Since the appearance of the classic work of Drury and Szent-Gyorgyi,' it has become clear that adenosine and related compounds play an important physiologic role in the cardiovascular system which is independent of the biologic role that these compounds play in cellular metabolism. Adenosine and ATP are released in the heart under physiologic and pathophysiologic conditionsz4 that are characterized by an altered oxygen supply to oxygen demand ratio. Furthermore, once in the extracellular space, adenosine and ATP can bind to specific cell surface receptors that mediate their effects on the coronary blood vessels, the specialized pacemaker and conducting tissues of the heart, and the contracting myocardial cells. Although ATP has been shown to exert pronounced effects in the mammalian heart, the mechanism of its action in general and the specific receptors mediating its actions in particular are not fully characterized. The cardiac effects of adenosine and ATP in the mammalian heart have been extensively discussed in recent reviews,s1o and, consequently, emphasis is given in the present text to some provocative aspects of these effects and the directions for future research. TABLE 1 summarizes the known cardiac effects of adenosine and ATP. The metabolic effect of adenosine, characterized by a shift of myocardial substrate utilization from fatty acids to carbohydrates, has been shown in a limited number of studies. Similarly, only a few reports have dealt with the ability of adenosine to reduce cardiac vascular and myocardial damage associated with reperfusion. Further studies are required to determine the ability of endogenous adenosine to exert these effects, the physiologic importance of these effects, and their implications for developing novel pharmacologic, therapeutic, and diagnostic agents.


The effects of eight factors on the polymer viscosity were studied systematically.The main factors that decreased polymer solution viscosity in sewage were ferrum,calcium and magnesium at 25°C,which were arranged according to their influence on viscosity in following order: Fe2+Fe3+Ca2+≈Mg2+.The main influencing factors of polymer degradation were ferrum,sulphur,calcium and magnesium at 65°C,which were arranged according to their influence on viscosity in following order: Fe2+Fe3+S2-Ca2+≈Mg2+.The main factors that affected biological degradation were ferrobacteria(FeB),sulphate reducing bacteria(SRB) and total growth bacteria(TGB),which were arranged according to their influence on viscosity in following order: FeBSRBTGB at 25°C and 65°C.Under the conditions of Fe 0.1 mg/L,S2-1 mg/L,Ca2+ 100 mg/L,Mg2+ 50 mg/L,FeB100 cell/mL,TGB1000 cell/mL,SRB1000 cell/mL in the sewage,the loss of polymer viscosity was less than 30%.However,when the content of these components was higher than the target,the viscosity of polymer solution decreased sharply.Therefore,effective methods should be adopted to inhibit the decline of the viscosity.


The fundamental Walrasian model of resource allocations can be replaced by a decentralized dynamical model. In a decentralized dynamic model, price plays the role of control and coordination of players' actions. Economic market dynamics is commonly studied from the stability viewpoint. Market price over a period of time is determined by the interaction of the market supply and market demand. Movements between equilibrium must be explained utilizing comparative static analysis. But, when time is explicit in the system, dynamic analysis must replace the latter method. The ability of the system to successfully navigate between points of equilibrium is known as dynamic stability. In this document, price market dynamics is emphasized as the bidding iterative process associated to each trading period. Additional properties can be studied under the dynamic framework in order to achieve market efficiency. Controllability, observability, and reachability may help to monitor market dynamics. Market monitoring covers financial and physical market activities. Numerical examples are provided to illustrate the market dynamics properties. Finally, some related issues are discussed and conclusions are presented.


Abstract Over the past dozen years or so, there has been a significant increase in the pace of research on the phenomenon of the Trzciniec cultural circle. This is due to a snowballing increase of the source base, which was obtained as part of modern excavations, currently being conducted in a wide spatial scope (research on routes of planned motorways). A number of synthesis publications have also appeared. Coherent periodizations of development of this cultural circle has been worked out for many regions. It should be noted, however, that these are mainly systematics created on the basis of materials originating from settlements. The number of sepulchral discoveries that have been made so far is incomparably smaller than those of settlement-type objects. The problem of the scale of occurrence of cemeteries seems to be very clear, because in some thoroughly researched areas, no single confirmed grave has yet been discovered. The areas of the San, Vistula and Wisłoka river interfluves, the central Warta region and the sandy areas of the Nida Basin can, among others, be considered as such regions. This article is an attempt to address this problem more broadly. It is also a search for possible explanations the indicated irregularity of an absence of grave sites. The work analyses three aspects of this issue: the degree of excavation reconnaisance of the Trzciniec ecumen, environmental conditions and cultural factors. For the purposes of the analyses, a current list of sepulchral sites of the Trzciniec culture in Poland has been created and all relevant information has been collected. Selected aspects have been illustrated with various types of mapping, specific examples from selected Trzciniec culture sites or groups remote territorially or remote in time, chemical analyses of soil for phosphorus content and radiocarbon facts.


This report demonstrates that both surface plasmon resonance absorption and surface-enhanced Raman scattering work in concert with plasmonic coupling. The kinetic correlation between the two spectroscopic signatures highlights an effective pathway for harnessing the nanoparticles in solution for a broad range of applications by exploiting the plasmonic and spectroscopic properties.


We compute the Lefschetz zeta function for quasi-unipotent maps on the n-dimensional torus, using arithmetical properties of the number n. In particular we compute the Lefschetz zeta function for quasi-unipotent maps, such that the characteristic polynomial of the induced map on the first homology group is the th cyclotomic polynomial, when is an odd prime. These computations involve fine combinatorial properties of roots of unity. We also show that the Lefchetz zeta functions for quasi-unipotent maps on are rational functions of total degree zero. We use these results in order to characterized the minimal set of Lefschetz periods for quasi-unipotent maps on , having finitely many periodic points all of them hyperbolic. Among this class of maps are the Morse–Smale diffeomorphisms of .


Greater observed body movement in the test-taking situation was significantly related to lower verbal SAT scores. Observed movement did not, however, relate significantly to either math SAT scores or test anxiety as measured by the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Furthermore, the negative observed movement-verbal SAT relationship was not mediated by test anxiety.


Background and Objective: There is hardly any system, which has not been affected directly or indirectly by smoking, no matter however significant or insignificant it might be. In the present study we investigated the blood leucocyte count in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in young adult men. Materials and Methods: The present study was conducted at Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, after the institutional ethical clearance and informed consent from all the participants. Under aseptic condition blood was collected for total leucocyte count and differential leucocyte count using automated haematology analyzer. Routine pulmonary function testing was done on them by using Patrick Morgan's Benchmark computerized spirometry. Students't' test was used to find out the significance of difference using SPSS version 11. P values less than 0.05 was considered the level of significance.   Result: The mean blood leucocyte count and differential leucocyte count among smokers with COPD and non-smokers were well within the normal limits. P value was above the level of significance. Conclusion: This shows that smoking alone doesn't invoke any rise in total leucocyte count in blood.


The paper uses paired comparison-based scoring procedures for ranking the participants of a Swiss system chess team tournament. We present the main challenges of ranking in Swiss system, the features of individual and team competitions as well as the failures of official lexicographical orders. The tournament is represented as a ranking problem, our model is discussed with respect to the properties of the score, generalized row sum and least squares methods. The proposed procedure is illustrated with a detailed analysis of the two recent chess team European championships. Final rankings are compared by their distances and visualized with multidimensional scaling (MDS). Differences to official ranking are revealed by the decomposition of least squares method. Rankings are evaluated by prediction accuracy, retrodictive performance, and stability. The paper argues for the use of least squares method with a results matrix favoring match points.


To the Editor:— The rarity of the spontaneous development of severe hyperkalemia in nonoliguric chronic renal failure is poorly appreciated. Among the many reports of hyperkalemia in renal insufficiency we have not found a well-documented case of life-threatening hyperkalemia in a patient with stable chronic uremia without oliguria, sodium depletion, excessive potassium load, adrenal insufficiency, or other precipitating cause. We are now treating a patient with chronic glomerulonephritis in which there is a tendency for dangerous hyperkalemia to develop. Report of a Case:— In 1959, signs of acute glomerulonephritis after a streptococcal sore throat developed in a 30-year-old white man. Progressive renal deterioration ensued. For the past two years the blood urea nitrogen (BUN) level has stabilized in the 120-140 mg/100 cc range. His medications have been methyldopa, hydralazine, and digoxin. He has been emaciated and hyperpigmented and has suffered constant fatigue. His hemoglobin level has slowly fallen to 6.6


This study compares the impacts of global warming and intense urban anthropogenic heat (AH) on extreme hourly precipitation over the Pearl River Delta (PRD) megacity, located in coastal South China. Using the cloud‐resolving Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model coupled with the single‐layer urban canopy model (SLUCM), three downscaling experiments were carried out: the first (second) having zero (300 W/m2) as diurnal maximum AH values prescribed over PRD urban grids, under the current climate conditions. The third experiment with diurnal maximum AH of 300 W/m2 under future projected climate representative concentration pathway (RCP) 8.5. Boundary conditions were derived from PRD extreme rainfall episodes, identified from the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory Earth System Model (GFDL‐ESM2M) historical and RCP8.5 runs. Global warming forcing leads to ∼20% to more than 100% increase in the probability of hourly precipitation with the magnitude of 20–100 mm/hr over urban locations. The enhancements from intense AH forcing were similar. However, two forcings have distinct signatures in modulating the thermodynamic environment. Warming due to AH is limited to the lowest 1 km above ground, while global warming warms up the whole troposphere. Intense AH results in enhanced convective available potential energy (CAPE) and reduced convective inhibition (CIN) within the megacity, allowing convection to be triggered more easily and with more vigor. On the other hand, global warming enhances CAPE and CIN, over both urban and rural areas. Our results highlight the different mechanisms of AH and global warming in exacerbating extreme urban rainfall, despite the similar impacts on the rainfall intensity.


The results of studying the steady states for bright ultrashort optical pulses, developing in single-mode semiconductor amplifiers structured in a direction of passing those pulses, are presented. These steady states occur due to reshaping the incoming optical pulses via the passive mode-locking process in traveling-wave regime. The relations between the pulse parameters and the amplifier's properties are chosen in such a way that the mode-locking process is incoherent in behavior that leads to the phase decay of the incoming pulses. The analysis performed demonstrates the effect of the gain non-locality manifests itself in asymmetry of the issuing bright optical pulses with various shapes of envelopes.


Background: Using bispectral index (BIS) guided anesthesia may affect the quality of recovery and consumption of inhalational anesthetic agents. The aim is to study the effect of BIS monitoring on sevoflurane consumption in patients undergoing cortical mastoidectomy under general anesthesia. Materials and Methods: In the present study, 44 patients of either sex, in ASA class 1 and 2, aged from 20 to 60 years, going for cortical mastoidectomy under general anesthesia, were selected for the study. All the patients were randomly divided into two equal groups: the BIS group (Group B) and the non-BIS group (Group NB). All patients were evaluated for eye-opening, response to follow the motor command, time of extubation and modified Aldrete score. Result: Female predominance is reported in both groups. The maximum number of patients (50%) were reported in the age group of 40 to 49 years in the BIS group. In the Non-BIS group, maximum patients were observed in the age group of 30 to 39 years, with (40.9%) of patients. The mean age, weight, baseline PR, Intra-OP PR, MAP, Intra-OP MAP, and duration of surgery were reported to be comparable in both groups. The mean amount of sevoflurane used, time for eye-opening, motor response and extubation parameters were significantly (p<0.05) higher in Non-BIS. The patients of the Non-BIS group showed (p<0.05) higher modified Aldrete scores significantly. Conclusion: Sevoflurane anesthesia guided by BIS decreased recovery time and decreased sevoflurane concentration without affecting recovery quality in patients undergoing cortical mastoidectomy under general anesthesia.


A new scheme for performing high‐resolution kinetic energy measurements on single quantum states of NO is described. Laser excitation of the a 4Π(ν=13–15) and b 4Σ−(ν=3)←X 2Π(ν=0) spin‐forbidden bands has been used to produce NO a 4Π, either by direct excitation or after excitation to NO b 4Σ− followed by b→a emission. The sensitivity is compared to previous experiments on CO, employing the forbidden Cameron system. In the course of these experiments, three previously unknown vibronic levels of the a 4Π state were observed for which high precision molecular constants have been obtained. The derived molecular constants have been used to construct a chemically accurate RKR potential for the a 4Π state to within 0.2 eV of the dissociation limit. In addition, the electric dipole moments for the a 4Π(ν=13–14) levels have been determined. By comparing the experimental results with two ab initio calculations, the polarity of the dipole moment of the a 4Π state at equilibrium separation could be determined. A set...


rapidly, turn dark, shining brown to black, harden, and begin to lay great quantities of eggs which remain beneath the large, nearly hemispherical, hollow bodies. As the scale approach the egglaying stage they become gray and the body becomes thicker. This is the "rubber stage" and one in which the scale is difficult to control. While this life history as briefly outlined here, is general in the interior sections of California, the rate of development of the black scale in olive orchards varies from year to year and from orchard to orchard even within the same county. Thus, an inspection to determine the stage of the scale should be made of every orchard where control measures are being contemplated. The feeding of the scale on the leaves may so weaken the tree that many leaves drop and the next season's crop is reduced. The sticky liquid that the scale produce and the black fungus that grows on this liquid cause much difficulty in harvesting, handling, and processing. On Ju ly 2, 1947, experimental sprays were applied to plots of 16 trees each using a power sprayer at SO0 pounds pressure. The trees were small Sevillano olives i n an orchard near Corning. At the time o f application the scale had laid a great Average number live adult scale per tree per 6 minute search


Multiple parameters affect energy cost and comfort during cycling, and for some of them there is a trade-off between both phenomena. The aim of this paper is to present a methodology to evaluate the influence of different cycling conditions on energy cost and cyclist's comfort. The proposed methodology is based on on-road tests where power on pedals and vertical accelerations are measured. The experimental data is used to calculate energy cost and comfort indices to compare different cycling conditions. A case study of the tire pressure influence on energy cost and comfort is presented.


We prove that the function x 7→ ψ(a+ e)(a > 0) is subadditive on (−∞,+∞) if and only if a ≥ c0, where c0 is the only positive zero of ψ(x).


Osteoporosis is associated with substantial morbidity but is underdiagnosed due to undertesting. In this issue, Pickhardt and colleagues examined whether conventional abdominal CT imaging might "in...


Acknowledging the relational nature of competition, this paper investigates the effects of personal rivalry on individual behavior in collaborative and interdependent working environments. Specific...


Summary of the study : The summary of the study problem is that there is a great need for the results that each change look forward to in making a positive change in performance, official university libraries are the only official responsible one on the safety of learning outcomes through services provided to the recipient through its workers. The importance of the study highlights the fact that libraries in general are affected by a number of external environmental variables, this study derives its importance from the importance of its theme which is change managing and the amount of revenue that can be achieved and reflected on the Jordanian community as a whole if its findings and recommendations were used. This study aimed to identify the impact of change management on employees performance, through a case study of university libraries in Jordan, three areas of change has been addressed, the change in organizational structure, technology change and change in individuals. The researcher has designed a questionnaire for the purpose of collecting the raw data, and used the random sample in data collection, 220 questionnaire were distributed on the members of the sample and 200 questionnaire were retrieved and 20excluded because of invalidity, the number of questionnaires acceptable for analyses are 200 which % 95 of the study sample, SPSS were used to analyze data. The study reached a range of outcomes including: Change in the organizational structure is not flexible, and therefore this organizational structure is not appropriate for the business requirements within the University Library, leading to overlapping powers and responsibilities. There is a positive relationship between the areas of change (organizational structure, technology, individuals) and the performance of workers at a level ? = 0.05 with 0.589, 0.648, 0.711correlation coefficient respectively. The study found a range of recommendations including: to ensure the success of the change program it is appropriate to focus on organizational structure,  human relations and technology and there must be a  balance between these aspects to improve the performance of employees and this in turn reflects the quality of productivity.


The main component of the free electron laser is the undulator. Besides the numerical computation approach of the magnetic field generated by the undulator current, the other possibility is the analogic simulation. Such an approach is more intuitive and also enables a validation of the numerical simulation. The undulator consists of a Huygens wires stack. In each wire of the stack the current circulates alternatively from a wire to another. The magnetic field mathematical model for a wire uses operations like multiplications, divisions, radicals, trigonometric functions and integrations. These operations were simulated by using an harmonic oscilator (using MC1458 amplifiers), analog multipliers (AD633) and integrators (using MC1458 amplifiers).


Self-foaming and / or foam-like cosmetic or dermatological preparations which comprise I. A DOLLAR an emulsifier system which consists DOLLAR A A. at least one emulsifier A chosen from the group of wholly neutralized, partially or unneutralized, branched and / or unbranched, saturated and / or unsaturated fatty acids having a chain length of 10 to 40 carbon atoms, DOLLAR a B. at least one emulsifier B selected from the group of polyethoxylated fatty acid esters having a chain length of 10 to 40 carbon atoms and with a degree of ethoxylation of 5 to 100 and DOLLAR a C. at least one coemulsifier C selected from the group of saturated and / or unsaturated, branched and / or unbranched fatty alcohols having a chain length of 10 to 40 carbon atoms, DOLLAR a consists, DOLLAR a II up to 30 wt .-% -., based on the total weight of the preparation - of a lipid phase, DOLLAR a III. 1 to 90 Vol .-%, based on the total volume of the preparation, at least one gas selected from the group air, oxygen, nitrogen, helium, argon, nitrous oxide (N¶2¶O) and carbon dioxide (CO¶2¶) DOLLAR a IV. 0.01 to 10 wt .-% of one or more gelling agents selected from the group of inorganic thickeners, DOLLAR a V. one or more substances selected from the group of organic hydrocolloids DOLLAR a VI. 0.01 to 10 wt .-% of one or more hydrophobicized particulate hydrophobic and / or and / or oil-absorbing solid-body substances DOLLAR A contained.


To study the association between gestational weight gain (GWG) and offspring obesity risk at ages chosen to approximate prepuberty (10 years) and postpuberty (16 years).


We developed ER actuators with low inertia. ER actuator is a torque-controllable clutch which uses an electrorheological fluid. It is shown that this actuator has good properties for force display device, physical therapy treatment, etc. We developed new force display devices for virtual reality which use ER actuators.


Fusion, which is a potential source of basically limitless high-temperature thermal energy, can play a major role in meeting the national energy demands of the future. Its high temperature makes it particularly attractive for power generation, production of synthetic fuels, including hydrogen from water splitting, and for direct industrial process heat. In this paper, the feasibility of applying fusion thermal energy as process heat in the iron-steel industry, petrochemical industry, cement industry, and in the production of acetylene from coal via calcium carbide are discussed. These four industries were selected for analysis because they require massive amounts of energy. This preliminary study concludes that the production of synthetic fuels using fusion heat appears to be the most promising method of storing and transporting this heat. Of the four industries studied, the iron-steel and the petrochemical industries appear to be the most promising because they consume substantial amounts of hydrogen and oxygen as feedstocks. These can be produced from water using the high-temperature fusion heat. The production of hydrogen and oxygen using fusion heat will also reduce the capital investment required for these industries. These two industries also consume tremendous amounts of heat at temperatures which can be delivered from amore » fusion blanket via chemical heat pipes.« less


Lack of knowledge of variations in human morphology and their magnitude compared to normal anatomy may have significant clinical consequences. Accurate knowledge of anatomical variations provides important information in medico-legal issues, forensic interpretation, diagnostics, imaging and patient management including surgical procedures. Although underreported, it is believed that a significant proportion of clinical malpractice is due to suboptimal knowledge of anatomical variations. The present study aims to assess the anatomical variations of locomotor system structures in twenty-four formalin fixed cadavers used for dissection as part of Gross Anatomy course for medical students. The study was conducted in six medical schools in Ethiopia in the academic year 2015/2016. Following critical observation and careful dissection, photographs were taken accordingly. Our findings show a complete persistence of metopic suture in 4.2 % of frontal bone, incedence of five anterior and five posterior sacral foramina in 4.2 % of sacral bones and biceps brachii muscle with three heads of origin in 2.1 % of brachia. Altogether, the findings show the incidence of anatomical variants of clinical importance that need consideration during surgical procedures, diagnosis - especially in distinguishing fracture of bones - and patient management in Ethiopian population with diverse socio-economic background and geographical origin.


The objective of this present work was to analyze the impact of monetary policy on the price level in the Republic of Congo over the period from 1998 to 2019. The linear regression model is the one that was used to carry out our study and the results obtained show that the monetary policy of the Bank of Central African States in the Republic of the Congo has achieved its objective of stabilizing prices, with the money supply positively influencing the price level, i.e. 33.3% of the increase in the general price level is explained by the good monetary policy of the Bank of Central African States in the Republic of Congo during the period 1998 to 2019.


HP has released a paper titled: HP Departmental Private Cloud Reference Architecture, the paper which contains 88 pages defines a best practices reference architecture and ...


The microRNAs are non-coding RNAs which post-transcriptionally regulate the expression of a majority of eukaryotic genes, and whose dysregulation is a driver of many human diseases. Here we report the discovery of a very slow (0.1 sec) conformational rearrangement at the Dicer cleavage site of pre-miR-21 which regulates the relative concentration of readily processed and inefficiently processed structural states. We show this dynamic switch is affected by single nucleotide mutations and can be biased by small molecule and peptide ligands, which can direct the microRNA to occupy the inefficiently processed state and reduce processing efficiency. This result reveals a new mechanism of RNA regulation and suggests a chemical approach to suppressing or activating pathogenic microRNAs by selective stabilization of the unprocessed or processed state.


plications. In CT images, calcific nodules are pathognomonic for a diagnosis of cavernous hemangioma, but it was absent in our patient's images. Complete surgical removal should be attempted. A cystic mass in the submandibular regions is mostly pleomorphic adenoma or nonYHodgkin lymphoma. To our knowledge, there is no reported case of cavernous hemangioma in the submandibular region. With the current report, cavernous hemangioma may be added to the list of the cystic masses in the submandibular area.


This thesis was an exploratory study of the outpatient referral process and waiting times experienced by patients in the public health system. The performance of health services was measured applying the criteria of efficiency, effectiveness and equity of access to the outpatient process and service delivery. This research has identified that the performance of outpatient services is influenced by the interrelationship between organisational culture, internal and external stakeholders, resources, demand for services, politics, policy and design of the health system. This conceptual framework provides health service managers with a systematic guide to system wide performance improvement.


(JVER THE LAST IlE<:Al)E new techniques have been developed which measure brain oxygenation and inetabolisin in newborn babies. Studies in babies who have suffered severe perinatal asphyxia have given insight into the complex processes which occur ,when the newborn brain is starved of oxygen and blood supply. With a better understanding of these processes it may be possible to use such techniques to determine more reliably the timing and the nature of perinatal brain injury.


The utility model discloses a moving handle lock. The inner part of a casing is provided with a driving mechanism, an upper bolt, a lower bolt, a stopping block, a lock core, and a safety lock. The upper and the lower bolts are extended from an upper and a lower bolt holes. Two handles are respectively used for driving an upper driving plate to rotate, and a lower driving plate is driven by the upper driving plate to rotate. When the handle of the outer side is rotated to cause the upper driving plate to rotate, the utility model can be stopped rotating by a variable stopping body. The handle of the inner side can be rotated to cause the lower bolt to do the retraction action simultaneously, and the upper bolt can be extended out to reverse of 180 DEG. The utility model has the advantage of convenient operation.


Study objectives : This is a retrospective, single institutional , review of the management and results of locally advanced nasopharyngeal cancer in childhood and adolescents in Chiangmai Thailand


Abstract : A review of the ratio of hard to soft materials indicates a current in-house status of 35% difficult-to-machine versus 65% easy-to-machine materials. The 8-10 year future time period reverses this ratio, suggesting 70% difficult-to-machine versus 30% easy-to-machine materials. (Author)


[Objective]To analyze the level and constitution of all death causes among residents in Penglai city,so as to provide the scientific basis for prevention and control measures.[Methods]Descriptive analysis was made on death cause surveillance data at monitoring spots in Penglai city,2006-2008.[Results]The 2006-2008 annual crude mortality rate was 740.29/105 among residents in Penglai city,821.33/105 for males and 659.18/105 for females;8.14/105,24.06/105,120.44/105 256.65/105,and 330.99/105 for 0-14,15-34,35-54,55-74,and ≥75 respectively.The top five causes were cardiocerebrovascular diseases,malignant tumors disease,injury,chronic respiratory disease,diabetes mellitus and other endocrine diseases.And the top three causes of potential years of life lost rate were injury,malignant tumor,and cardiocerebrovascular diseases.[Conclusion]Chronic and non-communicable diseases and injury are the main causes affecting the residents life.


This paper presents a neural network adaptive PID controller for speed sensorless field-oriented control of induction motor. By measuring the phase voltages and currents in induction motor(IM) drive, the multi-step predictive control, neural networks based rotor flux components and speed identification method for IM are used. The proposed neural network adaptive PID controller includes two neural networks, one is used to identify rotor flux and speed, and the other is used to control the speed of IM. Using multi-step algorithm, on-line adaptive identification and control are realized. The simulation results show high accuracy of the control algorithms, and verify the usefulness of the algorithm.


The present invention relates to a step engaging soft starter, comprising an electronic control unit connected in sequence, solenoid switches and motors, electronic control means comprises an input terminal, a first output terminal, a second output terminal, a first power transistor, a second power transistor and logic control module. A control input terminal of the electromagnetic switch of the power supply terminal; a first output terminal connected to the attracting coil and the holding coil of the electromagnetic switch of the head end; a second input terminal connected to the motor output terminal; a first power transistor provided in the control input terminal of the first between an output terminal; a second power transistor is provided between the control input terminal and a second output terminal; a first logic control module controls the power tube and / or the second tube according to the terminal voltage of the power energization time of the starter motor and the starter conduction / non-conduction / off; limiting resistor is provided between the input terminal and the second power transistors of the motor so that the torque generated by the motor stepwise when the second power MOSFET. The present invention can effectively improve the success rate of the starter and the flexible engaging reduce the failure rate abnormality causes.


Abstract: This paper develops an integrated policy framework for groundwater, based on Indian conditions, that identifies four policy types that target depletion, recharge, contamination and treatment. Socio‐economic implications and income inequalities are discussed with special reference to a case study in South India. The sustainability indicators considered in this paper have not shown positive signs especially groundwater level, quality, and distribution of income among different categories of farmers. An integrated watershed based policy package covering both structural and nonstructural policies is suggested in this paper for achieving groundwater sustainability.


The 1D2 and 3P2,1,0 electronic states of the S-atom photofragments following the two-photon dissociation of cold CS2 at 69399, 64893, 64496, 64320 cm-1, respectively, are probed using ion imaging. From the S-atom photofragment translational energy distribution we conclude that CS is produced in both the X1Σ+ and a3Π electronic states with a branching ratio CS(a3Π) + S(3P2)/CS(X1Σ+) + S(3P2) = 0.22 ± 0.05 (at 64893 cm-1), and 50% of the available energy is taken up by the CS internal degrees of freedom. By analyzing the photofragment angular distributions, we conclude that the excited electronic states involved in the photodissociation process are the Rydberg states with predissociation lifetimes estimated at ∼1 ps.


Summary The prognosis of patients with myocardial infarction (MI) and normal coronary arteries (NCA) in the presence of an inherited coagulation disorder is unknown. The purpose of this study was to compare the clinical thrombosis outcome of patients with (GpI) or without (GpII), inherited coagulation disorders, who suffered from an acute MI with NCA. Eighty two consecutive patients (mean age 49 ± 15 years; 29 females) with MI, but NCA, were recruited. Twelve patients (15%) had an inherited coagulation disorder. GpI and GpII were statistically similar regarding age (45 ± 11 vs 50 ± 16 years-old), gender (33 vs. 36% female), tobacco consumption (50 vs. 53%), diabetes mellitus (8 vs. 10%), hypertension (25 vs. 17%), obesity (8.3 vs. 14%), family history of coronary heart disease (33 vs. 19%), hypercholesterolemia (50 vs. 21%; p = . 08), left ventricular ejection fraction (58 ± 13 vs. 61 ± 13%) and spasm (8.3% vs. 17%). All patients were initially treated with antiplatelet agents with the exception of one (8%) in GpI, and 6 (9%) in GpII who were taking oral anticoagulant therapy (ns). The mean follow-up was 57 ± 26 (range from 2-91 months). During the outcome, 12/78 (15.4%) thrombosis events occurred, including venous thrombosis or pulmonary embolism (1/12 vs. 1/66), reinfarction (2/12 vs. 4/66), and stroke (2/12 vs. 2/66), with two events in one patient (GpI). Kaplan-Meier event-free survival, with combined end-point, defined as venous thrombo-embolic event, reinfarction, or stroke differed between the two groups: 4/12 (33.3%) in GpI and 7/66 (10.6%) in Gp II (p <. 02). Patients with MI, NCA and congenital coagulation disorder present a high risk of thrombosis recurrence under antiplatelet agent. Presented in part at the 52nd Annual Scientific Session of the American College of Cardiology; March 30-April 2, Chicago USA 2003, Abstract.


It is shown that by 'stacking' together a semi-infinite sample subsystem with a semi-infinite tip subsystem, difficulties with respect to a common Fermi level for the whole system can approximately be overcome in all those cases when the substrate (serving as lead) and the second lead are different materials. Based on this procedure by means of the spin-polarized (fully) relativistic screened Korringa–Kohn–Rostocker method and an equivalent Kubo equation, theoretical spin-polarized STM spectra for Pt(111)/Co n /Cr15 W22/Cu(111) with respect to an applied external magnetic field are evaluated in terms of difference conductivities as a function of the corresponding free energy. These spectra are interpreted using layer-resolved contributions to the difference conductivities in order to indicate which parts of the sample dominate changes in the tunneling current caused by changing the orientation of the magnetization. Also shown are estimates of the time-scales to switch from perpendicular to in-plane and vice versa. All investigated properties suggest that different situations apply when the number of Co layers on top of Pt(111) is increased from one to three.


Breast cancer is distributed worldwide, and its number accounts for 23% of all cancer patients. This article will first start with the background of breast cancer, including its types and population. Then there are the pathogenic factors, signals, pathology, and cancer stages of the disease itself. Finally, the most important treatment in this article. With the rapid development of the modern medical system, the treatment options that people can choose have increased a lot, and the safety and success rate of surgery have also increased. There are even non-invasive cancer drug treatments. However, whether it is surgery or drug treatment, both have their advantages and disadvantages. Later in the article, these will be introduced to enable readers to understand various methods and make the best choice. The purpose of this article is also to review the current technology of breast cancer people so that they can have a better idea of the future development direction.


By transforming the linear differential equation with arrangement number and binomial coefficients into the linear differential equation of successive integral,the theory and method for the general solution of this kind of equation are determined.The theorem obtained in this paper is proved strictly and the application is introduced through examples.


This text is about motion of lightlike particles around massive objects in area's of General Relativity, in this way a computer software (Maple 10) is used to solve equations and plot trajectories. Motion of nulllike particles are analyzed in three cases (spacetime): 1. Schwarzschild spacetime.


Naphthenic acids are naturally occurring in crude oils and oil sands.They are some of the most toxic components to a variety of organisms,especially to aquatic organisms,in some refinery effluents and oil sands process waters.Latest progresses on naphthenic acids degradation,including biodegradation,photodegradation,ozonation,and gas phase catalytic oxidation,were reviewed in this paper.Microbial technology was believed to have the bright future.Its recent advances,relevant mechanisms and applications were described.A perspective on future naphthenic acids degradation was given as well.


This paper is concerned with training teachers working in difficult situations in Southern Italy. It describes a number of the interventions undertaken, and reflections on those experiences. Generally speaking, it is always difficult to promote interventions in very structured organisations; in such contexts it is important to keep in mind that even when an intervention is directly requested, many resistances to any change can be expressed. Moving from this general consideration, we believe that any intervention should be respectful of the particular characteristics of each organisation, of its history and of relationships between individuals. Any intervention by an external professional can be perceived as by an 'external stranger', whose knowledge and 'know how' are, on the one hand, important instruments to use, and on the other, elements that threaten the pre-existing equilibrium. Based on a range of theoretical, largely psychoanalytical perspectives, such as the work of Bion (1961), Kaës et al. (1979) and Winnicott (1965), we believe that any training is a transformative process which alters the practice of those who take part (Urwand, 2002). In line with these views, we want to highlight that any training process needs a willingness to learn and to change in response to that process. However, such motivation cannot be taken for granted and needs to be developed as part of the training process, particularly with those working in the field of education. Furthermore, we see the training process as a constant work in progress, rather than leading to a finite mastery. The teaching of knowledge and skills are two aspects of the training, but, we argue, the training is a relational process which challenges trainees and trainers to encounter deeper and more personal feelings. We therefore use the term formative relationship (Blandino & Granieri, 1995) to describe an interaction between two people to recognise the part played by the individuals' inner worlds and particular emotional experiences. In this paper we will explore this approach illustrating a psychological intervention located within the frame of Operative National Programs (PON) conceived by the Italian government, with financial support from the European Commission (F.S.E. 2007-2013).


An 89 year old woman with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease presented to the emergency department with worsening shortness of breath (87% oxygen saturation in room air), retrosternal chest pain, mild abdominal pain, and subacute partial bowel obstruction over the past six days. On physical examination she was dehydrated and she had tachycardia (105 beats/min), diffusely decreased breath sounds, audible crackles at the base of the right lung, and absent breath sounds on the left side pulmonary base. Her abdomen was distended but soft overall, the epigastrium and right hypochondium were slightly tender on deep palpation, and her rectum was empty. Her blood pressure was 130/85 mm Hg. Electrocardiography and troponin (measured at admittance and checked again after six and 12 hours) excluded myocardial infarction. Laboratory studies were unremarkable except for a mild microcytic anaemia (haemoglobin 115 g/L (reference range 120-160), mean cell volume 78.6 fL (80-96). Urgent chest radiography was requested (fig 1⇓).

### 1. On the basis of the radiograph and clinical findings, what is your differential diagnosis?

#### Short answer

The radiograph shows a large round shadow behind the heart with an air-fluid level. The right lung appears displaced and compressed. Differential diagnoses include cardiomegaly, huge pneumomediastinum and oesophageal perforation, epiphrenic oesophageal diverticulum, large pulmonary hydatid cyst, huge diaphragmatic hernia, delayed presentation of a large traumatic rupture of the diaphragm, paralysis of the left hemidiaphragm, mediastinal abscess, pulmonary tuberculosis, and gastrointestinal perforation with air migration above the diaphragm.

#### Long answer

The anterioposterior chest radiograph shows a large round shadow occupying the mid and left chest, with an air-fluid level …


Abstract : A one-dimensional gun tube heating model has been coupled to an interior ballistic code. The ballistic code models the two-phase interior ballistic cycle and provides intensive and extensive properties throughout the cycle. At the inner wall of the gun tube, a turbulent boundary layer correlation is used to compute the heat flux to the wall. This correlation incorporates the compressibility of the flow in calculating the Reynolds number and skin friction coefficient. Within the tube wall, the one-dimensional radial heat conduction equation is solved. The model is used to investigate gun tube thermal profiles over multiple firings with variable firing rates for two different weapons. Results are used to describe the transient heating of the gun tube over a long period of continuous firing. Potential firing scenarios are presented and discussed. Numerical results are compared to experimental work performed in the past. An extensive reference list is also included.


Athlete's heart is associated with left ventricular hypertrophy and "supranormal" cardiac function, suggesting that this is a physiological phenomenon. Hypertrophy alone cannot explain increase in cardiac function, therefore, other mechanisms, such as better atrio-arterial function, might be involved. Our study uses new and complex methods, such as 4D echo and 2D speckle tracking echo (STE), to evaluate complex changes of left atrial (LA) and left ventricular (LV) structure and function in order to test atrio-ventriculo-arterial coupling and its benefits on cardiac function.

Methods: 100 subjects (22±8 years, 74 male) were enrolled: 70 endurance athletes and a control group of 30 sex- and age- matched normal subjects. Conventional and 4D auto LV quantification echo was used to assess LV and LA geometry, EF, and LV systolic deformation: radial strain (rS), longitudinal strain (LS), and circumferential strain (CS). STE was used to measure LA deformation: contraction from peak negative strain (PNS); relaxation from peak positive strain (PPS), and global strain (GS). Arterial function was assessed from augmentation index (Aix), β index, and carotido-femoral pulse wave velocity (PWV); and ventriculo-arterial coupling from amplitude of the compression wave (CW) from the carotid wave-intensity tracings.

Results: Although athletes had LVH and larger LA volume (105±28 vs. 85±32 g/m2, and 48±10 vs. 41±6 ml, both p<0.05), they showed "supranormal" LV and LA deformation, whereas EF was similar with controls. They also had better arterial function, with improved ventriculo-arterial coupling (table). Univariate analysis showed that LS was directly related to GS (r=0.50, r2=0.31), and to CW (r=0.44, r2=0.31); and inversely related to AIx (r=-0.62, r2=0.36) and to PWV (r=-0.72, r2=0.41) (all p<0.05).

View this table:

Table 1. Atrio-ventriculo-arterial coupling

Conclusion: Athlete's heart is a pure physiological adaptive phenomenon, associated with "supranormal" LV and LA deformation, due to better arterial function, with optimized atrio-ventriculo-arterial coupling.


Assuring an adequate level of safety is the key challenge for the approval of autonomous vehicles (AV). The full performance potential of AV cannot be exploited at present because traditional assurance methods at design time are based on a risk assessment involving worst-case assumptions about the operating environment. Dynamic Risk Assessment (DRA) is a novel technique that shifts this activity to runtime and enables the system itself to assess the risk of the current situation. However, existing DRA approaches neither consider environmental knowledge for risk assessments, as humans do, nor are they based on systematic design-time assurance methods. To overcome these issues, in this paper we introduce the model-based SINADRA framework for situation-aware dynamic risk assessment. It aims at the systematic synthesis of probabilistic runtime risk monitors employing tactical situational knowledge to imitate human risk reasoning with uncertain knowledge. To that end, a Bayesian network synthesis and assurance process is outlined for DRA in different operational design domains and integrated into an adaptive safety management architecture. The SINADRA monitor intends to provide an information basis at runtime to optimally balance residual risk and driving performance, in particular in non-worst-case situations.


The brevet d'etudes professionnelles (professional studies certificate) or B. E. P. Appears at the same time as a way of exclusion and a means of personal and professional promotion. This exam is prepared in technical schools by B. E. P. Students who represent an atypical academic population. These schools have a very bad image and belong to short technical studies which are reduced to the lowest rank of education. The monography study of B. E. P. Students attending jules algoud technical school confirms this contradiction. The increasing problem for young people to get into professional life sets alternation as a necessary measure to help their school and professional success.


With the acceleration of urban construction,theme park has been playing a significant role in improving urban ecological environment,leisure and entertainment of the public,scientific popularization and education,demonstration of special functions.With the planned Waterage Park in Yangling Demonstration Zone,Shaanxi Province as an example,agricultural theme parks were discussed from 3 aspects of planning concept,scenic spots layout,and folk cultural design,then the landscapes,characteristic scenic spots,ecological agriculture,folk culture and new high-tech agricultural fruits within those theme parks were comprehensively analyzed,the planning and design of such parks were further studied,which are all of instructive significance for the theoretical studies and construction of agricultural theme parks.


Metallo-supramolecular assemblies of polymeric, particulate, or small-molecule building blocks based on 2,2′:6′,2′′-terpyridine most commonly rely on chemical substitution of this ligand at the 4′ position. Here, we investigate the effects that this modification to the ligand have on the kinetic stabilities of bis transition metal complexes, and therefore the lifetime of supramolecular bonds that it forms. The decay of aqueous cobalt(II) and iron(II) complexes in the presence of excesses of competing metal ions is studied by ultraviolet visible (UV-vis) absorption spectroscopy, and rate constants for the decay of amino-, ether-, and non-substituted ligands are determined. Remarkably, for cobalt(II), amino substituents lead to rapid oxidation in air to kinetically inert cobalt(III) complexes, while ether substituents yield decay constants three- to six-fold larger than unsubstituted complexes. Ether linkages apparently weaken cobalt complexes by inductive withdrawal of electrons, while amino substituents donate electron density, thus lowering the oxidation potential of the complexes. For iron(II), both ether- and amino-linked complexes decay at least an order of magnitude faster than unsubstituted complexes. Our results highlight the importance of considering linking chemistry when designing dynamic supramolecular assemblies based on terpyridine ligands, as it yields significant, and occasionally dramatic, changes in the kinetic stabilities of these complexes.


The CASDOS computer program has been initially developed and proven on steel construction. It is the desire of the Naval Ship Emgomeeromg Center to modify CASDOS for the detail design of all-aluminum boats and ships. This report attempts to provide the designer and computer programmer with background information on the peculiarity of aluminum ship details and aluminum construction methods. No experimental work was done in the preparation of this report. Rather the report is a compilation of the knowledge and experience of Alcoa engineers and designers who have worked on various aluminum marine construction projects.


The 'spatio-temporal co-ordinates necessary to sustain . . . the modern legal constellation' are being eclipsed by new domains of 'unchartered' global law today (Walker, 2009, p. 38). Mapping these emergent ordering processes using conceptual lenses dynamic enough to capture their 'movements and contradictions' is one of the more urgent tasks and exciting opportunities facing law and society scholarship today (Zumbansen, 2011, p. 4). My intervention highlights two ways in which Eve Darian-Smith's book, Laws and Societies in Global Contexts, rises to that challenge and helps us empirically analyse the politics of transnational law: first, by highlighting the importance of scale in global legal analyses and, second, by bringing insights from critical legal scholarship into relation with current debates about the nature of global legal ordering.


The approximation of geometrical shock dynamics has been used to study the stability of radially converging shocks of arbitrary initial strength. The equations of motion are linearized about the symmetric solution, using the shock Mach number as the independent variable, and solved numerically. Perturbations with angular dependence given by pure cylindrical (in two‐dimensional) or spherical (in three‐dimensional) harmonics exhibit damped oscillatory behavior for all but the lowest mode numbers. Relative to the decreasing shock radius R, however, they grow without bound. The solutions can be approximated by hypergeometric functions. The limiting behavior as R→0 is found using the asymptotic properties of the latter.


A quantitative structure-antioxidant activity relationship (QSAR) study of 27 flavonoids was performed using the
partial least square response surface multiple linier regression method. The chemical structures of the flavonoids
have been characterized by 17 descriptor group. The partial least square response surface multiple linier regression
model have a r2 score of 93,30 %. The model is used to design modified compound based on flavonoid structure
yielding antioxidant activity 85 %. The result compound was 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3-hydroxy-7-imino-7,8-
dihydrochromen-4-one.


The authors give an overview of the systm of professional veterinarians (PV) based on international rules as well as their studies domestically as abroad. The paper reveals information on distribution, staff number, educational background and carriers of PV in China, and analyzes major problems in the country. A basic orientation of Chinese system of PV is depicted


We consider uplink power control for lognormal fading channels in the large population case. First, we examine the structure of the control law in a centralized stochastic optimal control setup. We analyze the effect of large populations on the individual control inputs. Next, we split the centralized cost to approach the problem in a game theoretic framework. In this context, we introduce an auxiliary LQG control system and analyze the resulting /spl epsiv/-Nash equilibrium for the control law; subsequently we generalize the methodology developed for the LQG problem to the wireless power control problem to get an approximation for the collective effect of all other users on a given user. The obtained state aggregation technique leads to highly localized control configurations in contrast to the full state based optimal control strategy.


The present invention belongs to the technical field of zeolite molecular sieves, and in particular relates to a synthesis method of SSZ-13 zeolite. The method comprises the steps: performing hydrothermal reaction on a mixture of alkali metal or an alkaline earth metal source, an oxide source of a trivalent element, an oxide source of a tetravalent element, water and a structural guiding agent, to obtain an SSZ-13 zeolite crystal, cooling, filtering, and washing with water to obtain SSZ-13 zeolite. The structural guiding agent used in the invention has the advantages of low toxicity, low cost, wide range of Si/Al ratio of a synthetic product, low activation temperature, and easiness in industrialization compared with other known structural guiding agents. The SSZ-13 zeolite prepared in the invention shows a high catalytic conversion rate in catalytic removal reaction of nitrogen oxides when being used as a catalyst.


Accurate topographic data over the global land and ice masses have numerous applications in areas of geology, geophysics, hydrophysics and polar ice research. It is well established that interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) is a method which may provide a means of estimating global topography with high spatial resolution and height accuracy. ONe implementation approach, that of utilizing a single SAR system in a nearly repeating orbit, is attractive not only for cost and complexity reasons but also in that it permits inference of changes in the surface over the orbit repeat cycle echoes. This paper analyzes InSAR spatial geometry model and gives a phase error model. The paper also discusses the characteristics of InSAR echo signal. Finally, the general procedure of InSAR imaging is outlined.


Influence of drawing velocity on morphological parameters of nylon-6, PET, and PBT filaments has been studied. The drawing was carried out at approximately 20°C above the effective glass transition temperature of these materials. The results are explained in terms of drawing-induced changes in temperature and in rate of crystallization.


Solar Wall system has recently emerged as a new solar air heating technology. They are relatively inexpensive, efficient, and particularly suited to applications in which larger wall area facilities with high heating load requirement. A feasibility study of solar wall renovated industrial building has been conducted with a well-known tool, RETScreen. RETScreen has been developed and verified by canadian national research agency, CEDRL(CANMET Energy Diversification Research Laboratory). RETScreen program model has been developed to predict the annual energy savings and the economic analysis for the Solar Wall Air Heating system installed building located in a specific region. A case study of the RETScreen program indicated that the simple payback is 3.6 years for a industrial building in Inchon, Korea. It is showing that Solar Wall system is very excellent solar heating system in Korean weather and building conditions.


his paper is motivated by empirical evidence illustrating the non-Gaussian nature of financial returns, (Jondeau et al 2007) and analyses extreme value theory, (EVT) as a proposed improvement (Embrechts et al., 2005) for risk estimation techniques.Credit default swaps, (CDS's) are analysed due to their increasing important to financial stability (European Union, 2009) and due to the lack of quantitative univariate risk analysis of this market. EVT is generally applied to currency, equity and bond markets, (Assaf, 2009). Whereas the majority of quantitative analysis of the CDS market has focused on multivariate functions, analysing the dependency of CDS market returns and other asset returns, (Chen et al., 2008). Equity and bond samples are used here as a comparison to the CDS market returns.The findings are divided into three parts. The first part focuses on the general characteristics of the three asset classes, CDS's, equities and bonds, noting the non-normality of the distributions. As GARCH is widely used in industry to remove dependency in the second and higher moments, the second part of the findings assesses the efficacy of this methodology. Evidence that GARCH removes dependency in the second moment is found but the distribution of the residuals continues to appear non-Gaussian for all three asset classes and non-iid for the CDS sample. In light of these findings, the third section uses a semi parametric approach to estimate the tail parameter of the distribution of the three CDS samples. The result of the investigation suggests that the parametric GARCH-EVT approach may be suitable for equity and bond market univariate risk estimation but that this approach and the semi-parametric EVT approach may both have limitations in assessing risk in CDS market returns.


When the book review editor for Omega, Paul Metzler, first contacted me about reviewing Greening Death, I was both intrigued and excited. As one who has spent more than three decades thinking about the interaction of funerals with the bereavement process, I was certainly interested in the topic. Independent scholar Suzanne Kelly has also spent a lot of time thinking about funerals along with their cultural and personal meanings. Her interest became most acute, she says, when she attended the traditional Catholic funeral and burial of her own father. With near-poetic prose, she writes about her experience of loss. The tale of her own response to her father's sudden death at age 62 while in the midst of her PhD work will resonate with Omega readers:


Two computational tools for tuning, design, simulation and implementation of PID controllers are presented. These allow data acquisition, system identification, setting and implementation controllers in the real process. The tools were developed with software commonly used in control systems. For identification, controller design and simulation Matlab® was used and for data acquisition and implementation was worked with LabVIEW TM . Data were obtained from a didactic plant and controller was tuned for the Ultimate Gain. In the simulation evidenced a high effort of control over the valve was evident, so in implementing the controller parameters were weighted, in order to improve the valve performance, thus showing the utility of the control system simulation before implementation.


In this study we used the sea surface temperature (SST), El-Nino southern oscillation (ENSO) and Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO) time-series for the time period 1900-2012 in order to investigate plausible manifestation of sharp increases in temperature.
It was found that the widely observed warming in the past century did not occur smoothly but sharply. This fact is more pronounced at the latitude zone 30S - 60N during the years 1925/1926 and 1987/1988. We hypothesise that there were two major climate regime shifts in 1925/1926 and 1987/1988 years. During these shifts the mean value of temperature rises, over which natural variability associated with ENSO, PDO and other factors occurs. During each sharp increase mean SST in tropics/north middle latitudes increased by about 0.28/0.36 {\deg}C. Most of other temperature anomalies are explained by ENSO and PDO. The existence of these shifts tends to be masked by natural variability.
This hypothesis has allowed us to develop very simple linear regression models which explain the main features of temperature anomalies from 30oS to 60oN observed in the past century. Additionally, two remarkable outcomes revealed from this analysis. The first one is that linear regression coefficients can be calculated by employing a limited length of the temperature time-series (e.g., from 1910 till 1940) and reproduce quite well the whole time-series from 1900 up to now. The second one is that a good quality of reproduction is achieved by using only two factors (ENSO/PDO and sharp changes for tropics/northern middle altitudes).


The plot experiments were conducted to study the effects of land utilization of municipal sludge and lake sediment on nutrients and heavy metals(Cd,Pb) in soil-plant system.The results showed that content of nutrients could be increased in the soil by application of municipal sludge and lake sediment,heavy metals of Cd,Pb accumulated in the surface soil layer without migrating downward into deep soil layer.With the increasing of application of municipal sludge and lake sediment on soil,the yield of wheat seed and the content of nutrients,absorbed by wheat,both increased,but mass of nutrients accumulated in the soil,the accumulation of heavy metals were in an order: rootstemseed,CdPb,the content of heavy metals of Cd,Pb in wheat seed were not exceeded the National Control Hygienic Standard for Foods,municipal sludge and lake sediment could be applied 5 years and 6 years on soil continuously,even the amount of application was 100 t/hm~2 and 200 t/hm~2.


In food products marketing, ensuring to the consumer identical organoleptic properties is vital for maintaining the client fidelity. Systematically achieve it by using as sensory information the valuations of a tasting panel, is unfeasible. Routinely, to assemble a tasting panel involves organizational and economics costs, as well as the sensory fatigue and the subjectivity of the panel members. In this paper is proposed a vitualization strategy or computational model focused on food products quality control, based on cooperation and data exchange between the main agents involved in the process: quality managers, professional tasters, production managers, inspection authorities, etc. Virtualization (digitalization) is supported on a ICatador cloud platform which has intelligent algorithms embedded to predict the food sensory properties. These algorithms have Near InfraRed Spectroscopy data of the product samples as input. As a validation scenario, our virtualization approach has been applied to the ripening cheese elaboration. Thanks to advanced visualization techniques, the quality manager can immediately and systematically know the merit figure related to a product sensory quality. The ICatador solution, has two profitable aspects. Sensory analysis is performed without routinely gathering a professional tasting panel. As a huge amount of data coming from the elaboration process itself are available, the intelligent algorithms are enriched by these data for the adaptation to the product elaboration process. In this way, we will be able to fine-tune continuously the machine-learning algorithms to the particular process and use them intelligently to increase the competitiveness.


A hydraulic steering system for commercial vehicles, in particular power-assisted steering system and / or auxiliary steering system for trailing and / or leading axles, comprises a steering system which is free of mechanical connections electronically controllable. For changing a lock angle of wheels (3), a hydraulic cylinder (2) and a control valve (5) is provided at least between which for each steering direction, a damper valve (7) is provided.


The metabolic fate of phenobarbitone (5-ethyl-5- phenylbarbituric acid) has been studied in the rat as part of an examination of the biochemical basis of the tolerance which occurs to this drug. The effect of dose size and chronic administration on its metabolism has also been examined. ["4C]-Phenobarbitone, labelled in the 2-position of the barbituric acid ring (50 mg/kg; 10 iCi/animal), was injected intraperitoneally into female Wistar albino rats (body weight 180-200 g). Urine and faeces were collected for 8 days after administration and 14CO2 in the expired air collected for 2 days. The excretion of


It is well known that subsumption architecture (SSA) gives a great impact on the robot design methodology. However there are still some shortfalls on SSA due to the lack of learning ability. An SSA with learning ability is expected to produce a more powerful SSA, in terms of flexibility, robustness, etc. Here a new extension of SSA is proposed, which is a kind of distributed SSA with behaviour networks as the learning function. This specialized distributed SSA behaves like multi-autonomous agents. The proposed method can be partitioned into two layers: an upper layer and a lower layer. The upper layer performs the learning of mimic impression and in turn commands the SSA agents in the lower layers. Through the real world experiment the effectiveness and adaptability of the proposed architecture are shown.


A rotation curve inequality that holds for spherically symmetric mass distributions is derived, and tested against the SPARC galaxy rotation curves dataset. We identify several Galaxies, e.g. NGC7793 and UGC11557, which are candidates for hosting non-spherical dark matter structures that could be detected by more precise measurements.


Abstract Coastal lagoons are high value productive and important systems for different projects. For example, aquaculture, fisheries and tourism are few of them. The quality of coastal waters in the ecosystems of lagoons can be greatly influenced by the growth of unwanted elements, e.g., excessive fisheries, tourism, etc. In this paper, a mathematical model is proposed and analysed to study the general and simplified form of an ecosystem of Chilika Lake, India. Chilika Lake (19°28′N–19°54′N and 85°06′E–85°36′E) is the largest wintering ground for migrating water fowl found anywhere on the Indian sub-continent. These migratory birds utilize the Chilika Lake for feeding, resting and breeding. The interaction of birds and small fish in the Chilika Lake is considered to be Leslie–Gower Holling type II. Since big fish are being sourced as income for local fishermen and the population of big fish is highly variable, and hence birds and small fishes are mainly the two types of biomass considered for this study. It must be noted that, in this study, we have considered the case of Chilika lake theoretically only and no practical data is collected for this study, and the name of Chilika is used only for better ecological understanding. Therefore, this theoretical study maybe linked to any such ecosystem. Their interaction is found mathematically, a two-dimensional continuous-time dynamical system modeling a simple predator–prey food chain. The dynamical system is represented in the form of two nonlinear coupled ordinary differential equation (ODE) systems. The main mathematical results are given in terms of boundedness of solutions, existence of equilibria, local and global stability of the coexisting interior point. An ecosystem in Indian coastal lagoons may suffer immediate environmental perturbations, such as depressions, tropical cyclones, earthquakes, epidemics, etc. To model such situations, the ODE model is further extended to a stochastic model driven by L e ́ $\check{d}{e}$ vy noise. The stochastic analysis includes the existence of the unique global solution, stability in mean, and extinction of the population. The proposed model is numerically simulated with the help of an assumed set of parameters for the possible pictorial behavior of the theoretical model. The proposed model may be used for planning purposes by using the data on meteorological and weather shocks such as heavy rainfall, heat-waves, cold-waves, depressions, tropical cyclones, earthquakes, etc. from India Meteorological Department (IMD).


In the spring of 2007, Harvard College announced that it was revamping its general education curriculum. Though the final recommendation watered down a proposed new requirement in Reason and Faith to the more neutral Culture and Belief, the faculty task force argued that their undergraduate students "often struggle to sort out the relationship between their own beliefs and practices and those of fellow students, and the relationship of religious belief to the resolutely secular world of the academy." Though "Harvard is a secular institution . . . religion is an important part of our students' lives." It may seem odd, at a time when varieties of religious fundamentalism both at home and abroad play such a prominent role in American culture, that our pre-eminent college would find it necessary to remind itself that religion is something undergraduates should encounter as part of their liberal arts education. After all, as the testifying among the current crop of presidential candidates from both parties demonstrates, Americans may accept separation of church and state, but only if their leaders are also churchgoers. While creeping secularism is hardly a notable trend in the nation at large, within academe there is mounting concern about internal and external challenges to the presumed consensus that religion, except as a field of disinterested academic study, has no place in the university. It is not always clear whether curricular responses like Harvard's aim at encouraging genuine engagement with faith or instead are intended to arm students to "confront" the forces of religion with confidence. Tracy Fessenden's Culture and Redemption sets out to examine the paradox of America's formal commitment to secularism—that is, our official doctrines of separation of church and state and religious toleration—and our simultaneous adherence to an essentially religious understanding of our own origins, history, and destiny. Consider, for instance, the Battle Hymn of the Republic, at once a patriotic anthem and a Protestant hymn. What must newcomers think when they first hear


Recently,aerobic composting has become the most widely used recycling technology with low cost and high efficiency for treating solid organic waste. It can effectively solve the problems on reducing and recycling waste. However,the carbon loss caused by emissions of greenhouse gas( GHG) during composting process attracts wide public concern. This article reviews the change characteristics in the content and structure of carbonaceous organic matter during composting process,discusses the relationships between the change characteristics and the humic substances formation,summarizes the main factors affecting the carbon evolution,and presentes the future research directions in this field. The theoretical basis and references are provided for the development of low-carbon composting technology.


.............................................................................................................................. vii DECLARATION ......................................................................................................................... ix ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................................................................................. x LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS, SYMBOLS AND UNITS ................................................................ xi Symbols and Units ................................................................................................................. xi Abbreviations ......................................................................................................................... xii LIST OF EQUATIONS .............................................................................................................. xvi LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................................. xvii LIST OF TABLES ..................................................................................................................... xix CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Problem statement ............................................................................................................ 1 1.2 Aim and objectives ............................................................................................................ 1 1.3 Structure of study .............................................................................................................. 2 1.3.1 Chapter 2: Literature review........................................................................... 2 1.3.2 Chapter 3: Method development..................................................................... 2 1.3.3 Chapter 4: LC-MS/MS method for targeted metabolic profiling...............................3 1.3.4 Chapter 5: Metabolic profiling of a fibrotic lung animal model................................. 3 1.3.5 Chapter 6: Summary and future prospects.........................................................3 1.3.6 Chapter 7: Reference.................................................................................... 3 1.3.7 Appendix A: Author guidelines 3 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW ........................................................................................ 4 2.1 Metabolomics .................................................................................................................... 4 2.1.1 Application of metabolomics...........................................................................4 184.108.40.206 Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis..................................................................... 4 18.104.22.168 Metabolomics and its application to respiratory diseases.................................5 2.1.2 Challenges for metabolomics..........................................................................6 2.1.3 Different approaches for metabolomics.............................................................6 2.2 Targeted metabolic profiling .............................................................................................. 8


A fin pump utilizing a forced vibration of a flexible sheet in the same way as a caudal fin motion was developed for a treatment of fetal hydrocephalus. This study conducted an experiment to investigate the performance characteristics of the fin pump. A link system was designed to generate a pitching motion of a silicon rubber sheet and to control a vibration frequency and an amplitude. The vibration modes were analyzed by visualization. The pressure rise of the fin pump was derived from the flexible sheet deformation equation. The relative pressure coefficients for all experimental results were distributed on a line. This implies that the relative pressure coefficient is determined by the frequency ratio. The pressure rise was almost constant when the flexible sheet vibrated in the standing modes. On the other hands, the pressure rise increased with an increase of the frequency ratio when the flexible sheet vibrated in the travelling modes. This means that the pressure rise of the fin pump is closely related with the vibration modes determined by the frequency ratio. The pressure performance curve, the flow rate versus the pressure rise, was obtained by controlling a booster pump and a valve. At lower flow rates, the performance characteristics were similar to the results at the zero flow rate.


The main objective of this paper is to develop a new approach for round robin scheduling which help to improve the CPU efficiency in real time and time sharing operating system. There are many algorithms available for CPU scheduling. But we cannot implemented in real time operating system because of high context switch rates, large waiting time, large response time, large trn around time and less throughput. The proposed algorithm improves all the drawback of simple round robin architecture. The author have also given comparative analysis of proposed with simple round robin scheduling algorithm. Therefore, the author strongly feel that the proposed architecture solves all the problem encountered in simple round robin architecture by decreasing the performance parameters to desirable extent and thereby increasing the system throughput.


At the Department of Mechatronics, Optics and Engineering Informatics of BME the researches led by Dr. György Ábraham and Dr. Klára Wenzel have shown that defective color vision can be improved by specific spectral transmission color filters which modify the spectral characteristics of the lights reflected by different coloured surfaces so that the difference between colors will be increased. These color filters placed in front of the eye can be used as glasses. Similar effect can be achieved in artificial lighting conditions if we modify the spectral distribution not the light reflected from the surfaces but the light emitted by light sources. This solution can be used for example as a workspace illumination when carrying out tasks that require good color vision, or as a whole room illumination, which ensures more colorful environment for colour deficient people as well.


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Unique aspects of the domestic ruminant genomes * Creating new knowledge for ruminant reproduction from rapidly expanding and evolving scientific databases * Developmental programming of the ovine placenta * Dietary regulation of developmental programming in ruminants: epigenetic modifications in the germline * The noncoding genome: Implications for ruminant reproductive biology * Endogenous retroviruses: A model system for understanding physiological adaptation to an evolving ruminant genome * Putative role of cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CARTPT) in dominant follicle selection in cattle * Assessing gene function in the ruminant placenta * Spermatogonial stem cell biology in the bull * Activation of the embryonic genome * The role of kisspeptin and gonadotropin inhibitory hormone (GnIH) in the seasonality of reproduction in sheep * Mammalian circannual pacemakers * Mechanisms and pathobiology of ovulation * Hormonal regulation of follicular development and differentiation * The roles of the ovarian extracellular matrix in fertility * Managing the dominant follicle in high-producing dairy cows * Molecular markers of sperm quality * Regulation of sperm storage and movement in the ruminant oviduct * Interaction of sperm with the zona pellucida during fertilization * A brief historical overview of corpus luteum research in ruminants * Regulation of corpus luteum development and maintenance: specific roles of angiogenesis and action of prostaglandin F2alpha * Inter- and intra-cellular mechanisms of prostaglandin F2alpha action during corpus luteum regression in cattle * Endocrine actions of interferon-tau in ruminants * The development of reproductive management practices in New Zealand * Physiological differences and implications to reproductive management of Bos taurus and Bos indicus cattle in a tropical environment * Using basic approaches to address applied problems in dairy reproduction * Applying nutrition and physiology to improve reproduction in dairy cattle * Controlling the dominant follicle in beef cattle to improve estrous synchronization and early embryonic development * Causes and consequences of the variation in the number of ovarian follicles in cattle * Assisted reproduction in Mediterranean wild ruminants: Lessons from the Spanish ibex (Capra pyrenaica) * Enhancing reproductive performance in dairy water buffalo * Gestation length in farmed reindeer * Unique strategies to control reproduction in camels


Coating electrodes with self‐assembled monolayer (SAM) of polar molecules is known to reduce contact resistance (RC) in organic field effect transistors (OFETs). It is shown that the behavior of SAM in OFETs can be explained by considering a mechanism of interfacial doping in organic semiconductor by electrodes due to charge transfer during interface formation. The enhancement is analyzed in performance of pentacene OFETs with Cu electrodes, by coating Cu with SAM of pentafluorobenzenethiol or perfluorodecanethiol. It is found that application of either SAM leads to an increase in work function of Cu surface. However, work function shift due to SAM does not correlate with trends in RC and OFET drain current. Further, first principle calculations reveal a notable difference in delocalization of frontal orbitals with either SAM, an indicator of the difference in ease of charge transfer across interface. Based on the mechanism of interfacial doping, a semiconductor physics model is developed for estimating interface doping and injection barrier, and for predicting the consequent device characteristics. It is believed that the model and methodology developed in this study can be utilized beyond the SAM and semiconductor system used here.


This study aims to determine the factor that influence thesucces of the turnaround firm experiencing financial disstres. Thesefactor are profitability ratio, severity, free assets, size, downsizing,and CEO turnover. The sample used in this study is a non-financialcompanies listed on IDX 2008-2012 period, which had financialdisstres in 2008-2009 as many as 60 companies. Financial disstrescompany's was measured using the Altman Z-score. The dataanalysis technique used logistic regression. The research resultsindicate the accuracy level is 76,7%. Partially profitability ratio andsize influence on success of the turnaround. Severity, free assets,downsizing, and CEO turnover does not influence on the success ofthe turnaround. While simultaneously profitability ratio, severity, freeassets, size, downsizing, and CEO turnover influence on the successof the company's turnaround.Keywords : financial distress, company's turnaround, profitability ratio, severity, free assets, size, downsizing, and CEOturnover.


ABSTRACT Sewer pipe pressurization is a phenomenon that can cause structural damage in urban drainage systems and can result in a public health issue, especially in cities that have combined sewer systems. Studies have classified the phenomena of downstream to upstream pressurization in stages, proposing several mathematical models to predict pressure variations and the effect generated by air entrapment. This paper considers the opposite pressurization process, upstream to downstream, caused by a sudden increase in discharge. Using a physical model in which drainage time and flow rate magnitude are controlled, severe flood drainage events are simulated. Results show that the increases of water level are gradual, and when the depth reaches full pipe flow, pressure increases are also gradual without any transients. The contribution of this work relies on concluding that it is highly improbable that the pressurization process in this case could cause damage problems in the drainage infrastructure. The same results were obtained regardless of the rate of increase in flow and the maximum final pressure in the pipe, which differs from the downstream-upstream case. There are no pressure transients.


Abstract Through colonialism and globalization, Buddhism has developed an increasing profile in the West. This can be observed within popular culture as well as the presence of Buddhist practitioners from a range of ethnicities of whom a significant number are converts. This presence has led to the development of Buddhist new religious movements (NRMs). We first outline interpretations of gender and sexuality that have arisen within Buddhist traditions. Then, using Linda Woodhead's (2007) model that theorises religion's positioning with respect to gender, we discuss gender norms that have developed for two of the largest Buddhist NRMs in the UK: the Triratna Buddhist Community (TBC, formerly the Friends of the Western Buddhist Order, FWBO) and the Nichiren group Sōka-Gakkai International-UK (SGI-UK). Through examining new empirical data, we explore how their gender norms are negotiated by members. We note that within these movements, women, queer people and people of colour are creating provisional spaces that challenge attempts to hegemonize hetero-patriarchal perspectives.


This paper presents the implementation of a broadband Radar Cross-Section (RCS) measurement system in a Semi-Anechoic Chamber (SAC) of Directed Energy Research Center, where fully anechoic conditions are unavailable, and consequently, spurious reflections are significant. A metallic trihedral corner reflector of 30 cm sides is used as a target, and background subtraction is performed to minimize noise influence in the measurement. A single target reference approach is performed using a sphere as the reference target, and its scattering response is shortly described. A time-domain gating algorithm is then implemented to remove the unwanted reflections and obtain the isolated response of the target. The measurements are performed in the X band as a function of the viewing angle for vertical transmit and receive polarization. The results are compared to numerical simulation using the Integral Solver (I-Solver) of CST.


By simulation the soil's stress state around the foundation during excavation,the related stress path tests has been carried out on the true triaxial apparatus,in which the soil's deformation characteristics is studied.According to its characteristics,the soil's deformation is simulated by FEM and results are approached to the engineering.


The paper deals with various approaches to treatment of modern commercial advertisement. The author analyzes various sociological constructs that allow studying of the phenomenon of commercial adverts and defining the role of this type of social activity in different areas of scientific thought.


A 22 year old male patient with a combination of three dermatoses: perioral dermatitis, atopic dermatitis and acne vulgaris constitutes an interesting clinical case, which we would like to present in this article. Having observed the patient for more than two years, we gained a set of data, noteworthy for the field of dermatology. In case of perioral dermatitis, the use of cosmetics and detergents, toothpaste containing fluoride, ointments containing glucocorticoids should be avoided. Topical corticosteroids have proven effective against atopic dermatitis. Should topical corticosteroids, such as hydrocortisone fail to take effect, a short-term treatment with topical calcineurin inhibitors like tacrolimus or pimecrolimus might be considered. In the case at hand, a treatment with retinoids proved to be remedy of choice against


A Markov control process is an important model for performance optimization in stochastic discrete event dynamic systems, and is widely used in many practical engineering problems. Based on the theory of Markov performance potential, the problems of performance optimization simulation for a class of continuous-time Markov control processes are studied. Since the state space of an actual system is often very large, when applying traditional serial simulation algorithms, long time is possibly spent, or it is impossibly realized because of hardware. A parallel simulation optimization algorithm based on performance potentials is proposed to find the optimal stationary policy of a system. A simulation example shows that the algorithm can achieve high speedup. The algorithm can be used in optimization for large-scale practical systems.


This paper examines the relationship between investment bank participation in public debt exchange offers by financially distressed firms and the composition of the offer. Investment banks negotiate with bondholders on behalf of the firm, act as dealer manager for the exchange, promote the offer, and solicit tenders. We find that the structure of exchange offers is significantly related to whether an investment bank participates as an intermediary. Exchange offers with investment bank participation are characterized by significantly greater debt reduction and significantly less senior debt offered to bondholders. Investment bank participation is negatively related to the ratio of commercial bank debt relative to total debt, but positively related to commercial bank debt forgiveness. In general, the results suggest that investment banks and commercial banks perform both substitute and complementary roles in facilitating public debt exchange offers.


Various laser interferometric techniques successfully applied inmedical andindustrial diagnostic sectors notyetfully developed andadjusted inthefield ofconservation ofCultural Heritage arebeing considered. The drawback isthateachtechnique implies distinct operation characteristics solving specific problems that cannot correspond tothecomplexity ofdiagnostic problems involved inthefield ofCultural Heritage. Assuchthefragmented applicability obstructs their transfer tothenew demanding field ofapplication. Therefore theproject objective istointegrate complementary advantages oftechniques based on thesame fundamental physical principles inone system-device capable toprovide thedesirable flexibility offunction and standardised operation providing auser-friendly on-field transportable system asauniversal structural diagnostic tool forCultural Heritage applications. Structural diagnostics inartconservation lacks novel alternative tools anditisassumed thatthis essential advance will allow andpromotethewideuseoflaser diagnostic techniques inartconservation discipline enhancing bothfields. Theproject involving nine partners from sevenEuropean countries among which areSMEsandendusers is inits third andfinal yearandspecific results will beprovided andshown.


High contrast and high spatial resolution images of weld pools were obtained using a camera with 1/2000 s shutter speed. Welds were produced by a cw CO2 laser in the power range of 2 - 3.3 kW, and translation velocities 750 - 3000 mm/min. An argon ion laser was used as an illumination source to obtain an image of the melt surface. A 30 nm bandwidth interference filter centered at 514 nm and placed in the optics of the camera attenuated the background light emitted by the near surface plume. Prior to the experiments, a photograph of the print of a low power, 3 ms CO2 laser pulse on a plexiglass surface was made. The superposition of the plexiglass print and weld pool images showed the location of the center of the welding laser beam within the weld pool. The existence of a keyhole was observed for the case of welding SS304 stainless steel. Under processing conditions typical for industrial applications (laser power ∽ 2 - 3 kW, translation speed ∽ 1000 - 3000 mm/min), the center of the keyhole opening was located at some distance down the melt pool relative to the center of the laser beam. For these conditions, the diameters of the keyhole opening were such that, for the 190 μm laser beam radius at 1/e 2 intensity level, only the front portion of the keyhole wall was exposed to the laser beam. For lower power settings (∽ 2kW) and low translation velocities (∽750 mm/min) the center of keyhole opening coincided with the center of the laser beam, and the keyhole radius was approximately the same as the laser beam radius, so the that entire surface of the keyhole wall was exposed to the laser beam. An investigation of aluminum welding under the same conditions showed that a depression, with dimension comparable to the weld width, appears on the melt surface, and a keyhole develops intermittently.High contrast and high spatial resolution images of weld pools were obtained using a camera with 1/2000 s shutter speed. Welds were produced by a cw CO2 laser in the power range of 2 - 3.3 kW, and translation velocities 750 - 3000 mm/min. An argon ion laser was used as an illumination source to obtain an image of the melt surface. A 30 nm bandwidth interference filter centered at 514 nm and placed in the optics of the camera attenuated the background light emitted by the near surface plume. Prior to the experiments, a photograph of the print of a low power, 3 ms CO2 laser pulse on a plexiglass surface was made. The superposition of the plexiglass print and weld pool images showed the location of the center of the welding laser beam within the weld pool. The existence of a keyhole was observed for the case of welding SS304 stainless steel. Under processing conditions typical for industrial applications (laser power ∽ 2 - 3 kW, translation speed ∽ 1000 - 3000 mm/min), the center of the keyhole opening was l...


Video streaming technologies are becoming immensely important with the growth of the multimedia technology. With streaming, the end user can start watching the file almost as soon as it begins downloading. Security becomes a key problem to be handled when your valuable multimedia assets are floating over the network. This paper presents the key management and encryption mechanisms on the Video (Motion Picture + Sound) streams on un-trusted client-server network. As Network data Security is a burning issue and dominates the communication systems today, we present a novel security scheme, named as SVS (Secure Video Streaming) to securely transfer the valuable multimedia video streams on the un-trusted network using the authorization, key management, encryption, packetization and authentication schemes. The process of authorization is done by allowing the network access to only authorized users, keys are generated through DH (Diffie-Hellman) key exchange mechanism, AES (Advance Encryption Standard) algorithm is used for data encryption, and then encrypted data is embedded into the SRTP (Secure Real-Time Transport Protocol) header. The SRTCP (Secure Real-Time Transport


Although the function of the low-affinity neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR) has not yet been clearly established, there is increasing evidence to suggest that it may play a role in determining cell viability independent of an interaction with Trk receptors. In the present study, the ability of both neurotrophins and antibodies against the p75NTR to rescue differentiated PC12 cells from apoptotic death induced by serum withdrawal was examined. The results demonstrate that both nerve growth factor and a polyclonal antibody to the p75NTR effectively rescued cells from apoptosis. In contrast, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, a monoclonal p75NTR antibody (192-IgG), and non-immune IgG failed to rescue the differentiated PC12 cells. These results support the hypothesis that the p75NTR can mediate survival of differentiated PC12 cells after removal of trophic support independent of Trk receptor activity. These data also demonstrate that occupancy of p75NTR only by specific ligands results in protection against cell death invoked by removal of trophic support. This may be due to select activation of specific intracellular cascades which are modulated by p75NTR in a ligand-specific manner. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.