Purpose of Review Insomnia is approximately 1.5 times more common in women than in men. To date, research has advanced our knowledge about why women report significantly more sleep problems than men despite not being reflected in objective sleep measures. Precisely understanding the symptomatology and pathological mechanisms underlying sex differences is important for prevention and providing appropriate interventions. Recent Findings Sex differences found in insomnia goes beyond simple explanations and have been proven to be a complicated interplay of biological, psychological, and social factors that play different roles throughout the life span. Summary This paper will review sex differences in insomnia based on risk factors, mechanisms, and consequences, as well as treatment response. In addition, we will also discuss treatment recommendations when working with female populations at different stages in the life span that may bemore vulnerable to insomnia. Future studies utilizing prospective, longitudinal designs are needed to understand the interactions of various factors that can explain existing sex differences in insomnia.


In this paper the author deals with one form of relativism which stems from the internalist account of epistemic justification. In the recent epistemological literature this form of relativism is usually indicated as the problem of an isolated epistemic community. By way of an example concerning an isolated epistemic community, it is shown that internalism is unable to provide a consistent account of epistemic justification due to the fact that internalist justification cannot secure the objective connection between beliefs and truth making it the case that one's epistemically justified belief is likely to be true. That means that in explaining epistemic justification we have to resort to some externalist requirements.


Being a huge social group, small farmers emerged with the ancient agriculture and existed in both China and abroad from the ancient times to present. Its existence had its own historical certainty and reasons. Small farmers, including their economy and awareness, are a shackle to the modernization of the society. With the small farmer being the major structure, China built socialist system upon it and made a socialist reform. We must combine our experience of socialist reform on small farmer class with Marx and Engels' relevant theory, solving the theoretic recognition issues and adopting the policy of reforming small farmer class in accordance with the Chinese current situation.


The known functions of the Golgi complex include the sorting, packaging, post‐translational modification, and transport of secretory proteins, membrane proteins, and lipids. Other functions still remain elusive to cell biologists. With the goal of identifying novel Golgi proteins, a proteomics project was undertaken to map the major proteins of the organelle using two‐dimensional gels, to identify the unknowns using tandem mass spectrometry, and to screen for Golgi residents using GFP‐fusion constructs. Multiple unknowns were identified, and the initial characterization of one of these proteins is reported here. GMx33α is a member of a conserved family of cytosolic Golgi‐associated proteins with no known homology to any known functional domain or protein. Biochemical analyses show that GMx33α differentially partitions into all phases of multiple detergent extractions, and two‐dimensional immunoblots reveal that there are multiple differentially modified forms of GMx33α associated with the Golgi, several of which are phosphorylated. Evidence suggests that these post‐translational modifications regulate its association with the Golgi. GMx33α was not found on Golgi budded vesicles, and immuno‐electron microscopy co‐localizes GMx33α to the trans‐face on the same three cisternae as TGN38 in normal rat kidney cells. This work represents the preliminary characterization of a novel family of trans‐Golgi‐associated proteins.


In the evaluation of reactor sites, the dose rate from iodine is the controlling factor in the distance criteria. Several experiments which were conducted on the retention of fission products by sodium are described, and some of the results are given. These experiments included fission product solubility in sodium, release of iodine bubbles from a sodium pool, and in-pile transient melting of fuel disks in sodium. The retention results of the last experiment were compared with these for an organic coolant. It is concluded that sodium retains all of the iodine. (D.L.C.)


In this study, the urban green space distribution was determined, and the city's compliance with the European Green Deal was evaluated. Firstly, Landsat 8 satellite images were radiometrically corrected with the Quantum GIS software. Then, NDVI was produced using the Red-Green-Blue and Near-Infrared bands of the processed data obtained. Finally, the NDVI image with a value between -1 and +1 was reclassified to define urban open green spaces. The classification data showed that open green areas have a nonhomogeneous distribution throughout the city, and the amount of green space per capita is approximately 200 m². According to the classification results of Northern Nicosia, a surface area of 475 km², the amount of green space is calculated as 16m², constituting 2.97%. Thus, it has been concluded that open green regions are denser in certain parts of the city than others and do not have a homogeneous distribution that can serve the whole town.


3 Pos-doutorando em Agronomia. Unesp-FCAV. Bolsista da Fapesp. 4 Unesp-FCAV, Departamento de Solos e Adubos. 5 Engenheiro Agronomo, Usina Sao Martinho, Pradopolis (SP), Brasil. Abstract SOUZA, Z. M. de; BEUTLER, A. N.; PRADO, R. de M.; BENTO, M. J. C. Effect of sugarcane harvest systems in the physical attributes of an Oxisol. Cientifica, Jaboticabal, v.34, n.1, p.31 - 38, 2006. The harvesting of sugar cane without the previous burning of the plants, in Brazil, is a system being gradually imposed by governmental legislation, although the effects of plant burning on soil physical attributes are not sufficiently clarified. This study viewed to evaluate physical attributes of an Oxisol in which cultivated sugarcane was harvested with and without previous plant burning in Pradopolis, state of Sao Paulo, Brazil. The treatments (types of soil use) were: 1- sugarcane harvesting preceded by plant burning and accomplished by the manual cutting of the culms, since 1975; 2- sugarcane culms mechanically cut without previous burning of the plants, since 1993; 3- native forest. Particle size, organic matter, flocculation degree, aggregate stability, bulk density, porosity, resistance to penetration and water content, in soil layers at depths of 0.0-0.1, 0.1-0.2, 0.2-0.3, 0.3-0.4 m were determined in 2003. The harvest systems of sugar cane modified the physical attributes until a depth of 0.4 m in relation to native forest. The green sugar cane harvest system allowed greater values of organic matter, aggregate stability, bulk density, microporosity and water content in the layer next to the surface (0.0 - 0.1 m) when in comparison with the burnt sugarcane harvest system. Additional keywords: physical attributes; organic matter; tillage; Saccharum officinarum. Introducao


2. Johnstone MA, Albert DM. Prostaglandin-induced hair growth. Surv Ophthalmol. 2002;47 Suppl 1:S185--202. 3. Law SK. Bimatoprost in the treatment of eyelash hypotrichosis. Clin Ophthalmol. 2010;4:349--58. 4. Demitsu T, Manabe M, Harima N, Sugiyama T, Yoneda K, Yamada N. Hypertrichosis induced by latanoprost. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2001;44:721--3. 5. Inoue K, Wakakura M, Inoue J, Matsuo H, Hara T, Tomita G. Adverse reaction after use of latanoprost in Japanese glaucoma patients. Nippon Ganka Gakkai Zasshi. 2006;110:581--7. 6. Monselise A, Shapiro J, Lui H. Inner canthus hypertrichosis: a side effect of prostaglandin analogue treatment for glaucoma. J Cutan Med Surg. 2011;15:298--9. 7. Ortiz-Perez S, Olver JM. Hypertrichosis of the upper cheek area associated with travoprost treatment of glaucoma. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. 2010;26:376--7. 8. Rouxel AM, Roguedas-Contios AM, Misery L. Malar and ciliary hypertrichosis induced by bimatoprost. Ann Dermatol Venereol. 2007;134:780--1. 9. Hart J, Shafranov G. Hypertrichosis of vellus hairs of the malar region after unilateral treatment with bimatoprost. Am J Ophthalmol. 2004;137:756--7. 10. Mukhopadhyay R, Plumb A. A rare complication from prostaglandin analogue therapy. Clin Exp Optom. 2009;92: 137--8. 11. Chen CS, Wells J, Craig JE. Topical prostaglandin F(2alpha) analog induced poliosis. Am J Ophthalmol. 2004;137: 965--6. 12. Alm A, Grierson I, Shields MB. Side effects associated with prostaglandin analog therapy. Surv Ophthalmol. 2008;53 Suppl 1:S93--105.


An example is given of a causally simple space‐time that may serve as a counterexample for various purposes, such as showing that for a general causally simple space‐time the chronological common past of a terminal indecomposable future set need not be an indecomposable set.


Twenty Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups; 3 groups were orally administered by different doses of the herbicide atrazine; (27.3, 38.5, and 42.0 mg/kg b.w), while the 4th served as control. Animals were freely accessed to tab water, and basal diet. Metal cages were interval cleaned twice a week. Cages were kept in 15 C degree. Increased concentrations (p ≤ 0.05) of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) compared to control were observed through the course of the experiment. Each mole of sprayed atrazine was found to increase TSH and T3 and decrease FT4. Increasing moles of other sprayed herbicides was found to increase T4, while others resulted in increased levels of TSH, stated [9]. The NOAEL was 50 ppm, equal to 3.2 and 3.34 mg/kg bw/day in males and females, respectively [14].


In order to enhance the security of the watermark and to ensure the stability of the algorithm against attacks and the concealment of the watermark, a NSCT-DWT-SVD composite digital watermarking algorithm based on QR code is proposed. First, QR code encoding is conducted on the original watermark image to generate a QR code watermark image. In order to ensure the security of the watermark information, Arnold scrambling and encryption is performed on the QR code watermark information. Second, the original Lena image is carried out NSCT transform. The low frequency part that stores more information are selected for DWT. Then the low-frequency images with strong image resistance are performed SVD. The encrypted watermark information are embedded into the decomposed singular values. Through the experimental verification of the algorithm, the algorithm has strong concealment and strong resistance to conventional attacks on the basis of ensuring the security of watermarking. Especially for the rotation attack and JPEG compression attack, the NC values are above 0.92 and 1, respectively.


The purpose of this study is to find out the effect of regular senior aerobics on TNF-α and IL-6 of elderly women with abdominal obesity. This study was conducted on 18 elderly women with abdominal obesity as defined by the Korean Society for the Study of Obesity and these participants were selected among women who participated in the 'Zero Abdominal Fat Exercise Class' to get rid of abdominal fat at the health center in K city and were divided into two groups (exercise group: 9, non-exercise group: 9). Exercise intensities within the range of 70bpm~100bpm for 60 minutes a day, three times a week, for 12 weeks. The measurements performed before and after exercise. An independent t-test was conducted using SPSS 18.0. In results, we found a significant difference between bofore and after exercise on levels of TNF-α. Also, there was a siginificant difference in pre and post exercise program on the level of IL-6. In conclusions, the regular senior aerobics exercise may have positive influence on the levels of TNF-α and IL-6 of elderly women with abdominal odesity.


ABSTRACT To study the cadmium (Cd)-accumulation characteristics of the post-grafting generation of Cyphomandra betacea (Cav.) Sendt., the seeds of C. betacea grafted on Solanum nigrum L., tomato, and eggplant rootstocks were collected and planted in Cd-contaminated soil. Compared with seeds of ungrafted seedlings, the S. nigrum rootstock increased the shoot biomass of the post-grafting generation of C. betacea seedlings, while eggplant and tomato rootstocks decreased or had no significant effects. Only the S. nigrum rootstock increased the chlorophyll a content, net photosynthetic rate, and stomatal conductance of the post-grafting generation of C. betacea seedlings, while the other rootstocks decreased or had no significant effects on these photosynthetic parameters. The S. nigrum rootstock enhanced the superoxide dismutase and catalase activities, and soluble protein content, of the post-grafting generation of C. betacea seedlings, while the other rootstocks reduced or had no significant effects on these parameters. The three rootstocks decreased the Cd contents in different organs of the post-grafting generation of C. betacea seedlings, and the order of treatments was ungrafted > tomato rootstock > eggplant rootstock > S. nigrum rootstock. Therefore, S. nigrum was the best rootstock to promote the growth and decrease the Cd contents in post-grafting generation of C. betacea, and this can benefit C. betacea production in Cd-contaminated areas.


Accidental ingestion or inhalation of dental objects during daily clinical practice may cause various clinical complications such as damage to the digestive tract, abscess formation, peritonitis, septicemia, pneumonia, foreign-body granuloma, fistulas and duodenocolic fissures.[1] The severity of the situation depends on the anatomical direction that the object followed and the anatomical location that may cause obstruction. Size, shape and sharpness of the objects determine the consequences which may be life-threatening. The risk of injury increases when the size of the swallowed object is more than 5 cm or has a pointed shape.[2]


BACKGROUND
Waterpipe smoking is increasingly a worldwide phenomenon. Few studies have been conducted on the epidemiology of waterpipe smoking behavior and its genetic determinants. A polymorphism (TaqI) in the 3' untranslated region of the dopamine receptor gene (DRD2), later localized to the neighboring ANKK1 gene, has been previously linked to cigarette smoking. Since all tobacco products share the ability of stimulating the dopaminergic reward system, variation in the DRD2 genotype might be associated with waterpipe smoking addiction.

AIM
This study aims to explore genetic variations in DRD2 gene and waterpipe smoking, motives and addiction in Egyptian rural males.

MATERIAL AND METHODS
The subjects (N=154) were selected from participants in a household smoking prevalence survey if they were adults, males, currently smoking waterpipe and not smoking cigarettes. Participants were interviewed about their smoking behaviors. Blood samples were genotyped by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Subjects were subsequently classified as either the A1 (presence of at least one A1 allele) or A2 group (A2 homozygotes).

RESULTS
The prevalence of A1 genotype was 34.4 % in current waterpipe users, and was associated with the maximum duration before smokers experienced craving to smoke: after adjusting for age of smoking initiation, smoking for addictive motives, and average daily tobacco consumption, the A1 carriers were more likely to experience craving within a shorter duration after abstinence (the first 24 hours) compared to subjects with A2/A2 genotype (Odds ratio [OR] 2.70, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.18 - 6.23). In addition, the frequent visitors of shisha cafes were more likely to be younger, heavy smokers and carriers of A1 allele (OR, 2.52, 95% CI: 1.06-6.02).

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
This study revealed that the maximum duration before experiencing craving to smoke waterpipe and frequency of visiting cafés to smoke may be influenced by an inherited variations in the DRD2 genotype.


Abstract In Survey Review Vol. XXIII, No. 180, April, 1976, page 281, the Conference of Commonwealth Survey Officers reported "a warning was given of errors in distance measurement caused by operating a walkie talkie radio close to the instrument and support was given for the need to check modulation frequencies".


This thesis focuses on the Northern League (Lega Nord, LN) and its predecessor, the Lombard League (Lega Lombarda, LL). It analyses one of the most crucial aspect of these two political movements, that is the extent to which they deployed Northern Italian dialects in the construction of ethnic-national identities. By relaying on a large corpus of data never systematically analysed before which covers the 1984- 2009 period, the work challenges much of the received wisdom on how the LN/LL used dialect throughout their history. The research will argue that, while Bossi's parties did make much use of dialect to portray the party as being close to 'the people' and against 'the elites', and did in some ways break with the Italian tradition of political communication, they never systematically 'activate' dialect to create ethnic-national identities as it has been claimed in the literature.


Abstract Black-legged Kittiwakes (Rissa tridactyla) nest at 25 distinct colonies located throughout Prince William Sound that range in size from <20 to >7,000 pairs. Dramatic changes have occurred in the distribution of breeding birds among those colonies during the past few decades (1972–1997). Reproductive success data collected since 1985 confirm that individual colonies are habitat patches of varying quality in space and time. Even with such variation, predictability of habitat quality did occur in short- and long-term (≥3 year) intervals as indicated by significant (P < 0.05) relationships between current (t) and previous year's (t−1, t−2, etc.) reproductive success. Those circumstances provided suitable conditions for testing hypotheses concerning dispersal and recruitment strategies of a long-lived species. Breeding birds responded to both short- and long-term cues and, in general, recruited to the most successful colonies. An apparently lower dispersal propensity and the importance of long-term cues was in contrast to a similar study of kittiwake colonies in France (Danchin et al. 1998). Differences between these studies may be attributed to primary factors controlling habitat quality in Prince William Sound operating in the long-term versus the short-term and the magnitude of scale. Colonies in our study covered a much larger geographic area and therefore, factors such as foraging-site faithfulness, mate retention, and natal philopatry may also have influenced dispersal decisions. Nonetheless, recruitment of kittiwakes in Prince William Sound supported the performance-based conspecific attraction hypothesis, which, in turn, led to an ideal free distribution of breeding birds. Those short-term mechanisms for dispersal and recruitment manifested in a long-term redistribution of nesting kittiwakes from poor breeding conditions in southern Prince William Sound to favorable conditions in northern Prince William Sound. Favorable conditions in northern Prince William Sound were apparently supported by stable or increasing populations of juvenile herring. In contrast, reproductive failures and population declines in southern Prince William Sound were concordant with colonies in the Gulf of Alaska where diets were similar, consisting of primarily capelin (Mallotus villosus) and Pacific sand lance (Ammodytes hexapterus). Those trends corresponded with the influence of Gulf of Alaska waters in southern Prince William Sound and may have been associated with a reported decline in the abundance of key forage species related to a late 1970s regime shift in the Gulf of Alaska.


Heart transplantation is the only cure for patients with end-stage heart failure; the shortage of donors has led to a high mortality rate among these patients. A left ventricular assist device (LVAD) is a device to provide mechanical circulatory support for patients unresponsive to heart failure therapy. Echocardiography should be considered an indispensable tool in the evaluation of patients with an LVAD. In fact, as outlined in this review, it provides useful and readily available information that could be crucial for the patient's survival. In the preoperative assessment, it is important to detect through echocardiography conditions and parameters that could hint the development of a postoperative complication, in order to treat them before LVAD implant or to consider the patient ineligible to this advanced treatment.


Abstract The paper presents some basic physical properties (static electric permittivities, refraction indices, density and viscosity) of 2-chloro-4-n'-alkylphenyl esters of 4-n-alkylbicyclo[2,2,2] octane-1-carboxylic acids (n'=7, n = 5 and 7) which are, at room temperature, nematics with a negative dielectric an-isotropy. On the basis of temperature dependence of the principal static permittivities ε‖(T) and e⊥(T) of the nematics, using the Maier-Meier equations, the angle between the dipole moment vector and the long axis of mesogenic molecules, the apparent molecular dipole moment square pl μ2app(T), and the nematic order parameter S(T) were determined.


N-Chloroacetyl-p-aminobenzoic acid (I) obtained from p-aminobenzoic acid by a known procedure, is transhalogenated with sodium iodide, producing the N-iodoacetyl derivative (II).


Although there has been considerable elucidation of the athletic heart syndrome in Europe,1-4this entity has not yet become universally recognized or accepted in the United States.5-9The athletic heart may simulate the diseased heart by exhibiting a systolic murmur, a slow pulse rate, a variety of arrhythmias and disturbances of cardiac conduction, elevation of the S-T segments, and cardiac enlargement by x-ray. Despite the history of athletic endurance, many unfortunate athletes are classified as cardiac patients and are requested to stop athletic training. For the past five years, we have observed a superbly trained athlete with chronic cardiac changes. He has had a large globular heart, an intermittent systolic ejection murmur, sinus bradycardia and arrhythmia, a wandering atrial pacemaker, occasional nodal premature beats, elevation of the S-T segments, broad peaked T waves, and the ability to meet the severe physical demands of training and competitive rowing at


Taylor and Francis LED_A_538169.sgm 10.1080/02601370.2011.538169 International Journal of Lifelong Education 0260-1370 (pri t)/1464-519X (online) Original Article 2 11 & Francis 3 0 00J NUARY–FEBRUARY 2011 JuliaPreece j.preec @nul. s In recent times technology and the World Wide Web have assisted in making African contributions to lifelong learning debates more visible. One example of this website visibility is the Annual Conference of Ministers of Education for African Member States (MINEDAF) which frequently frames its debates within the context of lifelong learning, as evidenced, for example, in its 1998 Durban Statement of Commitment:


In this technical note we present a novel sampled-data low-gain I-control algorithm for infinite-dimensional systems in the presence of input nonlinearity. The system is assumed to be exponentially stable with invertible steady-state gain. We use an integral controller with fixed integrator gain, chosen on the basis of state gain information and a time varying sampling period determined by the growth bound of the system. We compare this new algorithm with two other algorithms one with fixed gain and sampling period, the other with time-varying gain.


Music is used as an important medium for communication in human societies, often times to enhance the emotional meaning of narrative scenarios and ritual events. Music has a number of domain-specific tonal devices for doing this, spanning from scale structure to harmonic progressions and beyond. In order to explore the neural basis of tonal processing in music, we carried out an activation likelihood estimation (ALE) meta-analysis of 20 published functional magnetic resonance imaging studies of tonal cognition, with an emphasis on harmony processing. The most concordant areas of activation across these studies occurred at the junction of the inferior frontal gyrus, anterior insula, and orbitofrontal cortex in Brodmann areas 47 and 13 in the right hemisphere. This region is associated not only with emotion in general, but with the conveyance of affective meanings during communication processes, including speech prosody and music.


The parsing algorithm of Earley (1970), 001 as presented, has a runtime complexity of 002 O (cid:0) N 3 |G||R| (cid:1) where N is the length of the 003 sentence, |G| is the size of the grammar, and 004 |R| is the number of productions in the gram- 005 mar. This is unworkable for the large gram- 006 mars that arise in natural language process- 007 ing. Fortunately, the dynamic programming 008 algorithm can be improved to run in time 009 O (cid:0) N 3 |G| (cid:1) , matching the complexity of run- 010 ning CKY on a binarized version of G . Some 011 of the necessary speed-ups have been pre- 012 sented in part or in full in various parts of the 013 literature. However, there has been no uni- 014 fied, formal treatment that is written as a de- 015 duction system 1 or covers the weighted case. 016 We present such a treatment in terms of five 017 proof rules that can be used in weighted deduc- 018 tion, which refine Earley's P REDICT , S CAN 019 and C OMPLETE actions. We also provide a 020 generalization of Earley's algorithm that uses 021 a finite-state automaton to represent the gram- 022 mar, and whose runtime is proportional to the 023 size of the automaton (and the usual O (cid:0) N 3 (cid:1) 024 term), or more precisely the size of the portion 025 of the automaton that is reached while parsing 026 the input sentence. Further speed-ups can then 027 be achieved by minimizing the automaton so 028 that similar productions share transitions.


The pipe jacking method which is a non-excavation method is frequently used due to constructability and economical efficiency in a medium or small-sized pipeline construction. However, jacking process of the method still causes problems that the base ground is disturbed and loosen. These lead to surface settlement, strength decrease and leakage of water. Therefore, this study presents in-situ application of the steel pipe jacking with grouting, and it is that jacking and grouting are progressed simultaneously. To verify this, the steel pipe jacking with grouting and the existing steel pipe jacking have been constructed on the same ground condition. It has been proved that the steel pipe jacking with grouting is in-situ applicable according to results of monitoring surface settlement, in-situ density, GPR geophysical prospecting and large scale direct shear test.


ABSTRACT Zinc (Zn) has a vast number of functions in plant metabolism, the lack of which had dramatic effects on growth and yield of plants. Plants have morphological and biochemical responses to enhance mineral solubility in the soil and facilitate uptake, such as root plasticity, secretion processes and symbioses. Root architecture modification is an important plant response to nutrient availability. The aim of this study was to identify root morphological reactions to Zn efficiency in Iranian bread wheat genotypes. Soil and solution cultures were used to survey Zn efficiency. In soil culture, six and seven genotypes with high and low Zn contents were selected among 110 Iranian bread wheat genotypes, respectively. The solution culture experiments were set up in a completely randomized block design and plants fed with Johnson's grass solution. All traits were assessed at 30 and 60 DAPs (days after planting). Our results showed a significant difference between two groups of efficient and inefficient genotypes only at 60 DAP, and Zn-efficient genotypes showed 1.63-, 1.50-, 1.69- and 1.92-fold increases in root diameter, surface area density, shoot and root dry weight, respectively, compared to inefficient genotypes. In contrast, Zn-inefficient genotypes had 1.20- and 2.62-fold more root length and fineness, respectively, than efficient genotypes. The positive significant correlations were observed between shoot and Zn uptake as well as root dry weight and Zn uptake at both stages. Furthermore, shoot and root dry weight showed a significant correlation with root fineness, diameter and surface area density at both stages. The path analysis showed indirect effects on Zn uptake through root traits. Our results showed that roots have a major role in Zn efficiency. Therefore, the better growth and greater Zn uptake in efficient genotypes, compared to inefficient ones, can be attributed to greater root diameter and surface area density, and lower root fineness in these genotypes.


In this paper we investigate possible extensions of the idea of geodesic completeness in complex manifolds, following two directions: 'metrics' are meant to be complex-holomorphic (or meromorphic) symmetric sections of the doubly covariant holomorphic tensor bundle, somewhere allowed not to be of maximum rank, and geodesics are defined on Riemann surfaces which are domains over regions in the complex plane. In this setting the notion of meromorphic metric connection is introduced. Completeness theorems are given about two and three dimensional complex manifolds. 1 Analytic continuation In this section we briefly generalize the notion of analytic continuation regarding holomorphic functions with values in general complex manifolds: this setting is completely analogous to classical complex analysis, thus proofs will be omitted; the reader could refer to [CAS] or [SPR]. We generalize also the notion of path, to be defined on one dimensional complex manifolds, instead of real ones, that is to say open intervals. Definition 1 Let M be a connected complex manifold: a path element in M is a pair (U, f), where U is a connected open set in C and f a holomorphic function defined on U with values in M . Two function elements (U, f) and (V, g) in M may be connected if there exists a finite sequence


The formation of polymeric micelles by the self-association of diblock copolymers consisting of hydrophilic and hydrophobic segments in aqueous medium is currently a topic of great interest. This interest is motivated by the attractive applications of polymeric micelles to various research areas such as drug delivery carrier technology and nanotechnology. In the biomedical materials field, polymeric micelles must possess several specific properties to be of use. These include biocompatibility, biodegradability, target specificity, and stability in the body. Polylactide (PLA) is one of the most commonly used relatively hydrophobic and biodegradable polyesters that possess some of the above qualities. A number of polymeric micelles formed from PLA-based amphiphilic diblock copolymers have been investigated in terms of various biomedical applications. Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) is frequently chosen as a hydrophilic segment to complement PLA because of its biocompatibility. Kataoka et al. reported the formation of PEG-b-PLA diblock copolymer micelles with modified PEG chains and the application of this micelle as a drug carrier for active targeting. They successfully modified the outer PEG layer of the micelles using an aldehyde group introduced at the PEG terminal. Polypeptides consisting of α-amino acids are synthetically intriguing as polymeric micelles due to their biodegradability and variation in functionality that results from the differences in side chain groups. Previously, we synthesized poly(aspartic acid)-block-polylactide (PAsp-b-PLA) diblock copolymer consisting of a hydrophilic/anionic PAsp segment and a hydrophobic PLA segment, and observed polymeric micelle formation in aqueous solution using a dialysis method. In this study, details regarding the formation of these polymeric micelles are reported. It is well known that the shape and size of polymeric micelles are affected by the ratio of the length of the hydrophilic and hydrophobic segments. To establish the relationship between this factor and polymeric micelle formation in this study, several kinds of PAsp-b-PLA copolymers having various hydrophilic/hydrophobic chain length ratios were synthesized. In addition, the sensitivity of the carboxylic acid groups of the PAsp segment to changes in the pH and the resulting effects on the PAsp-b-PLA polymeric micelles in aqueous solution were observed.


【TiN and TiAlN films were deposited on SKD 11 steel substrates by an arc ion plating (AIP) technique. The crystallinity and morphology for the deposited films were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The mechanical properties of both films were investigated through the indentation, impact, and wear test. Those films fairly adherent to SKD 11 steel substrate, showed hardness values of 2300 $\pm$ 100kg/ $\textrm{mm}^2$ and 3200 $\pm$ 100kg/ $\textrm{mm}^2$ with a load of 25g, respectively. During impact test, TiAlN films showed much superior impact wear resistance to TiN films. It could be suggested that the TiN films was failed relatively by plastic deformation with oxidation during impact test, while TiAlN films was failed by brittle fracture and resisted the oxidation by the impact energy. The friction coefficient of TiAlN films became lower than that of TiN films at high sliding speed condition although it was higher than that of TiN films at low speed. Therefore, TiAlN films was suggested to be more advantageous than TiN films for high speed machining fields.】


Issue 16.3 of Perspectives: Policy and Practice in Higher Education studied dynamic change in several functions integral to effective management. In this issue we broaden the scope to include relationships with external organisations – Government, Quality bodies, Further Education colleges, local and wider communities – although it would be more accurate to describe them as overlapping with higher education institutions (HEIs) rather than as external to them. We maintain a concern with internal organisation, both academic and technological, and hence approach matters of efficiency as well as effectiveness. Roger Brown's article reviewing twenty years of quality assurance activity is a masterly summary. It reminds us about the changes of aims and methods which have characterised the field during that period, and also about the cluster of enduring sector-wide trends which militate against quality (Brown 2004, 163) and offset any advances attributable to its increased prominence. As we look ahead, we shall discover the impact on quality of the new evolving Key Information Sets. Perhaps we shall also gain more insight into the author's question 'Is there a link between quality assurance and quality?' A layman might assume such a connection and be surprised at the question. The very title 'Quality Assurance Agency' is of course open to an emphasis on either of the two concepts! The report Understanding Higher Education in Further Education Colleges (2012), published in July, was an important contribution to knowledge. Gareth Parry, one of its co-authors, provides us here with a 'primer' which will benefit many of us who may have inaccurate impressions about the state of higher education provision within the FE sector. Shifts in Government policy, softening the previously-intended radical moves towards greater competition through the 'core and margin' mechanism, may hinder FE colleges' planning. Even where HEIs have few working relationships with FE colleges, they could find it instructive to understand the distinctive nature and strengths of provision within the 'other' sector which already educates one-twelfth of HE students in the UK. Universities' responsibilities to their 'communities', variously defined, is explored by Emma Sabzalieva. She shows how substantially this agenda has changed as relevant communities have become more numerous, complex, demanding, and competitive with one another. The challenge for HEIs is to integrate engagement into their strategy and operating plan without seeming to have grafted on a set of 'desirables' which may reflect sets of minority interests within their own staff. The complexity of managing such an agenda is shown in the range of examples quoted in the article. Despite Life-Long Learning often falling victim to economies, universities appear to be increasing the volume of their outreach, generating an 'audience' of 12.6 million in 2010–11 (Higher Education Statistics Agency [HESA] 2012). A report in Times Higher Education (2012) draws attention to well-established schemes for students in US HE to serve and enrich their local communities, sometimes as part of their assessed curriculum. Just as there can be an element of self-interest in such service, so two long-standing legitimate motivations for universities remain undimmed: to promote good public relations and so enhance reputation, and to generate additional revenue. Allan Bolton, formerly General Manager at Leeds University Business School, held central and facultybased appointments at the universities of Warwick and Lancaster. He is an accreditation assessor and has advised HEIs in the UK and France. He tutors students in their professional placement year. Allan is the author of a book, book chapter and of articles in refereed journals and professional media. Previously associate editor of Perspectives, he was acting editor from January to July 2012. He was a members' representative on the AUA's Council and is a qualified management coach. Address for correspondence: Email: firstname.lastname@example.com


The purpose of this study is to investigate the application of the Code of Practice for safety,
health and environment (COP SHE) in Mara Liner, Bintong Travel and Tours and Pancaran Matahari Sdn Bhd. Code of Practice can be defined as a guideline for the employer and employee regarding the relevant and effective technique to manage issues related to occupational, safetyand health. The increasing of number bus accident is getting higher from every year.In the case
of accident at Genting Highland bus crashed in the year 2013 it is involved 37 people.The causes
of the accident because of speeding and brake malfunction.In order to carry out the study, the
semi-structured interview were conducted with the three company was analyzed using thematic
analysis.The researcher will review their data, makes notes and begin to sort it into categories.
The findings suggest the code of practice (COP SHE) should be applied by bus companies to
improve safety and reduce accident in the road.


Multiple regression analyses of data obtained for 36 counseling supervision dyads indicated that attractiveness, an aspect of supervisory style, was negatively associated with supervisees' self-evaluations and positively associated with the difference between trainees' and supervisors' evaluations of counseling competence at the end of the 1st practicum experience. Supervisors' interpersonal sensitivity and task orientation were not found to contribute significantly to either of the criterion variables.


In mountainous regions potentially isolated by winter snow and far from health facilities, inhabitants use traditional medicine in order to treat various winter diseases. Kabylian language related to diseases of breathing apparatus is extensive and specific. Plants with antitussive aiming are numerous and common.


Introduction: Speech recognition is increasingly used in medical reporting. The aim of this article is to identify in the literature the advantages and weaknesses of this technology, as well as barriers and facilitators to its implementation. Methods: A systematic review of systematic reviews has been conducted in PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane Library and Center for Reviews and Dissemination up to August 2017. The grey literature has also been consulted. The quality of systematic reviews has been assessed with the AMSTAR checklist. Inclusion criteria were to use speech recognition for medical reporting (front or back-end). A Survey has also been conducted in Quebec, Canada, to identify the dissemination of this technology in this province, as well as the factors of success or failure in its implementation. Results: Five systematic reviews were identified. These reviews indicated a high level of heterogeneity across studies. The quality of the studies reported was generally poor. Speech recognition is not as accurate as human transcription but can dramatically reduce the turnaround times for reporting. In front-end use, medical doctors need to spend more time for dictation and correction than with human transcription. With speech recognition, major errors can be up to three times more frequent. In back-end use, a potential increase in the productivity of transcriptionist is noted. Conclusions: Speech recognition offers some advantages for medical reporting, the main one being a reduction in turnaround times. However, these advantages are challenged by an increased burden for medical doctor and risks of additional errors in medical reports. It is also hard to identify for which medical specialties and which clinical activities the use of speech recognition will be the most beneficial.


The current research illustrates how and why indigenous people chose to form an indigenous people's
organization (IPO) to help them on their struggle. It takes into account the cases of two different cultural
contexts: the Ifugao and Aeta of Luzon in the Philippines. This study uses the qualitative method by basing
its results on a series of methods for data collection, such as semi-structured interviews, fieldwork diary,
participant observation, and informal conversation interviews. Additionally, it draws on Bourdieu's theory of
practice to understand the two logics inherent in the newly formed organizations. The main findings show
that certain negative and positive externalities impose the formation of the IPOs. However, it also shows how
these stateless societies seem to resist or reinterpret these organizations into their own culture.


Agriculture consumes the most water resources-70percent of total water consumption.At present,the water tariff in agriˉculture only is5percent of agriculture cost.On the basis of analysis on pricing of water used in agriculture from engineering,the burden ability to water tariff was researched and the feasibility of raising water pricing was analyzed.Moreover,the management and use of water tariff collected from agriculture were discussed.


【Objective】 To observe the clinical efficacy and toxicity of hepatic artery infusion with brucea javanica oil emulsion in combination with transcatheter arterial embolization with lipiodol in the treatment of intermediate and advanced staged primary liver cancer.【Methods】 124 patients with primary liver cancer were randomly divided into treatment group and control group.The treatment group was treated by hepatic artery infusion with brucea javanica oil emulsion combined with transcatheter arterial embolization with lipiodol.The control group was treated by transcatheter arterial chemoembolization(TACE).The two groups in therapeutic effects on solid tumor,life quality and toxicity after treatment were compared.【Results】 Therapeutic effects on solid tumor and life quality in treatment group after treatment were significantly improved compared with the control group(P 0.05),whereas the toxicity in treatment group was lower than control group.【Conclusion】 Hepatic artery infusion with brucea javanica oil emulsion combined with transcatheter arterial embolization with lipiodol can enhance clinical efficacy and improve symptoms of patients with primary liver cancer.It is worthy of further study.


The microscopic magnetic properties of the heavy-electron compound YbP have been investigated by 31 P NMR at temperatures from 0.38 to 600 K. The observations of both an abrupt decrease of 1/ T 1 at around 0.7 K and additional broadening of the spectrum below this temperature show that YbP orders magnetically at low temperatures. In the paramagnetic state, the Knight shift vs susceptibility plot exhibits a marked change of the slope at around 100 K with a larger hyperfine coupling constant of -4.02 kOe/µ B below 100 K. Based on a semimetallic band structure of the compound, a simple model is presented, in which the previously observed anomalous broad maximum in the low-temperature specific heat is ascribed to the Kondo effect due to a large mixing between a \(\varGamma_{6}\) ground state of 4f hole of Yb 3+ ion and occupied P-derived 3p states in the valence bands. The contribution of this p-f mixing mechanism to the transferred hyperfine interaction is also evaluated.


Compared to laser diode, LED offers advantages such as lower cost, better temperature stability and longer service life. LED is therefore the preferred choice for optical communication systems when environmental conditions are uncontrolled. However, modulation rate of LED and RC-LED at 100 Mb/s and 200 Mb/s, respectively, is much lower than that of tens of Gb/s in LD and VCSEL. Our newly proposed driver circuit uses carrier sweep-out effect in the active region when electrical pulse is turned off and peaking effect when electrical pulse is turned on in order to reduce influence of the LED's diffusion capacitance. As the result, it is possible to transmit on-off keying (OOK) signal with speed up to 500 Mb/s.


We present a systematic study of the cooling of hot carriers in undoped, n-type doped, and p-type doped GaAs/${\mathrm{Al}}_{\mathrm{x}}$${\mathrm{Ga}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{x}}$As quantum wells of different well widths by time-resolved luminescence spectroscopy. The energy loss of the carriers due to interaction with optical phonons is independent of dimensionality and well width. The energy loss of electrons is highly reduced at all excitation densities compared with a simple theory of the interactions; for holes, the energy loss comes close to theory at low excitation density. The reduction of the energy-loss rate by optical-phonon scattering cannot be explained by screening or degeneracy but rather is consistent with a hot-phonon effect. The energy-loss rate due to deformation-potential scattering with acoustical phonons increases with decreasing well width.


Elevated fetuin-A levels, chemokines and islet resident macrophages are crucial factors associated with obesity mediated Type 2 Diabetes (T2D). Here, the aim of the study was to investigate the effect of MIN6 (mouse insulinoma cell line) derived fetuin-A in macrophage polarization and decipher the effect of M1 type pro-inflammatory macrophages in commanding over insulin secretion. MIN6 and islet derived fetuin-A induced expression of M1 type macrophage markers, Emr1, Cd68 and CD11c (∼1.8 fold) along with increased cytokine secretion. Interestingly, suppression of fetuin-A in MIN6 successfully reduced M1 markers by ∼1.5 fold. MIN6 derived fetuin-A also induced chemotaxis of macrophages in Boyden chamber chemotaxis assay. Further, high fat feeding in mice showed elevated cytokine and fetuin-A content in serum and islets, and also migration and polarization of macrophages to the islets while β-cells failed to cope up with increased insulin demand. Moreover, in MIN6 culture, M1 macrophages sharply decreased insulin secretion by ∼2.8 fold. Altogether our results support an association of fetuin-A with islet inflammation and β-cell dysfunction, owing to its role as a key chemoattractant and macrophage polarizing factor.


We report a sulphate radical enhanced photoelectrochemical degradation of sulfamethoxazole on a solar light driven fluorine doped tin oxide - copper(I) oxide photoanode. Copper(I) oxide was prepared by a template-free method and dispersed onto the surface of a fluorine doped tin oxide glass to form the photoanode. UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy showed that the photoanode absorbed in the visible light region. With sodium persulphate as the source of sulphate radical, photoelectrochemical degradation studies showed that sodium persulphate markedly enhanced the degradation of sulfamethoxazole. Studies on the effects of change in concentration of the persulphate and the absence of the persulphate on the photoelectrocatalytic degradation process were conducted. Overall, the extent of degradation and mineralisation of sulfamethoxazole in water was found to be 86% and 67% respectively with bias potential of 1.5 V for the sulphate radical enhanced process. Scavenger studies showed that the photogenerated holes and sulphate radicals were the primary active species in the abatement of sulfamethoxazole.


Automatically identifying sections of solo voices or instruments within a large corpus of music recordings would be useful, for example, to construct a library of isolated instruments to train signal models. We consider several ways to identify these sections, including a baseline classifier trained on conventional speech features. Our best results, achieving frame level precision and recall of around 70%, come from an approach that attempts to track the local periodicity of an assumed solo musical voice, then classifies the segment as a genuine solo or not on the basis of what proportion of the energy can be canceled by a comb filter constructed to remove just that periodicity.


ON JUNE 6, 1904, approximately 100 persons met in Atlantic City and organized the National Association for the Study and Prevention of Tuberculosis (shortened in 1918 to National Tuberculosis Association). This year, from May 17 to 21, the Association is returning to Atlantic City for a Golden Jubilee meeting and celebration. Pediatrics is pleased to have this opportunity of paying tribute to the accomplishments of this great organization during its 50 year history.
 Tuberculosis has been a tough foe of mankind for centuries. It has the dubious distinction of being the first specific disease to have a nation-wide group of men and women join together for the purpose of effecting its control and eventual eradication. In this combat between man and microbe the National Tuberculosis Association has played a leading role. Its original constitution stated its purposes to be "the study of tuberculosis in all its forms and relations; the dissemination of knowledge about the causes, treatment, and prevention and scientific treatment of tuberculosis."


Objective: To investigate the effect of leptin on the expression of IL-8 induced by ECV-304.Method:We used the leptin with different concentration to stimulate the primary culture ECV-304.Then the expression of IL-8 induced by ECV-304 was detected.Result:In the same action time,the expression of IL-8 protein and IL-8 mRNA improved when the level of leptin improved;meanwhile,in the same concentration of leptin,the expression of IL-8 protein and IL-8 mRNA improved when the action time extended.Both were significant when they were analyzed by the statistics.Conclusion:The expression of IL-8 induced by ECV-304 is correlated positively with the level of leptin and it′s action time.


A multifunctional fire-fighting combined jetting unit comprises a jetting device and a mixing device (302). The mixing device (302) is provided with a main fire extinguishing agent inlet, a mixed fire extinguishing agent inlet, a mixing device air inlet and a mixing device outlet, the mixing device air inlet is used for receiving compressed air, and the mixing device outlet is communicated with the jetting device. A multifunctional fire-fighting combined device comprises the multifunctional fire-fighting combined jetting unit, the main fire extinguishing agent inlet of the mixing device is selectively communicated with a dry powder output port for outputting fluidized dry powder or an outlet of a concrete pump, the mixed fire extinguishing agent inlet is selectively communicated with a foam agent box (8) or a concrete additive box, and the mixing device air inlet is connected to a corresponding compressed air source. In addition, the utility model further provides a multifunctional fire truck comprising the multifunctional fire-fighting combined device. The total multifunctional fire-fighting combined device can be used for jetting various types of fire extinguishing media such as water and foam mixing agents, dry powder, concrete and the like, accordingly, practicality is wider, and a fire extinguishing performance is more excellent.


Traditional knowledge (TK) refers to knowledge, innovations, and practices of local communities in globe. Documentation of TK helps to identify local community with whom benefit of commercialization of such knowledge is to be shared. This study aimed to document traditional knowledge associated with food and beverage preparation in Borena Zone of Oromia Region. The data was collected using semi-structured questionnaires, interviews, and focus group discussions. Informants were recommended by district's Culture and Tourism offices. Preparation method, ingredients, mode of preparation, current status, and purpose of preparation were the focus point of data collection. Data was analyzed by SPSS version 21. A total of 64 individuals (25 men and 39 women); aged 17 to 78 with mean age of 40.00 ± 15.44 years were recruited. The minimum, maximum, and average years they lived in the study area were 17, 78, and 40.00 ± 15.44, respectively. Findings revealed that a total of eleven traditional foods and drinks were listed by respondents: Yabelo nine (six traditional foods and three traditional drinks); Dire nine (six traditional foods and three traditional drinks); and Arero six (four traditional foods and two traditional drinks). Salting, drying, boiling, toasting, frying, baking, cooking, and fermentation are the major practices that were used by the community to prepare their local foods or drinks. Informants prepare the foods/beverages customarily during public holidays such as memorial days and birth day; and occasionally for wedding ceremony, funeral, visiting respected relatives, and for respected invitee. Economic problems, urbanization, and benefiting modernization were claimed by informants that these are determinant factors to prepare traditional foods/beverages frequently at home. To conclude, there is great gap in using traditional knowledge associate with foods and beverages preparation in Ethiopia. There should be special emphasis to optimize preparation procedures through modern biotechnology and promote for commercialization access for modern companies to share benefits arising from the utilization.


Dual charges are introduced which differ essentially from the conventional (Dirac) magnetic monopoles. A natural vehicle is shown to be a dual invariant Lagrangian to represent observable charges; ...


Common barriers block the use of innovative remediation technologies. The Innovative Treatment Remediation Demonstration (ITRD) Program at the US Department of Energy`s (DOE`s) Sandia National Laboratories was initiated in 1993 in cooperation with the US Environmental Protection Agency`s (EPA`s) Technology Innovation Office in an attempt to reduce these barriers and accelerate the implementation of innovative remediation technologies. The innovative technologies considered for evaluation by the ITRD program lack the cost and performance information that would otherwise permit their full consideration as remedial alternatives. These technologies have often shown promise in pilot-scale applications but have limited full-scale data. Some examples in this category include: bioremediation, in situ dynamic stripping, soil washing and soil flushing, solvent and surfactant extraction and chemical treatment, in situ passive treatment, and advanced physical separation techniques. Currently, three ITRD projects are under way. ITRD sites are generally small, and most are characterized sites already scheduled for remediation. Thus, each project can be initiated quickly; additional program costs are minimized; and overall site remediation is accelerated. ITRD projects tend to target sites with typical soil and groundwater contamination problems. Contaminants at such sites include chlorinated solvents and petroleum products; pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and dioxins; heavy metals; explosives;more » and complex or multiconstituent contamination. The paper describes the activities at these three projects located at Pinellas, Mound Laboratory, and Fernald.« less


Growth of Takydromus tachydromoides was studied at Fukuoka in southwestern Japan. From the data of growth in SVL, the lizards were classified into three age classes. The growth rate of SVL did not differ between sexes. The mean body weight of adult lizards differed significantly between sexes, but SVL did not. Takydromus tachydromoides is a diurnal lizard and very common at lowlands in Japan. Life history of this species has been studied in relation to reproduction (Telford, 1969; Hasegawa, 1979; Takenaka, 1981), food habits (Jackson and Telford, 1975), population ecology (Ishihara, 1971; Takeishi, 1986), growth (Hasegawa, 1979; Takenaka, 1980), and social structure (Takeishi, 1986). Life history strategies of lizards vary in response to sets of evironmental circumstances within same species (e.g. Tinkle el al., 1970; Tinkle and Balunger, 1972). Therefore, it is necessary to collect informations on life history from many areas. I describe the growth pattern of Takydromus tachydromoides in southwestern Japan. Study area and methods The study was carried out at the experimental field of the Faculty of Science, Kyushu University on Fukuoka in southwestern Japan (33.6°N latitude, 130.4°E longitude). This field consisted of grassland (5400 m2) and bare area (2200 m2). The grassland was an old field, and Imperata cylindrica and Achyranthes japonica were dominant. Artemisia princeps, Solidago altissima, Pennisetum alopecuroides, Setaria glauca and Vicia saliva also present. Lizards were hunted from April to December 1977 and from March to November 1978. Snout-vent length(SVL) and body weight were recorded. The sex was determined by applying pressure behind the vent. If the lizard was a male, hemipenes appeared at the vent in both adults and juveniles. The lizard was marked by toe clipping for permanent identification. The lizard was released at the point of first sighting after processing.


Objective To evaluate the therapeutic e ffects of subtotal hepatectomy in the treatment of stricture and stone in the left intrahepatic bile duct. Methods The clinical data of ninety-seven cases suffering from s tricture and stone in the left intrahepatic bile duct treated with subtotal hepatectomy were retro spectively analyzed, including operation methods, postoperative complications an d recurrence. Results The long-term follow-up showed the fo llow-up rate was 80. 4%, the rate of satisfied outcome was 89.7%, the absence rate of symptoms was 6 1 .9% and the recurrent rate was 20.6%. Conclusion Subtotal hepatectomy is prove d to be a satisfied method in treating stricture and stone of the left intrahepa tic bile duct. Left hepatectomy, when indicated, should be suggested for more p atients suffering from left intrahepatic stricture and stone.


The catalytic ignition of hydrogen and oxygen propellants was studied using a premixing hydrogen/oxygen injector. The premixed injector was designed to eliminate problems associated with catalytic ignition caused by poor propellant mixing in the catalyst bed. Mixture ratio, mass flow rate, and propellant inlet temperature were varied parametrically in testing, and a pulse mode life test of the igniter was conducted. The results of the tests showed that the premixed injector eliminated flame flashback in the reactor and increased the life of the igniter significantly. The results of the experimental program and a comparison with data collected in a previous program are given.


This report deals with the preliminary design of a twin-cylinder engine. The goal of the work is not to make the detailed design of the engine but to draw the main characteristics of each kind of engine and to investigate which configuration of twin-cylinder engine matches in the best way to given requirements. A simple model is developed from the motion equations of the rotating and oscillating parts of piston engine. This model allows calculating the values of the inertia forces and moments for each angular position of the crankshaft. Different configurations of single-cylinder and twincylinder engines (including in-line or boxer, in-phase or out-of-phase motion of the piston) are considered. All of these configurations are characterized by their own set of forces and moments. As the free forces and moments are responsible for engine vibrations and thus vibrations of the vehicle and its passengers, a set of balancing solutions (modification of the crankshaft, addition of first or second order balance shafts) is considered to reduce these loads. This is the balancing of the engine. Great reductions of forces and moments can be obtained with more or less complex solutions. From a design point of view, the next step is to determine what level of vibration is acceptable and which solutions permit to reach this level. A model of a classical four-cylinder engine is made in order to serve as a reference for the comparison of the different configurations of twin-cylinder engine. In addition to the inertia forces, the combustion of the fuel inside the cylinder produces also forces and moments in the engine. To estimate the total forces and moments created by the engine, the gas pressure force is calculated for each configuration of the engine. The last step of this preliminary design consists in investigating the influence of design parameters that can impact the balancing of the engine. A sensitivity analysis is made with different design parameters of the engine (i.e. the mass of the piston, the mass and length of the connecting rod...) This analysis permits to know, depending of the configuration of the engine, which characteristics will require a greater attention during the design phases.


Energy efficiency is one of the most important factors that affect the applicability of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) in many practical scenarios. Many low-power media access control (MAC) protocols have been proposed in the past decade to improve the energy efficiency of sensor nodes. In these low-power MAC protocols, preambles are widely used to wake up the receivers asynchronizely. However, the data delivery potential of these preambles has not been exploited. In this paper, we propose a coded preamble (COPE), which exploits the data delivery potential of preambles by encoding the preambles by network coding. COPE has two salient features. First, a passive receiver set selection scheme enables nodes to decide whether to receive the overheard preamble packets, without introducing extra communication overhead. Second, COPE supports multiple routing primitives, such as unicast and broadcast, making it be a versatile 2.5 layer between the low-power link layer (layer 2) and the network layer (layer 3). We analyze COPE by a novel analytical model. Results show that COPE is able to improve the energy efficiency of both unicast and broadcast significantly. We also implement COPE in TinyOS/TelosB platform and evaluate its energy efficiency. Results show that COPE significantly reduces the radio-on-time in practical network settings.


Network-on-Chip (NoC) has been proposed as a solution to provide better modularity, scalability, reliability and higher bandwidth compared to bus-based communication infrastructures. The performance of Network-on-Chip largely depends on the underlying routing techniques. In this paper a new on-chip fuzzy-based source routing algorithm (FPASR) has been presented which try to combine the advantages of both deterministic and adaptive routing schemes. In this scheme each router selects one of the shortest paths with minimum cost which is calculated by a fuzzy controller and considering the free slots input buffer and power consumption of the neighboring switches. Experimental results show that proposed routing algorithm has lower average packet latency and power dissipation than the others routing methods, Also distributes power consumption better than other traditional routing algorithms.


Recently, the Instituto Butantan (Sao Paulo, Brazil) produced the first Brazilian recombinant vaccine against hepatitis B (BUTANG-BUT). To enlarge the existing data, the CGPNI/FNS/MS promoted a multi-center study, carried out in 5 localities and among different age strata. As part of this project, we investigated the immunogenicity of BUT among children aged 1-10 years from Educandario Lar de Frei Luiz, Rio de Janeiro, during the period 2001-2002. Children were immunized with 3 doses (10ug) of BUT (N=219) or Engerix B ("EB", Glaxo SmithKline Biologicals, N=264), following the schedule 0, 1, 6 months. Blood samples were collected prior to the first (C0) and 28-100 days after the third doses (C1). Detection of HBV markers was performed using immunoassays (BioMerieux) (C0) and anti-HBc was retested in C1. Anti-HBs titer was determined using a paramagnetic-particle
chemiluminescent immunoassay (Access Ab HBs II, Beckman-Coulter) and
seroprotection was defined as anti-HBs ≥10mUI/ml. Equivalence between vaccines was defined as i) a difference not larger than 5% between seroprotection proportions (BUT– EB) and ii) GMT-BUT/GMT-EB ratio >0.67. Seroprotection was observed in 100.0% and 97.7% of children, with GMTs of 3.600 mUI/ml and 2761 mUI/ml for BUT and EB, respectively. The difference between seroprotection proportions was 2.3% and GMT ratio was 1.3. During the project we evaluated different commercially assays to assess HBV vaccine response. A total of 163 samples were further tested using a microparticle enzyme immunoassay (IMx AUSAB, Abbott Laboratories) and a method based in EIA (ETI-AB-AUK-3, Diasorin). The tests presented concordant results (p<0.01). We analyzed in pairs – Access/IMx, Access/Diasorin and IMx/Diasorin. The linear coefficients were 0.960, 0.913 and 0.943, respectively. The highest correlation was among Access/IMx. These results showed that both vaccines are equivalent and suitable for use among children and that commercial assays are suitable for vaccine response evaluation.


An uninterrupted power supply (UPS) is used to provide electrical power to a load during an emergency situation in which the main utility power is not available. UPS topologies are well known. The inverter plays the most important role as an element in the UPS system. Usually, pulse width modulated inverters with voltage control and waveform shaping are used in UPS. This paper proposes an inverter with regenerative snubber for high frequency UPS applications, because regenerative snubber is superior to dissipative snubber due to the reduced losses and increased reliability. The Simulink model for a single phase UPS system with regenerative snubber is developed and the same is used for simulation studies. Also, FFT analysis has been done to study the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the inverter output using sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) and multiple pulse width modulation (MPWM) techniques. The measured performance proves that the efficiency of the developed UPS is improved by employing energy recovery snubber. The experimental results are compared with simulation results.


Extending the situational crisis communication theory, this research evaluates how the consequences of a crisis extend to social media and how using internal and external sources influence crisis response processing. A structural equation model assessed the conceptual link between organizational reputation and the negative amplification of a message on social media using data derived from an online experiment. Findings contextualize crisis communication to suggest source and social amplification could lead to a vanguard of future SCCT research that guides researchers and professionals in optimizing a crisis response.


A necessary condition to assure cargo security is the establishment of partnerships between the national government, state and local government and the private sector. In this paper we focus on one subset of cargo security, the bulk liquid/hazardous materials supply chain, and examine the private sector's role with respect to guidance to workers and management. Bulk liquid cargo was selected because of its volume, pervasiveness, and the innate risk associated with its transport as evidenced by the large number of safety incidents that have impacts on mortality and injury. The private sector role was examined because the sector owns most of the mobile equipment and employs a large number of workers who would have direct opportunity to help prevent incidents and/or notice and notify suspicious activities. Our initial surrogate for investigating the participation of the private sector role is through their trade associations who also act as intermediaries with national and state governments. We asked: What guidance do the trade associations offer their members? Is the guidance sufficiently comprehensive? And is it being effectively implemented? These questions were addressed in the first instance by a survey of trade association websites and press information, to be followed by in-depth interviews of the trade associations. Our results showed clearly, that the participants in the survey fell into two categories: the trade associations that undertook guidance early-on, strive for continuous improvement. Those who did not become involved in preparing and promulgating security guidance still remain uninvolved or are moving very slowly. An important next step to assess the effectiveness of guidance from the trade associations as well as the federal government is to conduct in depth interviews of members of the industry. Of particular interest will be to find out how they have incorporated and used the guidance and have improved their security training and operations for bulk liquid cargo transport.


This paper investigates the lowest‐order weak Galerkin finite element (WGFE) method for solving reaction–diffusion equations with singular perturbations in two and three space dimensions. The system of linear equations for the new scheme is positive definite, and one might readily get the well‐posedness of the system. Our numerical experiments confirmed our error analysis that our WGFE method of the lowest order could deliver numerical approximations of the order O(h1/2) and O(h) in H1 and L2 norms, respectively.


A mixture distribution model is introduced to characterize the source statistics in a frequency domain image coder. More specifically, a Gaussian mixture distribution is shown to be a good statistical model of the probability density function of the composite decomposed signal. Theoretical results based on the mixture distribution model are found that quantify the obtainable entropy rate gain in the coder when using multiple entropy coders. A practical image coder using the theoretical concepts is proposed. The simulation results show close correspondence with the predicted theoretical results, thus, verifying the accuracy of the mixture distribution model.


The three Spartan 201 flights from 1993 to 1995 provided us with observations in HI Lyman-α of several streamers in the declining phase of the current solar cycle. Analysis of the heliocentric height dependence of the HI Ly-α LOS velocity distribution width clearly show that there is a maximum in the proton 1/e velocities at heights ranging from 2.1 to 2.5 R⊙ for all of the observed streamers. We compare UVCS/Spartan results with proton velocity distributions from UVCS/SOHO during solar minimum. We also discuss differences in the proton velocity distributions for different types of streamers over the three year period of Spartan 201 observations.


The lemniscate loop, previously employed in the approximate generic description of the shapes of erosional drainage basins, is shown to bear a close genetic relationship to streamlined forms. This is illustrated by comparison with the shape of airfoils, the snowdrift and certain eggs. Drumlins have been recognized as similar streamlined forms and the lemniscate loop is suggested as providing a quantitative genetic description of their shapes.


In their 1994 article, "The Politics of the Interface: Power and its Exercise in Electronic Contact Zones", compositionists Cynthia Selfe and Richard Selfe give examples of how certain features of word processing software and other programs used in writing classrooms (including their icons, clip art, interfaces, and file structures) can invisibly privilege cultural values that not all of the program's potential users share, creating disadvantages. Selfe and Selfe call for teachers to help students examine these technologies and develop their critical awareness of their influences. In this paper I consider that library databases and other online search engines can also be seen as classroom technologies that are commonly used but often unexamined by librarians, teachers, and students. In particular, the ways that online database interfaces—the search options and results screens that stand between researchers and the information that they seek—can have a dramatic influence over these researchers, affecting the ways that they think about searching as well as how they actually conduct their searches, while other invisible features of these databases can also affect results. Library databases and other online search engines are not a neutral classroom technology any more than word processing software is, and students and teachers need to be aware of the larger implications of their use of this technology. Developing a critical awareness of all of the information sources they are using can only benefit students and help them become more experienced academic writers and researchers as well.


In this paper I explore the significance of dress as an expressive and performative genre within contemporary art in south eastern Australia. My aim is to build on and expand recent studies in cross‐cultural discourse to offer a broader, more inclusive framework for contemporary art practice in the south east grounded in dynamic Aboriginal cosmologies that demonstrate both continuity and innovation. Specifically I will examine two arenas of practice usually treated as separate domains: the revitalization of fibre seen in shell necklaces, baskets and possum skin cloaks – once worn or carried on the body ‐ and the appropriation by artists of items of colonial and contemporary dress such as blankets, trousers, knitwear and T‐ shirts. My research reveals how art, as a form of action, contributes to social and cultural sustainability by engaging with an Aboriginal landscape and a postcolonial world to imagine 'cultural futures.'


In a continuing effort to identify structural attributes required for strong binding and potent inhibition of human drug-metabolizing CYP3A4, we designed ten ritonavir-like analogues differing in the side-group stereochemistry, backbone atomic composition, and headgroup spacing. All analogues had pyridine and tert-butyloxycarbonyl (Boc) as the heme-ligating head and tail groups, respectively, phenyl side groups, and either a methyl- or ethyl-pyridyl linker. Each linker subseries had S/R, R/S, R/R, and S/S side-group conformers (4a-d and 4e–h, respectively), and one S/S stereoisomer with the backbone S-to-N-heteroatom substitution (6a and 6b). To elucidate structure–activity relationships, ligand-dependent changes in optical spectra, dissociation constant (Ks), inhibitory potency (IC50), thermostability, and heme ligation and reduction kinetics were analyzed. Comparison of the subseries and individual compounds showed that CYP3A4 only weakly discriminates between side-group configurations, associates more ...


A portable multiplexer for use with spatially multiplexed optical fiber communications system is presented that utilizes multiple hollow core tubes at fixed angles adding stability, reliability, robustness and ease of use to spatial multiplexers.


Although the law of entropy increase governs the direction in which things change, we don't observe entropy directly. Instead we observe three quantities—temperature, pressure, and chemical potential—that tell us how the entropy of a system changes as it interacts in three different ways with its surroundings. This chapter shows how these three quantities are mathematically related to a system's entropy, energy, volume, and number of particles. These relations complete the foundation of macroscopic thermodynamics. Moreover, for the three model systems whose entropies are calculated explicitly in the previous chapter, these relations lead to detailed testable predictions of thermal behavior.


A microwave electrothermal thruster (MET thruster) has been constructed, consisting of a microwave plasma chamber 12 cm long and 8 cm in inner diameter and a micronozzle 10 mm long with 1 mm in diameter. The microwave plasma is produced by 2.45 GHz microwave frequency at a power of 1 kW, and the feed gas is Ar at a pressure of 10^-3mTorr. Microwave energy is transmitted into the cavity and electrons sre connected to the wave's electric field. Thus, the electrons are accelerated by microwave electric fields. Microwave plasma discharge is formed based on the interaction of electrons with neutral gas particles. Then, the plasma acts as a resistive load and absorption of microwave energy, raises the temperature of the gas or plasma. Gas heating increases the gas pressure and is released through the nozzle. The plasma density and electron temperature are 2.35× 〖 10 〗 ^17 m^(-3) and 1.2 eV, respectively. The thrust and specific impulse are 10 mN and 100 s.


ZAP‐70 expression is a stage independent prognostic marker in CLL. However, interlaboratory variation is large, and there is neither a consensus nor a regulatory approved methodology.


Fire regulations of different countries require that a monthly test is carried out on each battery back‐up emergency lighting to check for functionality. Existing practice requires a team of maintenance staff to carry out the test manually at each lighting point, which is unreliable, inefficient and tedious. An innovative maintenance system is proposed to cater for this issue. It has several advantages over the existing practice – high reliability, cost effectiveness and user friendliness. With simple modification and the inclusion of LonWorks technology, an intelligent control node is proposed for carrying out the test regularly and sending the test results to a main terminal at a remote centre over a control network. Any defective lighting point can be easily spotted and repairs can be carried out promptly. Also, the system can be integrated with the existing building automation system to form an integrated system to facilitate building management.


The Lagrangian formulation of the D = 4 bosonic string and superstring in terms of the (super)twistors is considered. It is shown that for the proposed superstring action fixing covariantly the κ−symmetry gauge results in the action quadratic in the (super)twistor variables.


It's not easy being a power system. The complexity of power transmission systems has increased drastically over the past few decades due to economic and environmental constraints. Interconnections, static VAr compensators, series capacitors, multiterminal HVDC systems, as well as sophisticated control and protection schemes have a growing impact on modem power systems. The degree of sophistication is such that planning, design and operation is virtually impossible without comprehensive computer systems. Over the past few decades we have seen a revolution in the availability and use of power system simulation techniques and tools. In this paper, the authors review the potential impact of these devices on the successful planning, design and operation of complex power systems.


Who is using middleware? I think eventually everybody is going to use middleware. The people I talk to are primarily Web application developers and LOB [line of business] application developers, ranging from tens of clients to 10,000s of clients. Some of the higher-end customers or people doing automation, process control—that sort of thing—have rolled their own middleware, because they couldn't buy something that met their needs at the time they were making design decisions. But that means they have to maintain the custom solution, which might not make good business sense in the long run. So they're looking at using a third-party product, getting out of the middleware business themselves. So, you can't earn money on middleware; you need it, but that's not where you get money. I think for application developers that's true—most businesses are not in the business of developing software for software's sake. They're in some other business and they have to get the software written to support the business. And for that, the less extraneous stuff they have to write themselves and support themselves, the better. Another thing about middleware is that it's rare to find people, at least that I talk to, who have in-depth knowledge of all the different technologies used in a distributed application. They want to use them, but they don't necessarily want to— or should need to—completely understand the theory or how to write the middleware themselves.


This investigation was designed to evaluate cognitive and behavioral status in an adult population of sickle cell anemia patients with and without structural CNS lesions demonstrated by neuroimaging techniques


A nonlinear inverse problem of antiplane elasticity for a multiply connected domain is examined. It is required to determine the profile of $n$ uniformly stressed inclusions when the surrounding infinite body is subjected to antiplane uniform shear at infinity. A method of conformal mappings of circular multiply connected domains is employed. The conformal map is recovered by solving consequently two Riemann-Hilbert problems for piecewise analytic symmetric automorphic functions. For domains associated with the first class Schottky groups a series-form representation of a ($3n-4$) parametric family of conformal maps solving the problem is discovered. Numerical results for two and three uniformly stressed inclusions are reported and discussed.


A new acoustical method for inspection of the industry piping against development of corrosion and early stage cracks is presented. Impulse response of a defective pipe is obtained by launching an M‐sequence at an end of the pipe, and cross‐correlating it with the sequence received at the same end. The received sequence contains several replica of the M‐sequence, reflected from various objects including the defects in the inner wall of the pipe. Therefore, the impulse response contains a peak corresponding to each reflection, the location of which determines the location of the reflecting object. Signal processing techniques are used to detect these very small peaks from heavy noise, and to distinguish the wanted peaks (due to defects) from unwanted peaks (due to other objects). A new technique is presented, which removes all kinds of unwanted peaks and other noise and significantly enhances the wanted peaks. This technique is proved much better than the classical noise removal techniques of moving averag...


The process formation of law rules in the conditions of integration of legal systems is considered. The special attention is given to coordination of interests of each system. The preservation of state law-subject are considered at the conclusion of international treaties and the accession to the international organizations. It is offered to analyze a state role as the subject of international law and the subject of the political power in the interstate relations.


Under the action of natural environment and service load,the concrete bridges have the degeneration of durability and the degradation of bearing capacity.The features of time-variety for the structural anti-force are studied by reliability analysis.A load effect probability model is developed to evaluate the reliability of existing concrete bridge.A 32-year-old concrete bridge is evaluated by this method as an example.The results show that the decay discipline of reliability is consistent with the one of bending resistance,its reliability indices of bending bearing capacity can not meet the demand of Chinese standard,the existing concrete bridge needs to be strengthened.5 figs,9 refs.


The energy band structures and density of states for N-doped and N:H-doped anatase TiO2 are calculated based on the first-principles density-functional theory. For N-doped TiO2, there appear two isolated states above the top of the valence band and the band gap narrowing is very small. With the same nitrogen dopant concentration, N:H doping yields a significant band gap narrowing. The calculated results support our experimental data that N:H-doped TiO2 exhibited higher visible-light photocatalytic efficiency than the N-doped one.


Queer critics talk more and more about a normalization process whereby early lesbian and gay struggles against traditional values and institutions are being replaced by the pursuit of inclusion within mainstream society. The 'assimilation' of same-sex practices, critics contend, lowers the critical potential of homosexuals' claims and marginalizes other less acceptable forms of sexualities. The present article contributes to this literature by tracing the roots and dynamics of normalization. It makes the claim that heteronormative categories infiltrated homosexual culture well before the spread of neoconservative gay movements and produced inner distinctions intended to exclude those who did not fit intergroup classifications. It then maintains that this analysis casts some interesting light on the current quest for gay rights, and in particular for same-sex marriage. By doing so, this article aims to tackle the broader question of how to produce societal changes able to circumvent rearguard reactions from the dominant culture.


TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION The governing equation of the temperature T(x) in a thin rectangular fin is dT/dx (e<x/kb)T* = 0 (0 < x < L) (1) where e is the emissivity of the fin material, <r is the StefanBoltzmann constant, k is the conductivity, and 2b and L are the fin width and length. The boundary conditions are T = To dT/dx = 0 T = TL Note that the boundary-value problem is completely defined by Eqs. (1), (2), and (3). The additional condition, Eq. (4), is merely used as a parameter which will be uniquely determined. By direct integration of Eq. (1) with boundary conditions, Eqs. (3) and (4), the solution for the temperature distribution along the fin can be written as


A recently proposed lattice gas model for simulating surface waves at a free boundary is described in detail. Simulated waves are compared to linear theory and are seen to compare well, provided an additional parameter e is introduced. This parameter, e, is investigated and found to be required due to the density gradient produced across the fluid by the gravitational interaction. Its value and the values of the other model parameters are found for a range of gravitational strengths.


One new species of Tachina Meigen(Diptera,Tachinidae),T.liaoningensis sp.nov.,was described from Liaoning Province,China.The type specimens are deposited in the Insect Collection,Shenyang Normal University.


Background: It is a significant challenge clinically to optimize the weight of children and infants. It is our hypothesis that in children receiving dialysis fluid overload can be quantified using lung ultrasound.
Objectives:
1. To determine the frequency of diagnosing pulmonary edema using lung ultrasound and clinical examination.
 2. To determine association of percentage decrease in weight with number of B-lines in children with renal failure undergoing hemodialysis Methods: This cross sectional study was conducted in Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Paediatric unit II, Mayo Hospital
Lahore from June 2020 till December 2020 after approval of hospital committee. Patients aged 6 to 16 years undergoing regular hemodialysis after chronic kidney disease were enrolled. Lung ultrasound examinations were performed before start of dialysis and after completion of dialysis. B lines were measured on the ultrasound along with comparing the proportional increase in weight from the target weight. Results: Eighty one lung ultrasound assessments were performed in total. Mean age was 10.4±3.3 years. There were 56(69.1%) males and 25 (30.8%) female patients. Mean percentage decrease in weight was 5.5±2.4% before dialysis and 0.96±0.6% after dialysis, p-value


The symptoms of root-knot nematode damage to Tephrosia candida are described.Ac cording to the morph ologic characteristics of female,male and second-stage larva of the nema tode ,it is identified as Meloidogyne javanica.


This work offers ways of maximizing efficiency of randomized response technique or two sensitive characters. In order to maximize the efficiency, two models; simple and crossed models were considered under equal and unequal protections. It was discovered that as increases, the simple model with equal protection becomes more efficient than the crossed model with unequal protection. And as continues to increase, the simple model with equal protection becomes approximately equal to the crossed model with equal protection. It was also shown that model with equal protection is more efficient than that due to unequal protection for both simple and crossed models. Hence, to ensure better estimation of two sensitive characters at a time, there is need to allow for equal protection of the respondents on each of the characters of interest.


This study follows the first steps in the development from novice to professional with some students at the upper secondary school Electricity Programme through classroom observations and interviews with students and their teacher. I wanted to find out how the students' prior knowledge and interest affect their attitude toward the training and their ability to learn the practical components of a course on the Electricity Programme. The course is called Electricity Knowledge and during the study the students are learning soldering. The students in the study have begun their first semester at the Electricity Programme and the study was conducted over a large part of this semester. A qualitative method is used for the study consisting of observations and interviews. The interviews were conducted with four students and their teacher. Students were selected for interview based on a questionnaire that was distributed at the beginning of the semester. The study shows the importance for novices to have rules to follow but also to understand when an exception is at hand. In practical training tools are of great importance and the results indicate that the quality deficiencies of the tools may be important for learning. The interviews reveal that differences in the interpretation of quality between the teacher and the students also may influence learning. The language as an important tool is discussed. The study shows examples of that great interest can lead a student to want to go fast forward in the practical work with the result of instructions being misunderstood and the final product not meeting the original requirements. Previous knowledge does not seem to affect learning at the basic level of soldering the course deals with. According to the questionnaire responses the students have different prior knowledge, but this is not reflected in the interviews which show that the students have quite similar previous experience and a fairly similar attitude toward the course. The observations confirm the interview results since the students encounter similar difficulties in the practical soldering exercises.


The goal: Understanding the evidence that has been collected and reported about interprofessional education (IPE). Decision-makers in government and health administration have identified collaborative practice as one strategy for managing some of the challenges facing our health care system (i.e. patient safety). We need to be able to present decision-makers with evidence that IPE leads to interprofessional collaboration in practice and contributes to improved health outcomes. Short-term and pilot projects have shown that IPE has the potential to enhance practice, improve the delivery of services and make a positive impact on patient care. Over the past decade there have been a number of reviews about IPE. The full paper Synthesis of Review Evidence for Interprofessional Education gives a summary of what evidence is available and how it can best be used. We've found that ipe Can improve collaborative practice, enhance delivery of services and have a positive impact on patient care. Has the potential to enable students and practitioners to learn the knowledge and skills necessary for interprofessional collaboration. Can be effectively delivered in a variety of education and practice settings. Is generally well received by participants. Has been advanced using quality improvement approaches. next steps Initiate a dialogue between decision-makers and researchers about how to improve the evidence linking IPE to collaborative practice. As the hub for interprofessional education and collaborative practice in Canada, CIHC can connect individuals and organizations in this dialogue. Researchers and decision-makers work with knowledge exchange experts to ensure that the evidence produced can be used to develop and implement new strategies for collaborative, patient-centred practice. • • • • • • • • " Interprofessional Education occurs when two or more professions learn with, from and about each other in order to improve collaboration and the quality of care. " – CAIPE (2002)


In this study,a regression analysis was conducted to analyze the data of silkworm egg production and in- spection.The data came from 6silkworm egg stations in Hubei province from 1993to 2012.The result suggests the silkworm egg production and super virus rate are positively related.To avoid the outbreak of pebrine disease, a mathematics model was established,which could deduce the critical value of safe silkworm egg production in different silkworm egg farms.


A scheme for realizing certain geometrical distortions in a coherent optical system has been proposed and demonstrated by Bryngdahl. This technique is described as being applicable when the object functions exhibit "relatively slow spatial variations." In this paper the notion of slowly varying object functions is examined in terms of the spatial bandwidth of these functions, thus providing a means for examining the merit of such a distortion technique. It is shown that the technique may be expected to work well at low spatial frequencies, worsening with quadratic spatial frequency dependence. The spatial frequencies at which the distortion technique fails may be readily estimated. In general, these limiting spatial frequencies depend on wavelength, separation between input and output planes, posi-tion in the output or input plane, and the particular distortion one wishes to realize.


1 Membrane potential recordings were made from longitudinal smooth muscle cells of the guinea‐pig urethra using conventional microelectrode techniques. 2 Smooth muscle cells of the urethra developed spontaneous transient depolarizations (STDs) and slow waves. Single unit STDs had amplitudes of approximately 5 mV and slow waves seemed to occur as amplitude multiples of single unit STDs. 3 STDs and slow waves were abolished by niflumic acid or low chloride solution and also by cyclopiazonic acid (CPA), BAPTA or high concentrations of caffeine. Lower concentrations of caffeine abolished slow waves but not STDs. Nifedipine inhibited slow waves but not STDs. 4 When stochastic properties of STDs were examined, it was found that the intervals between occurrences were not well modelled by Poisson statistics, instead the STDs appeared to be clustered. 5 Transmural stimulation evoked excitatory junctional potentials (EJPs) and triggered slow waves which were abolished by either α,β‐methylene‐ATP or tetrodotoxin. Evoked slow waves were also abolished by caffeine, co‐application of caffeine and ryanodine or by CPA which left EJPs unaffected. 6 In conclusion, smooth muscle cells of urethra exhibit STDs which are clustered rather than random events, and are the result of spontaneous Ca2+ release from intracellular stores and subsequent activation of Ca2+‐activated chloride channels. STDs sum to activate L‐type Ca2+ channels which contribute to the sustained phase of slow waves. Stimulation of purinoceptors by neurally released ATP initiates EJPs and also causes the release of Ca2+ from intracellular stores to evoke slow waves.


This chapter discusses the evolution of the critical quantitative paradigm with an emphasis on extending this approach to new populations and new methods. Along with this extension of critical quantitative work, however, come continued challenges and tensions for researchers. This chapter recaps and responds to each chapter in the volume, and concludes the two-volume series with a look toward the future use of quantitative criticalism by institutional researchers and higher education scholars.