrastructure of hippocampus.ADL at the dosages of 1.5 and 3 g·kg-1·d-1 would have preventive effects on the injury induced by microwave exposure.The concentration of 1.5 g·kg-1 ·d-1 of ADL might be the effective dosage to prevent the brain damage after microwave exposure.

Key words:
AduoLa Fuzhenglin;  Microwave;  Rat;  Brain injury; Prevention


In the last century in road transport the main motivation was to make driving easier or more comfortable. Today lower fuel consumption, higher traffic safety and reduced environmental impact are in the focus of the developments. To reach these future objectives it is necessary to increase the level of automation of road vehicles. Driving a road vehicle by a software is a complex controlling task. In connected and automated vehicles the control algorithm has several steps. An important step is, when the vehicle plans its own trajectory. The trajectory planning process has several parts for instance the geometry of the path-curve or the speed during the way. This paper presents a basic approach for path design. To reach the aim a map will be given as a binary 2204 × 1294 size matrix where the roads will be defined by ones, the obstacles will be defined by zeros. The map presents a smaller area of the campus of the Budapest University of Technology and Economics. The aim is to make an algorithm which can find the shortest and a feasible path for vehicles between the start and the target point. The vehicle speed will be assumed slow enough to ignore the dynamical properties of the vehicle.


Street-level landmarks are the important foundation for high-precision IP geolocation, which is of significant value in network security. As online map-based landmark mining algorithms are constrained by the online map service itself, a street-level landmark mining algorithm based on radar search is proposed in this study. Initially, the region in which landmarks will be mined is divided into smaller sub-regions. Then, the radar search service of an online map is used to perform a recursive query request for each sub-region, and street-level candidate landmarks in the sub-region are obtained. Finally, IP geolocation databases and the street-level geolocation algorithm are used to evaluate the landmarks and retain reliable ones. Landmark mining experiments of two groups were conducted to verify the algorithm. Experimental results show that the number of obtained reliable landmarks of the proposed method increases by 4.1 times, the landmark coverage area increases by 59% and the average geolocation error is reduced from 9.94 km to 4.33 km compared with the existing online mapsbased method, and the proposed algorithm can also obtain more candidate landmarks as well as reliable landmarks and got lower mean error of geolocation results than the state-of-art landmark mining algorithms based on other web resources.


A brief account of the studies conducted on polychaetes in the Gulf of Cariaco, Venezuela is presented along with a catalog of the species in that water body. Since the first study on polychaeta was conducted in the gulf in 1975, 32 families, 78 genera, and 116 species have been identified there, a scant record, considering the vast extension of the gulf and the great diversity of environments it comprises.


Trimethyltin chloride was found to induce cytotoxic damage in vitro in human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Two concentrations (0.5 μg and 1.0 μg) were added to lymphocytes from male and female subjects in mitogen stimulated and serum supplemented culture medium for 72 h. A dose-related increase of inhibition of replication index (P < 0.01) and cell division (P < 0.001) was observed. The frequencies of abnormal cells and chromosomal aberrations such as chromatid and chromosome breaks, dicentrics, triradial and quadriradial configurations were increased significantly (P < 0.001), as were micronucleus counts (P < 0.001) and sister chromatid exchanges (P < 0.001). Endoreduplication, an extremely rare spontaneous event in human lymphocytes, was observed in a few cases at all dose levels. The effects were more pronounced in lymphocytes obtained from habitual smokers.


Maghemite (Υ-Fe2O3) nanoparticles were impregnated to nanoporous carbon obtained from tomato waste (TWNC). The prepared magnetic composite (MTWNC) was characterized and used to remove tetracycline (TC) from water and then easily be separated from the medium by a magnetic technique. The morphologies and surface chemistries of both magnetic and non-magnetic nanoporous carbons were studied by FTIR, XRD, SEM, SEM-EDX, VSM, BET surface area, proximate and elemental analysis determinations. Batch adsorption studies were carried out and the effects of pH, initial TC concentration, adsorbent dose, ionic strength and temperature were investigated. The adsorption kinetics of TC on MTWNC could be expressed well by the pseudo-second order model, and sorption isotherms were described by Langmuir equation with maximum adsorption capacity of 60.60 mg/g at pH 4 and 50 ◦C. Thermodynamic parameters showed that the adsorption of TC onto MTWNC was feasible, spontaneous and endothermic. Furthermore, the recyclability of the adsorbent was tested with 0.01 M NaOH solution, and the results show that the synthesized composite adsorbent could be employed repeatedly in wastewater treatment. © 2014 The Institution of Chemical Engineers. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.


The purpose of this study is identify the status of the ward of public hospital for integrated nursing care service. Integrated nursing care service has been expanding on a national scale from 2016 but most of public hospitals are currently unable to operate due to nursing shortage. In this study 8 wards of public hospital have been chosen and analyzed. The measure of space program and area distribution(patient area percentage, staff area percentage, circulation area percentage), nurses's walking distance(distance from ns to patient room, distance from ns to core) were calculated by depthmapX and autocad programs. The result of this study is as follows. Nurse's walking distance is more than 24m so the efficiency of nurse's patient care is reduced. The percentage of patient area in double-corridor is higher and the patient feels more comfortable but the Nurse's walking distance is longer and the accessibility is lowered. NS should be located in the center of the ward and close to the core but some wards are not composed of proper space-separation and flow of human trrafic is overlapped. This study may serve as basic research for the architectural plan for future integrated nursing care ward.


I HAVE chosen my title with some care, in relation to the theme of this conference, because I wish to establish one particular point at the outset. I believe that the study of classification and subject analysis represents the intellectual zenith of education for librarianship; but it is not, for librarians, an end in itself. Librarianship is a practical activity carried on in circumstances that vary greatly, but the end is always the same: to provide readers with the books and information they need. Education for librarianship has for its object, therefore, the fitting of librarians to do this in the most effective way, according to the different circumstances in which they may operate. Techniques, however absorbing as an academic study, are no more than tools, to be used only as long as they prove able to do the work. This conference is very timely; discussions on education for librarianship are taking place all over the world, and there is more interest than ever in the professional aspects. The recent issues of Special Libraries and Library Trends show that the relationship between vocational and academic exercises the minds of library educators to what is perhaps an unprecedented degree. In this respect, the United States has led the world. Whatever dissatisfaction your leading librarians may express, from time to time, about the state of affairs in the library schools, your curriculums have always had a firm foundation in practical matters. You need only look at Wilhelm Munthe's glowing and well-deserved tribute to the work of the Chicago Graduate Library School, as long ago as 1939, to see how much this approach has been welcomed abroad.1 Many of us regret deeply that we have as yet done so little to imitate it. It is true that, in many other countries, education for librarianship has also been centered in the universities, but the result has not been the same. There has been a strong tendency for university courses to produce scholars who are primarily subject specialists concentrating on bibliography-particularly on historical bibliography. In other words, the emphasis has been almost wholly on the production of librarians who will work as academic staff in the continental-style universities. In the United Kingdom, we have had, until lately, an even worse situation. As you probably know, one of our amiable eccentricities has been to pretend that our universities exist for the education of gentlemen, who shall be well equipped to conduct elegant Socratic discourse, preferably in Greek, but who are under no particular necessity to labor for their daily bread. We have been inclined to overlook the fact that our universities had their origins as vocational-training establishments for theology, medicine, and law and to regard such training as something which has to be gained, if absolutely necessary, by courses at lesser institutions. I am glad to say that this attitude, if not yet quite dead, is at least


We report the clinical and imaging findings of a patient with a symptomatic vertebral hemangioma treated with radiotherapy alone. There was partial relief of the pain 3 months after radiotherapy. We recommend a total dose of 40 Gy at 2 Gy per fraction. A review of literature is also presented.


Analysis is made on the causes resulting auto bounce across bridgehead, especially in subgrade sedimentation, construction methods and structural system, and provided the preventions.


Planning and management of urban public toilets is one of the main standards of urban civilization and development.Informatization construction of urban public toilets is an important content of planning and management of public toilets.This paper deeply analyses the significance of informatization construction,its current situation and existing problems of urban public toilets in Jinan City.The main principles of informatization construction of public toilets in Jinan City are disgussed and some countermeasures are put forward in this paper.


Population's satisfaction with medical care has recently become an important structural component of the comprehensive assessment of the healthcare activities. The satisfaction is subjectively determined which makes it possible to assess the level of the population's satisfaction with medical care. The sociological survey is recognised as the most informative method of study. The article provides the results of study of satisfaction with medical care of the respondents suffering from chronic diseases and followed up at the medical institutions of Saratov that has been conducted by the authors.


This paper aims to map the negotiation mechanisms used by Banco Palmas in order to make Palmas Digital possible as a community digital bank in the Conjunto Palmeiras' neighbourhood, state of Ceará, Brazil. Palmas Digital represents an alternative way to offer financial services in a network of community banks that was enabled by a digital payment platform called e-Dinheiro. Using a multilevel framework model proposed in Pozzebon & Diniz (2012), we seek to understand the interplay between different actors and technological artefacts in order to understand the "technology-in-practice", concept defined by Orlikowski (2000). The multilevel framework model was built to understand social consequences of information and communication technologies (ICT) interactions at a community level.


This case report describes a patient with chronic pain due to piriformis myofascial pain syndrome related to lumbar facet joint lesion. The purpose is to demonstrate the elimination of the underlying etiological lesion by lumbar facet joint injection with steroid suspension for a complete and effective treatment of piriformis myofascial pain syndrome in order to obtain a permanent pain relief. A 46 year-old male patient had chronic pain in the right gluteal region and right leg (with tingling) for many years. Initially, he had been treated as piriformis syndrome with oral medicine, physical therapy and local injection, and had only temporary and incomplete pain relief. Finally, he visited our pain clinic and received physical therapy to the lumbar spine based on the presence of positive facet sign that reproduced his clinical symptoms. After physical therapy, he had pain relief much remarkably than before, but still incompletely. Then he received a lumbar facet joint injection at L5-S1 level. Immediately after the injection, he had pain subsided completely. This effectiveness lasted for longer than one year. It is concluded that, in some cases of piriformis myofascial pain syndrome is related to a lumbar facet joint lesion. Treatment of the lumbar facet joint can suppress the symptoms completely for a significantly long period.


According to China current situation of building energy efficiency design and from the perspective of building design, this paper conducted digitized expression on the facility entities and functional characteristics of engineering project. It also analyzed and shared the building energy consumption with building energy conservation and environmental protection as research orientation as well as with the technical model of BIM as guidance that is based on three-dimensional digital technology. Therefore, it can provide effective theory, process, method and technological means in building design phase, so as to realize the target of building e nergy saving.


As we are all aware, our society is undergoing substantial eco nomic and social changes. Arising out of these changes are social problems such as lack of job opportunities and a high level of unemployment. Con tributing to these problems has been the recent world reces sion. But even after an eco nomic recovery we will only have partly solved our prob lems. There are forces of a more structural and long-term nature which need to be con sidered if we are to understand the economic and social changes affecting society. These forces are difficult to identify but they relate to new technology and technological change.


Pleione is a Be star that is in a 218 day orbit with a low-mass binary companion. Recent numerical simulations have shown that a Be star disc can be subject to breaking when material is actively being fed into the inner parts of the disc. After breaking, the disc is composed of two rings: an inner ring that is anchored to the stellar equator and an outer ring that is free to nodally precess. A double ring disc may explain some of the observed variability in Pleione. We model the nodal precession of the outer disc ring that is driven by the companion on an observed timescale of $80.5\, \rm yr$. We find that the outer ring of a broken disc in a binary with an eccentricity of eb = 0.6 can precess on the observed timescale and have an outer radius that is in rough agreement with the observed disc size. An unbroken disc model cannot fit both the observed precession rate and disc size. Suppression of Kozai-Lidov driven disc eccentricity is more likely for a high binary eccentricity if the disc extends to the tidal truncation radius.


The present invention relates to a photosensitive resin composition, in particular a) an acrylate monomer having two urethane bonds, b) a urethane-based crosslinkable monomer having at least two ethylenic double bonds, c) an alkali-soluble compound, d) photopolymerization The photosensitive resin composition containing an initiator and e) a solvent, and the photosensitive dry film resist using the said photosensitive resin are related. The photosensitive resin composition and the photosensitive dry film resist using the same according to the present invention are excellent in adhesiveness and sandblast resistance to the substrate and at the same time have a high resolution, and are highly sensitive to form a fine pattern of the substrate. Photosensitive Resin, Dry Film Resist, Sandblast Resistance, Resolution, PDP


The aim of the article is to develop a formal methodology for quantitative assessment of the quality of аcontrol in a closed system with feedback in the context of digital transformation. In the proposed study, attention is focused on assessing the quality of management in organizational and technical systems on the example of the aviation industry. The following hypotheses were adopted in the study: in the digital management of business processes of an economic entity, the role of intellectual support is acquired by methods of formal description of processes: control, decision-making and corrective action on the control object. In critical situations, the psychotype of the person making the decision acquires a decisive role. The study solves two scientific and practical problems: development of a formal method for quantitative assessment of the quality of management of a complex multi-criteria organizational and technical system under the conditions of statistical uncertainty of management agents, taking into account feedback in the management of an object; formalization of the process of quantitative assessment of decision-making risks in the environment of statistical uncertainty of control agents and psychological factors of the decision maker.


BACKGROUND
For more than 60 years, the lack of new anti-tuberculosis drugs and the increase of resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis lineages exhibit a therapeutic challenge, demanding new options for the treatment of resistant tuberculosis.

OBJECTIVE
Herein, we determined the (i) activities of (-)-camphene and derivatives and (ii) combinatory effect with pyrazinamide (PZA) against Mycobacterium tuberculosis in acidic pH and (iii) cytotoxicity in VERO cells.

METHODS
The activity of (-)-camphene and 15 derivatives were determined in M. tuberculosis H37Rv in culture medium at pH 6.0 by Resazurin Microtiter Assay Plate (REMA). The combinatory study of three (-)-camphene derivatives with PZA was carried out in seven multidrug-resistant (MDR) clinical isolates by REMA and Checkerboard, respectively. The assay of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium (MTT) bromide in VERO cells was used to determine the derivatives cytotoxicity.

RESULTS
Four (-)-Camphene derivatives, (4), (5a) (5d) and (5h), showed reduction in MIC value at pH 6.0 compared to MIC detected at pH 6.8 in M. tuberculosis H37Rv and multidrug resistant clinical isolates. Three (-)-camphene derivatives, (4), (5d) and (5h), showed synergistic effect (FICI ≤ 0.5) combined with PZA and were more selective for M. tuberculosis than VERO cell (selective index from 7.7 to 84.2).

CONCLUSION
Three (-)-camphene derivatives have shown to be promising anti-TB molecule scaffold due to the low MIC values in acidic pH against MDR M. tuberculosis clinical isolates, synergism with PZA and low cytotoxicity.


Per se illegal and rule of reason are important rules of AMA of America,and their covers are relatively independent.Per se illegal covers horizontal price fixing,horizontal market division,boycott,tying arrangement and resell price maintaining etc,and rule of reason mainly covers vertical non-price restrict,joint venture and merger.In 1980,the covers of rule of reason and per se illegal had been blurred because of Chicago School thought's impact on the Supreme Court.However there are diverse aims of value in America,and per se illegal and rule of reason could harmonize various conflicts of values that embodies in the AMA of America,so their covers still can be discerned.


The rapid determination of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and other major nutrient elements is an important technical guarantee in the quality control of chemical fertilizers. In this study, a small visible spectrometer and a small near-infrared spectrometer were used to collect spectrum information of 33 different common chemical fertilizers including compound fertilizers, blended fertilizers and controlled-release fertilizers. The 550~950 nm and 1050~1640 nm spectra with stable signals were intercepted as the analysis spectrum, and the competitive adaptive reweighted sampling algorithm (CARS) was used to select 161, 229, and 161 spectral characteristic wavelengths for the three nutrient contents of N, P2O5, and K2O respectively. The partial least squares (PLS) and extreme learning machine (ELM) models of N, P2O5, and K2O were established based on the 550~950 nm waveband, 1050~1640 nm waveband, full spectrum, and characteristic wavelength, respectively. The coefficient of determination (R2), root mean square error (RMSE), and residual predictive deviation (RPD) were used to evaluate the effect of the model. With the optimal prediction models, the values of Rp2 for N, P2O5, and K2O were 0.989, 0.963, 0.981, and for RPD were 9.71, 5.09, 7.29, respectively. The research results show that Vis/NIR spectroscopy can predict the content of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium nutrients in fertilizers, and the near-infrared band from 1050 nm to 1640 nm has a better prediction effect. The characteristic wavelength selection reduces the spectral variables by 9/10, and the performance of the model based on the characteristic wavelength is close to that of the full-spectrum model.


AbstrAct The world is witnessing a continuous expansion of electronic commerce into the global digital economy. As an enabler of new businesses, Web-based shopping systems (WBSS) are at the heart of the major issues surrounding electronic commerce growth. Their wide use has profoundly altered the ways in which businesses and customers, and businesses and businesses interact on the basis of digital transactions. Despite the importance of WBSS, the theoretical study of their strategies has been sparse. This article offers a theoretical analysis of evolutionary processes in WBSS strategies. For that purpose, we propose a classification model of WBSS. Based upon the model, WBSS are classified into four types: (1) general-direct-sales (GDS); (2) general-intermediary-sales (GIS); (3) specialized-direct-sales (SDS); and (4) specialized-intermediary-sales (SIS). On the basis of these four categories of WBSS, we analyze the characteristics of WBSS and suggest five evolution strategies for WBSS, which have implications for both theory and practice. Amazon.com's strategic movements, such as product line expansion through alliance and acquisition, provide an exemplary case of the evolution of WBSS strategy. We expect that this article will serve as a guide for Internet businesses and as a catalyst for new research agendas relevant to web-based shopping and electronic commerce.


Objectives: To provide an update regarding the recent trends and advancements in the field of salivary nano-biosensors which are useful in diagnosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma? Materials and methods: Literature survey was carried out in March 2021 in electronic databases such as PubMed SCOPUS, EMBASE, COCHRANRE library, Science Direct using key words such as Biosensors and oral cancer, Salivary biosensors and oral squamous cell carcinoma etc... Articles published in English language from 2000 to March 2021 which fulfilled the objectives of the study were included. Results: The searches revealed 236 articles out of which 42 were selected after reading the full text articles. Saliva based diagnostics is also referred as liquid biopsy for its immense potential as it is economical, noninvasive and easy to collect and contains wide variety of biomarkers which can be detected by biosensors. The use of biosensors in oral cancer detection and monitoring holds vast potential. Biosensors can be designed to detect emerging cancer biomarkers and to determine staging of the disease and diagnosis. Even though there are wide varieties of biomarkers, only few biosensors have the potential to become point of care diagnostics of oral cancer. Conclusions: The technological advancements in recent times have enabled researchers to develop high throughput and sensitive biosensors to detect active biomarkers from saliva of oral cancer patients.


The deployment of an all optical network requires that all transmission and switching equipment be properly synchronized. The synchronization performance characterization of telecommunication equipment and networks requires a wide variety of specialized equipment, each one performing a specific task, with limited data collection, transfer, and analysis capabilities. Most of the required equipment is heavy, difficult to use, and occupy substantial floor space. A portable, user friendly, and easy to maintain automatic test station for synchronization performance monitoring and characterization has been developed.


This study aims to analyze the contribution of the palm sugar business to farmers' Income in Benua District, South Konawe Regency. This research was conducted in Benua District, South Konawe Regency. Where all respondent of the population is used as research samples. The variables in this study are total production costs, revenues, income palm sugar business, income other than palm sugar, farmers' total income, and income contribution. The analysis used is income analysis and contribution analysis, and the research results show that farmers' income from the palm sugar business has an average income of IDR1.579.727 per month. The contribution from the palm sugar business to total revenue is 43%. Meanwhile, 57% of farmers' income comes from non-palm sugar businesses, including cacao cultivation, patchouli, corn, pepper, and oil palm.


A Project Report by Mohamed Abdirashid Abdullahi, Submitted to the School of Business, USIU-A in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of Master of Management and Organization Development


Clean Development Mechanism(CDM) was the only way that China could participate in international climate transactions.Carbon sequestration projects under CDM were great chances for forestry sector to utilize foreign investment.The present situation of forestry carbon sink projects in China was analyzed,the advantages and disadvantages to implement this kind of projects in China were analyzed.It was pointed out that some special policies should be adjusted,relevant research should be deepened,and understanding of carbon sink market should be promoted so as to enhance the implementation of forestry carbon sequestration projects in China.


Samples of karst lakes, rivers, industrial effluents, and natural soil were studied for selection of bacteria for biodegradation. A metagenomic analysis of the used natural and man-modified media was carried out. It has been established that the most unique are the compositions of the metagenomes of natural karst reservoirs, as well as microcenoses of industrial effluents. Most of the detected bacteria belong to Proteobacteria. As a result of selection, strains of microorganisms with high activity of nitrocellulose biodegradation, aromatic nitrates, quinoline derivatives and amides were obtained. In particular, Pseudomonas strains and R. erythropolis, effectively utilizing nitrobenzenes, nitrocellulose, quinolines, which were isolated from industrial effluents. At the same time, Pseudomonas strains were isolated from the natural karst lake, which quickly utilized the nitrocellulose. It was also found that natural soils contain a large number of prokaryotes that can utilize organic nitrates. The results confirm the view that natural environments, due to high metabolic diversity, are the richest source of producers of a wide variety of enzymes. An obvious reason for the proliferation of the metabolic systems of technogenic pollutants in natural environments is the presence in natural environments of some quantities of their structural analogues - nitrogen-containing plant metabolites and soil microflora, as well as lignin decomposition products.


In the city,peasant workers are in a weak position,while in the countryside,they are the most creative advantaged resources.However,the innovative undertaking of returned peasant workers is basically at the spontaneous state.They are facing many problems,including restrictions on investment funds,market constraints,the absence of government services and the limitations of their own quality and etc.To improve and expand the channels of peasant workers,it requires the government to change the functions and establish business service system of peasant workers.At the same time,the peasant workers who have returned home to start undertakings should continue to improve themselves and actively adapt to market demands,they need to be the business subject,and more importantly,they need to be innovation subject.


Mr. J. B. Hunter (Surgery): The treatment of diabetes now allows the complete control of the diabetic condition, so that more cases are suitable for surgery than in the pre-Banting era; and, because of the increased length of life, a larger nuimber of diabetic patients come to surgeons with conditions incidental to the disease. The figures at King's College Hospital show that in the years 1919-23 the total number of (liabetics admitted to medical and surgical beds was 68, whereas, in 1933-37 the number admitted was 730. In the first period there were two cases of gangrene and in the second period 39 cases. There are two types of cases first a group in which surgery is considered necessary in a patient suffering from diabetes, and second one in which surgery is necessary on accouint of some complication of the diabetic condition. The latter group can be subdivided into cases in which sepsis is the predominant feature and those in which the (lisease is being aggravated by factors which affect the metabolism. When surgery has to be undertaken in a diabetic patient, the risk of operation has to be assessed by the general condition and the reaction to diabetic treatment, and one is naturally guided by the physician in charge of the case. It may be stated brcadlv there is no greater risk in operating on a properly prepared diabetic patient thami oI a non-diabetic ore; indeed there may be less risk because there is an adequate period of rest and pre-operative treatment, which is not always accorded to the nondiabetic. The same care is, of course, even more essential during the forty-eight hours following operation, and it cannot be stressed too strongly that during this period the closest co-operation is necessary with the physician. As is well known, two factors play a large part in upsetting the metabolism in these cases, the aniesthetic and the trauma. Severe trauma, especially where there is laceration or cutting of soft tissues, produces in the normal individual a transient rise in the blood-sugar, which is of little importance, but in the diabetic is of greater significance, and in such an operation as radical mastectomy may cause grave postoperative disturbance if the metabolic after-treatment is not adequatelv supervised. In abdominal surgery severe and prolonged vomiting may occur, and again after-care is of the greatest importance.


Electrical properties of atomic layer deposited Al2O3/β-Ga2O3 interface were investigated. We determined the conduction band offset and interface charge density of Al2O3/β-Ga2O3 interface by analyzing the capacitance-voltage characteristics. The conduction band offset at the Al2O3/β-Ga2O3 interface was found to be 1.7 eV. A large positive sheet charge density of 3.6 × 1012 cm−2 is induced at the Al2O3/β-Ga2O3 interface, which caused a non-zero field of 0.7 MV/cm in the Al2O3 under flat-band conditions in the β-Ga2O3. The forward current-voltage characteristics were found to be related to trap-assisted tunneling.


We consider the impact of the possibility of decryption failures in proofs of security for padding schemes, where these failures are both message and key dependent. We explain that an average case failure analysis is not necessarily sufficient to achieve provable security with existing CCA2-secure schemes. On a positive note, we introduce NAEP, an efficient padding scheme similar to PSS-E designed especially for the NTRU one-way function. We show that with this padding scheme we can prove security in the presence of decryption failures, under certain explicitly stated assumptions. We also discuss the applicability of proofs of security to instantiated cryptosystems in general, introducing a more practical notion of cost to describe the power of an adversary.


The whole world is struggling to live with COVID-19 and even a single step of technology revolution can help in dealing with this pandemic. Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning approaches are being used by the researchers around the globe to completely understand and address this situation. In this Corona crisis, companies are trying to implement this AI and ML techniques in various fields ranging from manufacturing, resource management, remote monitoring etc. On the other hand, ML approach is being used by the researchers for supporting healthcare related issues arisen due to COVID-19. © 2021 Scrivener Publishing LLC.


Integral equations are obtained for the electromagnetic (EM) scattering by an inhomogeneous, isotropic, three dimensional chiral body. The chiral body is assumed to be in free space, and it can be attached to a perfect electric conducting (PEC) body. The integral equations are obtained with the help of vector-dyadic identities and the free space dyadic Green's function. These equations are expressed in terms of a volume integral with the electric field as the unknown and surface integrals where the tangential components of the electric field and its curl are the unknowns. The integral equations are then transformed into a linear system of simultaneous equations by means of the moment method technique. Expressions for the scattered field in the far-zone are also obtained by replacing the dyadic Green's function and its curl with their large argument approximations. Furthermore, closed form expressions are obtained for the fields and dipole moments induced inside an electrically small, homogeneous chiral sp...


S. nodorum is an economically important necrotrophic pathogen of cereals and grasses worldwide. In past several years appeared in literature quite a number of reports on existence of proteinaceous effectors produced by the fungus which induce necrosis in cereal host tissue. These host specific toxins induce necrosis by interacting with specific, dominant host genes. Up to the present research on S. nodorum toxin resistance was conducted only with wheat. Because wheat chromosomes are present in triticale genome, it is highly likely that mechanism used by S. nodorum for necrosis induction in triticale is the same as in wheat. Simple pilot experiment conducted in our laboratory, confirms that mechanism of necrosis induction via proteinaceous toxins is similar for both, wheat and triticale.


Introduction An abrasive is a material that is used to cut, grind and polish other softer materials. It is either a natural or a synthetic mineral, which is extensively employed to shape or finish a workpiece, leading to part of the piece being worn away to a pre-ordained specification. The materials used as abrasives are often obtained from mines or are created synthetically. The naturally mined abrasives include emery, quartz, corundum, diamond, and garnet. Synthetic abrasives however also include synthetic diamond, boron nitride, boron carbide, silicon carbide and alumina. In industrial applications, the abrasive materials are synthetic rather than natural so as to maintain supply and consistency in their properties. Diamond exists naturally but in general it is industrially produced; likewise, corundum occurs naturally but nowadays is more extensively manufactured from bauxite.


: In recent years, an increase in number of school phobia children becomes matter of concern in Japan. The mind disease occupies the greater portion of factor which leads to longer school phobia. However, it is very difficult for general pediatricians to diagnose these since the criterion for the diagnosis is not systematized. Therefore, the criterion which can be treated easily for general pediatricians is required for the rapid medical treatment including intro-ducing to specialized agencies. In this paper, we propose the diagnostic criterion creating system for children's mind disease in school phobia using Genetic Algorithm(GA). In the experimental result, the diagnostic criterion created by proposed system has higher accuracy than the diagnostic criterion without GA.


This study aims to investigate the determinants of successful implementation of cloud computing and, further, examines how cloud computing success influences firm performance.,The authors developed a conceptual framework based on the integration of several strands of literature in business studies and information systems. To test the proposed model, data were collected from 300 Chinese firms which have adopted cloud computing. To analyze the data, partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) was used. An importance-performance map analysis (IPMA) was also conducted to identify the critical factors that exhibit high importance but low performance.,The results of the study revealed that end-user satisfaction, information quality, system quality, managerial information technology (IT) capability and technical IT capability significantly affect cloud computing success. Additionally, cloud computing success has a strong and positive impact on firm performance. IPMA further confirms that managers need to concentrate more on system quality, information quality, user satisfaction and technical IT capability.,This paper is one of the few attempts to integrate several theoretical frameworks (i.e. IT capabilities and resource-based view, expectation-confirmation theory, and information system success theory) to develop a comprehensive model for understanding the key determinants of cloud computing success and its impact on firm performance. This study makes a useful contribution to the conventional information systems (IS) literature and IT management practice.


Because use of nuclear energy is highly influenced by the public acceptance, it is necessary to identify the people's perception in establishing the policy for the use of nuclear energy [1]. However, there is actually no way to check if the public's first perceptions are kept without changes or how they vary as time goes on. Since the public's perceptions are subject to change by the mass media, such as SNS (Social Networking Service), newspapers and news, the trend analysis of those media could be a useful method to predict the people's perception of nuclear energy [2]. This study analyzed the internet articles posted on 'NAVER', a Korean internet portal site, to figure out the trend of those articles on nuclear energy for the past four years from January 1, 2016 to December 31, 2019. For this, we used a big data analysis program 'R' and performed text mining technique.


Hysterectomy should generally be considered only as a last option in treating women with heavy menstrual bleeding, says guidance for the NHS in England and Wales issued this week by the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE).

The guidance advises that hysterectomy should be considered only when heavy menstrual bleeding has a severe effect on a woman's quality of life and other treatments are not suitable or not working—or for a woman wanting to stop her periods completely. It can also be considered for women who fully understand the risks and benefits and who …


The search by Blacks on the mainland United States for equal opportunities in higher education in the twentieth century was reflected in a similar movement among the predominantly Black population of the United States Virgin Islands. For the latter, the search climaxed in July 1963 when the College of the Virgin Islands was brought into operation with a class of 45 full-time students studying for associate in arts degrees. The only Englishspeaking American institution of higher education in the West Indies, the College was established at a time of surging economic prosperity and of heightened political consciousness in the Virgin Islands and, in large measure, has benefited from the continuation of both. It was founded by people of vision who saw the need for an institution of higher learning to contribute to the process of development and to the enrichment of life in the Virgin Islands.


The purpose of this study is to determine the level of student satisfaction in SMP Cahaya Pengharapan Abadi Class VIII on daring PJOK learning in the Covid-19 Pandemic Era in 2021. This type of research is a quantitative descriptive research using survey methods. In this study, questionnaire instruments were used for data collection, and descriptive statistics with percentages were used for data analysis. The population of this study was 28 students of class VIII SMP Cahaya Pengharapan Abadi. The validity is 0.781 and the reliability is 0.925, indicating that the instrument used in this study is valid and reliable. The results showed that the level of satisfaction of students of class VIII SMP Cahaya Pengharapan Abadi towards learning PJOK daring during the Covid-19 pandemic was in the category of "very satisfied" that is 0 students (0%), the category of "satisfied" as many as 3 students (10.71%) , the category of "enough" 18 students (64.29%), the category of "dissatisfied" 5 students (17.86%) and the category of "very dissatisfied" 2 students (7.14%), so that the satisfaction of student participants in SMP Cahaya Pengharapan Abadi is included in the category of sufficient.


395 Background: National guidelines recommend against chemotherapy use at the end of life. Five CPIs are now approved for aUC. We hypothesized that oncologists may have a lower threshold to initiate CPI in patients (pts) at the end of life, particularly among pts with poor performance status (PS), because of the perceived favorable toxicity profile of CPI. Methods: We conducted a secular trend analysis using the Flatiron Health Database, a large real-world electronic medical record-derived dataset. We used nonparametric tests of trend (p values reported as ptrend) to evaluate quarterly proportions of pts initiating CPI, chemotherapy, or no systemic therapy within 30 and 60 days of death, among 2959 pts diagnosed with aUC from 2015 to 2017. Results: 1637 pts died during follow-up and were eligible for analysis. 278 (17.0%) and 488 (29.8%) pts initiated a new line of systemic therapy in the last 30 and 60 days of life, respectively. The quarterly proportion of CPI initiators within 60 days of death increased from 1.0% to 23% during the study period ( ptrend < 0.001), with corresponding decreases in chemotherapy initiation and no systemic therapy. After CPI approval in mid-2016, CPI initiation significantly increased among pts with Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) PS ≥ 2 ( ptrend = 0.02) but did not significantly change among pts with PS 0-1. Initiation of any systemic therapy at the end of life doubled (17.4% to 34.8%) over the study period, driven largely by end-of-life CPI use. Compared to chemotherapy initiators, CPI initiators had slightly worse PS (table). Conclusions: In patients with aUC, there has been a dramatic rise in CPI initiation at the end of life particularly among pts with poor PS. Existing guidelines on systemic therapy initiation near the end of life should account for the increasing use of CPI. [Table: see text]


Both the Soviet Union and China are communist political systems. Together with the United States, they contain the world's largest total urban populations: over 140,000,000 inhabitants now live in Soviet cities and approximately 160,000,000 persons live in Chinese cities. It is no easy task to manage the lives and politics of some 300,000,000 urban dwellers, particularly when both nations are rapidly industrializing, a process during which cities traditionally experience intense and disruptive social, political, and economic change. Both the Soviet Union and the Chinese assert, however, that through the application of national urban policies, the utilization of centralized planning, and by means


the real-time detection record of power quality can accurately and quickly analyze the factors that affect the power quality, which is of great significance to improve the national power quality. At present, the electric power monitoring instrument in the market can basically realize the measurement of electric power parameters, but the function is single and the practicability is not strong. So we designed a multi-functional intelligent power monitoring instrument, with three-phase voltage and current detection, harmonic detection, active power and reactive power calculation, electricity calculation, frequency measurement, vector graph, and other functions. The hardware and software design methods of the instrument are described. The window-interpolation FFT algorithm is used to calculate the power parameters, and the sampling frequency can be adjusted in time to reduce the influence of the barrier effect on the system. The test shows that the electric power meter is accurate, small in size, complete in function, simple in operation, and has serial communication function, which is worth popularizing.


Trace amounts of mercury are found in all coals. During combustion this mercury is vaporized and can be released to the atmosphere. This has been a cause for concern for a number of years, and has resulted in a determination by the EPA to regulate and control these emissions. Present technology does not, however, provide inexpensive ways to capture or remove mercury from flue gases. The mercury that exits the furnace in the oxidized form (HgCl{sub 2}) is known to much more easily captured in existing wet pollution control equipment (e.g., wet FGD for SO{sub 2}), principally due to its high solubility in water. Until recently, however, nobody knew what caused this oxidation, or how to promote it. Recent DOE-funded research in our group, along with work by others, has identified the gas phase mechanism responsible for this oxidation. The scenario is as follows. In the flame the mercury is quantitatively vaporized as elemental mercury. Also, the chlorine in the fuel is released as HCl. The direct reaction Hg+HCl is, however, far too slow to be of practical consequence in oxidation. The high temperature region does supports a small concentration of atomic chlorine due to disassociation of HCl. As themore » gases cool (either in the furnace convective passes, in the quench prior to cold gas cleanup, or within a sample probe), the decay in Cl atom is constrained by the slowness of the principal recombination reaction, Cl+Cl+M {yields} Cl{sub 2}+M. This allows chlorine atom to hold a temporary, local superequilibrium concentration. Once the gases drop below about 550 C, the mercury equilibrium shifts to favor HgCl{sub 2} over Hg, and this superequilibrium chlorine atom promotes oxidation via the fast reactions Hg+Cl+M {yields} HgCl+M, HgCl+Cl+M {yields} HgCl{sub 2}+M, and HgCl+Cl{sub 2} {yields} HgCl{sub 2}+Cl. Thus, the high temperature region provides the Cl needed for the reaction, while the quench region allows the Cl to persist and oxidize the mercury in the absence of decomposition reactions that would destroy the HgCl{sub 2}. Promoting mercury oxidation is one means of getting high-efficiency, ''free'' mercury capture when wet gas cleanup systems are already in place. The chemical kinetic model we developed to describe the oxidation process suggests that oxidation can be promoted by introducing trace amounts of H{sub 2} and/or CO within the quench region. The reaction of these fuels leads to free radicals that promote the selective conversion of HCl to Cl, which can then subsequently react with Hg. The work reported here from our Phase I Innovative Concept grant demonstrated this phenomenon, but it also showed that the process must be applied carefully to avoid promoting the recombination of Cl back to HCl. For example, addition of H{sub 2} at too high a temperature is predicted to actually decrease Cl concentrations via Cl+H{sub 2} {yields} HCl+H. At lower temperatures this reaction is slowed due to its activation energy. Thus, within the correct window, the process becomes selective for Cl promotion. Key parameters are the injection temperature of the promoter, the amount of the fuel added. A successful process based on this research will add a powerful tool to the mercury control arsenal. Presently, fractional oxidation in flue gases varies widely, but averages about 50%. The amounts of promoter needed to obtain quantitative oxidation are predicted to be small ({approx}50 ppm). The H{sub 2}/CO could be supplied by conventional natural gas reformer on site, and the low expected fuel concentration would require only a relatively trivial amount of natural gas, even for a large power plant. For example, a 600 MW{sub e} plant would require the order of only 1 MW thermal equivalent of natural gas. If the mercury in the stream approaching a FGD system is highly oxidized, then high captures could be achieved without any additional cost, even for fuels of low chlorine.« less


NESTHESIA in patients with bronA chial asthma or chronic bronchospastic disease may be responsible for many operative and postoperative pulmonary complications. Despite the elaboration of technics to prevent such complications, operative and postoperative pulmonary morbidity and mortality still occur with alarming frequency.'. Although many factors may be implicated in the production of these complications during and after anesthesia, inadequate pulmonary ventilation is probably most vital. An assessment of the role played by anesthesia and surgery in the production of such complications would add immeasurably to our ability to handle these patients more intelligently. There is reason to suspect that mortality and morbidity in asthmatics during anesthesia is higher than in nonasthmatics.' The so-called parasympathomimetic agents such as cyclopropane and the thiobarbiturates, as well as the histamine-liberating d-tubocurarine, have been implicated in the production of bronchoconstriction. Despite this criticism, all these drugs have been administered successfully to asthmatic patients and some of them have been considered refera able.^-^


Multicomputers are expensive resources that must be shared among multiple users to achieve the desired levels of throughput, utilization, and price-performance ratio. A multi-user environment may be provided either by space partitioning, or time-sharing, or a combination of both. This dissertation presents fast and efficient techniques to improve the performance of multi-user multicomputers using both space partitioning as well as 'time-sharing on space partitions' approaches. The techniques have been specifically targeted for mesh and hypercube multicomputers; the two popular topologies for commercial multicomputers.
Space partitioning deals with executing independent tasks on independent partitions. It comprises of two components: the processor allocator and the job sequencer. This dissertation presents fast and efficient strategies for processor allocation in mesh and hypercubes. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed strategies outperform all the existing methods in terms of the response times while possessing the least time and space overheads. The strategies proposed for job sequencing are independent of the topology and improve the turn-around times of jobs significantly. In addition, they are shown to efficiently utilize the proposed processor allocation strategies. This results in an improved performance and low space and time overheads.
Time-sharing on space partitions possesses a promising prospect for improving the response times of users while providing an interactive service. A subcube level time-sharing strategy has been proposed for hypercube multicomputers. The proposed strategy tries to allocate overlapping subcubes to incoming tasks where each processor is time-shared between the various processes running on it. The proposed strategy was implemented on a 64 node nCUBE 2E system running real applications. The proposed strategy is shown to outperform both the space partitioning and the time-sharing approaches.


PURPOSE: A microfluidic device and a control method thereof are provided to improve the reliability of a test by measuring a background signal before a reacted product is received and compensating a signal measured after the reacted product is received using the background signal. CONSTITUTION: A method for controlling a microfluidic device comprises the steps of: detecting a background signal from a chamber without a reacted product which is a conjugate of an analyte and a marker; detecting a detection signal from a chamber containing a reacted product; and compensating the detection signal using the background signal. The microfluidic device comprises: a first chamber which does not contain the reacted product; a second chamber containing the reacted product; a signal detection unit (320) which detects a signal released from the first and second chambers; and a control unit (200) which compensates a signal detected from the second chamber using a signal detected from the first chamber. [Reference numerals] (100) Platform; (210) Driving control unit; (220) Signal detection control unit; (230) Signal compensation unit; (310) Driving unit; (320) Signal detection unit


The paper refers to the development of an intelligent sorting and transport system. This research aims to develop such systems and solve problems in multi-directional transport as well as the development of a sorting, transport and positioning system that can be used in various fields. At the same time, the omnidirectional transport system is a modular transport and sorting system. It consists of several small hexagonal transport cells, each with three individually operated omnidirectional wheels. By individually controlling the wheels, objects can be transported freely in all directions. This opens unlimited possibilities to create new concepts for handling materials or to improve existing classic ones. Due to the modular construction and the individual control of the omnidirectional wheels, the sorting tasks can be adapted very quickly. This will allow you to perform different tasks in very small areas. Individual control of objects also allows for exact alignment or individual rejection of objects. The system has been designed to transport work objects. To design the module, it was necessary to create its scale geometric model using the Autodesk Inventor Professional 2018 design environment. To make the module, it was used through the rapid prototyping process with Fused Deposition Modelling, the material used being Polylactic Acid. The solution adopted allows any transported object to always be supported on at least three wheels, this allows the direction of movement of the object to be controlled by the movement of the wheels.


This policy brief summarises, with some limited comments, the Provisional Findings (PFs) and Notice of Possible Remedies published by the CMA on 22nd October 2015. The CMA commenced this inquiry in November 2014 and the final report is due by May 2016. The investigation covers the provision of personal and business current accounts and also some wider aspects of SME banking across the UK. Despite earlier comments that Scotland might be a separate market for SME lending, the whole of GB is treated as a single market for all aspects of this report. The SME sector is of major importance to the Scottish economy, accounting for over 99% of all business enterprises. In the PFs the Group set up by the CMA provisionally determine that as a result of certain features of the markets investigated, there are adverse effects on competition (AECs). Therefore they propose a number of remedies to offset the features identified and to reduce the consumer detriment resulting from the AECs. The key findings are summed up in this quote from the report: - 'The combination of these features means that there is weak customer response to differences in prices or service quality and established banks have incumbency advantages. As a result, the incentives on banks to compete on prices, service quality and/or innovation are reduced.' The proposed remedies focus on means of encouraging greater consumer response and better incentivising banks to compete. The CMA is not recommending any structural changes nor the end of 'Free-if-in-credit' current accounts. There are specific remedies to help support SME lending and 're-engineer' the process of accessing loans. The PFs and proposed remedies are currently out to consultation, with comments required by 20 November 2015.


A unified description of a symmetrized and anti-symmetrized Moyal star product of the noncommutative infinitesimal gauge transformations is presented and the corresponding Seiberg-Witten maps are derived. Moreover, the noncommutative covariant derivative, field strength tensor as well as gauge transformations are shown to be consistently constructed not on the enveloping but on the Lie and/or Poisson algebra. As an application, a pure geometric extension of the standard model is shown explicitly.


Walter Type-I optics, which reflect X-rays twice with their confocal paraboloidal and hyperboloidal reflectors, have commonly been used in X-ray astronomy. These two reflectors usually consist of two thin substrates with conical shapes in order to obtain a large effective area above 2 keV. However, such telescopes tend to have poorer imaging quality due to approximation to conical shapes and misalignment of the two substrates. In order to reduce the degeneration in the imaging quality, we formed two reflectors from one thin substrate. The accuracy of the angle between two reflectors is determined by the tolerance of the mandrel used to form the thin foil substrate. At RIKEN we make the mandrel using a precision processing method. Here we present the results of our preliminary experiment on substrate forming.


Objective: To verify that group counseling had an important effect on improving university students′ the condition of learning engagement. Methods: We adopted the before- after- design- of- experimental group and the control group. Experimental group was intervened with group counseling. The effectwere assessed with learning engagement scale and students′ self- e- valuation. Results: the scores of learning engagement scale has a significant difference after intervention. The subjects in the experimental group were satisfied with the progress of group counseling. Conclusion: The intervention of group counseling was found to be effective in university students′ learning engagement.


As www data grows, so do opinions, views, visitors, news, and comments. Using opinions, perspectives, and remarks, Natural Language Processing (NLP) professionals may classify emotions. Classifying and evaluating Bengali text emotions is becoming significant in e-commerce, journalism, movies, OTT, and security applications. The lack of Bengali corpus makes developing a Sentiment Analysis system difficult. Sarcasm is another popular social media trend. Positive words are often used to indicate hatred. Thus, it's hard to tell what these sentences mean. This study presents a method for identifying and analysing sarcasm. GloVe is used to represent words while LSTM is trained and tested on the represented characteristics. Experiments show 91.94% accuracy. Predicted sarcastic sentences are labelled as negative and added to Sentiment Analysis corpora (SA). Logistic Regression (LR), K-Nearest Neighbor (K-NN), Linear Support Vector Machine (SVM), and Random Forest (RF) are used to feature matrices for sentiment analysis. For Unigram, Bi-gram, and Tri-gram models, Linear SVM has the highest precision (92.5%), whereas LR model approaches greater accuracy (72.04%) and F1-score (68.15%).


Intention recognition is the ability to predict an opposing force's high level goals. Knowing an attacker's intention can support the decision-making of the network security administrators. Threat assessment based on intention analysis is an important part of network security situation awareness. So how to recognize attack intention and assess threat has become a research hot in network security domain recently. In this paper attack path graph generation algorithms at a different granularity is presented at first. Then the methods of intrusive intention recognition and threat assessment based on attack path analysis are proposed. Next in order to block an attacker's intention to be achieved, the way to provide protective measures at minimum cost based on minimum vertex cut theory is addressed. Finally several experiments are done in a local network, and the results of the experiments prove the feasibility and validity of this method.


The invention discloses an access control method and access control equipment for machine type communication (MTC) equipment. By the technical scheme provided by the embodiment of the invention, access or transmission control over an MTC terminal supporting a plurality of services can be realized, so that the plurality of services supported by the MTC terminal access a network according to own specified access/transmission limitation conditions, and the network service acquisition fairness of the plurality of services is ensured. A message field is added in a response message transmitted to the MTC terminal by the network to inform the MTC terminal of the access/transmission limitation conditions determined for each service by a network system to make the MTC terminal finish updating and ensure the synchronism of the access/transmission limitation conditions between the MTC terminal and the network.


AIM
This article explores the current literature regarding multiple-choice testing and presents best practice tips to incorporate when designing a multiple-choice test.

BACKGROUND
Multiple-choice testing is used extensively in undergraduate nursing programs as an evaluation tool, yet many nurse educators struggle with developing high quality multiple-choice tests. Flawed multiple-choice items disadvantage nursing students, conceivably resulting in failing tests they should have passed.

METHOD
This integrative review included articles published in English from 2008 to 2017; the electronic databases explored were CINAHL, Scopus, ERIC, and Education Source; and 17 search terms were applied. Twenty-eight articles were included in the final sample.

RESULTS
The integrative review of the literature revealed 29 valuable tips, via four categories, for developing and using multiple-choice tests.

CONCLUSION
New and seasoned educators will benefit from this refreshing update, armed with best practice tips to consider the next time a multiple-choice test is designed.


This work analyzes the fundamental emergence and evolution elements of the competitive paradigm. The point of beginning of the presentation is in Darwin's thought, given the importance and transcendence of his ideas not only in the area of the biology but besides the social sciences. Particularly, the sociobiology, the economy and the management, they are discussed in the course of this text, showing the different forms in which the speech of the evolution turned into fundamental element of each one of them. The work tries to illustrate the paradigm, but in addition to present the principal implications that it has had for the society across the speeches and the practices of the economy and the management.


The uniqueness of Jambi Batik can be seen from the type of batik patterned with Arabic calligraphy and fabric edges that adopted Chinese culture. To encourage the success of the batik business in Jambi, entrepreneurs must manage their human resources. This study aims to determine the management of human resources at CV. Kreasi Asmah Batik, located across the city of Jambi. This study uses a qualitative method with a SWOT analysis (Strengths, Weaknesses, Threats and Opportunities). The results showed that: 1) The factors that became the strength of CV. Batik Kreasi Asmah are good quality products, good batik techniques, specialization of unique motifs that are its own uniqueness. 2) Factors that can be used as opportunities for CV. Batik Kreasi Asmah are the increasing purchasing power and interest in batik products. 3) The most threatening factor in CV. Batik Kreasi Asmah are the increasing number of similar businesses with large capital originating from outside the province of Jambi and even produced in Java and resold in Jambi. 4) CV. Batik Kreasi Asmah are in a stable position in the attractiveness of the middle market and middle class market competition.


The results of thermal stability and adhesive sustainability of the bioinert layers formed by plasma electrolytic oxidation on the surface of NiTiNol are shown. It was found that surface treatment has virtually no effect on the martensiteaustenite phase transition responsible for shape memory effect.


A single-mode diode laser at 802 nm was used to pump the 4I15/2➝4I9/2 transition of YLiF4Er3+, producing up to 2.3 mW of laser output at 551 nm (4S3/2 - 4I15/2) at 50 K; 0.5 mW of green output were obtained at 77 K. The upconversion mechanisms were found to depend on the pump wavelength. Energy transfer crossrelaxation is generally the dominant mechanism, but at certain pump wavelengths two-step absorption becomes important. Lasing at 560.6 nm from the 2H9/2 level is also reported. Although the upconversion excitation of 2H9/2 requires more than two pump photons, the efficiency of this laser is comparable to that at 551 nm which uses a two-step process.


This paper aims to present a study that fosters an alternative view of learners' autonomy that considers both its individual and collective dimensions. The main objective of the study was, to understand how undergraduate students build themselves as autonomous learners when reconstructing meaningful learning experiences. Data were gathered through introspective diaries and semi structured interviews. The nine participants came from a private university; they were in fourth semester of Environmental Engineering and Psychology programs. They were also studying English II as part of their curriculum. Findings took the form of two main categories: learners as bricklayers investing in the reconstruction of their autonomous path and students making sense of significant others in their learning process.


A decline in the ability to process facial expression of emotions has been reported in individuals with Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the low number of participants and the lack of diversity in the tasks being used in previous studies leaves a gap in our knowledge about this issue. We recruited 169 participants including healthy older adults (HOA), participants with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and AD patients at different stages of the disease (mild to moderate). Four tasks including recognition, selection, matching and declarative knowledge about facial expression of emotions were used. Face identification was used as a control task. Our results revealed that compared with HOA, MCI participants did not show any significant deficits in none of the tasks. AD patients did not show any impairment in the control task. However, they were impaired in the processing of facial expression of negative emotions across all four affective tasks. Interestingly, recognition and selection of happiness were intact in AD patients at the mild stage of the disease. Our findings suggest that despite the pathology affecting distributed areas in the brain, the less challenging aspects (recognition and selection) of the ability to process the facial expression of happiness were preserved at the early stage of the disease. By recruiting a large number of participants using several different tasks our study provides a comprehensive picture of the disorders of facial emotion processing in Alzheimer's Disease. Our findings have significant implications for improving the AD patients' quality of life and the quality of their social interaction with others. Future studies might start to investigate the processing of emotions in AD patients in other modalities rather than visual. in AD and MCI participants on the control task of face identity discrimination. Our study is valuable for it sheds new light on different aspects of facial expression processing in AD patients by using a variety of tasks in a large sample size of participants. Our study could potentially help to replicate the findings of the previous studies as well as adding to the current knowledge about the different aspects of facial expression processing in AD patients.


Traditional Data Warehouse is a multidimensional repository. It is nonvolatile, subject-oriented, integrated, time-variant, and non-operational data. It is gathered from multiple heterogeneous data sources. We need to adapt traditional Data Warehouse architecture to deal with the new challenges imposed by the abundance of data and the current big data characteristics, containing volume, value, variety, validity, volatility, visualization, variability, and venue. The new architecture also needs to handle existing drawbacks, including availability, scalability, and consequently query performance. This paper introduces a novel Data Warehouse architecture, named Lake Data Warehouse Architecture, to provide the traditional Data Warehouse with the capabilities to overcome the challenges. Lake Data Warehouse Architecture depends on merging the traditional Data Warehouse architecture with big data technologies, like the Hadoop framework and Apache Spark. It provides a hybrid solution in a complementary way. The main advantage of the proposed architecture is that it integrates the current features in traditional Data Warehouses and big data features acquired through integrating the traditional Data Warehouse with Hadoop and Spark ecosystems. Furthermore, it is tailored to handle a tremendous volume of data while maintaining availability, reliability, and scalability.


A system architecture for the dynamic deployment and running of Web services is presented. Service code is held in a code store; service deployment is triggered on demand by incoming SOAP messages. A mechanism is also provided for storing and applying service specific QoS targets. Policies for dynamic server allocation are developed. The system has been implemented and the results of several experiments are described.


The relevance and necessity of using combined sources of electric energy in the Arctic conditions to ensure the reliable operation of responsible consumers of oil and gas fields is proved. A mathematical and simulation model of various power supply systems based on renewable energy sources and a combination of these systems, which is the most promising, has been developed. Based on the results of mathematical modeling, the efficiency of using combined sources of eclectic energy in the Arctic was evaluated. The results obtained prove the effectiveness of using combined structures of Autonomous energy sources.


Plasmonic based hybrid noble metal nanoclusters (NCs) have gained much interest in various technological applications such as optoelectronics, photonic devices and nonlinear media including biomedical applications due to their tunable optical properties. Here, Ag NCs are grown as embedded in glass using simple ion‐exchange process and effect of various parameter including post thermal treatment is studied on tunability of their optical behavior (plasmonic, optical nonlinearity, and photoluminescence properties) in view of their potential applications in nanophotonics devices and as nonlinear media. The tunable optical, structural and thermodynamic properties associated with the rapid growth and agglomeration of Ag NCs in the glass is also studied under the post thermal treatment process. The various techniques such as XRD, RBS, Z‐scan and UV‐vis, XPS, PL and TEM are used for characterizing ion exchanged samples. A blue shift of 15 nm is observed significantly in optical absorbance as a function of post thermal treatment. Open and closed aperture Z‐scan experiments show strong nonlinear absorption coefficients for the Ag NCs. The thermodynamic parameters such as enthalpy (ΔH), entropy (ΔS) and Gibbs energy (ΔG) for the nucleation and growth of the Ag NCs in the glass matrix are calculated at different temperatures with an activation energy of 59 kJ mol−1 obtained by the Arrhenius linear equation and a model is suggested. In addition, these Ag NCs embedded glasses exhibit good antimicrobial activities (against E. coli bacteria) with a change in antibacterial behavior at higher annealing temperature indicating their multifunctional applications.


The formation of professional development and retraining system for the management stuff of educational sector is the priority of national education system development. In additional vocational education in the issues of professional training of management stuff of educational organizations there are obvious contradictions between the activities of the manager and the present challenges the manager is not ready to take. In such circumstances, the principles of development of the system for educational organizations management stuff are activities and continuity. In our opinion, the continuous formation of management stuff is considered to be optimal when focused on individualization of the training and priority of independent work of the listener in the context of professional activity. Modern heads of educational organizations - a manager, a teacher, a psychologist, an economist, a lawyer, a Methodist, image maker. To perform these professional functions it has to keep up with the times, improve, and maintain continuing education throughout their careers. And in connection with the fact that requirements increase, the conditions of activity of the head of an educational organization become more complicated. Theoretical study of the content of training programs experience requirements for the effective management of the educational institution, the essence of management activities in the field of education, as well as personal, business and professional qualifications of managerial staff and long-term practice programs training in the psychology of the Academy and pedagogy of the Southern Federal University, designed to Management personnel of the education system allows us to assert that the system of qualification improvement and retraining of managerial staff of education represented a considerable variety of both traditional and innovative technologies to improve the professionalism of heads of educational institutions. In our view, the optimum appears to continuing education management training, focused on the individualization of learning and self-study prevalence of the listener on an individual or group projects, internships, regular determination of the interests and suggestions of students, active use of modular training models.


The household debt is one of the most important micro mechanisms in U.S.economy,which has been the driving power of consumption and debt-economy since 1970s.The explosive growth of household debt since 2000 has attracted enormous attention on its relationship with consumption.To further explore this relationship,this paper analyzes the historical changes and developing trends of household debt,points out the statistical characteristic of the co-movement,and uses a LSTR non-linear model to verify and explore the cyclical characteristic.The results show that,the relationship between household debt and consumption would alter according to the economic environment.The co-movement demonstrates obvious differences in expansion and contraction times,which further verifies its cyclical characteristic and its coupling with the business cycle


The existing approaches usually treat the recognition of pornographic images as a binary or multi-class classification task, which is realized by extracting a variety of features. However, these approaches ignore the problem of infinite kinds in the negative samples and lose sight of the impact of uncertainty in classification tasks, resulting in inadequate negative data sets and incorrect recognition of samples that are not in the training set. In order to address this challenge, this paper proposes a method named Deep One-Class with Attention for Pornography (DOCAPorn) that recognizes the pornographic images through the one-class classification model based on neural networks and introduces the visual attention mechanism to enhance the performance of recognition. Moreover, since the existing approaches based on deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs) require a fixed-size (e.g., $224\times224$ ) input image, the geometric distortion caused by image scaling is not considerd in the existing approaches, which reduces the pornographic image recognizition accuracy. In order to solve this issue, this paper proposes the Scale Constraint Pooling (SCP) that converts the inputs of different dimensions into outputs of the same dimension. In addition, all the existing approaches ignore the adversarial attacks in the field of pornographic image recognition. In order to deal with this problem, the paper proposes the Preprocessing for Compressing and Reconstructing (PreCR), a pre-processing approach that reduces the subtle perturbation through compressing the images and then reconstructs the purified image for recognition. The proposed approach is verified by conducting comparative experiments using custom datasets. The experimental results showed that we achieved an accuracy of 98.419% on our dataset. In addition, the proposed approach yielded a recognition accuracy of 95.632% on the NPDI dataset. Furthermore, the obtained results demonstrate that the proposed approach not only effectively recognizes pornographic images but also effectively defends the adversarial attacks.


The performance of a novel ground heat exchanger, the Underground Thermal Battery (UTB), was investigated in this paper. The UTB is an alternative to the conventional ground heat exchanger (GHE) which is designed to be installed in the shallow subsurface of the ground (less than 20 ft. deep). This can reduce the cost of drilling associated with the installation of boreholes in the conventional vertical bore ground heat exchanger (VBGHE). The UTB is a tank, 2-3 ft. in diameter, which is filled with water. The tank has a large thermal capacity which reduces the temperature response of the tank for a given thermal load. PCM is suspended in the tank water to further increase the thermal capacity. A simplified 1-D model has been developed to simulate the UTB over a year of operation. This model was validated against a 3-D CFD model. The performance of the UTB is compared with the conventional VBGHE under various operating conditions. The results indicate that a UTB with two tanks can offer similar performance as the VBGHE under most conditions. Simulation results indicate that, by integrating with UTB with the lawn irrigation system of a residence, the performance of the UTB is improved and thereby the size needed to meet the thermal demands can be reduced without any additional water consumption. A preliminary cost analysis suggests that the UTB may offer significant cost savings potential over the conventional VBGHE. This paper introduces a one-dimensional model of a novel ground heat exchanger, the Underground Thermal Battery (UTB). This model was validated against the prediction of a more detailed 3-D model of the UTB. The validated 1-D model was used to investigate the performance of the UTB over a year-long operation. Leaving fluid temperature of the UTB under the thermal loads of a residential GSHP system during a year was predicted with the 1-D model and it was compared the leaving fluid temperature of a conventional VBGHE. A parametric study was also conducted to investigate the performance of various UTB configurations and operating conditions. In addition, the impacts of varying soil temperature on the predicted performance of the UTB was investigated. The impacts of integrating the UTB with a pre-existing irrigation system was also investigated through simulations using the 1-D model. The results of this study indicate that:


DOI: The researcher investigated the effect of whole brain teaching method toward students vocabulary achievement at SMPN 17 Kec. Kep Masaloka Raya. The design of the research was pre-experimental design. The population of the research were all the seventh grade students of SMPN 17 Kec. Kep. Masalaoka Raya. In taking sample the researcher using purposive sampling then the researcher chose class VII A of SMPN 17 Kec. Kep. Masaloka Raya which are consist of 28 students. The research used three kinds of vocabulary instrument. The instrument were fill the blank, match word, and rearrange word. The vocabularies test consist of 10 items each test. The test complied by the researcher based on the material in English book in the seventh grade, entitled Ring of The bells. In this research, quantitative data was collected and analyzed by using paired sample t test in SPSS 16.0. the result of the analysis show that the probability value (p) was lower than alpha value (α) at the level significant 95% (0.000 ˂ 0.05). This finding result justified that there was significant differences between students vocabulary score on pretest and post-test or there was significant effect of applying whole brain teaching method toward student vocabulary achievement at seventh grade of SMPN 17 Kec. Kep. Masaloka Raya after treatment. The result prove that the hypothesis of the research was accepted H1 but H0 was rejected.


Natural rubber is an elastomeric material to make rubber products such as toys, households, automobiles, wheel tires, medical and health care products. Natural rubber compound is one kind of polymer matrix composites (PMCs) composed of natural rubber compound acted as a matrix phase and filler acted as a dispersed or reinforcement phase. There are many kinds of fillers used in the PMCs in terms of particles, fibers, and structural sheets. Adding organic/inorganic fibers into the natural rubber composites can increase the mechanical-thermal-physical properties and sound absorption. The natural rubber embedded fiber composite samples were prepared via the vulcanization process at the curing temperature 150°C by the two-roll mill. The amount of whisker alumina (Al2O3), coconut coir and water hyacinth fiber were varied from 0 to 50 phr on 100 phr of natural rubber in a sulfur curing system. The obtained rubber composite samples were of good mechanical properties, low thermal conductivity and good acoustic-sound absorption, suitable for various applications such as automobile, insulation and storage tank. The obtained rubber composite with 10 phr whisker alumina added (NR-Al-10) possessed the tensile strength, Young's modulus, elongation at break and thermal conductivity values equal to 14.38 ± 1.95 MPa, 545.63 ± 25.67 MPa, 1038.4 ± 41.45% and 0.02527 ± 0.0003 W/m.K, respectively. Furthermore, the sound absorption value of natural rubber composite added 10 phr whisker alumina (NR-Al-10) is equal to 45.09% in the range of 3000‒4000 Hz of acoustic sound level better than the pure natural compound without adding filler.


An accurate and efficient simulator is developed for compressible flow porous media with wells. An Eulerian-Lagrangian localized adjoint method (ELLAM) is used to solve the transport partial differential equation for concentration, while a mixed finite element method (MFEM) is used to solve the pressure equation for the pressure and mass flow rate. The ELLAM-MFEM simulator symmetrizes the transport equation, eliminates nonphysical oscillation and/or excessive numerical dispersion in many large-scale simulators in industrial applications, and conserves mass. It minimizes the numerical difficulties occurring in standard methods caused by differentiation of the pressure and then multiplication by rough coefficients. Computational experiments show that the ELLAM-MFEM simulator can accurately simulate incompressible and compressible flows in porous media with wells, large mobility ratios, discontinuous permeabilities and porosities, and anisotropic dispersion in tensor form, even if very large time steps and spatial grids are used. 1 A MATHEMATICAL MODEL The objective of subsurface fluid flow modeling is to simulate complex fluid flow processes occurring in subsurface porous media sufficiently well to optimize the recovery of hydrocarbon or to accurately predict and effectively remediate the contamination in groundwater transport processes. In order to do this, one must build mathematical models to describe the essential phenomena and the fundamental laws, and design numerical methods to discretize these models and to represent the basic features as well as possible without introducing spurious nonphysical phenomena. 1.1 Conservation of mass Let p(x; t) and u(x; t) be the pressure and the Darcy velocity of a fluid mixture, and (x; t) be the concentration of an invading fluid or specified solute/solvent in the fluid mixture. The equation of mass conservation for the fluid mixture and Darcy's law lead to the following coupled system of partial differential equations that describes fluid flow processes in a porous medium reservoir with injection and production wells (Bear 1979; Ewing 1984; Peaceman 1977) t( ) + r ( u) = q; u = K (rp grd); x 2 ; t 2 (0; tf ℄: (1) In many cases, the thickness of the medium is significantly smaller than its length and width. In this case, it is reasonable to average the medium properties vertically and to assume IR2 with a nonuniform local elevation. K(x) is the permeability tensor of the medium, ( ) is the concentration-dependent viscosity of the fluid mixture, which is determined by some mixing rule, for example, ( ) = o[(1 ) +M 1 4 ℄ 4 (2) where o is the viscosity of the resident fluid and M is the mobility ratio. is the density of the fluid mixture,


| Animal welfare is a matter of societal concern and debate, its improvement should consider those aspects actually affecting animal's health, through determining their impact on some welfare indicators, so, this study was conducted to investigate the effect of heavy metals toxicity on behavioural, biochemical and histopathological changes in adult rats. Twenty-five Sprague-Dawley adult rats were allotted into five groups, each of 5, two groups (GA & GB) treated with lead acetate (low 1g/l & high 2g/l) and another two (GC & GD) treated with anhydrous aluminium chloride (low 2 g/l & high 3.5 g/l) in drinking water daily for 5 weeks, while, GE (control) received drinking water without any treatment. The findings obtained indicated that feeding time, drinking, cage and total exploration frequencies increased in GB than other groups, although, lying time decreased. However, the movement activities increased in GA than others. On the other hand, glucose level decreased significantly in GB than GD and control. Furthermore, triglycerides and total lipid levels were significantly decreased in all treated groups than control. It was also revealed that the serum ALT increased significantly in GB than other groups while creatinine decreased significantly in both groups (GA & GB) treated with lead acetate than other groups with most decrement in high dose group of lead acetate. However, the urea level decreased and uric acid increased significantly in all treated groups than control. Microscopically, degenerated and necrotic hepatocytes, tubular and glomerulus's necrosis were observed in all toxicated rats beside eosinophilic intranuclear inclusions in lining epithelium of some renal tubules of lead toxicated rats. Therefore, it can be concluded that different toxic levels of lead acetate and aluminum chloride can affect animal's welfare by behavioural, biochemical and histopathological alterations in a dose dependent manner.