Treatment strategies that target host entry factors have proven an effective means of impeding viral entry in HIV and may be more robust to viral evolution than drugs targeting viral proteins directly. High-throughput functional screens provide an unbiased means of identifying genes that influence the infection of host cells, while retrospective cohort analysis can measure the real-world, clinical potential of repurposing existing therapeutics as antiviral treatments. Here, we combine these two powerful methods to identify drugs that alter the clinical course of COVID-19 by targeting host entry factors. We demonstrate that integrative analysis of genome-wide CRISPR screening datasets enables network-based prioritization of drugs modulating viral entry, and we identify three common medications (spironolactone, quetiapine, and carvedilol) based on their network proximity to putative host factors. To understand the drugs real-world impact, we perform a propensity-score-matched, retrospective cohort study of 64,349 COVID-19 patients and show that spironolactone use is associated with improved clinical prognosis, measured by both ICU admission and mechanical ventilation rates. Finally, we show that spironolactone exerts a dose-dependent inhibitory effect on viral entry in a human lung epithelial cell line. Our results suggest that spironolactone may improve clinical outcomes in COVID-19 through tissue-dependent inhibition of viral entry. Our work further provides a potential approach to integrate functional genomics with real-world evidence for drug repurposing.


his issue marks the end of the first ten exciting years of The Journal of Fixed Income. Both the publisher, Institutional Investor, and I are very pleased with the success the journal has enjoyed. It is clearly the world's leading journal of applied research in fixed income. It is carefully read both on Wall Street and its counterparts around the world and is the source of teaching materials for MBA and Ph.D. classes in leading academic institutions, both of which were goals at the outset of this endeavor. As I have recently been named the Dean of Duke University's Fuqua School of Business effective July 1, 2001, I must have a much broader perspective in the coming years and, thus, have decided that it is time to pass the editorship to someone more focused on fixed income. I am very pleased that Institutional Investor agrees with me that Dr. Stanley J. Kon, Director of Research at Smith Breeden Associates, will be an excellent editor for The Journal of Fixed Income. He was formerly a Professor of Finance at the University of Michigan, so he continues our tradition of editing by academics who have crossed into the applied world of fixed income research and portfolio management. I plan to remain as Founding Editor and assist Dr. Kon in the future development of the journal, which should make for a very smooth transition. In these crucial first ten years, I have been ably assisted and supported by many talented people at the publisher, Institutional Investor, including Lauren Winer Marrus, Noelle Schultz, Gauri Goyal, and Harry Katz. I wish to express my sincere thanks to all of them, as well as to my fine editorial assistant, Kerrie Hillman. I also wish to thank Pat Peat for helping us by editing our prose to make it more readable. This issue of the journal is led by Bali and Neftci's article on estimating the term structure of interest rate volatility. They show that an extreme value approach using the generalized Pareto distribution for estimating volatility gives very different estimates (lower values) than one that uses the more thin-tailed normal distribution. This is very important work for option pricing in fixed income, which depends so much upon volatility estimation. Next is an article by Brown and Marshall, which develops a methodology for estimating an active fixed income manager's style. The approach picks up interest rate bets, volatility bets, and sector performance that the DOUGLAS T. BREEDEN Editor KERRIE K. HILLMAN Editorial Assistant


New Oral Immunomodulatory and Immunosuppressant Therapies in the Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis. The availability of oral disease-modifying drugs for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis will become a milestone in the treatment of this disease. A full range of oral immunomodulators/immunosuppressants is on the horizon in the years to come to improve patient adherence and quality


Non-normal data is commonplace in many engineering related experiments. A traditional approach has been to transform the data and then conduct the analysis using classical normal theory techniques. While data transformation is often very useful, the use of generalized linear models (GLMs) for non-normal data has gained widespread attention in recent years. GLMs make use of the natural distribution of data and accommodate a wide range of non-linear functions when modeling. Many statistical software packages (SAS, SPSS, SPLUS, etc.) have implemented GLMs within their framework. Although the use of GLMs has received a great deal of attention in the biological and biomedical fields for close to 20 years, only recently have engineering disciplines begun to embrace these techniques (Hamada and Nelder, 1997; Myers and Montgomery, 1997). This is the first book on GLMs written by authors who are primarily associated with engineering related applications. Combined, the authors have over 85 years of experience in statistical consulting and training. All three authors have produced well-received texts in such areas as experimental design, modeling, and engineering statistics. Throughout the book, the authors continually keep in mind that their readers are students of statistics, whether this may be practitioners, graduate students, or even Ph.D. level statisticians who desire familiarity with an area outside of their specific expertise. The text begins with a nearly 100-page review of linear and non-linear regression. Although it is stated in the preface that the material is appropriate for anyone who has completed a course in regression analysis, the essentials of regression analysis are thoroughly covered in the first three chapters. Chapter 2, "Linear Regression Models", is 50 pages and covers material on estimation (least squares, weighted least squares, and maximum likelihood), inference, and diagnostic checking. The topical format of Chapter 2 "Estimation, Inference, and Diagnostic Checking" could be viewed as a template for Chapters 3–6. The benefit of this is that the reader is afforded the opportunity of understanding the intuitive genesis of GLMs. As with all of the topics covered in the text, the authors illustrate concepts with well-chosen examples. When encountered with a non-linear model, a natural approach may be to simply transform the model into a linear model and analyze the transformed model. Recognizing this, the authors begin Chapter 3, "Nonlinear Regression Models," by taking the time to show the reader the potential perils of doing this. It would be easy enough for the authors to explain this as multiplicative versus additive errors and then "leave it to the reader" to figure out the subtleties. However, the authors take a data set and analyze it both ways, showing the subtleties. Another highlight of Chapter 3 arrives in the explanation of parameter estimation in non-linear regression. It is well known that for non-linear regression, when the parameters are estimated via least squares, the score equations have no simple closedform solutions and some iterative technique is used to find a solution. This is clear when one works out the messy derivatives involved with least squares of a non-linear model, but often, intuition stops here. The authors once again appeal for a higher intuition and give a nice explanation of the geometry of linear versus non-linear least squares. For illustrative purposes, they consider a two variable linear and non-linear model and then show the sum of squared residuals contour plot versus the two model parameters. It is clear why a unique solution exists for least squares of linear model but not why non-unique solutions exist in the nonlinear model setting. The illustration is clear and sets the stage for complicated design topics discussed in the final chapter. Logistic and Poisson regression are perhaps the most common applications of GLMs. Chapter 4, "Logistic and Poisson Regression Models", is devoted to the discussion of these models. In the section on estimation, the authors not only relate the discussion back to estimation in the classic linear model but they also demonstrate that maximum likelihood and weighted least squares result in the same score equation, thereby providing the same parameter estimates. Regarding inference, a careful explanation is provided on the differences between Wald and likelihood inference. Example data sets are analyzed throughout the chapter using SAS PROC LOGISTIC and PROC GENMOD. One particularly interesting data set deals with an electronic circuit card assembly by a wave-soldering process. The response is Poisson and is characterized by overdispersion. Ignoring overdispersion can result in overly optimistic standard errors of the parameter estimates. This concept is well-illustrated as the authors analyze the data


OBJECTIVES
to compare the therapeutic effects of two approaches to gait re-training--a schedule of conventional physiotherapy and treadmill re-training--in patients with higher-level gait disorders associated with cerebral multiinfarct states.

DESIGN
single-blind crossover study involving a 4-week baseline period, 4 weeks of treadmill re-training and 4 weeks of conventional physiotherapy.

SETTING
a large teaching hospital.

SUBJECTS
patients with cerebral multi-infarct states who met the criteria for higher-level gait disorders. Computed tomographic brain scans showed at least one large vessel infarct, basal ganglia and white matter lacunes or extensive leukoaraiosis.

INTERVENTIONS
a schedule of treadmill re-training and a specific schedule of physiotherapy containing 31 interventions in three treatment modules: (i) for gait ignition failure and turning; (ii) to improve postural alignment and enhance balance reactions; and (iii) for other components of cerebral multi-infarct state disordered gait.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
spatial and temporal gait measures and activity of daily living assessments.

RESULTS
we recruited 18 patients, mean (SD) age 79.1 (6.8) years. Patients walked an average of 7.9 (5.5) km on the treadmill and had an average of 6.7 (3.2) h of physiotherapy. There were clinically moderate but highly statistically significant (P < 0.001) improvements in the following indices: time taken to complete the sit-to-stand test; time taken to walk 10 m; number of steps over 10 m; walking velocity; right and left step lengths; and time taken to complete the 'S' test. There were no differences in the results obtained in each limb of the study.

CONCLUSION
there is no difference between the effects of conventional physiotherapy and treadmill re-training on the gait of patients with higher-level gait disorders associated with cerebral multi-infarct states. However, the improvements seen during the treatment period suggest that there is scope to improve the gait of this group of frail, elderly patients.


In this paper, a submillimeter-wave Schottky diode is designed and simulated. Effect of Schottky layer thickness on cut-off frequency is studied. A novel microfabrication process is proposed and implemented. The presented microfabrication process avoids electron-beam (e-beam) lithography which reduces the cost. Also, this process provides more flexibility in selection of design parameters and allows significant reduction in the device parasitic capacitance. A key feature of the process is that the Schottky contact, the air-bridges, and the transmission lines, are fabricated in a single lift-off step. This process relies on a planarization method that is suitable for trenches of 1–10 μm deep and is tolerant to end-point variations. The fabricated diode is measured and results are compared with simulations. A very good agreement between simulation and measurement results are observed.


It is still challenging to achieve the quantitative analysis with a spatially resolved measurement for a non-uniform fuel retention in Plasma Facing Materials (PFMs). In this work, a long-pulse (τ p ≈ 750 μs) Laser Induced Desorption-Quadrupole Mass Spectroscopy (LID-QMS) has been developed as a diagnostic approach for characterizing inhomogeneous deuterium (D) retention in tungsten (W) target exposed to D plasma for ∼1 h with the total ion flux of 4.0 × 1021 D/(m2 s) at the substrate temperature of 400 K. The behavior of desorption of trapped D during LID was analyzed. 2D-distribution features of D retention in the exposed and shadowed areas of the W-target were investigated with a lateral resolution of about 650 μm and depth resolution of approximately 175 μm. The results show that the D retention is almost uniform along lateral dimension in the D plasma exposure area with an average fluence of (2.51 ± 0.40) × 1020 D m−2, while the value in the shadow area is only (0.25 ± 0.04) × 1020 D m−2 which is one order of magnitude smaller than that in the exposure region. In the depth dimension, about 86.5% of the retained D is desorbed by the first laser pulse, which indicates that the D-retention is mainly distributed in the region less than 6.6 μm based on the diffusion length. The micro-structures of W target exposed to D plasma after the long-pulse laser irradiation present swelling, blistering as well as bubble-bursting, which might be attributed to the thermodynamic interaction due to the rapid release of D particles from bulk to surface of W target during LID.


In view of the prediction accuracy of Extreme Learning Machine's (ELM) is affected by its input weights and hidden layer neurons thresholds, an improved training method for ELM with Genetic Algorithms (GA-ELM) is proposed in this paper. In GA-ELM, after selection, crossover and mutation of Genetic Algorithm (GA), we will get the optimal weights and thresholds, in initial which are randomly obtained by ELM, then to enhance the generalization performance of ELM. The simulation results show that, compared with other algorithms, the GA-ELM has better prediction accuracy.


It is shown that, under a mild condition, H\infty -optimization and robust stabilization are equivalent to a directional interpolation problem which is a matrix extension of the classical Pick-Nevanlinna interpolation problem. A classical iterative method, which is an extension of the Schur-Nevanlinna algorithm, is given for solving the problem. This method does not require the inner-outer factorization nor the balanced realization of the original plant. A circuit theoretical parameterization of all solutions is derived that is expected to enhance the physical insight to the H\infty -optimal control and robust stabilization. This parameterization has the degree much less than the one obtained previously.


The authors present an interesting study in which they propose an approach to extend Budyko functions to non-steady state conditions. The approach is based on a careful evaluation of the feasible limits of the Budyko-Turc space, which are subsequently adjusted for the case where additional water is available for evapotranspiration. This yields a general framework into which common Budyko functions can be inserted. Finally, the authors apply the proposed framework to popular Budyko functions and compare the results to previous studies.


The purpose of this paper is to analyze the portfolio diversification opportunities offered by certain commodities to Islamic equity investors by investigating the volatility and correlations of Islamic equity index returns and those commodities. This paper attempts to add value to the existing literature by empirically testing the "time-varying" volatilities and correlations of agricultural, metal and energy commodities using Morgan Stanley Capital International (MSCI) World Islamic Index. The daily data for a time period of nine and a half years, from the inception of MSCI World Islamic Index on 1 st of July 2007 to January 2017, were collected for this research and analyzed using MGARCH-DCC approach. The findings tend to suggest that: i) the agricultural commodities provide better diversification benefits compared to metal and energy commodities; ii) the Global financial crisis has a significant negative impact on the integration of the indices; and iii) natural gas, gold, wheat, sugar, coffee and corn in general have relatively low correlation, in comparison to the rest of the commodities. As implication of the study, the medium-to-long term investors could gain a better diversification benefit in most of these commodities during all the market periods.


Objective To investigate the prognostic value and clinicopathological expressions and correlations of pRb,CDK4,cyclinD1 and p16~(INK4a) proteins in the tissues of oral squamous cell carcinoma(OSCC).Methods An immunohistochemical analysis was performed to examine pRb,CDK4,cyclinD1 and p16INK4a protein level in 47 cases of OSCC and 10 cases of normal oral mucosa,and the relationship between the expressions of pRb,CDK4,cyclinD1,p16~(INK4a) and clinicopathological characteristics were analyzed by spearman correlation test.Results In 47 cases of OSCC,positive expressions of pRb,CDK4,cyclinD1 and p16INK4a were 55%,60%,74% and 38%,respectively,demonstrating a significant relationship between the expression of cyclinD1 and lymph node metastases.The correlations between p16 and pRb expression in OSCC were statistically inverse(P0.05).Conclusion The alteration of the p16/Rb pathway is a frequent event of oral carcinogenesis.Loss expression of p16,over-expression of CDK4 and cyclinD1 may be involved in the carcinogenesis of OSCC. Assessment of cyclinD1 is useful as a prognostic factor for OSCC.


The influence of long term hypokinezia on the functioning of the erythrocytes system superoxyde dismutase – catalase and some mice tissues is investigated. It is shown that at long term hypokinezia for erythrocytes enzymes system superoxyde dismutase – catalase the phenomenon of cross regulation of activity is characteristic and this finds it's reflection in negative correlation between the activities of enzymes. It is shown that the long term hypokinezia initiates the damages in processes of receipt and oxygen recycling in muscles and initiation of tissue hypoxia.


To determine the prevalence of sleep disorders in the United States and the association between sleep disorders and all‐cause mortality.


Orbital debris is internationally recognized as an environmental issue which needs to be addressed today to preserve near-Earth space for future generations. All major space agencies are committed to mitigating the growth of the debris environment. Many commercial space system operators have responded positively to orbital debris mitigation principles and recommendations. Orbital debris mitigation measures are most cost-effective if included in the design development phase.


A home energy management (HEM) system is mainly used to improve the performance of the smart grid with the help of demand response enabled application for residentialcustomer preference. Various developing countries continuous power supply is one of the problems which prevent the growth rate. So different methods can be proposed to increase the power generation and reducing the power demand by increasing the energy efficiency .One of the innovative technique is demand shifting. This paper aims at developing a demand shifting algorithm. The HEM system is developed in order to monitor the power consumption and time requirement for operation of various equipment & tries to shift the operation of certain non-essential and monitor the power consumption of individual equipment .It act as a modern home energy meter. The main aim of the system is reduce the peak power demand and tries to keep the load curve smooth without effecting customers comfort level. The HEM is developed using MATLAB and various scenarios are inputted into it and its output and its impact on the consumer is analyzed.


ABSTRACT Public emergencies like global pandemics subject human rights to extraordinary vulnerability. The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) permits States to restrict rights by enacting permissible limitations on them at any time and by derogating from their protection in emergencies. This article argues that States should rely on the ICCPR's permissible limitations provisions rather than lodge formal derogations in times of crisis, unlike what many States have done during the COVID-19 pandemic. It draws upon New Zealand's highly successful public health response to support this proposition. The article argues that the accountability machinery for compliance with States' rights obligations is stronger when permissible limitations are enacted. Where States do rely on the right to derogate, the article suggests some improvements to existing international accountability mechanisms. These include enhancing the analysis to be contained in notices of derogation and advance capacity-building to enable States to better decide if derogation is necessary in the first place. Ultimately, the article argues that keeping States within the international human rights system is ideal. This can be achieved through reliance on the flexibility built into the ICCPR via its permissible limitations provisions rather than its right of derogation.


Ninety years have passed since the landmarkarticlebyChevalierJackson standardizing the method of open tracheotomy. During this time, open tracheotomy has remained relatively unchallengedinitssafetyandefficacy. Recently,however,percutaneous tracheotomy has been proposed as an alternative to the conventional open technique.Asexperiencehasaccumulatedwiththepercutaneousapproach, increasing numbers of physicians in ICUs now embrace this technique. While the initial description of the percutaneous approach dates back to the 1600s, the modern-day account is attributed to Shelden et al, who in 1955 proposed the term and the procedure's technical description. This consisted of a slot needle insertion into the trachea followed by a cutting trocar to form the tracheotomy. In 1969, Toye and Weinstein used a Seldinger technique of serial dilation of the tracheotomy, which was eventually modified by Ciaglia et al in 1985. Since that time, a variety of different techniques have evolved with different guidewires, dilators, and points of tracheal entry. Because of this variation, it is difficult to define one standard "percutaneous technique." The common characteristics of the various percutaneous approaches include transcutaneous entry with a needle into the trachea, guidewire passage into the lumen, and serial dilation. A tracheotomy tube is subsequently passed into the lumen without an incision into the tracheal rings. Initial studies of percutaneous tracheotomy compared its safety to the historical complication rates from open tracheotomy. Since these studies were published, the medical literature has included both prospective and comparative studies comparing the safety of both techniques. The results of these studies need to be viewed critically in light of the vast experience behind open tracheotomy.


Social housing: densification strategies for urban regeneration. The perspective of a continuous increase of life styles, the obsolescence of the traditional typological schemes, the exploitation of spaces on different territorial scales, ask the contemporary architecture to handle several new challenges. Limited densities in urban development have produced the con stant land erosion and the increase of either harmful emissions or energy consumption. Social housing strategies have a key role in regenerating high density urban outskirts, as they should guarantee high quality and low cost dwellings, for several new social targets: students, temporary and key workers, foreign people, young couples without children, large families and those who are employed within the public sector. The aim of the research is to trace a framework of guidelines that become effective tools to be used in the social housing design. They should also integrate the existing regulations and are mainly conceived for those ones who work within the architecture industry. They would aim at supporting students who have to cope with this particuar residential theme, and also the users themselves. Thanks to the scientific evidence of either the recent specialized literature or the solutions adopted in some case studies within the metropolitan areas of Milan, London and Sao Paulo, one can identify the principles that underlie the above-men oned approach, whose connection between typology, morphology and technology pursues the goal of higher standards of welfare.


Abstract : The information revolution fostered by the microchip has made it possible for military commanders to receive information in unequaled quantity and quality. U.S. commanders have a broad range of opportunities resulting from digitized technologies that enhance of military equipment performance and the application of force. These information advances represent force enablers providing synergistic advantage to operational command and control (C2), intelligence, and logistic functions. However, there is a down side, in that the computers and microchips have vulnerabilities that must be addressed to retain operational force advantage. Information warfare is central to the way the nation plans to fight in the future, and information systems now connect U.S. military forces on a worldwide basis. Despite the enhancements that connectivity brings, with integration of global communications, state and non-state actors are provided new ways to access and undermine the C2, intelligence, and logistics function via computer and communication networks. This new area of vulnerability extends from the strategic, through the operational, down the tactical levels of warfare. State and non-state actors have means of attacking core military centers of gravity and critical strengths without resorting to conventional attack or deception. Today, joint commanders and civilian leaders must seriously consider the ramifications of unwanted intrusion into the national and defense information infrastructures. As U.S. forces become increasingly dependent on information to leverage battlespace awareness the need to protect information systems will increase. Backup capability must be designed into the information infrastructure to preclude erosion of force application capability.


A systematic study on the application of genetic algorithm (GA) in pipe diameter optimization was carried out. The aim of the study was to develop a genetic based programme and apply it to a case study, distribution system of Weligama water supply scheme. Then the performance of Genetic algorithm was compared with non linear programming (NLP). It was found that the genetic algorithm method using the standard three operators is particularly effective in finding global optimal solution for the case study network. It should be noted that the genetic algorithm technique is ideally suited to discrete problems such as selection of commercially availably pipe sizes.


When it comes to the control system of quadruped robots, deep reinforcement learning (DRL) is considered to be a promising solution. Despite years of development in this field, difficulties remain in guaranteeing the action stability of DRL-based quadruped robots' locomotion, especially in tough terrain. In this paper, a terrain-aware teacher-student controller integrating a risk assessment network (RAN) is proposed to alleviate this problem. During the training phase, the RAN can evaluate the risk level of historical observation or current state and further guide the update of the policy, thereby assisting the policy in selecting better actions and avoid risky ones. Furthermore, the real-time elevation map is transmitted to the controller as visual information, so that it can perceive the terrain to produce higher performance locomotion. With the aforementioned configuration, we enable a robot to traverse various challenging terrain in simulation and bound or trot stably in the real environment.


Rock-paper-scissors (RPS) game is a nice model to study the biodiversity in ecosystem. However, the previous studies only consider the nearest- neighbor- interaction among the species. In this paper, taking the long range migration into account, the effects of the interplay between nearest-neighbor-interaction and long-range-interaction of Levy flight obey the power law distance distribution with the exponent h (-0.3<h<-0.1) in spatial RPS game is investigated. Taking the probability of long range Levy flight and the power exponent as parameters, the coexistence conditions of three species are found. The critical curves for stable coexistence of three species in the parameters space are presented. It is also found that long-range-interaction with Levy flight has interesting effects on the final spatiotemporal pattern of the system. The results reveal that the long-range-interaction of Levy flight exhibit pronounced effects on biodiversity of ecosystem.


One of the biggest private individual financial boosts for family life and sex education came into being in 1939 following the death of Dr. Ellis C. Brown, a Portland, Oregon physician. His probated will left the bulk of his estate, initially appraised at slightly over a half million dollars, for the above purposes. The will was dated August 20, 1930 and contained a codicil, signed on May 20, 1933, which directed some minor changes. Major provisions of the will included an arrangement for taking care of any debts accumulated by an older brother Samuel; $20,000 was left to the endowment fund of the American Sunday School Union in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, "for missionary work in


Aiming at the issues and characteristic of existing campus network monitoring system, this paper designs a campus network monitoring system to assess network quality issues from the user's perspective based on big data, proposes a scoring algorithm to evaluate different outlet network access experience, and builds data analysis based on data warehouse. The system can meet most of the campus network quality management needs and put forward new ideas for network monitoring of campus networks.


This walking guide not only looks at the actual locations used in Charles Dickens' novels, but also provides a guide to London's development during the early Victorian period.


The irradiation of amines or enamines with metal complexes of β-diketones in acetonitrile induced a coupling reaction to produce dihydrofuran derivatives.


We present a new method designed to aid in the interpretation of the color-magnitude diagrams (CMDs) of resolved stars in nearby galaxies. A CMD is a two-dimensional distribution of data points with well understood Gaussian measurement errors created from two independent observations. The most rigorous way to interpret a CMD is to create a model CMD through Monte Carlo simulation using theoretical stellar evolution tracks to see what combination of initial conditions provides the best match with the observed data. In this paper we describe how best to quantitatively compare these types of model and data. A good model CMD must contain a spatial distribution of points that matches the data and also has the same relative numbers of red stars, blue stars, and any other features seen in the data. This kind of detailed information can be obtained by using the assumptions of Bayesian inference to calculate the likelihood of a model CMD being a good match to the data CMD. To illustrate the effectiveness of this approach, we have created several test scenarios using simplified data sets. We have derived a method that allows us to determine whether a model is distributed as the data over the entire CMD, and whether the relative numbers of points in parts of the diagram are different. We can also determine whether a good match can be made to part of the data, which will be useful when attempting to model complex star formation histories. Our examples show that the results are very sensitive to the size of the measurement errors in the data, and so it is only the accuracy of these errors that restricts our ability to distinguish the good from the bad models. Our method is sufficiently robust and automated that we can search through large areas of parameter space without having to inspect the models visually.


Type Iax supernovae (SNe Iax) represent the largest class of peculiar white dwarf supernovae. The type Iax SN 2012Z in NGC 1309 is the only white dwarf supernova with a detected progenitor system in pre-explosion observations. Deep Hubble Space Telescope (HST) images taken before SN 2012Z show a luminous, blue source that we have interpreted as a helium-star companion (donor) to the exploding white dwarf. We present here late-time HST observations taken ∼1400 days after the explosion to test this model. We find the SN light curve can empirically be fit by an exponential-decay model in magnitude units. The fitted asymptotic brightness is within 10% of our latest measurements and approximately twice the brightness of the pre-explosion source. The decline of the light curve is too slow to be powered by 56Co or 57Co decay: if radioactive decay is the dominate power source, it must be from longer half-life species like 55Fe. Interaction with circumstellar material may contribute to the light curve, as may shock heating of the companion star. Companion-star models underpredict the observed flux in the optical, producing most of their flux in the UV at these epochs. A radioactively heated bound remnant, left after only a partial disruption of the white dwarf, is also capable of producing the observed excess late-time flux. Our analysis suggests that the total ejecta + remnant mass is consistent with the Chandrasekhar mass for a range of SNe Iax.


This study uses qualitative research design through collective case study and feminist approaches. It reveals that the culture of patriarchy appears to be intertwined with the subculture of corruption and impunity. (download the PDF file to view full abstract)


In this short note we shall give connection between the most perfect "Khajuraho" magic square of order 4x4 discovered in 10th century and the "Lo-Shu" magic square of order 3x3 with the day October 1, 2010, i.e., 01.10.2010. The day has only three digits 0, 1 and 2. Here we have given an equivalent version of Khajuraho magic square using only three digits 0, 1 and 2. If we write the above date in two parts, 0110 2010, interestingly, the sum of new magic square is the first part, i.e., 0110, and the numbers appearing in the magic square are from the second part. An equivalent version of "Lo-Shu" magic square of order 3x3 is also given


An attempt is made to analyze the problems of reactor radiation dosimetry; to describe the solution of this problem by the calorimetric method; and to present results of measurements on the reactor RA at Vinca, and to describe the method, apparatus and measuring equipment used. Use is made of an isothermal calorimeter with thermistors to measure the absorbed dose rates within the range 10/sup 4/ to 10/sup 6/ rad/h, with an accuracy of 2 to 5%. lt is shown that reactor conditions in which the thermal neutron flux is up to the order of magnitude 10/sup 12/ n/cm//sec, and the integral thermal neutron flux up to about 10/sup 16/ n/cm/ exert no significant influence upon the working characteristics of the thermistors used. Determinntion is made of the absorbed dose distribution, with respect to the gamma-ray and neutron contribution. For this purpose 3 materials are used: ordinary water, heavy water, and graphite. Measurements are carried out in two vertical experimental holes of the reactor RA at several heights. lt is shown that the absorbed dose height distribution agrees with the thermal flunx distribution curve, although the relations of the absorbed doses of the two holes are not in accordance with themore » corresponding thermal flux relations. (auth)« less


Steel structures have been widely used in constructions due to their advantages of lightweight, high strength, short construction time and high recycling and reuse potential. Fracture failure in steel structures should be prevented to avoid collapse of the whole structures. Micromechanical fracture models can capture the fracture initiation mechanisms and therefore can be used to predict ductile fractures in steel. Twelve smooth round bars were carried out to obtain the material properties and 36 notched round bars were tested to calibrate the parameters of stress modified critical strain (SMCS) model and the void growth model (VGM) for structural steels (Q235B and Q345B) and the corresponding welds. Specimens were extracted from the base metal, the weld metal and the heat affected zone (HAZ) to investigate fracture behaviour in different parts of the welded joint. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) measurements were taken and finite element models were developed to calibrate the models. The test results and calibrated parameters are reported. Moreover, the calibrated models are applied to analyses the fracture behaviour of welded joints and their accuracy are validated. The calibrated and validated models can be used for further numerical fracture analysis in welded steel structures.


The current study was conducted from 1 November 2002 to 31 October 2004 at Topiwala National Medical College & BYL Nair Charitable Hospital, Mumbai. A total of 189 victims of fatal blunt head injury were recorded and a complete medicolegal autopsy was conducted on each of these victims during this period. The postmortem study revealed that males were the most common victims with the highest number being in the age group of the third and fourth decades. Accidents were responsible for most of them, followed by homicidal deaths, with suicides recorded as the least. Of the accidents, railway accidents were responsible for the maximum number. The study revealed that the highest number of fatalities occurred during the peak hours of the day. The fissured fracture was the most common type of fracture observed. Among the specialized fractures of the base of the skull, type-1 hinge fracture was the most common. A combination of subdural and subarachnoid haemorrhages was the most common observation. Blunt cranio-cerebral injury was the primary cause of death in more than half of the victims. Key Words: Head Injury, Fractures, Skull, Intracranial Haemorrhages


The stress relaxation is investigated in single-crystal films of polymerized polydiacetylene, in epitaxy with their monomer substrate. Polymerization induces a uniaxial stress. Two types of surface patterns are observed and studied by atomic force microscopy: films thicker than 175 nm exhibit quasiperiodic cracks perpendicular to the polymer chains; thinner ones exhibit regular wrinkles with the same orientation. The wrinkle surface deformation is stress relaxing and plastic. It is shown that all experimental results are compatible with the following interpretation: as polymereization proceeds, the uniaxial stress generates a Grinfeld instability fed by surface diffusion. The crack pattern is a secondary instability, initiated at the sites of stress concentration provided by the wrinkles


• Tested knowledge and demonstrated skills in the area of basic telecommunications should be requisite for all emergency telecommunicators. Further training to the level of emergency medical dispatcher should be required for all personnel who receive calls for medical assistance and/or dispatch those resources. Governments should approve statutes or regulations that require Emergency Medical Dispatchers (EMDs) to be certified/licensed in accordance with nationally accepted standards for emergency medical dispatch. • The use of formal, medically approved EMD protocols should be required for the practice of emergency medical dispatching. In all EMS systems, prioritization of calls to be dispatched should be an essential element. • The provision of prearrival instructions should be a mandatory function of every EMD in a center that interrogates callers and prioritizes medical calls. Prearrival instructions should take into account the dispatch-specific (i.e., nonvisual, nonpretrained caller) circumstances of providing standard basic life support and/or advanced life support procedures and care to callers, known as dispatch life support. • The medical service in EMS begins when a public call is received at a public safety answering point or other agency that provides prehospital emergency care in response to requests for unscheduled medical assistance. All centers servicing requests for medical assistance should have medical oversight by a physician medical director, with knowledge at least to the


(a) The bench is 1 metre away from the wall. (b) The bench is less than 2 metres away from the fence. (c) The bench is 2 metres away from the tree. (d) The bench is less than 2.5 metres away from the tree. (e) The bench is an equal distance (equidistant) from the tree and the well. (f) The bench is closer to the well than the tree. (g) The bench is an equal distance from the wall and the fence (h) The bench is closer to the wall than the fence. (i) The bench is less than 2 metres from the wall and less than 3 metres from the tree (j) The bench is closer to the fence than the wall and more than 1 metre from the well.


*is paper investigates the experimental study of differential steering control of a four-wheel independently driven (FWID) electric vehicle (EV) based on the steer-by-wire (SBW) system. As each wheel of FWID vehicle can be independently driven, differential steering is realized by applying different driven torques to the front-two wheels. Firstly, the principle of the differential steering is analyzed based on the SBW system.When the differential steering is activated, the driver's steering request is sent to the vehicle's ECU. *en, the ECU gives different control signals to the front-left and front-right wheels, generating an external steering force on the steering components. *e external steering force pushes the steering components to turn corresponding to the driver's request. Secondly, to test the feasibility of differential steering, a FWID EV is assembled and the vehicle is equipped with four independently driven in-wheel motors.*e corresponding control system is designed. Finally, the field test of the vehicle based on the proposed differential steering control strategy is performed. In the experiment, the fixed yaw rate tracking and varied yaw rate tracking maneuvers are employed. In the fixed yaw rate tracking, the vehicle can track the desired yaw rate well with differential steering. In addition, the vehicle can track the varied yaw rate with proposed differential steering. *e test results confirm the feasibility and effectiveness of the differential steering. By using the differential steering, a backup steering is established without additional components; thus, the costs can be reduced and the reliability of the vehicle steering system can be enhanced, significantly.


Teacher training programs in EFL contexts pursue the goal of promoting teaching skills and critical dispositions in prospective and experienced teachers and their ability to reflect on and enhance their mediating roles to maximize learning outcomes. Yet, discrepancies in teachers' roles during and after the programs are not uncommon and accentuate the need to assess outcomes. This quasi-experimental study aimedto provide research-based data on the outcomes of a 60-hour reflective task-supported (RTS) teacher training course, comprising theoretical, observational, and practicum modules, in terms of immediate and delayed changes in the mediating roles performed by 37 pre-service and 40 in-service Iranian male and female teachers. The findings obtained from the structured observation of the participants' teaching demonstrations at the onset and the end of the study and during the first working semester were analyzed statistically through One-way repeated measures ANOVAs and indicated significant improvements in the mediating roles in both groups from the first to the second observation immediately after the training and from the immediate to the delayed observation only in the pre-service group. The findings underscore vitality of in pre-service and in-service training programs and accommodating reflective teaching and observational tasks in enhancing teaching roles.


OF MYTH The Leadership of the Tennessee Valley Authority, 1933-1990 Erwin C. Hargrove Prisoners of Myth is the first comprehensive history of the Tennessee Valley Authority from its creation to the present day. It is also a telling case study of organizational evolution and decline. Building on Philip Selznick's classic work TVA and the Grass Roots (1949), a seminal text in the theoretical study of bureaucracy, Erwin Hargrove analyzes the organizational culture of the TVA by looking at the actions of its leaders over six decades. In so doing, he develops an important new theory about institutional performance in the face of historical change.


This study is dedicated to the Austrian physicist Edmund Weiss (1884–1932) and his time as assistant at the Institute of Physics of the German University in Prague in 1906–1914. Particular attention is paid to his 1911 habilitation work on the elementary quantum of electricity, which he measured in experiments with ultramicroscopic silver particles. In this work, Weiss repeated the measurements of Vienna physicist Felix Ehrenhaft. Unlike he, Weiss managed to confirm – with the help of Einstein's 1905 formula for Brownian molecular motion – the value of elementary quantum of electricity, which had first been established by R. A. Millikan in his 'oil drop' experiments. Albert Einstein, at that time (in 1911–1912) professor of theoretical physics at the German University in Prague, praised Edmund Weiss and his work at the First Solvay Conference on Physics in Brussels in autumn 1911. Details of Weiss's habilitation work at the Institute of Physics in Prague were described in letters written by Anton Lampa, professor and director of the institute, and addressed to the doyen of Viennese physics Viktor von Lang. Full texts of six of Lampa's letters (in German) are appended to the study.


This study examines low fertility by focusing on the age at which Japanese women give birth for the first time and comparing this with the timing of first birth for Dutch women. It combines the life-history and life-story approaches, and makes use of a wide variety of source materials. The life-history approach shows that Japanese women increasingly reject the traditional sequence of marriage and motherhood, while the experience of Dutch women exhibits a broadening range of different partnership and living arrangement pathways to first birth. The results of the application of the life-story approach show that the postponement of first birth is unplanned and of a cumulative nature. Japanese women are confronted by conflicting signals from two different constructed images of motherhood, that of the 'new' self-realising individual, and that of the 'old' wife and mother. On the one hand in the post-industrial society, women are increasingly expected to work, while on the other hand, they are still expected to marry and give birth. The cover of this book shows the author when she was a child with her mother. The picture is personal but at the same time captures many dimensions of this research. It was taken in the early 1970s, a period already characterised by quite low fertility in Japan and coinciding with the entry into the Second Demographic Transition. It was also the time when the so-called industrial household came under increasing pressure. The picture conveys a dual sense of tradition and modernity. It symbolises the different worlds of a generation of 'mothers' and 'daughters'.


A Monte Carlo simulation of the Ginsburg-Landau Coulomb-gas model for vortex fluctuations is described and compared to the measured resistance scaling function for two-dimensional superconductors. This constitutes a new, more direct way of confirming the vortex-fluctuation explanation for the resistive tail of high-sheet-resistance superconducting films. The Monte Carlo data obtained indicate a striking accordance between theory and experiments.


This paper is presented in three parts; the first covers the evolution of the present road network, its use, and its relationship to the general economic and industrial development of Mexico. Secondly, it outlines the highway policy followed from the inception of the country's road program until recent years, with special emphasis on the strategy established in 1978 with the approval of the National Plan for Urban Development. Finally, it summarizes the current Modernization Plan for Mexico's highway network, describing its objectives, and outlining the tasks that must be carried out both in short term and long term periods. (Author)


Title Evidence based practice in counselling and psychotherapy Authors(s) Carr, Alan Publication date 2001 Publication information Carr, A.(eds.). Clinical Psychology in Ireland, Volume 2: Empirical Studies of Problems And Treatment Processes In Adults Publisher Edwin Mellen Press Link to online version http://mellenpress.com/mellenpress.cfm?pc=9&bookid=4688 Item record/more information http://hdl.handle.net/10197/6350


68Ga‐PSMA positron emission tomography–computed tomography (PET/CT) is useful for both staging and assessment of biochemical relapse in men with prostate cancer. Renal excretion of 68Ga‐PSMA can lead to difficulties in scan interpretation, particularly in the pelvis. We evaluated if intravenous Frusemide at the time of 68Ga‐PSMA injection reduces excreted activity artefact and improves diagnostic certainty.


Objective: To search the method of diagnosis and treatment for superior alimentary canal hemorrhage. Method: To analyse 46 cases superior alimentary canal hemorrhage from 1995 to 2003 in the Herbalist Doctor Hospital of Lei Zhou. Result: 45 cases have got effective treatment through systemtic medicine treatment,only 1 case had been operated after invalidation of medicine treatment. Conclusion:The early and in time diagnosis and treatment is the key to effective diagnosis and treatment for superior alimentary canal hemorrhage.


The characteristics of the differential protections for main transformers in different principles are analyzed and compared in this paper. The detailed applications of different kinds of protections are described briefly and some technical features and development of microprocessor based differential protection for transformers are introduced as well.


To understand the biocontrol potential and antagonism of Trichoderma viride GY20 against Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.vasinfectum F12,dual culture assay,greenhouse experiments and microscopy methods were used.The results revealed that GY20 significant inhibited the mycelium growth of F12 after 3 days of inoculation.Microscopy investigations showed that GY20 appeared mycoparasitism,and leading to mycelium cell cytoplasm concentration and disruption.Both the volatile antibiotic antibiotics(VAA) and non-volatile antibiotics(NVA) produced by the GY20 was strongly suppressed the mycelium growth of F12.The dry weight of mycelium of F12 was evidently less than that of the control.The NVA were not sensitive to the heat.Furthermore,the GY20 showed significant control efficacy to cotton fusarium wilt in greenhouse experiments.This study indicated that Trichoderma viride GY20 had significant antimicrobial activity against Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.vasinfectum F12.


Purpose
This paper aims to review the latest management developments across the globe and pinpoint practical implications from cutting-edge research and case studies.

Design/methodology/approach
This briefing is prepared by an independent writer who adds their own impartial comments and places the articles in context.

Findings
Investing in R&D and international exports leads to significant boosts in revenue and therefore competitive advantage.

Originality/value
The briefing saves busy executives, strategists and researchers hours of reading time by selecting only the very best, most pertinent information and presenting it in a condensed and easy-to-digest format.


Introduction: A market is considered to be competitive
when there is a large number of both buyers and sellers, each of whom has no
power to influence prices, which are shaped by demand and supply. The a im of the present study was to explore
whether health services can function as a competitive
market and if so under what conditions. Methods: The methodology of
the study included research


While RAID is the prevailing method of creating reliable secondary storage infrastructure, many users desire more flexibility than offered by current implementations. Traditionally, RAID capabilities have been implemented largely in hardware in order to achieve the best performance possible, but hardware RAID has rigid designs that are costly to change. Software implementations are much more flexible, but software RAID has historically been viewed as much less capable of high throughput than hardware RAID controllers. This work presents a system, Gibraltar RAID, that attains high RAID performance by offloading the calculations related to error correcting codes to GPUs. This paper describes the architecture, performance, and qualities of the system. A comparison to a well-known software RAID implementation, the md driver included with the Linux operating system, is presented. While this work is presented in the context of high performance computing, these findings also apply to a general RAID market.


This proceedings, Transportation Planning and Air Quality III , consists of papers presented at the conference held in Lake Tahoe, California, August 17-20, 1997. It represents a significant step toward the dissemination of state-of-the-art practices and understanding of transportation and air quality issues. These papers present findings of a host of scientific investigations as well as air-quality case studies undertaken by various stakeholder groups. In addition, they discuss various analytical tools and methods for structuring air quality analyses to better capture real world emissions. This proceedings represents a major milestone on the path toward understanding the interaction between transportation and air quality.


Objective: The aim of this study was to develop and test the validity of a new repeatable method to delimit abdominal areas for follow-up of fat mass (FM) and lean tissue mass (LM) in DEXA examinations. Methods: 37 male volunteers underwent two DEXA examinations. Total body FM and LM measurements and corresponding abdominal measurements in a carefully defined region were calculated from the first scan. After repositioning of the subjects and a second scan, the delimited region was copied and the abdominal tissues re-calculated. Results: The mean LM of the abdominal area was 2.804 kg (SD 0.556), and the mean FM was 1.026 kg (SD 0.537). The intra-class correlation coefficient for the repeated abdominal LM, FM, and LM/FM ratio measurements was 0.99. The mean difference (bias) for the repeated abdominal LM measurements was -13 g (95% confidence interval (CI) -193.0 to 166.8), and for the repeated abdominal FM measurements it was -35 g (95% CI -178.9 to 108.5). Conclusions: The results indicate that regional DEXA is a sensitive method with excellent reproducibility in the measurements of the abdominal fat and lean tissues. The method may serve as a useful tool for evaluation and follow-up of various dietary and training programmes.


Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is a rare but serious medical condition with important psychiatric comorbidity and specific psychological correlates. Psychopathology related with BMS represents a real challenge for clinical decision-making. In this case, depression is the leading psychiatric diagnosis associated with patient's BMS somatic pain and is driven by anxiety and a dissociative functioning. Facing a complex psychosomatic symptomatology, we offer new clinical perspectives for the screening of psychological traits of BMS. Moreover, we highlight the need to foster interdisciplinarity to improve differential diagnosis and defining an optimal care path. This case report stimulates a reflection on management challenges for the consultation–liaison psychiatry and shows the importance of a person-centred approach when communicating the diagnosis.


Nosebleeds or epistaxes will happen to 60% of the normal population at sometime in their life (Doyle, 1986). It has been noted that there is an increased incidence in pregnancy although the actual increase has not been quantified. The actual mechanism of increased risk is thought to be related to the rise in oestrogen which produces nasal congestion from its effects on the parasympathetic nervous system and also the increase in systemic blood pressure seen in pregnancy.


The shift to an earlier start in foreign language teaching in Finland took place nationwide in 2020. Both class teachers and subject teachers faced a new situation. They would be teaching children younger than before, or they would be teaching a completely new subject for them. This article examines teachers' conceptions of the skills and qualities, including the required language skills, that are important for a teacher in early language teaching. The data for this study were gathered through essays that teachers (n=44, subject teachers, class teachers, and double qualified teachers) turned in as tasks during an in-service teacher training for early teaching of foreign languages. The essays were analyzed with content analysis. The findings show that teachers found it the most essential that early language teachers have inspiration for the job and are able to inspire learners. They also considered it important that teachers focus on the learners and the learning environment, as well as have skills for early years pedagogy. The teachers did not consider foreign language education or language skills as important as the other skills but yet wished for teachers to be able to communicate in the target language in the class.


Objective To establish an animal model of chronic alcoholic myopathy in rats. Methods Totally 80 male SD rats were randomly divided into 2 groups: experimental group (n=65) and control group (n=15). All rats were administered intragastrically by gavage. The former were treated with alcohol and the latter with sucrose of equal calories to alcohol. They were given the same improved high-fat food with sufficient nutrition. The ratio of protein:fat:carbohydrate:alcohol (energy ratio) is 18%:35%:11%: 36%, which was similar to the Lieber-Decarli fluid food abroad. After 10 weeks, the rat hind-limb muscles of the 2 groups were taken for weighing, histopathologic and electron microscopic observation. A quantitative analysis was carried out for total protein and total DNA of these muscles. Results The rat muscles of the experimental group as compared with the control group showed more obviously atrophy, especially type- II fibers. Atrophic fibers displayed a corniform, column or irregular shape in transection; a few muscle fibers showed cellular necrosis; connective tissue between muscles appeared accrementition. There were significant differences between the experimental and the control groups as follows: the body weights [(342.13± 10.52)g vs (408.50±9.03)g, P=0.007)], the weights of plantaris which mainly contained the type- II muscle fibers [(0.36±0.01)g vs (0.45±0.03)g, P=0.004], the total protein of the plantaris [(126.55±1.10) mg vs (133.48±2.32)mg, P=0.007] and the total DNA of the plantaris [(325.69±11.95) μg vs (312.59±8.11) μg, P=0.020]. Yet there were no significant changes in soleus between the 2 groups (P0.05). Conclusion The method of treating rats with alcohol by gavage added with improved high-fat food with sufficient nutrition is a suitable way to establish the animal model of chronic alcoholic myopathy, thereby facilitating the further study on the disease.


Objective There are several options for dealing with tibial bone defects during total knee arthroplasty (TKA) in severe primary osteoarthritis. The aim of this study was to report the midterm results of TKA with screw and cement augmentation of moderate-sized tibial bone defects. Methods Patients with osteoarthritis who had posterior stabilised TKA with screw and cement augmentation of the tibia were reviewed retrospectively. Patients were assessed preoperatively and at follow-up using the International Knee Society Knee Score (KS) and Function Score (FS), and radiographic analysis of alignment and signs of loosening. Results Twenty knees in 19 patients were included in the study. The mean age was 71 years; mean follow-up was 58 months. KS improved from 46 to 76 and FS from 51 to 92. The femorotibial mechanical angle changed from 174 to 178. There were no signs of osteolysis or loosening, and no revisions. Radiolucent lines at the cement bone interface were common but non-progressive. Conclusions Midterm clinical and radiographic results of TKA with screw and cement augmentation for moderate tibial defects were satisfactory. Level of evidence V.


The translation and interpretation of the community acquis in the field of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) of the EU, and especially the subsequent communication with specialized terms appear as paramount in the overall process of European integration. Moreover, it is of utmost importance in the process of legal compliance and application to make use of the right concept and its appropriate meaning. In the translation of such terms as "food safety" and "food security" ("siguran �� alimentar �" and "securitate alimentar �") from English into Romanian certain confusions may appear between the two. Furthermore, these basic CAP terms are sometimes used interchangeably in European public debate, making their meaning difficult to apprehend in the process of interpretation, translation and adequate employment. The present paper defines these two terms and analyzes them on a conceptual level, within the Common Agricultural Policy, and aiming at the exploration, with obvious limitations, of translation variants that may emerge in Romanian.


The risk of modern technologies is concerned increasingly with in society and has become a key research topic of management science,sociology,philosophy and other subjects.Its source and development results from our control logic on risk.Risk control contains a set of successful skills,techniques and practical knowledge,whose evolution has boosted the creation and invention in technology.The creation and invention in technology promotes risk management to higher step and hierarchy and at the same time brings about technological risk.The dialectical construction of risk control and risk control from technology forms paradoxically a reflexive growth structure,producing modern technology risk as well as causing a modern society with rich risk.


Objective To understand the possible mechanisms of intraperitoneal hyperthermia chemotherapy (IHCP) in benefiting survival of postoperative patients with advanced gastric cancer.Methods 79 postoperative patients with advanced gastric cancer were allocated into group A (n=37) and group B (n=42) randomly.Both groups were treated with a schedule of 5-FU + DDP + HCPT.37 cases in group A were given IHCP,while 42 cases in group B were treated with systemic chemotherapy.The values of subset of T lymphocytes and NK cells in the two groups were monitored during the chemotherapy.All patients in both the groups were followed up for a 5-year schedule.Results Both group A and group B had similar ratio of complication of cut,infection,intestinal obstruction,damage of hepatic function,trichomadesis and platelet drawdown (P0.05).The difference of the ratio of adverse reaction in gastrointestinal tract and leucocyte drawdown between group A and group B was significant (P0.05).Before chemotherapy,the values of subset of T lymphocytes and NK cells in the two groups were similar (P0.05),but after three rounds of therapy,cell levels of CD4+,CD4+/CD8+ and NK of group A increased significantly (P0.05).The results of the 5-year-follow-up schedule showed that the survival rate of group A was higher than that of group B (P0.01).Conclusion IHCP may have slighter adverse effect on cellular immune function,and IHCP can improve the survival rate of postoperative patients with advanced gastric cancer.


—The adsorption of tartrazine (T) by montmorillonite (M) and sepiolite (S) is studied in this work. Results show a strong interaction between clays and the colorants because of the cationic exchange and the realignments of the organic molecule when the adsorption takes place. Ultrasound technique (US) improves the colorant adsorption by the clays.


Objective: To investigate the effect of home bleaching on color matching between the dental restoration and the adjacent tooth structure after the staining process. Material and Methods: Ten intact maxillary central incisors were used. After preparation (semi-mesial restoration of the specimens), the specimens were immersed in a colored solution for 14 days and then were washed and the bleaching process was there after performed. A spectrophotometer apparatus was used to determine the color of the specimens in the part of the tooth filled with restorative material three times, including before the staining   process, fourteen days after the staining process and immediately after the bleaching process. Paired t-test was employed to compare the color of the intact tooth and the dental restoration before and after the staining and bleaching processes. The level of significance was set at 5%. Results: Pre-bleaching E color of the teeth was 68.1, which increased to 78.8% after bleaching, and this increase was also statistically significant (p<0.001). Pre and Post-bleaching E color of composite restorations was 65% and 77.6%, respectively. This increase was also statistically significant (p<0.001). Post-bleaching E color of the tooth and composite material was 78.8% and 77.6%, respectively. This difference was not statistically significant (p=0.342). Conclusion: The staining and bleaching processes had a significant effect on the discoloration of the dental restoration and the tooth; however, the application of bleaching on the teeth and composite improved the tooth composite color-match.


Coral-like SnO2 nanostructure was synthesized via a simple hydrothermal treatment in the presence of glucose. The characterization results showed that the size of coral-like SnO2 powders is about 13 nm with porous structure. The special surface area and the average size of pores are about 46.9 m 2 ·g -1 and 7.61 nm, respectively. Subsequently, we investigated the gas-sensing properties of the sensors based on the coral-like SnO2. We choose CeO2 as a dopant and made three CeO2 doped sensors with 0.5%, 1.5%, and 2.5% for the mole ratio of Ce to Sn. The gas sensing tests indicated that CeO2 as the dopant can dramatically enhance the gas selectivity to toluene, and the sensor with 1.5% mole ratio showed the highest sensitivity to toluene at 190°C, which is much higher than to other VOCs gases such as ethanol, acetone, and formaldehyde. The efforts in the research have proved that the CeO2 doped SnO2 could be a promising candidate of highly sensitive and selective gas sensors for toluene. Page 1 of 5 RSC Advances R S C A dv an ce s A cc ep te d M an us cr ip t


Head fold stage rat embryos were cultured on a medium consisting of adult rat serum for 48 hr. During the final 10 or 20 hr of culture [35S]-methionine was added to the medium. Sera from visceral yolk sac blood vessels, exocoelomic cavity fluid, and amniotic sac fluid were analyzed by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis followed by Amido Black staining and fluorography. Amido Black staining showed bands in all three embryonic fluid compartments which migrated at rates comparable to transferrin, alpha-fetoprotein, albumin, IgG, and hemoglobin. Fluorography, however, showed that radioactivity was restricted to alpha-fetoprotein, IgG, and hemoglobin. This suggested that at least some transferrin and albumin were transferred intact from the exogenous medium to the embryonic fluid compartments.


................................................................................................................................................. ii DEDICATION ............................................................................................................................................. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......................................................................................................................... iv INTRODUCTION. Green is for Girls .......................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER ONE. From the New Nature Movement to Environmental Justice: Environmental Education for the Twenty-First Century.......................................... 22 CHAPTER TWO. Interventions into Environmental Education ................................................................ 69 CHAPTER THREE. Theorizing and Researching Girls' Citizenships .................................................... 111 CHAPTER FOUR. "What We Can Do to Help": Citizenship and Service in the Girl Guides of Canada ................................................................................................... 169 CHAPTER FIVE. Between Philanthropy and Justice: Environmental Science, Environmental Justice, and Green Girls ................................................................. 234 CHAPTER SIX. Thinking through Culture: Environmental Justice and Multicultural Environmental Education in ECO Girls ........................................... 292 CONCLUSION. Power, Not Programs? The Possibilities of Citizenship in Girls' Environmental Programs ............................................................................. 353 NOTES....................................................................................................................372 BIBLIOGRAPHY......................................................................................................392 APPENDICES .......................................................................................................................................... 408 Appendix A. Call for Research Participants ......................................................................................... 408 Appendix B: Interview Questions for Service Providers ...................................................................... 410 Appendix C: Focus Group Questions for Girls ..................................................................................... 413 Appendix D: ECO Girls Recitation ...................................................................................................... 414 Appendix E: Program Synopsis for Girl Guides of Canada-Guides du Canada (GGC) ....................... 415 Appendix F: Program Synopsis for Green Girls ................................................................................... 416 Appendix G: Program Synopsis for ECO Girls .................................................................................... 417


Using the resonant X-ray magnetic diffraction technique with circularly polarized X-rays at the Dy L 3 absorption edge, depth-resolved in-plane magnetization components of Dy layers parallel and perpendicular to the applied field are determined at temperatures between 50 and 300 K in the magnetic field of 3.5 kOe applied in the film plane. The depth-resolved magnetic structures of the Dy layer in an Fe(5.06 nm)/Dy(1.63 nm) multilayer indicate that the parallel components for the interface sublayers are antiparallel to the applied field at all temperatures and that those for the inner sublayers are parallel at 170 and 300 K. All the sublayers have the perpendicular components at all temperatures. The interface sublayers are strongly magnetized at all temperatures with magnetizations directed nearly antiparallel to the applied field. The determined magnetic structures indicate that the thin Dy layer is not a simple ferromagnet but has the twisted-type magnetic structure between 50 and 300 K. In contrast to ...


Macromolecules, vol. 18 #10, Oct. 1985, "Qualitative Evaluation of the Band Gap in Polymers with Extended II Systems by Olof Wennerstrom, pp. 1977-1980. Polymer Preprints, vol. 27 #2, Sep. 1986, "Synthesis of Conjugated Polymers via Polymer Elimination Reac tions' by S. A. Jenekhe, pp. 74-75. Journal of the Chemical Society, #15, Aug. 1, 1985, "Defect States in Poly(p-Phenylene Methine) and Simi lar Materials' by J. R. M. Giles, pp. 1030-1033.


Accumulation and release of a fluid‐phase marker ([14C]‐sucrose) were studied in a subline of the mouse lymphocytic cell line L5178Y and in a polyethylene glycol‐resistant, intercellular‐fusion‐impaired mutant of this line. The mutant was found to accumulate [14C]‐sucrose at a significantly slower rate than the parent. Analysis of release of preloaded label shows that the reduced rate of accumulation is due to a correspondingly low level of internalization, i.e., pinosome formation, rather than to a reduction in delivery of label to lysosomes. Cell‐to‐cell fusion and pinosome formation both involve a fusion event initiated at the extracellular surface of the plasma membrane, and we propose that the coordinate reduction in both processes suggests that they are mechanistically related.


While Indonesia prides it self on its diverse population, diversity can also create disparity in educational access and success among students, generating gaps of participation among people of different economic, gender, and geographical backgrounds. Studies show that inequality can lead to tension, instability and conflicts, impeding the achievement of SDGs. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of inequality in Indonesian education and employment opportunities and to suggest additional ways of constructing equality. For this purpose, this study will provide an analysis that relies on statistics, surveys, and reports on education and employment inequality in three constructs: class (rich vs. poor) which is related to geographical areas (urban vs. rural) as well gender (male vs. female). This paper describes the challenges in these three areas, reviews efforts and policies for equality, and suggests transparency and accountability as well as the promotion of volunteerism and philanthropy for the success of Indonesia's sustainable development. Keywords—Education and Employment, SDGs, Equal Opportunity, Volunteerism, Philanthropy


Oligomerization of preorganized cinchona and xanthene building blocks to produce dynamic combinatorial libraries results in libraries with only a few components. Diversity is generated by the addition of semi-flexible ephedrine and cholate building blocks.


Urban sprawl is a complex problem in national sustainable development and has aroused public concern.Three sticking points are identified as to break the "reasonable limits",approach to "survival red line" and surpass "harmonious theme".Put the "three lines" as the starting point and put forward sacrificial and wasted urban sprawl hypothesis from the perspective of land price equilibrium,this paper conducts an empirical analysis by taking Xuzhou city as an example.First,the results of the theoretical analysis showed that different from foreign countries' welfare-gain sprawl and welfare-loss sprawl,urban sprawl in China can be divided into two types of sacrificial and wasted sprawl,and there are also three boundaries,namely ideal-boundary,moderate-boundary and limit-boundary.Second,the evaluation results show that,the comprehensive value of agricultural resources is 9.58×106yuan/hm2,the market value is 5.93×106yuan/hm2,the non-market value(the sum of the ecological and social value) accounts for only 38.07%.Third,from the empirical analysis,the scale of sacrificial sprawl is 1.08×104 hm2,of which farmland occupation is 4.32×103 hm2.The scale of wasted sprawl is 2.83×103 hm2,of which farmland occupation is 8.81×102 hm2.Based on the research conclusions,this article suggests that a two-step adjustment in urban governance and land policy should be formulated in the future.The first step is to change economic development way and government performance appraisal system and effectively check wasted urban sprawl caused by government failure through adjusting moderate-boundary and strengthening basic farmland and other key resources protection.The second step is to improve land market mechanism as soon as possible and to turn agricultural land external cost into internal one.And they can be taken as main basis for decision-making in urban sprawl governance.


This report examines what binds and divides the six Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) states — Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates — and presents the outlook for the GCC's evolution over the next ten years. The study aims to help policymakers better understand intra-GCC dynamics and prepare for future trends in a region with high stakes for U.S. strategic interests.


A family of fast-lattice and transversal algorithms for multichannel linear-phase (LP) Wiener filters is developed. Due to the strong symmetry properties imposed by the phase constraints, the proposed computational process involve only one internal filter that propagates according to a Durbin-like recursion, in contrast to unconstrained multichannel Wiener filtering (absence of phase constraints) where both the forward and backward predictors are carried, coupled in a pair of Levinson-like recursions. Normalized lattice realizations are derived using a suitable power-sum normalization and parameterized by internal reflection coefficients with singular values inside the unit circle. >


Height-adjustable actuators are used for example for tables for the table plate setting in different heights. The drives can be adjusted by electric motor or by hand. The gear used for height adjustment are complicated, require considerable installation space and does not work quietly. So that the drive has a compact design with simple constructive training and low noise can be operated, the drive has two relatively opposite directions adjustable sliding parts which are interconnected by a tension member. The sliding parts to the tension element form a type of endless drive through which the sliding parts are moved in opposite directions to each other. The drive is characterized by a slender form and can be inexpensively manufactured and assembled. In addition, the drive operates quietly. The height-adjustable drive is preferably used for table furniture.


The article presents new strategic initiatives for improving the efficiency of the machine-building enterprises, which are the basis for the strategic improvement of the overall efficiency of the machine-building enterprises, and the main ones of them are analytical procedures, the specific methods of which depend on the strategic and financial attractiveness of the industries developed by the enterprises. It is proved that managers should constantly study the corporate business portfolio and provide conclusions based on the single indicators: the number of enterprise divisions in attractive industries, the number of units in mature and stagnant industries; reduction of indicators that can negatively affect the overall productivity of the enterprise; the units dependence on factors of seasonality and periodicity, on the appearance of new technologies; the number of uncertain prospects; strategic match between the divisions of the enterprise; availability of portfolios of unnecessary units; resource matching between divisions. Managers have to carry out a qualitative analysis of the business portfolio, restructure the portfolio, and constantly review the resource allocation policy. It has been revealed that the analysis of strategic and financial attractiveness of corporate business portfolio should indicate whether the company is able to achieve the planned indicators in the current composition and resource base. Enterprise strategy changes are not required in case this analysis is confirmed. The measures to be taken in case of the threat of reduced efficiency have been developed. It has been established that in order the corporate culture at the machine-building enterprises were effective, it is necessary to implement the strategy of the machine-building enterprises, which consists of six strategy blocks. It has been established that in order for the proposed strategy to work at the machine-building enterprises, it must be in line with the principles of developing a successful strategy. As a result of the research, the principles of a successful strategy have been formulated.


In Reply.—We certainly agree with Dr Simmons that many patients with idiopathic sensorineural hearing loss will recover spontaneously, but this recovery rate should apply equally to the group not treated with blocks as well as those treated with blocks. The fact that the health professions he mentioned had a higher recovery rate would tend to confirm the fact as we reported, that the earlier the diagnosis, the better the prognosis. If the physician waits one or two weeks before starting therapy to see which patients will recover spontaneously, the percentage of recovery rate will definitely be lowered in those patients who do not recover spontaneously. It is interesting to note that in his first case report of


Conservation planning for marine-coastal environments requires updated and detailed maps; the aim of this work is to generate detailed maps for two mudflats in the Iscuandé River Delta (Bocana de Iscuandé) in the Colombian Pacific Coast (Department of Nariño). These are important areas for fauna, especially migratory shorebirds. To address this problem, this study investigated the use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) as an alternative for collecting detailed mapping information in areas of difficult access using photogrammetric methodsand a geographic information system (GIS). UAV images were used to generate maps with a high level of detail at a scale of 1:10,000 that include detailed information about environments such as mudflats and mangroves which had not been mapped before. UAVs are a practical tool for mapping places where weather and access conditions hinder the use of satellite images or conventional aerial photography. They are also useful for mapping areas with high temporal and spatial variability, such as mudflats, where other platforms may not reveal their short-term dynamics. Our results show that this technique has a high potential for mapping such environments, and reveal that the Iscuandé mudflats aremaintained by a relative equilibrium between the ebb and flow of waves and tides, and are also influenced by the local climate. This type of application provides critical data for conservation and management strategies of areas with great ecological importance.


ABSTRACT A new reference library of thermal infrared spectral reflectance measurements of the major rock-forming and alteration minerals has been compiled to support and enhance analysis of data acquired using the CSIRO HyLogger-3 drill-core logging system. The HyLogger-3 is a robotic system that acquires large volumes of bidirectional reflectance spectra from diamond drill core within the wavelength range of visible light, the near infrared and shortwave infrared (400–2500 nm) as well as the thermal infrared from 6000 to 14 000 nm. The library samples were selected as single pure solid mineral crystals or monomineralic hand samples judged to have a similar bidirectional spectral response to that of typical diamond drill cores. Furthermore, a large number of individual mineral samples were chosen to cover the various natural spectral variations within single mineral groups such as, for example, a range of solid solutions of plagioclase. Owing to the bidirectional measurement geometry of the HyLogger-3, spectral variations caused by crystal orientation effects are also expected. Accordingly, reflectance measurements were made for multiple surfaces/facets of each sample, and also for orthogonal orientations of the plane of incidence illumination for each facet measured. All measured spectra were compared with existing library spectra or with spectra measured from validated samples to judge whether the mineral samples could be regarded as pure and, where possible, their chemical composition and mineralogy were validated by X-ray fluorescence and X-ray diffraction. For quality control, all such relevant metadata, including macroscopic descriptions of each sample, were collated in an associated database. In total, the spectral library contains more than 2000 spectra, from 562 specimens, representing 130 mineral groups. This library focuses on the most common rock-forming minerals of relevance to metalliferous exploration and mining, with a few limitations resulting from availability of suitable samples, which will be addressed as new samples become available. Comparisons with emission spectra from existing spectral libraries show good agreement, indicating that this spectral library will also be useful in the remote sensing domain.


The cardioprotective effects of lipid-lowering drugs have been primarily attributed to their effects on blood lipid metabolism.However,emerging evidence indicates that lipid-lowering drugs also modulate the synthesis and secretion of adipose tissue-secreted proteins referred to as adipokines.Adipokines influence energy homeostasis and metabolism and have also been shown to modulate the vascular inflammatory cascade.The purpose of this review will be to examine the reported effects of commonly used lipid-lowering drugs(statins,fibrates,niacin and omega-3-fatty acids) on the circulating concentrations of leptin,adiponectin,tumor necrosisfactor-α(TNF-α),Retinol binding protein 4(RBP4) and resistin.Overall,the lipid-lowering drugs reviewed have minimal effects on leptin and resistin concentrations.Conversely,circulating adiponectin concentrations are consistently increased by each lipid-lowering drug reviewed with the greatest effects produced by niacin.Studies that have examined the effects of statins,niacin and omega-3-fatty acids on TNF-α demonstrate that these agents have little effect on circulating TNF-α concentrations.Niacin and fibrates appear to lower RBP4 but not resistin concentrations.The results of the available studies suggest that a strong relationship exists between pharmacological reductions in blood lipids and adiponectin that is not obvious for other adipokines reviewed.


The problem of default on overseas receivables is an obstacle to the development of foreign trade.This paper analyzes the reason of leading default on receivables.The key reasons include Chinese company lacking general management system of credit,and incorrectly recognizing the risk and cost.Lastly this paper puts forward the solutions from inside and outside aspects. The company should build general and correct credit management system and the government should reform the system of export credit insurance.


With constant progress being made in informatization of network and continuing education, remote continuing education informatization infrastructure has reached certain scale in our school. Our construction capability has been enhanced steadily, while the number and quality of digital education resources has witnessed substantial improvement. Given the wide coverage of our external learning centers (311 off-campus learning centers in over 20 provinces, including municipalities and autonomous regions, and over 100 Aopeng off-campus learning centers), some centers, with limited funding, is facing problems like high software development costs and maintenance and upgrading difficulties. On-line software service based on SaaS is a newly-emerged software application mode and also one of the three cloud computing modes. In this thesis, the on-line learning platform based on SaaS mode, being practical, universally-applicable, flexible and extendable, transformed educational software from traditional products into service, which could greatly reduce software and hardware and thereby better serve the remote continuing education in our school.


Welcome to this issue of Research in Dance Education. Despite still being in the midst of the global pandemic, spring is here and there is hope, with the start of world-wide vaccination programmes and the resuming of some studio-based and education context dance practices. The journal continues to thrive with contributions from around the globe. I thank you for your continued commitment to sharing research, practice and critical debate during challenging times. I am pleased that the call for the special issue: Dance, Health and Performance has been well received and that the call has been extended. This issue of Research in Dance Education includes dance research from the UK, Spain and the USA, with a focus on student teachers, practising teachers, dance students and education and community contexts. The articles discuss pedagogical, sociological, and scientific aspects of dance education. The issue opens with Canales-Lacruz and Rovira's article 'Social interaction and group work in corporal expression activities' that reports findings during an expressive-artistic physical activity module from students engaging in a teacher education degree. The student teaching practice diaries and comments in relation to the student experiences on the module, were content analysed and suggest that the power of social interaction should not be under-estimated in developing a sense of support and community. We stay with the experiences of pre-service teachers in 'Off the paper and into the dance: investigating preservice elementary teachers' experiences with dynamic spatial reasoning choreography tasks' by authors An, Tillman and Hachey. The student teachers participated in a series of spatial reasoning activities from design using a lego-based grid worksheet to translation in movement as a geometry-themed choreography. Findings suggest that the student teachers encountered disorientation during transitioning between the paper and dance. This study could inform future work in relation to understanding and navigating spatial reasoning and movement/dance and choreography. Next, authors Vincent, Timmons and Mulholland in their study 'The challenges of providing a quality certificated dance education within secondary schoolsfindings from a comparative study exploring the experiences of eight English and Scottish dance teachers', discuss dance education provision and qualifications in secondary schools in England and Scotland. Analysis of documentation related to qualification syllabi and specifications and interviews with practising dance teachers, revealed that there are challenges with understanding and applying the information given in examination syllabi and specifications. The study suggests that it would be helpful to undertake greater consultation with dance teachers as examination syllabi and specifications are developed in the future, and to potentially increase examination course length of study. RESEARCH IN DANCE EDUCATION 2021, VOL. 22, NO. 1, 1–2 https://doi.org/10.1080/14647893.2021.1898841


Recent findings The identification of dendritic cell subsets and phenotypic markers within the healthy and diseased intestine has progressed significantly, including improved identification of dendritic cell subsets within the human intestine. Recently, the role for dietary factors and the microbiome in modulating the intestinal dendritic cell functions has begun to be better investigated, resulting in a number of new findings relating to retinoic acid metabolism, pattern recognition receptor triggering and G-protein-coupled receptor activation. In addition, the interactions between goblet cells and mucin with intestinal dendritic cells are being better defined. Summary


By applying Internet/Intranet technology in the design of DNC system and rebuilding existing DNC system, the former DNC system is transformed easily into an Internet/Intranet_based DNC system.


The use of network telescopes in the analysis of potentially malicious traffic has become increasingly more popular over the last decade. Research in the field of un-solicited traffic analysis from network telescopes has proven successful in observing, identification and tracking of Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks, worm prorogation and network scanning. A network telescopes is used to capture traffic that would be destined towards un-used address space, which means that virtually all traffic it captures is illegitimate. This makes the analysis of network telescope traffic important and well suited towards understanding the state of illegitimate and potentially malicious traffic on the internet. The successful analysis of network telescope traffic requires the use of reliable and accurate metrics. These metrics when applied to traffic analysis would allow users to observe and understand the traffic decomposition and more easily identify trends and anomalies that might warrant further investigation. The capture and analysis of network telescope traffic is however only the first step towards interpreting results. To aid in interpretation, the information obtained from analysis is often visualised. Information visualisation is important for displaying large amounts of data and placing it into a context that lends itself towards understanding and interpretation. A method often employed to monitor large sets of information is the use of dashboards. Information dashboards are a collection of visualisation techniques that have been applied to extract relevant information from data. To further increases the efficient use of space and provide a richer visualisation environment, information is often grouped and complementing data is shown. This paper will introduce an information visualisation framework which was developed to analyse, visualise and maintain information extracted from network telescope traffic. The framework was named Ember and was created using a multitude of different web based technologies. Through the use of web centric languages and services we were able to build a modular and highly extensible tool which was then used for the visualisation of network based traffic. We will then show how the Ember framework was used to analyse 30 days of traffic captured by the Rhodes University network telescope. The paper will show that by using the Ember framework the process of network telescope traffic analysis could be automated to save time and visualised to gather a better understanding of the traffic and what it implied. We will thus illustrate how it is possible to make use of both open source and proprietary web technologies to create a dynamic and flexible platform independent framework for traffic based analysis and visualisation.


The solar radiation in the form of electromagnetic waves emitted by the sun, travels the extraterrestrial space without any essential interaction with matter, and reaches the earth's atmosphere. Therein, the beam solar radiation undergoes physic-chemical processes and experiences scattering by (macro) molecules, dust, or other tiny particles in the air. This process creates the solar radiation component called diffuse radiation. Thus, the solar radiation on any surface on the earth consists of the beam solar radiation, the diffuse radiation and the one reflected by the surroundings.


Cells expressing a single open reading frame encoding a self-processing polyprotein. Proteins were concatenated via a short (24aa) auto-'cleaving' peptide. By the inclusion of targeting signals at multiple sites within the polyprotein, individual processing products were targeted to different sites. Here, YFP is localised in the Golgi apparatus, whilst heamaggutinin-neuraminidase (red) is independently targeted to the surface of the cell. (de Filipe and Ryan. Traffic 2004; 5(8):616–626).


A two-stage epidemiologic strategy was used to estimate the lifetime prevalence of selected DSM-III-defined psychiatric disorders in a county-wide secondary school population (N = 5596). Screening tests used in the first stage included items based on DSM-III criteria for eating disorders and panic disorder, as well as the Leyton Obsessional Inventory-Child Version and the Beck Depression Inventory. Based on interviews (n = 356) by clinicians in the second stage, the lifetime prevalence of anorexia nervosa was 0.2%; bulimia, 2.5%; panic disorder, 0.6%; obsessive-compulsive disorder, 1.9%; major depression, 4.0%; dysthymic disorder, 4.9%; and generalized anxiety disorder, 3.7%. While rates of mental health service utilization varied greatly by diagnosis, only 41% of students who were assigned both a diagnosis and a rating of impairment had received any kind of clinical attention.


Using subpicosecond photoinduced absorption, we monitor the evolution of singlet excitons in solutions of regiorandom poly(3‐octylthiophene) (P3OT), regioregular poly(3‐hexylthiophene) (P3HT), and a well‐defined α‐oligothiophene with 12 repeat units (T12). We find a luminescence lifetime of 500 ps, and we observe the intersystem crossing from the singlet manifold to the triplet manifold, with a rate constant of k−1ISC=1.2 ns. By measuring the quantum efficiency of luminescence, we estimate an intrinsic lifetime of 2 ns for the singlet excitons, and a nonradiative decay rate of k−1nr=1.5 ns. We find no difference in the intersystem crossing time for the different thiophene derivatives, implying the intersystem crossing rate is determined primarily by the relatively large spin–orbit interaction due to the sulfur heteroatom and not by chain defects, chain ends, or effects due to the side groups. In addition, we find that for t<50 ps a fraction of the photoexcitations undergo one‐dimensional diffusion limited...