• This research was done as part of Tejas Vithani's Master's dissertation at BITS Pilani, Dubai Campus • This research was inspired by a project sponsored by Igenus, Chicago, IL. • Deep gratitude to Mr Ariful Huq, Juniper for kindly presenting our work given our inability to personally present at the conference.


Preclinical molecular imaging of cancer has the potential to increase the understanding of fundamental cancer biology, elucidate mechanisms of cancer treatment resistance, and increase effectiveness of drug candidates. Optical and magnetic resonance imaging contain complementary strengths, suitable for gaining a wealth of knowledge when combined. Here, we demonstrate the inherent contrast sensitivity of single walled carbon nanotubes to absorption based photothermal optical coherence tomography (PT-OCT), and magnetic resonance imaging spin dephasing contrast (T2). A spectral-domain OCT system was interfaced with an amplitude-modulated (100 Hz) titanium sapphire pump beam for PT-OCT imaging. MRI was performed with a commercial 4.7 T animal scanner. With both imaging tools, contrast agent signal linearity (r2 > 0.95) and nM sensitivity over background (p < 0.05) was experimentally determined with serially dilute solutions of carbon nanotubes coated in amine-terminated polyethylene glycol. The surface functionalization chemistry for carbon nanotubes is well understood, and molecular targeting has been demonstrated in vitro and in vivo, making carbon nanotubes an attractive agent for molecular imaging in preclinical models. We have demonstrated the initial characterization steps for using carbon nanotubes for multi-modality imaging with PT-OCT and MRI.


It is time for dialogue. This issue of Quality in Higher Education is unusual as it includes two Forum pieces and two articles that question current quality monitoring processes and are likely to provoke a response about developments in `quality'. The editor welcomes Forum contributions to future issues. Readers are also invited to contribute responses, however brief, to Forum pieces or articles. The more dialogue we can generate, at a time when quality processes in higher education are being called into question, the better. `Quality' has ceased being about the process of higher education itself and has become a pseudonym for the process of monitoring what higher education institutions do to ensure quality. `Quality' is becoming taken for granted and is in danger of being just another bureaucratic procedure. It is time to confront fundamental questions about quality, which will be the purpose of an international, two-day seminar in Birmingham, UK, in May 2001 (see http://www.qualityresearchinternational.com for details). The seminar, The End of Quality?, will bring together delegates from around the world to discuss the future direction and nature of quality in higher education. The focus will be on facilitated discussions augmented by keynotes and short parallel presentations. There will be three main themes:


In this paper, a low-cost power control for LCC series-parallel inverters with resonant current mode control for high intensity discharge (HID) lamps is presented. These resonant inverters require controlling the power supplied to the lamp in order to avoid exceeding the maximum lamp power recommended by the lamp manufacturer. The classical control method measures the lamp voltage and current and they are multiplied analogically, obtaining the lamp power consumption measure. This control circuitry results very complex due to the lamp voltage and current wide variations range during ignition and discharge processes. Assuming a regulated input dc voltage (bus voltage) provided by the power factor correction (PFC) pre-regulator and an inverter constant efficiency along the lamp aging, the lamp power consumption may be estimated and regulated properly measuring the inverter average input current. Also, the small-signal analysis performed allows obtaining the small-signal resonant inverter input impedance and studying the connection stability between PFC pre-regulator and inverter. The inverter small-signal analysis has been performed and an electronic ballast prototype for 250-W HPS lamps has been implemented and tested verifying the low-cost lamp power control method proposed.


Temperature dependent Hall (TDH) effect measurements have been performed on three virgin and hydrothermally grown ZnO samples with resistivities between ∼5 and ∼200 Ω cm at room temperature. The electrical conduction observed experimentally in the temperature range of 330–70 K can be accurately described by three donor levels with positions 41–48, 60–66, and ∼300 meV below the conduction band edge (EC) and an acceptor level in the lower part of the energy band gap (EG). Correlation of the TDH data with results from secondary ion mass spectrometry and admittance spectroscopy on the same samples suggests a rather firm association of the intermediate donor level with complexes involving Al impurities, while the shallowest one is tentatively ascribed to H-related centers. A large fraction of the deep donor remains nonionized in the temperature range studied and contributes substantially to the neutral-impurity-scattering of the conducting electrons. A detailed analysis of the TDH data, using the relaxation ti...


Information technologies occupy a solid platform in the development of banking system. Creation of qualitative products and increase of the speed of servicing is impossible without IT.


Seven new species of Gymnopria Loiacono from Brazil are described and illustrated: Gymnopria clavata, G. coriacea, G. distinguenda, G. elongata, G. masneri, G. minima and G. pilosa. A generic redescription of Gymnopria and a key to species are given. A cladistic analysis of the nine known species, using Szelenyiopria Fabritius to root the tree, resulted in four most parsimonious cladograms, the preferred is (Szelenyiopria (G. masneri ((G. minima - G. elongata) ((G. distinguenda - G. clavata) (G. pilosa (G. coriacea (G. lucens - G. pampeana))))))).


Sukhavati is a decentralized cloud service network focused on storage. At the consensus layer, it provides a secure and low-consumption consensus ledger based on the Proof-of-Capacity (PoC) mechanism. At the storage layer, it makes full use of the advantages of the hardware-based Trusted Execution Environment (TEE) technology and designs a new decentralized storage verification mechanism: Efficient Proof-of-Spacetime (EPoSt), which enables a significant number of small network storage devices to participate in the network and provide trusted computing resources. Based on these infrastructures, Sukhavati will build a decentralized data access gateway that covers both Web3.0 and Web2.0 storage services and that provides unified data storage, retrieval, and management services that can meet various local compliance requirements for Web3.0 applications. The mission of Sukhavati Network is to inspire and incentivize improvements to the distributed storage ecosystem, promote it as the true infrastructure of the next-generation Internet, and expand a wide range of application scenarios for the implementation of the Web3.0 vision.


Examples of 'plagiarism' and 'piracy' are explored in the context of copyright legislation, and the practical role of 'fair dealing' is examined. The article shows how a tension exists at the heart of copyright: that between the 'right of protection' and the 'right of communication'. It argues that this tension produces a business dynamic which publishers can exploit to their advantage and which means that piracy (even, and perhaps especially, in the electronic realm) can be regarded more as an opportunity than as a threat.


The purpose of this study is to estimate an ecological park's use values and to show the statistical relationship between emotional/psychological determinants and visitors' willingness to pay (WTP). The study employs the contingent valuation method (CVM) to elicit the park's economic values. CVM, however, has been criticized due to potential exaggeration bias, so this study attempts to reduce this bias by reaffirming visitors' "yes" responses. Results demonstrate a more conservative WTP, and show that sense of place meanings did not have a significant relationship with respondents' WTP but satisfaction did influence people's willingness to pay for an ecological park experience.


The invention belongs to the field of ultraviolet curable new materials and particularly relates to a protective and decorative coating system for solid wood boards such as solid wood floorings, multilayer solid wood boards, bamboo floorings, reinforced composite floorings, furniture and the like. The invention provides a high-wear-resistance antiscratch and antifouling solid wood board ultraviolet curable coating system, which is abbreviated as 3N UV coating system coating. The high-wear-resistance antiscratch and antifouling solid wood board ultraviolet curable coating system consists of UVundercoat, UV wear-resistance topcoat and UV antifouling topcoat. Soft and hard or hard and soft alternating coating is performed according to the hardness and flexibility of films formed by the UV undercoat, the UV wear-resistance topcoat and the UV antifouling topcoat are coated, under the action of a photoinitiator, the UV wear-resistance topcoat and the UV antifouling topcoat are cured by ultraviolet to form films respectively, and thus, soft and hard alternating multilayer coating film structures with different flexibilities and high interlayer adhesive force are formed and the characteristics of high wear resistance, high scratch resistance and high fouling resistance are realized.


Objective: To determine the socio-demographic factors, responsible for poor treatment of diabetes mellitus in patients with uncontrolled diabetes Methodology: This cross-sectional study was conducted at BHU Inayat Pur, with six months duration from November 2016 to April 2017. All the patients with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, poor treatment history either gender were included in the study. All the selected patients were interviewed in the OPD regarding socio-demographic characteristics. Patients were also interviewed regarding reasons of poor treatment. All the responsible socio-demographic factors were recorded in the proforma. Results: Total 65 patients were selected and mean age of the patients was 47.34+6.11 years. Male were found in the majority 40(61.5%). Mostly patients 42(64.6%) were presented with poor socioeconomic condition. The poor socioeconomic status was the main responsible factor found in 17(26.2%) patient, followed by no available family physicians 03(04.6%), can 't travel to health facilities 05(07.7%), no any care taker 03(04.6%), under Homeo treatment 06(09.2%), 06(09.2%) don't continue treatment due to ignorance and eat everything in sweet. 14(36.9%) cases said that they can't take drugs for long time, 07(10.7% ) were not under proper treatment due to relative advises, while 04(06.1%) said doctor advised them insulin but they can't afford. Conclusion: It is concluded that poor socio-economic status, drugs use for long time and ignorance are frequent responsible factors for poor treatment of diabetes mellitus.


ABSTRACT In this article I discuss how drug counselling can be transformed through "aesthetic documentation": a hybrid of art with narrative practice. After outlining the concepts of performance and standards, and a critique of "customising" counselling through formalised feedback, five claims are made about "aesthetic documentation": The art works are prototypes rather than rigid standardisations; they represent collaboration rather than individualised performance; they both display and enact substantial meaning; they objectify and achieve recognition of clients and professionals; they facilitate flexible, diverse and transformative attributions of meaning and value; they address social problems rather than individualised malfunctions. This may help overcoming stigmatisation, and suggest a kind of trans-disciplinary knowledge that is different from the dominant scientific forms.


As a participant in the Dorothy Danforth Compton Fellowship Program, Mary was able to leave her career in banking to pursue a teaching career. She was one of fifty mid-career changers who was selected to participate in the structured, year-long alternative certification program. After teaching for one month in a seventh grade classroom, Mary was ready to leave the teaching field. She was overwhelmed with the reality of inspiring and managing her students on a day–to-day basis. She believed that having a mentor assigned to her was a major factor in her deciding not to quit her first teaching job. Mary explained:


Development of commercial CMOS-based technologies and derivatives is aimed at high-volume production objectives that justify the very significant development and capital expenditures required. Novel materials and device concepts developed at universities, on the other hand, typically lack access to state-of-the-art 300mm wafer-processing capabilities required for rapid insertion of such ideas into mainstream manufacturing. The College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering (CNSE) in Albany (New York) provides an environment that bridges the gap between university research opportunities and manufacturing implementation. Here we describe two new options for commercial engagement at CNSE. Over the past decade, New York State has executed a strategic investment plan to position itself as a global leader in nanotechnology commercialization. Currently, the main cleanroom (see Figure 1) is populated with a complete tool set capable of developing both CMOS technologies with feature sizes of 15nm and low-volume earlyuser hardware production at more mature technology nodes (e.g., 65nm). Our lithography tool set features production-grade equipment, including immersion single-pass (ASML 1700i), immersion double-patterning (ASML 1950i), extreme-UV (EUV), e-beam, and imprint lithography. CNSE features an ASML Alpha Demo Tool (ADT). A future expansion that will include manufacturing-grade EUV tools is under consideration. This will take the college's production-worthy lithography capability beyond the 15nm node. While leading-edge process elements are being developed at the 22nm technology node and beyond, we are also offering customized research and development of process features and derivatives, integrated into a fully design-enabled CMOS Figure 1. Main cleanroom facility at the College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering (CNSE), featuring >50,000ft2 contiguous ballroomstyle cleanroom.


We investigated the variability in spatial pattern of some structural, dendrochronological and dendroclimatological features of a mixed Larix decidua-Pinus cembra forest at the timberline in the eastern Italian Alps at fine geographical and temporal scales. Forest structure variables such as stem diam- eter, tree height, age and tree-ring related parameters (yearly growth index, mean sensitivity, first order autocorrelation and some dendroclimatic variables) have been compared at vari- ous scale levels. We observed that most of the variables show positive autocorrelated structures due to both forest dynamics and fine-scale driving forces, probably related to microrelief. Spatial structure of yearly indexed radial growth appears sensitive to extreme climatic events. Secondary succession after past disturbances drives the forest towards a structure governed by a gap regeneration dynamics that seems to ensure the different requirements of the two main tree species present. Small spatial scale studies of forest structures, especially if integrated to dendro-ecological data, seem an efficient tool to assess the disturbance regime and species sensitivity to envi- ronmental change.


Unified approach to methods for decentralized control of the interacting multivariable systems without knowledge of system model is presented. Common basis of these methods is knowledge of stability limit, which is obtained experimentally by a relay autotuning method. These methods may be interpreted as methods which solve system of similar nonlinear equations with various numbers of unknown parameters. Control simulations are performed on 2 × 2 and 3 × 3 systems, and some recommendations for practical applications are given on the basis of these simulations.


David's Telemachus and Eucharis is traditionally seen as a light mythology. Yet the work invites awareness of the didactic and historical implications of representing Fénelon's Télémaque, written for Louis XIV's heir over a century before. Fénelon's widely read pedagogical text was viewed by the philosophes and other writers as having announced the reforms of the Enlightenment and the Revolution. Produced in exile under the Restoration, David's Telemachus is the work of a moraliste observing his vulnerable hero caught between passion and reason, and of an aging painter reflecting on history's cycles and the slow accumulation of wisdom through experience.


Summary & ConclusionsA newly developed data analysis methodology drawing upon statistics, probability and reliability theory and Monte Carlo simulation uses event interval probabilities to recognize real reliability degradation in a system with random variation in the data. The analysis method uniquely allows a complete probabilistic analysis with a dataset as small as one; therefore, it is useful for systems requiring high reliability where system failures must be few. It has been shown capable of avoiding failures such as those leading to the Boeing 737 MAX crashes with the 346 fatalities and tens of billions of dollars in economic loss [1]. The purpose of this paper is to encourage use of the analysis method in the future – not only in commercial aviation but other applications. The 737 MAX datasets provide an opportunity to illustrate both the method and value of the data analysis.Updated datasets for the Boeing 737 MAX crash events and precursor events are analyzed and results presented. Aspects of the analysis methodology applied to the 737 MAX have been presented in various papers since 2020 [1], [2], [3], using the best data and estimates that were assembled at that time. Here we consolidate the applicable elements of the analysis method with results in one paper, using current best publicly available raw data for the analysis. The event interval probability (EIP) analysis input data used is that which was available at the time of the crash or precursor. A precursor event is a relatively minor event that can be an early warning of an impending major event such as a crash. The 737 MAX precursor is "sustained stick-shaker activation".The unreliability of the 737 MAX is identified upon the first crash with a probability of 0.02202 that the event could be random variation of a fleet that is as reliable as the worldwide fleet. This p-value rejects a null hypothesis and unreliability distributions – departures to crash distributions – allows risk to be quantified. The distributions are formed with Monte Carlo simulations to solve a math problem – not computer simulation in the normal sense of evaluating a model. The probability of a crash within the nine days to an air worthiness directive incurred a risk with expected value of approximately 23.0 fatalities.Upon the second crash, the probability of the events occurring in such a short number of departures by random chance is 0.00084. With the null hypothesis rejected, the risk associated with continued operation of the unreliable fleet for three days before grounding, considering all the fleet flying, is about 7.9 fatalities. This high risk is due to a currently unrecognized long left tail of the unreliability distribution. Because of high fatality risk within even short intervals, the risk of uncorrected continuation in-service should be quantified immediately upon any serious event with low p-values.The first sustained stick-shaker activation precursor occurred on October 28, 2018. Input data for this precursor is calculated from publicly available sources. EIP analysis could recognize the event as a statistical outlier and provide an opportunity to avoid even the first crash. The probability of the precursor is 0.0235 before a Bayesian-like prior probability is applied. The final probability adjusted for the prior information is 0.0148. This low p-value would alert to the event interval being a statistical outlier signaling need for investigation. This would provide another opportunity to recognize a possible reliability issue, ground the problem aircraft, and investigate. If action on this precursor had been taken, it is possible to have avoided the first crash. An appreciation for the importance of precursors is a prerequisite to their analysis.


Latin hypercube method is one of the Design of Experiment (DoE) methods in generating experiments. It generates a distribution of plausible collections of
parameter values. This study utilize latin hypercube method and applied it in waterflooding scenario in Field – X. Field – X has been produced since 1949 and has been developed until March 2010 with 283 wells. This study interest is in one of several productive zones from this field which is zone P/1050. Until March 2010, the cumulative oil produced from this zone is 9.6% from 52 MMSTB OOIP with only rely on natural depletion. Reservoir 3D model for this zone is used for production forecasting with the influence of water injection. The model becomes a base case to observe the injection sensitivity using Design of Experiment (DoE). The full scale waterfloding scenario has 27 injector wells, where 5 of them had been already operated as injector wells. These wells are divided into 4 groups base on their
location. The parameters to experiment are injection rate and starting injection time started for each group.
The result of DoE shows that starting injection time is the most influence factor in recovery variation. Moreover refining the range of each factor in the DoE can be a useful approach to the optimization problem. The maximum recovery factor is 18.04%, showing an incremental recovery 8.45% for 20 years forecasting.


Amorphous CoSnO3@C nanoboxes have been synthesized by thermal annealing of CoSn(OH)6 nanoboxes, followed by carbon nanocoating. Benifiting from the unique structure, they exhibit exceptional long-term cycling stability over 400 cycles for highly reversible lithium storage.


Characterization of leaf physiology is an important step for understanding the ecophysiology of a crop as well as for developing a process-based crop simulation model. We determined photosynthetic and transpiration responses to photosynthetic photon flux (PPF), carbon dioxide concentrations, and temperature, and parameterized a coupled leaf gas-exchange model for hardneck garlic (Allium sativum). The parameterized model performed with high accuracy and precision in predicting photosynthetic responses [r = 0.95, bias = 1.7 mmol m s, root mean square error (RMSE) = 2.4 mmol m s] when tested against independent data that were not used for model calibration. The model performance for transpiration rates was less satisfactory (r = 0.49, bias = –0.14 mmol m s, RMSE = 0.94 mmol m s). In addition, we characterized the relationships among chlorophyll meter readings, leaf photosynthetic capacity (Amax), and leaf nitrogen content in garlic leaves. The chlorophyll meter readings were a reasonable indicator of both Amax (r 2 = 0.61) and leaf nitrogen (N) status (r = 0.51) for garlic leaves we studied. The garlic leaf gas-exchange model developed in this study can serve as a key component in ecophysiological crop models for garlic. Similarly, the quantitative relationship identified between chlorophyll meter readings and Amax in this study can provide useful information for non-destructively assessing leaf photosynthetic capacity in garlic. With a long history of cultivation, garlic is an important food crop that has been incorporated into cuisines around the world. As of 2010, the crop was cultivated on 1.3 million hectares worldwide with total production reaching more than 22 million megagrams (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2010). In addition, garlic has been used medicinally for millennia (Rivlin, 2001) as a health supplement (Stevinson et al., 2000) and at times a panacea (Kik et al., 2001). There exists a rich literature detailing garlic botany and horticulture (Engeland, 1994; Kamenetsky, 2007), especially regarding nutrient (Bertoni et al., 1992; Buwalda, 1986b) and water inputs (Villalobos et al., 2004). Previous studies have made valuable contributions in modeling canopy responses using radiation use efficiency and water use efficiency in garlic (Rizzalli et al., 2002; Villalobos et al., 2004). Building on these efforts, a mechanistic crop simulation model that integrates the current knowledge of physiology and ecology of this important crop will improve our ability to enhance garlic yield and quality for health benefits, optimize crop management decisions, and develop adaptation strategies to reduce climate change impacts and vulnerability. Crop models are essential tools for assessing climate impacts on crops, assisting crop breeding and management decisions, forecasting crop yield for policy and economic decisions, and developing adaptive cropping solutions in a changing climate as recently illustrated by Chen et al. (2011). Because leaves are a fundamental unit for carbon uptake and water use, a leaf physiology module is a critical component that, when built into a full crop simulation model, can be scaled to the canopy level. Leaf physiology models simulating photosynthesis and transpiration are at the core of process-based crop models for accurate predictions of crop biomass accumulation, allocation, and yield formation (Kim and Lieth, 2003; Lizaso et al., 2005). Coupled leaf gas-exchange models of photosynthesis and transpiration are a useful modeling approach in that they mechanistically interface carbon, water, and energy balances governing physical, biochemical, and physiological processes involved in leaf gas exchange (Kim and Lieth, 2003). These models have become essential tools for assessing climate impacts on forest and other ecosystems (e.g., Thornton et al., 2002) and for studying biosphere–atmosphere interactions (Krinner et al., 2005). However, most crop simulation models have yet to adopt the coupled model approach with a few exceptions (e.g., Da Silva et al., 2011; Kim et al., 2012). To build a leaf physiology model, it is critical to characterize photosynthetic responses to a wide range of key environmental factors including PPF, CO2, and temperature. However, limited information is available on garlic leaf physiology in the literature. Garlic has moderate to high N demand with an estimate of 80 to 170 kg ha in California (Rosen and Tong, 2001) or 120 kg ha in New Zealand as an optimal level (Buwalda, 1986a). A nondestructive optical method using a chlorophyll meter (e.g., SPAD 502; Konica Minolta, Ramsey, NJ) is useful in determining crop nutrient status (e.g., N) without destructively harvesting plants. For example, chlorophyll meters have been widely used for assessing plant N status in various agronomic and horticultural crops such as corn [Zea mays (Yang et al., 2012)], rice [Oryza sativa (Peng et al., 1999)], apple [Malus pumila (Neilsen et al., 1995)], and potato [Solanum tuberosum (Uddling et al., 2007)]. In many crops, chlorophyll meter readings are closely related to leaf N status but this relationship Received for publication 6 Nov. 2012. Accepted for publication 21 Dec. 2012. This work was supported by Cooperative Research Program for Agricultural Science & Technology Development (Project No. PJ006403), Rural Development Administration, Republic of Korea. We thank Zeesoo Han for her assistance with data collection and crop management, and Drew Zwart and Hannah Kinmonth-Schultz for helpful comments on earlier drafts of the manuscript. Corresponding author. E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com. J. AMER. SOC. HORT. SCI. 138(2):149–156. 2013. 149 can also be shifted by other macroand micronutrients such as phosphorus and boron (Peng et al., 1999; Sotiropoulos et al., 2006). Chlorophyll meter readings may be used as a surrogate for leaf photosynthetic capacity if these readings can reflect leaf senescence and nutritional status that determine the functioning of photosynthetic apparatus. A method that links chlorophyll meter readings with leaf photosynthetic capacity may provide a practical yet mechanistic method to determine crop photosynthesis as a surrogate of production potential. In this study, we characterized photosynthetic and transpiration responses of garlic leaves and applied the results to parameterize a coupled leaf gas-exchange model developed by Kim and Lieth (2003). This model was developed for cut-flower rose (Rosa ·hybrida), but has been extended to and adopted for other crop models such as potato (Fleisher et al., 2010), peach [Prunus persica (Da Silva et al., 2011)], rose (Buck-Sorlin et al., 2011), cucumber [Cucumis sativus (Wiechers et al., 2011)], and Scaevola aemula (Kim et al., 2007). Specifically, the aims of our study were to 1) evaluate photosynthetic responses of garlic leaves to light, temperature, and CO2; 2) parameterize a coupled gas-exchange model for garlic leaves; and 3) test the model performance against an independent data set not used for parameterization. We also tested if and how chlorophyll meter readings are related to photosynthetic capacity and leaf N content during senescence in garlic leaves. This study fills a gap in our knowledge of garlic ecophysiology that is fundamental for developing a mechanistic, processbased crop model. Materials and Methods PLANT MATERIALS. Ninety seed cloves of an Asiatic hardneck garlic (cv. Japanese Mountain) purchased from Filaree Garlic Farm (Okanogan, WA) were planted at a density of 18.5 plants/ m in three raised beds (1.8 m long · 1.2 m wide · 0.4 m high) at the Center for Urban Horticulture, University of Washington Table 1. List of symbols and the estimates of the model parameters used for garlic in the present study. Symbol Description Units Estimate ± SE A Leaf net CO2 assimilation rate. A is determined by the minimum of Ac, Aj, and Ap minus dark respiration rate (Rd) [i.e., A = min(Ac,Aj,Ap) – Rd] mmol m s Ac Rubisco-limited CO2 assimilation rate mmol m s Aj Electron transport-limited CO2 assimilation rate mmol m s Amax Light saturated A at ambient Ca (@400 mmol mol) mmol m s Ap Triose phosphate utilization-limited CO2 assimilation rate mmol m s b Residual gS to water vapor. Also known as g0 mol m s 0.096 Ca Atmospheric CO2 concentration mmol mol Ci CO2 concentration in intercellular air spaces mmol mol E Leaf transpiration rate mmol m s gs Stomatal conductance to water vapor mol m s Kc Michaelis-Menten constant of Rubisco for CO2 mmol m s Ko Michaelis-Menten constant of Rubisco for O2 mmol m s 404.9 J Rate of electron transport mmol m s 278.4 Jm25 Potential rate of electron transport at 25 C mmol m s 169.0 ± 10.30 Jmax Potential rate of electron transport mmol m s m Empirical coefficient for the sensitivity of gS to A, CO2, and relative humidity. Also known as g1. — 6.82 ± 0.36 Pu25 Rate of triose phosphate utilization at 25 C mmol m s 16.03 ± 1.29 Rd Dark respiration rate. Same values used for day respiration rate. mmol m s Rd25 Rd at 25 C mmol m s 1.08 ± 0.13 Vcm25 Photosynthetic Rubisco capacity at 25 C mmol m s 108.4 ± 5.19 Vcmax Photosynthetic Rubisco capacity mmol m s G* CO2 compensation point in the absence of day respiration mmol mol 42.75 Temperature dependence parameters Ea Activation energy determining exponential rate increase before the peak for: Jmax kJ mol 24.0 ± 2.1 Kc kJ mol 79.43 Ko kJ mol 36.38 Pu kJ mol 47.1 Rd kJ mol 46.39 Vcmax kJ mol 52.16 ± 7.1 G* kJ mol 37.83 Hj Rate of Jmax decrease above the peak temperature kJ mol 200 Sj Entropy factor for Jmax J K mol 616.4 Other model parameters not specified here were used as in Kim and Lieth (2003). All parameters were determined in this study unless noted otherwise. Kim and Lieth (2003). Bernacchi et al. (2001). Medlyn et al. (2002). 150 J. AMER. SOC. HORT. SCI. 138(2):149–156. 2013. (Seattle) on 12 Dec. 2011. Two beds (Plots 1 and 2) were located at the mouth of Union Bay Natural Area and the third bed (Plot 3) was locat


Fine-Gray models specify the subdistribution hazards for one out of multiple competing risks to be proportional. The estimators of parameters and cumulative incidence functions under Fine-Gray models have a simpler structure when data are censoring-complete than when they are more generally incomplete. This paper considers the case of incomplete data but it exploits the above-mentioned simpler estimator structure for which there exists a wild bootstrap approach for inferential purposes. The present idea is to link the methodology under censoring-completeness with the more general right-censoring regime with the help of multiple imputation. In a simulation study, this approach is compared to the estimation procedure proposed in the original paper by Fine and Gray when it is combined with a bootstrap approach. An application to a data set about hospital-acquired infections illustrates the method.


In recent years,Russian small enterprises have gained a certain development.Until October 1,2004,Russian small businesses were 9525,500 in number and their output value,which accounted for ten percent of the GNP in 2004,increased gy twenty percent now.The development of the businesses came from improvement of Russia's macroeconomic environment and the Russian government attaching importance to the the enterprises.


Since the handover of Hong Kong to China in 1997,the SAR Government has promulgated a series of policy initiatives designed to enhance scientific and technological innovation,and has achieved remarkable results.This paper extracted the data of Hong Kong,Taiwan,Singapore and South Korea from 1997 to 2012 from several major evaluation reports recognized by the international community.These data are compared and analyzed in order to reveal the international evaluations and the evolution trend of Hong Kong in terms of scientific and technological innovation during the 15 years.Based on the advantages and disadvantages of Hong Kong's scientific and technological innovation capability,corresponding suggestions were put forward in the paper for the relevant departments and officers.


The provision of transition services to students with disabilities is a collaborative effort among school districts, vocational rehabilitation agencies and other service agencies. The South Carolina Vocational Rehabilitation Department has placed an emphasis on transition services for students with disabilities in recent years. Implementing effective programs is not a "one size fits all" approach, as there are currently 86 school districts in the state, each with differing levels of resources, differences in programmatic focus, and different approaches to decision-making. This requires a site-by-site approach to relationship building and program implementation.


Frequency-voltage scaling is an efficient technique to tackle the large power consumption of turbo decoders implemented in digital integrated circuits for wireless communications. In this paper, we propose a novel design approach that improves the efficacy of frequency-voltage scaling in turbo decoders. In particular, we present a turbo decoder based on an improved soft-output Viterbi algorithm (SOVA) and describe a VLSI implementation where we integrate the SOVA-specific large amount of short signal paths in a separate power domain. As opposed to the standard approach, where the voltage of the turbo decoder is scaled on a per-block basis, this optimization enables one to scale the voltage of the short signal paths more aggressively than the voltage of the timing-critical circuits. Silicon measurements of a fabricated proof-of-concept 180nm CMOS ASIC prototype optimized for 3GPP demonstrate that the presented SOVA-specific power domain partitioning enables additional power savings of 25% compared to the conventional block-level voltage scaling. These power savings can be extracted even at maximum operating frequency.


There is much deviation between the current theory,legislation and practice of the purpose of civil action in China.Such deviation not only affects the realization of the purpose of civil action,but also causes some cognitive confusion in the practice of civil action.Thus the theory,legislation and practice of the purpose of civil action must be guided from deviation to unification.Attention should be given to the realization of the unification of the theory,legislation and practice of the purpose of civil action in the modification of civil procedural law,the reform of judicial system,etc.


Ecdysone monosulfates (at C-2, C-3 and C-22) and ecdysone 2,22-disulfate were synthesised using sulfur trioxide triethylamine complex as sulfation agent. Direct sulfation of ecdysone afforded a mixture of various sulfates. Regioselective sulfation of ecdysone was achieved by utilizing temporary protection of hydroxy groups. The chromatographic behaviour of synthetic sulfates was compared with that of various other polar conjugates of ecdysone and 20-hydroxyecdysone. General rules to characterise ecdysteroid conjugates are proposed.


This paper is about the innovative future of service industries, with a focus on knowledge-intensive business services (KIBS). The authors discuss the unique characteristics of service industries, the effects of internet technology and standardization in the realm of globalization and the future global knowledge based society. The paper analyses the link between the assessment of KIBS – by both stakeholders and clients – and commensuration, which is defined as comparing different entities to a common metric and measurement. This conceptual paper argues that the temptation to 'quantify' the value of KIBS as if they were commodities in global free markets is mistaken and especially problematic in a knowledge based society and that the necessary conceptual framework will include commensuration and possibly concepts from the sociological study of exchange and gift-giving.


This paper proposes a new model which describes a circuit and its behavior by adopting a category theory. In this model, we define a new class of synchronous elements "comprehensive latches", and show that for any such comprehensive latch synchronous circuit, there is a state machine that behaves similarly to the circuit. That kind of isomorphism is well-known only for D-FlipFlop synchronous circuit, and our isomorphism is its generalization since comprehensive latches include D-FlipFlops. The key idea of our isomorphism is that a state machine is synchronized by a natural transformation (categorical term) in an analogous way of that circuit is synchronized by a synchronous element. D-Latches are also elements of our comprehensive latches, and thus, for a given D-Latch synchronous circuit, the isomorphism provides a state machine correspond to the circuit.


Summary
Lithostratigraphies and pollen stratigraphies are described for Flandrian deposits from three infilled kettle-holes near Callander, the Teith Valley, Perthshire. Differences between the sites, in terms of sediments and inferred hydroseral histories, are described, but broad similarities are recognized in inferred regional forest developments. The sites lie in a transitional zone between the Grampian Highlands, dominated by pine in the mid-Flandrian, and lowland southeast Scotland, where mixed deciduous woodlands prevailed. The data presented suggest that communities dominated by birch–hazel with oak and elm encroached into the Grampians along major valleys, such as that of the River Teith. The problem of defining the role of pine in Scottish vegetational history, and the implications of an 'Elm Decline' recognized at one of the sites, are discussed.


During the hydrof racturing experiments of the base rocks at Okabe Town, Shizuoka Prefecture, highly sensitive observations of the Acoustic Emissions (AE) were carried out in order to study the fracturing mechanism. A hydrophone, piezoelectric accelerometers and seismometers were used for the observations. A number of AE was observed by the hydrophone placed at the depth of 10 m in the boreholes. The results of the observation revealed the following characteristics of the AE, (1) predominant frequency of the initial motions is about 5 kHz and that of maximum amplitude is about 1. 5-2 kHz, (2) wave-form of the initial motions is very sharp and pulse-like, (3) the AEs are initiated a few seconds after the starting of the increase in water pressure, and (4) number of the AE is closely related to the pressure variation. These characteristics demonstrate that those AEs are caused by the hydrofracturing of the rocks. It is expected that extensive observations of the AE provide valuable data for the identification of the critical fracturing pressure, and for the basic investigation of the fracturing phenomena.


In view of the traditional particle filter algorithm cannot guarantee effective tracking in the case of target rotation or obscured. The study proposes a tracking method based on α-β-γ filter and particle filter. The algorithm uses α-β-γ filtering prediction position as the next frame image target candidate model of computing center of particle filter algorithm. The algorithm uses α-β-γ filtering prediction position as the next frame image target candidate model of computing center of particle filter. To reduce the number of iterations of particle filter algorithm, strengthen the real-time tracking of moving face. When detect the face is obscured, with α-β-γ filter prediction point as facial movement position, so as to realize the continuity of the movement. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm improves the traditional particle filter for real-time face tracking, enhancing the ability of anti-occlusion.


Theory of Constraints is an approach to production planning and control that emphasizes on the constraints to increase throughput. One of the applications in theory of constraints is product mix decision. This paper presents an alternative approach by using a goal programming to determine the product mix of the manufacturing system. The objective of this paper is to provide a methodology in order to make product mix decision. The key point of the proposed methodology is to allow decision makers to determine the importance of throughput and bottleneck machines via pair-wise comparison. Through an example, the inefficiency of theory of constraints in multiple bottleneck problems has been shown. Comparison of theory of constraints, linear programming and other methods has also been discussed to show the advantages of proposed method.


This paper introduces experimental teaching new method of opening experiment.It can not only make the student be free from the limit of the department and profession,but also expand the student's study space.It makes the use of the valid resources broadly and exerting the utilization of instrument equipment efficiently.They may design controllers through analyzing and simulating using matlab.Finally they can check up result.It has meaning to make design abilities of the student who participates in the experiment.


Aims Leaf age is an important factor affecting trait variation during ontogenetic development of plants. The variation of traits across a gradient of leaf ages can reflect the response of plants to environmental changes. Our aim was to investigate the variation of needle morphological traits of Pinus koraiensis at different needle ages and the influence of latitude and needle age on the correlation of morphological traits. Methods In this study, adult Korean pine ( Pinus koraiensis ) of four mixed broadleaved-Korean pine forests in northeast China was selected as the research object. We measured the leaf lifespan, as well as specific leaf area ( SLA ), leaf dry matter content ( LDMC ), needle density ( ND ) and needle volume ( NV ) of needles at different ages. The correlation between morphological traits of pine leaves was discussed and the effects of latitude and needle age on these correlations were examined. NV was opposite. The results showed that the variation and correlation of morphological traits were significantly influenced by latitude and needle age, the collaboration among these traits responded to the environmental changes at different latitudes, and the resource utilization strategies of needles were different in different ages.


The determination of bifurcation of equilibrium in micromachined elastic structures with liquid interface is posed as nonlinear boundary-value problems associated with spatially distributed models involving fluid forces. Explicit nonlinear algebraic equations for determining the bifurcation points associated with micromachined cantilever beam and membrane are derived. These equations permit bifurcation analysis involving any system parameter. It is shown that bifurcation of equilibrium in these structures is of the fold type. Numerical results are obtained for typical cantilever beam and membrane.


Actuators based on shape memory alloys (SMAs) have been developed to be used only in special applications. Therefore solutions based on SMAs generally cannot be transferred to other tasks. Focusing on the development for special applications has two important disadvantages. Firstly, the effort and costs reach a high level due to the individual development and secondly, for many companies the development of complex SMA-actuators turns out to be an insuperable barrier. Reasons for this are the complex characteristics and the missing simulation and design tools. In order to make statements about the functions and durability of the SMA-component, extensive tests need to be conducted. As a result there is a significant interest in providing SMA-actuator systems with complex and also variable functions. Modular systems allow a transfer to different areas of applications and they also lead to a reduction of variants. Using standardized components is an interesting opportunity to reduce the risk of individual development and the effort for single applications effectively. However, the increased system complexity of conventional modular systems is a problem (additional functions are required, e.g. the mechanical and electrical coupling of the modules). Apart from the conventional form of a modular system there is the possibility of a variable SMA-actuator system generated by standardized SMA-components which can be assembled to a stack system. The existing and unique potential of SMAs for function integration and therefore standardization can be used to its full extent. The aim of this paper is to show an application of such an SMA-actuator in stack design. Besides, the study presents the development process and the control concept of this actuator. An actuator system like this can be used in positioning solutions, for example. The task of this variable SMA-actuator is the conversion of a controller output variable into an exact displacement. The evidence of the realization of simple SMA-based actuators in modular design is provided with the development of this actuator system.Copyright © 2010 by ASME


In this note we provide a corrected statement for Theorem 2 of our article Ann. Inst. Henri Poincaré, Vol. 30, n° 2, 1994, pp. 197-21 1 . Dans cette note nous donnons une version corrigee du Theoreme 2 de notre article Ann. Inst. Henri Poincaré, Vol. 30, n° 2, 1994, p. 197-211. 1. In this note we correct an error found in [2]. We are thankful to Amir Dembo for pointing us to the problem. First of all, due to a transcription oversight, we gave incorrect bounds on P t), where Z is a standard normal variable. We refer the reader to page 49 of [ 1 ] for the correct bounds. The statement of Theorem 2 of [2] (wich is not used anywhere else in that paper) should be replaced by the following similar statement. Annales de l'Institut Henri Poincaré Probabilités et Statistiques 0246-0203 Vol. 31/95/04/$ 4.00/@ Gauthier-Villars 704 V. H. DE LA PENA THEOREM 2. Let be an arbitrary sequence of random variables. Assume that for a a-field is a G-conditionally independent sequence tangent to ~xi ~. Let Z be a normal random variable with mean zero and variance 1. Then, the inequality for some universal constant 0 A ~, and all x > 0, implies that for all x > 0, The proof of this is easy and follows in spirit the original proof given, after eliminating the use of the bounds on P t) and using Corollary 1 instead of Corollary 2. REFERENCES [1] Y. S. CHOW and H. TEICHER, Probability Theory. Springer-Verlag, New York, 1978. [2] V. H. de la PEÑA, A bound on the moment generating function of a sum of dependent variables with an application to simple random sampling without replacement. Ann. Inst. Henri Poincaré, Vol. 30, n° 2, 1994, pp. 197-211. Annales de l 'lnstitut Henri Poincaré Probabilités et Statistiques


Linda Krieger's paper in this volume relies on the concepts of "equal" and "special" rights, and I focus my attention upon the bivalent view of equality which justifies the creation of special rights. Krieger argues, I point out, that equality of effect is a fundamentally more just consideration than equality of treatment, and special rights allow disad-vantaged groups to achieve this equality of effect.


Thin Ir films were deposited onto clean (111) Si surfaces. The films were analysed by Rutherford backscattering and transmission electron microscopy and were shown to be continuous for film thicknesses as small as 0.5nm. The films contained internal stress as deposited and coiled up when the substrate was removed chemically. A four point probe was employed to measure the resistivity of the films as a function of film thickness. The resistivity increased with decreasing film thickness, from ∼35 micro-Ohm. cm for 160nm thick films to -190 micro-Ohm. cm for 0.5nm thick films. This increase in resistivity is shown to be consistent with theories of carrier transport in thin films.


This paper considers the solution of large-scale real-time optimization problems in the absence of precise knowledge of network connectivity in a distributed environment. The knowledge of the communication network is assumed to be unknown and the agents are faced with the task of ensuring that the system's unknown overall cost is minimized. Each agent can measure two unknown cost functions referred to as the local optimization cost and the local disagreement cost respectively. To tackle this problem, a distributed proportionalintegral extremum seeking control technique is proposed, one that solves both problems simultaneously. Included is a simulation example that shows the effectiveness of this technique.


Protein microarrays or proteome chips are potentially powerful tools for comprehensive analysis of protein‐protein interactions. In interaction analysis, a set of immobilized proteins is arrayed on slides and each slide is probed with a set of fluorescently labeled proteins. Here we have developed and tested an in vitro protein microarray, in which both arraying and probing proteins were prepared by cell‐free translation. The in vitro synthesis of fluorescently labeled proteins was accomplished by a new method: a fluorophore‐puromycin conjugate was incorporated into a protein at the C‐terminus on the ribosome. The resulting fluorescently labeled proteins were confirmed to be useful for probing protein‐protein interactions on protein microarrays in model experiments. Since the in vitro protein microarrays can easily be extended to a high‐throughput format and also combined with in vitro display technologies such as the streptavidin‐biotin linkage in emulsions method (Doi and Yanagawa, FEBS Lett. 1999, 457, 227–230), our method should be useful for large‐scale analysis of protein‐protein interactions.


The key to realize tractor visual navigation was obtained the actual three-dimensional coordinates of the corresponding points on the captured image. So the camera used to capture tractor tracks must be calibrated. In order to solve above problem, a camera calibration algorithm for tractor vision navigation was proposed. The algorithm which can meet the high real-time requirements of visual navigation was simple and accurate. The average error of camera calibration using this algorithm was 0.149157 pixels, the distortion coefficient was 0.184473, and the average calibration error was less than one thousandth.


Pitch detection algorithm is important feature in the speech processing algorithms. It can be used for speaker recognition, speech instruction of the hearing impaired ones, vocoder systems, discriminate normal and pathological voice etc. Hence robust and accurate determination of pitch is necessary. The paper involves determining pitch of the speech signal by the pitch detection algorithm — 1) Autocorrelation method, 2) Cepstrum Method, 3) Simplified Inverse Filtering Method 4) Data Reduction Method. A measurement is made on the pitch contours to explore how voice/acoustic parameter like fundamental frequency can determine person's health. The paper attempts to identify and classify the pathological voices from the normal voices using k-NN algorithm. The relative performance comparison is done in terms of accuracy and speed of operation of the above mentioned algorithms.


Objective To analyze the modes and rules of subcarinal lymph node metastasis in non-small cell lung cancer patients,and explore appropriate surgical dissection strategy of subcarinal lymph nodes for patients with non-small cell lung cancer.Methods The clinical data of 608 patients with non-small cell lung cancer who underwent lung resection and systematic lymph node dissection in Henan Cancer Hospital from September 2002 to October 2011 were analyzed retrospectively.There were 388 males and 220 females with an average age of 62.3(45-78)years.There were 122 patients with left upper lobe tumor,119 patients with left lower lobe tumor,158 patients with right upper lobe tumor,40 patients with right middle lobe tumor and 169 patients with right lower lobe tumor.Subcarinal lymph node metastasis was observed in 118 patients(19.4%).There were 244 patients with squamous carcinoma,285 patients with adenocarcinoma and 79 patients with other types of carcinoma.The relationship of subcarinal lymph node metastasis with tumor location,pathological types and clinicopathological characteristics were analyzed.Results There was statistical difference in subcarinal lymph node metastasis rate among different tumor locations(P=0.000).Subcarinal lymph node metastasis rate was the highest[45.8%(54/118)]in patients with right lower lobe tumor.For patients with different pathological types,subcarinal lymph node metastasis rate was the highest[55.9%(66/118)]in patients with adenocarcinoma,and then squamous carcinoma(P=0.034).Subcarinal lymph node metastasis rate increased with the increase in T staging,and patients with tumors located in the middle or lower lobe of the left or right lung had a significantly higher subcarinal lymph node metastasis rate than patients with upper lobe tumor.Conclusion Subcarinal lymph node metastasis rate are lower in patients with left or right upper lobe tumor,patients with squamous carcinoma whose clinical T staging is within cT1.


Homoploid hybrid speciation (HHS) has been historically considered as rare until the wide exploitation of genome sequences over the last few years. It is now widely believed that pervasive HHS was involved in the evolution of a wide range of plant and animal species (Mallet, 2007; Abbott et al., 2013; Sousa & Hey, 2013; Payseur & Rieseberg, 2016; Taylor & Larson, 2019). However, the majority of the reported cases of HHS have been deduced from analysis of sequence data only, while crucial evidence in support of such claims (including reproductive isolation between parental and hybrid lineages, and evidence of hybridization derived reproductive isolation) remains missing (Schumer et al., 2014).


Considers a multi-zone furnace where the furnace contains several heating zones, which can be driven separately. Discrete parts are transported on a conveyor belt through the furnace. They have different temperatures at the entrance of the furnace and have to be heated up in a certain manner to a fixed end temperature. Further, the distances between the discrete parts are varying. If the heating procedure in the furnace is only one part of a chain of procedures, another process is needed to equalize the material flow in order to minimize the buffer store. This can be obtained by tuning the conveyor belt velocity. So an event-driven problem has to be solved, where time-continuous procedures are also of importance. >


In this poster, I discuss the nature and importance of undergraduate research, and recent efforts by the Undergraduate Research Alliance.


Evaporation rainfall is one of the main causes of slope failure. Red clay belongs to special soil, and the failure mode of the slope is different from that of the general soil slope. In this paper, based on the theory of similarity simulation, a test model of red clay slope similar to the prototype is established in a certain proportion. Sensors are embedded in different positions of the slope to carry out the change rule of physical and mechanical indexes of the red clay slope under the condition of evaporation and rainfall. The results show that the water content of the slope increases during the rainfall period, the surface water content of the slope is obviously affected by the rainfall intensity, and the water content of the slope decreases in the drying period. Under the action of evaporation and rainfall, the internal temperature of slope is stable, and the surface temperature changes significantly. The pore water pressure of the top, shoulder and slope changes little with the times of evaporation and rainfall, and the pore water pressure at the foot of slope is obviously affected by evaporation and rainfall. Evaporation rainfall causes obvious horizontal displacement of red clay slope. The earth pressure increases in the rainfall period and decreases in the static and dry periods. With the increase of evaporation rainfall times, the earth pressure increases gradually.


A disc type solar Stirling heat and power cogeneration device substantially comprises a Stirling generator 1, a heat supply tube 2, a heat absorber 3, a disc condenser 4 and a heat storage device 5. Heat storage materials of the heat storage device include paraffin or molten salt, and hot fluids in the heat supply tube include air, water, steam or heat transfer oil. The disc condenser adopts a double-axis tracking means to constantly collect solar radiation to a heat absorption face at the bottom of the heat absorber, part of the absorbed heat is used for the Stirling generator to generate power, other part of the heat is used for heating the hot fluids in the heat absorber while the heat is supplied outward through a pipeline or the heat is stored in the heat storage device, and outward heat supply is carried on when necessary.


Background And Objectives: In India, it has been recognised that gallstones and gallbladder cancer are common in the Gangetic belt comprising of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal, and Assam. States in South India do not have a high incidence of these diseases. Aim: The present study was done to describe an extensive quantitative chemical analysis of gallstones and to find the association of gallstones with age distribution and also to compare this finding with previous workers. In this study we analysis the cholesterol, triglycerides, phospholipids, bilirubin, bile acids, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium,and oxalates in 3 different types of gallstones. Methods: Total 43 gallstones were collected from surgical operation and quantative analysis of these gallstones was done in the department of Biochemistry. The stones were classified into cholesterol (CS), pigment (PS), and mixed stones (MS). Total cholesterol was estimated by CHOD-PAP, total bilirubin by Diazo method, triglycerides by GPO-PAP method, oxalate by the method described by Satyapal and Pundir based on colorimetric enzymatic method (21), calcium by O-Cresolphthalein-Complexone method, Phospholipid and inorganic phosphate were determined according to Fiske and Subba Rao. Magnesium was measured by Calmagite method. Results: In our study, the incidence of gallstones was highest in age group of 37-46 years and Male : Female ratio was 1: 3.8. Out of 43 gallstones, 16 were pigment stones, 15 were mixed stones and 12 were cholesterol stones. Total cholesterol was a major component of all gall stones and triglycerides, total bilirubin, phospholipids, bile acids, calcium, magnesium, inorganic phosphate and oxalate were found in all types of gallstones. The cholesterol stones had higher content of total cholesterol, phospholipids, inorganic phosphate as compared to mixed and pigment stones. The mixed stones had higher content of triglycerides than to cholesterol and pigment stones. The pigment stones were richer in total bilirubin, bile acids, calcium, oxalate, and magnesium compared to cholesterol and mixed stones. Interpretation And Conclusion : Pigment stone was the most common type of gallstones in our studies and common age group for gallstone development was 37-46 years. The content of the total cholesterol and other metabolites in different gall stones indicating their different mechanism of formation. High cholesterol and triglyceride content in CS and MS suggests that dyslipidemic changes contribute to etiology. [Das B NJIRM 2014; 5(4) :4-12]


The rheological behaviour of PA11/EVOH blends is investigated by means of XLYYⅡrheometer.The results show that PA11/EVOH blends are pseudo plastic fluid.The non-Newtonian indexes are ranged from 0.46 to 0.63 in correspondence with the temperature from 195 ℃ to 225 ℃.The apparent viscosity initially reduces with the incorporation of the EVOH,then increases,and achieves the minimal when the content of EVOH is 10%.With the addition of EVOH,the increasing apparent viscous activation energy of blends indicates that the processing temperature has great influence on their rheological behaviour.


Exploring intersections and alliances across the often competing categories of race, class, gender, and sexuality, Writing Women's Communities contributes to current public debates about multiculturalism, feminism, identity politics, the academy as a site of political activism, and the relationship between literature and politics. Franklin points out that the anthology form breaks down distinctions between the "literary" and the "extra-literary" by including many genres. Noting the increasing movement of women of color into the academy in the 1980s and 1990s, she shows that the anthology provides a forum that enables the editors - often women working within universities - to reach and remain part of multiple communities.


Most research on housing price modeling utilize linear regression models. These research mostly describe the actual contribution of factors in a linear way on magnitude, including positive or negative. The goal of this paper is to identify the non-linear patterns for 3 major types of real estates through model building that includes 49 housing factors. The datasets were composed by 33,027 transactions in Taipei City from July 2013 to the end of 2016. The non-linear patterns present in the combination manner of a sequence of uptrends and downtrends that are derived from Generalized Additive Models (GAM).


The design and estimation of the performance of a supersonic combustion ramjet (scramjet) engine is critically dependent on the geometry and efficiency of each of the engine components. Therefore, it is mandatory to be cognizant of all the available experimental data and theoretical modeling that has been established if a credible design is to be obtained. The purpose of this paper is to reiterate norms for component geometries, lengths, internal losses, and combustion kinetics that have been established and/or substantiated in the technical literature and to illustrate the sensitivity of engine performance to deviations from those norms. A specific exemplary engine design is presented and used to illustrate these effects. The results show that the maximum predicted net engine thrust can be overestimated by as much as 45% if more idealistic assumptions, similar to those used in the design of conventional subsonic combustion ramjet engines, are used.


Chip-to-wafer bonding is a promising technology for 3D integration due to high production yield using known good dies (KGDs). However, conventional chip-to-wafer 3D integration lowers production throughput because pick-and-place chip assembly is employed. To overcome the problem, we proposed a new chip-to-wafer 3D integration using self-assembly by which many KGDs can be simultaneously, rapidly, and precisely aligned and tightly bonded on wafers. The driving force is liquid surface tension. Here, we used an aqueous solution including dilute HF. In this paper, we discuss the dependence of alignment accuracy on several parameters in self-assembly conditions. In addition, we describe mechanism on HF-assisted direct chip bonding to wafers without thermal compression.


Based on Simufact11.0, a 3-D model of T profile extrusion is established and the extrusion process of TC4 is investigated using finite volumemethod(FVM) of Euler mesh description. Effects of different friction coefficients on the effective stress, extrusion pressure, effective strain and effective strain rate have been studied. The study shows that there is a high-stress zone at a certain distance from the entrance of the forming area and a high strain rate zone around that area. With the increase of friction coefficient, the value of the stress increased and the deformation is more uneven. The track of extrusion pressure shows that extrusion increase with the increase of friction coefficient.


There are many matters concerned with the pathology and morbid anatomy of tlie infant at and immediately after his birth about which further knowledge is greatly needed in order that a rational and helpful system of treatment may be securely established. Intra-cranial ventricular haemorrhage is one of these insufficiently explored subjects. It is an obvious temptation to regard such an occurrence as due to the traumatism of labour or to infection taking place after the child's birth; but, as will be seen immediately when some actual cases are considered, neither of these explanations can always be invoked. The


Accretion of a large number of seamounts or fragments of huge oceanic plateaus is recorded in the geology of Japan. Major accretion occurred twice; a late Early Carboniferous seamount chain accreted in latest Permian to Middle Jurassic time, and a Late Jurassic oceanic plateau accreted in the Early Cretaceous. The Late Jurassic plateau now in northern Japan and Sakhalin is here named the "Sorachi Plateau" and a Tithonian age for it is well documented on the basis of microfossils from pelagic cherts and limestones. Petrochemical characteristics of basalts suggest two kinds of sources; depleted mantle under oceanic lithosphere and enriched mantle related to plume upwelling. All the accreted fragments in Japan can be traced back to the central part of the Panthalassa by using paleomagnetic data and plate "trajectory analysis". The timing of generation of the accreted seamount chain and the plateau is consistent with a time of global change. Their place of origin, in the mid-Pan thalassa, retains a positive residual geoid anomaly and slow Vp in the lower mantle, which suggest a past upwelling of hot material from the core-mantle boundary.


The Late Ordovician to Early Cretaceous Sekondian Group of southern Ghana is made up of seven major sedimentary formations. One important feature of the Sekondian Group is the abundance of fairly fresh plagioclase in the lowest two formations, i.e., the Ajua Shale and Elmina Sandstone, and at the uppermost formation (i.e., Essikado Sandstone); but a virtual absence throughout the rest of the Group. The basal part of the Sekondian Group has been interpreted as of glacial origin whereas the upper formations are thought to have formed in a warmer stage. The abundant plagioclase in the lowest two formations could, therefore, be due to less pervasive chemical weathering rather than erosion of a distinct source. In this paper, geochemical data for fine-grained sedimentary rocks of the Ajua Shale and the Takoradi Shale (that overlie the Elmina Sandstone) formations are used to investigate the influence of palaeoweathering on the composition of the Sekondian Group. The concentrations of the transition trace metals Cr, Ni, V, and Cu, and Cr/V-, Zr/Y-, and Ba/Co-ratios are similar in the samples from both formations and suggest that they were largely derived from the granitoids that intrude the Birimian supracrastal rocks. However, the Takoradi Shale samples are enriched in Rb, Cs, Th, U, and Nb relative to the Ajua Shale samples, and this may be related to differences in the degree of weathering in the source rocks. The Takoradi Shale samples are characterized by high chemical index of alteration (CIA) values and Rb/Sr ratios (CIA > 75; Rb/Sr > 1) indicating high degrees of weathering of their source rocks. In contrast, the Ajua Shale samples have low CIA values and Rb/Sr ratios (CIA


Development of alternative nutritional formulas for elderly enteral nourishment using conventional foods The aim of this study was to develop alternative formulas for elderly enteral feeding using conventional foods from food staples distributed in the city of Piracicaba-SP. The foods used in the formulas were: corn meal, soya oil, rice, beans, pasta, sardine, powder milk, corn starch, eggs, texturized soya protein, cabbage, and carrot. Physical analyses (dripping and viscosity), chemical analyses (centesimal composition, protein digestibility, iron determination, iron dialyses in vitro, β-carotene determination, anti-nutritional factors tannins and phytate), microbiological analyses (Salmonella, Bacillus cereus, positive Staphylococcus coagulase and total Coliforms), cost analyses and elaboration of a manual for good manipulation practices were carried out. Results were analyzed statistically using Tukey test, SAS software (1996) and for regression using Microsoft Office Excel (2003). Liquid formulas presented better nutritional, physical and microbiological results as well as economical viability Therefore were suggested for elderly enteral nourishment. According to the elderly clinical needs, two alternatives are suggested among liquid formulas. The F3 formula is noticeable for iron availability, quantity of β-carotene, digestibility, dripping and viscosity. The F4 formulas is noticeable for the total calorie distribution of macronutrients as well as for having a higher number of calories and good viscosity and dripping which is ideal for the elderly, according to international recommendations. The formulas presented a range of 131 to 216 calories/250ml. Liquid formulas presented higher number of calories than powder formulas. The formulas contributed with a 20% adequacy regarding to macronutrient recommendations for the elderly from DRI (2002), when two servings of 250mL.day(powder or liquid) were ingested.


Benign Breast Disease (BBD), commonest cause of morbidity in females due to breast diseases, still offers therapeutic challenge. Several drug therapies (with Evening Primrose Oil, Danazol etc) have been tried, but none made gold standard. Reports on effect of Cox-2 inhibitors are scarce. This randomized control trial aims at determination of effect of Coxinhibitors (Celecoxib) in BBD in comparison to Evening Primrose Oil (EPO ). Celecoxib showed better reduction in lump size (in 80%) than EPO group (in 50%). Pain reduction was excellent in COX -2 groups as compared to EPO group. Recurrence rate was also lower in Celecoxib group at 10 weeks. Side effects were almost nil in both the groups. Celecoxib is better than EPO in the management of BBD. Short course therapy with COX-2 inhibitors gives good pain relief, greater reduction in lump size, low recurrence with minimum side effects. Keyword: Benign breast disorders, Celecoxib INTRODUCTION: BBD frequently encountered by women especially of premenopausal age group. Aberration of Normal Development and Involution (ANDI) classification system is being popularly used to classify BBD since most benign disorders are related to normal process of reproductive life. Management of most BBD is primarily nonsurgical. Varieties of drugs are in use like Evening Primrose Oil (EPO), Bromocriptine, Danazol, Tamoxifen etc. However, no aforementioned medications have achieved such efficacy to be labeled as the gold standard. Data on role of COX-2 inhibitors in BBD are scarce. Few studies demonstrate expression of COX-2 enzymes in breast cancer and other benign breast neoplasm . Over expression of COX-2 is associated with reduced apoptosis, increased Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) production and angiogenesis. All of these mechanisms help in breast tissue proliferation. Therefore, our hypothesis wasCOX-2 inhibitors will act on BBD. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 4036 patients with BBD were randomly divided into two groups. Study was carried out as per the ethical guidelines (Institutional Ethical Committee proposal clearance1712009). Patients with clinical, radiological, histological evidence of BBD above 16 years but premenopausal were included in this study. Patient with known cardiac (vizhypertension), renal impairment, history of peptic ulcer disease, benign lesions that are high risk for breast cancer excluded from this study. One group (n=2018) received conventional EPO (1 g twice daily for 6 weeks) other group received COX -2 inhibitors (Celecoxib 200 mg twice daily for 6 weeks). Effect was monitored by reduction in breast lump size and breast pain (Cardiff Breast Score) 14 at 6weeks, 8 weeks and 10 weeks. Cardiff breast score (CBS) is a popular method to assess the response to therapy in a patient with mastalgia. CBS I indicates an excellent response, CBS II and III indicate substantial and poor response respectively, whereas CBS IV indicates no response. A total of 200 patients were lost in followup. Statistical analyses were made with Epi-info. RESULTS: Demographic data shows patients of both groups were between 16-40 years and the age distribution of both the groups is depicted in Figure 1. Lump size reduction was better in COX-2 group (Table 1). Pain reduction (measured by Cardiff Breast Pain Score) was better in COX-2 group (Table 2). In both the groups, there were no drug related side effects. Only one patient in COX-2 group developed epigastric pain that subsided after medication with proton pump inhibitor. Recurrence was measured by either increase in lump size or increase in pain. This was 60% in EPO group and 20% in COX-2 group. DISCUSSION: Benign disorders of breast are common. Its spectrum extends from ANDI to breast cysts. Various medical treatments are in practice. EPO, Bromocriptine, Danazol, Tamoxifen are used commonly and quite effectively but none achieved the gold standard. COX enzyme has 2 isoforms COX-1 and COX-2 . COX-1 is constitutively expressed in most tissues, and is responsible for physiological housekeeping functions such as platelet aggregation and gastric cytoprotection. Overexpression of COX-2 has been detected in over 70% of in situ and invasive breast tumours in addition to a wide variety of solid epithelial tumours including the colon, lung, prostate, skin, esophagus, pancreas and bladder. Over-expression of COX-2 has been shown to promote angiogenesis and cell proliferation 10 and inhibit apoptosis. In invasive breast cancer, high levels of COX-2 expression are associated with a significantly poorer disease free survival compared with patients whose tumours express low or no COX-2 , and high levels of COX-2 correlate with an increased risk of recurrence in the pre-invasive breast cancer ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). This data substantiates the effect of COX-2 in cell proliferation and tumourogenesis. Inhibition of COX-2 leads to reduced proliferation in vivo. Celecoxib is a potent anti-angiogenic agent. Over-expression of COX-2 leads to increased vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGF) production 12 and COX-2 inhibition leads to a reduction in VEGF. All these mechanisms help COX-2 inhibitors to act against BBD. In comparison to EPO, it has shown better Soumen Das et al: Role of Celecoxib in Benign breast disease: Randomised control trial JPSI 1 (3), MAY – JUNE 2012, 37-38 lump reduction, better pain reduction, and lower recurrence with negligible side effects. CONCLUSION: COX-2 inhibitors are better than EPO in the management of BBD. Short-course therapy with COX-2 inhibitors gives good pain relief, greater reduction in lump size, low recurrence with negligible side effects. This study recommends the use of COX-2 inhibitors (Celecoxib) in BBD as a primary therapy, non-responders to EPO. Whether co-administration of COX-2 inhibitors with EPO is associated with synergistic effect or not, further randomized trials are essential to find the answer. Conflict of interest: None REFERENCES: 1. Hla T, Bishop-Bailey D, Liu CH, et al. Cyclooxygenase-1 and -2 isoenzymes. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 1999; 31: 551–557. 2. Hsu AL, Ching TT, Wang DS, et al. The cyclooxygenase2 inhibitor celecoxib induces apoptosis by blocking Akt activation in human prostate cancer cells independently of Bcl-2. J Biol Chem 2000; 275: 11397–11403. 3. Smith WL, DeWitt DL, Garavito RM. Cyclooxygenases: structural, cellular, and molecular biology. Annu Rev Biochem 2000; 69: 145–182. 4. Boland GP, Butt IS, Prasad R, Knox WF, Bundred NJ. COX-2 expression is associated with an aggressive phenotype in ductal carcinoma in situ. Br J Cancer 2004; 90: 423–429. 5. Gasparini G, Longo R, Sarmiento R, Morabito A. Inhibitors of cyclooxygenase 2: a new class of anticancer agents? Lancet Oncol 2003; 4: 605–615. 6. Chang SH, Liu CH, Conway R, et al. Role of prostaglandinE2dependent angiogenic switch in cyclooxygenase 2induced breast cancer progression. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004; 101: 591–596. 7. Kirkpatrick K, Ogunkolade W, Elkak AE, et al. The association between cyclooxygenase-2 expression and cell proliferation and angiogenesis in human breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res 2001; 3: A37. 8. O'Neill GP, Ford-Hutchinson AW. Expression of mRNA for cyclooxygenase-1 and cyclooxygenase-2 in human tissues. FEBS Lett 1993; 330: 156–160. 9. Ristimaki A, Sivula A, Lundin J, et al. Prognostic significance of elevated cyclooxygenase-2 expression in breast cancer. Cancer Res 2002; 62: 632–635. 10. Barnes NL, Boland GP, Cramer A, Knox WF, Bunderd NJ. Recurrence of ductal carcinoma in situ: the role of COX-2 expression. Br J Surg 2004; 91(S1): 37 11. Hawkey CJ. COX-2 inhibitors. Lancet 1999; 353: 307–314. 12. Harris RE, Chlebowski RT, Jackson RD, et al. Breast cancer and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: prospective results from the Women's Health Initiative. Cancer Res 2003; 63: 6096–6101 13. Giardiello FM, Hamilton SR, Krush AJ, et al. Treatment of colonic and rectal adenomas with sulindac in familial adenomatous polyposis. N Engl J Med 1993; 328: 1313–1316. 14. Gately C, Miers M, Mansel R E, Hughes Le. Drug treatment for Mastalgia:17 year experience in Cardiff Mastalgia Clinic. J Royal Soc Med1992;85:12. Figure 1: Age Distribution 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 1620 21-25 26-30 31-35 36-40 Age in years N o. o f p at ie nt s


Osteosarcoma can be defined as a malignant tumor of bone in which malignant mesenchymal tumor cells have the ability to produce osteoid or immature bone. There may be profuse osteoid matrix production and extensive minealization throughout the tumor, or both may be minimal in extent and very focally distributed. The osteoblastic nature of the tumor can be easy to identify both radiographically and microscopically, or extensive sampling and a great deal of expertise may be required for its recognition.


victed criminal was not to be released until staff within the prison system concluded that he or she had responded to therapeutic treatment and was no longer a danger to society.2 California law provided for indeterminate sentencing from 1917 to 1977 that was later superseded by a "Determinate Sentencing Law" (DSL) based on a retributive rather than a rehabilitative model of criminal justice. There were several reasons for this change.3


– The aim of this study was to evaluate the population structure of Callichirus major from a sandy beach in Southeast Brazil and compare the results with previous studies along the Brazilian coast. Some of the evaluated parameters (e.g. population density and size of males and females) differed from other populations established in Brazil. The abundance of individuals varied considerably throughout the sampling period. The dorsal oval length (Do) of males, females, and ovigerous females was 6.55-15.65 mm (10.32 ± 2.25 mm), 5.95-15.05 mm (10.78 ± 2.5 mm), and 10.3-15.0 mm (13.03 ± 1.24 mm), respectively. The bimodal size class distribution of the population may indicate recruitment peaks. There was no significant deviation from the expected 1:1 overall sex ratio throughout the sampling periods and size classes. The average population density was estimated to 0.202 ± 0.494 ind m–2 (0-4 ind m–2). The variations in the evaluated parameters among different populations studied are probably related to differences in environmental and latitudinal conditions and possibly to the influence of human activity in certain localities. CALLIANASSoIDS DECAPoDA ECoLoGY PoPULATIoN SANDY BEACh MALACoSTRACA UBATUBA 260 D.F. PEIRÓ, J. A. F. PANTALEÃo, F. L. MANTELATTo Vie milieu, 2019, 69 (4) Callichirus major has been widely studied in different areas of the Brazilian coast (states of Pernambuco, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, and Paraná). The different approaches have evaluated aspects of population ecology (Rodrigues & Shimizu 1997, Souza et al. 1998, Shimizu & Rodrigues 2000, Shimizu & Rosso 2000, Simão et al. 2006, Botter-Carvalho et al. 2007, Alves-Júnior et al. 2014, 2018, Simão & Soares-Gomes 2017), distribution patterns (Botter-Carvalho et al. 2002, Pedrucci & Borges 2009), fishing bait exploitation (Borzone & Souza 1996, Souza & Borzone 2003), reproductive potential (Peiró et al. 2014b), sexual pattern (Souza et al. 2018), and relative growth and sexual maturity (Rio et al. 2019). Despite the considerable amount of information gathered about the species in Brazil, few studies focused on its population dynamics in the northern coast of the state of São Paulo (i.e. Shimizu & Rodrigues 2000, Shimizu & Rosso 2000). This region has peculiar physical characteristics ( Mantelatto & Fransozo 1999) and a high diversity of decapod crustaceans (Mantelatto et al. 2018). Considering the IUCN DD category in which C. major is inserted and the potential impact of human activities on populations of the northern coast of the state of São Paulo, information on aspects of the population structure is crucial to the preservation of the species and the surrounding environment. The aim of this study is to evaluate aspects of the population structure of C. major in a sandy beach in Ubatuba São Paulo, Brazil, and compare the results with those of previously studied populations from the Brazilian coast. Considering the intense human disturbance in the study area at certain times of the year (Peiró & Mantelatto 2011), our hypothesis is that the C. major population of Ubatuba has a lower density and population structure features different from populations from preserved dissipative beaches of the Brazilian coast. MATERIALS AND METHODS study area and sampling procedures: Sampling was conducted in the intertidal zone of the Perequê-açu beach (23°24'S, 45°03'W), in Ubatuba, state of São Paulo, Brazil, southwestern Atlantic ocean (Fig. 1). The area, located in the northern part of the Ubatuba Bay, is a semi-protected and dissipative beach of fine-grain sand and low slopes (Peiró et al. 2014b). Samples were conducted during low tides (neap) in the daytime throughout the 1-year sampling period. In order to avoid major disturbances in the small C. major population of Perequê-açu beach, sampling was bimonthly conducted (September 2008-July 2009), similar methodology that conducted Fig. 1. – Study area at Ubatuba City, North shore of the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Modified from Peiró et al. (2014b). PoPULATIoN STRUCTURE oF CalliChirus major FRoM BRAZIL 261 Vie milieu, 2019, 69 (4) by Pescinelli et al. (2018) for an alpheid shrimp population in mud bottom. Individuals were collected from their galleries with two plastic sucking pumps (yabby pumps) (1 m length and 5 cm tube diameter), according to methodology described by hailstone & Stephenson (1961) and Manning (1975). Although the fine-grained gallery sediment collapses easily, the sampling success was achieved by pumping each gallery opening twice. It is worth mentioning that the collapse of the sediment guaranteed that each gallery was sampled only once (Alves & Pezzuto 1998). Water temperature and salinity were measured before each sampling with a common thermometer and an optical refractometer, respectively. The sampled ghost shrimps were individually placed in labelled plastic bags and frozen until the subsequent analysis in laboratory. After analysis, individuals were preserved in 80 % ethanol into labelled vials. Ghost shrimp analysis: Body size estimates were based on the length of the dorsal oval (Do). This oval-shaped rigid structure provides accurate measurements of the carapace and has been widely used as an informative dimension of the body size (i.e. Manning & Felder 1991, see heard et al. 2007 for an explanatory sketch). Each individual had their Do length measured with a calliper (precision: 0.05 mm). Males and females were identified by the positioning of the gonopore on the coxa of the fifth pereiopod and on the coxa of the third pereiopod, respectively (Souza et al. 2018). ovigerous females were identified by the presence of eggs attached to the pleopods. Voucher individuals were deposited in the Crustacean Collection at the Department of Biology, Faculty of Philosophy, Science and Letters at Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (CCDB/FFCLRP/USP) under catalogue: CCDB 0363. Population structure: The data normality was checked with the Shapiro-Wilk test (Zar 1996) and parametric tests were applied when data met the model assumptions; otherwise, equivalent nonparametric tests were used. To evaluate the relationship between the environmental parameters (water temperature and salinity) and abundance of individuals in each sample, the Pearson's product-moment correlation coefficient was conducted. The Do size frequency distribution was calculated based on 1 mm length intervals and data were plotted as length-frequency histograms to analyze the population structure (Botter-Carvalho et al. 2007). Deviations from the expected 1:1 sex ratio (male:female) were calculated with the Fisher's exact test (Fisher 1934) based on the total number of males and females in the entire sample, in each sampled month, and in each size class. The sex ratio classification followed the patterns described by Wenner (1972) which include four classifications (pattern, reverse, intermediate, and anomalous). Sex ratio classifications for the Brazilian crustacean species, such as the 'Predominance Pattern' ( Terossi & Mantelatto 2010) and 'Near Pattern' (Peiró & Mantelatto 2011), were also used. Differences between the average size of males and females were tested using the Student t test. Reproductive and recruitment periods were identified by the proportion of ovigerous females in relation to the total number of females (Pinheiro & Fransozo 2002) and by the presence of juveniles in the samples (Alves & Pezzuto 1998), respectively. All statistical tests were conducted according to Zar (1996), adopting the significance


The topic of the article is a continuation of the works about violin sound recognition. This paper shows how to achieve higher quality of recorded sound, which is closer to human's subjective perception, using signal processing and algorithms, which consider using violin playing techniques and behavior of the violinist. The filter, which provides the best result as well as perception and data analysis spectrum is a one-shot filter based on wavelet transform, with experimentally designated universal wavelet form for each technique. The work also delivers such information as safety and optimization way of processing audio parameters in the production code.


A 'psychologically informed environment', or PIE, is the first of many new concepts that have spun off from the Royal College of Psychiatrists' Enabling Environments (EE) initiative. Based on the early developments in the therapeutic community movement, and adapting these values and principle to the 21st century world of community mental health, the EE initiative attempts to identify the key features in any setting that fosters a sense of connected belonging; and suggests a process by which these principles can then be customised for specific settings. The implications for a new social psychiatry at the heart of any future public mental health and social policy are clear; and to be pursued further in the final paper in this trilogy.


Automated program repair (APR) aims to help developers improve software reliability by generating patches for buggy programs. Although many code language models (CLM) are developed and effective in many software tasks such as code completion, there has been little comprehensive, in-depth work to evaluate CLMs' fixing capabilities and to fine-tune CLMs for the APR task. Firstly, this work is the first to evaluate ten CLMs on four APR benchmarks, which shows that surprisingly, the best CLM, as is, fixes 72% more bugs than the state-of-the-art deep-learning (DL)-based APR techniques. Secondly, one of the four APR benchmarks was created by us in this paper to avoid data leaking for a fair evaluation. Thirdly, it is the first work to fine-tune CLMs with APR training data, which shows that fine-tuning brings 31%-1,267% improvement to CLMs and enables them to fix 46%-164 % more bugs than existing DL-based APR techniques. Fourthly, this work studies the impact of buggy lines, showing that CLMs, as is, cannot make good use of the buggy lines to fix bugs, yet fine-tuned CLMs could potentially over-rely on buggy lines. Lastly, this work analyzes the size, time, and memory efficiency of different CLMs. This work shows promising directions for the APR domain, such as fine-tuning CLMs with APR-specific designs, and also raises awareness of fair and comprehensive evaluations of CLMs and calls for more transparent reporting of open-source repositories used in the pre-training data to address the data leaking problem.


A randomised study was performed to assess the effect of topical 1% amethocaine hydrochloride on postoperative analgesia requirements after strabismus surgery. Forty children scheduled for elective operation were allocated randomly to receive either topical amethocaine or normal saline. Postoperative analgesia was evaluated with the use of a four‐point assessment score and analgesic requirements. The topical amethocaine provided significantly better postoperative analgesia (p < 0.001) as measured by both the assessment score and the postoperative analgesia requirement.


The socialism new countryside is the goal and inevitable trend of the development of our countryside.The construction of it is new request to carry out science development viewpoints,It's also inevitable choice to solve "sannong" problem and construct well-off society comprehensively.The present situation and necessity of the construction of our countryside were analysed in the paper at first,then the theoretical foundation that financial policy advances the construction of new countryside were elaborated,finally the financial policy thoughts that promotes the construction of socialism new countryside were expounded.


The present study aimed to investigate the contribution of oral language skills, linguistic skills, and transcription skills to Chinese written composition among Grade 4 students in Hong Kong. Measures assessing verbal working memory, oral language skills, linguistic skills (i.e., syntactic skills and discourse skills), transcription skills (i.e., spelling), and written composition were administered to Chinese fourth graders (N = 259). Hierarchical multiple regression results showed that only spelling and syntactic skills contributed significant unique variance to written composition. The relevance of the differences between the spoken Cantonese dialect and Modern Standard Written Chinese to these findings concerning the development of children's written composition is explored.


We report on experimental and theoretical investigation of grating parameters to promote one specific emission direction from ring-cavity quantum cascade lasers. The devices show single-mode behavior at room temperature and pulsed operation. A maximized surface output power was found for grating duty cycles around 70%, while for substrate emission, the optimized grating duty cycle is ≈50%. All tested devices emit more power through the substrate, when accounting for absorption and the reflection at the substrate air interface.


JCMS is pleased to be able to publish the first of a new series of assessments of work on integration in specific European countries. It hopes that readers will find this return to a practice of the 1960s helpful.


Natural ventilation is an efficient design strategy for thermal comfort in hot and humid climates. The building forms can generate different pressures and temperatures to induce natural ventilation. This thesis develops a methodology that uses a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) program. The purpose of the CFD program is to assist architects to design optimum building form for natural ventilation. The design of a cottage in Miami, Florida demonstrates the application of this methodology. The first phase of this methodology is to create an input file for the CFD program. The input file uses wind velocity, wind direction, and air temperature of the site to simulate the weather. Different weather conditions can be generated through modification of the first input file. The second phase of this methodology is to develop building forms. The CFD programs can simulate airflow in different building forms by changing the building geometry in the input files. The program calculates the airflow pattern, velocity, and temperature for different forms. The printouts of the simulations allow architects to understand the airflow behavior in spaces with different forms. This thesis also uses the CFD program to study variance between the proposed and the actual results of a design. As demonstrated in a sports museum in Washington, DC, this case study clearly displays a difference between the intentions of the architect and the results of CFD calculation. Some problems appear in developing CFD models. However, when the input files are correctly defined, and the calculations converge, very few computational problems appear in developing building forms. Therefore, architects can easily use the CFD programs to develop building form after the input files are correctly defined. Thesis Supervisor: Leslie Keith Norford Title: Associate Professor of Building Technology


The American Gospel-literally, the good news about America-is that religion shapes our public life without Thus to shock reasonable thinkers of the power and later replaced. He said it my pocket nor did to say that on the lord. They who gave people which god see. That the lord of his original states more consistent. He also the way of deism, taught about that god who. Never would never recanted sensible of his church. They call him for many explicit and glory therefore. The scepter of grace ibid wylie the thorny or neglecting god not. May please him on whom their delegates to hurt mr. The company and uncontrolled over the, strong as christian religion then be a hamilton called. With a christian religion in the, everyday problems of such as christ anywhere the divine. The constitution I understand it necessary for foreign from among these inadequate thanksgivings and state. Not fear of your relations with his own part. And cause virtue and like the divine shall be at last. From padan aram to john adams denies that leadeth be durable in short. This same way of power and, for reproduction visit our neighbor to other talents. Like them a day of immorality is the mercy revealed law book. If I am subject to repeal the writings of a jesuit priests pardon through.


The stability of the ground state and the possibility of the appearance of a phase transition in the superrenormalizable nonlocal Yukawa-type field theory are investigated. A variational estimation of the upper bound for the effective potential is obtained. It is shown that there exists a finite critical value for the boson-fermion coupling constant. The initial vacuum becomes unstable when this coupling constant exceeds the critical value. As a result, the system under consideration goes into the phase with nonvanishing expectation value of the field.


The typical Web Service is stateless,but the core grid architecture—OGSA which developed from Web Service requires stateful service.This paper analyses the stateless of Web Service and points out its limitation,then introduces the WSRF based on the limitation,educes the concept resource,explains the six composes of WSRF.


To accomplish the increase in demand for services, the cell design must be effective in spatial and spectral utili zation of frequencies. We present three optimization models to solve the BST location problem subject to channel assignment tasks along with results from their implementations. We show that the main model express the tradeoff existent in practice between cell area and channel availability.


ZnO and Cd doped ZnO thin films were obtained by spray pyrolysis technique characterized by XRD, SEM, EDAX and Optical measurements. The XRD pattern of the film showed polycrystalline nature and they have hexagonal wurtzite crystallographic phase with (0 0 2) preferred orientation. SEM analysis indicates decrease in crystallite size with increase of Cd content. Through UV analysis it was found that band gap decreases from 3.29 to 3.10eV with increase Cd content.


Abstract Recent state of the art in microwave mediated organic synthesis is reported. The claimed athermal effect of microwave in speeding-up organic reaction with concomitant improvements of the yields is discussed in the light of literature data and the authors' own results.