Multi-modal underwater vehicle (MUV) is a newly ocean observation platform with the capability to switch between Argo mode and glider mode. This paper presents an efficient and effective path planner to generate trajectory that exploits ocean energy and makes use of favorable ocean currents to propel and lead the MUV to collect ocean measurements located in high scientific interest areas. The proposed strategy employs MUV mode transition within path planner to enable efficient operation of MUV to drift with ocean currents for measurements and transform to operate as an underwater glider for locomotion. The novel hybrid scheme is the first to integrate tournament selection based Delaunay triangulation into ant colony optimization (ACO), herein referred to as DSP-ACO path planner to facilitate more efficient searching for adaptive ocean sampling problem (AOSP). Simulation results show that the proposed DSP-ACO path planner is capable to take advantage of ocean currents and obtain a more optimal trajectory with quicker convergence rate than conventional ACO path planner. Meanwhile, MUV transforms operation between Argo mode and glider mode is more energy efficient to take measurements than underwater glider. Monte Carlo simulation is run to assess the robustness of the DSP-ACO path planner and demonstrates the inherent superiority of the proposed DSP-ACO path planner.


Asphyxia neonatorum is a condition where the baby does not breathe spontaneously and regularly immediately after birth; this condition can be accompanied by hypoxia, hypercapnia, and up to acidosis. This study aims to analyze the relationship between gestational age and the incidence of neonatal asphyxia in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit at Tongas Hospital, Probolinggo District. This research is quantitative with a correlational design using a cross-sectional study approach with a total of 35 respondents using an accidental sampling technique. Data collection includes coding, editing, and tabulating, then analyzed manually and by computer with the Spearman Rank Test. Based on data from 35 respondents who were studied in the period June 20, 2022, to August 31, 2022, the majority were preterm, with a total of 17 respondents (48.6%), including mild asphyxia 4 (11.4%) and moderate asphyxia 13 respondents (37.1%) %). With p=0.000 (a=0.05), there is a relationship between gestational age and the incidence of neonatal asphyxia in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit at Tongas Hospital, Probolinggo Regency. Midwives are expected to immediately determine gestational age because it is important to predict delivery to prevent neonatal asphyxia.


In this paper, the spectral transform with the reputation of nonlinear Fourier transform is extended for the first time to a local time-fractional Korteweg-de vries (tfKdV) equation. More specifically, a linear spectral problem associated with the KdV equation of integer order is first equipped with local time-fractional derivative. Based on the spectral problem with the equipped local time-fractional derivative, the local tfKdV equation with Lax integrability is then derived and solved by extending the spectral transform. As a result, a formula of exact solution with Mittag-Leffler functions is obtained. Finally, in the case of reflectionless potential the obtained exact solution is reduced to fractional n-soliton solution. In order to gain more insights into the fractional n-soliton dynamics, the dynamical evolutions of the reduced fractional one-, two-, and three-soliton solutions are simulated. It is shown that the velocities of the reduced fractional one-, two-, and three-soliton solutions change with the fractional order.


It is often said that understanding the complex teaching and learning issues at university level requires the networking of several theories. In this paper, we study how the Theory of Didactic Situations and the Anthropological Theory of the Didactic can be combined to address a developmental research issue at university level. We refer to criteria provided by Design-Based Research to compare and contrast the two theories. This preliminary study should allow us to design a teaching intervention related to Calculus at university.


The Coma cluster has been scanned by an array of large X-ray proportional counters equipped with 10' x 4/sup 0/ (FWHM) collimators. The results suggest the peak surface brightness is not coincident with one of the two giant elliptical galaxies, NGC 4889 and 4874, and show the X-ray emission to be more extended in the 0.5--1.5 than in the 1.5--5 keV band. We have found no evidence for concentrated X-ray sources, like those in M87 and and NGC 1275. The X-ray surface brightness contours have an ellipticity which resembles that of the galaxy mass distribution, and we have found evidence for clumpiness in the intracluster gas.


In general, the process of managing configuration consistency is regarded as a set of problem¬solving methods which could work without • concerning product structures. Nonetheless, product configuration in engineering has its essential needs of product structures for describing an artefact or product model. In order to fully support configuration management for the product configuration, there is a need to integrate product structures with maintenance approaches. This paper is a contribution to the integration of appropriate product structures with an effective maintenance approach.


In this paper, the existence and expression of solution about extremal problem on a class of irregularly constrained functional that can be extensively applied have been deeply and systematically discussed and analyzed. In particular, we achieved a series of valuable results both in theory and in application. Meanwhile, the proof on the existence of extremal solution about this kind of problem fills a gap in this field.


A new open loop control technique of boost converter to mitigate the temperature effect on current control of LED driver will be presented. The presented open loop control technique achieves zero voltage turn on in order to significantly reduce the reverse recovery loss of diode and mitigates the temperature impact on the constant current control. The basic idea of the presented control technique is to on-line calculate the on-time of power device as input voltage changes and then tune the off-time to achieve zero voltage switching even with temperature variation. Experimental results derived from a digital-controlled boost converter for LED driver will be presented. The specifications include: input voltage = 15 V and output current is 280 mA. Experimental results show the current can be retained even though the temperature of LED varies using the proposed open loop control technique.


A detailed account is given of the general synthetic route to 7, 9-dialkyladeninium salts (16-18) from N6-alkoxy-9-alkyladenines (type 5 or 11-13), readily obtainable from 9-alkyladenines in three steps involving N(1)-oxidation, O-alkylation, and Dimroth rearrangement. Alkylations of N6-methoxy-9-methyladenine (5) and 9-alkyl-N6-benzyloxy-adenines (11-13) with MeI, EtI, and PhCH2Br in AcNMe2 produced the corresponding 7-alkylated derivatives (15 and 19-21), together with small amounts of the N6-alkylated isomers (6, 8, and 9). Catalytic hydrogenolysis of the former compounds with hydrogen and Raney Ni yielded 7, 9-dialkyladeninium salts (16-18).


A Gunn diode is used as both a microwave oscillator and detector in a new technique to measure electron densities in a plasma. The circuit bears some resemblance to an earlier modulated reflection-type of interferometer but the principle of its operation is quite different since it depends on the frequency-pulling effects of the load on the Gunn diode. It has the advantage of significantly reducing the number of waveguide components.


Starfish orient to distant odor sources, but it is not clear how the decentralized nervous system of the starfish coordinates the movement of the starfish towards a distant goal. To address the question of coordination, starfish were observed orienting in a Y‐maze. Starfish orienting in an odor plume tend to lead with the rays facing the odor source, typically those pointed directly upstream or adjacent on the odor side, and change leading ray multiple times during their approach to the source. When chemoreceptors on the tip of the upstream ray are lesioned by immersion in distilled water, starfish rarely lead with the treated ray, but the number of starfish reaching the source is not affected. When two or three adjacent upstream rays are lesioned, fewer reach the source and downstream movement is frequent, making it unlikely that rheotaxis is being used. Instead, a system of multilateral chemotropotaxis, in which odor concentrations are compared between multiple rays to determine the direction of the odo...


Chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients are prone to a higher cardiovascular morbidity and mortality compared with the general population [1]. Consistent results from the basic and clinical research showed that cardiovascular susceptibility in CKD is due, partially at least, to a considerable acceleration of the vascular ageing processes in the context of chronic kidney disease-mineral bone disorder syndrome (CKD-MBD) [2]. This premature cardiovascular senescence is mainly characterized by altered endothelial reactivity, followed by pathologic calcification of cardiac valves and medial layer in the arteries [3]. The consequent increase of arterial stiffness worsens the cardiac afterload, contributing to the onset of left ventricular hypertrophy and to the progressive increase of pulse pressure (PP) leading to a significant reduction of diastolic tissue perfusion. The metabolic pathways linked to this premature ageing involve the dysregulation of several systems such as inflammation, oxydative stress, insulin resistance and mineral metabolism [3]. The alterations of calcium (Ca) and phosphate (P) homeostasis in renal patients, mainly driven by a derangement of Klotho/fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23)—parathormone (PTH)—vitamin D axis, are considered pivotal triggers and regulators of vascular ageing rather than mere biomarkers of CKD-MBD syndrome [3]. Thus, P overload and hyperparathyroidism are well known targets of medical treatments, such as P binders, vitamin D and calcimimetics, although with still limited evidence-based advantages in terms of survival in renal patients [3, 4]. The tough hedge that is still keeping nephrologists far from a conclusive and winning approach against vascular ageing is reasonably related to the still partial comprehension of the molecular pathways involved in a so complex, multifactorial and extreme process. New biomarkers and new actors are thus needed to orient the scientific knowledge towards further intervention strategies against CKD-MBD.

In the present issue of the Clinical Kidney Journal, Fragoso et al. [5] present the first observational data linking magnesium (Mg) and FGF23 levels to PP in 80 pre-dialysis type 2 CKD diabetic patients. This elegant cross-sectional analysis observed that a PP higher than 50 mmHg was independently associated with lower Mg and higher FGF23 levels [OR 0.550 (95% CI 0.305–0.727) and 1.239 (95% CI 1.001–2.082), respectively]. Consistent with previous results, Mg levels were also negatively correlated with PTH (P = 0.0001), c-term FGF23 (P = 0.0001), Ca levels (P = 0.026) and HOMA-IR (P = 0.003) as well.

A growing body of evidence is supporting a cardinal role of Mg in several diseases linked to vascular ageing in CKD-MBD and diabetes. More specifically, low Mg levels were associated with low insulin resistance, poor endothelial reactivity, higher oxidative stress, increased intima-media thickness, vascular calcification, progression of CKD and mortality [6–9]. Although the common clinical experience depicted how Mg was directly involved in the altered Ca and PTH homeostasis, as in those cases of symptomatic hypocalcaemia secondary to severe hypomagnesaemia [10], the specific hormonal regulation of Mg balance and the specific pathways linking Mg to the pathophysiology of the mineral and vascular systems are still incompletely understood. Of note, altered Mg levels were associated with diabetes [7], menopause [11] and CKD [8], three conditions that share a common phenotype of accelerated vascular ageing, characterized by Monckeberg calcification and impaired bone metabolism (ranging from adynamic bone disease in diabetes to high bone turnover in osteoporotic menopausal women and certain CKD patients). Nevertheless, the maintenance of adequate intracellular Mg levels appears essential for life per se, considering that Mg is a fundamental co-enzyme of vital biochemical reactions as Krebs cycle and glycolysis [7] and it is essential for the maintenance of RNA and DNA stability [12]. Thus Mg may represent a cardinal biomarker and regulator of vascular ageing in humans, with special emphasis in CKD diabetic patients. Furthermore, nephrologists are called to a growing comprehension of Mg physiology, as a consequence of the renewed adoption of Mg as a P binder, now available in a single formulation together with calcium-acetate [13].

The data by Fragoso et al. [5] confirm the growing interest that nephrology community should point towards Mg metabolism with particular emphasis on CKD-MBD diabetic patients.


It is commonplace that the European Union (EU) attempts to diffuse human rights and the other 'essential elements' to its external partners. It is also commonly known that these attempts frequently face accusations of inconsistency and double standards from without as well as within the EU. The aim of this article is to assess why the EU has readily promoted norms and values in some instances and not in others through the examination of the EU as an actor in the case of transboundary and newly emerging security challenges in Southeast Asia. This article suggests that the EU has displayed a demand-oriented and issue-specific shift in its strategy to effectively diffuse norms. This is not a capitulation of norms and values on the part of the EU. Rather, it is the re-strategisation of its normative identity in its external relations to match the domestic and international realities.


e16120Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fourth leading cause of cancer mortality in the United States. Due to the high prevalence of hepatitis B/C infection, HCC ranks second in can...


The tourism in Macedonia according to relevant statistical indicators still is or is longer on low (unsatisfactory) level, which is expressed both by the number of tourists visiting the country and by the number of realized overnights by tourists. Another feature of tourism in Macedonia is its emphasized seasonal character, which the authors considered as a negative trait. To improve the current situation in the tourism industry in Macedonia it is necessary to improve and enrich the tourist offer. According to the authors one of the best ways to improve the quality of the tourist offer is through actualization, promotion and strategic management of the events in function of tourism. The aim of the paper is to show how through correct strategy and event management can significantly improve the situation in tourism on the basis of all the above mentioned indicators, especially when it comes to the seasonal nature of tourism and to make certain dispersion of tourist movement beyond the traditional tourist destinations in the country.


Experimental group members watched a fish aquarium or a fish videotape, while control group members viewed a placebo videotape. Three eight-minute treatment sessions were held one week apart. Members of all three groups perceived their treatments as relaxing. Aquarium observers tended to experience a decrease in pulse rate and muscle tension and an increase in skin temperature. Theoretical and practical implications of the results and ideas for further research are discussed.


The Changes, the BBC's 1975 adaptation of Peter Dickinson's 'The Changes' novels, constitutes a direct critique of racism, sexism and the 'back to nature' movement in mid-1970s Britain. This article reads the ten-part serial and its source texts as critical responses to anti-immigration legislation and Powellite extremism which offer positive, if necessarily uncomplicated and distinctly qualified, metaphors for England's progress towards a multicultural society. It then considers Dickson's novels and their adaptation as anti-sexist narratives before concluding with an assessment of the serial's scepticism towards any radical green agenda. Throughout, both the novels and the serial are contextualised more broadly in terms of contemporary trends in British children's literature and within changes to BBC children's television production.


This study aims to analyze the development of processed coconut based on the financial feasibility aspect and additional value of development processed coconut. This study is conducted at Mawasangka subdistrict, Central Buton Regency. In drawing the total of the respondent, it is drawn with the Slovin formula as many 55 respondents from 122. The result of this study shows that the development of processed coconut at Mawasangka subdistrict, Central Buton Regency to copra production business and shell charcoal was declared viable based on financial analysis obtained R/C ratio in amount 1,67 for copra and shell charcoal get value in amount 5,47. the cultivation of coconut to copra and shell charcoal is done for 3-4 times production in a year. Based on the result, it is suggested that the quality and volume of cultivation of processed coconut in the Mawasangka subdistrict highly need to be increased in order to be able to compete in the global market. Promotion of cultivation of processed coconut in the Mawasangka subdistrict also still needs to be increased in order that the market can be more exposed and increase a total of customers to overcome the poor management and limited capital.
Keywords: feasibility analysis, processed coconut


This paper proposes a new direct power control (DPC) strategy of doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) using matrix converters (MCs). In this method many advantages of MC such as lack of bulky dc-link capacitor are used and also grid side converter controller is emitted. Due to higher number of output voltage vectors in MCs in comparison with VSIs, input power factor of MC (grid side) is controlled and keep close to unit. Effects of voltage vectors on active and reactive power variations are investigated and a new switching table is proposed. Also, the role of DFIG as an active filter will be investigated when a nonlinear load is connected to utility grid. Simulation results show the effectiveness of proposed strategy.


The invention provides a driving device and a driving mechanism of a guide plate of a moving double-box electric lifting appliance of a container; the driving device comprises a planet speed reducing motor and a gear transmission mechanism driven by the planet speed reducing motor; the gear transmission mechanism comprises a power output gear, a clutch and a power output gear shaft; the power output gear is connected with the power output gear shaft by the clutch; the power output gear shaft is further used for connecting a guide plate; when the load subjected by the power output gear shaft exceeds a preset torque, the clutch enables the power output gear and the power output gear shaft to slide relative to each other; when the load subjected by the power output gear shaft is lower than the preset torque, a moment is transmitted between the power output gear and the power output gear shaft by the clutch.


We have carried out preliminary analysis of foreseeable biological activity of some compounds derivants of 4-oxopyrimidine with a use of PASS program. We have established that they should have anti-inflammatory, benzothiazepine, analgesic, hypotensive, nootropic activity. Molecular docking method (Autodock 4.0) allowed modeling of interaction of 4-oxopyrimidine derivatives with GABA, dopamine and benzothiazepine receptors. On the basis of the data received we forecasted structures of N-aromatic derivatives of 4-oxopyrimidine. The derivatives of 4-xopyrimidine we received with a reaction of cyclocondensation of N-acyl-β-ketamides with aromatic amines. We have synthesized five compounds. Using IR, UV and NMR spectrometry we have established its presumable structure as well as some physical and optical parameters. We have elaborated methods of quantitative spectrophotometric determination of two synthesized compounds and made its validation estimation.


SUMMARY IN ANY HIGH SCHOOL, THERE IS A VITAL PLACE FOR A CERTIFIED STRENGTH AND CONDITIONING SPECIALIST (CSCS) IN ALL ATHLETIC PROGRAMS. THE CSCS WILL HAVE THE POTENTIAL TO IMPACT UPON ATHLETIC PERFORMANCE IN A WHOLE HOST OF WAYS AND IN A VARIETY OF DOMAINS. HOWEVER, IN MANY CASES THE COACH IS UNDERUSED AND THE ROLE LIMITED MERELY TO THE WEIGHT ROOM. BY EXPANDING HIS OR HER SPHERE OF INFLUENCE, A CSCS CAN BECOME AN INTEGRAL AND INDISPENSABLE PART OF AN ATHLETIC PROGRAM.


AbstractThe instantaneous top-of-atmosphere (TOA) radiance-to-flux conversion for the broadband radiometer (BBR) on board the Earth Clouds, Aerosols, and Radiation Explorer (EarthCARE) was assessed in Part I of this paper, by developing theoretical angular distribution models (ADMs) specifically designed for the instrument viewing configuration. This paper validates the BBR ADMs by comparing derived flux estimates with flux retrievals obtained from the Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) Terra models. A CERES BBR-like database is employed in the assessment, which is an optimum dataset to validate the BBR algorithms and to determine the benefits of the multiangular conversion procedures in the BBR instrument. The validation of theoretical results with empirical data is essential to prepare the conversion algorithms prior to the launch of EarthCARE. This paper demonstrates that the application of a linear combination method is not recommended when outgoing radiances do not follow the respon...


The retrograde twin wells and buried p/sup +/ layer are fabricated by a single lithographic step using high-energy ion implantation. The retrograde n-well is self-aligned to the retrograde p-well regions. This simple process allows a scalable CMOS structure for the very tight n/sup +/-to-p/sup +/ spacing. It provides latch-up immunity at the 1.5- mu m n/sup +/-to-p/sup +/ spacing and good isolation characteristics without additional n- and p-channel stops.<<ETX>>


Filled sinks were Middle Pennsylvanian surface-solution sinkholes developed on Cambrian and Ordovician carbonates. As sea level fell they continued to deepen and fill, their contents leached and desilicated by organic-acid-rich waters. Today they contain white and hematitic kaolinite and aluminum oxides (flint clays), massive iron sulfides, and some iron oxides. Ba-, Cu-, U-, P-, and Sr-bearing minerals have been reported in them. Several lines of evidence point to alteration of sink-fill contents by later fluids. Some, generally white, flint clays contain pockets of cookeite-like dioctahedral chlorite with > 5,000 ppm Li in whole-rock samples. Chlorite coats (postdates) kaolinite plates, which are corroded in areas. O/D isotopic data from filled-sink kaolinites, chlorites, and mixtures thereof, fall to the high-temperature side of values expected for low-temperature formation of kaolinite. Hematite in breccia fragments and cement at the base of a clay-filled sink shows close grouping of remanent magnetizations, indicating postdepositional chemical alteration. More southerly iron sulfide-filled sinks have [delta][sup 34]S signatures of +8 to [minus]14, similar to those of MVT deposits of similar stratigraphic horizon. Farther north, some hematitic flint clays were bleached white as warm reducing, MVT-related fluids rose toward the surface through the bottoms of those sinks. There the fluids'more » pH increased through the hydrolysis of kaolinite, and temperature decreased. Lithium, derived via contact with underlying St. Francois granite-rhyolite terrane, was incorporated into an epithermal dioctahedral chlorite that formed from the dissolution of karstic kaolinite and boehmite.« less


It provides a relatively small initial diameter for balance between sufficient expansion characteristics in absorption with a suitable absorbent and comfortable insertion, the tampon is provided.


Blockage by ice floes and freezing of the seawater in ports along the coast of Hokkaido that freezes over in winter have serious economic impacts on various industries such as shipping and fishing industries. Otsu Fishing Port, located on the Pacific coast in eastern Hokkaido, is one of the ports in Hokkaido in which the water freezes every winter. The mechanism by which the water in Otsu Fishing Port freezes was found that the water freezes as a result of the accumulation of frazil ice on the quay side due to the effect of northwesterly winds. It seems that a method for controlling the movement of frazil ice would be the most effective method for preventing freezing of the water in Otsu Port.In this study, we carried out experimentsin the laboratoryt o test the effectiveness of a method for controlling the movement of frazil ice using an ice boom.


Caries that affects children under 72 months of age is called Early Childhood Caries (ECC). The high caries prevalence rate which reaches 81.5% in children aged 3-4 years is still a problem for Indonesia. One of the reasons for the high incidence of caries in preschoolers is the inappropriate pattern of breastfeeding or formula feeding. The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between patterns of formula feeding and ECC in preschool children in Ketileng Village, Todanan, Blora. This study used an analytic observational research design with a cross sectional approach. The research sample was 69 respondents using a purposive sampling technique. Data were obtained from the results of dental examinations using the PUFA index and a questionnaire filled out by parents/guardians of students. Data analysis used the chi square statistical test. The results of the study showed duration, duration, frequency of consumption of formula milk, use of bottles/pacifiers, addition of sweeteners to consumption of formula milk and history of breastfeeding up to 2 years of age, each of which showed a value of p 0.05, which means there is a relationship with ECC. The conclusion of this study is that there is a relationship between the pattern of formula feeding and the presence of ECC in preschool children in Ketileng Village, Todanan, Blora.


In this paper, a dynamic scheduling model of industry job shop is established according to dynamic events and scheduling optimization indicators, and a multi-objective optimization model is established with the maximum completion time and equipment task deviation rate as optimization indicators. A dynamic rescheduling method based on critical path search merge is designed. In this method, the original scheduling scheme and the supplementary scheduling scheme are firstly combined with the right-shift rescheduling technique, and then the two scheduling schemes are merged based on the critical path adjustment. Finally, the feasibility and efficiency of the dynamic rescheduling method are verified by simulation experiments. During the production process, there are inevitably some dynamic and uncertain accidents in the workshop. It is of great practical significance to study the impact of dynamic factors on production planning and how to deal with them.


Acid and metalliferous drainage (AMD) impacts may be a cause of significant long term environmental liabilities, as evidenced on many historic mine sites containing legacy AMD issues worldwide. These historical precedents have led to AMD being recognised as a key closure risk by industry and regulators, which in turn has driven progressive advances in geochemical assessment and management in recent times.
Many AMD risks on a typical mine site are based on mineral waste management strategy and practice. By association, mine planning and scheduling may therefore have a significant bearing on the potential for AMD related closure liabilities. Despite this, the assessment of AMD risk is often packaged into the environmental approvals and management process, which is often not directly connected with the mine planning and scheduling process. Consequently, AMD assessments and management plans are frequently progressed by an approvals team that is often somewhat disconnected from the mine planning and scheduling team. Subsequently, AMD management measures may be conceived after the scheduling process has moved into a more advanced and less flexible phase. Sometimes, this may be the result of a lack of early co-ordination and/or budget leading to a lack of hard geochemical data with which to begin classifying potentially acid forming material.
Using an integrated approach to managing closure risk can be achieved via a method of assessment utilising 3D geochemical block modelling that can operate concurrently with (or within) the mine planning and scheduling process from early in the mine planning process. A more integrated approach sees AMD assessment and management being advanced concurrently with resource modelling to optimise results and minimise risk.
Three case studies are presented in this paper where an integrated approach was used for conceptual closure planning through the environmental approvals stage. A further case study is presented where an integrated approach was taken to develop a mine plan. The application of this approach has so far proven encouraging.


Installation for coating objects (5, 6, 7, 8) a) a coating booth (1) in which at least one application device (9, 10) is disposed; b) one of the coating booth (1) downstream drier booth (21); c) a plurality of skids (2, 2 '), which two running parallel to the direction of movement skid runners (13, 14, 13' having 14 ') and in each case at least one object to be coated (5, 6, 7, wear 8); d) a Skidfordersystem on which the skid runners (13, 14, 13 ', 14') of the skids (2, rest 2 ') and that the skids (through the coating booth 1) and the drier booth (21) leads, characterized in that e) adjacent skids (2, 2 ') with their skid runners (13, 14, 13', 14 ') are movable into one another in the sense that they overlap in the moving direction in part.


ABSTRACT The Korean-American market segment is distinct, economically powerful, and underexamined. This study compared perceived information utility of six direct-to-consumer advertising (DTCA) media for prescription drugs among Korean-Americans and Non-Hispanic White Americans. Results indicate that drug-brand Web sites were most useful for this segment, followed by television. Banner, pop-up, and e-mail advertisements were least useful. Korean-Americans perceived newspapers, television, and the Internet significantly more useful DTCA media than Non-Hispanic Whites.


An interesting feature of the majority of research in the field of state-public management education is the assumption that public participation in the management of education necessarily involves the creation and operation of certain organizational structures. It seems to us, in addition merit and procedures of management, the very nature of managerial decision making. If we take into account the development of interactive information technologies, opportunities for involving citizens in the design of management decisions becomes much more. It is reasonable to raise the question about the possibility of a special adaptation of the practice of managerial solutions to the peculiarities of the functioning of an open information field. To some extent, this issue is discussed in the framework of crowdsourcing technologies to enable a new level to consider public-public administration as a whole.


Given a set of objects V with a dissimilarity measure between pairs of objects in V , a PoCluster is a collection of sets P ⊂ powerset(V ) partially ordered by the ⊂ relation such that S ⊂ T iff the maximal dissimilarity among objects in S is less than the maximal dissimilarity among objects in T . PoClusters capture categorizations of objects that are not strictly hierarchical, such as those found in ontologies. PoClusters can not, in general, be constructed using hierarchical clustering algorithms. In this paper, we examine the relationship between PoClusters and dissimilarity matrices and prove that PoClusters are in one-to-one correspondence with the set of dissimilarity matrices. The PoClustering problem is NP-Complete, and we present a heuristic algorithm for it in this paper. Experiments on both synthetic and real datasets demonstrate the quality and scalability of the algorithms.


Two principal tasks confront the writer of such a work as this, namely to collect as much material as possible illustrating the interpretation and application of the law of warfare on land and sea and the rights and duties of neutrals, and to arrange it systematically for inspection by the student. Both of those tasks have been performed with great success by Professor Garner. As a result we have a monumental study of international legal history from 1914 to 1918. There are certain materials which are not to be found in these volumes. The bulk of the German material is missing, mainly because it was inaccessible at the time. There are also materials on the Allied side, especially dating in 1917 and 1918, which were not available. Much of this deficiency might be made good now; but much will still be inaccessible for years to come. It would not have been wise, however, to have waited until all the records were available before attempting the work. It will be comparatively easy to compile such a treatise in 1950—and comparatively useless. It is a courageous and serviceable thing to undertake the work now, in face of the difficulties of the situation, and when a verdict may have some force. Much has been made of the statement in the preface that the lack of materials from the German side is comparatively unimportant. It should be noted that this remark was made after a failure to obtain the German materials, not as an excuse for not trying to obtain them. The extensive use made of such German materials as were available makes this clear. Much has also been made of the author's very obvious pro-Ally bias. This accusation comes from two sources—from those with an


Field experiments were carried out to study the effects of nitrogen(N) application rate on rapeseed yield and N fertilizer use efficiency in Hubei Province during 2007 to 2008.Compared to no N application,the yield of N treatments(as 75,150 and 225kg/hm2) increased 41.9%,70.3% and 66.2% respectively.N content increased 9.1%,14.2% and 13.1%,and total N absorbed by above ground parts increased 59.6%,111.6% and 108.0% respectively.The results demonstrated that N application significant promoted growth,yield and N accumulation.With increased N application rate,N requirement for 100kg-seeds was increased,while N agronomic use efficiency(AUE),partial factor productivity(PFP) and apparent recovery efficiency(ARE) of rapeseed decreased significantly.Based on rapeseed yield and N use efficiency,the optimum N fertilizer application rate was 150kg/hm2 in Hubei Province.


This research project analyzed primary school teachers from 7th grade (second-cycle) enrolled in training through a Model of Professional Competences in Mathematics. The aim of the project was to develop and implement a teaching methodology that relates mathematics and pedagogical knowledge and teaching practice, with a view to updating mathematics teachers' content and pedagogical knowledge that fosters learning through problem-solving. The research used a quantitative, as well as a qualitative methodology. The research population were 47 teachers from 36 urban schools run by municipalities at Region de Los Lagos, in Chile. Results show that teachers improve when faced with didactic-mathematical tasks, reaching substantial improvements in their teaching performance and showing evidence of general and specific competences.


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AbstractAssemblage structure of fishes associated with seagrasses (order Alismatales) is affected by factors such as depth, seagrass coverage, location of seagrass beds, and proximity of seagrass beds to adjacent habitats. Although these relationships have been well explored for small-bodied fishes, few studies have examined seagrass habitat use by large-bodied fishes (>100 mm SL). To examine the effects of habitat characteristics on assemblages of large-bodied fishes, two seagrass habitat types were sampled in three eastern Gulf of Mexico estuaries (2008–2010) with a 183-m haul seine: (1) seagrasses immediately adjacent to shorelines and (2) seagrasses associated with shoals (seagrass beds >100 m from shoreline). Within each estuary, fish density was greater (as much as two times greater) in shoal seagrass beds than in those along shorelines. Fish assemblage structure also differed significantly between the two habitat types. Species that distinguished the seagrass shoreline (e.g., Spot Leiostomus xanthu...


This paper presents experimental and analytical results on an energy harvesting devices for powering the small electronic apparatuses in field applications. The devices utilize the T-shaped cantilever which hastens occurrence of aeroelastic flutter at a low wind speed. Two prototype devices respectively equipped piezoelectric and electromagnetic energy converters were designed and fabricated. In the piezoelectric energy converter, the piezoceramic patches glued at cantilever converts strain energy into electric energy. The relative motion of magnets induced by cantilever fluttering results electric generation at coils in the electromagnetic energy converter. Wind tunnel tests reveal that the devices can generate output power from a wind speed of 4 m/s, and can respectively provide maximum average power of 1.5 mW for piezoelectric converter and 1.2 mW for electromagnetic converter at wind speed of 10 m/s. In conclusion, this paper demonstrates a methodology for harvesting the power from freely available wind.


This study aimed to identify the construction of social identity of Mangrove Forest Ecotourism (A study on mangrove forest ecotourism in Lubuk Kertang Village, Sub-District of West Brandan, District of Langkat). Mangrove Forest Ecotourism in the region is one of the existing ecotourism destinations for mangrove forests. This study focused in determining the process of social identity construction in a consumptive culture within the tourists' community at Mangrove Forest Ecotourism in Lubuk Kertang Village, Sub-District of West Brandan, District of Langkat during their visit. This research uses Social Construction Theory by Peter L. Berger and Thomas Luckmann with a descriptive qualitative approach. The informants of this study were domestic tourists who had consumptive values and visited mangrove forest ecotourism on weekends. Data collection techniques in this study were obtained through interviews, observation and documentation. This study was only limited to the construction process carried out by tourists with data obtained from interviews. The study concluded that ecotourism of the Mangrove Forest in Lubuk Kertang Village had not become a tourist area or a stimulant that shaped and built a new reality as a pseudo reality. Neither was it been able to form the image of the tourist destination itself. So far, the visit relied heavily on social media and the kinship system.


In this paper, a two-dimensional (2D) reflective grating with nanodisks arrays (NDA) is described, which is capable of achieving high-efficiency and polarization-insensitive output of (−1, 0) order. The proposed grating has been optimized by the finite element method (FEM) at a central wavelength of 780 nm under Littrow mounting, where the grating achieves diffraction efficiencies of 98.01% and 97.54% at the (−1, 0) order for transverse electric (TE) and transverse magnetic (TM) polarizations, respectively. In addition, the extinction ratios of TE and TM polarizations are 33.01 dB and 35.74 dB, respectively. The electric field distribution, wavelength bandwidth, angular bandwidth and fabrication tolerance of the 2D grating are analyzed in detail. The analysis shows that the proposed grating offers a significant improvement in wavelength (bandwidth of 14 nm) and angular (bandwidth of 6.4°) bandwidths compared to previously reported 2D gratings. At the same time, the tolerance analyses demonstrate the feasibility and advantages of NDA grating in practical manufacturing processes. The results are very helpful in understanding and designing 2D gratings, and the proposed grating has great application potential in 2D grating measurement system (GMS).


utho):Susana O lm os M igláñez Ssana O lm os (ubm ittingesenting), Feando M arnez-A ad (prenting), M ría José R odíguez C onde M ría Jsé, H erndez R am os Juan Pblo C onfence:E C E R 212, T he N ed or E dutional R esarch to C am pion Fedom , E duation nd D evlopm nt or A ll N tw o:09. A sessm ent, E vaation, T eting nd M eaurem nt Form ataper S esio n In fo rm tio n 09 SE S 03 B , A sessm nt in H iher E duation II) Pallel Pper Sssion T im e:202-09-18 17:-18:45 R om FC T A la 15 C hir:K tja Schenberg C o n rib u io n D esig n an d im p em en ttio n o f an ealu tio n sale o f In fo rm tio n S kills fo r S co n d ry E d u ctio n tach rs in S p in . T he deelopm nt of Iform aion nd C om m unations T ecology IC T ) as deroyed ll prviuos ieas rerding acess, serch, se nd puication of iform aion. It as lso geerated ew om m unation chnnels nd ew sorces of iform aion (Feández, Z aas, &


As mass media continue to grow in popularity, it is our premise that technology is a vital part in today's adolescences' success equation. Based on the literature review, there many scholars discussed standpoint from socialization, the positive and negative aspects of socializing agents, adolescents, and their identity formation take significant part of the discussion. Therefore, we tried to do some survey to get the firsthand data and collected the secondhand data to find out how in‐depth impact adolescence' life by the mass media. Also the paper studies the mass media affected by the empirical analysis, tried to understand how effects to adolescence' first time contact mass media, and discussion on the mass media using unbalance between the urban and rural areas in developing countries.


Four correlation systems are studied which make use of two pressure‐gradient receivers having first‐order cosine directional characteristics. The systems differ in the methods of steering both the receivers and the receiver baseline. The steering may be accomplished by rotation or by the insertion of appropriate time delays. The mean, variance, and output signal‐noise ratio are computed for each system when a distant localized signal source is present in both circular and spherical noise fields. In addition, the directive properties of the mean outputs are examined. For a signal with rectangular power spectrum, the main lobe widths of the mean outputs are found, the behavior of the means in the neighborhood of source direction is examined, and an investigation is made of the mean output level for steering directions removed from source direction.


We have investigated protonic conduction in highly dense (>98%) polycrystalline Y-doepd BaZrO₃ (BYZ) ceramic with an average grain size of ~85 ㎚. It is observed that the protonic conductivity across the grain boundaries in this nano-crystallilne BYZ (n-BYZ) is significantly higher than the microcrystalline counterpart. Such a remarkable enhancement in grain boundary conductivity results in high overall conductivity that may allow this chemically stable protonic conductor to serve as a solid electrolyte for low-temperature solid oxide fuel cell applications.


Enzyme‐Treated Asparagus Extract (ETAS) is an anti‐stress functional material which is made from asparagus native to Hokkaido, Japan. It shows a variety of anti‐stress effects including heat shock protein 70 (HSP70)‐inducing activity. Several investigations were conducted to evaluate the anti‐stress effects of ETAS in in vitro and in vivo studies and in a clinical trial.


The objective of the present study was to assess the reproductive performance of silver catfish Rhamdia quelen fed with diets supplemented with growing levels of L-carnitine. 288 juveniles with average initial weight of 94.36 ± 3.76g, fed during 126 days with diets containing 400, 800, 1200, 1600 and 2000 mg. kg-1 of L-carnitine and one control diet. Females fed with diets supplemented with 400 mg. kg-1 of L-carnitine presented increase in fertilization and fertility, reduction in levels of triglycerides and plasma calcium when fed with diets supplemented with 1600 mg. kg-1 of L-carnitine. Males fed with diets supplemented with 1600 mg. kg-1 of L-carnitine presented increase in spermatozoa and improvement in semen quality. Structural changes were observed in the development of germ cells in females and males, even though all fish were in final stages of maturation in all treatments. The offspring from breeding animals fed with 400 mg. kg-1 of L-carnitine presented better potentials of development during the embryonic process. Therefore, the L-carnitine supplementation in diets stimulates the gonad development of breeding animals and also speeds up the initial development of silver catfish offspring.


Various methods of A/D sampling were analyzed in this paper.By comparing the features and performances of CIC filter,ISOP filter and FIR filter,an idea of utilizing FIR filter to realize digital signal DDC(digital down-conversion) was put forward.Combined with characters of software radio and specifications of A/D converting,the optimal realization method of A/D converting was discussed.The sampling rate and the load of DSP was decreased when the base band signal was processed.


A diagnostic fuzzy expert system for ultrasonic testing (UT) which has been constructed by the authors shows good agreement between the results obtained by the system and by UT experts. In this study, we attempt to construct a personal-computer-aided system and to supplement knowledge of the parastic echo. In addition, the computational time required for inference is reduced because the blackboard model used in the proposed system is more improved than authors' former models. The results obtained with the proposed fuzzy expert system are compared with those obtained by UT experts, and it is confirmed that the system has the capacity to discriminate between parastic echo and defects.


We report the effect of oxidizing and reducing ambients on the growth of indium oxide (IO) nanostructures in the vapor phase evaporation method. Our results show that the oxidizing reagent, water, results in the growth of IO nanowires and preserves the In/O stoichiometry throughout the length of the nanowires. The reducing reagent, ethanol, makes the growth environment indium rich, resulting in the growth of indium-filled IO tubular nanoarrow structures. The growth of solid IO nanowires is attributed to a vapor–liquid–solid mechanism, whereas for indium-filled tubular nanoarrow structures a modified bottom-vapor–solid growth mechanism is proposed. The tunable synthesis of IO nanostructures in different morphologies with correction of their stoichiometry may have potential applications in future nanodevices.


We present all Belyi maps P^1(C) -> P^1(C) having almost simple primitive monodromy groups (not isomorphic to A_n or S_n) containing rigid and rational generating triples of degree between 50 and 250. This also leads to new polynomials having almost simple Galois groups over Q(t).


HIV incidence among MSM has increased in many regions in recent years threatening the progress towards ending the epidemic by 2030 despite prevention, treatment and care programs funded to reverse the HIV epidemic. To meet the targeted 75% reduction in HIV infections among key populations by 2020, adequate approaches need to be adopted that specifically address the key population needs. According to NACC report (2014) approximately 55% of MSM were receiving targeted HIV prevention, management and care interventions by the Ministry of Health and programmes such as SWOP and LVCT. Out of the 1011 MSM enrolled into SWOP by 2014, 447 were living with HIV and 111 of the sero-negative turned positive within a span of 3 years while the number of new infections in both female and male sex workers within the same period was 23 and 9 suggesting gaps in the HIV prevention strategies and/or implementation approach. The aim of the study was to screen all possible factors that increase the risk of MSM enrolled in SWOP acquiring HIV-1 infection and weight the effects of the identified factors. The findings of this study will serve as a guide for the SWOP implementers in coming up with targeted intervention strategies to avert this epidemic. The study objective was to determine risk factors that are associated with acquisition of HIV-1 infection in MSM enrolled in SWOP between 2005 and 2015. A case control study design was adopted to investigate factors contributing to increased risk of HIV-1 infection among men who have sex with men enrolled in SWOP. The MSM were recruited from enrolment records of the period between 1 January, 2015 and 31 January, 2016. A total of 324 men who have sex with men (MSM) were selected for this study. These men were enrolled into SWOP between 1 January, 2015 and 31 January, 2016 and were HIV negative at the time of enrolment. 81/324 (25.0%) men had turned sero-positive (Cases) by 1 February, 2017 while the rest remained negative (Controls). The study findings shows only history of foul smelling penile/anal discharge was found to be significant (OR=0.41, P=0.031), Therefore making it a significant risk factor of HIV acquisition among MSM. Therefore there is need for targeted interventions for MSM who also have history of STI. Future interventions tailored towards MSM should have a comprehensive approach that combines behavioural, medical and structural interventions.


The combined AC and DC converter station construction scheme that ties DC and AC converter stations built separately under normal conditions into a single station,can conserve public resource,reduce land occupation,and lower costs.Based on existing domestic ±500 kV converter station and under-constructing UHV DC transmission projects,the characteristics of combined HV AC and DC converter station construction are summarized.Main technical principles,including system plan,bus configuration,general layout,and auxiliary power system,etc.,are also concluded.Major technical contents that should not be ignored during construction are analyzed.


This papers presents a convex approximation method for the solution of nonconvex optimal control problems involving input-affine dynamic models. The method relies in the availability of full reference state trajectories. By using these states references as real states trajectories, the dynamic model is approximated such that the resulting problem becomes convex. The convexified problem is solved by efficient convex methods delivering a suboptimal solution. This solution is used to linearize the original nonconvex problem such that the minimizer is refined by solving a new convex problem. Consequently, the solution to the original problem is obtained in two steps. An assessment of the errors in the approximation as a function of the mismatch between state reference trajectories and a perfect traceable trajectory is provided. The method is exemplified by formulating the optimal control problem of an isothermal continuous stirred tank reactor with Van den Vusse reactions.


Aims Stability can comprehensively reflect the structural and functional characteristics of communities. Our objective was to evaluate the stability of 13 riparian forest communities in the upper reaches of Wenyuhe. Methods The evaluation was based on fuzzy comprehensive appraisement theory. In considering integrity stability and structural stability, five indexes were selected which could reflect the current situations of the 13 communities: regeneration of dominant species of the tree layer, total species diversity, Godron index, site quality and protection intensity. The five indexes were measured by 12 factors. Community stability was determined by the means of five subordinate function values. Important findings Most subordinate function values were 0.40–0.60. The stability of two communities, Populus cathayana + Quercus wutaishanica and Pinus tabulaeformis + Betula platyphylla, classified them in the middle of a low-mountain forest succession series. Among middle (high)-mountain forest succession series, stability increased with succession progressing from Populus cathayana forest as the lowest to Picea wilsonii as the highest. In addition, the stability of Picea meyeri + Populus cathayana + Betula platyphylla mixed forest, Larix principis-rupprechtii + Picea meyeri mixed forest and Larix principis-rupprechtii + Picea wilsonii mixed forest were also high, probably in response to disturbance caused by tree canopy or environmental heterogeneity.


Sir Thomas Mackenzie, New Zealand High Commissioner in London, inspecting New Zealand troops in France during World War I. With his back to the camera, he is passing assembled troops. Photograph taken between 9 and 10 September 1917 by Henry Armytage Sanders.
Other - Original print from this negative in album PA1-f-091
Inscriptions: Photographer's title on negative - bottom right: H266
Quantity: 1 b&w original negative(s).
Physical Description: Dry plate glass negative 3.25 x 4.25 inches


The authors study parasites of the six most commonly consumed species of fishes in Côte-d'Ivoire. Analysis of gills, alimentary canal and blood of 188 fishes reveal the presence of extremely diverse families of parasites.


The utility model relates to the manufacture field of zirconium clad steel made containers and in particular relates to a shell welding structure of the zirconium clad steel made containers. The welding structure comprises a device shell basal layer and a compound layer which is located on the lower portion of the device shell basal layer, wherein a zirconium filling plate is arranged on a compound layer welding joint, a zirconium cover plate is arranged on the lower portion of the zirconium filling plate, a leakage detecting hole is opened on the zirconium filling plate of the device shell basal layer and the compound layer, a zirconium cover plate brazing seam leakage detecting tube is arranged in the leakage detecting hole, the lower end of the zirconium cover plate brazing seam leakage detecting tube is welded with the zirconium filling plate, a zirconium filling plate brazing seam leakage detecting tube is coaxially arranged outside the zirconium cover plate brazing seam leakage detecting tube, the zirconium filling plate brazing seam leakage detecting tube is welded with the outer surface of the device shell basal layer, and a protecting tube is coaxially arranged outside the zirconium filling plate brazing seam leakage detecting tube. The shell welding structure has convenient processing and manufacture and rational and reliable brazing seam structure, and has the effects of double layer leak-proof and early-warning, the back of a zirconium brazing seam has gas reliable protection, the brazing seam defect production can be reduced, the zirconium brazing seam quality is increased, and the shell welding structure is very practical for zirconium clad steel devices.


OBJECTIVE
To learn whether weekend risk of neonatal mortality is related to selected sociodemographic factors.

DESIGN
A retrospective cohort design. Logistic regression was used to obtain odds ratios, and analysis of variance and chi-square to identify differences in values and incidence of key variables.

SAMPLES
The data were derived from matched Texas birth and infant death certificates from 1999 through 2001.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
A subset of deaths up to 28 days of life attributable to conditions originating in the perinatal period. These deaths were called neonatal mortality-p.

RESULTS
Women who were White, married, had Medicaid assistance, and had private prenatal care were less likely to deliver on weekends. Odds of neonatal mortality-p increased 36.5% when a birth took place on the weekend. The weekend crude odds of neonatal mortality-p increased for all racial/ethnic groups, but the differences were not statistically significant.

CONCLUSIONS
The likelihood of delivering on the weekend increases with certain sociodemographic factors. This fact is important because the risk of neonatal mortality is higher among weekend births.


Abstract : Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) was launched in October 2001 with the aim of destroying Al-Qaeda and removing the Taliban regime said to be harboring Al-Qaeda. The Taliban regime was successfully removed. However, after eight years, ISAF is not winning the war and the situation is seen as "serious". To make matters worse, the Taliban is said to be gaining strength and support from the Afghan people; the support towards the ISAF is instead declining. What went wrong? (1) Was the Campaign Design and Planning Process (CDPP), especially the strategic thinking process, thoroughly done?, (2) Was the correct strategy adopted? (3) Was the right approach used for the rebuilding phase? Hence, the aim of this study is to examine the CDPP and the strategy adopted that led to the situation in Afghanistan today. This study will first look into the CDPP that led to the strategy adopted by the US led coalition, followed by examining the approach used for the rebuilding phase and to conclude with recommendations viewed as the way forward towards addressing the situation in Afghanistan today.


An analytical procedure for frequency planning of generic cellular systems is presented, with a straightforward application for digital systems. Two matrices are defined, i.e., the adjoining matrix (for adjoining cells), and the frequency matrix (for frequencies allocation to the cells). Properties of adjoining matrices are established. A special matrix production operation is defined in such a way that the resulting matrix gives the distance in channels between any combination of cells, and immediately shows critical situations, where adjoining cells have adjacent frequency channels. Different results are presented for some typical cell patterns, showing the usefulness of the method.


The traveling salesman problem is a well-known NP-hard problem in combinatorial optimization. This paper shows how to solve it on an Ising Hamiltonian based quantum annealer by casting it as a quadratic unconstrained binary optimization (QUBO) problem. Results of practical experiments are also presented using D-Wave's 5,000 qubit Advantage 1.1 quantum annealer and the performance is compared to a classical solver. It is found the quantum annealer can only handle a problem size of 8 or less nodes and its performance is subpar compared to the classical solver both in terms of time and accuracy.


Background: Obstructed labour is one of the major causes of maternal mortality (8%) in Bangladesh. It is also responsible for high rate of maternal and fetal morbidity. If we can identify the medical and social causes of obstructed labour in our country it may be helpful to find out the way to prevent this disease. Objectives: This study was to find out the medical and social causes of obstructed labour in our country. It also finds out the cause of delay in seeking care.Material & Methods:This study is a prospective observational study has been done in Dhaka Medical College Hospital, Dhaka from August 2004 to December 2005. One hundred patients who were admitted with obstructed labour during study period were included in this study.Results:In this study prevalence of obstructed labour was 3.59%. Among the patients who were admitted with obstructed labour 52% were within 20 to 25 years of age, 55% were primigravida, only 30% were on regular antenatal checkup. The medical causes of obstructed labour were cephalopelvic disproportion in 30%, malposition and malpresntation in 69% and cervical fibroid in 1 %. In this study 72% of study population had monthly income below 3,000 BTD, 27% had 3,001 – 5,000 BDT and only 1 % had above 5,000 BDT. Among them 8% patient had crossed the primary level of education and 35% were illiterate. The patients who were admitted with obstructed labour could not utilize the health facility in time and they had to go for trial of home delivery first. In 25% cases their husband and family members did not agree to bring them to hospital, 31.3% was because of ignorance, 14% was due to economic constraints, 13.3% wanted to avoid operative delivery, 9.4 % patient herself did not agree to come to hospital because it would disrupt house hold work and the rest 7% could not come due to long distance between home and health center and tertiary hospital. Modes of delivery were LSCS in 85%, craniotomy in 9% and evisceration in 4%. Maternal outcome was WF in 7% and puerperial sepsis in 18%. Perinatal death was 45%, MMR was 3% due to obstructed labour.Conclusions:SThe causes of obstructed labour are not only due to medical causes but also have social causes. The social causes depend on the socio-economic status and the level of education.


There are a few factors that make many children like to eat junk food more than the food prepared by their parents. Therefore, there is a great need for parents these days to build healthy eating habits for their children quite early in their life for at Least three important advantages: good body function with more energy, diseases prevention, and future transfer of healthy lifestyle,


Climate variability is an issue of serious concern especially in a water-scarce country like
South Africa. This is because a sizeable number of households in the country reside in the
rural area where rain-fed agriculture is the main source of livelihood for the people. This
study, therefore, examined factors influencing the choice of climate variability adaptation
and mitigation strategies employed among smallholder maize farmers in Sebayeng village,
Limpopo province, South Africa. Primary data were collected from a random sample of
160 smallholder maize farmers through the administration of a structured questionnaire.
While descriptive statistics were used to describe and analyse respondents' socioeconomic
characteristics; multinomial-logistic regression model was employed to analyse factors
influencing farmers' choice of climate variability adaptation and mitigation strategies.
Analysis of the data collected showed that the majority of farmers (72.5%) do not adapt
and/or mitigate climate variability. Nonetheless, of those mitigating or adapting to climate
variability, 11.9% of the farmers used shifting planting dates (early planting which runs
from October to mid-December) as their strategy because it comes at no cost. Also, about
11.9% harnessed irrigation facilities, 4.3% used conservation agriculture and 3.8% used
drought-tolerant varieties. The result of the logistic model revealed that awareness of
climate variability, membership of association, occupation and marital status of
respondents were found to have a significant influence on the type of adaptation and
mitigation strategies chosen by the farmers. The study, therefore, recommends that the
government should provide more training for farmers through workshops and seminars to
boost their awareness level about climate variability, its adaptation and mitigation.
Farmers should also form cooperatives; in that way, they will gain more access to
agricultural incentives and they should be encouraged to engage in other economic
activities such as processing and marketing of agricultural products to enhance their
income.


This research shows the analysis of the characteristics of formal micro dedicated to the commercialization of natural medicine, in order to determine the main factors impeding optimal performance in the market, how to meet the needs and demands of the plaintiffs and take advantage of opportunities in this productive sector.
The first chapter contains an analysis of the economic, political, social and environmental sector that determines the actual situation of the development of the country and how this affects the normal functioning of the commercial sector of natural medicine. So the microenvironment of the commercial sector is also examined through the study of Porter's five forces that determine the dynamics of action of competitors, suppliers, substitutes and buyers.
The second chapter describes the study of market in which the importance of investigating the characteristics and variables impact of formal micro and develop clear ideas of how to properly conduct business and learn how clients and entrepreneurs interact in the environment is determined. This chapter considers the central development of this research and detailing the key factors for optimal performance of micro entrepreneurs through the study of price, product, place and promotion governing the marketing of natural medicine.
Finally, it is proposed conclusions for each chapter detailing the main factors that determine the threats posed by the micro business sector and the opportunities that allow the efficient growth of its business environment.


A total of 13 cartographical documents were found in the heritage of Ivan Loncaric Papic which is kept at the People's Library and Reading Room in Selce and this paper is the first presentation of these documents in literature. The documents are mainly thematic maps and plans Papic collected during the first half of the 20th century. A part of them is a data source for the history of Selce in the first half of the 20th century. This paper represents only the first step in detailed processing of the cartographic material that can be found within Papic's heritage.


Protestant schools educated a significant percentage of China's high school and college students, and the YMCA's Student Division was influential in these schools and also the public schools. Protestant youth sponsored the most significant of the protests connected to the National Salvation Movement, which sought to mobilize the Chinese people to resist Japanese aggression. YMCA and YWCA secretaries and other Protestant elites helped to broaden and legitimate this movement, a movement that unified the Chinese people and prepared them to resist the Japanese. These efforts were further strengthened by the work of the YMCA secretary, Liu Liangmo, and his National Salvation Song Movement.


Abstract Cerebral ischemia is a well-recognized cause of morbidity in the pediatric population. Moyamoya disease, first described in 1957 by Takeuchi and Shimizu, is an idiopathic chronic vasculopathy that often presents with ischemia. Moyamoya syndrome presents with similar clinical manifestations and disease progression but may occur unilaterally or in the setting of a predisposing condition. Both direct and indirect revascularization procedures have proven to be efficacious for pediatric moyamoya patients.


Based on the main trend and the technology characteristic that submarine weapon system has transform into weapon channel organization, some difficulties in submarine torpedo attack operation are analyzed witch is increased with the improving of anti-torpedo technology. In order to remedy the deficiency in torpedoes salvo operation by a single self-guided mode in counterattack state, the concept of Torpedo Multi-way Launch Control (or Torpedoes Salvo by Different Self-guided Mode) is put forward. Some critical correlative links are researched, some methods and models on international interference among torpedoes, calculation and input of torpedo launch parameter are established.


In the late 1990s, President Clinton extended the United States' military commitment to the war zone in Bosnia. This, and other American war decisions in the 1990s, were granted permission with a "partial nod" by Congress. In this article, the author explores the constitutional implications of such "partial actions" - actions that either fall short of Congressional enactment or actions that result in non-binding Congressional expressions of intent.In seeking to find a middle ground between the formalists, who argue that "partial" congressional action should have no effect, and the functionalists, who give "partial" congressional actions full legal effect, the author discusses the debates surrounding the Bosnia and Iraq actions and explores three conceptual models for the congressional-presidential interaction, in the context of war powers. Finding the American military commitments in Iraq and Bosnia to represent a shift in congressional war powers, the author draws upon his research to explain the new paradigm for American military commitments abroad and its effects on future legislative debates.


The increase in incidence of criminal, illegal and inappropriate computer behaviour has resulted in organisations forming specialist teams to investigate these behaviours. Academia has also responded by endeavouring to research critical aspects and to support organisations mounting these types of investigations. As a result an infant discipline has developed in which researchers and practitioners consider how to prepare for such incidents, gather intelligence on criminal, illegal and inappropriate computer behaviour, and identify, preserve, collect, analyse and present digital evidence. As the discipline of Forensic Computing has developed, several authors from both practical and academic backgrounds have provided definitional suggestions to assist in framing the notion of Forensic Computing. This paper seeks to discuss definitional ambiguity in the discipline. Further it attempts to provide practical insight into how the practice of Forensic Computing has evolved and how this evolution has influenced both practitioners and academics involved in the discipline. The paper concludes by identifying the key concepts contained within the definitions presented and suggesting future influences on understanding what is meant by the term Forensic Computing.


We develop a computational method to determine the failure probability of brittle materials under general mechanical loading conditions. The method is a combination of two parts: (1) numerical simulations of materials with multiple cracks using phase field theory, where the complete fracture process is viewed as "damage percolation" along critical paths or clusters of cracks, rather than the traditional weak-link failure mechanism of Weibull, and (2) an extension of the Batdorf statistical theory of fracture to finite domains, where it is implemented within the Finite Element (FE) framework. The results of phase-field simulations at the "percolation threshold" are used as failure data in the Batdorf theory to determine the overall probability of failure. The input to this approach is the size distribution of cracks in a pristine material. An example is shown, where alumina samples that were previously tested by Abe and coworkers [1] in four-point loading are compared to the results of our numerical simulations. The approach developed here has the advantage of being extendable to more complex thermomechanical loading.


Concomitant with entering the decentralization period has had a significant effect on cities in Indonesia, and is seen as a new era for local life. The decentralization period has also generated sentiments which are locally bounded that can be identified in the discretion given to the local government in charge to rebranding the city. In this paper, the rebranding phenomena have learned from Pekanbaru city where has changed its city brand for few times. By using a qualitative research approach and combining multi methods to collect and process the data, this paper investigates that the rebranding city has found as a strategic approach in urban planning today that is used to inject more senses to the city and its local life by the local government. This research has confirmed, for almost two decades of the decentralization period, the rebranding phenomena are not only found to generate sense locally, but also as a power marker of the local regime.


By definition, continuous wideband noise acts as a masker when it raises the threshold of a signal delivered to the contralateral ear. In our physiological studies the "signal" (a train of suprathreshold monaural clicks or tonepips) evokes brain potentials (the 40‐Hz or steady‐state response) that are continuously recorded and analyzed for amplitude and phase. When wideband noise is introduced into the contralateral ear at levels below that which raises the threshold of the signal, the evoked potential amplitudes typically drop monotonically with increase in noise intensity. Whether this physiological central suppression is related to "central masking" is unclear; certainly no perceptual correlate for it has yet been uncovered. [Work supported by NIH.]


The PO glycoprotein is a homophilic cell adhesion molecule of the immunoglobulin supergene family which is responsible for maintaining the structure of compact internodal myelin in the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Utilizing a panel of synthetic PO peptides two distinct T cell epitopes have been identified that can induce T cell‐mediated experimental autoimmune neuritis (EAN) in the Lewis rat. One T cell epitope (amino acid residues 56–71), is located within the extracellular, immunoglobulin‐like domain of PO, while the other disease‐inducing T cell epitope (residues 180–199) is located within the proteins cytoplasmic carboxyterminal domain. The adoptive transfer of 106 CD4+ T line cells specific for either of these peptide antigens induced EAN in syngeneic recipients. However, while the pathogenic response induced by both peptide‐specific T cell lines was identical, their epitopes differ markedly in their immunologic properties in vivo. In particular while the response to peptide p180–199 was immunodominant in animals immunized with either purified PO protein or the native membrane‐bound PO protein in autologous rat peripheral nerve myelin, no response to peptide p56–71 was detected, indicating that this epitope is cryptic. This study provides the first experimental evidence that the immunoglobulin‐like domains of members of the immunoglobulin supergene family can function as target autoantigens in T cell‐mediated autoimmune disease.


This paper proposes normalisation methods based on fuzzy set theory for speaker veri(cid:12)cation. A claimed speaker's score used to accept or reject this speaker is viewed as a fuzzy membership function. We propose two scores: the fuzzy entropy and fuzzy C-means membership functions. Moreover, a likelihood transformation is considered to obtain a general approach and, based on this, (cid:12)ve more fuzzy scores are proposed. Finally, a noise clustering method is applied to the current and proposed methods, reducing the equal error rate in all cases. Experiments performed on the ANDOSL and YOHO speech corpora show better results for all proposed methods.


The global pandemic of COVID-19 is a challenge for entrepreneurship education in universities and various organizations. Although positive responses to overcome the challenges of COVID-19 are being made, entrepreneurship strategies and policies might not meet students' requirements. In order to enrich education management research, the main aim of this study is to provide a conceptual model and examine the relationship between perceptions, perceived positive attitudes on entrepreneurship education, and entrepreneurial intention (EI) during the COVID-19 crisis. The model is tested by using data from universities that are located in Shanghai, P.R. China. The study reveals that 1) perceived social norms and perceived self-efficacy positively influence perceived positive attitudes in entrepreneurship education; 2) there is no relationship between perceived entrepreneurial barriers and perceived positive attitudes in entrepreneurship education; 3) perceived positive attitudes in entrepreneurship education positively influence EI. The findings contribute to university and government policies on the development of entrepreneurial education. The framework of this study provides insight into the influential factors of entrepreneurship education that contribute to theoretical studies in the COVID-19 pandemic.


Abstract Feeding tests with adult Exeristes comstockii (Cresson) showed that each of the 10 amino acids commonly recognized to be "essential" is required for egg production. Fecundity on a diet where only these 10 constituted the amino acid component equalled that on the control diet which contained 19 amino acids. Fecundity was reduced by 80% on diets in which Na+ was substituted for K+ and by one-third when K was the only mineral added. Omission of Mn2+ or Ca2+ from, or addition of Zn2+ to, the control salt mixture (Wesson's) did not affect fecundity. Females fed the control (chemically defined) diet or its 10% dilution (sucrose content maintained) for 30 days in the absence of host larvae laid more eggs initially when hosts were supplied than did females fed 1% control diet, honeydew, or 10% sucrose for a similar period. Thus, for E. comstockii, only food with a relatively high quantity and quality of amino nitrogen fed during absence of host larvae will significantly increase initial fecundity when such hosts are later encountered. This knowledge affects treatment of parasites when being held before release in biological control programmes.


In re cent years, sev eral ob ser va tions based on di rect cur rent mea sure ments and model sim u la tions have been suc cess ful in de tect ing a north east ward un der cur rent, "the Ryukyu Cur rent", along the Pa cific side of the Ryukyu Is lands with a unique "subsurface north east ward cur rent core" struc ture. The vol ume trans port (20 25 Sv) of the Ryukyu cur rent com pletes the vol ume trans port bud get (45 50 Sv) of the Kuroshio sys tem. A Pa cific Ocean cir cu la tion model based on the RIAM Ocean Model (RIAMOM) with 1/12° hor i zon tal res o lu tion suc cess fully re pro duced the ob served struc tures of the north east ward Ryukyu Cur rent with a subsurface core at 500 600 m. A three-layer model sim u la tion shows the ex is tence of the Ryukyu Cur rent and ex plains the mech a nism of subsurface cur rent max i mum through blocking effect of bottom topography around the Ryukyu Islands.


The intended audience for this product consists of health professionals interested in integrating neurodynamic assessment and treatment techniques into their clinical practice. It is recommended that the DVD and book be used in conjunction with NOI education seminars or the book, The Sensitive Nervous System. The book and the 110-minute companion DVD follow a similar format. After an introduction discussing 9 key points of neurodynamic assessment and treatment, they both describe anatomy and palpation, assessment, passive mobilization techniques, and self-management for all major upper and lower quadrant nerves and also spinal cord and meninges. Examples provided for the self-management techniques include both gentle and more aggressive techniques. Techniques for the accessory, axillary, suprascapular, trigeminal, and occipital nerves are also included. Illustrations in the book are in black-and-white with the exception of Netter plates illustrating anatomy of the nerves discussed. The DVD is indexed allowing for easy location of techniques and provides high-quality video material of David Butler narrating and demonstrating all techniques. Not intended as a stand-alone product or as a text providing the scientific basis for this approach, the book and companion DVD nevertheless provide likely the best description and illustration of neurodynamic techniques available on the market today. The illustrations and video material are extremely well done and serve to further clarify well-written, step-by-step descriptions of at times complex techniques. The suggested self-management techniques cover a spectrum of patient presentations and encourage a playful and innovative approach to management of neurodynamic dysfunctions making this product a must-have for all neuromusculoskeletal health care providers.


As a human stressor, environmental heat represents a challenge to survival and a barrier to life. Anthropogenic climate change is increasing heatwave frequency, duration and cumulative heat (Mora et al., 2017). Excess hospital emergency department visits, admissions or deaths following heatwaves demonstrate the devastating heat-related morbidity and mortality such as in Western Europe (2003: >70,000 excess deaths, 2022: >20,000 deaths) and Russia (2010: 55,000 excess deaths) (Bouchama et al., 2022).Heatstroke, characterised by rapidly increasing body temperature and multiple organ failure, accounts for around one-third of these deaths, with the remainder attributed to heat-aggravated co-morbidities such as pulmonary and cardiovascular diseases (Bouchama et al., 2022). Not only is heatstroke associated with significant short-term mortality (i.e. death in <24 h if not recognised and treated), but also it can affect the long-term quality of life for survivors (Bouchama et al., 2022). Heatstroke is indiscriminate; it impacts the old and young, male and female, and healthy and frail, with reducing (avoiding) heat exposure and physical cooling comprising the only known prevention and therapy, respectively (Bouchama et al., 2022). Such is the extent of our understanding of its pathogenesis. Given that exposure to environmental heat can be life threatening, it should not be surprising that our species has developed the required evolutionary machinery to adapt to this stressor to survive. The heat stress response (HSR) protects against heat-induced macromolecular damage to proteins, lipid membranes, DNA and the redox state of cells (Bouchama et al., 2022). Healthy humans exposed to extreme sauna heat (10–15 min at 76°C) initiate a HSR similar to yeast, flies and worms suggesting a high degree of evolutionary conservation (Bouchama et al., 2017). The transcriptional response is rapid and transient, reprioritising stress-related instead of growth-related genes (Bouchama et al., 2017). However, the range and scale of the human HSR and its failure to prevent a progression to heatstroke remained unknown until a recent article in The Journal of Physiology. Bouchama et al. (2023) used a unique cohort during the Hajj pilgrimage to Mecca to characterise the HSR of heatstroke for the first time. The desert climate of Saudi Arabia provided a 'living laboratory' for this research team. Strict rituals mean that pilgrims stay within well-defined geographical boundaries outside the city, eat similar food, wear similar clothes and move together; thus, pilgrims receive a dose of heat stress that is comparable and in near-experimental conditions (Yezli et al., 2023). Bouchama et al. (2023) examined the whole genome transcriptome in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of an adult cohort exposed to this desert climate (37–43°C, 35−49% relative humidity) and compared those who developed heatstroke (n = 19) to those that did not (n = 19). All heatstroke patients had a rectal temperature >40.1°C (seven >42°C, eight in deep coma), with most patients exhibiting renal dysfunction and altered liver enzymes. Patients were cooled by combined high-speed airflow and highly-pressurised misting fan, with five progressing to multiorgan failure, although no patient died after the 28 day follow-up. After isolating PBMCs and extracting the total RNA, Bouchama et al. (2023) performed microarray analysis to determine differentially expressed genes. Compared to their heat-stressed pilgrim controls, heatstroke patients displayed almost 9000 genes that were differentially expressed, with the majority (∼60%) downregulated. Genes encoding heat shock proteins, as well as proteins involved in bioenergetics, protein translation and ubiquitination, separated groups suggesting distinct stages of the HSR; heat-induced heat shock proteins, cochaperones and chaperonins were the most expressed with the highest fold changes, suggesting a reprogramming of the HSR transcriptome (Bouchama et al., 2023). The study then employed ingenuity pathway analysis of the differentially expressed genes to determine established pathways, predicting upstream regulators and downstream biological functions. Pathways significantly enriched were related to proteostasis, bioenergetics and oxidative stress, DNA damage and immune responses, CNS signalling, and cellular growth proliferation and development. For the first time, Bouchama et al. (2023) have demonstrated that (i) heatstroke occurs despite a robust HSR; (ii) is associated with an alteration of the proteome integrity and inhibition of protein degradation machinery, a failure to suppress cellular growth and proliferation, and a reduction in energy production; and (iii) cooling therapy attenuates these perturbations without restoring homeostasis. So why is a robust HSR not protective in heatstroke patients, and what are the clinical implications? Bouchama et al. (2023) demonstrate pathogenic mechanisms such as proteotoxic stress, the loss of prioritisation of the transcriptome from growth-related to stress-related processes, a reduction in energy production, and potentially genotoxic heatstroke. Bouchama et al. (2022) also suggest that proteotoxicity, an increased state of oxidative stress and reduced ATP production contribute to the loss of Purkinje cells in heatstroke, which could provide a novel mechanism explaining the neurological alteration that persists in up to 30% of heatstroke survivors (Bouchama et al., 2022). By the end of this century, between one-half and three-quarters of the world's population will be exposed to lethal heat for >20 days each year (Mora et al., 2017). Therefore, we need to understand the HSR better if we are to prepare for (i.e. population acclimatisation) or protect the vulnerable (disadvantaged groups, indigenous populations, ethnic minorities, those outside high-income countries, pregnant women, older people or those with co-morbidities) against this increased and sustained environmental heat. The advent of 'omics research can fill the current gap in heatstroke diagnosis and prognosis and


Office automation system (OA) combines office automation technology,scientific management,behavioral science and organization theory,which is important part in the construction of modern digital hospital.OA usually center with daily official affairs and is the platform of message,management and service.The construction of rational OA involved many volatile elements and uncontrollable factor and controllable factors is a complex system engineering.Ensure the construction of OA carried out smoothly and successfully,digital hospital construction promoted rapidly,the operational links controled orderly and adverse effect and risk avoided,we must comprehensive understand and hold the basic strategy of OA to reach the final point successfully.


The digital networked world is enabling and requiring a new emphasis on personalized document creation. The new, more dynamic digital environment demands tools that can reproduce both the contents and the layout automatically, tailored to personal needs and transformed for the presentation device, and can enable novices to easily create such documents. In order to achieve such automated document assembly and transformation, we have formalized custom document creation as a multiobjective optimization problem, and use a genetic algorithm to assemble and transform compound personalized documents. While we have found that such an automated process for document creation opens new possibilities and new workflows, we have also found several areas where further research would enable the approach to be more broadly and practically applied. This paper reviews the current system and outlines several areas where future research will broaden its current capabilities.


The repair and strengthening of concrete structure has become an importan engineering domain.The bonding quality of new to old concrete interface is the key to this kind reinforcement work.Therefore,the research on quality inspection on adherence of new to old concrete has profound significance.


Diflubenzuron was applied to five experimental ponds, yielding a mean concentration of 13 μg/L. Residues in the water declined below detectable limits (0.2 μg/L) by 14 d posttreatment. Young-of-the-year black crappie (Pomoxis nigromaculatus) and brown bullhead (Ictalurus nebulosus) accumulated diflubenzuron and then eliminated all residues by 7 d posttreatment. No fish mortalities occurred after the treatment. For 1 mo following treatment, stomach content analyses indicated major alterations in the diets of the fish. Growth rates and condition factors of the fish 3 mo after treatment were similar to control fish in four untreated ponds.Key words: diflubenzuron, Pomoxis nigromaculatus, Ictalurus nebulosus, condition factor, growth, aquatic invertebrates


This article addresses the robust dissipativity and passivity problems for a class of Markovian switching complex-valued neural networks with probabilistic time-varying delay and parameter uncertainties. The main objective of this article is to study the proposed problem from a new perspective, in which the relevant transition rate information is partially unknown and the considered delay is characterized by a series of random variables obeying bernoulli distribution. Moreover, the involved parameter uncertainties are considered to be mode-dependent and norm-bounded. Utilizing the generalized It$ \hat{o} $'s formula under the complex version, the stochastic analysis techniques and the robust analysis approach, the $ (M, N, W) $-dissipativity and passivity are ensured by means of complex matrix inequalities, which are mode-delay-dependent. Finally, two simulation examples are provided to verify the effectiveness of the proposed results.


Cascaded multilevel inverters are widely used in industry for speed control of induction motors and, even when the converters' operation is highly reliable, ...


Actuaries frequently are called upon to estimate sums of random variables. Such sums arise in a variety of contexts, as aggregate loss distributions, as losses including loss adjustment expense, as losses to a particular layer in stop loss reinsurance. If the quantities being summed were independent, things would be easy, however this is seldom the case. Generally, there will be some amount of"correlation" between the summands. This paper examines the Pearson product moment correlation coefficient's strengths and weaknesses and discusses two non-parametric alternatives: the Spearman rank correlation coefficient and Kendall's tau statistic.


The influence of ambient air pressure on the drop-size distributions produced in effervescent atomization is examined in this article. Also investigated are the effects on spray characteristics of variations in air/liquid mass ratio, liquid-injection pressure, and atomizer discharge-orifice diameter at different levels of ambient air pressure. It is found that continuous increase in air pressure above the normal atmospheric value causes the mean drop-size to first increase up to a maximum value and then decline. An explanation for this characteristic is provided in terms of the various contributing factors to the overall atomization process. It is also observed that changes in atomizer geometry and operating conditions have little effect on the distribution of drop-sizes in the spray.


The limited amount of energy in nodes is a critical factor affecting the system performance in wireless networked control systems(WNCS).An adaptive energy scheduling method is proposed to compromise the energy conservation for the nodes and the energy consumption in the control.Based on the relation between the sampling period and the energy consumption,the energy consumption rates are adjusted online to satisfy the requirements of the node-span by employing dynamical sampling periods.Then,the adaptive sampling WNCS is modeled as a discrete switched system with a temporarily uncertain switching signal.For the system incorporated with the feedback of switched states,the stability is analyzed by using the switched system theory,and the constraints on the controller gains and residence time for the asymptotical stability of the system are derived accordingly.A numerical example validates the proposed approach on Truetime1.5 and MATLAB platforms.


Introduction: Ca-Al-rich inclusions (CAIs) represent the most primitive rock record in the solar system. They have an anomalous abundance of O relative to both O and O (expressed as -ΔO values) when compared to Earth. Other nebular materials (e.g., chondrules) can have more terrestrial-like values (ΔO=0). As solids formed in contact with nebular gas, either directly or as molten droplets, they potentially recorded the variability in ΔO of the nebular gas from which they grew and hence can be used to probe the diversity and evolution of O reservoirs in the early solar system. The large observed range of Δ O values indicates that there was considerable heterogeneity within the nebula as primitive solids formed [1]. We measured the detailed structure of Δ O variations in Allende CAI A37 and its surrounding rim, using the NanoSIMS. At the μm scale, both A37 and its rim exhibit significant variation in ΔO that encompasses the range that has been observed for all solids in the solar system. The core of A37 implies, like most CAIs, that it condensed in a restricted high O region of the solar nebula. The record in its margin and within its rim implies that prior to and during rim growth, it partially exchanged O isotopes with at least one distinctly different external reservoir. This may indicate that after CAIs began to form that the composition of gas in the early solar nebula changed dramatically locally and/or that CAIs were transported between distinct astrophysical settings during their formation and prior to chondrite accretion. How individual CAIs relate to one another, and how CAIs as a group relate to other nebular materials, such as chondrules, is uncertain. For this reason, it is difficult to re-construct their cosmochemical origins and thus the astrophysical setting(s) in which they formed. Any relationship between nebular solids that can directly relate their formation is of critical importance. One common feature of CAIs that indicates that they may have formed in a similar way and probably at a similar time is the occurrence of igneous rims (socalled, "Wark-Lovering" (WL) rims [2]). WL rims formed later than the interiors of CAIs, although still early based on Al, and commonly exhibit a concentric multi-mineralic sequence that indicates there were dramatic changes in the composition and pressure of the gas surrounding CAIs late in their formation [3, 4]. Sample Description: A37 is a ~7 x 4 mm compact Type A CAI composed primarily of melilite (Ak20-40), 20-70 μm-sized spinel, rare fassiate often in between melilite grains, and trace rhonite [5]. The CAI is surrounded by a ~50 to 100 μm thick WL rim comprised from its interior outwards of hibonite, spinel (enclosing perovsike), melilite/sodalite, Ti-bearing pyroxene, Alrich pyroxene, and an outermost band of forsterite (Fig. 1). A ~1 to 5 μm thick discontinuous zone of melilite at the interface between the gehlentic interior and the rim is more akermanite-rich and relatively Napoor. A small, spinel-rich, perovskite-bearing "microCAI" is observed within the WL rim and therefore likely co-existed with A37 during rim formation.


SAMPLE PREPARATION frozen tissue for TEM I have some tissue that is embedded in OCT and stored at -70oC and want to know if it can be processed for TEM. Sean Kelly <mrsean@ u.washington.edu> 04 Jan 2007 Can you process it? Yes. Should you process it? Maybe. Will you get good ultrastructure? No. A lot will depend on how the tissue was treated before it was frozen: was it flash frozen without any fixation or cryo-protection? It will have a lot of freezing artifacts at the EM level—ice crystal damage to membranes, etc. If it was lightly fixed (e.g., paraformaldehyde), it might fair a bit better. If it was fixed and cryo-protected (e.g., treated with sucrose), you might get some decent structure. You'll have to cut away as much of the OCT as you can and then thaw the tissue. I would advise thawing it in a buffered glutaraldehyde solution so that it fixes as it thaws. Then process for TEM as usual and keep you fingers crossed. Over the years, I've had to process tissues that were not originally intended for EM and I've been surprised by what may be rescued. Leona Cohen-Gould <firstname.lastname@example.com> 04 Jan 2007


The control of flocking motion must be effective to avoid the various obstacles, and maintain the formation to the target point. A decentralized control method is used to control intelligent groups distributed. The topology model of dynamic network of intelligent groups has been combined with artificial potential field.The control algorithm for obstacle avoidance has been improved. Limit-cycle method for flocking motion with obstacle avoidance in global unknown environment is studied. The limitations of the shape of the obstacle have been overcome. And the limit-cycle method makes the swarm avoid obstacles smoothly.