This research focuses on developing an intelligent system of prediction model to justify instrument's reliability. It is important to have an accurate prediction model in order to provide the reliable gas metering system. As the result, the billing integrity between the distributor and the customers are not affected. The application of particle swarm optimization (PSO) in optimizing the weights and biases of neural network (ANN) model is proposed to enhance the accuracy and performance of prediction model for gas metering system. This paper provides on the analysis on comparing the parameter prediction using ANN only with PSO-based ANN techniques. The results discover that the proposed instrument has the higher accuracy in estimating gas measurement with the errors lower than 1%.


Variations of bulk leaf water stable isotopes can indicate mass and energy exchange between the inside and outside of the leaves, and can also reflect the climate and ecological conditions of the areas in which plants live. Moreover, leaf water in plants plays a significant role in the hydrological cycle. Understanding the stable isotope composition of leaf water is helpful to reveal the distribution and contribution of leaf water stable isotopes to the local water stable isotope cycle. This paper reviews the advance in the study of stable isotope composition of leaf water in plants. It is clear that stable isotope fractionation of water in plants would not take place until it entered into the leaves, and there are three types of isotope fractionation鄄equilibrium, kinetic and biochemical isotope fractionations in the leaves. The factors impacting on the stable isotope composition of leaf water include the meteorological conditions such as air temperature, relative humidity, atmospheric pressure, and wind speed as well as the ecological conditions such as transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, and so on. Similar as that of precipitation, the linear relationship also exists between 啄O and 啄D of leaf water in plants. However, the slopes of the regressive lines are significantly lower than those of some Local Meteoric Water Lines


The present investigation was carried out during the growth season of 2011-2012 at Nobaria Sugar and Refining Company, El-Bohera Governorate to evaluate the influence of N- fertilization on yield and quality of sugar beet grown in calcareous soil. Split plot design with 3 replicates with 8 treatments, four rates of nitrogen fertilizer were spread in the main plot, while the sub plots were assigned for the two organic fertilizers. The result obtained showed significant increase in shoot fresh weight, root fresh weight, root length, root yield and sugar yield in plants with increasing fertilization up to 350 kg N/fed. Organic fertilization by farmyard manure (FYM) and poultry manure (PM) was tested. The yield of these attributes of sugar beet was increased but the estimating effect was higher for PM than FYM. The technological characters of sugar beet (Sugar percentage, Purity, K, Na and Alfa-amino-N) rose with increasing N fertilization rate with application of PM or FYM.Under conditions of the present work, supplying sugar beet with 350 kg N/fed with FYM or PM resulted in the highest root and sugar yields/fed.


In recent years, passive radar has been investigated for airborne applications in imaging and detection of ground targets. There are challenges with detection of land targets from an airborne platform due to platform motion which causes the clutter Doppler to spread and the presence of discrete scatterers which can be strong and confused with targets of interest. In this paper, the problem of heterogeneity in the ground clutter is addressed through a complementary direct data domain algorithm that exploits knowledge of the ground clutter. Once an estimate of the ground clutter is found, it can be subtracted from the original range Doppler map to reveal potential targets. The performance of this novel multichannel algorithm is assessed using a Monte Carlo simulation with simulated data.


The possible relationships between trace elements, oxidative stress and subclinical ketosis during the transition period were evaluated in dairy cows. Blood samples were obtained by jugular venipuncture at four times of the transition period: 3 weeks and 1 week before and 1 week and 3 weeks after calving. The highest concentrations of malondialdehyde (MDA) and betahydroxybutyrate (BHB) were observed on the week 1 after calving. In contrast, the serum values of copper, zinc, albumin, uric acid and TIBC decreased after calving. After calving, zinc concentration showed a significant negative correlation with MDA concentration (p<0.005). The concentrations of MDA after calving showed a positive correlation with BHB (P<0.005), while zinc showed a negative correlation with BHB at this time (p<0.05). The results of logistic regression test showed that the decreased concentration of zinc in the weeks 1 before and week 1 after calving was associated with the probability of occurrence of subclinical ketosis. Moreover, an increase in MDA concentration at the week 1 after calving was associated with the risk of subclinical ketosis. The results of the present study showed that cattle with insufficient concentrations of trace elements are prone to oxidative stress and cattle with increased oxidative stress may be subclinical Ketosisprone.


Clinical trials being conducted at the Harvard/Boston City Medical Center, AIDS Clinical Trials Unit (ACTU) are described. Criteria for inclusion in the study are included, as well as the status of the trial and contact information to enroll. Also included is a list of other Boston clinical trials. Current HIV trials include ACTG 388, which is comparing four-drug regimens to three-drug regimens; ACTG 384, which is studying when protease inhibitor therapy should be initiated; and ACTG 359, which is studying viral loads in patients who have received at least six months of treatment. Treatment studies are also underway for immune-based therapies, Kaposi's sarcoma, and AIDS wasting syndrome.


In order to understand how much the use of regional land space can be improved,Mangshi of Yunnan Province was taken as an example to research its land consolidation potentials.Firstly,the types of farmland consolidation were divided according to the influencing factors;Then,the farmland use status was measured and the farmland consolidation standards were designed to calculate the farmland consolidation potentials;Finally,the farmland consolidation potential of Mangshi was graded and some planning suggestions were proposed for reference.


The article delivers a comparative analysis of the diapir structures of the Tersko-Sunzhenskaya oil-and-gas region of the Eastern Ciscaucasia, which are represented in the form of quasi-muddy, young (not yet ripe) volcanoes, and mud volcano structures on the territory of the southeastern end of the Caucasian ridge (Apsheron peninsula and other territories of Azerbaijan) and the northwestern end of the Caucasian ridge (Kerch and Taman peninsulas). It is shown that the formation of the diapir structure is not a sufficient condition for its degeneration into a mud volcano even when there is a high thickness of clayey strata in the section. The paramount significance in such geological conditions is determined not only by the thickness of the clay stratum, but also by the degree of its water-saturated porosity, which forms viscous-plastic and fluid properties that facilitate the transition of the rock to the phase of active flow and outflow onto the surface.


The debate over the long-run availability of mineral commodities remains today as polarized as it was 30 years ago. This partly reflects the two very different paradigms often used to assess this threat, which can lead to sharply contrasting conclusions. In addition, the uncertainties regarding future developments in mineral supply and demand, which will govern the course of real mineral prices, are great. The geological unknowns are particularly a problem in this regard. Finally, mineral commodity prices reflect only those social costs that producers pay. Just how much greater prices would be - and how their trends over time would be altered - if prices reflected the full social costs of production and use is unknown. The available estimates vary greatly, and often reflect the values of individuals and groups rather than those of society as a whole. In light of the last two uncertainties, we simply do not know whether mineral commodities will become more or less available in the long run. The optimists c...


In a laser full penetration welding process, keyhole behavior affects the welding quality most. Due to the variation of wall thickness, constant welding speed and power will lead to partial penetration or over heat. So, effective monitoring and control method is needed to improve the quality of laser full penetration welding. In this paper, a vision based full penetration hole detection system is studied. The effects of exposure time, zooming lens, and optical filters on the quality of coaxial images are investigated. Among these factors, narrow bandwidth filters affect coaxial images most, because according to Plank law, workpiece under different temperature will emit light of different wavelengths, and the images under different narrow bandwidth filters reflect the temperature distribution of workpiece. The full penetration hole detection algorithm is developed based on region grow algorithm. Images of different welding speed and power are captured, and the relationship of the diameter of full penetrati...


This paper investigates how r̄ms choose prices and production capacity when facing stochastic demand. With demand uncertainty,  ̄rms face demand curves for their goods which implicitly subsume the selling mechanism adopted in the markets for these goods. The selling mechanisms considered in this analysis are bidding markets or auctions, and take-it-or-leave-it sales. They have di®erent implications for the respective expected demand curves the r̄ms face, and hence for the  ̄rms' capacity choices. These implications entail consequences for welfare. It is shown that auctions yield higher expected comsumer welfare than take-it-orleave-it sales when production costs are high, while take-it-or-leave-it sales enhance welfare when production costs are low.


One of the three main processes associated with polynomials is evaluation; the two other ones being interpolation and root finding. Higham [1, chap. 5] devotes an entire chapter to polynomials and more especially to polynomial evaluation. The small backward error the Horner scheme introduce when evaluated in floating point arithmetic justifies its practical interest. It is well known that the computed evaluation of p(x) is the exact value at x of a polynomial obtained by making relative perturbations of at most size 2nu to the coefficients of p where n denotes the polynomial degree and u the finite precision of the computation [1]. Nevertheless, the computed result can be arbitrary less accurate than the working precision u when evaluating p(x) is ill-conditioned. This is the case for example in the neighborhood of multiple roots where all the digits or even the order of the computed value of p(x) can be false. Numerous multiprecision libraries are available when the computing precision u is not sufficient to guarantee a prescribed accuracy. Fixed-length expansions such as in "double-double" libraries [2] are actual and effective solutions to simulate twice the IEEE-754 double precision. These fixed-length expansions are currently embedded in major developments such as the new extended and mixed precision BLAS [2]. On the other hand, an approach similar to Kahan's compensated summation (see [1, p.83–88]) can be used, such as in [3] where efficient algorithms are proposed for the computation of summations and dot products in a specified precision. In this paper we present an accurate and fast compensated algorithm to evaluate univariate polynomials in floating point arithmetic. By accurate, we mean that the accuracy of our compensated Horner scheme is similar to the one given by the Horner scheme computed in doubled working precision, for example using fixed-length expansions. Of course the accuracy of the result still depends on the condition number. By fast, we mean that the algorithm should run at least twice as fast as the fixed-length expansion counterparts that produce the same output accuracy. We constraint the computation to be performed in the same precision as the data, for example the IEEE-754 double precision. Thanks to an a priori error analysis, we provide a sufficiant criterium on the condition number of the polynomial evaluation to ensure that our compensated Horner scheme provides a faithful rounding of the exact evaluation. By faithful rounding we mean that the computed result is one of the two floating point neighbours of the exact result. We also derive a validated running error analysis of our algorithm, which leads to a sharper enclosure of the computed result. In particular, our numerical experiments show that the computed evaluation can be prooved to be faithfully rounded at the running time, as long as the condition number is smaller than the inverse of the working precision.


A unique and innovative risk assessment of the International Space Station (ISS) Propulsion Module is conducted using fractal modeling of the Module's response to the meteoroid and orbital debris environments. Both the environment models and structural failure modes due to the resultant hypervelocity impact phenomenology, as well as Module geometry, are investigated for fractal applicability. The fractal risk assessment methodology could produce a greatly simplified alternative to current methodologies, such as BUMPER analyses, while maintaining or increasing the number of complex scenarios that can be assessed. As a minimum, this innovative fractal approach will provide an independent assessment of existing methodologies in a unique way.


During the covid-19, it became apparent the imperative need for openly available digital educational resources to be used in education which has been shifted to Online Remote Teaching and Learning. It is important for teachers to be able to utilize Open Educational Resources (OERs) in education. This paper develops a framework for designing Teachers' Training programmes on how to integrate OERs in the teaching practice. The framework consists from six modules: 1) Introduction to OERs, 2) Exploring & Evaluating existing OERs, 3) Using OERs, 4) Communicating & Sharing OERs, 5) developing OERs, and 6) Open Educational Practices (OEPs). The paper also defines OERs & OEPs competence. Finally, educational policy authorities may use this framework to design training programmes for teachers on how to integrate OERs in their teaching.


In the master thesis is analysed the methodology od planning, management and controlling project of implementation e-health system on the example of the Student Health Centre.


Abstract The mainly arctic-alpine genus Draba is well known for its complex morphological and chromosomal vanation. This paper reviews a larger study of Nordic Draba, aimed to provide insights into evolutionary processes that confound taxonomic relationships in the genus. The populations analyzed were referred to 16 currently recognized species of the sections Draba (petals white), Chrysodraba (petals yellow), andDrabella (petals yellow), and investigated using enzyme electrophoresis, restriction site analysis of cpDNA and rDNA, and analysis of chromosome numbers, artificial and natural hybrids, reproductive biology, habitat differentiation, and morphology. Section Draba comprises three diploids and seven polyploids (4x-10x) based on x = 8, sect. Chrysodraba comprises five polyploids (4x-16x) based on x = 8, and sect. Drabella comprises D. crassifolia, which probably is octoploid based on x = 5. Artificial F1 hybrids were obtained in 19 interspecific combinations. Later-generation hybrids were obtained in seven of these combinations. The genetic data suggest that 1) all polyploids are genetic allopolyploids, i.e., they show disomic inheritance and are highly fixed-heterozygous; 2) several of the polyploids have originated recurrently, some of them even polyphyletically; 3) some of the alloploid populations may have originated from cross-incompatible, sibling species that all belong to a single diploid taxonomic species; 4) interspecific gene flow across chromosome number barriers is possible and probably occurs in natural situations; 5) each of three of the polyploids represents an independent alloploid lineage, whereas sect. Draba and two species of sect. Chrysodraba form an intricate phylogenetic network; 6) some of the polyploids have originated locally, others have migrated repeatedly into the Nordic area; and 7) the phenotypic expression of genes encoding taxonomically important morphological characters does not follow consistent patterns in hybrids; this result may explain the discrepancies between genetic and taxonomic relationships in this highly reticulate genus. All species are sexual autogams, but there was large variation in autogamous seed set and traits promoting cross-pollination. The diploids are genetically depauperate, extremely inbreeding stress-tolerators occupying restricted ecological niches, whereas most of the polyploids have high levels of genetic variation, occupy a wide range of niches, and are either stress-tolerant competitors with a mixed mating system or primarily inbreeding ruderals. Mixed mating appears advantageous in the polyploids occurring in competitive habitats, although their fixed heterozygosity buffers the effect of selfing with respect to loss of variability. The ecological amplitude, heterozygosity, and biochemical diversity in the species were positively correlated and increased significantly with ploidal level. Two hypotheses are advanced to explain these correlations: 1) the general-purpose genotype hypothesis, which suggests that a high level of fixed heterozygosity in an allopolyploid genotype per se allows for exploitation of several different niches; and 2) the special-purpose genotype hypothesis, which suggests that repeated alloploidizations involving genetically divergent progenitors result in different fixed-heterozygous genotypes, each of which may exploit a particular niche. The evidence for multiple polyploid origins, differentiation into sibling diploids, and interploidal gene flow · in Draba add to a growing data base suggesting that polyploid complexes represent considerably more dynamic genetic systems than previously envisioned. In Draba, the principal evolutionary importance of these processes is probably that they serve as escapes from genetic and ecological depauperation caused by uniparental inbreeding at the diploid level. These processes inevitably result, however, in incongruities between taxonomic and evolutionary entities in the genus, supporting the use of a wide species concept.


The second derivative of a chromatographic signal can aid in the recognition of composite peaks. In the case of a two-component composite, the second derivative has three maxima and two minima. The time position of the second of the three maxima is indicative of the point where the peak envelope of each component cross each other. This second maximum can be used to trigger the end of integration of the first component and the beginning of the integration of the second component. In theory, the second derivative approach works well. The present paper investigates the limits of the method. It was found that, depending on the separation between the two components in the composite, there is a peak height ratio below which the method fails to recognize the existence of a composite system. The greater the separation, the smaller the height ratio. At 4{sigma} separation, the minimum height ratio that the method can still recognize as a composite is around 10{sup {minus}5}. However, the useful range of the approach may extend to a lower range of height ratios due to the small changes in the area with relatively large changes in the peak height ratio. Noise also affects the usefulmore » range of the method. In general, as the noise increases, the method fails at higher peak height ratios. A surface describing the useful range of the method is given as a function of the signal-to-noise ratio, the separation and the height ratio.« less


Posted Online: 8 September 2020 Published: 10 December 2020 Full terms and conditions of access and use, archived papers, submission instructions, a search tool, and much more can be found on the JISE website: http://jise.org ISSN: 2574-3872 (Online) 1055-3096 (Print) Teaching Tip: Visualizing IS Course Objectives and Marketable Skills Dmytro Babik Diane Lending Department of Computer Information Systems and Business Analytics James Madison University Harrisonburg, VA 22807, USA email@example.com, email@example.com


This paper proposes a methodological and sociological reflection on the relationship between digital skills and social capital of families, through the
description of the activated procedures to assess the digital competency and the analysis of the first results of a pilot survey (already in progress) on a sample of pre-teens in Rome. Specifically, this paper presents the analysis of two of three main objectives of the survey: namely, 1. Planning a methodological path of mapping and systematization of all dimensions and all levels of digital competencies, through the planning and the testing of the first sociological research tool, according to the international and national policies for the digital agenda. 2. Giving back the first picture on the digital competencies of a preteens sample in the informal environment. 3. Deepening the relationship between clusters of digital competencies and the types of social capital connected to them.


Mesoporous TiO2 films with spherical architectures and promising performance in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) were prepared. The morphology of the films was investigated by scanning electron microscopy. Transmission electron microscopy analysis of the spheres disclosed the elongated shape of sub-20 nm primary particles, while BET analysis revealed their high surface area of 135 m/g. Anatase presence was observed in the films based on X-ray diffractometry, selected-area electron diffraction analysis and Raman spectroscopy analyses. Increased light scattering of the spheres in visible region was observed by UV-VIS-NIR spectroscopy. Photovoltaic performance of the operating N719-sensitized cells was tested using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and current density-voltage (J-V) curves under simulated AM1.5 spectrum. The 0.25 cm cells exhibited photo-to-electric power efficiency of 4.9%, which is among noteworthy values for DSSCs with similar photoanodic structures.


After the history of the development of carrier-frequency-shift telegraphy has been briefly outlined, methods of frequency-shift transmission are described and discussed. Methods of detection, by band-pass filter selection, or by a discriminator, are described. Practical advantages of frequency-shift operation are discussed and some factors influencing the design of carrier-frequency-shift transmitters and receivers are considered.A theoretical analysis of the threshold value of signal and the time shift produced by random noise is given in an appendix, and formulae are derived for comparing keyed-carrier and carrier-frequency-shift systems.It is shown that the discriminator method of detection gives no theoretical advantage over normal keyed-carrier operation, but that in a typical example, post-discriminator filtration gives an improvement of 14 db and band-pass filter selection an improvement of 10 db in threshold value.


Students' party construction work of higher schools is an important part of the party's construction,along with the college students' values orientation diversification and network information of the development of college students' party members in the thought and the behavior characteristics of the present age,to the current college students' party construction work has brought many challenges.This paper through the analysis of the main problems in college students' party construction work under the new situation,guided by the scientific development concept,do a further thought to strengthen the university student party construction work.


Novelty retrieval audit work is an important guarantee for improving the quality of novelty retrieval, and is also one of the important factors. High-quality sci-tech novelty retrieval reports can provide objective assurance for project approval,evaluation and acceptance, award declaration and patent application. The audit work of sci-tech novelty retrieval should grasp four key steps: novelty retrieval points, search strategy formula, novelty retrieval conclusion and review of novelty retrieval appearance.


Infrared signature of targets is one important approach for target detection and recognition. When measuring the infrared signature of a target in the atmosphere, it is necessary to take the atmospheric transmittance and atmospheric radiation between the measured target and the observer into account. In this study, a blackbody-based approach for estimating atmospheric transmittance and atmospheric radiation is proposed to improve accuracy. Radiometric calibration is first carried out in the laboratory for the infrared thermal imager to determine the slope and offset used in the linear regression. With a set of different temperatures, radiance of the blackbody and digital number value of images are calculated. Finally, according to the analytical expressions derived, the atmospheric transmittance and atmospheric radiation are determined, and actual radiance for the cooperative target is calculated. Results demonstrate that the uncertainty of the actual radiance of measured cooperative target calculated via the proposed method is lower than that by MODTRAN, from MODTRAN at 5.7% and 16.7%, from proposed method at 2.56% and 10.2% in two experiments.


The possibility of desensitization (DS) development under the rhythmic activity and during the generation of the single response to acetylcholine was studied in the frog sartorius muscle by voltage-clamp technique. It was revealed, that under conditions promoting DS (hyperpolarization, muscle warming, rise of calcium concentration as well as treatment by the DS--potentiating agent--proadifen) decrease of the postsynaptic membrane sensitivity to the acetylcholine can develop after few multiquantal end-plate currents--and when acetylcholinesterase is inhibited--during the response to a single quantum of acetylcholine.


Cowpea is an important pulse crop suffers from several diseases caused by fungi, bacteria and viruses. Bacterial blight of cowpea caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. vignicola is an important disease of Rajasthan. Various disease symptoms were observed on all above ground parts of cowpea. Leaf blight phase was very common. Out of fifty three different plants tested, bacterium could produce visible symptoms on french and field beans apart from cowpea. Efficacy of ten agrochemicals fifty botanicals and three bacilli against the growth of bacterium in vitro studied. All antibiotics were found superior over fungicides. Labistryn found best followed by Streptocydine, Plantomycin, Erocin-250 and Blitox-50. Ornamentals (mehandi, marigold and kaner), weeds (datura, lat jeera and jarayan), medicinals (tulsi, laxamana and mulatto), spices (onion, garlic and turmeric), perennials (neem, vilyati babool and babool) plant parts extracts exhibited better inhibition against the growth of bacterium. Bacillus subtilis proved best followed by B. megatherium and B. cereus against the growth of bacterium.


The goldfish (Carassius auratus) was the preferred piscine subject for the auditory research conducted by Dick Fay for many years. As one of the otophysine teleosts, the goldfish has been called an "auditory specialist," and much of the research Fay and his collaborators conducted on goldfish focused on aspects of the sense of hearing (e.g., frequency selectivity and intensity discrimination), using classical conditioning (respiration or heart rate) and a variety of psychophysical procedures to determine what goldfish could hear. Studies of toadfish (Opsanus tau) and mottled sculpin (Cottus bairdii) provided additional insight on frequency tuning and intensity discrimination in "nonspecialist" teleost fishes and unique insights into how the brain of "nonspecialists" encodes source direction, indicating that goldfish are not so special.


This paper uses dynamic general equilibrium models to quantitatively test the idea that technical change caused the stock market collapse of the mid 1970's, its subsequent stagnation, and recovery. First, I consider the hypothesis that the arrival of information technologies (IT) rendered old capital obsolete, and led to a collapse of equity prices. I find that shocks necessary for the IT-revolution to cause the observed drop in Tobin's q imply a two-fold increase in aggregate investment, and a strong expansion in GDP and consumption. Such predictions are orthogonal to what one observes in the data. Next, I consider the hypothesis that the productivity slowdown of the mid 1970's caused an unexpected decrease in the growth rate of shareholders' income, and equity prices fell. This hypothesis is consistent with the behavior of aggregate quantities and it delivers a large decrease in the value of equities, but is not capable of producing the persistently low values of q that characterize the data. My analysis indicates that the main challenge for a general equilibrium explanation of stock market behavior resides in reconciling the movements of Tobin's q with those of aggregate investment.


MIDAGLIA, Carmen Lucia Vergueiro. Proposal of implementation for an Spatial Coverage Monitoring Index SCMI by temporal analysis of the evolution of the inland waters quality network of São Paulo State. 230f. Tese (Doutorado), Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas, Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. This is a correlational Ph.D. research aiming at evaluating the spatial evolution of the monitoring network of inland surface waters of State of São Paulo, through the number of sampling points and its density throughout 30 years and the population growth (urbanization) and the population density in the 22 units of water management units of the São Paulo State. It also analyzes if these points had kept the capacity to represent the status of the quality of the water in function of the population growth, and if it is necessary to expand or to rearrange the network in some regions. This comparison was more rational with the use of the resources of the geo-information applied for water resources planning and management, with the construction of SIG SP_WATERNET and with the proposal of a multi-criteria evaluation monitoring index concerning the 22 water management units throughout a studied period. This index can point out the coverage or the vulnerability of the monitoring efficiency of the surface waters network of São Paulo State.


Emicizumab has been shown to be safe and effective for prevention of bleeds in patients with severe haemophilia A (SHA), both with and without inhibitors. The subcutaneous administration and long half‐life make emicizumab an attractive option for prophylaxis in infants with SHA, however data to inform treatment decisions in this younger age group are almost absent.


In this paper, we demonstrate how to form images of D2-dopamine receptor concentration in the brain with positron emission tomography (PET). Quantification of receptor sites within the brain is required to understand aging, diseases such as Alzheimer, and drug addiction. This quantification is performed by acquiring dynamic PET data and analyzing the tracer kinetics from the reconstructed emission data. The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the reconstructed dynamic PET data is generally so low that region of interest (ROI) analysis is required to have accurate quantification. ROI analysis produces a single value of receptor concentration for each region in the brain. We recently show that it is possible to form parametric images directly from the acquired sinogram data [1]. Elimination of intermediate steps and direct reconstruction of parameters from sinograms allowed us to form dense images of parameters of interest. In this paper, we applied the direct parametric reconstruction algorithm to form images of D2-dopamine receptor concentration within monkey brain using 18F-fallypride radiotracer. Our initial investigations show that our D2 receptor images are consistent with the results of the classical ROI analysis.


BACKGROUND
We aim to assess the safety of an ERAS and early discharge pathway in a robotic pancreatoduodenectomy (PD) program and compare outcomes with an open PD cohort as controls to determine the synergistic effects of robotic surgery and enhanced recovery pathways on length of stay (LOS).

STUDY DESIGN
Consecutive patients undergoing open or robotic pancreatoduodenectomy by a single surgeon from analysis from March 2020 to July 2022 was identified. Logistic regression models were used for adjusted analyses of postoperative outcomes.

RESULTS
There were 134 consecutive patients who underwent PD, of which 40 (30%) were performed robotically. Pancreatic adenocarcinoma was the most common indication in both the open (56%) and robotic (55%, p=0.51) groups, with a similar proportion of them being borderline resectable or locally advanced tumors (78% vs 82% in robotic group, p=0.82). The LOS was significantly shorter in the robotic PD group (median 5 days, IQR 4-7 days) when compared to the open PD group (median 6 days, IQR 5-8 days, p<0.001). A LOS of ≤4 days was observed in 40% of the robotic PD group compared to only 3% of patients in the open PD group (p<0.001), with no differences in the overall readmission rates (10% vs 12% in the robotic PD group, p=0.61). On multivariable logistic regression, robotic PD was independently associated with higher odds of LOS of ≤4 days (OR 22.4, p=0.001) when compared to open PD.

CONCLUSIONS
An enhanced recovery and early discharge pathway could be safely implemented in a robotic PD program. Patients undergoing robotic PD have significantly shorter lengths of stay without increased complication or readmission rates compared to open PD, with 40% of patients undergoing robotic PD achieving a LOS of ≤4 days.


Herein we describe the development of an efficient, safe and practical process for the synthesis of 7-methoxy-2-(2-amino-4-thiazolyl)quinoline. Our new process allowed for a more convergent approach and eliminates the use of potentially dangerous reagents such as diazomethane used in the previous discovery approach.


This article draws on principal-agent theories in the international organization literature and postagreement negotiation analysis in the negotiation literature to examine a case of international development negotiations among parties to the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification. The role of the "collective principal" ‐ the negotiating body of state actors that creates an international organization ‐ is described and the analysis examines subsequent negotiations when the parties, as principal, do not coalesce into a collective actor regarding the mandate for the organization ‐ or agent ‐ they created. The article suggests that postagreement negotiation analysis provides an understanding of the vehicle through which the "principal" provides "collective" oversight of the agent, and examines what we label the "regime interpretation" negotiations involved with this case.


Alfalfa is one of the most important forage crops worldwide because of its wide range of adaptability and good forage quality. Seed yield is generally considered to be of secondary importance and is characterized by often poor seed yield and seed quality. A field experiment was conducted to determine the impact of boric acid foliar applications along with a basal dose during anthesis to enhance the alfalfa seed yield in agro-ecological conditions of Sargodha.  In foliar boric acid fertilization 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 boric acid along with basal dose 23-80-50 (NPK kg ha -1 ) was used. Phosphorous and potash were applied at the time of sowing while nitrogen will be applied in two split doses; half at sowing time and half of 1st irrigation. Two foliar applications, 1 st at intensive plant growth stage and the 2 nd at the beginning of the blossoming of the crop.  The concentration of boric acid solutions used were  2 ,4 , 6  ,8 and 10 glit -1 which produces a seed yield of 161.7, 167.9,171.3, 175.0,186.7 and 176.1 kg ha -1 in year 2015-16 while  next year in 2016-17 produces a seed yield of 286.5, 299.2,304.6, 308.3, 312.1 and 310.1kg ha -1 respectively which is higher than year 2015-16. Foliar fertilization with boron influenced forming of slightly higher number of seeds in the pod. Boron influenced the average increase of yield, with a slightly greater difference compared to control. Number of seeds per pod in boric acid dose of 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 remained 6.1, 6.3, 6.4, 6.6, 6.8 and 6.7respectively in year 2016-17 which were higher than 4.3,4.4,4.5, 4.5,4.9 and 4.7  in year 2015-16. Overall 8 g liter -1 boric acid foliar fertilization  produces 8.9 % higher seed yield, 11.4 % higher no of seeds per pod compared to control in the year 2016-17 while produces 15.4% higher seed yield and 13.9 % higher no of seeds per pod as compared to control in the year 2015-16.


Team invasion games are sports in which individual team members interact and exchange information to coordinate their behaviours and actions in pursuit of the common goal of winning matches. Researchers have used social network analysis to quantify the cooperative behaviours of sports teams (cooperative network analysis), yet this research exists across an array of disciplines and uses various methods. Therefore, accessibility for practitioners and researchers interested in using it to quantify team cooperation in team invasion games may be limited. This systematic mapping review aimed to identify, report and discuss research in this emerging research area. Articles were systematically searched in electronic databases and reference list scans resulting in 112 papers included. Football was the most studied sport ( n  =  91), and passing was the most observed interaction between players within a sports team ( n  =  107). This review further revealed a lack of consistency in reporting between the included studies with respect to nomenclature and network measures. A comprehensive map of the current literature on the use of cooperative network analysis in team invasion games is provided which can be used by practitioners and researchers tasked with or interested in analysing team performance.


Objective To study the influence of anti-psychotic d rugs to thyroid functions in schizophrenic patients. Methods S ubjects were 108 self-controlled (pre-treatment and post-treatment) schizophr enic patients under the treatment of psychotic drugs. Serum levels of thyroid ho rmone were measured at the points of pre-treatment and post-treatment in the p atients. The related factors that caused change of serum levels were analyzed. Results Except for the reduction of FT4 in the post-treatment, the T3, T4, FT3, TSH and TBG in the post-treatment were all higher than those values before treatment. Among them, only TSH had significant difference ( P 0.05). One-way ANOVA showed that T3 in female patients before treatment was sig nificantly higher than that in the male patients (F=5.46, P 0.05). Meanwhil e, TBG in female patients after treatment was significantly higher than that in male patients (F=6.25, P 0 05). First-admitted patients had lower TBG tha n recurrent patients (F=6.66, P 0.01). Conclusion It is ind icated that higher TSH after treatment in the schizophrenic patients might be re lated to the anti-psychotic drugs. T3 (pre-treatment) and TBG (post-treatment ) had gender differences.


The drastic advance of recent deep learning technologies is heavily dependent on training datasets which are essential to train models by themselves with less human efforts. In comparison with the work to design deep learning models, preparing datasets is a long haul; at the moment, in the domain of vision intelligent, datasets are still being made by handwork requiring a lot of time and efforts, where workers need to directly make labels on each image usually with GUI-based labeling tools. In this paper, we overview the current status of vision datasets focusing on what datasets are being shared and how they are prepared with various labeling tools. Particularly, in order to relieve the repetitive and tiring labeling work, we present an interactive smart image annotating system with which the annotation work can be transformed from the direct human-only manual labeling to a correction-after-checking by means of a support of automatic labeling. In an experiment, we show that automatic labeling can greatly improve the productivity of datasets especially reducing time and efforts to specify regions of objects found in images. Finally, we discuss critical issues that we faced in the experiment to our annotation system and describe future work to raise the productivity of image datasets creation for accelerating AI technology.


KEY POINTS
Chronic inflammatory diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, psoriatic arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis, are associated with increased risk of death relative to general population rates.[1][1]–[4][2] This increased risk is largely attributable to


In an industrial process, the accuracy and reliability of process creates basics for control system and ultimately to product uniformity. Measurement results, whether from fast on-line sensors or from samplebased laboratory analyses, is the key for selecting the method for process control and analysis. Intelligent and advanced control methods, exploiting measurements, are of no benefit if the measurements cannot be trusted. This paper presents an estimation method for combining real-time redundant signals, consisting of sensor data, and analytical measurements. The validation of on-line measurement uses less frequently updated but more accurate information to validate frequently updated but less accurate on-line measurements. An estimate of the measured variable is obtained as a weighted average of the on-line measurements and laboratory analyses. The weighting coefficients are recursively updated in real time when new analysis and measurement results are available. The calculation of optimal estimate can be used in several industrial applications for more precise process control. In addition, pre-processed data is used to calculate a "need for maintenance indicator" to warn the operator for sensor breakdowns, wearing or deterioration and detect calibration needs. The operator's workload is reduced in problematic situations where measurement and validation signals are not convergent, by offering calculated best estimation.


The efficiency is the most important in manufacturing enterprise. In order to increase overall productivity, it is essential to improve effectiveness of support process like mold maintenance in plant that manufacturing aluminum wheel.[1] However the study on the productivity has done in main process like casting or manufacturing.[2]. The purpose of this paper is to increase efficiency of workers in mold maintenance process by using working analysis and applying the principle of motion economy. Also this study offers better arrangement of workshop and tools tub. This paper shows reduction of working time and unnecessary movement.


When we enlist all the post-colonial writers of the subcontinent, then it comes to us that Bapsi Sidhwa is the best Pakistani female novelist. She belongs to Parsi family and has presented the Parsi culture in her novel The Crow Eaters. The current research is to analyze the novel as a black comedy. Black comedy is also known as dark comedy. There are dozens of events that clearly show that the novel is a black comedy. Comedy deals with comic events, but when the dark aspects of life or dark side of life are shown in a comic way, then it is known as black comedy. For example when the event of death is shown in a comic way then it is a black comedy. Whole the story of the novel revolves around the hero of the novel Faredoon Janglewalla, Freddy in short, and his mother-in-law Jerbano, who always acts as a problematic figure for him. The novel is about Freddy's efforts to get rid of his mother-in-law and after this about his plans against the insurance company to become a rich man.


The objective of the presented research program is to design and develop a prototype system for measuring the length of a moving log in an outdoor environment. Investigations on different sensor concepts proved the suitability of certain radar and optical solutions. The two systems, one applying microwaves and evaluating the Doppler-shift, the other using digital image processing are described in detail.


The grain refinement of AlN particles reinforced AZ91D Mg-based metal-matrix composites (MMCs) was investigated in this paper. The Mg MMCs were prepared by the melt-stirring technique with addition of 1, 2 and 5 wt.% of 1 μm AlN particles. Observing the microstructures of MMCs, the β-phase of Mg was almost eliminated through homogenisation. The ultimate tensile strength of Mg MMCs with only 1 wt.% addition of AlNp has increased to 174 MPa, which is by 10.1 % higher than that of pure AZ91D. After homogenisation, the ultimate tensile strength of Mg MMCs with 1 wt.% addition of AlNp has increased to 253 MPa, which is by 60.1 % higher than that of pure AZ91D. K e y w o r d s: grain refinement, metal-matrix composites, homogenisation, tension test


Patient portals help facilitate communication between healthcare providers and patients, and provide a secure method for patients to engage with and manage their healthcare information. However, the potential patient safety risks associated with this relatively new functionality have not been extensively researched. athenahealth's User Experience and Patient Safety teams collaborated to explore their Patient Portal to identify potential patient safety risks, actionable insights, and opportunities for improvement using data from the athenahealth network. The research method created for this purpose was designed to proactively identify, evaluate, and analyze patient safety risks and to provide insights into how patients use portal information. The results of the evaluation were delivered to the product development team in the form of actionable next steps for mitigating the identified risks.


Four-component one pot cyclocondensation of heteroaromatic aldehyde, malononitrile, 5,5-dimethylcyclohexane-1,3-dione (dimedone) and 1,4-diazabicyclo [2.2.2] octane in aqueous-ethanol after initial Knoevenagel condensation, subsequent Michael and final heterocyclization reactions gave substituted and functionalized pyrano(c)chromene derivatives. These pyrano(c)chromenes on reaction with malononirile result in the formation of diversely substituted linear tricyclic chromenopyridine, via cyclocondensation followed by heterocyclization. All the compounds are biologically active against various bacterial and fungal species.


This letter proposes a novel dynamic shared protection algorithm called multiple sub-backup paths (MSBP) to survive multiple links failures in WDM optical networks. In MSBP, each connection will be first assigned one primary path and one link-disjoint backup path, and following will be assigned multiple sub-backup paths based on the corresponding routing policy. Compared to previous algorithm DLFP, MSBP not only has the close protection ability to the DLFP but also can save significant resources


In this paper we analyze the increasing wage inequality observed in the Uruguayan labour market during the last decade, by studying how the changes in minimum wages and returns to education have affected the wage structure. Despite of the fact that in most developed countries an important proportion of the increased wage inequality is explained by a fall of the real minimum wages, this is not the case for the Uruguayan labour market. We find that the increased wage dispersion is mostly explained by shifts of the upper tail of the wage distribution, i.e. substantial wage increments for the most skillededucated workers. To derive these conclusions we follow a parametric and nonparametric quantile regression approach. ∗This paper was written when both authors were visiting the Department of Economics of the University of Uruguay. We thank the comments of the participants in the seminar of the XVII LAMES, in particular to Nelson Noya, Maximo Rossi and Miguel Szekely. †Departamento de Economía Aplicada, Universidad de Vigo. Mailing: firstname.lastname@example.com


Automated apparatus for the measurement of 3D magnetic field was constructed using Hall probes and 2D positioning system. The apparatus was tested by the field of ring permanent magnets. The measured field is visualised by graphs for 1D lines, surfaces for 2D areas and vectors or flux lines for 3D space. The magnetic field was modelled by coupled currents and then by the application of Biot-Savart Law. The agreement with experiment is good either for the simplest assumption of uniform magnetisation. The model can be refined.


Abstract This paper presents a method to process the dataset of departing employees. The clustering categories of separated employees are accurately determined by fuzzy c-mean clustering and improved clustering FCM algorithm, and new samples of separated employees are generated using SMOTE algorithm to reduce noisy data. The kernel function trick of SVM is used to achieve clustering oversampling, improving classification accuracy. For imbalanced data, this paper uses a new integrated learning algorithm for constructing evaluations, PIBoost, combined with a full-sample cost-aware weight algorithm to improve the generalization ability of the SVM classifier, which has better classification results for various data sets. In the model performance comparison, K-AFCM-SMOTE-SVM has the highest accuracy with a value of 0.89. In the ten-fold cross-validation accuracy comparison, the K-AFCM-SMOTE-SVM model has a better overall performance index than the other two, with an average cross-validation accuracy of 0.932.


1. Introduction Kostas Gouliamos and Christos Kassimeris Part I 2. Stratocracy: The Growing Hypertrophy of the LifeWorld Militarization Kostas Gouliamos and Christos Kassimeris 3. A Dangerous Language Ruta Marcinkeviciene 4. Militarization and Popular Culture Matt Davies and Simon Philpott 5. The Treadmill of Destruction Goes Global: Anticipating the Environmental Impact of Militarism in the 21st Century Gregory Hooks and Chad L. Smith Part II 6. Democracy and Militarism Robert L. Ivie 7. U.S Homeland Security, the Global War on Terror and Militarism Michael Stohl 8. Re-Launching NATO After 9/11 Vangelis Horafas 9. Space - The High Ground of the European Union's Emerging Military Policies Frank Slijper Part III 10. War and Capitalism Fanny Coulomb and Jacques Fontanel 11. Military Expenditure and the Global Culture of Militarism Sam Perlo-Freeman 12. The National Security Exception, the Global Political Economy and Militarization Susan T. Jackson 13. The Militarization of US Higher Education After 9/11 Henry A. Giroux 14. Conclusion Kostas Gouliamos and Christos Kassimeris


The present study is an attempt to isolate and optimize the fermentation conditions of three fungus, namely Trichoderma virens, Alternaria alternata and Curvularia lunata to get pigments for the purpose of textile dyeing. Highest optical density has been achieved in potato dextrose broth at 28oC in 25 days under static conditions. Wool and silk are dyed unmordanted with very good wash and rub fastness. Trichoderma virens has demonstrated antifungal property. There is no adverse effect on the tensile strength of the fabric and on the human skin. Paper and thin layer chromatography has revealed that the pigments are multi-component in nature.


We proposed a frequency slicing pre-equalization scheme for laser diode based underwater visible light communication. An AIR increment of beyond 1 Gbps was achieved when signal suffers from great attenuation at the high frequency region. © 2020 The Author(s)


A sample of 144 respondents, consisting of 72 members of women dairy co-operative societies and 72 non-members of women dairy co-operative societies were drawn. The respondents were selected randomly from 24 women dairy co-operative societies of 12 randomly selected milk procurement routes. The findings reveal that the member and non-member respondents perceived more constraints in terms of infrastructural and technical mattgs in adoption of improved animal husbandry practices. The economic constraints were perceived least in adoption of improved animal husbandry practices by both members and non-members respondents. There was similarity between rank assigned by member and non-member adopters in animal husbandry practices in different aspects of infrastructural, technical and economic constraints. A correlation exested between overall constraints faced by members and non-members adopters of animal husbandry practices.


Background: Congenital anomalies account for about 20% of neonatal mortality. These abnormalities increase the abortion, death and mortality of infants and infants, and, also, impose excessive costs on health care systems. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between the possible risk factors of congenital anomalies in patients referred to the ultrasound clinic of Dr Shahreanei and Shahid Mobini Hospital in Sabzevar
Method: This case-control study was carried out on pregnant women referred to Maternal Maternity Hospital of Shahid Mobini Hospital and sonography clinic of Dr Shahreanei during 1395-1395. Census sampling was used. At first, all eligible pregnant women were evaluated for congenital malformation and 61 infants with congenital malformation and 122 healthy infants were selected. All participants were interviewed using a self-made check list based on risk factors. The data were analyzed by SPSS 21 software and analyzed by Fisher exact test (Chi-square test) and OR report at a significance level of 0.05< P.
Results: This study was performed on 183 subjects including 122 mothers with healthy infants and 61 mothers with congenital anomalies. There was no significant relationship between fetal abnormalities and gestational age, unwanted pregnancy, history of preeclampsia, pregnancy infection, history of trauma, and exposure to radiation/internet. In contrast, those with fetal abnormalities had lower marital age (P= 0.001), lower the age of the first pregnancy (P= 0.001), lower the number of pregnancies (P= 0.001), higher abortions (P= 0.001), higher incidence anomalies in first-degree (p= 0.001), higher parental relationship (P= 0.01), higher polyhdramnios (P= 0.04), higher non teratogen drug consumption (P= 0.001), higher frequency of cigarette exposure (P= 0.001) had a higher incidence of systemic disease (P= 0.02) compared to normal delivery.
Conclusion: Newborn births with fetal abnormalities have a remarkable frequency in the studied population, most of which included musculoskeletal and digestive systems, as well as genetic disorders including Down syndrome and other trisomy. The most important risk factors including hereditary causes such as the birth of a baby with fetal malformations and familial marriage and environmental causes such as drug use and exposure to tobacco during pregnancy were among the most important risk factors for these disorders


Lung transplantation is an effective treatment option for end‐stage lung diseases. In some cases, these patients may also have underlying cardiac disease which may require surgical intervention before or during transplantation. Concomitant cardiac surgery may often be preferred, as reduced lung function precludes these patients from pre‐transplant surgery. Our meta‐analysis sought to examine the impact of lung transplantation paired with concomitant cardiac surgery on long‐term mortality.


Automotive lighting presents a challenging and interesting illumination design space. In addition to non-trivial intensity distribution test specifications, automotive lighting is also increasingly important for communicating stylistic details. Light guides, in which light is introduced at one or both ends and then is extracted at roughly orthogonal angles to the path curve, allow a great deal of aesthetic freedom, and are therefore well suited to automotive lighting tasks that need to convey a brand's image-for instance, daytime running lamps, tail lamps and turn indicators. Light guides can also help minimize the number of sources and parts needed to create a desired light distribution; or may facilitate a more favorable source placement from a packaging point of view, making them even more attractive for these lighting solutions. Optical designs for automotive light guides are challenging and consequently time consuming. This problem is exacerbated by increasing complexity due to new styling demands, higher expectations for perceived uniformity from multiple viewing directions, and the desire to reduce required source power. In this paper, we describe a new software approach to automatically creating and optimizing light guides with prismatic extractors in a CATIA environment [1]. Often the light guide path curve has a complex shape, and the light guide's extractor surface must be oriented such that it is opposite the desired light direction. The cross section of the light guide is often partially circular, but other shapes may also be used. Additionally, extractors, which can be bumps or holes, need to be created and oriented appropriately on the surface, and key geometrical parameters that are related to optical performance must be easily changed. Our approach leverages the powerful CATIA environment to construct the light guide geometry. Light sources, ray trace simulations, optical material properties, and optical sensors are also added directly into the CATIA model. Furthermore, many types of optical analysis can be performed after Monte Carlo rays are traced. For instance, one can examine the intensity distribution and select specifications against which to measure test points. Luminance camera, ray history and ray file sensors are also available. Using Monte Carlo ray trace results, the light guide prism geometry is automatically optimized to achieve a desired spatially uniform (or deliberately non-uniform) light distribution. At the same time, the angular distribution is optimized by adjusting prism face angles to point light towards defined angular centroid targets. We employ a binning concept that splits the light guide into sections along its length. Prisms in each bin are associated with the light distribution nearby and are adjusted so that the light from the associated bin has a specified relative flux within a cone, as well as a specified centroid pointing direction. In many cases, the source is only on one end of the light guide; however, in some situations, sources at both ends are needed. Other design considerations include fillet radii, prism face curvature, and draft angles. We provide design examples in the paper.


Cultural teaching in high school should be equipped with cultural influence and depth,so as to enable students to obtain historic feeling and wisdom through cultural content.Extended culture refers to generalized culture,namely,the material wealth and spiritual wealth created during the practice process of human social society.Extended culture perspective focuses on nationality,integrity,process and value of historical development.Above all,nationality can be comprehended through human activities,which enable students to experience human involvement and devotion of intelligence in the ideological movement,even the spiritual value of sacrificing lives.


PURPOSE: The Breast Reconstruction Risk Assessment (BRA) Score is a model developed to predict the risk of surgical site infections (SSI) within 30 days after breast reconstruction. This was derived from the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) database, where the average risk of SSI was 3.75%. We aim to externally validate this model in our cohort of patients who have undergone total skin-sparing mastectomy (TSSM) with immediate breast reconstruction.


Providing a safe working environment is the responsibility of every employer. To accomplish workplace safety goals, properly managed safety program is very important to show the commitment to safety by the management. This article briefs on the systems followed by the out sourced catering group to ensure safe working environment of their employees in hospital patient food service kitchen.


This article discusses the existence, mechanisms and the ideal model of corporate criminal liability based reactive corporate fault for achieving good corporate governance in Indonesia. Implementation of reactive corporate fault doctrine is essential as a basis the prosecution of criminal responsibility in the case that the corporate lets the occurence of criminal act of its managers or does not do prevention through corrective measures in order to avoid repetition. This doctrine needs to be accommodated in the draft of Indonesian Criminal Code (KUHP) in order to put pressure on the corporation that intends creating good internal control (so as not to be blamed) based on good corporate governance.


The aerial parts of Pituranthos tortuosus (Desf.) Benth and Hook (Apiaceae), growing wild in Egypt, yielded 0.8%, 0.6%, and 1.5% (v/w) of essential oil when prepared by hydrodistillation (HD), simultaneous hydrodistillation-solvent (n-pentane) extraction (Lickens- Nickerson, DE), and conventional volatile solvent extraction (preparation of the "absolute", SE), respectively. GC-MS analysis showed that the major components in the HD sample were β-myrcene (18.81%), sabinene (18.49%), trans-iso-elemicin (12.90%), and terpinen- 4-ol (8.09%); those predominent in the DE sample were terpinen-4-ol (29.65%), sabinene (7.38%), γ-terpinene (7.27%), and β-myrcene (5.53%); while the prominent ones in the SE sample were terpinen-4-ol (15.40%), dill apiol (7.90%), and allo-ocimene (4E,6Z) (6.00%). The oil prepared in each case was tested for its cytotoxic activity on three human cancer cell lines, i.e. liver cancer cell line (HEPG2), colon cancer cell line (HCT116), and breast cancer cell line (MCF7). The DE sample showed the most potent activity against the three human cancer cell lines (with IC50 values of 1.67, 1.34, and 3.38 μg/ml against the liver, colon, and breast cancer cell lines, respectively). Terpinen-4-ol, sabinene, γ-terpinene, and β-myrcene were isolated from the DE sample and subjected to a similar evaluation of cytotoxic potency; signifi cant activity was observed


reported an experi-mental result showing a very efficient vibrational relaxationprocess, which is claimed to be a promoting reaction ofelectron transfer. They observed an efficient multi-quantumvibrational relaxation of NO (v = 15) molecules collidingwith a gold surface in essentially a single molecule-surfaceencounter. On the other hand, scattering studies of vibra-tional relaxation of small molecules on insulating surfaces(such as LiF)


X-Ray diffraction (XRD) technique is a prominent and nondestructive tool, used for the determination of crystallographic structure of any material. The technique follows the Brag's Law and measures the intensities and scattering angles of the X-rays that leave the material to provide information on phases, preferred crystal orientations, crystal defects, crystallinity, and many other parameters. Crystallinity Index (CI), which is a quantitative indicator of crystallinity of any material, can also be calculated using XRD data and applying Segal's method. In the present study, XRD patterns of Alkali/Acid treated soya-hulls are recorded and used for the calculation of CI. Results indicated wide variation of CI ranging from 22%-76% with lowest value for sodium hydroxide treated and highest for ascorbic acid treated soya hulls which may be due to maximum removal of hemicelluloses and amorphous lignin type structure. This study reveals that organic acids which are more eco-friendly can work better to increase CI and cellulose content of any lignocellulosic waste biomaterials like soya hulls for the application in composite and nanocomposites material synthesis.


This chapter presents a unique application of the EXTRAN block of EPA's Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) and the development of a pollutant post-processing …


Apparatus comprises a first connection to a battery (17); a second connection to a component; a first path between the first and second connections including a non-upconverting voltage regulator and being absent of a voltage upconverter; a second path between the first and second connections including a voltage upconverter (12); and a controller (11). The controller is configured to determine a minimum operating voltage of the component; to determine whether a voltage provided at the first connection meets a predetermined relationship with respect to the minimum operating voltage of the component; and on a positive determination, to enable the first path and disable the second path, and on a negative determination, to disable the first path and enable the second path.


Viruses and bacteria have posed a significant threat in various parts of the planet at various times. However, in 2020, the entire world was affected at the same time in such a way that it changed the very foundation of how we live, work, and interact with one another. Never before in history has the entire human race been so vulnerable at the same moment. The most economical preventive measures for most people all over the world during this period were sanitizers and face masks. Many different types of face masks have been fabricated keeping various factors like their antimicrobial effectiveness, reusability, eco-friendly method of manufacturing, cost-effectiveness and most importantly biodegradability. This paper gives an overview of those materials which are used in face masks which could be synthesized easily and affordably. The future perspective of the masks is also briefly discussed keeping the smart and sensor based devices on the rise, providing information for researchers looking for ways to synthesise face masks that would satisfy the needs of the circumstance.


Background: Myocardial infarction  ( MI ), commonly known as a heart attack, occurs when  blood flow  decreases or stops to a part of the  heart , causing damage to the  heart muscle . The myocardium receives its blood supply from the two large coronary arteries and their branches. Occlusion of one or more of these blood vessels (coronary occlusion) is one of the major causes of MI. [1] Chest pain  is the most common symptom of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and is often described as a sensation of tightness, pressure, or squeezing. The pain associated with MI is usually diffuse, does not change with position and lasts for more than 20 minutes. [2] If an individual experiences chest pain that does not meet the criteria to be called as a classic anginal  chest pain  is termed as atypical chest pain (ACP). The symptoms experienced in such cases may be both cardiac as well as non-cardiac related. An anginal chest pain is a squeezing or pressure like sensation in the chest that is felt generally when an individual does any strenuous activity. This symptom is the classic presenting feature of MI. An atypical chest pain does not occur in the sternum and may radiate to other regions of the body as well. This pain is sudden sharp and short lived. Material & method: This study was conducted at Department of Biochemistry PBM hospital in association with Department of Cardiology- HRMC, Sardar Patel Medical College Bikaner, Rajasthan from april 2018 to march 2019. There were 50 study and 50 controls in the age groups from 20 to 70 years. Fresh samples were taken and required tests were performed following standard protocol. Troponin-I level was estimated by two-site ELISA method and CK-MB level was quantitatively estimated on fully auto analyzers using Immunoinhibition/ UV Kinetic method. [3] Result: Troponin-I showed high significance with p-value < 0.0001***. For CK-MB p-value was 0.0001** Conclusion: In this study the role of cardiac biomarkers- Troponin-I and CK-MB has been explored. Troponin-I is the most significant and preferred cardiac biomarker for early detection of MI.


The time-frequency analysis method provides effectiveness in transient characteristics analysis. Hilbert-Huang Transform (HHT) is one of the time-frequency analysis methods. HHT is known for its several advantages over other signal analysis methods. Non-stationary and nonlinear signal analysis is the primary advantage of HHT. Moreover, HHT provides fine resolution in high frequency region and allows handling the large size data efficiently. In this paper, the effectiveness of Hilbert-Huang transform is illustrated along with the analysis of transient characteristics analysis of structural systems undergoing impact. The axially oscillating cantilever beam undertaking periodic impulsive force and simple 4-degree-of-freedom model were chosen as structural systems.


Many authors have suggested ways to evaluate water well efficiency. Most of these have either compared some form of measured drawdown with theoretical drawdown or measured the fraction of laminar head loss to the total head loss. Both of these approaches are flawed theoretically and practically. This paper investigates the background of these approaches and shows their weaknesses. The authors propose a more rigorous method of evaluating well efficiency by comparing the functional relatiouships between the actual discharge drawdown curve versus the curve produced by a properly developed well.


More than 6 years of satellite‐derived ocean color (SeaWiFS) and 7 years of sea surface temperature (AVHRR) and sea surface wind (ERS1/2, NSCAT, and QuikSCAT) are investigated for the Indonesian Seas. Harmonic analysis and monthly means in ocean color indicate that during the southeast Asia‐Australia monsoon southeasterly wind from Australia generates upwelling and brings cooler and nutrient‐rich water near the surface, enhancing productivity and increasing ocean color in the Banda Sea and the southern coasts of Jawa (Java)‐Sumatra. Conditions are reversed during the northwest monsoon. The northwest wind induces downwelling and produces a weaker biological response in terms of ocean color. Anomalous winds associated with the 1997–1998 El Niño/La Niña events coinciding with the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) produced significant departures from the 6‐year monthly mean in both magnitude and timing of the seasonal response to the southeast monsoon. Ocean color intensified in the upwelling region along the southern coast of Jawa‐Sumatra, and the area of increased amplitude extended westward and prolonged the southeast monsoon period. In addition, localized minimum values of ocean color are observed along the exit pathways of the Indonesian Throughflow.


A central problem confronting most Irish urban historians is the extent to which the evolution of the urban network has been influenced by Tudor and Stuart plantations. The official plantation of Ulster by James I from 1609 to 1625 was not responsible for the first introduction of towns, even to west Ulster, but because of the survival of adequate source data it is not possible to observe some of the most important processes of urbanisation in operation until this period. In north-west Ulster these processes include the emergence of an urban hierarchy where town size was related to function and to the density of the adjacent rural population, and the development of an urban network whose spatial relationships were closely governed by the pattern of dispersed rural settlement. Although these developments were associated with plantation settlement, this does not necessarily imply that they were brought about intentionally by the official plantation scheme.


The present invention relates to a system and a method for automatic virtual metrology (AVM). The AVM system comprises a modeling server and a plurality of AVM servers. The modeling server is used for constructing the first set of virtual metrology model of a processing unit (machine) of a certain type, the set of the virtual metrology model comprises a virtual metrology inferring model, a reliance index(RI) model, a global similarity index (GSI) model, a process data quality index (DQIX) model and a metrology data quality index(DQIy) model. In the AVM method, the modeling server can also transplant the first set of the virtual metrology model of the processing unit of the type to other AVM servers of the processing unit of the same type. Each AVM server accepting the transplantation can refresh in an automatic die changing manner and maintains the precision of the virtual metrology model.


The memoirs about important historical events and famous historical characters are important historical materials in the studies on thistory.Winston Churchill's Memoirs of the Second World War is the important historical material.According to its first volume,it has the commonly characteristics,value and limitations like other memoirs in the historical materials.We must understand its characteristics,value and limitations in the aspect of the historical materials when we want to do well in the historical studies on the base of the memoirs.


Nowadays, the key research area of many researchers is the walking mechanism of the robot as walking robots are used in many areas such as military, exploring new materials in space etc. The legged robots are much more capable to move on any type of terrain as compared to wheel robots. The focus of this work is to modelling, simulation and control a stable walking system for quadruped robot model. The proposed model of the quadruped robot is validated for side ramp walking without falling down due its weight. The PI controller is developed to control the movement of the quadruped during walking on the side ramp, which is not reported in literature. Initially, modelling of quadruped robot is done using bond graph approach and Simmechanics technique. Results from both methods are compared and discussed. The trot gait is considered for stable walking of quadruped robot. The Proportional-Integral (PI) based control scheme is proposed for locomotion of the robot along desired path. Finally, the case study for validation of proposed model is done for side ramp walking of quadruped robot.


Combing the advantages of high beam current density in a pseudospark-sourced electron beam and large beam cross section in a sheet electron beam, the design of a 0.2 THz extended interaction oscillator driven by a pseudospark-sourced sheet electron beam is presented in this paper. An interaction circuit with excellent design performance while at the same time being compatible with conventional manufacturing techniques was achieved. Numerical simulations predicted a radiation power of 1.52 kW even when a relatively high circuit loss is taken into account.


In this paper we propose a framework of a kana-kanji converter with an infinite vocabulary. With this framework the converter can enumerate even unknown words as conversion candidates when the string of the unknown words appear in a newspaper or a web page. In addition, the converter order the candidates of known words and unknown words properly by referring to their contexts. In the experiments, we adapted a kana-kanji converter based on a stochastic LM in the general domain to a special domain. The results showed that our framework is capable of improving the kana-kanji converter applied to a special domain. The main contribution is that the NLP system can propose even unknown words as the output by our framework.


Patients suffering from transient ischemic attack (TIA) or ischemic stroke have a high risk of suffering a first or recurrent stroke, with an annual risk of between 5 and 15%. The European Stroke Prevention Study (ESPS)2 was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial involving 6602 patients with TIA or stroke comparing aspirin alone (50 mg daily), modified-release (MR) dipyridamole alone (200 mg twice daily), aspirin plus dipyridamole, and placebo. The 2-year relative risk reduction of stroke in the aspirin plus MR-dipyridamole group (37.0%) was significantly higher than in either the aspirin group (18.1%) or the MR-dipyridamole group (16.3%). The results of the comparison between aspirin plus MR-dipyridamole versus placebo confirmed the findings of ESPS1. The results of ESPS2 were at odds with all prior trials with dipyridamole alone or in association with aspirin, but it was also the only trial sufficiently powered to show a significant difference. For this reason, a meta-analysis was performe...


This paper describes the relationship between the circulation environment and grape quality to understand the changes of grape quality under different temperature and humidity and transport condition.The measurement parameters include weight loss rate,sugar content,hardness and Vitamin C content and so on.The experiments showed that the temperature had important effects on grape quality,the weight loss rate of the grapes was 3.85 percent and the hardness loss rate was 6.67 percent to storage for ten days at zero degrees centigrade,and then the changes of grape quality tended to be stable.However the weight loss rate was 5.03 percent and the hardness loss rate was 32.17 percent to storage for only six days at twenty degrees centigrade,after that the grape quality was sharply reduced,and the grapes had been rotten.It can be conclude that low temperature can greatly reduce the grape respiratory rate and metabolic rate,and low temperature and high humidity was suitable for grapes to storage.The vibration was one of the main causes of grape damage during transport,the grapes on higher layers get more damage than below layers.In order to prevent the grape damage in the process of transport and storage,the appropriate derogation packaging was necessary,which can reduce the damage and ensure the safety of the grape.This paper provided the reference for understanding the damage mechanism of grape and designing derogation packaging.


A lithium–halogen exchange reaction procedure was applied to introduce electrophilic substituents to the heteroaromatics, which exhibited potential in the syntheses of pharmaceutical intermediates. In this contribution, generation and reactions of heteroaromatic lithium compounds were successfully accomplished at 10 °C in a continuous flow microreactor equipped with an in-line mixer. Extensive reaction results revealed that such a synthetic method was widely applicable for different kinds of heteroaromatics with various substituents. All results highlighted that the lithium–halogen exchange reaction for large-scale syntheses might be realized by microreactor systems.


Police legitimacy promotes trust and cooperation between members of the public and the police. Because the police require cooperation from the public to prevent and solve crimes, having high levels of legitimacy is an important asset for them. Researchers have explored policing strategies as well as individual and neighborhood characteristics that explain levels of police legitimacy. However, no study has explored whether perceived neighborhood crimes affect perceptions of police legitimacy. This study addresses this gap in the literature by analyzing the effect that perceiving four types of neighborhood crime as a problem had on levels of police legitimacy among 1773 respondents from a city in the Appalachians. Results obtained from a series of Ordinary Least Squares models indicate that perceptions of neighborhood crime have no significant effect on police legitimacy once police performance is accounted for. Research and policy implications are discussed.


The uniaxial compressive strength(UCS)of rocks is one of the most important parameters for exactly evaluating the mechanical properties of rock mass.Point load test has provided a convenient and rapid means to indirectly derive UCS in laboratory or in situ since it was suggested by ISRM decades ago.Presently,the relationship between point test strength and UCS remains uncertain to some degree although a great deal of research has been carried out.In this paper,laboratory unconfined compressive experiments and in situ point load tests have been performed on rock specimens prepared according to ISRM standards and irregular rock lumps collected from stope roof rock at Guizhou Zijin Shuiyingdong Gold Mine,respectively.The variation of coefficient F which relates point load strength ISfrom irregular rock lumps to standard point load indexIS(50)from samples with prescribed dimensions has been discussed.The standard point load indicesIS(50)calculated with four different widely used methods are compared.The optimal expression for correlating IS(50)to UCS of rocks has been obtained through both linear and curve fitting.This fitting is well used in the construction engineering,and the practice has proved that this formula is feasible.


One form of electrophysiological therapy, low frequency impulse electrotherapy, makes use of electrical impulses of very low voltage and frequency. The low frequency impulsed current affects the skin's outer layer, causing an electrolytic effect and a powerful stimulation of nerves, which in turn activates the nerves, improves local blood circulation, and, most importantly, provides analgesia. The frequency, time, waveform, and duty cycle of the electrical pulse have a significant impact on the efficacy of low frequency impulse therapy. The design is built on an Arduino UNO development board, with five additional buttons and LED beads for display. Electrotherapy impulses of varying frequencies and duty ratios can be generated by pushing the correct button, and the device can be preconfigured to provide high, medium, or low levels of stimulation. Then, two amplifier circuits send the electrotherapy impulses to two electrodes that are placed on the skin's surface.


In 2012, the Government of Myanmar (GoM) passed the Farmland Law and the Vacant, Fallow, Virgin (VFV) Land Law—creating a formalized land market. In essence, this created a formalized land market. Land titling is often considered "the natural end point of land rights formalization" (Hall et al. 2010: 35). This thinking has become dominant among most governments and development agencies ever since De Soto (2000) popularized it in The Mystery of Capital, in which he argued that the developmental successes of the West has relied on a strong legally-enforceable institution of property rights, without which assets, particularly land, would become "dead capital." In reality, there are at least two major obstacles in achieving this in Myanmar. The first is around the legacy of multiple regimes in creating "stacked laws" (Roquas 2002). This term refers to a situation in which a country has multiple layers of laws that exist simultaneously, creating conflicts and contradictions in the legal system, as well as challenges to creating a well-regulated land market envisioned by the Myanmar state with the passage of the two land laws. The second obstacle has to do with the fact that like many countries in the world, access to legal justice in Myanmar is dependent on one's access to different material, social and political resources—directly to a history of patronclientelism. Through a number of select case studies, this paper seeks to provide preliminary reflections on the following question: In Myanmar, a country with a porous legal framework, how do smallholder farmers engage with the law, and where relevant, informal norms to strengthen legitimacy of their claims to land against confiscations? This paper seeks to contribute to the literature on agrarian rural movements by focusing specifically on the way farming communities in Myanmar engage with the law, while paying attention to the complications they face when they engage with legal institutions that are porous and 'stacked'—a phenomena that is common to many countries in the early phases of rural democratization.


Thiophenol is commonly used as a model system for surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) of molecules due to the strong affinity of the −SH group toward noble metal surfaces. By performing time-, temperature-, and pH-dependent measurements of thiophenol adsorption on commercial nanostructured gold SERS substrates, we have observed both physisorption and chemisorption processes. These two distinct adsorption regimes were found dependent on the pH which controlled the ionization state of thiophenol in an aqueous medium. At low pH the sulfhydryl proton remains bound, and the kinetic adsorption profile obtained from the SERS intensity follows a sigmoid-shaped curve with an initially slow adsorption rate that deviates from a Langmuir profile. In addition, from temperature-dependent measurements, a near zero value for the activation energy is obtained, indicating that physisorption is the rate-limiting step. At high pH, where the sulfhydryl proton becomes detached, the kinetic adsorption profile follows a cla...


The probability that a computer network is operational in an environment of statistically independent link failures has been widely studied. Three natural problems arise, when all nodes are to be connected (all-terminal reliability), when two nodes are to communicate (2-terminal reliability), and when k specified nodes are to communicate (k-terminal reliability); the latter case includes the first two. Each of these reliability measures is NP-hard to compute, and thus efficiently computable reliability bounds are of significant interest. To date, the all-terminal and 2-terminal cases have been treated separately, and few results apply to the k-terminal case. In this paper, we develop a simple strategy to obtain k-terminal reliability bounds. In the process, we demonstrate improvements on the previous best bounds for all-terminal, k-terminal, and 2-terminal reliability. Computational experience with these new bounds is reported, by comparing the new lower bounds to existing lower bounds.


This paper presents an overview of the research progress of coal gas seepage mechanics,both in China and abroad.It first introduces some elementary seepage laws,including linear infiltration,linear diffusion,diffusion-infiltration and nonlinear seepage theories.Also it analyzes the flow rules concerning the effects of different geophysical fields and multiple coal seam leakflows.Finally,several novel numerical methods are mentioned in the application of coalbed methane seepage flows.


An endless clamp member inner show off, comprising: a center post assembly, the holder base, and carrying off the force component developing Straightening assembly, wherein: the bottom end of the center pillar assembly is provided on the holder base, show off assembly as set Straightening force to the top center pillar assembly connected component, there are several auxiliary lever connected for transmission between the component and the folded shape correction exhibition center pillar assembly of the present invention, multi-point load, so that a more uniform clamp load and the correction effect of shape, having an auxiliary support the lever, the force loading mechanism, and other auxiliary components, improving the accuracy of the clamp, the rigidity of the shape correction capabilities, improved quality of the assembly welding of thin-walled cylinder member.


Table interpretation (TI), which aims to predict the column types and relations of tables, plays an essential role in necessary decision-making actions for data management systems. Typically, TI is followed by a manual verification, where experts manually verify the correctness of TI's predictions. Manual verification is able to ensure the quality of decision-making actions but labor-intensive. To reduce the labour costs, providing explanations for TI's predictions is necessary as these explanations can help them do faster and more accurate verification. However, existing TI approaches overlook the manual verification process and lack explainability1. To fill this gap, this paper explores the challenging explainable table interpretation problem, which aims to provide faithful explanations and meanwhile achieve high prediction performance. Furthermore, we propose ExplainTI framework. ExplainTI consists of two phases: (i) tables are converted to sequences and lightweight column graphs; and (ii) a pre-trained transformer encoder is fine-tuned to provide multi-view explanations and aggregate contextual information. Extensive experiments on both real Web tables and database tables confirm that ExplainTI outperforms competitive baselines. Moreover, systematical analysis of explainability demonstrates that our framework can provide faithful explanations to facilitate the manual verification process.


This case study shows how following two different designs strategies (Overview first, zoom and filter, then details on demand [8] and Start from what you know, then grow [5]) influences the sensemaking behavior [6] of users in the context of science2.0 [9]. To this end, we have designed, developed and evaluated two multi touch applications that provide interactive visualizations of authorship networks. Overview first steers people towards structural insight and overview sensemaking, while Start from what you know invites users to use topical information to explore the data.


The authors of the paper describe the history of investigations carried out by the Metal Forming Institute in Pozna ń in the field of powder metallurgy. The first research works have been launched within agreements between governments. They resulted in the international investigation project of the Eureka initiative. The reali-zation of the project has brought the Institute a patent of the technology of manufacturing sintered powder parts and many awards. The authors of the paper, presenting the subjects and scopes of domestic and international investigation projects realized so far, as well as their own statute works, show the Institute's achievements in the field of powder metallurgy. They present innovative technological solutions ands prototype investigation devices .


In the context of knowledge-based economies and Knowledge Society, the global competition is increasingly based on the capacity of transforming data into information, information into knowledge and knowledge into value. Data, information and knowledge constitute fundamental intangible assets for all organizations working in this social and economical model. In this context, the mission of Software Engineering is to produce systems able to process large volumes of data, transform them into relevant knowledge and deliver them to customers, so they can make right decisions at the right time. The development of this kind of systems must have the guidance of a process capable of conduct the transformation of customers business requirements into explicit knowledge and software products, observing harder time, budget and quality constraints. The Knowledge Discovery in Databases and Business Intelligence systematization effort has resulted in several process models. However, companies still face failures in determining the process model used in their Knowledge Discovery in Databases and Business Intelligence projects. The available processes still do not consider Software Engineering fundamental capabilities as projects, requirements and changes managements disciplines. Several existing processes are unsuitable to the ever-changing business environments or lack of scientific experimentation in real cases, in order to confirm their qualities and identify their shortcomings. The process proposed in this work, the AgileKDD, aims to integrate the best practices of the main Knowledge Discovery in Databases processes with an agile software process. The AgileKDD applicability was verified by a real case study, in which common problems such as requirements changes and poor data quality strongly influenced the project results. The case study pointed out some process improvement needs, which were considered in AgileKDD refinement. The resulting refined process can be applied as an adaptive and flexible framework to develop software systems capable of discover knowledge from data and information. The process supports the early and continuous delivery of value to the costumer by means of an iterative and incremental lifecycle, immediate response to changes, as well as the adaptability and flexibility intrinsic to agile processes.


Man's impact on his environment often involves a gradient of subsidy and stress effects, which vary along nutrient, climatic, developmental (successional), and other important ecological gradients. Since performance curves that simulate subsidy-stress responses are unimodal, the zone of optimality can be determined on the basis of relatively few experiments where specific input factors are of concern. We have emphasized the importance of assessing the response of the perturbed system at different levels of organization. In practice, at least two levels, the ecosystem and the population (species) level, are necessary for a complete impact evaluation. We have stressed the need for judicious use of terms and the desirability of sticking as closely as possible to basic dictionary definitions if one expects to communicate with large numbers of people. Most of all, we have tried to show how a systems approach, based on simple flow diagram models, can clarify the intended meaning of terms and the cause-and-effect relations, as well as identify the basic processes involved.


Diseases are a growing global threat to scleractinian corals. This study used a relatively inexpensive commercial drone flown simultaneously along with reef walking/snorkeling to confirm the presence of cyanobacterial Black Band Disease (BBD) on a reef in subtropical Okinawa, Japan. At the surveyed reef, the scleractinian corals included encrusting forms (12.57% ± 5.72 coverage), followed by massive/submassive (6.09% ± 4.05) and tabular corals (2.66% ± 1.19). Our survey is unique in that drone research has not been previously applied to BBD surveys, followed by ground truthing. Thus, this study can be regarded as an example of using drones during coral disease assessments.


Characteristic extraction of stereoscopic images are difficult because of its huge data and dependence on the development of the human Visual System (HVS). However, in this paper some characteristics of stereoscopic images are proposed. We provides insight into absolute difference information and disparity information of 3D images, which can represent 3D images in a way.


Hydrothermal depolymerization( HTD) of Shengli lignite was carried out at 240 oC for 2 h to obtain the thermally soluble fraction( TW). TWwas transformed into micro- solid phase by adding a proper amount of hydrochloric acid,and then fractionally extracted with petroleum ether,cyclohexane,carbon disulfide and benzene under ultrasonic radiation to offer the extracts 1 to 4( E1 to E4). 8 long- chain alkylcyclopentanes with even carbon number,which could be a class of important biomarkers,were detected in E4 by gas chromatography / mass spectrometry( GC / MS). Combination of mild HTD and micro-solid / liquid extraction is an effective method to analyze organic substance in low- rank coals.


The purpose of the study is to work out solutions to cases of right confirmation and disputes of agricultural and forest land and to provide objective basis for decision making by relevant government departments of Heilongjiang and the State.Methods of documentation,case study and theoretical research were employed.It is concluded that some clauses in laws regarding land administration in forest areas have to be adjusted and the uniform registration shall be carried out regarding the ownership of forest land as unmovable estates.The current principles and measures in land ownership management should be improved.Such measures have to be taken to intensify the functions of governments in land ownership management and to strengthen the resource in land ownership disputes especially in balancing the agricultural land and forest land.


A potential fall created by a space‐charge dipole layer that moves as a solitary wave with a velocity close to that of an electron in the positive column at higher pressure in oxygen is shown. Sometimes only one potential fall exists between electrodes. The number of the potential fall changes with discharge current, by which the hysteresis phenomenon is found. Since the width of a potential fall is much larger than the electron mean‐free path, both ionization and attachment play an important role in the potential fall for the formation of a dipole layer. The shape of the small current change when a dipole layer arrives at an anode is examined, suggesting what is existent in a dipole layer. The nature of the self‐excitation of a dipole layer in the positive column cannot be found. The reason why a dipole layer appears and how it is maintained in the positive column of the oxygen glow discharge are explained.