Fayol, and (3) bureaucratic organization by Max Weber (Kitana, 2016; Sinha, 2008). These approaches are developed on an assumption according to which managers believe people within the organization are rational; thus, they can fit to the organizational structure, hierarchy and can obey the norms, principles and standards of the workplace. To enlighten the foundation of classical management, Kitana (2016) reports that, "There was a rise in the problems in terms of organizing raw materials, tools, manufacturing units, employee selection and recruitment, training scheduling the operations." That means the manager who implements classical management emphasizes the organizational structure, its hierarchy and principles which must be observed and respected in the workplace. He/she focuses on organizing the framework, setting rules, roles and tasks for each position, determining procedures and course of action so as to achieve the organization's goals and purposes. The scientific management, for instance, founded by F. Taylor in 1911, brings out four principles of management (Baumgart & Neuhauser, 2009; Kitana, 2016; Sinha, 2008) Abstract: Several decades ago, scholars developed theories to allow an effective management of organizations. As such, an organization's performance depends on the type of management approach implemented by the manager to achieve its goals. Classical management and human relations approaches, considered as old, are facing the modern management theories. Some think that those old theories should be replaced by the new ones, modern management theories, whereas others support that they do still have a positive impact within current organizations. This paper aimed then at evaluating the influence of classical and human relations approaches in today's management. To attain this goal, through appropriate literature review, we provided real-life examples which allowed us to conclude that applied singularly or in a combined way, classical management – emphasizing the organizational structuration, hierarchy and framework – and human relations approaches – emphasizing the human resource motivation – do still influence positively organization's management in today's business environment, enabling them to increase their productivity, to improve services quality, to maximize profits and ensure organizational growth.


The paper presents the results of the research focused on the issue of textbook use. The aim of the research was to identify the styles of textbook use adopted by lower secondary school teachers. The data were gathered through classroom observations (total of 155) and interviews with teachers (58). The research resulted in identification of four different styles of textbook use. It was found out that the styles varied according to the school subject. Relation to the length of teaching experience and the qualification of the teacher for a given subject was not proven.


Learning Indonesian traditional music is one of the way to preserve Indonesian culture. Batak's traditional music is one of it, where in which a traditional Batak flute is fully used in it. A full mastery of the instrument is needed to produce a perfect sound of Batak flute. Where learning the instrument require a really good tutor. However, we have to spend so much on paying the tutor. So a technological approach in identifying the sound of the flute can be utilized to replace the tutor's part of correcting the player from mistakes while playing. In this research, the extraction of sound signal produced from the flute is done by using Mel-Frequency Cepstral Coefficient (MFCC) algorithm. The extraction produce an acoustic vector which become the input in the classification process to produce an output in the form of identification and correction of the flute's tone using Hidden Markov Model (HMM). The calibration of the system in this research is done using noise parameter, where training is done in several rooms with different noise level. The result shows that the lower the noise is ,the higher the success percentage of the system. Nevertheless, the system works well when it is tested in a room with noise level below 45 dB.


Measures of light scattered back from the lens may be useful if they are able to predict disability glare effects, and serve as reliable indices of forward scatter. We measured forward and back scatter by several methods to examine this issue.


Objective: A planning target volume (PTV) margin formula for hypofractionated intracranial stereotactic radiotherapy (SRT) has been proposed under cone beam CT (CBCT) image guidance with a six-degrees-of-freedom (6-DOF) robotic couch. Methods: CBCT-based registration using a 6-DOF couch reportedly led to negligibly small systematic positioning errors, suggesting that each in-treatment positioning error during the treatment courses for the patients employing this combination was predominantly caused by a random gaussian process. Under this assumption, an anisotropic PTV margin for each axis was formulated based on a gaussian distribution model. 19 patients with intracranial lesions who underwent additional post-treatment CBCT were consecutively selected, to whom stereotactic hypofractionated radiotherapy was delivered by a linear accelerator equipped with a CBCT imager, a 6-DOF couch and a mouthpiece-assisted mask system. Time-averaged patient-positioning


If dark matter is composed of new fundamental particles, Earth's orbital motion around the Sun may induce an annual modulation in the rate at which these particles interact in a terrestrial detector. The DAMA collaboration has identified at a 12σ confidence level such an annual modulation in their event rate. One previously proposed explanation is `plasma dark matter' (e.g. mirror dark matter) which would have electron recoils in the detector from interactions via kinetic mixing. We perform a chi-squared goodness-of-fit test of this plasma dark matter model to DAMA/LIBRA modulation amplitude which rejects the hypothesis of plasma dark matter as an explanation of this data at greater than 7σ.


The concentrations of the bioactive components, acteoside, aucubin and catalpol, and the production yield, crude protein (CP) and crude ash contents in 25 ecotypes (Et) of plantain (PL, Plantago lanceolata L.), found in northern Japan, and commercial cultivars, Grasslands Lancelot (GL) and Ceres Tonic (CT), were investigated. The quantitative determination of bioactive components was performed by high performance liquid chromatography. The acteoside content of some of the 25 Et was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than CT and numerically higher than GL and other Et. Most of the Et had numerically higher concentrations of catalpol and aucubin than the GL and CT. The CP and crude ash content of the Et were comparable with those of the GL and CT. The dry matter (DM) yields of some of the Et was numerically greater than that of the cultivars. The present data suggest that most of the Et are comparable to the cultivars in respect to the concentration of bioactive components and DM yield as well as CP and crude ash contents and could be used as pasture like GL and CT.


Doing research or developing information systems development (ISD) often means to use approaches or methods of different kind. Using methods means to use recommendations or guidelines for how somet ...


This paper presents a wide-band aperture-coupled dual-polarized stacked microstrip patch antenna operating in the frequency range from 3.3 GHz to 4.2 GHz. The design starts with a single-polarization stacked-patch reference element, which is modified and extended to achieve a broadband design with dual polarization. The aperture and the feeding network of the antenna are manufactured on FR4 substrate to keep the costs and substrate height low. Dual polarization is achieved by using two perpendicularly arranged H-shaped apertures each of them excited by fork-shaped feed lines. Two stacked patches are placed on top of the 3D-printed material Visijet M3X and air gaps between the patches allow reducing the effective permittivity, avoiding the use of expensive and low permittivity thick materials. Broadband performance is realized by optimizing the dimension of the patches, the thickness of the 3D-printed material, the air gaps height and aperture dimensions. Four antenna elements are arranged into a single PCB to form a 2 × 2 array and a phase shift circuit is used to create different beam directions. Measurements show a return loss better than 10 dB over the specified bandwidth. A gain of 6.29 dBi and an efficiency of 80% are obtained. Simulations and measurements show a good agreement.


Gas barrier coating from dense thin film deposition has been one of the important applications such as food-packaging and organic display. Especially for food-packaging, plastic container has been widely used due to its low price and high through-put in mass production. However, the plastic container with low surface energy like polypropylene (PP) has been limited to apply gas barrier coating. That is because a gas barrier coating could not adhere to PP due to its too low surface energy and high porosity of PP. In this research, we applied carbon coating consisting of Si and O as an interlayer between silicon oxide (SiOx) and PP. A carbon layer was found to provide better adhesion, which was experimentally proved by oxygen transmission rate (OTR) and SEM images. However, we also found that there is a limitation in the maximum thickness of a carbon layer and SiOx film due to their high stress level. For this conflict, we obtain the optimal thickness of a carbon layer and SiOx film showing optimal gas barrier property.


Objective
To investigate the clinical manifestations and multi-system damage of brucellosis and provide evidence for the prevention and clinical diagnosis.

Methods
The clinical data of 188 brucellosis cases were collected from the Sixth People's Hospital of Shenyang and Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University from 2012 to 2015, and were analyzed by descriptive analysis.

Results
Among the 188 brucellosis cases, the ratio of male to female was 4.88: 1. All cases were aged 7 months to 72 years old, and 60.11% (113 cases) were concentrated in 41 to 60 years old. The incidence reached the peak during April to July each year (132 cases, 70.21%) . There were 174 cases (92.55%) with clear contact history. The main clinical manifestations of acute and subacute patients were fever (172 cases, 91.49%, in which 164 cases were irregular fever) , arthralgia (57.98%) , hyperhidrosis (54.26%) , splenomegaly (45.74%) , fatigue (40.96%) and low back pain (30.32%) . The laboratory test showed WBC reduction, anemia and ALT elevation, ESR and CRP elevation were the most prominent. Fatigue and arthralgia were obvious for chronic phase patients. Some patients had rare complications such as disc herniation (14 cases) , endocarditis (2 cases) and cerebral infarction (1 case) .

Conclusions
People is all susceptible with brucella, and spring is the frequently occurring season. Brucella should be considered when patients with obvious contact history, fever with arthralgia and high levels of ESR and CRP.

Key words:
Brucellosis; Clinical characteristics; Complications


Objective To investigate the distribution and drug resistance of bacterial isolates from sputum in elderly patients with lower respiratory tract infection,and to provide reasonable evidence for the clinical use of antibiotics to reduce the rate of bacterial resistance and the formation of multi-drug resistance.Methods Sputum specimens bacterial culture and sensitivity test positive results of all hospitalized patients with lower respiratory tract infections were collected during the period of 2009 to 2010.Results In 2009,Gram negative bacillus accounted for 53.3% of the sputum culture,the Gram-positive coccus 30%,and the fungus 16.7%.In 2010,Gram-negative bacillus accounted for 42.9%,followed by fungus(38.1%),the last for Gram-positive coccus(19.0%).In 2009 and 2010,the top three gram-negative bacillus were the same: Klebsiella pneumonia,Pseudomonas aeruginosa,and Escherichia coli.The Gram-positive coccus were as follows: Staphylococcus aureus,Streptococcusviridans and Enterococcus faecalis.Conclusion From 2009 to 2010,sputum culture of bacteria distribution took the Gram negative bacillus primarily,fungus infection risk in 2010 was higher than that in 2009.


Keith Soothill's review in this journal of the first edition of this book suggested that it might become 'a minor classic of its kind'. It faced, and still faces, little competition as an intelligent, wide-ranging, and thoroughly useful insight into the development of criminological thought. That said, and given that knowledge is both historical and social, it is fitting to ask what the authors believe has happened in the six years that have elapsed between the publication of the first and second editions of this already well used book…


More and more enterprises have begun to pay attention to their carbon footprint in the supply chain, of which transportation has become the second major source of carbon emissions. This paper aims to study both optimum pricing and order quantities, considering consumer demand and the selection of transportation modes by retailers, in terms of carbon emissions sensitivity and price sensitivity under the conditions of a cap-and-trade policy and uncertain market demand. Firstly, we analyze the effects of transportation mode (including transportation costs and transportation-induced carbon emissions), initial emissions allowances, carbon emissions trading price and consumer sensitivity to carbon emissions on the optimum decisions and profits of retailers. The results demonstrate that when consumers are less sensitive to price, the optimum retail price and the optimum order quantity of products are proportional to the transportation cost and transportation-induced carbon emissions of retailers per unit product, the carbon emissions trading price as well as consumer sensitivity to carbon emissions. However, when consumers are highly sensitive to price, the optimum order quantity of products is inversely proportional to the transportation costs and transportation-induced carbon emissions of retailers per unit product, the carbon emissions trading price and consumer sensitivity to carbon emissions. In addition, the optimum retail price of products is inversely proportional to consumer sensitivity to carbon emissions. We also find that retailers prefer a low-carbon transportation mode when the carbon emissions trading price is high. Meanwhile, the carbon emissions trading price influences the carbon emissions trading volume of retailers. These theoretical findings are further validated by some numerical analysis.


The findings of our recently published Cochrane review entitled 'Auditory-verbal therapy for promoting spoken language development in children with permanent hearing impairments' (Brennan-Jones et al. 2014) may have proved disappointing to some, but probably came as a surprise to very few. This turned out to be what is commonly termed an 'empty review'. In other words, no high-quality research evidence was found to support Auditory Verbal Therapy (AVT) as an approach but nor was any evidence found to suggest that the approach is not effective. The necessary research is simply not yet available to review.


Combined of the geological conditions of occurrence and exploitation of technology in Cuncaota No.2 mine,a detailed study of the long-wall mining roadway face pressure behavior laws is done,and the evaluation of the existing support programs and actual results is made;the support pressure distribution is tested to demonstrate the stability,of the roadway,to choose resonable coal pillan width,and to put forward optimized support parameters.


By comparing the constitutional systems of Israel and the United States, Gary Jacobsohn provides a new view of the essentials of constitutionalism itself--a balanced picture that would have been impossible to achieve by focusing on any one polity. Abraham Lincoln, in likening the Declaration of Independence to the Biblical "apple of gold," and the Constitution to its "picture of silver," illuminated the connections in the United States between political ideas and constitutional government. Jacobsohn applies Lincoln's insight to the Israeli experience to develop a deeper understanding of the relationship between political culture and constitutionalism, and the limits and possibilities for constitutional transplantation.


A review is given of current information concerning small pelagic fishes exploited for tuna bait in the South Pacific. These fishes are usually caught over or near coral reefs using light attraction and lift nets. The most common and widespread species are anchovies (Engraulidae), sprats (Clupeidae), silversides (Atherinidae), and herrings (Clupeidae). Recorded yields ranged from 0.5 to 2.6t/km2, and methods are described to estimate potential yields empirically in the absence of catch data. Environmental effects on small pelagic fish production are discussed, and evidence is presented to suggest that rainfall markedly affects stolephorid anchovy production. Some species of small pelagic fish, such as Selar spp., Decapterus spp., and Herklotsichthys sp., have been fished traditionally by artisanal fishermen, but anchovy and sprat stocks were probably unexploited prior to pole-and-line tuna fishing in the South Pacific.


The paper presents the concept of a multisensor system for perimeter protection, suitable for stationary and moving objects. The system consists of an active ground radar and thermal and visible cameras. The radar allows the system to locate potential intruders and controls an observation area for system cameras. The multi-sensor system concept ensures significant improvement of the probability of intruder detection and reduction of false alarms, thus increasing the functionality and performance of the whole system. Effective ranges of detection depend on the quality of the applied sensors and the observed scene itself. One of the most important devices used in such systems are IR cameras. The paper discusses the technical possibilities and limitations to use uncooled IR cameras in such a multi-sensor system for perimeter protection. The role of IR cameras in the system was discussed as well as a technical possibilities to detect a human being. The operational distances for perimeter protection are rather high, considering the performance of commercially available thermal cameras. The required spatial resolutions for detection, recognition and identification were calculated and then the detection ranges were estimated using NVTherm software. The results of analysis were finally presented and the comparison of exemplary IR cameras.


The purpose of this narrative inquiry study was to discover the pathways taken by two participants as they became developmental reading instructors in higher education in Oregon. What qualified them as teachers of developmental reading in higher education? A review of the literature resulted in no research journal articles on the topics of training, preparation, or credentialing of developmental reading teachers in higher education. With no published research discovered, narrative inquiry presented an appropriate method to begin to gather and analyze data. Two developmental reading teachers from community colleges in Oregon were selected to record their stories in interviews and to create a written timeline to show the journey of their careers. As their stories were analyzed, four categories emerged: How they started their professional lives; how they discovered developmental reading as a career choice; how they see their positions in the present; and how they envision the future of their careers. Each participant began her professional life outside of developmental reading for college students, and only learned about it as a career option while pursuing something else. They each pursued professional development, one through formal university courses, and one through professional organizations. Both remain committed to teaching developmental reading in community college, and shared ideas regarding the future of the discipline.


The Regional Government of West Sumatra Province is trying to make tourism as one of the major foreign exchange earners in spurring the wheels of government.  West Sumatra has almost all tourism objects, both natural tourism objects such as the sea, beaches, lakes, mountains and canyons; culture tourism; culinary; and historical tourism which is in this case the Adityawarman Museum that located in Padang.  The potential possessed by West Sumatra as one of the tourist destinations in Indonesia, inevitably must be accompanied by facilities, services and attitudes of service providers at tourist sites.  The culture or attitude of the work government's apparatus working on the Adityawarman Museum tourism object did not give the satisfaction to the community.  Whereas if we look further, the work culture will determine how good or not the service provided by the government apparatus to visitors.  Therefore, the purpose of this study is to see how much influence the work culture has on people's satisfaction visiting the Adityawarman Museum tourist location. This study uses quantitative methods.  The population is 45774 who are visitors to the museum based on age.  The sample uses the Slovin 5% formula and amounts to 397 people.  Sampling using Simple Random Sampling.  Research data collection using a questionnaire that has previously been checked for validity and reliability.  The results of this research on the influence of work culture on visitors satisfaction was 47,3% and it means that work culture possessed by the apparatus will influence the level of satisfaction of the people who visits.  The conclusion is that the higher the work culture, the higher the level of satisfaction will be. Keywords : Work Cultute, Customer Satisfaction, Tourism, Museum Adityawarman


Introduction. In modern vitreoretinal surgery, silicone oil is used for replacing the vitreous body during vitrectomy. This surgery is performed to treat retinal detachment, proliferative retinopathy, giant retinal tears and severe eye injuries. In this regard, it seems especially relevant to provide a description of the physical characteristics of silicone oils that determine the choice of surgeons.Purpose. To study indications for the use of silicone oil tamponade as well as possible complications associated with its use based on a literature review and own research.Materials and methods. We analyzed literature on PubMed, eLibrary, and Medline over the past 30 years. Overall, 34 sources of literature were reviewed, including results of our own clinical studies.Results. Literature review has shown that silicone oils are very useful as a permanent tamponade. Although gas tamponade can be used for giant retinal tear management, silicone oils are used for minimizing the risk of post-surgical bleeding and reattach detached retinas in case of severe eye injuries. One of the main issues related to the use of silicone oils is the post-surgical increase in IOP. To reduce the risk of such complication, we have proposed methods of infusion and optimal schedule of silicone oil removal.Conclusion. Silicone oil is the optimal choice for treating most retinal diseases and improving their prognosis. An important criterion for choice of silicone oil is the time that is required for tamponade.


The preparation method and mechanism of the sulphonated coal were introduced.The adsorption characteristics for the sulphonated coal to adsorb heavy metal ionsCr6+in simulated wastewater were studied.The influence of the granularity and quantity of sulphonated coal,time of adsorption,adsorption temperature,pH value of solution and initial concentration on the adsorption quantities is elaborated.The adsorption mechanism was also discussed.The experimental result indicates that pH value is the main factor affecting the adsorption effects.The adsorbance on sulphonated coal to Cr6+ decreased with increase of pH.The kinetic studies showed that the Cr6+ adsorption onto sulphonated coal powders accords with the first order model.The model of adsorption accords with Langmuir equation.


Full-waveform LiDAR is a method that digitizes the complete waveform of backscattered pulses to obtain range information of multi-targets. To avoid expensive sensors in conventional full-waveform LiDAR system, a new system based on compressive sensing method is presented in this paper. The non-coherent continuous-wave laser is modulated by electro-optical modulator with pseudo-random sequences. A low-bandwidth detector and a low-bandwidth analog-digital converter are used to acquire the returned signal. OMP algorithm is employed to reconstruct the high resolution range information.


In this paper tools for the analysis of Dirac structures on Hilbert spaces are developed. Some properties are pointed out and two natural representations of Dirac structures on Hilbert spaces are presented. The theory is illustrated on the example of the ideal transmission line.


Weather surveillance radars routinely detect smoke of various origin. Of particular significance to the meteorological community are wildfires in forests and/or prairies. For example, one responsibility of the National Weather Service in the USA is to forecast fire outlooks as well as to monitor wildfire evolution. Polarimetric variables have enabled relatively easy recognitions of smoke plumes in data fields of weather radars. Presented here are the fields of these variables from smoke plumes caused by grass fire, brush fire, and forest fire. Histograms of polarimetric data from plumes contrast these cases. Most of the data are from the polarimetric Weather Surveillance Radar 1988 Doppler (WSR-88D aka NEXRAD, 10 cm wavelength); hence, the wavelength does not influence these comparisons. Nevertheless, in one case, simultaneous observations of a plume by the operational Terminal Doppler Weather Radar (TDWR, 5 cm wavelength) and a WSR-88D is used to infer backscattering characteristic and, hence, sizes of dominant contributors to the returns. To interpret these measurements, Computational Electromagnetics (CEM) tools are applied. For one wildfire from Oklahoma, radar and satellite (GOES-16, Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite) images are analyzed. The case demonstrates a potential to forecast fire intensification caused by a very rapid cold front. Finally, we suggest a possible way to extract the smoke plume return from the class of nonmeteorological scatterers.


The article is devoted to the analysis of the extreme as a notion in philosophy, history and literature, as well as the possibilities of delimiting this notion in different areas of humanities. As a concept (metaphor or way of figurative thinking), the extreme begins its functioning in the philosophy of F. Nietzsche, although it has been present in European culture from antiquity. Already in mythology, the extreme was associated with a sense of fear and a state of madness, which was reflected in Aristotle's "Rhetoric" and studies on the Dionysian mysteries. In history and literary plots, the extreme is also present in situations of scandal, which changes the usual course of history or is the climax of a plot of a literary work. Moreover, the extreme in history is primarily a marker of the end of an old or the beginning of a new historical era. In the 20 th century, the extreme as a characteristic of human being (fear par excellence) became the object of interpretation by M. Heidegger in his book "Being and Time". Image of fear, expressing borderline, extreme situations is also characteristic of literature, for example, A. Akhmatova's poetry. But if M. Heidegger's interpretation primarily concerns the fear of death, then the fear of life predominates in the poetry of A. Akhmatova. The extreme in the works of other Russian poets of the 20 th century, for example, A. Blok, is symbolically and semantically associated with the problem of Dionysianism.


Aging experiments were carried out on natural rubber compound filled with both carbon black and silica.  The type of silica employed in this research was local silica. Silica loading was 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 phr, and carbon black was set to be fixed. The samples were subjected to thermooxidative aging at temperatures mainly at 40 o C, 45 o C, 50 o C, 55 o C,  and 60 o C. The samples were taken out everyday up to four days storage time to investigate Mooney viscosity and bound rubber. In this study, Mooney viscosity increases with increased storage temperature and storage time. The storage temperature at 60 0 C gives an extreme effect on Mooney viscosity of uncured rubber compounds so the measurement cannot be performed. Bound rubber decreases with increased silica content, and the storage temperature and time do not significantly affect the bound rubber content. Keywords: natural rubber compound , carbon black , silica , mooney viscosity , bound rubber


Capillary forces present during the manufacturing and operation of microelectromechanical structures have been shown to cause collapse of these structures. Once collapsed these structures may permanently adhere together. In this paper we study the adhesion of a microstructure represented by a double cantilever beam (DCB); such adhesion is driven by both the capillary forces from a liquid droplet located between the DCB and the adhesion forces between the solids. The DCB is modeled using both a beam theory that accounts for geometrical nonlinearity and the linearized beam theory. This model rigorously couples DCB deformation, capillary forces, meniscus movement and adhesion, and reveals four dimensionless parameters that govern the adhesion problem. How changes in these parameters influence the capillary forces, the length of the contact zone, and the contact force is discussed in detail.


BACKGROUND
The intensive care unit (ICU) is the most important department for critically ill patients. Different scoring systems are used to assess the severity of the disease and evaluate organ failure during the patient's stay in ICU.

AIMS
Our purpose was to evaluate the C-reactive protein/Albumin (CRP/Alb) ratio and SOFA score as indicators of 28-day mortality in ICU patients.

MATERIALS AND METHOD
A total of 55 patients were enrolled in this study. CRP and CRP/Alb rates, SOFA scores, and demographic data were used to evaluate 28-day mortality in a referral hospital.

RESULTS
Survived and dead patients were significantly different in the CRP, CRP/Alb rates, and SOFA scores. However, in the adjusted model, the SOFA score was the predictor of 28-day mortality in ICU patients.

CONCLUSION
SOFA score was also confirmed as a predictor of mortality in ICU patients. Besides, the role of CRP and CRP/Alb in the prediction of disease prognosis or mortality requires further studies.


Using data on cross-sectional dispersion in professional forecasters'longand short-run predictions of macroeconomic variables, we identify key sources of disagreement in agents'forecasts. We …nd that observed disagreement cannot be explained by di¤erences in information sets; our results indicate it stems from heterogeneity in beliefs or models. We develop methods for comparing measures of subjective cross-sectional dispersion in beliefs to the objective, model-implied measures of uncertainty. A simple reduced-form model is able to replicate the cross-sectional dispersion observed in forecasts of GDP growth but not for in‡ation the latter appearing to be too high in the data at short horizons. Keywords: …xed-event forecasts, Kalman …ltering, optimal updating, dispersion in beliefs. J.E.L. Codes: E37, C53, C32. . We thank Roy Batchelor, Steve Cecchetti, Jonas Dovern, Mike McCracken, Hashem Pesaran, Shaun Vahey, Michela Verardo, Mark Watson and seminar participants at the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve, Cambridge, City University London, Duke, European Central Bank, London School of Economics, NBER Summer Institute, ESAM08 Meetings in Wellington, Oxford, Universite Libre Bruxelles (ECARES), Tilburg and Stanford (SITE workshop) for helpful comments and suggestions. Patton: Department of Economics, University of Oxford, Manor Road, Oxford OX1 3UQ, UK. Email: email@example.com. Timmermann: Rady School, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0553, USA. Email: firstname.lastname@example.com. Timmermann is also a¢ liated with CREATES at the University of Aarhus, a research center funded by the Danish National Research Foundation.


Given that not all points on the efficient portfolio frontier in the mean-variance space have constant returns to scale, and investments are determined according to the investor's preferences, as i...


POLITICS, FULLY GENDERED Politics is always gendered, and one could argue that it is always fully gendered insofar as the men and women who engage in politics are the products and producers of gendered worlds. That women and men do not play politics on equal terms, in the same places, using similar tactics is itself part of the gendering process. It is much harder to say that the analysis of political systems is fully gendered. Analyzing, or simply describing to an outsider, how a political system works often requires leaving things out, or including them in forced or awkward ways. Women are often the object of these exclusions and incorporations, and three of our contributors explore the consequences of this politics—whose gendering is partial—by studying its effects in contexts of suffrage, revolution, and war. Katherine Bowie challenges one of the great orthodoxies of modernist historiography: namely, that the women's suffrage movement began and succeeded in Europe, then was imitated in Europe's Third World dependencies. Bowie notes that women in Thailand were given the right to vote in village elections in 1897, just four years after women were granted the vote in New Zealand and decades before they became voters in France, Belgium, or Switzerland. Suffrage for Thai village women was so early, and so taken for granted, that it has fallen out of historical consciousness, and its potential for unsettling stereotypical notions of "progress" has been lost. Bowie retrieves this potential by looking for the roots of early suffrage in Thailand. She finds them not in the culture of the court, or colonial mimicry, or in the opinions of the progressive American missionaries who were favorites at court, but in ideas of women's participation that were common in matrilineal village life. Suzy Kim takes us next to North Korea, where revolutionary gender ideologies appeared, in the early years of the regime, anything but radical. North Korea in the late 1940s embraced a Russian-style communism that had abandoned, in practice, much of the anti-family, anti-marriage stance adopted, in theory, by Engels and Marx. The North Korean regime denounced "feudal" practices like child marriage, forced unions, and the "sale" of brides, but the role of family, home, and motherhood was deemed essential to the success of the revolution. The revolutionary family was a modern family, a facsimile of the state and a link to salvageable tradition. The revolutionary mother was the ideal citizen. She represented the ideal virtues of all citizens, male and female. The revolutionary mother, Kim shows us, could "have it all," and was expected to do it all, whether she wanted to or not. This meant working outside the home, raising children, keeping house, preparing meals, and Comparative Studies in Society and History 2010;52(4):703–707. 0010-4175/10 $15.00 # Society for the Comparative Study of Society and History 2010 doi:10.1017/S0010417510000526


In 1991 and 2006, Song discovered a peculiar natural coupled phenomenon between the sun and earth, of which the principle can be summarized as below. While the solar radiation pressure reaching the surface, it can be divided into 2 parts as P_1 and P_2 through a special physical reaction of earth surface matter instantly, among which the P_1 is the equivalent solar pressure accepted between continent and sea all over globe (P_1 is a variable depends on time and latitude). The differential distribution of P_1 between North and South Hemisphere within one tropical year is exciting the rotational axis wobble, together with the changes to rotation momentum (the biggest changes of earth rotation momentum, known so far) , and then produces polar motion with the periods of 12 months circa. Referring to the equator, the distribution between North and South Hemisphere of P_1 is symmetric and regular, i. e. "regular excitation". Another factors, P_2 , is the solar hemisphere of P_1 is symmetric and regular, i. e. "regular excitation". Another factor, P_2, the solar pressure difference accepted between the surface of land and sea among latitude over globe, called as "irregular excitation", for its disequilibrium distribution refer to equator, this irregularity generate 14 months periodic polar motion from the exciting the rotational axis wobble. Such a little bit irregular annual periodic (about 12months) excitation power source, working as a peculiar natural phenomenon is what the world geophysicists looking for a decade years recently, reacts on the rotational axis and creates the possibility of discovery on why such motion of observed polar motion being of two periods, and the solution of its changes. The writer gives detailed analiysis to the motion of polar motion and the reason why tow periodic changes for them, and then conclud below. (1) The polar motion arises from co-excitation of solar pressure, both P_1 and P_2 , which excites the oscillation of rotational axis, with a fluctuation ranges from 395 to 403±2 days, generated by the shift of rotational axis oscillating center referring to the center of rotational axis (earth's core), i. e. the actual calculated periodic changes should be within 13. 0 to13. 3months for the pole migration motion. (2) The annual periodic wobble embracing in polar motion is excited by P_1, one of solar pressures, with little periodic changes ranging from 365. 24 to 365. 53 days. It is the tiny differences of solar energy accepted between winter solstice and summer solstice on the earth surface that prolong the period of observed annual oscillation for a little times. (3)It is P_2 that exciting the Chandler Wobble embracing in polar motion, the periodic changes comparatively large , within from 426 to 437±2 days, that's means the actual computed periods shall be change within 14. 0 to 14. 4 months. The shift of rotational axis oscillating center referring to the center of rotational axis (earth's core) generate the changes of Chandler Wobble, resulting from the excitation of rotational axis oscillated by P_2. All these quantitative analysis data had been verified by actual observed materials, which provide powerful evidence for further explanation to the validity for the theory of the cause of solar pressure.


(swish and spit) proved helpful without causing systemic side effects and offered the prospect of longer remissions. 7 Finally, in recalcitrant cases treatment with oral psoralens and ultraviolet A (PUVA) may be considered, though it may confer that most absurd of all status symbols, a genuine tan inside the mouth." Erasmus Wilson would have been glad to hear of these developments, but sorry that the cause of his disease is still not known. J A SAVIN Consultant Dermatologist, Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh EH3 9YW


Innovative idea using ring theory is raised to build a new algorithm for zero knowledge (ZK) cryptosystem. In this paper we introduce an algorithm for zero knowledge protocol based on a specific kind of rings named weak Armendariz. On the other hand, the aim of this paper focuses on the category of noncommutative algebraic structures to describe a new algebraic scheme of zero knowledge proof using weak Armendariz rings. As a result, we employ for the first time weak Armendariz rings in the science of cryptographic which regards as a new application of this class of rings. Finally, we present a novel idea combining between abstract algebra and cryptography. KeywordsZero knowledge protocol, Weak Armendariz rings, Authentication, nilpotent element. Mathematics subject classification : 22XX .


Underwater vehicles such as UUVs (Unmanned Underwater Vehicles) and ROVs (Remotely Operated Vehicles) use sonar to detect their underwater environment or other underwater vehicles. The underwater vehicles designed recently have an electrical power system with high rotational speed. This system can generate high frequency vibrations above 10 kHz, and these vibrations can cause bad (negative) effects on the performance of the sonar. In many previous investigations, numerical analyses have been used for high frequency vibration problems. In this study, an experimental analysis was carried out, and a circular cylindrical shell was considered as the hull structure of an underwater vehicle. Frequency transfer functions for the circular cylindrical shell were identified using an experimental vibration analysis in the air and in a fully-submerged condition. We compare the frequency transfer functions in the air and water to obtain hydro-elastic effects. It is found that the dynamic characteristics of the circular cylindrical shell are changed by varying the response position.


This paper presents a compact-area, low-power, highly digital analog-to-digital converter (ADC) for audio applications. The proposed converter is implemented using only oscillators and digital circuitry, without operational amplifiers nor other highly linear circuits. The ADC consists of two twin second-order <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\Sigma \Delta $ </tex-math></inline-formula> modulators, which can work both individually or in a pseudodifferential configuration. The proposed system has been implemented in a 0.13-<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mu \text{m}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> standard CMOS technology. The single-ended configuration occupies an active area of 0.02 mm2, is powered at 1.8 V with a current consumption of 155 <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mu \text{A}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, and achieves an A-weighted dynamic range (DR) of 98 dB-A. The pseudodifferential configuration achieves 103 dB-A of A-weighted DR at the expense of doubling the area and power consumption.


The British School excavations in Laconia from 1905 to 1910 unearthed terracotta masks from the sanctuary of Artemis Orthia, just east of Sparta, right on the Eurotas river. Buried in two pits adjacent to the archaic temple, the masks were made between c.615 and c.450 bce . Description and analysis of the material and technique of the masks reveal their diverse character and the impracticalities of their being worn. The masks' function is related to the presence of linen or wood originals that the terracotta versions reproduced, though not uniformly. Difficulty in explaining the (original) masks' use is predicated on vague approximations of the nature of Orthia's origins and cult. The linguistic clusters proposed by the excavators as early as 1906 as descriptors of the masks or their use are scrutinised for possible illumination of the (original) masks' use; the burial of the masks some centuries before the descriptions of Pollux, Hesychius and Pausanias begs the question of their applicability to the excavated masks. On the basis of theories of masking from Classics as well as from Japanese Noh theatre and neuroscience, the 'grotesques' and 'caricatures' proposed by the excavators are recast as comic and satiric figures. Like Aristotle's pre-urban drama, the 'Orthian drama' does not correspond to a single theatrical genre, but contains risible figures whose facial expressions are naturalistic and often negative (pain, worry). Given Aristotle's firm assertion that the roots of Greek theatre are Dorian, and the uniqueness of the Orthia material, it is proposed that these masks point us towards the origins of theatre.


The present work consists of a physical and hydrological characterization of the Gualaxo do
Norte river basin, which in November of 2015 was affected by the rupture of the iron ore tailings
dam at Fundao, of the Samarco mineration enterprise, in the municipality of Mariana / MG.
The physical characterization was performed with the aid of the topographic maps and satellite
images of relief (SRTM) of the region and the software ArcGis. From it results were obtained
as a drainage area equal to approximately 532 km² and length of the main river equal to 79,1
km. The drainage density found was 2,5, the compactness coefficient was 1,89 and the form
factor was 0,0849, from which it can be concluded that the basin is well drained and has little
probability of occurrence of flooding in the lower part of the basin, in the event of heavy rains.
The hydrological characterization was made from the construction of the historical series of
rainfall and flow of the Bicas and Fazenda Ocidente stations, based on the National Water
Agency (ANA) database - Hidroweb. Different models of probability were tested, showing a
superiority of the Log-Normal model in the case of the series of maximum rains and the series
of maximum and minimum flows, and the Pearson Type III and Gumbel models in the case of
the series of flows Q7. The results obtained in this work are intended to assist future projects
for restoration, planning and control of the resources of the Gualaxo do Norte basin.


1,6-Dihydrophosphinine 1-oxides with 4-chloro-3(or 5)-methyl substituents give cycloadducts with dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate having the 2-phosphabicyclo[2.2.2]octa-5,7-diene ring system that can be fragmented easily on irradiation with ultraviolet light (254 nm). The phosphorus-containing bridge is released as a derivative of the 3-coordinate methylene phosphine oxide species, RP(O)CH2. This species is too reactive to observe but is readily trapped by an addition reaction with alcohols to give phosphinates (R = alkyl or aryl) or phosphonates (R = O-alkyl). These experiments constitute the first demonstration of the existence of ROP(O)CH2. Phosphoryl oxygen in the cycloadducts has been replaced by sulfur, and these sulfides fragment smoothly on irradiation. The 3-coordinate species PhP(S)CH2 has been generated by other workers, but the species ROP(S)CH2 was generated here for the first time. The power of the bicyclic fragmentation route for the generation of a variety of 3-coordinate P-methylene derivatives is made evident by this study.


The near-ultraviolet (300-360 nm, 33,300-27,800 cm{sup {minus}1}) absolute absorption cross sections for formaldehyde (CH{sub 2}O) have been measured as a function of temperature (223-293 K), and formaldehyde concentration in nitrogen at 500 Torr. Fourier transform spectroscopy was performed using an instrumental resolution sufficiently high (1.00 cm{sup {minus}1} or approximately 0.011 nm at 330 nm) to ensure the cross sections which are used in calculated atmospheric photolysis rates are free of artifacts due to overlap (or lack thereof) in the spectral structure of the solar flux or in the structure of the formaldehyde absorption spectrum. Comparisons with previous measurements are made and recommendations presented for use in atmospheric photolysis rate calculations.


OBJECTIVE:
Bing-Neel syndrome should be considered in the differential diagnosis of stroke and myelopathy in patients with Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia.
 BACKGROUND:
Bing-Neel syndrome is an extremely uncommon complication of Waldenstrom9s macroglobulinemia resulting from malignant lymphocyte, plasma cell, or lymphoplasmocytoid infiltration into the central nervous system. Bing-Neel syndrome presenting with simultaneous spinal cord and brain involvement with stroke has not been previously described.
 DESIGN/METHODS:
A patient with Waldenstrom9s macroglobulinemia developed lower extremity weakness, confusion, and dysarthria. Brain imaging showed multifocal myelopathy, bilateral ischemic strokes, and multiple ring-enhancing lesions. Cerebrospinal fluid, serologic and radiological studies were consistent with Bing-Neel Syndrome.
 RESULTS:
The patient was treated with dexamethasone, plasmapheresis, intravenous and intrathecal rituximab, and intrathecal methotrexate which resulted in both clinical and radiological improvement.
 CONCLUSIONS:
Our case highlights a novel presentation of Bing-Neel Syndrome that responded well to systemic and intrathecal therapies. Bing-Neel Syndrome should be considered in patients with Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia who present with central nervous system ischemia and/or myelopathy as early recognition and treatment may prevent development of irreversible neurological damage.
 Study Supported by:
n/a Disclosure: Dr. Vargas has nothing to disclose. Dr. Dixit has nothing to disclose. Dr. Quigley has nothing to disclose. Dr. Testai has nothing to disclose.


In the early 1980s, SiC ceramics with unique properties were developed by researchers in the laboratory of Hitachi, Ltd. These SiC ceramics have high thermal conductivity (>250W/mK) comparable to that of metals, as well as high electrical resistivity (about 4×1011Ωm) close to that of insulators such as alumina. This development was epoch-making, since at that time, no other materials exhibiting both high thermal conductivity and high electrical resistivity were known except BeO and the development of SiC ceramics exhibiting these properties could not be expected because SiC is naturally a semiconductor. In addition, as the thermal expansion coefficient of SiC ceramics (4×10-6/K) is nearly equal to that of Si, the application of this material in the field of semiconductors as a substrate and heat sink was anticipated.This material is commercially used at present as a heat sink for semiconductor lasers globally and commands a high share of the market.The period when this material was developed was the most active for the ceramics industry and development. Materials called "New Ceramics" or "Fine Ceramics" were attracting attention worldwide. The fact that high thermal conductivity and high electrical resistivity could be compatible in a popular material propelled ceramics researchers to try to find materials similar to these SiC ceramics. As a consequence, a remarkable increase of the thermal conductivity in AlN, which is more manageable than SiC for semiconductor packages, was subsequently achieved. The role of these SiC ceramics in promoting the development of these new materials is a major one.These SiC ceramics are also important from the point of view of grain boundary phenomena unique to ceramics research. The SiC is produced by sintering SiC powders with small amounts of BeO additives. High thermal conductivity and high electrical resistivity result from the change of the physical and chemical states of grains and grain boundaries caused by the addition of BeO. Because of the low solubility of Be into SiC grains, the purity of SiC grains is enhanced as the impurities are emitted to grain boundary regions. The resulting decrease of phonon scattering is thought to be the cause of the high thermal conductivity. At the same time, the low solubility of Be into SiC grains results in a low carrier concentration in SiC grains and the formation of high potential barriers for the carriers at the grain boundaries. This is the reason for the high electrical resistivity. ZnO varistor is an example of "grain boundary controlled ceramics" and the varistor property of SiC ceramics has also been recognized. The dramatic changes of grain boundary characteristics exhibited by these SiC ceramics have led to the recognition of the importance of grain boundary control. Technological advances for grain boundary analysis and control, including chemical composition distribution analysis and direct measurement of electrical properties at grain boundaries, were hastened. SiC contributed to these advances.Many papers have been written on these SiC ceramics. This paper details the effects of additives on thermal conductivity and electrical resistivity. The characteristics of SiC ceramics change markedly depending on the type of chemical additive. Of all the additives, only BeO results in anomalous thermal conductivity and electrical resistivity of SiC ceramics. This is due to the low solubility of Be into SiC grains. These are essential properties of SiC ceramics. This paper, describing these properties, deserves to be considered as one of "the leading papers on ceramics of the 20th century."SiC ceramics with high thermal conductivity and high electrical resistivity are said to be the product of "serendipity." The effect of BeO addition was discovered in the course of finding effective additives to develop SiC ceramics


This invention relates to a three-stage field emission display of a carbon nm tube cathode with a bridge-grating structure and a manufacturing method, among which the display includes a sealing vacuum cavity made up of a cathode panel, an anode panel and a glass surrounding frame, the printed carbon nm tube cathode and a bridge-grating control grid for controlling the electronic emission of the tube are set on the cathode panel, a photo-etched SnIn oxide film layer and a phosphor powder layer are on the film layer on the anode panel, which increases the capability of emitting electrons of carbon nm tubes and improves the field emission performance of display devices.


It is of great significance to ponder upon subjective education, an issue in educational circles from the aspect of philosophy because its essential characteristic is to enhance the development of subjective initiative, and because it plays an nonreplaceable part in evoking the subject awareness of educators and educatees, expanding educational functions and how to face future education. However, To put it into effect relies on fostering of self-conscious studying subjects and constructing of effective operational mechanism.


COPYRIGHT © 2023 Moyle. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. Grand challenge of maintaining meaningful communication in dementia care


The invention relates to carrier systems for lipophilic active principles and the method for obtaining such carrier systems. Said carrier systems are comprised of liquid or semi-liquid aqueous solutions wherein said active principles are adsorbed on hydrophilic macromolecules. The invention also relates to the method for producing such carrier systems, which consists in placing together lipophilic active principle with the hydrophilic macromolecule, and in stirring in order to intimately mix both components of which at least one is initially in liquid form. These carrier systems may also be applied to pharmaceutical and cosmetic fields.


Lactase deficiency leads to lactose malabsorption,a diagnosis of lactase deficiency can be made by lactase assay from a small bowel biopsy specimen or other indirect methods. More than 90% of the Chinese population has lactase deficiency,not everyone has lactose intolerance simultaneously,symptoms of lactose intolerance similar to irritable bowel syndrome( IBS) includediarrhea,abdominal pain,distension after ingesting foods which contain lactose. In many studies the prevalence of lactase deficiency is not higher in IBS than in normal individuals,lactose hydrogen breath test may be not necessary for IBS patients in China,however,IBS patients can benefit from low lactose or lactose free diet. More randomized control,food challenge trials are needed to provide evidence for IBS food management in clinical.


In this paper we propose a divergence measure which is applied to the analysis of the relationships between gesture and sound. Technically, the divergence measure is defined based on a Hidden Markov Model (HMM) that is used to model the time profile of sound descriptors. We show that the divergence has the following properties: non- negativity, global minimum and non-symmetry. Particularly, we used this divergence to analyze the results of experiments where participants were asked to perform physical gestures while listening to specific sounds. We found that the proposed divergence is able to measure global and local differences in either time alignment or amplitude between gesture and sound descriptors.


According to the training goals the higher vocational education has set, the challenges it faces and what the whole society expects from it, quality-oriented reform is a must for the higher vocational education to go on well and develop. To reform the higher vocational education, which contains contradictions and obstacles, with the aim to be quality-oriented, training goals should be specified, educational concept should be altered, the principle of teaching according to individuality should be strengthened and the basic status of quality-oriented education should be established . On the other hand, great efforts should be made to reform the higher vocational teaching and course designing. What makes the education reform successful lies in strengthening the software and hardware of higher vocational education colleges and creating a campus environment which is helpful to improve the students' quality.


A case of nystagmus alternans is reported. The patient was a 15-year-old girl who had been complaining of unsteady gait for the past 10 years. Neuro-otological examination revealed active spontaneous nystagmus whose direction alternated every 70 to 100 seconds. Optokinetic nystagmus was markedly inhibited, but a caloric response was present bilaterally. Neurological examination showed unsteadiness of the body, adiadochokinesis and hypermedia of the upper extremities, all of which indicate cerebellar ataxia. A lesion in the cerebellum or its neighbouring structures was presumably responsible for the nystagmus alternans in this case.


In this paper, the dominant impedance sources in the JPARC rings (RCS and MR) are discussed, and their effects on beam instabilities are estimated. They are the kicker magnets at the both rings and the stainless-steel chamber at the MR ring. Some damping methods of kicker impedances are introduced and experimental results to asses their effectiveness are described. A new estimate of the resistive-wall impedance of the MR stainless-steel chamber, based on the Zotter-Métral formula, reveals that the resistive-wall impedance is actually doubled, compared to the previous estimate based on the classical formula. Development of a damper system using the existing exciters for tune measurements is also described.


Several courses combine to form an unofficial but nevertheless effective undergraduate and early graduate music technology program at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign. Musical Acoustics is taught within the School of Music and includes topics such as resonance behavior of strings and pipes; perception of loudness, pitch, and timbre; and acoustics of musical instruments. Several courses involving computers and music are taught in the School of Music. These courses discuss the fundamentals of computer music, and extensive computer/recording studios provide students with hands‐on opportunities to conduct experiments or to produce audio demonstrations or music compositions. The courses differ in terms of the user interfaces, compositional algorithms, and synthesis models employed. There is also a seminar in analysis and synthesis of sounds. In the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, besides conventional digital signal processing, there are several special courses that offer traini...


Author Jani-Heikki Järvinen Degree programme Information Systems Management (Master) Report/thesis title Changing Police A Research on the Police Management Structure and Information System Reform Number of pages and appendix pages 120 + 59 The purpose of this thesis is to analyze the state of the organization after the planned changes of the administrative reform of the police organization (PORA III) and the information system (VITJA). The police are a multi-functional security authority. Traditionally, a wide array of tasks has accumulated into its field of duties, including such social care functions that do not directly belong to the police. There are substantiated reasons to withdraw from these tasks or to deal with them together with other parties. Several political authorities have repeatedly demanded that the police clarify its activities and focus only on the core tasks. There is political will, even if things are moving slowly. The state's strict economic situation is forcing cutbacks in tasks and, therefore, a re-distribution of duties must be done. This thesis studies these reforms via an organization's greatest resource, human capital. At the time of a baseline reform, mistakes happen easily when that resource is repositioned into the new organizational structure. When simultaneously planned reforms are not synchronized, the benefits of the change are much harder to see in return of investments. The thesis consists of an extensive collection of background material, some of which was collected earlier and some during the research. This research starts from over two years back, from the point when these two big reforms were planned to happen. Later on, the reform of the information system VITJA was recalled to be carried out later. This meant that the organizational structure reform PORA III failed to have the benefits that would have followed if VITJA had been done as planned. One of the biggest parts of the research consisted of a personnel survey which helped to clarify change-based issues. Issues were discovered when the information system reform was postponed to be done later, and all the work had to be done with the old systems, which were at the end of their life cycle. The research applies Blue Ocean Strategy supported by an empirical survey. Through Blue Ocean Strategy, it is fruitful to study the situation, how the same work can be done in cooperation with new possibilities. Studying these possibilities to improve the comprehensive security makes it easier to make changes in the organization in the future. Overall, the main goal was to study what happened, and to learn, by evaluating the findings, how it could be done better in the future. By observing the possibilities, the change is done by supporting the field with a co-operative organizational culture and with a clear working vision in the future. The outcome of the study was a type of an overall vision over the developing of both PORA III and VITJA reforms. The study also shows the voice of the personnel and makes a clear statement on how the reforms should be done in the future. In the future, the police are sailing with an even bigger fleet in the sea of overall security, with an even bigger vision of security than ever. Those possibilities are to be created now.


Developing a simple strategy to precisely modulate the mechanochromic luminescent (MCL) behavior of fluorophores is of great significance for understanding the structure-property relationship and promoting their potential application. Herein, we...


New event detection (NED) is aimed at detecting from one or multiple streams of news stories the one being reported on a new event (i.e. not reported previously). Preliminary experiments show that terms of different types (e.g. Noun and Verb) have different effects for different classes of stories in determining whether or not two stories are on the same topic. Unfortunately, conventional approaches usually ignore the fact. This paper proposes a NED model utilizing two approaches to addressing the problem based on term reweighting. In the first approach, the paper proposes to employ statistics on training data to learn the model for each class of stories, and in the second, the paper proposes to adjust term weights dynamically based on previous story clusters. Experimental results on two linguistic data consortium (LDC) data sets: TDT2 and TDT3 show that both the proposed approaches can effectively improve the performance of NED task, compared to the baseline method and existing methods.


Introduction. The forming of the regional budget of the Russian Federation constitutes key importance in the context of the socio-economic instability of the country. As a result the possibilities of financial support of regional budgets from the Federation may be very limited. Aspects of budget formation in relation to the regional level of government need to be understood separately, since taxes primarily act as a resource factor for the development of the territory in the hands of the state, secondly, as an instrument of influence on economic and social processes, and thirdly, as a feedback factor and dependence of the territory on taxpayers. Methodology. The initial materials of the study were legislative and legal acts of the Russian Federation, information from the Federal Tax Service of the Russian Federation, the Office of the Federal Tax Service for the Krasnodar Territory, the regulations of the Federal Tax Service of Russia No. 2 for Krasnodar in terms of tax administration and control over the completeness and timeliness of taxes and fees in order to form a regional budget, publications in periodicals and Internet resources. Results. The article examines the role of tax revenues as the basis for the formation of the regional budget, analyzes the composition and structure of tax revenues in the regional budget of the Krasnodar Territory, which became the basis for the development of recommendations aimed at increasing tax collection in order to increase regional budget revenues. Conclusions. The results of the study of aspects of the formation of the regional budget allowed us to develop a number of recommendations to increase its tax component.


FIELD: information technology. SUBSTANCE: semi-connected mode is provided, i.e. fast recognition of mobile devices upon wakeup and access while enabling mobile devices to operate in lower power states. A mobile device operates in a semi-connected mode with all base stations in an active set of the mobile device. Mechanisms are also provided to notify mobile devices of pending data while avoiding latency associated with paging channels. EFFECT: reducing battery consumption during periods of inactivity intermixed with traffic bursts in wireless communication systems. 64 cl, 11 dwg


JOPERD • Volume 78 No. 1 • January 2007 A sk a physical educator to compare the physical activity levels of elementary children to high school adolescents, and she will likely explain that the difference is remarkable. Younger children are typically much more active throughout the day than older adolescents. In fact, research has shown that there is a decrease in the amount of physical activity among children as they age (Sallis, 1993). As a result, some adolescents are becoming unhealthy and overweight, which leads to even less motivation to participate in physical activity. The only physical activity or exercise that most adolescents are exposed to during the day is their physical education class in high school. When the physical education program is effective and adolescents are active, it is possible to observe changes in physical fi tness indicators, overall health, and academic performance in school (AAHPERD, 1999). The problem is that some states require students to enroll in physical education for only one semester, and when the class ends, the students typically stop their physical activity and all benefi ts are lost. Therefore, without the needed self-motivation, students discontinue their daily activity and their lifestyle becomes too sedentary. How can educators persuade their students to maintain an active lifestyle? In most cases, physical education teachers are not equipped with the knowledge of how to provide motivational interventions that encourage students to continue to be physically active after and outside of their classes. In the sport psychology literature, there are many types of motivational interventions that can easily be transferred from a sport context to an educational setting. In addition, numerous studies provide evidence that motivational interventions do work with adolescents (Carron, Hausenblas, & Estabrooks, 2003). Unfortunately, at the school level, physical education and sport psychology rarely come together for a common goal, such as maintaining the desire to be active and physically fi t. The purpose of this article is to present two intervention strategies that have been used in high school physical education classes to motivate students to be more physically active during and beyond their experience in class. Review of the physical activity literature suggests a need to identify critical psychosocial mediators of physical activity behavior change in adolescents (Lewis, Marcus, & Pate, 2002). Personal investment theory provides a useful conceptual framework to study the physical activity behavior of adolescents, because the meaning, or sub-jective experience, of physical activity plays a signifi cant role in determining activity choices and continued motivation to be active (Maehr & Braskamp, 1986). Using this theory as What's in It for Me? An Intervention to Increase Physical Activity Among Adolescents in Physical Education


Improved energy confinement for additionally heated JT-60 limiter and lower x-point discharges has been obtained with hydrogen pellet injection. The energy confinement time is enhanced by up to 40% over that of usual gas fuelled discharges at a medium NB or NB + ICRF heating power level of < 15 MW, for which a strongly peaked electron density profile with ne(0)/⟨ne⟩ < 5 and ne(0) < 2.0 × 1020 m−3 is sustained within 0.5 s after a series of pellet injections. The achieved values of the fusion product ne(0)τE(a)Te(0) (<6.8 × 1019 m−3·s·keV) at Ip = 2.5 MA exceed those obtained previously on JT-60 at Ip = 3.1 MA. The improved discharges are characterized by a pressure profile that peaks strongly around the magnetic axis (inside the sawtooth inversion radius) and degrades when a large sawtooth recovers or when the pressure gradient reaches a critical value. The peakedness depends strongly on the penetration length of the pellets. In lower x-point discharges, the improvement is distinct in the low q (q < 3) regime, probably because of suppression of the sawtooth activity.


We study properties of the maximum h‐likelihood estimators for random effects in clustered data. To define optimality in random effects predictions, several foundational concepts of statistics such as likelihood, unbiasedness, consistency, confidence distribution and the Cramer–Rao lower bound are extended. Exact probability statements about interval estimators for random effects can be made asymptotically without a prior assumption. Using the binary‐matched pair example, we illustrated that the use of random effects recover information, leading to the boon on estimating treatment effects.


The utility model discloses an adjustable hanger system used for tall building operations, which is hung on a main frame platform, and comprises a guide rail beam fixed at the lower side of the main frame platform, a guide wheel that can slide along the guide rail beam, a hanger vertical bar fixedly connected with the guide wheel, and a cross bar with both ends articulated with the vertical bar, wherein, the guide rail beam is vertical to the surface of a wall body, the guide wheel and the hanger vertical bar slide along the guide rail beam, the line layout of the hanger is changed into the folded line layout, so as to adapt to the building structure form of vertical changing section or oblique wall body, the quantity of work of high-altitude refitting of the hanger system is greatly reduced, the hand labor intensity is greatly reduced, so the construction process is safe and high-efficient.


Semiconductor manufacturing has been emerged as a highly competitive but profitable business. Accordingly it becomes very important for semiconductor manufacturing companies to meet customer demands at the right time, in order to keep the leading edge in the world market. However, due-date oriented production is very difficult task because of the complex job flows with highly resource conflicts in fabrication shop called FAB. Due to its cyclic manufacturing feature of products, to be completed, a semiconductor product is processed repeatedly as many times as the number of the product manufacturing cycles in FAB, and FAB processes of individual manufacturing cycles are composed with similar but not identical unit processes. In this paper, we propose a production scheduling and control scheme that is designed specifically for semiconductor scheduling environment (FAB). The proposed scheme consists of three modules: simulation module, cycle due-date estimation module, and dispatching module. The fundamental idea of the scheduler is to introduce the due-date for each cycle of job, with which the complex job flows in FAB can be controlled through a simple scheduling rule such as the minimum slack rule, such that the customer due-dates are maximally satisfied. Through detailed simulation, the performance of a cycle due-date based scheduler has been verified.


This title features text in English and German. Since the 1960s, the development of poster design in Germany has been determined by the Brazilian-German painter and graphic artist Almir Mavignier. For it is he who, like no other, has learned to apply Op Art's powerful colour effects to the art of the poster. This book elucidates 'additive posters' within the context of Almir Mavignier's influential uvre. Special attention is paid to the interfaces between painting, poster design and the artist's other fields of activity such as postage-stamp and tableware design. Light is also shed upon the historical relationship between abstract art and ornament. Of particular relevance in this connection is Mavignier's profound and active interest in the work of the German Romanticist Philipp Otto Runge.


Objective To discriminate and determine the rotuntine in Zhitong powder(ZTP).Method ZTP,rotuntine,dolantin and morphine were firstly discriminate by its UV spectrum, then were distinguished by chemical methods. The content of rountine in ZTP was determined and the standard substance is rotuntine. Result The experiment shows that the effective ingredient in ZTP was rotuntine. There are not morphine and dolantin in ZTP.The content of rotuntine in ZTP is 91.2 mg/100g(dry powder).Conclusion Rotuntine can relieve pain and does no harm to human body.Because the main and effective ingredient in ZTP is rotuntine,so we can use ZTP in clinical treatment.


Context:Assessment of quality of care in heart failure has focused on the development and use of process-based performance measures,with the presumption that these processes are associated with improved clinical outcomes.However,this link remains largely untested.Objective:To examine the relationship between current American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association(ACC/AHA)performance measures for patients hospitalized with heart failure and relevant clinical outcomes.Design,Setting,and Patients:The Organized Program to Initiate Lifesaving Treatment in Hospitalized Patients With Heart Failure,a registry and performance improvement program for patients hospitalized with heart failure.Sixty-to ninety-day postdischarge follow-up data were prospectively collected from 5791 patients at 91 US hospitals in a prespecified 10% sample between March 2003 and December 2004.Mean patient age was 72.0 years,51% were male,78% were white,and 42% had ischemic etiology.Multivariable and propensity-adjusted analyses were performed to assess the process-outcome relationship for each performance measure in eligible patients.Additionally,we evaluated the process-outcome link of a potential performance measure for β-blockade at discharge among eligible patients hospitalized with heart failure.Main Outcome Measures:Sixty-to ninety-day mortality and combined mortality/rehospitalization rates.Results:Mortality during follow-up was 8.6% and mortality/rehospitalization was 36.2% .None of the 5 ACC/AHA heart failure performance measures was significantly associated with reduced early mortality risk,and only angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blocker use at discharge was associated with 60-to 90-day postdischarge mortality or rehospitalization.β-Blockade at the time of hospital discharge,currently not a heart failure performance measure,was strongly associated with reduced risk of mortality(hazard ratio,0.48;95% confidence interval,0.30-0.79;P=.004)and mortality/rehospitalization during follow-up.Conclusions:Current heart failure performance measures,aside from prescription of an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blocker at discharge,have little relationship to patient mortality and combined mortality/rehospitalization in the first 60 to 90 days after discharge.Additional measures and better methods for identifying and validating heart failure performance measures may be needed to accurately assess and improve care of patients with heart failure.


There has been a growing pluralism with regard to research on the organizational context and management in its correlation with the studies on the social relations of gender. These studies suffer the influence of conceptions, assumptions and principles that tend to reproduce and strengthen the modern and rationalizing institutional division between educational management and female gender. Starting from a case study and through a critical analysis of organizational discourse, we see how men and women perceive and actualize their daily practices of school management. Although they are conditioned by the duty of the distinctive representation structures of their management function, they are producers of new meanings and new logics of action that should be included on the organizational literature, (re) questioning them in the light of the premises of "diversity management" and "strategic management".


Abstract: Introduction: Post‐transplant lymphoproliferative disorders (PTLD) is a consequence of Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) infection and is a B‐cell hyperplasia with CD‐20 positive lymphocytes. The treatment of PTLD includes reduction/withdrawal of immunosuppression and chemotherapy. This study reports our center experience with humanized monoclonal antibody against CD‐20 (Rituximab) for the treatment of PTLD.


With the development of computer technology and network, e-Auctions are widely applied in the field of engineering technology. How to use the computer technology and network to optimize the models of multi-object e-auctions is a hot topic. Regarding the e-auction as a background, this paper presents many widespread theoretical and applied problems, and summarizes and reviews the main conclusions and progress of existing studies related to the computer technology and network in the e-auctions, and then gives several new research topics to e-auctions. It tries to promote the applications of e-auction theories in real engineering technology problems.


Technological modernization of industrial production and increase of competitiveness the industry are one of the main objectives of the government´s economic policy of Russia in the context of globalization and increasing of international competition. The article discusses the role of industry in the Russian economy, dynamics of development of industrial production and the state of capital assets of industrial enterprises. The negative trends of industrial development were identified. De-industrialization, the growing technological gap from the industry´s leading countries in the world, high depreciation of capital assets, low medium technology of manufacturing industries and others are among them. It was concluded that the modernization of industry is impossible without the formation of appropriate conditions, providing for the improvement of the investment climate in the country, the development of a mechanism of investment risk insurance, tax incentives for innovation and investment, and others.


A quantitative estimate of the magnitude of late Pleistocene/Holocene variations in the migration of siliceous microfauna is calculated from fossil assemblages preserved in marine sediments from piston cores located in the southeast Indian Ocean sector of the Subantarctic. Results of this modern analog technique indicate that fauna characteristic of colder waters today occupied surface and near-surface waters overlying the core sites for much of the last half million years. Warm-water fauna inhabited these waters for only brief time periods, usually during the early portion of interglacial isotopic stages. The estimated faunal migration pattern from the most southern sites is similar in most respects to that of atmospheric temperatures over Antarctica recorded in the Vostok ice core. A model of changes in the positions of the Subtropical Convergence and the Antarctic Polar Front, constructed from time series of faunal variations, indicates that although southward migrations of these oceanographic fronts in this region of the southern ocean were limited to approximately 4° of latitude, northward displacements were of the order of 5° to 7° of latitude. Fauna at the Antarctic Polar Front react earlier than either the fauna at the Subtropical Convergence or the global ice volume signal to major global warming (terminations), providing further documentation of the early response of the high-latitude southern ocean relative to other components of the climate system to the various factors forcing Pleistocene climate.


The proliferation of airway smooth muscle cells (ASMCs) plays a vital role in airway remodeling. Besides, transient receptor potential channels (TRPC) play a key role in pathological cellular responses of ASMCs. In present studies, we investigated the effect of TRPC1 and TRPC3 on cell proliferation of ASMCs. Rats were sensitized with ovalbumin to construct asthmatic models. The pathological change of airway remodeling was detected by hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and Western blot were used to detect the mRNA and protein expression of TRPC1, TRPC3 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in asthmatic and non-asthmatic rats respectively. Furthermore, the cell proliferation was detected by MTT assay and 3H-TdR incorporation assay. The expression of TRPC1 and TRPC3 significantly increased at both transcriptional and translational levels in asthmatic rats. Moreover, SKF96365 could effectively inhibit cell over-proliferation caused by asthma. In addition, knockdown of TRPC1 and TRPC3 significantly decreased the absorbance of MTT and DNA synthesis, while overexpression of TRPC1 and TRPC3 had the opposite effect in asthmatic ASMCs. TRPC1 and TRPC3 were involved in the regulation of cell proliferation in asthmatic ASMCs.


Practice guidelines, intended for use by physicians, suggest preferable approaches to the diagnostic, therapeutic, and preventative aspects of care. These guidelines are intended to be flexible, in contrast with "standards of care," which are inflexible policies to be followed in almost every case.1 They are developed in a manner consistent with the American Gastroenterological Associations' Policy Statement on Development and Use of Practice Guidelines.2 Specific recommendations are based on relevant published information. In an attempt to standardize recommendations, the Practice Guidelines Committee of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases modified the categories of the Infectious Diseases Society of America's Quality Standards.3 These categories are reported with each recommendation, using the letters A through E to determine the strength of recommendation (Table 1) and Roman numerals I through IV to determine quality of evidence upon which recommendations are based (Table 2). These guidelines provide data-supported peer-reviewed recommendations for the care of patients with hemochromatosis. They are based on the following: (1) a formal review and analysis of the recent published literature on hemochromatosis (Medline Search from 1990-2000); (2) the American College of Physicians' Manual for Assessing Health Practices and Designing Practice Guidelines; (3) several published guidelines, including the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases' Policy Statement on Development and Use of Practice Guidelines and the American Gastroenterological Association's Policy Statement on Guidelines2; and (4) the experience of the author in the clinical care of patients with hemochromatosis. BACKGROUND


fossil fuel, thanasa renewableresource, the Act a of the of future generations. on the other hand arenot to such becauseno nationalenergy toprovide a asto preferred generation options, it may be possible to argueglobalenvironmentalissues, such as at every hearing thedevelopment of any of New geothermalresourcesforenergyproduction. However, the new statute's urposeof may mean that it is resource for energyproduction.This isbecausea acts more e a non-renewable asa


This article is informed by multiliteracies pedagogy which recognizes the dynamic nature of reading and writing, particularly in relation to the multiple languages, literacy practices, texts, modalities, and interactions that are part of our world. This framework offers educators a greater appreciation of students' collaborations and text productions in music, image, movement, and voice, as well as print texts. It also provides opportunities to highlight and learn from students' diverse knowledges. Collaborations extend the potential to expand cultural knowledges, an aspect evident in the story creation of 4 urban girls presented in this article. Also evident, however, is the ease with which collaborations lead to inequitable reproductions that privilege dominant discourses while labeling others problematic or "crazy." These findings demonstrate the need for educators to explicitly recognize and support learners' diverse knowledges. Specific steps educators can take in order to create educational contexts that support more equitable collaborations are provided.


has been declared. Email: email@example.com Abstract Context: Several factors are limiting the behavior and dynamics of boron (B) in the soil. Few results on assimilable B contents in the soil and its relation to other chemical properties have been published. Objective: To determine the contents of assimilable B and the chemical properties that condition its availability in three of the main soil types where sugar cane is cultivated. Methods: The samples were taken at random from the surface (0-20 cm) of three of the main soil types where sugar cane is cultivated in Cuba. Soil assimilable B was determined by extraction with hot water. Classification of assimilable boron concentration relied on category ranges set up by Agrolab, (2005): low ( ˂ 0.5 mg kg -1 ), mid (0.5 a 2.0 mg kg -1 ), and high ( ˃ 2.0 mg kg -1 ). Results: The concentration of assimilable B varied according to the soil type, with a high dependence on chemical properties. Conclusions: The B contents was highly dependent on variables K 2 O, P 2 O 5 , Mg + and Na + . The average B concentration was within mid-range values in vertisols and low in brown and ferralitic soils, with high variability. The contents of assimilable B should be further studied, along with the effect of limiting chemical, physical, and


A study on applications of after-extraction-residues (AER) and flyash in soil amendments in alkaline as well as in normal (fertile) soils was carried out after preparation of various composts. The compost containing AER was found to be rich in nitrogen content followed by compost containing flyash. The former compost exhibited better crop performance in alkaline soil with respect to rate of germination, growth of seedlings, weight of crop and chlorophyll contents of test plant (Triticum aestivum, wheat). Thus, recycling of agro-waste and industrial waste could be used individually as well as together after proper compost treatments for soil amendment through economic and eco-friendly approach. Amelioration of alkaline soil which was found to be possible by this method, thereby opening new way for meaningful utilization of agricultural and industrial waste commercially.


Two homologous series of N-alkylpyridinium salts, [Cn-Py]2[PdX4] (n = 12, 14, 16, 18; X = Cl, Br), have been synthesized, and their thermal behavior has been studied by differential scanning calorimetry and hot-stage polarizing optical microscopy. Except for the substances with n = 12, all the materials show thermotropic polymorphism. The crystal structures of [C12-Py]2[PdCl4], [C16-Py]2[PdCl4], and [C16-Py]2[PdBr4] have been solved. All three complex salts crystallize in the triclinic space group P1. Crystal packing reveals layered structures with alternating polar and apolar sublayers, where each [PdX4]2- anion is sandwiched between two antiparallel pyridinium cations. Alkyl chains are highly interdigitated and tilted with respect to the layer normal. The structural characterization of the [Cn-Py]2[PdX4] (n = 16, 18; X = Cl, Br) salts has been achieved also through variable-temperature powder X-ray diffraction. The [PdCl4]2- salts undergo transitions to a second crystalline phase and then to an ordered...


From the $Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and the (I'rogram in Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, the §Maurice and Gabriela Goldschleger Eye Research Institute, 7bl Aviv University Faculty of Medicine, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, 52621 Israel, and the Wepartment of Human Genetics, Roswell Park Memorial Institute, New York State Department of Health, Buffalo, New York 14263


In this paper the results of wind tunnel tests on two different asymmetric spinnakers are presented. During these tests forces and flying shapes at different apparent wind angles and trims were recorded by 6DoF balance and photogrammetry. As these tests are intended as a validation benchmark for FSI-simulations on downwind sails, the sail moulds, incident flow data as well as measured forces and flying shapes will be made publically available.


This article summary and analyse some concepts and theorem of many chapters in advanced mathematics course,has obtained the content which in books has not talked about,through these contents reorganizations and analysis,thus deepens the students in the study process to "the advanced mathematics" this class concept and the principle further understanding.


Vishay Semiconductor GmbH is one of the major suppliers for infrared wireless communication devices, i.e. IrDA compliant transceivers. Devices aimed for the telecommunication market ask for increasingly smaller package outlines with high quality and ever lower power consumption. Two basically different technologies are now on the market: packages based on a leadframe technology and substrate technology (molded PCB). Vishay favors the leadframe and the quest for a small outline package lead to the development of a package utilizing a Chip-on-Chip solution (CoC).


The paper gives the analysis of error formation of axes location of holes machined by drilling machines. It has been found that the total error consists of geometric and elastic tool displacement and elastic displacement of the jig plate. The formulae obtained for the above errors show their dependence both on structural elements of tooling (jig bushing length, tool knock-out and rigidity, fixture rigidity) and the technological parameters of hole machining (cutting regimes, billet rigidity, error location, billet spatial deviations, allowance irregularities).


This paper proposes a novel approach for metric monocular SLAM Initialization using keypoints and a fiducial marker. SLAM approaches using one camera only can obtain the scale relevant to initial movement and the reference world origin must be attached to the initial frame. These make monocular SLAM approaches hard to achieve metric scale in localization and navigation problems or to provide true scale reference in augmented reality applications. In this paper, a fiducial marker is adopted at the initialization stage of SLAM. The relative and the absolute scale for 3D coordinates of some particular visual features would be calculated. The initial map would be adjusted by the ratio of these two values at the same time. Our experimental results show that feature-based monocular SLAM can acquire metric scale and the world origin can be coordinated to the marker plane after initialization. The scale outputs can reach centimeter accuracy with real-time performance in a normal computing unit.


Background information is given about the ac tivities of the EMI Standards and Test Methods Sub committee of the SAE Electronic Systems Committee in developing immunity test methods. A specific method contained in SAE J1338 for performing radi ated immunity tests in an opeh-area test site is discussed. This method is easily applied to any large complex system although it was written for testing whole vehicles.


On many military tactical platforms, multiple wire-like narrowband antennas are employed, with each antenna covering a specific communication band. This approach enables the adversaries to distinguish the communication center and renders it a high priority target. The cylindrical long-slot antenna architecture can be used as an alternative ultra-wideband antenna to replace the multiple wire structures. To help develop a unidirectional radiation pattern for the long slot array, our group developed a hybrid structure which included the incorporation of EBG/Ferrite ground plane with the long slot array [1]. In this paper, we use the hybrid long slot array structure in [1] to develop a cylindrical ultra wideband array. Computer simulation results for a 10 by 10 cylindrical long slot indicate that the impedance bandwidth for this antenna ranges from 300 MHz to more than 5 GHz resulting in approximately 17∶1 bandwidth. The resulting radiation pattern is omnidirectional in the 300 MHz to 2 GHz range. At higher frequencies, and as the azimuth radiation pattern starts to fluctuate because of the non-overlapping element radiation patterns, it is shown that an increase in the number of feed ports overcomes this problem and the array could continue to provide uniform omnidirectional pattern. Simulation results illustrating these radiation pattern results as well as the variation of the input impedance and gain values with frequency are described and discussed.


Women's participation in social development plays an important role in the development of language ability.Women have innate language advantages,and they should exploit this potential and avail of this advantage to take part in social development.Meanwhile,all social departments and women themselves should attach importance to language abilities,and women should improve their language abilities in constant learning.


Every culture can stir a type of architecture that can range from landmarks to everyday homes. History has proved that the various architectural styles have developed in response to climate, lifestyle, geology and geography of a place, religious philosophy of the people and availability of building materials. Religion and lifestyle seem to be the most common influences overall. Culture, in fact, underlines the important role that economics, politics, religion, heritage and the natural environment play in shaping the built environment. Kerala (the southern-most state of India), the land of temples appears unique in this context as the temples here were the pivot of religious, social, economic and cultural life of every Keralite. The typical Hindu temples of Kerala stand out from among the Indian temple typology in its form, structural clarity, stylistic tradition, symbolism and above all, in its construction and craftsmanship in wood. They show a distinctive style which is a local adaptation of the Dravida or the South Indian tradition of temple construction, considerably influenced by the various geographical, religious, cultural and political factors. Most of the temples of Kerala are traditionally neighborhood institutions of worship, rich in both tangible and intangible cultural values. The spatiality of Kerala temples follows the general Indian philosophical concepts of the centre, axis and the human relatedness to cosmic reality, while its implementation in the built form follows the Vedic religious practices. This paper attempts to explore the evolution of the generic built form of temples of Kerala and the philosophical and spatial concepts of their architecture. ARCHITECTURE AND CULTURE Architectural and anthropological thinkers, such as Lewis Morgan and Amos Rapoport, introduced the socio-cultural perspectives of our rich architectural heritage. Rapoport gives emphasis on culture by stating that a house is a cultural phenomenon; its form and organization are greatly influenced by cultural milieu to which it belongs. Architecture is a cultural artifact that cannot be understood outside its cultural context and is dependent on the state of cultural evolution of the social group to which it belongs. The unique aspect of architecture is that in its physical incarnation of buildings, it may last for hundreds and hundreds of years. The most important architecture, as we look back over history, are buildings or environments that have done so much more in a variety of ways -be that innovation in building and construction, or buildings that have pushed the discipline to get us to think about our environment in different ways, or just incredibly beautiful buildings that have lifted the human spirit in addition to housing our activities and our lives.