The Fraunhofer IPMS, in cooperation with Micronic Laser Systems, develops and fabricates micromirror arrays used as spatial light modulators (SLM) for image generation in microlithography. The SLMs used consist of 2048×512 individually addressable micromirrors of 16×16μm2 and can be operated in an analog mode at a frame rate of up to 2 kHz. There are continued efforts to improve the performance of the mask writers with respect to stability and CD uniformity, which include measures to improve the SLMs used, especially with respect to the optical quality and the stability. Therefore, a new technology has been introduced which allows to use different materials for the mechanical suspension and the mirror, thus optimizing them separately. The hinges are made of a thin layer of a material with very good creep resistance, while the mirrors consist of a thick aluminium alloy with high reflectivity in DUV. Furthermore, the same inorganic material is used for the planarization of the electrodes (by means of chemical mechanical polishing) and as sacrificial layer for the actuator fabrication. Thus, at the end of the process, all sacrificial material, including that between the electrodes is removed. In this way, the charging effects caused by dielectrics between the electrodes (as seen in the previous devices) are eliminated. The first devices using the technology described above have been fabricated and tested. The first tests in a lithography machine show that considerable improvements in machine performance can be expected. The next steps are to stabilize and optimize the process.


Two parabolic flow computer programs, SHIP (a finite-difference program) and COMOC (a finite-element program), are used for predicting three-dimensional turbulent reacting flow fields in supersonic combustors. The theoretical foundation of the two computer programs are described, and then the programs are applied to a three-dimensional turbulent mixing experiment. The cold (nonreacting) flow experiment was performed to study the mixing of helium jets with a supersonic airstream in a rectangular duct. Surveys of the flow field at an upstream were used as the initial data by programs; surveys at a downstream station provided comparison to assess program accuracy. Both computer programs predicted the experimental results and data trends reasonably well. However, the comparison between the computations from the two programs indicated that SHIP was more accurate in computation and more efficient in both computer storage and computing time than COMOC.


Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) modified TCRab T cells are now available as authorised therapies for certain B cell malignancies, but the process of autologous harvest and generation of patient specific products is costly, with complex logistics and infrastructure requirements. Pre-manufactured banks of allogeneic donor derived CAR T cells could help widen applicability if the challenges of HLA mismatched T cell therapy can be addressed. Genome editing is being applied to overcome allogeneic barriers, most notably by disrupting TCRab to prevent graft versus host disease, and multiple competing editing technologies, including CRISPR/Cas9 and base editing, have reached clinical phase testing. Improvements in targeting and efficiency has unlocked applications against a wider range of blood malignancies with multiplexed editing incorporated to target HLA molecules, shared antigens and checkpoint pathways. Clinical trials will help establish safety profiles and determine the durability of responses, as well as the role of consolidation by allogeneic transplantation.


In recent years,the industry of resource recycling is developing rapidly and it is seen as a new power of the industrial economy in China,the private owned industrial enterprises act as the main force.As the law of circular economy promotion and the relevant regulations are carried out,the industry is on the way to develop orderly and rapidly.Its main strategy in the industry development is to speed up the construction of self-directed innovation capability and to improve continuously the comprehensive utilization of resources.


The populations of three–spined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus) in the Baltic Sea have increased tenfold over the last decade. A large increase in abundance can alter the offshore and coastal food webs. Despite of these facts, there are large gaps in the knowledge about the stickleback ecology in the Baltic and the possible effect they might have on their environment. Earlier investigations state that stickleback mainly occupy the deeper areas offshore, and only migrate to the shallow areas during May–July to spawn. Observations by recreational fishermen indicate that this may be incorrect, and that some adult sticklebacks are present in the shallow areas even during the winter. One aim of this study was to investigate the timing of stickleback migration to a shallow coastal area in Kalmar Sound. The study also aimed to examine the relative abundance in two adjacent shallow areas in the archipelago south of Kalmar, where one of the areas is a pike spawning ground. A one month long test fishing with fyke nets was started on the first day after ice break. Results show that the sticklebacks are present in the bays immediately after the ice break, and that high abundances coincide with the pike spawning period. Stomach analyses showed that sticklebacks consumed a large proportion of crustaceans, but also fish eggs were found. These results shed new light on the management actions for many of the coastal spring spawning fish species that have shown decreasing abundances during the last decades.


This paper deals with the formulation and development of fracture criteria for high-strength structural members containing surface damage in the form of notches (i.e., blunt defects). The important role of the yield strength of the material and its strain hardening capacity (evaluated by means of the constitutive law or stress-strain curve) is analysed in depth by considering the fracture performance of notched samples taken from high-strength steels with different levels of cold drawing (the most heavily drawn steel being commercial prestressing steel used in prestressed concrete). The final aim of the paper is to establish fracture-based design criteria for structural members made of steels with distinct yield strength and containing very different kinds of notch-shape surface damage.


Dalradian rocks in west Perthshire contain structures which resemble either current bedding or graded bedding, but have been formed by tectonic deformation or by mineralogical reconstitution. As the dominant banding of the rocks in the area investigated is of tectonic, not sedimentary, origin, the few sedimentary structures that remain are of no value in the interpretation of stratigraphic sequence or of major structure.


Although factors influencing adoption of technology-enabled banking has been studied by many researchers, the construct perceived usefulness had been analysed as a single construct. Moreover, the measurement of perceived usefulness by researchers does not discuss sub-dimensions or sub-factors, which could contribute to perceived usefulness associated with a particular technological innovation. This article empirically examines the influence of various factors on user attitude and intention towards adopting mobile banking. Based on focus-group discussion and personal interview with bankers, technology acceptance model (TAM) and studies on technology adoption, we propose a mobile banking adoption model in Indian context. We also examine the impact of demographics on user attitude and intention. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) on a sample of 367 respondents resulted in seven factors which were found to be reliable. Confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated significant convergent and discriminant validity. Logistic regression equation was used to estimate the degree of correct prediction of user attitude and intention towards mobile banking adoption. Perceived trust, perceived ease of use (PEOU), perceived lifestyle compatibility, perceived efficiency and perceived convenience significantly impacted user attitude. However, user attitude was not found to differ significantly between demographic variables. Similarly, perceived trust, PEOU, perceived lifestyle compatibility and perceived efficiency were found to positively and significantly affect user intention. User intention was found to significantly vary across demographic groups based on gender and household income.


Many evolutionary algorithms have been used to solve multi-objective scheduling problems. NSGA-II is one of them that is based on the Pareto optimality concept and generally obtains good results. However, it is possible to improve its performance with some modifications. In this paper, two modified NSGA-II algorithms have been suggested for solving the multi-objective flexible job shop scheduling problem. The neighborhood structures defined for the problem are integrated into the algorithms to create better generations during the iterations. Also, their initial populations are created with an effective heuristic. In the first modified NSGA-II, after the creation of the offspring population, a neighbor of each individual in the parent population is constructed, and then one of them is selected according to the domination state of the solutions. Then the populations are merged to create a new population. In the second modified NSGA-II, only the solutions on the first and second fronts of the parent population and also their neighbors are merged with the offspring population. Other operators of the algorithms like the non-dominated sorting and calculating the crowding distances are as the classic NSGA-II. A comparison is done with a classic NSGA-II based on two metrics. The results show that as it is in the first modified NSGA-II, including neighbors of more individuals of the population provides better results because it increases diversity and intensity of the search. The performance of the second modified NSGA-II is almost similar to the NSGA-II. So, it can be concluded that although integrating the neighborhood structures can improve the performance of search, it is better to define that the structures should be applied to how many and which solutions, in otherwise the quality of search may not increase.


Present study investigates the fuzzy reliability of some systems using intuitionistic fuzzy Weibull lifetime distribution, in which the lifetime parameters are assumed to be fuzzy parameter due to uncertainty and inaccuracy of data. Expressions for fuzzy reliability, fuzzy mean time to failure, fuzzy hazard function and their α-cut have been discussed when systems follow intuitionistic fuzzy Weibull lifetime distribution. A numerical example is also taken to illustrate the methodology to calculate the fuzzy reliability characteristics of systems.


A new species of Rhypasma is described from the Dominican Republic. The main differences of this new species with the others known are also given.


An analysis of the relationship of radioprotective properties in the series of derivatives of S-2-aminoethylthiosulphates and S-2-aminothiols with their electronic characteristics and physicochemical parameters was performed. The result indicates the existence of a statistically significant relationship between the radioprotective activity and the value of the parameters of the radioprotector molecule: the lower free molecular orbital, the product of the ionization potential and polarizability, and the distribution coefficient in the octanol-water system. In the process of implementing the protective properties of a radioprotector, the ability of the drug to participate in the formation of charge transfer complexes for temporary inhibition of biochemical processes is of great importance. It was shown that the protective effect correlates with the ability of these compounds to participate in the electron transfer process, the energy of intermolecular interaction in the drug-damaged biomolecule system, and the transport properties of radioprotector molecules in the body. It was established that protection can be carried out through the formation of complexes in which molecules of S-2-aminoethylthiosulphate and S-2-aminothiol derivatives act as ligands, and the protective effect increases with an increase in the bond of the complexes and the mobility of the radioprotector molecules.


A one-dimensional TVD correction scheme is described, which can be successfully applied not only in 1D calculations, but also in 2D - 3D modeling [1-2]. The advantage of the proposed scheme is the lack of solving matrix equations. The implementation of the scheme in conjunction with the large particle method was tested on the problems of arbitrary discontinuity breakup and strong point explosion. The modeling of acetylene combustion in a shock tube and its transition to detonation was performed depending on the conditions set on the surface of the tube, and the parameters of the problem.


The STOCH model of non-equilibrium assignment is often implemented in all kinds of transportation planning software, but the cost in computation of the model is very high. Probability assignment model is difficult to apply in real life; moreover, the efficiency of Monte-Carlo imitation restrains its development. Taking the advantage of the orientation of searching the route and the position of links and nodes, this article constructs a new assignment model. The new model has considered the congestion effects due to limited vehicle capacity. In the new model the mechanism of route choice comes from STOCH, but it has a great improvement in choosing parameters. How the new traffic assignment model is implemented is described in this article. We also compare the new model with STOCH through a simple example.


In our research to identify gene involved in the cuticle protein, we cloned a novel cuticle protein gene, ApCP15.5, from the Chinese oak silkmoth, Antheraea pernyi, larvae cDNA library. The gene encodes a 149 amino acid polypeptide with a predicted molecular mass of 15.5 kDa and a pI of 9.54. The ApCP15.5 contained a type-specific consensus sequence identifiable in other insect cuticle proteins and the deduced amino acid sequence of the ApCP15.5 cDNA is most homologous to Tenebrio molitor-C1B ( protein sequence identity), followed by Locusta migratoria-76 ( protein sequence identity). Northern blot and Western blot analyses revealed that the ApCP15.5 showed the epidermis-specific expression. The expression profile of ApCP15.5 indicated that the ApCP15.5 mRNA expression was detected in the early stages after larval ecdysis and larval-pupal metamorphosis, and its expression level was most significant on the first day of larval ecdysis and pupal stage. The ApCP15.5 was expressed as a 15.5 kDa polypeptide in baculovirus-infected insect cells.


The study indicated that garlic enzyme activity was the most energy at temperature 35 ℃, pH 5~6 and appendant 0.014 mmol/L Fe2+. Under the condition, garlicin was distilled the most after it has been hydrolyzed for 50 min by garlic enzyme.


Wastewater coagulation and electrocoagulation were investigated as sorption processes involving colloidal sorbents such as (Al(OH) 3 ) n , (Fe(OH) 3 ) m and (Fe(OH) 2 ) p . An attempt was made to fit experimental data to two popular sorption models. Based on a statistical and mathematical analysis of the obtained results, the Langmuir model of chemical adsorption was regarded more probable than the Freundlich model. The highest maximum adsorption of phosphorus in the analyzed wastewater was achieved with the use of PIX, and the lowest adsorption maxima were reported for an iron electrocoagulant. PAC was most effective in reducing COD of wastewater. PAC and PIX delivered higher adsorption maxima for compounds responsible for COD than aluminum and iron electrocoagulants.


The utility model provides a pipe column using technologies of multilayer mining, testing pressure by layers and obtaining yield by layers, which is applied to layered tests of multilayer mining oil wells of oilfields. The pipe column mainly consists of an oil pipe, a sucker rod, an oil pump, an upper switch, a packer, a lower switch and a screw plug, wherein the oil pipe is connected with the oil pump; the upper end of the oil pump is connected with the sucker rod; the oil pipe arranged on the lower part of the oil pump is connected with the upper switch; the oil pipe arranged on the lower part of the upper switch is connected with the packer; the oil pipe arranged on the lower part of the packer is connected with the lower switch; the bottom part of the lower oil pipe of the lower switch is fixed with the screw plug; the packer is arranged between the upper oil layer and the lower oil layer; and the packer is fixed on the inner wall of the sleeve. The pipe column has the effects of realizing the continuous delamination test on the multilayer oil wells by one pipe column and reducing the workload in the layered testing field. The pipe column has simple structure and can be applied to straight wells as well as directional wells.


Silicon slot waveguide based mode converter was designed for the effective mode conversion and polarization rotation between a horizontal channel waveguide and a vertical slot waveguide. The device with minimum length of 40μm was demonstrated in amorphous silicon waveguides to provide the mode conversion between the TE mode in the horizontal channel waveguide and the TM mode in the horizontal slot-waveguide. The insertion loss at the transition region plus the propagation loss in 1.5mm long slot waveguide was less than 3dB. More than 10 dB polarization extinction ratio (PER) was achieved in this device.


Now a day's cloud computing is a fastest growing technology that are very demanded emerging technology, that provided services like Infrastructure for organization that service comes under IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service), The Cloud is also provide platform for building application that service are known as a PaaS (Platform as a Service) & The cloud is also provide services online, for that you don't have to install any kind of software that service are known as SaaS (Software as a Service). The Salesforce is a reputed organization in the field of cloud computing, initially they start with CRM (SaaS Service). Now they also provided platform with the help of Force.com, Heroku. Force.com is provide platform for building pure native application with APEX language as a backend, the APEX language is same as a java language but syntax and functionality is some different compare to java. Salesforce provides security to protect data on cloud. This paper focus on Salesforce internal security, Two-Factor Authentication, Single Sign-On, OWD (Org. wise default setting), permission set, sharing rule, profile, role & field level security.


Minimally invasive heart surgery continues to spread rapidly around the world. Although coronary artery bypass surgery with median sternotomy continues to be performed intensively in many centers, the results of the new literature continue to contribute to proving the reliability of minimally invasive coronary surgery. In this study, we aimed to contribute to the routine feasibility of minimally invasive coronary bypass with left anterior mini‐thoracotomy with our own case series.


The present invention discloses a reagent preparing device, the reagent preparing apparatus capable of being connected to a sample measuring section, measuring the sample by using a portion of the reagent preparing apparatus to prepare a diluted reagent for measuring a specimen, the reagent preparing apparatus comprising: a reagent modulation unit modulating diluted reagent containing a predetermined reagent and pure water; hydrogen ion index determination section, of the hydrogen ion concentration of the diluted reagent prepared by the reagent preparing section is measured; and a control unit, performing predetermined processing, wherein wherein the control unit is configured to change the process to be performed based on the measurement of hydrogen ion concentration measured by the hydrogen ion exponent portion. The present invention also discloses a specimen analyzing apparatus.


The present paper addresses the influence of chemical induced stresses on diffusion in interstitial systems. This is exemplified by simulations of carbon diffusion in austenite at high temperatures and it is shown that old well established literature data is flawed by the occurrence of composition induced stress. For the technological relevant system of expanded austenite the diffusion can be dramatically affected by composition induced stress.


Inventory management (IM) has a decisive role in the enhancement of manufacturing industry's competitiveness. Therefore, major manufacturing industries are following IM practices with the intention of improving their performance. However, the effort to introduce IM in SMEs is very limited due to lack of initiation, expertise, and financial constraints. This paper aims to provide a guideline for entrepreneurs in enhancing their IM performance, as it presents the results of a survey based study carried out for machine tool small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Bangalore. Having established the significance of inventory as an input, we probed the relationship between IM performance and economic performance of these SMEs. To the extent possible all the factors of production and performance indicators were deliberately considered in pure economic terms. All economic performance indicators adopted seem to have a positive and significant association with IM performance in SMEs. On the whole, we found that SMEs which are IM efficient are likely to perform better on the economic front also and experience higher returns to scale.


Marketing organizations have relied on external organizations to measure the success of marketing communication activity. The traditional dependence on external organizations developed with good reasons in the historical marketplace. Changes in technology now make better marketing communication measures available that rely on internal data. Analysis and modeling should no longer be separated from the development of a dynamic marketing strategy. A four step process is suggested including assembling the internal data, preparing the data, selecting statistical models, and applying the analysis to the marketing communication problem. H istorically, for most marketing organizations, marketing communication measurement has been an external activity based on external measures and conducted through external measurement systems. The marketing organization has attempted to understand the success of its marketing communication programs and activities among various groups of external customers and prospects. Further, it has tended to use external organizations to collect and analyze the necessary data that then provides the firm with various measures of success. For example, external rating services for broadcast listernership or viewership, readership and ratings of print advertising, television pre-testing methodologies, new product forecasting services, brand tracking services and the like all attempt to measure or value the impact or potential of the marketing communication program and activities. All generally have been or are outside the marketing organization. Thus, a vast array of external organizations including vendors, research companies, syndicators, consultants and the like have emerged to service the marketer's needs by measuring the impact and effect of various types of marketing communication activities. This external approach probably worked well in the 20th century marketplace. But, it is likely too slow and cumbersome, measures the wrong things and provides the organization with too little information and direction to enable marcom managers to cope with the increasingly sophisticated, dynamic and global 21st century marketplace. We believe the measurement of marketing communication results, particularly those relating to the impact, effect and returnon-investment of marketing communication investments, should be moved back inside the marketing organization. Further, we provide a methodology by which this can be done efficiently and effectively. I. The Case for Internal Marketing Communication Measurement There are many reasons marketing communication measurement and evaluation developed outside the marketing organization that sponsored and managed it. Many of these approaches, techniques and methodologies made eminently good sense when they were developed. Today, however, the marketing organization could substantially benefit by having closer and more relevant control of its marcom evaluation and measurement process. This is not a condemnation of the external suppliers, it is simply a recognition that the marketplace has changed, the marketing organization's needs have changed and the methodologies used to evaluate marketing communication have changed as well. Thus, continuing use of out-dated and irrelevant marketing communication measures simply flies in the face of good management of the organization's finite resources. In this paper, we present the basis for our proposal, describe the changes that have occurred that make this internal measurement system possible and practical and provide some direction on how marketing organizations might go about developing the needed internal measurement systems. The paper is organized into four parts. (a) why marketing communication measurement has been focused on external tools and measures and why the firm has generally relied on external


This article investigates conditions for increasing active participation in on-line communities. As a case study, we use three generations of facilities designed to promote learning in the area of Educational Modelling Languages. Following a description of early experience with a conventional web site and with a community site offering facilities for collaboration, we describe a pilot implementation of a Learning Network. Preliminary participation data (both passive and active) is reported, together with lessons learned while setting up the pilot. Early experiences reveal that clear policies, usability and reward systems are of importance when facilitating a Learning Network. Our "lessons learned" are phrased in terms of recommendations which will be used to guide subsequent Learning Network implementations.


To explore the mechanism of protein stability change is one of the important topics in protein design. The accurate prediction of protein stability change upon mutation is very useful for enhancing the experimental efficiency in many biological and medical studies. In this work, we aimed at effectively introducing data mining technologies for investigating the understanding of protein stability change upon double mutation. We constructed a non-redundant dataset of protein mutants with various attributes and applied systematically analyses on the dataset. Therefore, we developed general knowledge from the dataset by several data mining techniques, including decision tree, decision table and association rule algorithms. Furth ermore, we interpreted, evaluated, and compared those knowledge outcomes obtained from different techniques. The observations on the experimental results demonstrated that the present method may serve as an effective tool in biomedical informatics to understand the prediction of protein stability change upon double mutation.


Measurements of translational diffusion coefficients by quasielastic laser light scattering, sedimentation coefficients, and intrinsic viscosities at zero shear of proteoglycan subunit fraction A1‐D1‐D1 isolated from bovine nasal septa are reported. Molecular weights and hydrodynamic dimensions are compared with those expected on the basis of structural models previously proposed. Comparison of the concentration dependence of the diffusion coefficient in the presence of NaCl and GdnHCl leads to the conclusion that significant self‐association behaviour of subunit occurs in the absence of GdnHCl. In the absence of added salt, anomalous nonlinear concentration dependence of Dt estimated from wide‐angle light‐scattering experiments is observed. In addition, Dt apparently becomes angle dependent. These results are interpreted in terms of the perturbation of normal translational diffusion of the monomer by strong repulsive intermolecular interactions due to the combined effects of long‐range electrostatic forces and macromolecular congestion at higher concentrations. By carrying out experiments at small scattering angles, it is possible to determine D  t0 for proteoglycan subunit in the absence of supporting electrolyte. Titration of a dilute solution of subunit with hyaluronic acid results in a sigmoidal behaviour of the Stokes radius, indicating the formation of complexes of higher molecular weight results from the noncovalent association of proteoglycan subunits with hyaluronate. Observation of Dt appears to provide a useful method for studying the proteoglycan subunit–hyaluronate interactions.


Abstract : Expansions of probability density functions and their corresponding cumulative distribution functions, directly from given characteristic functions, have been achieved in a series form, with four parameters which are under the control of the user, thereby enabling realization of more rapidly convergent terms. Typical examples of characteristic functions encountered in detection of multiple matched filter outputs are presented, along with an application to a noisy channel with partially correlated fading. The series presented here enable immediate evaluation of performance of a related normalizer once the expansion coefficients have been determined. An extension to allow for additive Gaussian noise is realized through a set of simple but efficient recursions.... Series expansions, Cumulative distributions, Characteristic functions, Rapid convergence, Fading application, Normalization


The invention discloses an optical fiber serial server and a local area network. The optical fiber serial server comprises a power supply circuit, an optical switching circuit, a serial port to network circuit and an extension serial circuit, wherein the power supply circuit is configured to be connected to the optical switching circuit, the serial port to network circuit and the extension circuit respectively to supply working current; the optical switching circuit is provided with a plurality of optical fiber interfaces for receiving optical signals; the extension serial circuit is provided with a plurality of serial interfaces for receiving serial signals; and the serial port to network circuit is configured to be connected with the optical switching circuit and the extension serial circuit respectively in order to convert the received serial signals into optical signals and transmit the optical signals to the optical switching circuit or convert the received optical signals into serial signals and transmit the serial signals to the extension serial circuit. When a host server performs information transmission with a terminal, the position of terminal equipment can be known according to the address of the optical fiber serial server, and the running state of the optical fiber serial server can be checked through the address.


For airport noise characteristics and distribution,a tracking algorithm of airport noise contours based on path grid is presented.By constructing effective grid vertex and path grid,contour tracking process can determine the only next equivalent points,and quickly generate a contour map,then smooth contour according to its own characteristics.Finally,in order to check the influence of noise of different regions,it is necessary to fill the contour with different colors.


The preparation of sulfated apple dietary fibers by extrusion was studied in this manuscript. The samples' structures were characterized by FT-IR, and the antioxidant activity of samples were evaluated by ORAC(oxygen radical absorbance capacity) fluorometric assay. The results indicated that the optimistic process were as follows: the ratio of amino acid and dietary fibers was 3:10, and the ratio of concentrated sulfuric acid and dietary fibers was 4:10, standing time was 2 h, screw rotation speed was 650 r/min. The degree of substitution of sulfated apple dietary fibers were 0.79. The FT-IR revealed that sulfated groups have been successfully grafted on the polysaccharide chains of dietary fibers. It is suggested that antioxidant capacity of the sulfated samples had been enhanced than before, and the ORAC value of ASDF was 100.34 μmol Trolox/g.


Accurate estimation of the actual battery capacity is crucial for a reliable battery management system. In this paper, the battery capacity is estimated based on the battery surface temperature change under the constant-current scenario. Firstly, the change of the battery surface temperature, which is equivalent to the area under the differential thermal voltammetry curve, over a specific voltage range is introduced as a direct feature of interest to reflect the actual battery capacity. Then, the temperature variation curve transformation is utilized to reduce the influence of the initial battery inconsistency. Lastly, the proposed method is validated based on eight groups of battery aging data from the Oxford battery degradation dataset. With the proposed method, the established reference correlation based on one battery can be applied to other batteries with a satisfying accuracy.


ome recent research developments of the lower and middle atmosphere excited by high power microwave (HPM) are introduced and summarized, including: the excitation mechanism of the thermal fast electrons induced by the high power microwave; owing to the increase of the electron temperature, the radio wave are Absorbed strongly; and the electron density are growth too along with the increase of the electron temperature.


Within the ESPRESSO project a new flexible data reduction library is being built. ESPRESSO, the Echelle SPectrograph for Rocky Exoplanets and Stable Spectral Observations is a fiber-fed, high-resolution, cross-dispersed echelle spectrograph. One of its main scientific goals is to search for terrestrial exoplanets using the radial velocity technique. A dedicated pipeline is being developed. It is designed to be able to reduce data from different similar spectrographs: not only ESPRESSO, but also HARPS, HARPS-N and possibly others. Instrument specifics are configurable through an input static configuration table. The first written recipes are already tested on HARPS and HARPS-N real data and ESPRESSO simulated data. The final scientific products of the pipeline will be the extracted 1-dim and 2-dim spectra. Using these products the radial velocity of the observed object can be computed with high accuracy. The library is developed within the standard ESO pipeline environment. It is being written in ANSI C and makes use of the Common Pipeline Library (CPL). It can be used in conjunction with the ESO tools Esorex, Gasgano and Reflex in the usual way.


The search for knowledge of biological activities and phytochemical screening of the species Morus alba L. is non- existent, however the present study came to explore this plant. To perform the phytochemical screening and the evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of the leaves of the species Morus alba L. Experimental analysis, with the collection of leaves of the species to obtain hydroalcoholic extract at 70% and from this extract the main secondary metabolites were identified. And after contributing to the systematic knowledge of the secondary metabolites of Morus alba L., antimicrobial activity was tested from the concentrated extracts of the leaves of the species. Among the extracts tested, the one that presented the most inhibitory activity in S. aureus was the concentrate, then the aqueous and finally the alcoholic.
In E. coli strains the extracts showed no effects. Phytochemical tests were performed using the concentrated extract using the methods of reference [1], where it presented the presence of reducing sugars, phenols and tannins, alkaloids and depsides and depsidones. The research emphasized the microbiological action of the species Morus alba L., as it is a poorly studied plant and may help in the future in the development of new drugs. Phytochemical studies were necessary to confirm this microbiological action, as they were essential for the identification of natural and efficient antibacterial agents.


A broad upper sideband improvement microstrip dual-mode resonator with stepped-impedance opened-end structure is represented to keep the dual-mode resonator's size compact size and lightweight. The stepped-impedance opened-end structure can change even mode resonant frequencies, whereas the odd mode frequency is fixed at the fundamental resonance. An improvement of the filter performance and wide suppress harmonics is achieved by locating transmission zero at the upper sideband. The simulated result of the dual-mode filter is designed at the resonant frequency of 2.14 GHz. The insertion loss is less than 1.1 dB, and the return loss better than 25 dB. It is exhibited that the upper sideband of dual-mode filter has a wide upper stopband, which improves from 15 dB to 25 dB over the frequency range of 2.1 GHz to 4.2 GHz compared to the conventional dual-mode structure.


Regions and sporting excellence : the ambivalences of a commitment. Last-born of the territorial authorities the regions have lately committed themselves to the promotion of physical and sporting activities. They are inescapable actors in the organization of sports and are involved in supporting sports excellence, mainly with a view to identity communication. What they do is little different from the level of other authorities, chiefly the sate. This side effect fully poses the question of an absence of competence transfer in the domain of sports.


Abstract:British girls' periodicals presented contradictory models of behavior for adolescents during the second half of the nineteenth century. While the magazines printed articles encouraging girls to honor and obey their elders, they also offered lengthy serialized stories that depicted disobedient heroines dismissing their parents' demands and being rewarded for bad behavior. This division between nonfiction and fiction pointed to a paradox at the heart of Victorian adolescence: girls were viewed as being simultaneously mature and immature, rebellious and conformist. By embodying this contradiction, girls' periodicals pushed back against societal controls just as adolescents wished to do.


Our focus in this Article is not predominantly on the doctrinal intricacies of the constitutional framework in Northern Ireland. In fact, while we acknowledge the considerable sophistication of that framework, one of our contentions is that an overly legalistic focus on the shape and forms of constitutional architecture masks key questions concerning the broader political and ideological role of constitution-making. We will argue that the particular exigencies of constitution-making in a post-conflict society require a broader understanding of the notion and role of constitutional law. We attempt to trace the source of constitutional ideas in the jurisdiction, and the role of constitutional and legal structures as public symbols, which chart the transition from violence. Part I of this Article considers the role of factors indigenous to the Northern Ireland conflict, which shaped the constitutional settlement, including the political fault lines and the changing view of the law among some of the key protagonists. Part II analyzes the international influence on the constitutional settlement, including the previous U.S. Administration, the European Union ("EU"), the European Convention of Human Rights ("ECHR"), and the strategy of "internationalizing" particularly difficult issues (such as weapons decommissioning), which were arguably beyond the political capacity of the local participants to agree upon among themselves. Part III considers the respective constitutional discourses of the governments of the UK (in particular, the commitment of the Labour Administration to the devolution of power), and the Republic of Ireland, which assumed the responsibility as stewards of the negotiation and implementation phases. Part IV then contrasts the current constitutional settlement with its historical antecedents, and considers how thinking of constitution-making as a process, which takes us "beyond the constitutional moment," and enhances our understanding of the role of constitutions in the art of peacemaking. CONSTITUTIONAL AND INSTITUTIONAL DIMENSIONS BEYOND THE "CONSTITUTIONAL MOMENT": LAW, TRANSITION, AND PEACEMAKING IN NORTHERN IRELAND Kieran McEvoy &John Morison*


A new stronger type of continuity which is stronger than both of $\delta \ p$ -continuity and strongly Na-continuity is introduced under the title of $ \delta\beta\ $ -continuity by using the notion beta-open sets of Abd El- Monsef et al. [1] and certain of its properties are studied.


The addition of drugs and their look-alikes to dietary supplements sold in this country has become a "significant health problem," according to the person who leads FDA's Division of Dietary Supplement Programs.

Just this past February, two companies recalled their dietary supplements because


The legal, cultural, and ecological issues surrounding Western Shoshone Indians' claim to and use of the public domain in Nevada are examined through discussion of three cases of contested uses: plans for a mine in a proposed World Heritage Site; plans for a dam at a sacred site; and economic use of the public domain for stock grazing by a Western Shoshone family. Results of a research project aimed at documenting historic and contemporary uses of the area as well as Shoshone land claims reveal a challenge for anthropologists and other social scientists to include the political impact of institutional power on ecosystems in environmental studies.


Abstract - The thermal decomposition and combustion mechanisms of PVC are examined. With respect to thermal decomposition, the results of a deuterium labeling (d-PVC) study indicate that the mechanism of benzene formation involves an intramolecular cyclization step rather than an intermolecular Diels-Alder condensation step. With respect to combustion, the evolution and ultimate fate of hydrogen chloride and other combustion gases generated under NBS Smoke Density Chamber conditions is described. The combustion of rigid PVC, flexible PVC and rigid PVC-wood mixtures has been carried out. It was observed that under smoldering conditions, rigid PVC evolves combustion gases in a sequence that agrees with the current mechanism of decomposition. It was discovered that under flaming conditions, the concentration of hydrogen chloride in the NBS Smoke Density Chamber rapidly decreases and that the decay follows first order kinetics. Analytical data is presented which shows that this decay is due to HCl condensation on the chamber walls and is not an experimental artifact. The data from these experiments indicate that water generated during combustion plays a key role in this condensation. Recent data published on the exposure of test animals to the combustion gases from PVC are reviewed in light of the above findings.


Objective: To compare the safety and efficacy of Improvised S2Q manual vacuum aspiration and Pipelle sampling as a diagnostic procedure for the evaluation of women presenting with abnormal uterine bleeding.
Study Design: Quasi-experimental study.
Place and Duration of Study: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Combined Military Hospital, Lahore Pakistan, from Oct 2021 to Aug 2022.
Methodology: A total of 148 females over 35 years of age with abnormal uterine bleeding, who needed endometrial sampling, were divided into two groups of 74 participants each. Group-A underwent endometrial sampling by Improvised S2Q manual vacuum aspiration, while Group-B underwent endometrial sampling by Pipelle sampler.
Results: Mean age of patients was 47.36±8.34 years in Group-A and 48.20±8.96 years in Group-B, while the mean BMI was 30.59±4.67 kg/m2 and 27.39±2.50 kg/m2 in Groups A and B, respectively. The volume of specimen obtained was found to be higher in the Improvised S2Q manual vacuum aspiration-Group as compared to the pipeline sampling-Group. The operating time in the Improvised S2Q manual vacuum aspiration-Group was 3.37±0.49 minutes, while in the pipeline sampling-Group, it was 3.20±0.55 minutes. No difference was found in the two procedures for side effects (tachycardia, pain/cramps) and complications (significant blood loss, perforation, infection), added analgesia or histopathology report.
Conclusion: Improvised S2Q manual vacuum aspiration can be used as an alternative low-cost procedure for endometrial sampling in women with abnormal uterine bleeding.Keywords: Biopsy, Curettage, Endometrium, Manual vacuum aspiration, Pipeline sampling.


For gas drilling, hole cleaning is a particularly critical problem. When the spiral centralizer is used in the down hole assembly of gas drilling, it will produce a powerful rotational flow which will be bond to have the influence of different level on the hole cleaning. For this matter, this paper has established a three-dimensional fluid dynamics model in the basis of gas-solid two-phase turbulent theory and got its numerical solution by using the finite volume method, therefore making a quantitative evaluation about the ability of cutting-carrying and lifting of the spiral centralizer. The results have shown that the spiral centralizer has the function of cutting-carrying and lifting; part of the rock debris pellet concentrates in the bottom of the blade, above less instead. The numerical calculation method has some guiding significance for spiral centralizer design in gas drilling.


The invention provides a channeling preventing and plugging agent and a construction method for controlling plugging and sealing channeling by utilizing the channeling preventing and plugging agent. The channeling preventing and plugging agent comprises a high-temperature-resistance pre-plugging agent serving as a pre-posed pre-plugging plug, an enhanced gel plugging agent serving as an intermediate enhanced plug and a high-strength resin plugging agent serving as a postposed sealing plug. The channeling preventing and plugging agent has the characteristics of high temperature resistance, long-term stability, good plugging performance and the like. The invention further provides a construction method for controlling plugging and sealing channeling by utilizing the channeling preventing and plugging agent. The method has a simple constructing process, and can be used for constructing after the channeling preventing and plugging agent is directly prepared on the spot. The channeling preventing and plugging agent can be used for effectively solving the adverse impact of the steam/air channeling phenomenon of a heavy oil thermal production well on production, and has an important effect on prolonging the production cycle of a heavy oil well and improving the recovery efficiency.


The E2/M1 ratio is found to be −3.1%. This ratio is calculated by using the new relativistic resonance model for pion‐photoproduction on a single nucleon [1]. The model is both unitary and gauge invariant to all orders of the strong coupling gπ. This model is also consistent with the πN scattering model that has been developed earlier and that describes final state interactions [2].


Railways have contributed to the complex mosaic of Cornish identity in three ways. First, as a holiday destination promoted from late Victorian times until the Second World War by companies such as the Great Western Railway, London and South Western Railway and Southern. Initially marketing its mild climate and health benefits as an alternative to holidaying abroad evolved, from the 1920s, into an enduring tourist gaze of romantic landscapes, myth and legend. Second, structural changes in the Cornish economy in association with a decline in metal mining precipitated large-scale emigration which continued until the start of the First World War. Railways represented the initial phase of the emigrant journey and the volume of migration was such that their role has become part of a cultural text signifying both loss and opportunity. Lastly, their physical presence and contribution to the landscape adds a further layer of social and cultural significance to Cornish identity.


High efficiency diode pumped Nd-doped LaSc3(BO3)4 (LSB) microchip laser has been reported before. 1-4 Nd:LSB crystals offer unique properties of large absorption coefficient, broad absorption band (FWHM = 3 nm) and high Nd doping with little concentration quenching. It is ideal for diode pumped miniature lasers where high (> 15%) Nd doping is preferred.


The caffeine contained in coffee powder processed traditionally taken in Kerinci can be isolated, crystallized and made into a caffeine salicylate. Isolation of caffeine conducted through the coffee powder with water extraction, fractionation with methylene chloride, and crystallized using acetone and petroleum ether. The crystallization process is obtained of caffeine powder which is then reacted with salicylic acid, caffeine salicylate formed by using the solvent toluene and petroleum ether. Identification of caffeine powder and caffeine salicylate include: organoleptic, melting range, color reaction, the ultraviolet spectrum, infrared spectrum and thin layer chromatography. The identification caffeine results meet the requirements listed in the Indonesian Pharmacopoeia V edition of  2014. The results of determining the wavelength of maximum absorption of caffeine powder isolation results was 276 nm, caffeine salicylate 243 & 307 nm. Rf values obtained from thin layer chromatography test for caffeine is 0.30 and caffeine salicylate 0.36.


Essential tremor, a common adult pathologic tremor disorder, is characterized by action tremors. Mainstays of treatment include gabapentin, primidone, and propranolol. However, many patients obtain insufficient benefit or do not tolerate these medications (especially the elderly). Short-term studies demonstrate that zonisamide may be effective for essential tremor; however, long-term data are lacking. This is a case report of an 83-year-old, right-handed man with essential tremor of the upper extremities and head who previously failed several pharmacological treatments (defined as obtaining inadequate benefit from maximum tolerated dose) with gabapentin, nadalol, propranolol, and primidone and was initiated on zonisamide monotherapy. Long-term zonisamide therapy (200 mg daily) was well tolerated in this elderly patient and associated with clinically significant improvement of upper extremity tremor and clinically modest improvement in head tremor. The beneficial effects and tolerability were sustained over nearly 28 months of follow-up treatment.


The article deals with the problem of disciplinary status of philosophy of history in the context of linguistic (narrative) "turn". It shows the dependence of the linguistic (analytical) philosophy of history from basic presumptions of speculative metaphysical historiosofia. The author explains the necessity to reconsider the philosophy of history as a discipline in the context of hermeneutic phenomenology. The author makes conclusion that the problems of the philosophy of language are not preceded by the problems of the philosophy of history. In the context of the hermeneutic phenomenology, these are fundamentally equal disciplines that are equally rooted in the existential analytics of Dasein.


In the past few years, high throughput technologies, such as gene expression microarrays and genotyping techniques, have provided efficient ways to measure gene expression levels and genotype variation on a genome-wide scale [Schena et al., 1995; Howell et al., 1999]. Various approaches have been proposed to analyse gene expression data and genotype variation data, in order to discover the complex network of biochemical processes of complex diseases such as chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) [Presson et al., 2008]. In the analysis of gene expression data, for example, the identification of differentially expressed genes between two groups has been of great interest, and various statistical tests have been conducted [Ghazalpour et al., 2008; Brem et al., 2002; Kang et al., 2008]. In analysing genotype variation data, logistic regression has been commonly used to model the relationship between binary clinical outcomes and discrete predictors, such as genotypes [Henshall & Goddard, 1999; Coffey et al., 2004].


The creation of a history of historical science and, as first priority, the historiography of the socialist epoch is one of the most important undertakings facing Soviet historians. It can be carried out successfully only by the collective efforts of scientists, who must carefully study the historiographical heritage of the past, and especially must evaluate thoroughly the efforts of its major representatives. An honorable place among them belongs to Academician Mikhail Nikolaevich Pokrovskii, with whose name an important stage in the development of the Soviet historical science is associated. Pokrovskii's scholarly heritage, his place and role in the development of the Soviet historical science must be studied because during the period of the Stalin personality cult, the name of Pokrovskii - a major Marxist historian - was condemned to oblivion and, for all practical purposes, was stricken from the science.


Management of Riau Main Stadium (SUR) has many obstacles and constraints. The obstacles can be seen from the ownership status of SUR that unclear from year 2013 – 2015, in 2012 after the implementation of PON in Riau Province. The ownership of SUR due to uncertainty of regarding the status of the debts helps by the Provincial Government to the contractor building in the stadium. Consequently have an impact on not managed of SUR, resulting SUR be groomed and well maintained. It can be seen from the surrounding area of the stadium which is already covered by bushes, and damaged several other supporting infrastructure such as building toilets, ticket purchases, and so on, by November 2016.This study uses the concept by theory Yusuf (2015), which states that in relation to the rules - the rules that limit, at least - there is at least three factors that need to be considered in the optimization of the regional asset value of the asset, the asset functions, as well as asset management systems and procedures. This study uses qualitative research with an assessment of descriptive data. Data collection techniques were collected by the researcher through observation, interviews, and documentation.This results indicate a conclusion that the factors that hinder SUR management deals with three problems with the environment of space. Namely the limited authority of Dispora manage, not the allocation of budget funds to meet development needs and repayment of debt, and also the scope of time to complete the stage-by-stage problems that stadium, because it is the next necessary seriousness for the government in managing the assets that exist in Riau including SUR, one of them with a good understanding in managing assets - public assets in an integrated and strategic by considering environmental aspects, sustainability, and the demands of society.


The present invention provides a measurement method based on the rotation vector algorithm, which is used for measuring the rotating speed of the synchronous generator. The three-phase phase voltage and the three-phase phase current at the motor terminal are sampled; and the velocity of the phase angle changes of the transient potential vector of the generator which rotates synchronously with the rotating shaft of the generator can be calculated, so as to acquire the rotating speed of the generator. In order to prevent the interference in the calculation process, the invention adopts the positive sequence components of the three-phase phase voltage and the three-phase phase current to perform the calculation. The invention has the advantages of simple calculation, high accuracy, large measuring range and easy operation, and is prevented from being influenced by the interference.


This paper addresses the design of a dedicated homophonic coding for a class of communication systems which, in order to provide both reliability and security, first encode the data before encrypting it, which is referred to as the encoding-encryption paradigm. The considered systems employ errorcorrection coding for reliability, a stream cipher for encryption, and homophonic coding to enhance the protection of the key used in the stream cipher, on which relies the security of all the system transmissions. This paper presents a security evaluation of such systems from a computational complexity point of view, which serves as a source for establishing dedicated homophonic code design criteria. The security evaluation shows that the computational complexity of recovering the secret key, given all the information an attacker could gather during passive attacks he can mount, is lower bounded by the complexity of the related LPN (Learning Parity in Noise) problem in both the average and worst case. This gives guidelines to construct a dedicated homophonic encoder which maximizes the complexity of the underlying LPN problem for a given encoding overhead. Finally, this paper proposes a generic homophonic coding strategy that fulfills the proposed design criteria and thus both enhances security while minimizing the


Most of humans will feel a particular space-emotion by a strength of visual perception. This space-emotion order to get the same that space elements have their respective roles as well as closely the interaction of these acts should be. Among the Finishing materials and lighting is very active interaction have very effective in inducing and positively ways so that are essential elements when designing a space. Therefore, this study is how planning methods to induce the same-emotion focusing on finishing materials and lighting expression ways.


The gut atrophy associated with total parenteral nutrition (TPN) may lead to a breakdown in the normal mucosal barrier and cause bacterial translocation. It has been hypothesized that a component of this breakdown involves stasis with bacterial overgrowth of more pathogenic organisms.1 Postoperative, critically ill surgical patients may be maintained with both TPN and morphine for analgesia. The effect of morphine on the gastrointestinal tract includes inhibition of intestinal transit with the potential for increased bacterial overgrowth. The objective of this study was to determine whether gut stasis induced by parenteral morphine led to enhanced bacterial translocation during TPN. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were allowed a period of time to adapt to their environment and then underwent a double-lumen cannulation. A line was placed in the internal jugular vein for the infusion of TPN, and a second subcutaneous line was tunneled in the back for the continuous infusion of morphine, similar to the infusion of ...


Share market plays an important role for the economic development of a nation. Companies and individuals purchase shares and bonds, and mostly uncertainties prevail over this market. The scholars, classical and modern, adopted different approach towards the validity or invalidity of such a market as it was not existent in the time of the Prophet or earlier generations.


This is part I of a book on KAM theory. We start from basic symplectic geometry, review Darboux-Weinstein theorems action angle coordinates and their global obstructions. Then we explain the content of Kolmogorov's invariant torus theorem and make it more general allowing discussion of arbitrary invariant Lagrangian varieties over general Poisson algebras. We include it into the general problem of normal forms and group actions. We explain the iteration method used by Kolmogorov by giving a finite dimensional analog.
Part I explains in which context we apply the theory of Kolmogorov spaces which will form the core of Part II.


Abstract Among the many sources of variability in human pain and analgesic responses are influences intrinsic to the organism—genetic and hormonal factors that contribute to individual differences. This chapter serves as a review of the clinical and experimental evidence that highlights the importance of these factors in effectively understanding clinical pain states and variability in pain and analgesic responses. Epidemiological and linkage studies have been carried out in humans, and observational studies of variability in pain and analgesic responses across genders and within the menstrual cycle provide a much needed human perspective. However, the experimental approach, with its inherent explanatory power, contributes much of the knowledge in this area. Much of the basic experimental work in this area is in its early stages, but it suggests the potential for using these factors to tailor pain treatment to the individual.


Transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1) plays a crucial role in the induction of the epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) in hepatocytes, which contributes to the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis. The inhibition of the TGFβ1 cascade suppresses EMT and the resultant fibrosis. In this study, we focus on EMT‐induced fibrosis in hepatocytes and the epigenetic regulation of the type I collagen gene. Histone acetylation is an important, major epigenetic mechanism that modulates gene transcription. We evaluated the epigenetic regulation of type I collagen in alpha mouse liver 12 hepatocytes (an untransformed mouse cell line) that had undergone EMT after treatment with TGFβ1. The histone deacetylase inhibitor trichostatin A (TSA) inhibited EMT; this was reflected by the preservation of epithelial markers and function (E‐cadherin and albumin). Fibrosis, the ultimate outcome of EMT, was abolished by TSA; this was indicated by the inhibition of type I collagen deposition. TSA exerted its anti‐EMT effects by deactivating the mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3 (Smad3)/Smad4 transcription complex and by interfering with p300, a coactivator of the type I collagen promoter, and preventing its binding to Smad3. TSA also restored Friend leukemia virus integration 1, an inhibitor of the type I collagen gene. TGFβ1‐induced EMT and its inhibition by TSA were replicated in human primary hepatocytes. Conclusion: Histone deacetylase inhibition abrogates TGFβ1‐induced EMT in hepatocytes and reverses EMT‐induced fibrosis by epigenetic modulation of type I collagen. (HEPATOLOGY 2010)


Three experiments investigate whether and why people accept explanations for symptoms that appeal to mental disorders, such as: "She experiences delusions because she has schizophrenia." Such explanations are potentially puzzling, as mental disorder diagnoses are made on the basis of symptoms, and the DSM implicitly rejects a commitment to some common, underlying cause. Do laypeople nonetheless conceptualize mental disorder classifications in causal terms? Or is this an instance of non-causal explanation? Experiment 1 shows that such explanations are indeed found explanatory. Experiment 2 presents participants with novel disorders that are stipulated to involve or not involve an underlying cause across symptoms and people. Disorder classifications are found more explanatory when a causal basis is stipulated, or when participants infer that one is present (even after it's denied in the text). Finally, Experiment 3 finds that merely having a principled, but non-causal, basis for defining symptom clusters is insufficient to reach the explanatory potential of categories with a stipulated common cause. We discuss the implications for accounts of explanation and for psychiatry.


Locum tenens opportunities allow physicians to keep their skills sharp so they can continue to practice medicine at their own pace. Find out what you need to make the grade.


With the increasing level of intelligence of logistics enterprises in China, the mode of artificial intelligent logistics distribution has become a new strategy for the development of modern logistics industry. In the logistics industry of artificial intelligence, logistics robot has occupied the market and become the key link of logistics distribution. It is of great significance to study the distribution mode of artificial intelligence robot. With the development of our national economy and the improvement of people's living standard, the demand for logistics service quality and distribution efficiency is higher and higher. At present, most enterprises in our country abandon the traditional manpower distribution operation mode. This paper expounds the basic concepts of "artificial intelligence" and "intelligent robot" through the literature research method and the research method of combining theory with practical cases, and obtains the cognition of the current technology of intelligent logistics by collecting, processing and sorting the relevant documents. The emergence of artificial intelligence makes large amount of data fast and accurate, while artificial intelligence robot makes logistics management system, object transportation, distribution and order quantity processing intelligent, and produces the integration of production, the production chain is greatly reduced, the communication between logistics enterprises and intelligent robots is closer, the corresponding cost can be greatly reduced, and the enterprise can manage and operate effectively.


Information technology and computer mediated communication system usage was measured in a large, technology driven downsized corporate division. Specific interest was given to the ways in which current computer usage may differ from reviews written in the 1980s. Our results suggest that, though some similarities exist between the earlier reviews and our survey, differences in IT usage also exist. Additionally, we found the inclusion of CMCS questions in our measure significantly changed the degree to which computers are used by all levels and departments within an organization. Reasons for the similarities and differences in our descriptions of computer usage in the 1980s and the 1990s are discussed.


Treatment is surgical but its nature depends upon the pre-operative diagnosis. If the nature of the condition has been accurately defined then less radical resection than in the case of adena-carcinoma is justified. It has been found that certain substances such as lysergic acid diethylamide and dihydroergotamine methane sulphate inhibit the effects of 5hydroxytryptamine, and might prevent the flushing attacks and skin colour changes. These substances cannot yet be considered as of therapeutic value. 3-Malignant Carcinoid Tumour


We identify and exemplify a general checklist of eight important conditions required for a successful Participatory Design (PD) student project with external partners. We address projects aiming to embrace both analysis, design, implementation, and evaluation in complex real-life settings. The checklist is intended to support students, academic institutions, and private/public collaborative partners in planning, initiating, conducting and realizing larger student-driven PD projects.


Abstract : The bibliography offers a careful selection from the holdings of the Air Force Academy Library in response to a groundswell of interest in the presence of women in the military profession, particularly their entrance into the military academies scheduled for the summer of 1976. Citations were chosen to reflect the historical development of women's roles and contributions in a traditionally male career field and to represent present day practices and problems.


We study D-branes on a three complex dimensional nonabelian orbifold 3/Γ with Γ a finite subgroup of SU(3). We present general formulae necessary to obtain quiver diagrams which represent the gauge group and the spectrum of the D-brane worldvolume theory for dihedral-like subgroups Δ(3n2) and Δ(6n2). It is found that the quiver diagrams have a similar structure to webs of branes.


A paper by Norris presents scientific observation as a highly inferential activity in which human senses have become secondary to instrumentation. Norris takes examples from elementary and secondary curricula to support his position. This paper examines Norris's contentions from two perspectives, that of cognitive psychology and that of the philosophy of science. It is argued here that Norris has discussed only one aspect of observation, theory-confirming observation. Another, pretheoretic or theory-building observation, is more closely related to the curriculum activities he criticized. From a cognitive psychology perspective the theory-confirming observation is of use to the expert, but for novices the absence of domain-specific knowledge and of sophisticated problem-solving processes may render theory-building observation more meaningful for instruction.


If you look just at how things look on paper, the entire world is awash in debt. All governments are in debt. Corporate debt is at historic highs. And so is what economists like to call "household debt" — both in the sense of how many people are in the red, and the sheer quantity of what they owe. There's a consensus among economists that this is a terrible problem, even if, as usual, economists can't agree as to why. The mainstream, conventional view is that the "debt overhang" from all
three is so vast it is stifling other economic activity. We have to reduce all of them they say, largely by either raising taxes on ordinary people, or cutting their services. (Only on ordinary people, mind you — mainstream economists are of course paid to come up with reasons why one should never do either of these things to the rich.) More level heads point out that national debt, especially for countries like the US, is nothing like personal debt, since the US government could eliminate its entire debt overnight if it simply instructed the Federal Reserve to
print the money and hand it over to the government.


In micromachining, there is a growing interest in pattern transfer over extreme topographies. The ability to pattern a sputtered layer on the bottom of an etched recess, tens to hundreds of micrometers deep or to make an electrical connection from the bottom to the top of such a recess improves the manufacturing abilities of any micromachining facility significantly. The procedure developed in this work is suitable for such purposes, can be implemented with completely standard micromachining equipment and works on any surface. It relies on the ultra-thick high aspect ratio resist SU-8 to fill up deep pits completely, using a modified spin coating procedure. A process is demonstrated that allows 20 um wide metal connections from the bottom to the top of a 250 um isotropically etched pit to be made. The process is compared with existing alternatives.


The computation of latest starting times and floats of activities in networks with uncertain durations, represented by means of interval and fuzzy numbers, is investigated.


A worldwide effort has been devoted to developing highly efficient and reliable gas turbine engines. There exist many prominent factors in the development of these engines. One of the most important features of the optimal design of axial flow compressors is satisfying the allowable range for various parameters such as flow coefficient, stage loading, the degree of reaction, De-Haller number, etc. But, there are some applicable cases that the mentioned criteria are exceeded. One of the most famous parameters is De-Haller number, which according to literature data should not be kept less than 0.72 in any stage of the axial compressor. A deep insight into the current small- or large-scale axial flow compressors shows that a discrepancy will occur among design criterion for De-Haller number and experimental measurements in which the De-Haller number is less than the design limit but no stall or surge is observed. In this paper, an improved formulation is derived based on one-dimensional modeling for predicting the stall-free design parameter ranges especially stage loading, flow coefficient, etc. for various combinations. It was found that the current criterion is much more accurate than the De-Haller criterion for design purposes.


THE RESPONSE OF ASPHALT CEMENTS IN THIN FILMS TO TENSILE STRESS WAS STUDIED IN DETAIL. WITH BASIS ON THE DATA COLLECTED, A TECHNIQUE WAS DEVELOPED TO ENABLE ESTIMATION OF THE TENSILE STRENGTH FILM THICKNESS RELATIONSHIP FOR ASPHALT CEMENTS OF NORMALLY USED CONSISTENCY, FOR NORMAL TEMPERATURES ABOVE THE GLASS TRANSITION TEMPERATURE, AND FOR RATES OF DEFORMATION RANGING FROM 0.005 TO 1.0 IN./MIN. THE TECHNIQUE REQUIRES KNOWLEDGE OF A "BASE CURVE" AND A SHIFT FACTOR FOR EACH OF THE THREE VARIABLES. /JM/


Banjar Adat Mambal Kajanan Traditional Market is one of the markets that is not managed by the Regional Market Company of Badung Regency and is only managed by the Desa Adat. Traders in this market do not provide trash or plastic bags, so that garbage piles up in the corners of the kiosks and market aisles. Waste management system in this traditional market has not been in accordance with Minister of Home Affairs Regulation No. 33 of 2010 concerning Guidelines for Waste Management. This study aims to determine the relationship of knowledge, attitudes, availability of facilities and infrastructure, supervision by the market manager and policies or regulations with the participation of traders in waste management in the Traditional Market Banjar Adat Mambal Kajanan Badung Bali. This research used a cross sectional design. The sample in this study were traders at the traditional Banjar traditional market in Mambal Kajanan Badung, Bali. The results were obtained there was no relationship of knowledge with the participation of traders in waste management with a p value of 0.063 (p> 0.05). There is no relationship between attitude and trader participation in waste management with p value 0.989 (p> 0.05 There is a relationship between the availability of facilities and infrastructure, supervision and policies or regulations with the participation of traders in waste management because the p value of 0.00 (p <0.05) and each level of relationship between the availability of facilities and infrastructure, supervision and policies or regulations shows the level of very strong relationship strength. Keywords: Traditional Market, Participation, Waste Management


The energy and environment issues have been paid more and more attention by the iron and steel making industry. During the past few decades, a number of new breakthrough technologies for iron and steel making have been developed by different countries to achieve a significant reduction in CO2 emission and energy consumption. HIsarna is one of the technologies which belongs to ULCOS (Ultra Low CO2 Steelmaking) program in Europe and aims to cut CO2 emission by 80% per ton of steel with Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) technology. HIsarna process makes use of coal and iron ore fines directly as raw materials instead of coke and pellet. It combines a melting cyclone and a smelting reduction vessel (SRV) into a single smelting furnace. The fine hematite ore undergoes a series of complex chemical and physical changes while descending in the melting cyclone such as thermal decomposition, gas-solid particle reduction, melting, and gas-molten particle reduction. It has been found that the hematite particles can melt down quickly in the reducing gas when the temperature is higher than 1650K. The objective of this study is to investigate the reduction kinetics of in-flight molten hematite particle at the typical conditions of melting cyclone. The experiments have been carried out by using a high temperature drop tube furnace. The reduction was accompanied by thermal decomposition reaction during the first 210ms. The kinetic analysis showed that the unreacted shrinking core model could be used to characterize the reduction and thermal decomposition process. The activity energy of the gas-molten particle reduction was about 156kJ/mol-1.

Keywords: HIsarna process, gas-molten particle reduction, thermal decomposition, reduction kinetics, high temperature, fine hematite ore


The Paper Examines the Determinants of Variations in the Effective Average Tax Rate Among Canadian Manufacturing Industry. It Replicates a Previous Study (Salamon and Siegfried, 1977) on the Us Corporate Tax Which Has Found Relationships Between the Economic Structure and Tax Avoidance Rates. Some Methodological Problems in the Study Are Identified, Which Raise Doubts About Their Conclusions. It Is Shown That Effective Tax Rates Fluctuate Substantially over Time and That the Results May Be Sensitive to the Year Selected for Analysis. As a Consequence, Tax Avoidance Rates Are Regressed Against a Number of Independent Variables in Two Different Years: 1974 and 1979. the Overall Weakness of the Relationship Is Striking. with Our Best Measure of the Tax Avoidance Rate, Two Out of Twelve Variables Are Significant in 1974 and One in 1979. There Findings Suggest That the Corporate Income Tax May Not Be As Important an Instrument of Industrial Policy As It Is Sometimes Claimed to Be.


The effect of the frequency dependence of the conductivity and permittivity of rock for pulse transmission is considered. These high-frequency dispersive effects appear to play a major role in determining the transient response of the medium. A quantitative understanding is achieved by adopting a dispersion model that consists of multiple Debye relaxation processes. It is shown that the results differ significantly from earlier transient calculations that assume frequency independent permittivities and conductivities.


Abstract : The gas phase oxidation of sym-diethyldiborane (I) was studied under both explosive and nonexplosive conditions. The non-explosive partial oxidation was studied from 40 to 80 C. Comparison of the relative rates of I consumption, O consumption and H formation indicates that 2 intermediate partial oxidation products are present. The rate of disappearance of I in the partial oxidation was zero order in O and first to threehalves order in I. The products of explosions with mixtures of O and I (9:1 ratio) were observed to be CO2, H2O and a white solid, presumably B2O3. A well defined explosion limit for the 9:1 mixtures in 6.8-cm bulbs coated with reaction products was observed. The effect of He and Ar on the explosion pressure clearly indicates that the mechanism causing explosion is primarily thermal. The over--all order of the reaction leading to explosion was in the region from first to three-halvees order. (Author)


Drilling fluids Play a vital role in hole Cleaning suspension of cuttings, prevent caving, and ensure the tightness of the well wall. Moreover they also help in cooling and lubricating the drilling tool, transfer the hydraulic power and carry information about the nature of the drilled formation by raising the cuttings from the bottom to the surface, using a simple mixture of water and clays, to complex mixtures of various specific organic and inorganic products as additives. These additives improve fluid rheological properties and filtration capability, allowing bits to penetrate heterogeneous geological formations The mud used in this work is barite and bentonites at different samples to know the difference in their specific gravity, viscosity, surface tension, and pH of the samples when chemical additives are added.


Active labour market policies (ALMPs) are publicly financed interventions intended to improve the functioning of the labour market by inducing changes in labour demand and labour supply, as well as their matching process. Among the most common programs used are training courses, job search assistance and monitoring, subsidized employment, and public work programs. The purpose of this paper is to present some theoretical concepts about the importance of ALMPs and current ALMPs in Albania, and the budget funds allocated for these programs in the past years. Albania is currently implementing different ALMPs, foreseen and approved with different Decisions of the Council of Ministers (DCM). In 2019, there was a reform in the employment promotion programs in Albania, by designing new ALMPs which would be standard in frame but individualized in terms of addressing different vulnerabilities. All programs rely on the principle of subsidizing the employer. Labour market program is one of the budgetary programs, according to the budget classification rules for state budget in Albania. Funds allocated for ALMPs are part of this program and are classified in the economic account "subsidies"


Objectives - To establish whether there is any change in mortality associated with infection of a new variant of SARS-CoV-2 (VOC-202012/1), first detected in UK in December 2020, compared to that associated with infection with circulating SARS-CoV-2 variants. Design - Matched cohort study. Cases are matched by age, gender, ethnicity, index of multiple deprivation, lower tier local authority region, and sample date of positive specimen, and differing only by detectability of the spike protein gene using the TaqPath assay - a proxy measure of VOC-202012/1 infection. Setting - United Kingdom, Pillar 2 COVID-19 testing centres using the taqPath assay. Participants - 54,773 pairs of participants testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 in Pillar 2 between 1st October 2020 and 29th January 2021. Main outcome measures - Death within 28 days of first positive SARS-CoV-2 test. Results - There is a high probability that the risk of mortality is increased by infection with VOC-202012/01 (p <0.001). The mortality hazard ratio associated with infection with VOC-202012/1 compared to infection with previous strains is 1.7 (95% CI 1.3 - 2.2) in patients who have tested positive for COVID-19 in the community. In this comparatively low risk group, this represents an increase of deaths from 1.8 in 1000 to 3.1 in 1000 detected cases. Conclusions - If this finding is generalisable to other populations, VOC-202012/1 infections have the potential to cause substantial additional mortality over and previously circulating variants. Healthcare capacity planning, national and international control policies are all impacted by this finding, with increased mortality lending weight to the argument that further coordinated and stringent measures are justified to reduce deaths from SARS-CoV-2.


Summary Bats are an important reservoir for emerging zoonotic pathogens. Close human–bat interactions, including the sharing of living spaces and hunting and butchering of bats for food and medicines, may lead to spillover of zoonotic disease into human populations. We used bat exposure and environmental data gathered from 207 Bangladeshi villages to characterize bat exposures and hunting in Bangladesh. Eleven percent of households reported having a bat roost near their homes, 65% reported seeing bats flying over their households at dusk, and 31% reported seeing bats inside their compounds or courtyard areas. Twenty percent of households reported that members had at least daily exposure to bats. Bat hunting occurred in 49% of the villages surveyed and was more likely to occur in households that reported nearby bat roosts (adjusted prevalence ratio [aPR] 2.3, 95% CI 1.1–4.9) and villages located in north‐west (aPR 7.5, 95% CI 2.5–23.0) and south‐west (aPR 6.8, 95% CI 2.1–21.6) regions. Our results suggest high exposure to bats and widespread hunting throughout Bangladesh. This has implications for both zoonotic disease spillover and bat conservation.


This paper reports on a wind tunnel study of the effects of bed slope and wind speed on aeolian mass transport. The use of a sloping wind tunnel has enabled estimation of the friction angle α to be about 40° for saltating particles in the range 170–540 μm. A formula relating dimensionless mass transport to friction speed and bed slope is proposed, and mass transport data for five uniform sand samples and one non‐uniform sand sample are shown to fit the equation well. In particular, the relationship reveals an overshoot in mass transport slightly above threshold collisions, a feature also evident when previous experimental data is re‐examined. As the number of mid‐air collisions between the saltating particles increases greatly with wind speed, the overshoot may occur as a result of increasing energy losses resulting from the collisions. Finally, it is demonstrated that data for saltating snow shows a similar overshoot in the dimensionless transport rate.


We sought to examine the relationship of family history of headache and family history of psychiatric disorders on self‐reported health care utilization tendencies for migraine treatment.


Color calibration has been widely studied in digital cameras, and the color accuracy with the traditional color matrix approach is sufficient for digital photography applications. However, the color accuracy for the camera applied to surveillance systems or robots should be further improved. This paper presents an adaptive color calibration. By modifying the color calibration function, applying particle swarm optimization, and applying two-stage color calibration, the proposed approach further improves the color accuracy compared with the traditional approach.


Extremely large ionospheric gradients can pose a potential integrity threat to the users of Local Area Augmentation System (LAAS), and thus the development of an ionospheric anomaly threat model is essential for system design and operation. This paper presents a methodology for long-term ionosphere monitoring which will be used to build an ionosphere threat model, evaluate its validity over the life cycle of system, continuously monitor ionospheric anomalies, and update the threat model when necessary. The procedure automatically processes data collected from external sources and networks and estimates ionospheric gradients at regular intervals. If extremely large gradients hazardous to LAAS users are identified, manual validation is triggered. This paper also investigates a simplified truth processing method to create precise ionospheric delay estimates in near real-time, which is the core of long-term ionosphere monitoring. The performance of the method is examined using data from the 20 November 2003 storm and the 31 October 2003 storm. It demonstrates the effectiveness of simplified truth processing within long-term ionosphere monitoring. From the case studies, the automated procedure successfully identified the two worst ionospheric gradients observed and validated to date.


T'he delivery ofthe two sets of lectures today known as the Lectures on Rhetoric and the Lectures on Jurisprudence was hardly the only university business that occupied Adam Smith in the winter of 1762-63. That term he served the University of Glasgow not only as Professor of Moral Philosophy but also as a member of a faculty committee organized by the university to thwart the construction of a theater in the city.1 This detail will interest Smith's students for several reasons. Students of his biography will consider it incongruous given his well-documented enthusiasm for the drama.2 Students of his political thought will be stmck by it given his explicit recommendation ofthe social utility of dramatic representations in the Wealth of Nations? Students of his moral philosophy will be surprised to find a hint of possible anti-theatrical ire from one who offers long comparisons ofthe merits and mechanics of comedy and tragedy, takes frequent recourse to examples drawn from the classical and the contemporary stage, and whose moral system is itself built on the eminently theatrical concepts of sympathy and spectatorship.4 The centrality of the stage to Smith's thought is further suggested by his first biographer, who notes that his projected works included a treatise on the history of the theater and "the principles of dramatic composition."5 How then to make sense of his anti-theater stance in 1762?


With increased use of smartphones and social networking services, the amount of unstructured image data has been increasing significantly. A high-speed search method is required to use such data for big data analysis. Holographic optical correlation is a promising technique for this purpose. This study introduces a recording method that realizes speedup in an optical correlator. High-density recording is effective for achieving not only speedup, but also high capacity. However, the high-density recording by shortening the shift amount in shift-multiplexed recording results in a large error in the calculated correlation rate owing to crosstalk from adjacent holograms. To suppress this crosstalk, we propose a low-correlation data interleaving method that rearranges the recording order of image data based on the correlation rate with the last recorded image data. We analytically and experimentally confirmed that the proposed method improves the recording density and the correlation speed to 1.33 times.


Preface Introduction 1. The Republic 2. Knowledge 3. Reality 4. Dialectic 5. Value 6. Causality and Change 7. Politics, Art and the Fate of the Soul Epilogue Guide to Further Reading


The topic of a bachelor thesis is Computerization of public administration in the Czech Re-public. This work is divided into theoretical and practical parts. The first part deals with the issue of public administration and related computerazion, there is also defined the concept of eGovernment, including its importance and benefits. The practical part deals with the development of public administration reform and computerization. Survey is also part of this work, which is further evaluated using SWOT analysis. The work ends with sugges-tions for improvement solutions.


INTRODUCTION Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a heterogenous disease which is characterized by chronic inflammation and irreversible airflow obstruction. One of the cause of progression of COPD is associated with small airway wall thickening, which has been suggested as a result of remodeling. Two methods are used to assess the remodeling, one being histological examination of bronchial biopsies and the other - computed tomography. New and promising radiologic method is endobronchial ultrasonography (EBUS) that enables the assessment of the bronchial wall layers. Using EBUS it is possible to discern 5 layers in trachea and cartilaginous bronchi. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES Application of EBUS in assessment of the remodeling in COPD. METHODS 33 patients with COPD (9 female, 24 male, mean age 66,8 ± 8,8 years, mean FEV 1 : 57,8 ± 22,3% of predicted value), 15 patients with severe asthma and 15 control subjects. In all patients spirometry before and after β 2 -agonist and EBUS with measurements of bronchial wall layers were performed. RESULTS The mean thickness of bronchial wall layers in COPD patients were: L 1 - 0,135±0,018 mm, L 2 -0,151±0,026 mm, L 3-5 - 0,906±0,065 mm. There was no correlation between the thickness of bronchial wall layers and FEV 1 . The thicknesses of bronchial wall layers in COPD were statistically smaller than in severe asthma and slightly higher than in control group. CONCLUSIONS The significant differences in bronchial wall layers thickness in COPD and severe asthma and no correlation between bronchial wall layers and pulmonary function tests observed only in COPD patients suggest different mechanism responsible for remodeling and bronchial obstruction in this disease.


Food attention bias could be used to indicate diet-related diseases in individuals with obesity. The purpose of this study is to explore the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and food attention bias, and the mediating role of body weight dissatisfaction (BWD) on this relationship in women. Seventy-five participants were recruited to complete a visual dot task with eye tracking. The results showed that BMI would positively predict response latency and duration bias on high-calorie foods; the relationship between BMI and response latency of high-calorie food was a complete mediation of BWD; the relationship between BMI and duration bias of high-calorie food was a complete mediation of BWD; and BWD positively predicts response latency and duration bias on high-calorie foods. These findings suggest a positive relationship between BMI and food attention bias, and the effect of a complete mediation of BWD in women.


In assuming the Chairmanship of the OSCE in 2005, Slovenia became the smallest of the Organization's 56 participating States so far to do so. Certainly, the assumption of such a function by a small country may pose problems for an international organization on account of a lack of personnel in the Foreign Ministry and other resources. On the other hand, there should be less potential for conflicts of interest and friction with other states than in the case of a country that seeks or is forced to play a major geopolitical role. As a result, the personnel of the Foreign Ministry of the smaller state could find they enjoy the necessary room for manoeuvre and, above all, the time to devote to the work of an international organization. Finally, historical problems in a country's bilateral relations can hamper the work of its representatives in international organization; the OSCE provides several clear examples. However, Slovenia's history as an independent state is short, if not entirely free from international conflict, created as it was by means of violent secession. Slovenia is the first state to hold the OSCE Chairmanship that was not present in Helsinki in 1975 (simply because it did not exist). Thus another peculiarity about Slovenia is that it belongs to the group of new states that are not only younger than the CSCE/OSCE, but owe their existence to the failure of the CSCE's policy of maintaining the status quo, stabilization, and conflict prevention. By necessity, therefore, the Slovenian diplomatic service does not possess the tradition of other countries, which gives it a certain naïve charm and provides this relatively unknown quantity with an opportunity. Understandably, Slovenian Foreign Minister, Dimitrij Rupel, did not mention this when giving his eloquent accession speech at the Permanent Council in Vienna on 13 January 2005, but rather stressed Slovenia's young membership of NATO and the EU, its dedication to stability and co-operation in Central and Eastern Europe, its friendship with its Eastern and Western neighbours, and its resolute support for multilateralism. The Chairman-in-Office supported the work of Andrzej Kasprzyk, his Personal Representative on the Conflict Dealt with by the OSCE Minsk Conference, i.e. the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, and appointed Alojz Peterle as his Personal Representative for Central Asia. This reveals the priorities that Rupel set among the tasks that he found himself confronted with. Alongside the OSCE's formal organs, during 2005, the work of the Chairmanship was accompanied by eleven groups and committees. Foremost among them in every respect was the Panel of Eminent Persons, whose seven


Social scientists have begun to explore sexting—sharing nude or semi-nude images of oneself with others using digital technology—to understand its extent and nature. Building on this growing body of research, the current study utilizes the self-control and opportunity perspectives from criminology to explain sending, receiving, and mutually sending and receiving sext messages. The possible mediating effects of lifestyles and routine activities on the effects of low self-control also were tested using a sample of college students. Results revealed that low self-control is significantly and positively related to each type of sexting behavior, and that while certain lifestyles and routines mediated these effects, low self-control remained a significant predictor of participation in sexting.


We describe digital beam deflectors (DBDs) based on liquid crystals. Each stage of the device comprises a polarization rotator and a birefringent prism deflector. The birefringent prism deflects the beam by an angle that depends on polarization of the incident beam. The prism can be made of the uniaxial smectic A (SmA) liquid crystal (LC) or a solid crystal such as yttrium orthovanadate (YVO4). SmA prisms have high birefringence and can be constructed in a variety of shapes, including single prisms and prismatic blazed gratings of different angles and profiles. We address the challenges of uniform alignment of SmA, such as elimination of focal conic domains. Rotation of linear polarization is achieved by an electrically switched twisted nematic (TN) cell. A DBD composed of N rotator-deflector pairs steers the beam into 2(sup N) directions. As an example, we describe a four-stage DBD deflecting normally incident laser beam within the range of +/- 56 mrad with 8 mrad steps. Redirection of the beam is achieved by switching the TN cells.


Poly-e-caprolactone glycol is used in the polyester resin. Because of the special structure, it can improve flexibility to 0~1 T bend and keeps the basic properties of the coil coating. In the mean time, the adhesion of the coil coating is excellent. The new viewpoint is applied for meeting the requirements of high performance coil coating.


We evaluated various formulations of oil-in-water emulsions prepared from eucalyptus essential oil, for their stability and antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. These formulations were developed using a response surface experimental design and analyzed with Design-Expert® 10 software. The emulsions were prepared in a colloid mill, and emulsion characterization was performed using the zeta (ζ)-potential, droplet size distribution, and phase separation. The antimicrobial effects were assessed by death kinetics. The droplet size and ζ-potential of the 16 emulsions ranged from 1.071 to 1.865 µm (based on Feret's diameter) and −34.8 to −24 mV, respectively. Three formulations (14, 15, and 16) demonstrated the highest stability parameters (no phase separation) during the 28 days of evaluation. Eucalyptus essential oil emulsions exhibited antimicrobial activity against E. coli, S. aureus, and P. aeruginosa in less than 1 min.


Within the limits of present article consideration of a question on the responsibility for causing of harm in a condition of necessary defence is offered. Today many outstanding issues occur in the legislation, concerning excess of limits of necessary defense and legal consequences of its application.