In this study, the use of extrusion technology in the production of functional fiber supplement from by-products of tomato and rice processing industries (tomato pomace and rice bran) was investigated. A rotatable central composite design was used to investigate the processing and formulation variables including screw speed (120-160 rpm), moisture content (12-18%) and tomato pomace to rice bran ratio (25-75%). The functional and physicochemical properties of texturized products including water absorption index (WAI), swelling (SW), hardness, and soluble dietary fiber content were evaluated. The results showed that WAI of product increased with the increasing of screw speed and tomato pomace to rice bran ratio. Increasing tomato pomace to rice bran ratio and moisture content caused an increase in swelling. The hardness of fiber supplement also increased with increasing tomato pomace to rice bran ratio. Increasing screw speed increased the content of soluble dietary fiber. According to the results, the optimized processing conditions for the production of fiber supplement with desirable properties including WAI (4.64 g/g), SW (4.61 ml/g), hardness (89.08 N) and soluble dietary fiber (11.09%) were as following, moisture content of 14.06%, tomato pomace to rice bran ratio of 26.43% and screw speed of 120 rpm.


This text has the purpose of dialoguing through a philosophical and literary bias, the theme of the phenomenon of anguish, from a sartrian perpective against the background of the novel Angustia (1936) by Graciliano Ramos. If, for Sarte, anguish is ontophenomenological iy constitutive of the human condition, Graciliano portrays the phenomeno of anguish by describing the subject as a being who is free while trapped in his own freedon, experiencing anguish in his existence.
Keywords: Sartre, Graciliano Ramos, Anguish, Freedom.


In the landslide disaster control and high slope strengthening engineering, anti-slide pile is one of trusted engineering measures, but cognition in aspect of forced state on the anti-slide pile, the pile-soil mechanism etc, which should be strengthened. Therefore, monitoring objects with three cantilever anti-slide pile entities in the loess high slope somewhere, burying monitoring instruments such as earth pressure cells and steel bar meter, for as long as 18 months of monitoring. Through analysis of monitoring results, can draw the following conclusion:①The soil pressure distribution form before the anti-slide piles is parabola-shape as a whole, whatever above the slip surface or under the slip surface the soil pressure distribution form behind the anti-slide piles is almost triangle as a whole;②The anti-slide piles construction are completed, pile-soil interaction force and reinforced by stress reaches stability in about 16 months;③A maximum soil pressure before the anti-slide piles on the ground, the soil pressure behind the anti-slide piles near the potential sliding surface;④Before the anti-slide piles and behind the anti-slide piles, reinforced by stress from pile cap to pile bottom respectively is "compressive stress and tensile stress" and "compressive stress, tensile stress and compressive stress, tensile and compressive stress of zero before pile is tensile stress value maximize after pile.


[Objective]The research aimed to study the effects of the amount of organic materials and return time on the content of the soil organic carbon.[Method]Potted plants experiments were adopted to study the influences of the amount of organic materials on soil organic carbon.[Result]The content of organic carbon increased with the increase of the amonuat of organic materials and cultivation time.The conversion efficiency of the organic material went up with the increase of cultivation time.Moreover,the conversion efficiency of the organic material with low and middle organic carbon content was higher than that with the heavy organic carbon content.[Conclusion]The research could provide the basis for the improvement of the soil fertility by the application of organic materials such as straw.


Since 1999, the UK's share of FDI heading into Europe has declined dramatically, while the Euro-Zone's share has increased. I argue that the timing of this divergence is not coincidental. The formation of the Euro-Zone has eliminated nominal exchange rate volatility between member-states, increasing export market access intra-union. For source countries outside of Europe, Euro-Zone countries have become more attractive destinations for export-oriented FDI, as operations within the union are insulated from currency fluctuations. As exchange rate volatility between a non-Euro country and local export markets increases, or as the market size of the euro-zone increases, more and more investment will be diverted towards Euro-Zone countries. This theory is tested in two stages using detailed data on the operations of foreign affiliates of US multinationals across seventeen European countries from 1983 – 2004. A host country's export market access is first estimated with an augmented gravity model. This export series is then included in a dynamic panel with US to host market exchange rate volatility and a range of FDI determinants to explain inflows of FDI from the US to European countries. Potential endogeneity issues are addressed using the Arellano and Bond (1991) GMM procedure. The ability to export from a particular host country has a positive and significant effect on inflows of FDI. Additionally, unobserved features of Euro-Zone membership (beyond the elimination of currency risk) have a positive effect on inflows. A counterfactual experiment sheds light on how much FDI the UK "lost" by not adopting the euro in 1999. Re-estimating the trade and FDI relations under the assumption that the UK had adopted the euro, I estimate that the UK has lost approximately $33 billion (2% of GDP) worth of FDI from the US. Similarly, the flight of FDI to the new EU accession countries has been slowed by these countries staying out of the Euro-Zone. * Department of Economics, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA. The author would like to thank Bob Chirinko, Elena Pesavento, Zheng Liu, Stefan Krause, Richard Luger, and seminar participants at the Emory University Macro Lunch Series and the Southern Economic Association Conference for their invaluable comments and assistance. Please send any correspondence to the author at email@example.com or 619-5948495.


Cloud computing is a powerful platform; it delivers IT (Information Technology) resources as a services over the Internet. It uses their own infrastructure to maintain customer's application and data. The cloud service provider offers platform, software and infrastructure as a service to the customer on pay per use basis. It may be either single cloud or multi cloud environment. Single cloud service provider is not reliable due to data security risk. In this survey paper various security issues in single cloud environment and requirement of switching from single cloud environment to multi cloud environment are discussed. Multi cloud environment has ability to reduce security risk of single cloud. General Terms Cloud computing, single cloud, multi cloud


It is generally believed that some human miscarriages result from embryotoxic factors existing in the sera. To study the embryotoxicity of such sera, 3.5‐day‐old mouse blastocysts were cultured for 72 h on 80% sera from different groups of women. After 72 h there was no blastocystic development in 53.2% of the cases grown on sera from women after two or more miscarriages, and none in 33.6% of the blastocysts grown on sera from women after one miscarriage, as compared with 8.2% and 12% respectively on control sera. Sera from women with miscarriages were divided into 'high risk' (50% or more embryotoxicity) and 'low risk' (less than 50% embryotoxicity) sera. The 'high risk' sera from two or more miscarriages caused an average of 72.1% undevelopment, while the 'low risk' sera (less than 50% embryotoxicity) from the same group caused 33.6% undevelopment. The 'high risk' sera from one miscarriage were embryotoxic to 55.8% of the blastocysts and the 'low risk' sera from the same group caused only 8.7% undevelopment. No significant differences were found in the mean serum concentrations of folic acid, zinc and copper of many of the experimental groups, in comparison with controls. The embryotoxic factor/s which exist in the 'high risk' sera from women with miscarriages are still not known.


Introduction to Web 2.0 is part of an academic series that covers material on Web 2.0. Blogs Intro; Podcasting (Audio and Video); RSS Feeds; Blogs Intermediate; Wikis; Wasting Time with Social Networks MARKET: This presents key information on Web 2.0 and encourages hands-on learning throughout the material.


This study proposed a gaze-controlled method for visualization, navigation, and retrofitting of large point cloud data (PCD), produced by unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) mounted with laser range-scanners. For this purpose, the estimated human gaze point was used to interact with a head-mounted display (HMD) to visualize the PCD and the computer-aided design (CAD) models. Virtual water treat plant pipeline models were considered for retrofitting against the PCD of the actual pipelines. In such an application, the objective was to use the gaze data to interact with the HMD so the virtual retrofitting process was performed by navigating with the eye gaze. It was inferred that the integration of eye gaze tracking for visualization and interaction with the HMD could improve both speed and functionality for human–computer interaction. A usability study was conducted to investigate the speed of the proposed method against the mouse interaction-based retrofitting. In addition, immersion, interface quality and accuracy was analyzed by adopting the appropriate questionnaire and user learning was tested by conducting experiments in iterations from participants. Finally, it was verified whether any negative psychological factors, such as cybersickness, general discomfort, fatigue, headache, eye strain and difficulty concentrating through the survey experiment.


Research objectives to be achieved by the author in writing this is to analyze the scientific soundness of PT. Bank Lippo Tbk, using CAMEL (capital, assets, management, earnings, liquidity) for the financial period 2006. CAMEL method is a way to assess the health of banks by calculating the ratio of each component of CAMEL, this is based on Bank Indonesia Circular Letter No. 30/2/UPPB dated 30 April 1997 regarding the procedure governing the rating of the bank. By analyzing the health of PT Bank Lippo Tbk, the authors obtained the following results: Components of Capital shows good results of 23.53 with a maximum value of 25. Assets component also showed good results of 29.63 with a maximum value of 30. Management component showed a good result is 24.45. Earnings components showed excellent results with a perfect credit score is 10.. Based on the results obtained, we can conclude that each component has shown good results. From the results of PT Bank Lippo Tbk got predicate Healthy, but should still be improvements on those aspects were deemed unsatisfactory.


Evidence is presented that the beneficial or essential influences often noted when small amounts of dioxygen are added to catalytic systems for olefin metathesis and ring-opening polymerization are due to the formation of epoxides and the corresponding metalla-oxacyclobutanes,[[graphic omitted]R1; fission of the latter affords initiating metallacarbenes but isomerization and dimerization of the epoxide via this metallacycle are the major reaction pathways.


Book Information Necessary Goods: Our Responsibilities to Meet Others' Needs. Edited by Gillian Brock. Rowman and Littlefield. Lanham, MD. 1998. Pp. ix + 238. Hardback, US$63.00. Paperback, US$23.95.


Modeling and prediction of criteria pollutants over the urban areas is essential for the formulation and improvisation of urban air quality management strategies. Various statistical techniques have been employed worldwide for accurate prediction of the air pollutants. This study focuses on the analysis and prediction of the criteria pollutants over a tropical urban area (Durgapur, 23 30′ 34.58″ N and 87 21′ 03.42″ E) performed by using statistical models viz. multiple linear regression (MLR) and principal component regression (PCR). Multiple linear regression analyses have been performed using the original variables and principal components (PCs) as the inputs. On the basis of the performance indicators, MLR model is found to perform better than the PCR in most cases. The R 2 values obtained by MLR are 0.962, 0.945, 0.898, 0.937, 0.603, 0.874, 0.871, 0.837, 0.858, 0.868, 0.842 and 0.825 for PM 10 , PM 2.5 , sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, ammonia, ozone, benzene, benz(a)pyrene, arsenic, lead and nickel respectively which are greater than the respective R 2 values obtained by PCR model. Results of the two models reveal that use of PCA could not enhance the MLR performance. The predictive equations proposed by the statistical models suggest that the meteorological parameters (temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and cloud cover) have significant influence on the concentration of the criteria pollutants.


Abstract Two granite-granodiorite-tonalite-trondhjemite (TTG) complexes intruded mafic-intermediate volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks at 1954-1940 Ma in the central part of the Knaften area, which lies in the northern part of the Palaeoproterozoic Bothnian Basin, in the central part of the Fennoscandian Shield, northern Sweden. The regional metamorphism was upper greenschist to amphibolite facies. The granitoid complexes are subdivided texturally into three types of intrusions. Contact relationships show that the most coarse-grained type is the oldest, followed by a medium-grained type and finally an aplitic-pegmatitic type intrusion. Felsic dykes that cut the granitoids form the youngest intrusive event. Myrmekitic/symplectitic textures or graphic intergrowths show that the later intrusive phases were more volatile-rich. The granitoids are high-level intrusions, and formed the root-zone of a volcano. Close to, but outside the granitoid complexes, compositionally similar felsic porphyry dykes occur. A package of reworked felsic tuffaceous rocks occurs in the northern part of the Knaften area and may constitute extrusive equivalents of the intrusions. These clastic rocks display primary structures such as cross bedding, which indicate deposition in shallow water. Geochemically, the Knaften intrusions are granites, granodiorites, tonalites and trondhjemites. The northern granitoids are more fractionated than the southern ones, and some felsic dykes are geochemically similar to the southern intrusions. The tuffaceous rocks are intermediate in composition between the felsic and more mafic intrusive phases. All Knaften felsic phases have similar trace element patterns and, their trace element chemistry is similar to other rocks from collisional settings in island arc terrains.


This article analyses the interrelations between environment, employment and technology in the process of development. A new concept of sustainable development is introduced which makes a distinction between environmental problems associated with high income levels and technological progress and those related to underdevelopment and technological stagnation. The latter category accounts for a major proportion of environmental problems facing poor agrarian economies which are undergoing a process of forced environmental degradation. It is argued that in these types of economies there is a complementarity between economic development and employment generation and the preservation of the environment. It is further shown that in such economies, where the ultimate causes of environmental degradation may be far removed from the immediate environmental issues, conventional environmental policies may be counterproductive.


In this paper, a generalization of the Malaga atmospheric optical communications
 links treated as a finite number of Generalized-K distributed sub-channels is analyzed in terms
 of the average bit error rate and outage probability.


A simple, incompressible flow, ejector model was formulated and analysed. It was found that the results obtained analytically agreed closely with those of an experimentally conducted optimization carried out by other workers. The model was also used to compare the relative merits of constant static pressure versus constant area mixing: it was shown that the latter was superior to the former when nozzle, mixing tube and diffuser friction losses were taken into account. The work also indicated that the efficiency of an ejector tends to increase as the secondary-to-primary stream density ratio decreases.


According to the commitment for entrance of WTO,the chemical fertilizer market in China will step into the global development period by the end of year 2006,with opening up overall chemical fertilizer business and corresponding service of wholesale and retail.Based on the present such facts as China's potash fertilizer self-sufficient ratio of 1/3,the imported dependence ratio of about 70% and imported price of 231 US$ per ton,as well as the outmoded commercial thought,view-point and method of China's potash fertilizer enterprise,the problems and challenge facing China's potash fertilizer industry are discussed.


Aim:To detect the expression of type Ⅰ inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate receptors in the kidneys of diabetic nephropathy rats.Methods:Thirty-five SD male rats were randomly assigned to following groups:normal control(NC,n=10) and DN groups(The citrate buffer with freshly prepared streptozotocin solution were diluted into 10 g/L solution,according to 60 mg/kg intraperitoneal injection of the modeling,when the rats with the blood glucose were higher than 16.7 mmol/L,they showed the model successfully with diabetes.They were fed normal diet continued for 3 weeks,6 weeks,12 weeks,collecting 24 h urine with metabolic cages,measured 24 h urinary protein excretion by radioimmunoassay,when the rats with 24 h urinary protein ≥ 30 mg were taken as the valid model),DN groups were divided into DN without treatment for 3 weeks group(D3,n=9),for 6 weeks group(D6,n=8),for 12 weeks group(D12,n=8).Immunohistochemistry and reverse transcription PCR(RT-PCR) were used to detect the location and expression of IP3R-Ⅰin the kidneys.Results:Immunohistochemistry staining:the positive staining located mostly in the cytoplasm of Mesangial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells,but not in the renal tubule.The positive cell(IP3R staining) percentage of all the DN groups were higher than that of NC group(F=41.536,P0.001).RT-PCR:the expression of IP3R-Ⅰof rat DN model was increased along with course of disease.It showed statistical difference among them(F=53.635,P0.001).Conclusion:Expression of IP3R-ⅠmRNA increases gradually with DN proceeding.It has an important role in rat DN.


Goal of this research was to check relation between achievement motivation and organizational commitment among teachers working in primary and secondary schools. McClelland was the author who initiated research of achievement motivation. He defines this motive as the tendency to invest the effort to achieve and accomplish something that is considered valuable and because of which individual will stand out in front of other people. McClelland singled out two components of this motive: setting goals and competing with other people. Later studies led to distinction of four components of this motive: competition with others, orientation towards planning, research and the tendency toward setting goals. In this research, the second above mentioned distinction of achievement motivation was taken into account (Franceško, Mihić, Bala, 2002). The second construct, organizational commitment, is an attitude toward one's job. The simplest definition of organizational commitment is one that says that this is an attitude that reflects the strength of the relationship between an organization and its employees. Two instruments were used in this study. First one was achievement motivation scale (MOP2002; Franceško, Mihić, Bala, 2002) with four measuring subjects: research, competition, planning and goal. Another instrument that was used in this study was organizational commitment questionnaire (OSQ: Mowday, Steers, Porter, 1979). The sample consisted of teachers working in primary and secondary schools. The sample was convenient and it consisted of a total of 111 respondents of both sexes (M=27; F=71; missing=13). Age range in this sample was from 25 to 65 years, while the average age was 42.41. The data was processed using hierarchical regression analysis, where criterion variable was organizational commitment while the predictors were measuring subjects of achievement motivation. The results show that three out of the four models are statistically significant. The highest percentage of total variance of organizational commitment is explained by the fourth model (R2=0.132). Statistically significant predictors are "competition" in the third model (β=0.225; p=0.022) and "goal" (β=0.377; p=0.012) in the fourth model. In fourth model, however, "competition" ceases to be a statistically significant predictor in this model. From the results it can be seen that in the end there is only one statistically significant predictor of organizational commitment, that is measuring subject "goal". From this we can draw the conclusion that those teachers who have a pronounced tendency of setting goals and are more committed to their organization. It is observed, from the results above, that the total percentage of explained variance of organizational commitment is relatively low. Therefore further examination, that includes some other predictors of organizational commitment, is suggested in order to explain higher percentage of the total variance of this construct.


To understand the expected changes of extreme rainfalls due to climate change, the sensitivity of rainfall to surface temperature is often calculated. However, as surface temperatures may not be a good indicator of atmospheric moisture, an alternative is to use atmospheric temperatures, but the use of atmospheric temperatures lacks precedent. Using radiosonde atmospheric temperature data at a range of geopotential heights from 34 weather stations across Australia and its territories, we examine whether atmospheric temperature can improve our understanding of rainfall-temperature sensitivities. There is considerable variability in the calculated sensitivity when using atmospheric air temperature, while atmospheric dew point temperature showed robust positive sensitivities, similar to when surface dew point temperature measurements were used. We conclude atmospheric dew point temperature may be a promising candidate for future investigations of empirically calculated sensitivities of rainfall to temperature but does not appear superior to the use of surface dew point temperature measurements.


Solid waste dumping is a hectic problem in urban and developing areas due to shortage of land for the purpose. The main objective of this study was to select potential areas for suitable solid waste dumping for Kajiado County, Kenya. Eight input map layers including DEM (digital elevation model), topography, urban settlement, roads, wetlands, rivers, forests and protected areas were prepared and MCDA (Multi Criteria Decision Analysis Methods) were implemented in a GIS (geographic information systems) environment. GIS, RS (remote sensing) and MDCA are powerful tools which can effectively be applied during the planning phase of solid waste management in order to avoid adverse catastrophes in future. The final suitability map was prepared by weighted overlay analyses and leveled as the most suitable, moderate suitable, less suitable and unsuitable areas. The area of each suitability level was calculated using spatial statistics. Polygons representing the most suitable sites were further analyzed in terms of area perimeter ratio in order to investigate the most suitable areas in terms of shape regularity. The leading four polygons considered were marked A, B, C, D respectively in the final map. This study showed that suitable areas for solid waste landfills were limited and scattered in the study area.


Epidemiology![Figure][1]

Water buffalo show that curing one infection does not stop the spread of another

PHOTOS: MINEV ET AL. ; © JOHAN SWANEPOEL/ALAMY

Infections rarely occur in isolation, and treating one pathogen may have unpredictable effects on another. Ezenwa and Jolles, working on


Many proteins that play critical roles in cellular physiology transit through the secretory pathway, and a significant percentage can fold slowly or inefficiently. Because unfolded proteins compromise cellular function and trigger apoptosis, it is critical that these proteins are recognized and destroyed. Fortunately, once selected by chaperones, defective secreted proteins can be removed via a process termed ER associated degradation (ERAD). During ERAD, polypeptides are delivered from the ER, ubiquitinated, and destroyed by the proteasome. By using a variety of models, many of the critical players in this pathway have been identified and their functions discerned. However, it is likely that there are substrate‐specific modifiers of ERAD and factors that act redundantly with one another that remain unknown. Because ERAD has been linked to many human diseases, we propose that ERAD modifiers might, in turn, be disease modifiers. To this end, we have used yeast‐based expression systems to dissect the ERAD pathway for disease‐causing proteins and to identify uncharacterized factors that modulate ERAD. Our studies have been complemented by in vitro systems that have allowed us to dissect at which step in the ERAD pathway specific factors act.


The trans-epoxide derivative of Combretastatin A-4 wasstereoselectively prepared in good yield by sulfur ylide mediated epoxidation of silyl-protected isovanillin. From this key intermediate, a formal synthesis of CA-4, by stereoselective deoxygenation and photoisomerization, was achieved. Alternatively, a trans-dioxolane derivative was obtained bystereoselective acetone insertion.(© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)


This paper presents a method of laser texturing, and a new type of regular surface roughness profile has been produced on the roll surface. A series of experiments have been developed to produce regular surface roughness profiles using a Nd:YAG laser. According to the analysis of the principle of laser texturing, the laser parameters are primely selected and matched. Consequently, the predesigned surface roughness profile and size have been successfully obtained. Furthermore, The measurement and analysis on the surface roughness hardness and abrasion resistance are carried on. The results show: the surface roughness has higher hardness rather than matrix, which adapted to the requirements of laser texturing. The surface roughness also has good abrasion resistance. In addition, the influence regulations between pulsed laser parameters and main profile parameters of roll surface have been investigated.


A simple one-dimensional numerical model based on the energy equation is developed to predict the normal flow distribution through barrier screens composed of several vertical segments of varying porosity. Comparison with experiments conducted in a 1:4.43 scale model of the intake and gatewell indicate reasonable agreement The numerical model enables estimation of initial barrier screen porositles required for detailed tests in physical models, and thus helps to reduce time and effort involved in the trial and error procedure used in physical model studies.


The utility model is a multi-blade automatic stone-cutting machine and relates to an automatic stone cutting machine having multi-blade and mainly used for cutting of special-shaped small stones. The utility model provides an automatic stone cutting machine having a multi-blade, high degree of automation and processing efficiency and low labor intensity. An electric motor is connected with a cutting tool clamping mechanism, a stone clamping mechanism and a machine platform vertical adjusting device through a driving mechanism. A telescopic driving shaft is arranged in the stone clamping mechanism. The driving mechanism is connected with one end of the telescopic driving shaft through a universal joint, and the other end of the telescopic driving shaft is connected with the vertical driving shaft of the stone clamping mechanism through the universal joint. A helical gear arranged in the vertical driving shaft is engaged with a helical gear arranged in the left upper end of the horizontal driving shaft of the stone clamping mechanism. A driving chain wheel arranged in the horizontal driving shaft is engaged with a driving chain wheel arranged in a stone clamping rotary shaft through a driving chain. The driving mechanism is connected with a driving wheel arranged in one end of the blade rotary shaft of the blade clamping mechanism. At least two blades are arranged in the cutting tool. An automatic and manual rocking wheel adjusting device is arranged in the machine platform vertical adjusting device.


In this study, the electrostrictive effect in Ba(Zr0.2Ti0.8)O3-x(Ba0.7Ca0.3)TiO3 (BZT-xBCT, x = 0.4, 0.5, and 0.6) ceramics was investigated to gain understanding of their high piezoelectric activity. The electrostrictive coefficient Q33 of the BZT-xBCT ceramics was observed to be around 0.04 m4/C2, twice that reported for Pb(Zr,Ti)O3-based ceramics. The Q33 was found to be quite stable with respect to temperature and composition for the BZT-xBCT ceramics. The addition of Fe3+ dopant to the ceramics greatly decreased their Curie temperature without affecting their Q33, which remained 0.04 m4/C2. Moreover, a high and hysteresis-free electric-field-induced strain was obtained for 2 at. % Fe-doped BZT-0.5BCT ceramics at room temperature, caused by their high Q33 coefficient and lower-than-room-temperature Curie temperature. The small-signal M33 coefficient of 2 at. % Fe-doped BZT-0.5BCT ceramics was found to be 1.5 × 10−16 m2/V2 (0.32 × 10−16 m2/V2 for undoped counterpart). These results indicate that 2 at. ...


Four independent studies are presented that investigated the automatic evaluation of overweight and normal weight stimuli in a masked affective priming procedure using pictures of normal weight and overweight persons as prime stimuli. In contrast to other studies that did not find relations between participants' weight and their level of prejudice toward overweight targets, we consistently found a negative relationship between the masked affective priming effect (denoting relative negativity of overweight as compared to normal weight stimuli) and the body mass index of participants, with overweight participants even showing a reversed priming effect (i.e., denoting relative positivity of overweight). In accordance with other studies, no such relation was found in explicit attitude expression. Possible explanations are discussed at a theoretical as well as methodological level.


Efficiently storing and matching visited states is key to the effectiveness of explicit-state model checkers such as SPIN. Models of concurrent programs often have too many reachable states to enumerate easily in main memory, and an efficient model checker can exhaust main memory in minutes by storing state descriptors exactly. A popular alternative is to over-approximate the set of visited states using a randomized, probabilistic data structure, such as a Bloom filter. Because the approximation is sound and does not slow down the search with revisitation of states, it tends to find errors quickly. Because it is probabilistically complete, the approach can also convincingly demonstrate lack of errors.
In this dissertation, I analyze the approximate state storage problem in unprecedented detail, improve upon standard solutions, and demonstrate a novel approach that solves a configuration dilemma facing users of the standard solutions. Especially with my improvements, the best Bloom filter or hash compaction configuration for a given situation is quite good, but choosing the best configuration depends on a good estimate of the number of reachable states. Such an estimate is usually only available after checking a model. I solve this dilemma with an efficient storage scheme that is not tied to a particular estimate, because it is adaptive. Regardless of the number of states encountered at run time, its accuracy is near the information-theoretic optimal. It is also competitively fast, thanks to a novel in-place adaptation algorithm and a favorable access pattern to memory.


The World Missionary Conference, held in Edinburgh in June 1910, will be widely celebrated this year as a milestone in both ecumenical and missionary history. This article seeks to delineate more precisely in what respects the conference did mark a new departure. Whilst some of the claims made for its significance are inaccurate, it remains the case that participants in the event returned home captivated by a more expansive vision than was allowed for in the conference's original terms of reference.


At the ACM Education Council meeting in mid-September, 2014, issues of importance to those interested in computing education were discussed. In a brainstorming activity, Education Council members were asked to suggest topics of emerging importance. Among other ideas, members discussed ACM's international membership growth, the establishment of cybersecurity education curriculum guidelines, encouraging the study of computing in K-12 and promoting diversity.


While much research on older road users has focussed on identifying those who may be at increased risk, there is a lack of knowledge with regard to the effect of functional impairment, particularly the types and levels of cognitive impairment, on pedestrian performance and crash risk of older adults. This review assessed the current state of knowledge in regard to the key issues affecting older pedestrian safety, particularly the effect of cognitive impairment on behaviour and crash risk, and provides some recommendations for further work to understand this relationship better. During the course of the literature search, the distinction between normal age-related cognitive decline and cognitive impairment associated with medical conditions emerged as a key issue and these are discussed separately in the review. It is noted throughout this review that very few studies are directly related to pedestrian performance or crash risk. The conclusions drawn from this review are from a combination of evidence of an effect of cognitive impairment on driving ability, ability to perform activities of daily living, particularly walking (these are intuitively related to crossing roads in a safe manner) and the few studies directly related to pedestrian behaviour. (a)


The invention relates to a converter dephosphorization pretreatment and slagless decarburization method, belonging to the field of converter steelmaking; the method is mainly used for dephosphorization pretreatment and slagless decarburization in the same converter or different converters, and the processes of top blowing oxygen and bottom blowing nitrogen and argon are adopted; in a decarburization period, dephosphorization agents with low melting point are used and low flow rate control is adopted, the scrap steel intake quantity is reduced by increasing ore adding quantity, the finish temperature is controlled to 1350-1400 DEG C, the carbon content is controlled to be 2.8-3.2 percent in a short time, in a decarbonization period, normal top blowing is adopted to supply air flow rate to meet period requirements, the decarburization finish temperature is controlled to be 1650-1720 DEG C, and the dephosphorization period and the decarburization period are matched by adopting the innovative process, so as to achieve the economic, high-efficiency and deep dephosphorization purposes.


OBJECTIVE To establish the method for determining the triamcinolone acetonide acetate on triamcinolone acetonide acetate injection.METHODS The contents of triamcinolone acetonide acetate on triamcinolone acetonide acetate injection was determined by HPLC,and the mobile phase was methanol-H2O-ethanol(62∶38∶2),mobile velocity was 1.0 mL/min,and wavelength of detection was 240 nm.RESULTS The method was linear within the range of 4.1~185.4 mg/L(r=0.999 6),and the average recovery was 100.8%,and the RSD was 1.26%(n=9).CONCLUSION The HPLC is simple,accurate,and with good reproducibility for determining the triamcinolone acetonide acetate in triamcinolone acetonide acetate injection.


Organic matter-mineral associations stabilize much of the carbon stored globally in soils. Metastable shortrange-order (SRO) minerals such as allophane and ferrihydrite provide one mechanism for long-term stabilization of organic matter in soil. However, ancient and highly weathered soils that cover a large fraction of land area lack SRO minerals. Here we evaluate the role of different minerals on the amount and turnover time (TT) of carbon in a field setting designed to 15 minimize the role of SRO by taking advantage of multiple lithologies in Kruger National Park, South Africa. Density separation demonstrated that most of the C was associated with minerals, even in surface soils. A parallel separation of claysized material demonstrated that 9-47% of the organic C in these soils was stabilized by clays. Organic C associated with clay-sized material had average TT of 1020 ± 460 years in surface soils. The mean TT of this clay-associated C increased with depth and with fraction of total clay that was smectite. Because the C associated with smectite clay was so old, the 20 amount of smectite (2:1 clays) controlled the age of bulk soil C across Kruger landscapes. The TT of the majority of soil C – not stabilized by clays was much shorter, 190±190 years in surface horizons. We suggest that this faster component reflects timescales of weaker C stabilization by crystalline Fe and Al oxyhydr)oxides and kaolinite (1:1) clays, as well as LF fractions not associated with minerals. Thus, bulk or HF carbon integrates C stabilized by mechanisms with inherently different TT, something that is often inferred from radiocarbon measurements. While SRO mineral concentrations were 25 very low in these soils, the soils with most SRO had very high C content but also very young C. In other environments, SRO can be very stable and sorb C on very long timescales. We hypothesize that the seasonal wetting and drying in the KNP may reduce the age of SRO minerals as well as the C associated with them. Across the varying lithologies and a precipitation gradient found in the KNP, we found mineralogy to be the most important explanatory factor for C content (related to crystalline Fe) and turnover time (related to the amount of smectite). 30 SOIL Discuss., doi:10.5194/soil-2016-31, 2016 Manuscript under review for journal SOIL Published: 26 April 2016 c © Author(s) 2016. CC-BY 3.0 License.


A one-dimensional vertical two-phase flow model for sedimentation–consolidation process is presented. The model is based on solving the continuity and momentum equations for both fluid and solid phases. In the non-cohesive case, the momentum transfer between the two phases is reduced to the drag force around a single particle modified to take the hindrance effects into account. In the cohesive case, Darcy–Gersevanov's law is used for the closure of the momentum transfer between the two phases and the concept of "effective stress" is introduced to take into account the bed structuring. These closure laws are validated against high-resolution experimental data in terms of settling curves and concentration profiles. The reliability of the model is illustrated from an analysis of the momentum balances at different stages during the process. Finally, the proposed closure laws and numerical algorithms are shown to be able to quantitatively reproduce sedimentation of non-cohesive and sedimentation–consolidation of cohesive sediments, including mud.


Social capital is a non-economic concept of regional development. This concept emerged out of the thinking about the role of more intangible development factors such as institutions, networks and trust. Is it possible in China to mobilize the social capital to promote the local development and to solve public issues? The present paper is based on the investigation in the village N. The contribution presents the difficulty to mobilize the social capital and the difficulty of the participation in low developed rural China. In the end, the paper suggests that the issue to mobilize the social capital and the enthusiasm of the social members to participate the local development should be considered more in the future in China.


Objective To study the protective effect of two different routes of Topamax administration-a new anti-epileptic drug on newborn rats with hypoxic-ischemic brain damage(HIBD).Methods One hundred and twenty newborn Wistar rats aged 7 days were randomized to sham operation group,pure hypoxic-ischemic group,Topamax oral administration group and Topamax intra-peritoneal injection administration group.Topamax was given in the same dose,oralor intraperitoneal,first dose 150 mg/kg,then 100 mg/kg every 12 h until the experimental age.By establishing newborn rat HIBD animal model,applying HE staining,Immunocytochemistry and Western-Blotting technique,to observe pathologic changes and the dynamic expression of cerebral cortex glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor(GDNF)after HIBD in different groups,further to study the protective effect of different routes of Topamax administration after brain injury.Results Two different routes of Topamax administration both alleviated obviously the brain tissue damage;the expression of GDNF began to rise at 12 hours after HIBD,reaching the peak on the third day,on the fifth day began to drop but still at higher leve.The GDNF expression of two Topamax administration groups increased significantly when compared to pure hypoxic-ischemic group and there was statistical significance(P0.005),while there was no statistical significance in GDNF expression between two different Topamax administration groups.Conclusions The GDNF expression changes over time,reaching the peak on the third day after HIBD.Topamax oral administration and intra-peritoneal injection administration have no significant difference in the expression of GDNF after HIBD,both routes can achieve fairly good brain protective effect;the possible mechanism of Topamax brain protection is its action of increasing the glial cells to excrete GDNF.


This article exposes precisely what ideological influences have been situated as authoritative and as marginal within UNESCO's lifelong learning policy discourses over time, periodizing those discourses in terms of their politicaleconomic contexts. As such, analysis reveals UNESCO's continuous commitment to extending social democratic liberalist lifelong learning discourses of global educational development in the interest of global justice. Implications for realizing good policy and global justice, distorted by the current neoliberal capitalism, are discussed in-depth. The Rise of International Organizations in Global Educational Development Over the last half century, the fast-growing number of international organizations addressing various global problems has been a salient global phenomenon (Union of International Associations, 2005). The field of global educational development is no exception. Specifically, among many of international bodies, four particular international agencies have been key players in the organizational field of global educational development: the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), the European Union (EU) and the World Bank. These organizations have had considerable impact on educational discourses through international discussions and policy initiatives. This impact has promoted two visions of human freedom—one, the freedom of the independent individual to earn by accepting the unrestrained rule of capital and its imposed goals for daily being, and two, the freedom of the community member and others to purposefully grow in pursuit of their own goals by promoting popular rule. Unfortunately, most of these international organizations (i.e., the OECD, the EU, and the World Bank) have worked in favor of the former, thereby strengthening the global hegemony of the developed North over the comparatively underdeveloped South. UNESCO, the international organization of primary interest in this article, has paved an ideological route towards global educational development different from the aforementioned Northern-centered organizations, supporters of the new globalized political economy of education—i.e. neoliberal educational governance. Founded in 1945, UNESCO has served as an equitable engine of representative democracy and the support for human rights within global educational development. UNESCO, as we will show in this article, has historically sought to resist the unrestrained rule of capital and the redefinition of education as a private good that have reinforced the world-wide dominance of neoliberal ideology. That is, we argue that UNESCO's policy discourse has lent support to popular, global efforts to bring about more democratic educational conditions for all. However, while UNESCO has been an important agency in the field of global educational development, UNESCO's policy influences on the field have been often estimated as more normative than substantive. This is partly because of UNESCO's lack of legal authority to initiate particular educational programs in its member states, compared to the legal force of the


Background: As Maxillary Sinus are pneumatic bones delicate in cadavers, Morphological study has anatomical anthropological and medico legal important. Hence Morpho metric parameters of MXS in CT scan of both sexes were studied. Methods: 23 male 23 female adult aged between 20-50 year healthy people were studied with CT images to measure medio-lateral, superoinferior and antero posterior dimensions and volumes of MXS in both sexes and results were analysed statistically. Results: In ML Right mean values Males was 29-30 (SD±3.17), female 27.12 (SD±5.16 t test was 1.72 and p<0.001. SIR Right – Mean value of male was 40.02 (SD±3.66), female 35.11 (SD±4.40) t test 4.11 and p<0.001. AP (right side) Mean value of male was 44.23 (SD±3.21), female 38.03 (SD±2.30) t test 7.53 p<0.00. MLC (left side) mean value of male was 29.04 (SD±2.30), female 25.06 (SD±4.20) t test 3.98 p<0.004. SIL left side mean value of male 38.41 (SD±4.12), female 35.07 (SD±3.60) t test 2.92 p<0.005. APL (left side) mean value of male 42.36 (SD±2.60), female 39.05 (SD±2.45) t test value 4.44 p<0.001. The volumes study of MXS had VR – mean value of male 18.25 (SD±2.53), female 13.30 (SD±3.14) t test 5.88 p<0.041. In VL study mean value of male was 17.09 (SD±2.75), female was 12.44 (SD±3.42) p<0.001. Conclusion: This pragmatic study of sexual dimorphism will be quite useful to medico-legal expert, anthropologist and anatomist


Abstract : In the course of this project, the possibility of preparing the following materials was investigated: Vinyisilanes, Allyl Sulfides, Divinyl Sulfide, 2-Methylthioethyl Vinyl Sulfide, Vinylidene Cyanide, N-(2,2,2-Trifluoroethyl)-acrylamide, N-Alkyl-N-l,1-Dihydroheptafluorobutylacrylamides, N-Alkyl-N-1,1-Dihydroheptafluorobutylmethacrylai es, Methylene Silanes, 1,1-Dihydroheptafluoro-1-butyl alpha-(Trifluoromethyl)-acrylate, 1,3-Dicyano-l,3-butadiene, and Heptafluoropropylacrylamide. Prior to the attempted preparation of monomers, a comprehensive literature survey was undertaken. The modification of Acrylon rubbers was investigated by use of both copolymer and terpolymer systems. A preliminary evaluation of the more promising materials was performed.


Inclusive education is now one of the accepted educational policies in India. As students with sensory impairment are an integral part of mainstream society it is necessary that they too grow up as environmentally responsible citizens of a country This study is based on quasi-experimental approach seeking to make a comparative analysis of environmental awareness and pro-environmental behaviour between sighted and visually impaired students belonging to secondary stage of education in the state of West Bengal, India. A self constructed standardized Likert type questionnaire was used. The statistical analysis found that two groups did not differ in respect of environmental awareness and Pro-environmental behaviour. The degree of relationship between the environmental awareness and pro-environmental behaviour scores in the context of sightedness and gender was also found to be insignificant. Thus, the sense of sight or the gender does not have impact on the environmentalism.


Objective  To quantify the risk of morbidity from vaginal delivery (VD) that pregnant women would be prepared to accept before requesting an elective caesarean section and to compare these views with those of clinicians.


Abstract. Drought is an abnormal and prolonged deficit in available water. Possible drought impacts are crop losses, famine, fatalities, power blackouts and degraded ecosystems. These severe socio-economic and environmental impacts show the need to carefully monitor drought conditions using a suitable index. Our objective is to provide an intercomparison of frequently used physical drought indices to show to which degree they are interchangeable for monitoring drought in precipitation, soil moisture, groundwater and streamflow. Physical indices are commonly introduced to predict drought impacts, because appropriate drought impact indices are still missing. Correlations (R) between frequently used indices for different drought types were calculated at the global scale. We have made the index timeseries available to the community for future studies. Precipitation drought indices show low to intermediate correlations (ranging from R = 0.1 to 0.75), soil moisture drought indices show an even lower similarity (R = 0.25). Indices for streamflow drought show the highest correlation (R = 0.5 to 0.95). Additionally, meteorological drought indices do not capture the soil moisture drought correctly (R = 0.0 to 0.6) nor streamflow drought (R = 0.0 to 0.7). These findings have implications for drought monitoring systems: (i) for each drought type, a different index should carefully be identified; (ii) drought indices that are designed to monitor the same drought type show large discrepancies in their anomalies and hence drought detection; (iii) there is no single superior physical drought index that is capable of accurately capturing the diverse set of drought impacts in all parts of the hydrological cycle.


This study was carried out to evaluate the nutritional properties of Solanum macrocarpum (garden egg) stalk using standard methods. Sulphates and chloride were the most abundant anions while calcium and magnesium were the predominant mineral cations. Results for the proximate composition showed high carbohydrates (27.70 %), fibre contents (22.94 %), and ash (18.83 %) while the phytochemical composition showed higher ribalinidine, catechin, and phenol contents. Vitamin B6, C, A, and B12 were found in higher concentrations, while lysine (9.48 g/100g), phenylalanine (6.86 g/100g), leucine (6.59 g/100g), and arginine (5.66 g/100g) were the predominant essential amino acids. Results for the free radical scavenging potentials showed higher DPPH, nitric oxide, hydrogen peroxide, and ABTS radical scavenging potentials for the garden egg stalk, while their ferric reducing antioxidant power, superoxide and lipid peroxide scavenging were comparable to the standards used. This study has shown the high nutrient density of the garden egg stalk, thus encouraging its inclusion for dietary uses. Keyword: Garden egg stalk; phytochemicals; micronutrients, amino acids; proteins


The invention relates to a multi-closed-loop feedback control system for a laser cutter and belongs to the field of computer digital control application. By combining a current loop, a velocity loop and a position loop in the feedback control technique, a multi-closed-loop feedback control system such as a current-loop-velocity-loop-position-loop feedback control system, a current-loop-velocity-loop feedback control system, a velocity loop-position loop feedback control system or a current loop-position loop feedback control system can be formed. The feedback control system and a servo motor of the laser cutter are optimally configured. The usage proves that the multi-closed-loop feedback control technique can be used for obviously increasing the stability, rapidity and accuracy of the servo motor control system and can be used for improving the output characteristics of the open-loop control, semi-closed loop control and single closed-loop control system.


Estimation of creatinine clearance from serum creatinine can be rapidly used to assess renal function and adjusted the dosage regimen ๙ drugs that is excreted partially or completely by the kidney. Serum creatinine concentration depends on creatinine production rate and creatinine excretion rate,both closely related to age, sex,body weight and pharmacokinetic of creatinine. Several formulas for estimation have been developed based on these relations. This paper reviews the pharmacokinetics of creatinine and several estimation methods of creatinine clearance from serum creatinine. The advantages and limitations of each method are dicussed and the use of creatinine clearance for dosage regimen adjustment in patients with renal impairment is considered. In adult with stable rend function. Although most of the methods appeared to be as accurate as measured creatinine clearance, data from various published showed that the Cockcroft&Gault equation correlated well with measured creatinine clearance(mean corelation coefficient = 0.83), when compared to standard assessment of glomerular filtration(inulin clearance!'CrEDTAJiippuran) gave the mean correlation coefficient = 0.84. The Cockcroft&Gault equation allowed the good prediction of serum creatinine concentration, at 1-5 mg/dL, while Bjornsson equation was accurate for prediction in the elderly patients with low serum creatinine concentration ( <1 mg/dL). The Jelliffe's Creatinine Excretion Method, Hallynk, and Bjornsson Method are more appropiate for use in patients with unstable or changeable renal function because of including a correction for nonrenal creatinine elimination, but the extensive calculation make it difficult to use routinely. All methods gave overprediction in obese patient and concurrent liver disease. In children all equations correlated well with measured creatinine clearance, the widely used clinically is Schwartz.


We consider the sequence of optimal control problems having as state equation y′(t)=an(t,y)+bn(t,u) (t∈(0,T], y(0)=x) and cost functional Jn(y,u)=esssup\nolimitst I [0,T]fn(t,y(t),u(t)). We prove a Γ-convergence result and we study the entailed properties on the stability for the related Hamilton-Jacobi equations.


A in a short reaction time without sacrificing the ion beam angle integrity, controls the intensity uniformity of the broad ion beam. A broad-beam single substrate ion implantation system 100 is a gas jet which is individually controlled, the differential equation pumping station 216 in which the gas pressure contains a sequence 506 of individually controllable gas jet comprises a Faraday cup profiler 407 for measuring the profile of a broad ion beam, differential type pumping station 216, the charge exchange reaction between the gas and ions, the ratio of ions in the initial charge state of a broad ion beam change the, some that are charge exchange of the broad ion beam, which is removed by the deflector for generating a magnetic field, based on feedback supplied to the control device, the individually controlled gas jets by adjusting the to produce the desired broad ion beam


In present work, Direct Sparse Odometry (DSO) of visual SLAM is selected as an auxiliary scheme for unmanned vehicles to solve the problem of poor positioning accuracy or inability to locate caused by multipath refraction. By extracting pixels and feature points jointly in the frontend, it can be ensured that the DSO maintained robustness in weak texture regions, while not omitting the feature corners with repeatability. To improve the positioning accuracy of DSO, the pose-graph optimization and loop closure detection with bag-of-words (BoW) are adopted. The optimized DSO has been compared with the original model in the dataset and verified by experiment in the campus scene. The results show that, the optimized algorithm can accurately detect loop closing, reduce the absolute trajectory error (ATE) of DSO by 61.26%, and greatly improve the positioning accuracy without sacrificing real-time and robustness. It verifies the validity of the DSO with loop closure detection, and provides a new method for the core positioning algorithm of driverless vehicles.


The stainable polyphosphate bodies in five species of algae epiphytic on Cladophora glomerata were enumerated. The algal populations, two species of diatoms, two species of blue-green algae, and a red alga, were collected at various distances from a point source of phosphorus enrichment in Lake Huron. Populations assayed had accumulated polyphosphate bodies and exhibited different levels of maximum polyphosphate body abundance. Numbers of polyphosphate bodies per unit cell volume were least in the diatoms, greatest in the blue-greens, and intermediate in the red alga. No significant differences were found between subpopulations of the same species growing in different portions of the epiphyte community matrix at one location. The subpopulation growing at the location farthest from the point source of phosphorus had substantially fewer polyphosphate bodies than subpopulations of the same species closer to the point source. The ecology and growth relationships of Cladophora communities in the Laurentian Great Lakes has been studied extensively, largely because of the potential for offensive overgrowth in localities receiving phosphorus enrichment. Although abundance of Cladophora generally is related to phosphorus loading, certain aspects of seasonal growth apparently are mediated by other factors. Presently it is not clear if the commonly observed mid-summer decline in Cladophora growth is due to genetically pre-determined maturation effects, or to competition for critical resources by epiphytic communities which develop upon the maturing Cladophora stands. Due to the complex and highly structured form of the community developed upon Cladophora, the latter aspect of Cladophora ecology is difficult to address experimentally. In the following, we report the results of an investigation of one possibly important competitive process, sequestering of phosphorus beyond immediate growth requirements by populations epiphytic on Cladophora. Several specific questions were considered: (1) is there appreciable luxury consumption of phosphorus by epiphyte communities; (2) is the amount of phosphorus sequestered dependent upon ambient phosphorus levels; (3) is this ability to sequester phosphorus restricted to, or more prevalent in, certain major autecological groups of epiphytic organisms; 1 We thank L. Sicko-Goad for her review of this manuscript, guidance, and suggestions. Drs. Martin Auer and Raymond Canale deserve recognition for aid in obtaining partial funding of this project by United States Environmental Protection Agency Contract No. R806/600-01-0. Additional funding for this study was by United States Environmental Protection Agency Contract No. R807/450-01-0. Contribution No. 375, Great Lakes Research Division. 2 Present address: Department of Biology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky


The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of the elderly long-term care workers` job stress on psychological burnout and organizational effectiveness and the moderating role of social support. For this study, data were collected from 290 long-term caregivers from 50 in-home visitation care facilities in Seoul using structured questionnaires. Collected data were analyzed using hierarchical regression techniques. Results showed that role three job stress variables had positive effects on caregivers` psychological burnout; that two job stress variables(role ambiguity and role conflict) and psycholigcal burnout had negaive effects on caregivers` job satisfaction whereas they had positive effects on caregivers` intent to leave; that workload negatively impacted caregivers` job satisfaction but no effect on their intent to leave; and that two social support variables played moderating roles in the relationship between job stress and psychological burnout and the relationship between job stress and organizational effectiveness.


Schwann cells are best known as myelinating glial cells of the peripheral nervous system, but they also participate actively in the sphere of immunity by producing pro‐inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β). In a previous study, we demonstrated that posttranslational processing of IL‐1β by immune‐challenged Schwann cells required the P2X7 receptor. Remarkably, the release of IL‐1β was not associated with cell death, indicating the involvement of an active mechanism. ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporters are known to transport leaderless secretory proteins, such as IL‐1β; therefore, we investigated whether such transporters were at work in Schwann cells. Mouse Schwann cells expressed ABC1 transporter mRNA and displayed the functional protein. Glybenclamide and diisothiocyanato‐stilbene‐disulfonic acid (DIDS), two blockers of chloride fluxes that drive the export activity of ABC1 transporters, inhibited IL‐1β release without altering its intracellular processing. Enhancing chloride efflux potentiated the release of IL‐1β, while decreasing it led to a strong reduction in its release. Because the stimulation of the P2X7 receptor also activates a chloride conductance, we investigated the possibility of a sole anionic pathway mobilized by the P2X7 receptor and ABC1. Glybenclamide and DIDS had no significant effects on the P2X7‐activated chloride current suggesting therefore the existence of two different pathways. In summary, ABC1 transporters are required for the release of IL‐1β by mouse Schwann cells. Being associated together with chloride conductance, P2X7 receptors and ABC1 transporters delineate a subtle and complex regulation of IL‐1β production in mammalian Schwann cells. Furthermore, ABC1 transporters could be a target of therapeutic interest for regulating IL‐1β activity in neuroinflammation disorders. GLIA, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.


Grafting analysis was carried out using three tomato(Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)lines introduced from Tomato Genetics Resource Center USA(TGRC):LA2701,LA3202 and LA3526 with high resistance to bacterial wilt as rootstocks and'Zaoguan 30'as cions.Grafted plants were inoculated with Ralstonia solanacearum and bacterial wilt resistance was investigated.Results indicated that the three tomato lines could improve the bacterial wilt resistance obviously.Ralstonia solanacearum in vivo analysis indicated the grafting with bacterial wilt resistant rootstocks could effectively inhibit the propagation of bacterial cells in tomato stem.


272 Background: New Century Health is an Oncology Care Management company. Evidence-based medicine is not a new trend, however, we believe that New Century Health has developed a way to quantify quality and cost outcomes based on our innovative approach to utilizing Clinical Pathways and Compendia.

METHODS
A retrospective clinical review was performed on 1,938 chemotherapy treatment requests (CTRs) withdrawn or recommended adverse determination (RAD), in calendar year 2012, for two national health insurance carriers. Financial impact associated with the clinical intervention was calculated at ASP +6%, net of confirmed resubmissions. Resubmissions are defined as those approved treatment requests received within one month of the original withdrawal/RAD for an alternative treatment resulting from the original withdrawal/RAD. Financial impact of gross administrative errors was mitigated through manual adjustments to the projected costs.

RESULTS
The average combined membership was 795,679; 5,731 unique patients had requests for chemotherapy treatment during 2012, generating 15,446 CTRs. Twelve point five (12.5) percent (1,938) of those were withdrawn/RAD resulting in a net impact of $15.1 million. Of the 1,938 withdrawn/RAD, 12.4% (241) resulted in increased quality with an associated increase in cost ($1.8M).

CONCLUSIONS
New Century Health believes that cost effective treatment is a function of quality and not the ultimate goal at the expense of patient outcomes. Detailed retrospective case studies were performed on all of the requests that resulted in additional costs. New Century Health believes that in each case the quality of care or patient safety was significantly improved by our peer-to-peer clinical interventions. This is a patient-centric innovative approach to evidence-based medicine that embraces necessary cost increases in favor of clinical quality and patient safety.


The family of Reed-Solomon (RS) codes plays a prominent role in the construction of quasilinear probabilistically checkable proofs (PCPs) and interactive oracle proofs (IOPs) with perfect zero knowledge and polylogarithmic verifiers. The large concrete computational complexity required to prove membership in RS codes is one of the biggest obstacles to deploying such PCP/IOP systems in practice.
To advance on this problem we present a new interactive oracle proof of proximity (IOPP) for RS codes; we call it the Fast RS IOPP (FRI) because (i) it resembles the ubiquitous Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) and (ii) the arithmetic complexity of its prover is strictly linear and that of the verifier is strictly logarithmic (in comparison, FFT arithmetic complexity is quasi-linear but not strictly linear). Prior RS IOPPs and PCPs of proximity (PCPPs) required super-linear proving time even for polynomially large query complexity.
For codes of block-length N, the arithmetic complexity of the (interactive) FRI prover is less than 6 * N, while the (interactive) FRI verifier has arithmetic complexity <= 21 * log N, query complexity 2 * log N and constant soundness - words that are delta-far from the code are rejected with probability min{delta * (1-o(1)),delta_0} where delta_0 is a positive constant that depends mainly on the code rate. The particular combination of query complexity and soundness obtained by FRI is better than that of the quasilinear PCPP of [Ben-Sasson and Sudan, SICOMP 2008], even with the tighter soundness analysis of [Ben-Sasson et al., STOC 2013; ECCC 2016]; consequently, FRI is likely to facilitate better concretely efficient zero knowledge proof and argument systems.
Previous concretely efficient PCPPs and IOPPs suffered a constant multiplicative factor loss in soundness with each round of "proof composition" and thus used at most O(log log N) rounds. We show that when delta is smaller than the unique decoding radius of the code, FRI suffers only a negligible additive loss in soundness. This observation allows us to increase the number of "proof composition" rounds to Theta(log N) and thereby reduce prover and verifier running time for fixed soundness.


Anti-müllerian hormone (AMH) has been partially purified from incubation medium of calf fetal testes (Picard and Josso, 1981). It produces müllerian regression in organ culture and contains one major radioactive protein, when testes have been incubated in the presence of tritiated fucose. Identity between AMH and this labelled marker protein has been postulated, and, in consequence, the latter has been used to screen hybridomas for anti-AMH activity. Splenocytes of a BALB/c mouse, injected with partially purified AMH, produced 297 hybridomas after fusion with myeloma cells. Culture medium from 94 was tested, in a double antibody precipitation test, for its capacity to bind the labelled protein contained in partially purified medium. Three IgG hybridomas gave positive results and one was cloned and used to produce ascites in BALB/c mice. Ascites IgG, used as first antibody in a double antibody precipitation test, precipitated the labelled protein and removed anti-müllerian activity from medium containing bioactive AMH. The monoclonal antibody also blocked anti-müllerian activity of calf fetal testicular tissue, indicating that it is directed against the biologically active portion of the AMH molecule. These results prove the identity between AMH and its biochemical marker, and should greatly hasten the isolation and quantitative assay of the hormone.


The availability of historical data on the global positioning systems' trajectories of vehicles and passenger boarding information for public bus fleets of large municipalities has given researchers and practitioners the opportunity to explore new challenges regarding the analysis of public transportation systems. This paper performs one such analysis as a case study examining the margin of improvement that passengers of a 1.8M people Brazilian city have when choosing their daily bus trips. In doing so, we document a number of not readily apparent challenges that must be overcome to leverage public transportation big data to policymakers, transportation systems operators, and citizens. Solutions are devised to each of these challenges and demonstrated on the analysis of the aforementioned 1.8M people city.


Taking a dynamic approach to the study of youth, this article draws on the results of a qualitative study
of young people in Yaoundé to understand the logic behind their participation in sports (soccer) betting
and explore associated forms of sociability. After presenting our theoretical framework and data
collection methodology, we describe the factors encouraging young people to bet on soccer matches.
We then review the various forms of sociability developed in the context of sports betting and explore
underlying determinants. To begin with, reports of gambling winnings by friends and acquaintances, love
for the sport and the richness of soccer culture, etc., serve as motivating factors. Furthermore, precarious
living conditions and the perception of cultural capital acquired through these sports (soccer) betting
shape forms of sociability that support strategies for addressing a range of challenges.


One embodiment of the utility model provides an anti-distortion welding jig frame, comprising a jig frame base, an adjusting device and a clamp, wherein the adjusting device is arranged on the top of the jig frame base and can move in a vertical direction. A U-shaped rib plate is fixed on the adjusting device. The clamp is positioned on the two sides of the top of the jig frame base to clamp the U-shaped rib plate. In the anti-distortion welding jig frame, the preset inverse distortion is provided by the adjusting device and the adjusting device is set according to the shape size and thickness of a plate unit, so that the finally obtained welded panel meets the requirements that the longitudinal flatness is not more than 1/1,000, the partial transverse flatness is not more than 3/1,000 and the whole flatness is not more than 6 mm.


Acknowledgments Organization of the Bibliography Introduction Scholarship Bibliographies and Literature Reviews Collections and Special Issues History and Implementation Research Studies Theory and Rationale Pedagogy General Pedagogy The Arts and Humanities Math, Science, and Engineering The Social and Behavioral Sciences Business, Law, Finance, and Economics Textbooks Author Index Subject Index


This paper has as objective the discussion of the blood donation's restriction of 12 (twelve) months by men who had sex with men (HSH) that is in the article. 64 of the Executive Order n° 2.712, from november, 12 of 2013 of the Ministery of Health of Brazil. This analysis will be made in the Light of the principles of equality and proportionality, having in considerantion the conflitcts of fundamental rights that matters to the subject, mainly the right to health and the right of an equal treatment. The work is finnished by a short analysis comparing another countries's situation.


Context The benefits of exercise in improving glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes are well documented. Previous studies have examined aerobic or resistance exercise alone but not in combination. Contribution This randomized, controlled trial showed better reduction in hemoglobin A1c values in patients who followed a combined aerobic exercise and resistance training program 3 times weekly than in patients who followed a program of either exercise type alone. Caution Patients in the combined exercise group had a longer duration of exercise than those in the other exercise groups; the study thus does not permit definitive conclusions about whether the benefits were due to longer exercise duration or to the combined exercise training. The Editors Physical activity is important in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Systematic reviews (14) found that structured aerobic exercise (walking, jogging, or cycling) or resistance exercise (weightlifting) reduced the absolute hemoglobin A1c value by about 0.6%. The hemoglobin A1c value reflects the mean plasma glucose concentration over the previous 2 to 3 months. A 1% absolute decrease in the hemoglobin A1c value is associated with a 15% to 20% decrease in major cardiovascular events (5) and a 37% reduction in microvascular complications (6). The only study that compared combined aerobic and resistance training with aerobic training alone found no differences in hemoglobin A1c values between the groups, but the low average baseline hemoglobin A1c value (6.7%) and small sample (9 to 10 persons per group) limited the power to detect a difference (7). We designed the DARE (Diabetes Aerobic and Resistance Exercise) clinical trial to determine the effects of aerobic and resistance training alone versus a sedentary control group, and the incremental effects of doing both types of exercise (combined exercise training) versus aerobic or resistance training alone, on glycemic control and other risk factors for cardiovascular disease. We report our results for the primary outcome (change in hemoglobin A1c value from baseline to the end of the intervention) and for the secondary outcomes of plasma lipid levels, blood pressure, and body composition. We hypothesized that the decrease in hemoglobin A1c value would be greater in the aerobic and resistance training groups than the control group and would be even greater in the combined exercise training group than the aerobic or resistance training group. Methods Design We conducted a 26-week, single-center, randomized, controlled trial with a parallel-group design. After a 4-week run-in phase, previously inactive persons with type 2 diabetes were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 groups: aerobic training, resistance training, combined aerobic and resistance training, or a control group that reverted to prestudy exercise levels. Participants and trainers could not feasibly be blinded to group assignment after randomization, but the main study outcomes were measured by blinded technologists using objective methods. The study was approved by the Ottawa Hospital Research Ethics Board, and all participants gave informed consent. Setting The exercise intervention took place at 8 community-based exercise facilities in the OttawaGatineau, Canada, region. Exercise was supervised by personal trainers. Participants Previously inactive patients with type 2 diabetes who were 39 to 70 years of age were recruited through advertising, physicians, and word of mouth. Inclusion criteria included type 2 diabetes (as defined by the American Diabetes Association [8]) for more than 6 months and a baseline hemoglobin A1c value of 6.6% to 9.9% (normal range, 4.0% to 6.0%). Exclusion criteria were current insulin therapy; participation in exercise 2 or more times weekly for 20 minutes or longer per session or in any resistance training during the previous 6 months; changes during the previous 2 months in oral hypoglycemic, antihypertensive, or lipid-lowering agents or body weight (5%); serum creatinine level of 200 mol/L or greater (2.26 mg/dL); proteinuria greater than 1 g/d; blood pressure greater than 160/95 mm Hg; restrictions in physical activity because of disease; or presence of other medical conditions that made participation inadvisable. After initial screening by telephone, requisitions for hemoglobin A1c testing were mailed to potentially eligible individuals. Those with a screening hemoglobin A1c value of 6.6% to 9.9% were invited for in-person assessment, where informed consent was obtained, followed by a history and physical examination. Participants returned on a separate day for maximal exercise stress testing with electrocardiographic monitoring by using a ramp protocol on a treadmill. Persons with abnormalities on this test were allowed to proceed in the trial only if cleared by a cardiologist. Run-in Phase Before randomization, all participants entered a 4-week run-in phase to assess adherence. Participants performed 15 to 20 minutes of aerobic exercise and 1 or 2 sets of 8 resistance exercises, at moderate intensity and with supervision. Only persons who attended 10 or more of the scheduled 12 run-in sessions were eligible for randomization. Randomization Participants were randomly allocated in equal numbers to the aerobic training, resistance training, combined exercise training, and control groups and were stratified by sex and age (39 to 54 years or 55 to 70 years). Central randomization was used, with allocation concealment before randomization, and block sizes varied randomly between 4 and 8. To permit blinding of the research coordinator, the personal trainer rather than the research coordinator handled the randomization visit. Intervention All exercise group participants were provided with a 6-month membership at the exercise facility; the membership fees were covered by study funding to remove economic barriers to participation. Individual exercise supervision was provided weekly for the first 4 weeks after randomization and biweekly thereafter. Attendance was verified through direct observation, exercise logs, and electronic scanning of membership cards. Exercise group participants exercised 3 times weekly, and training progressed gradually in duration and intensity. The aerobic training group exercised on treadmills or bicycle ergometers. Heart rate monitors (Polar Electro Oy, Kempele, Finland) were used to adjust workload to achieve the target heart rate. Participants progressed from 15 to 20 minutes per session at 60% of the maximum heart rate to 45 minutes per session at 75% of the maximum heart rate, as determined by using a maximal treadmill exercise test. The resistance training group performed 7 different exercises on weight machines each session, progressing to 2 to 3 sets of each exercise at the maximum weight that could be lifted 7 to 9 times. The combined exercise training group did the full aerobic training program plus the full resistance training program to ensure an adequate dose of each type of exercise. The frequency of direct supervision by trainers was the same in all exercise groups. Control participants were asked to revert to prestudy activity levels. The Appendix shows details of the exercise training programs. Background physical activity was assessed in all participants by using pedometers (Yamax DIGIWALKER SW-700, Yamax Corporation, Tokyo, Japan). Participants wore pedometers for 1 full week at baseline, week 13, and week 26, except when showering or sleeping. Background activity was defined as the mean daily total step count for the days on which the pedometer was worn, excluding steps during scheduled exercise sessions. We recommended a diet to all participants that would not cause weight loss to minimize dietary variability among groups. Dietary counseling was based on Canadian Diabetes Association guidelines (9). The dietitian interviewed each participant at baseline, 3 months, and 6 months and reviewed a 3-day food diary. Food diaries were coded by using Nutribase software, version 4 (Cybersoft, Phoenix, Arizona). Prescribed energy intake was 90% or more of estimated weight maintenance requirements (10). We took steps to minimize dietary and medication co-intervention. Letters were sent to participants' physicians asking that therapy with antihypertensive, lipid-altering, or glucose-lowering medications not be initiated or altered during the 6-month intervention unless it was medically necessary. When medication changes were deemed necessary, we asked physicians and participants to inform us of these. If the hemoglobin A1c value increased at 3 months to 10.5% or greater, we increased oral hypoglycemic therapy in a stepwise manner. If frequent hypoglycemia occurred, we decreased oral hypoglycemic medication in a stepwise manner. We did not initiate changes in antihypertensive or lipid-lowering agents between enrollment and 6 months. Control participants had the same dietary intervention and spent the same time with the research coordinator and dietitian as did participants in the exercise groups. Control participants and exercise group participants who completed 70% or more of the prescribed sessions received free YMCA memberships for 6 months after the end of the intervention. No other compensation was provided to the participants. Control participants were offered the exercise program of their choice after we obtained measurements at 6 months. This minimized the likelihood of contamination during the intervention and provided an incentive to participate in the study. After the end of the intervention, participants who exercised previously received exercise supervision only at their request, and restrictions on exercise method or medication changes were lifted for all groups. Outcomes and Measurements The primary outcome was the absolute change in hemoglobin A1c value between baseline and the end of the 6-month supervised exercise period. Secondary outcomes were plasma lipid values, blo


Shifting attention from the plane to the sphere and torus, we extend the study of pseudo-triangulations. Planar representations of each surface are used. A number of theorems and concepts are taken from the plane and applied to the sphere and torus not only for pseudo-triangulations but for triangulations as well. We found the number of edges and faces in a triangulation on n vertices in the plane, on the sphere and on the torus.


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The paper re flects upon the First Internat ional Congre ss "Researc h and group psychothera py of chronic stre ss" (At hens, Greece ), which was hold on November 20-23, 2014, and gathere d more than 200 participants from Western and Eastern Europe, North and South America and the Middle East. Most of the participants were re searc hers or pract itioners in the field of group psychothera py. However, actual for organizational psychology themes were also in the scope of the Congre ss. The inter link between psychothera py and organizational psychology was a group – both psychothera peutic and working – and the group dynamics. The paper discusses in detail the themes of the Congre ss that were re levant for organizational psychology and summarizes the key corre sponding re ports.


Abstract : This report summarizes SRI's accomplishments from 07/01/05 to 06/30/10 on the, "Formation of Defect Microstructures and Electrical Transport in VOx" project. We have successfully carried out all tasks identified in our initial proposal and supplements and gained significant knowledge and understanding of electrical transport, optical properties, and electronic structures in vanadium oxide (VOx), the most favored material for uncooled microbolometers, and in related highly disordered systems. We have developed algorithms and quantitative modeling tools that compute a variety of transport properties and their dependence on defect microstructures in VOx. These tools are valuable for identifying VOx with appropriate compositions and defect structures for improved bolometer performance. Some of our results have been published in peer-reviewed journals and presented at professional conferences. In addition, we have established a close collaboration with experimentalists in both academia [the Multidisciplinary University Research Initiative (MURI) team led by Prof. Mark Horn at Pennsylvania State University] and industry (Dr. A. J. Syllaios from L3 Communications), who have been working on VOx and related systems. We have provided our understanding and physical insights to the experimentalists and helped analyze their experimental measurements. The collaboration with experimentalists has also broadened our research scope and helped us focus on the most relevant issues concerning VOx.


225 ABSTRACT The usage of surveillance camera system is increased nowadays because of increase in crime activities. To reduce such crime activities processing of videos involved in such activities is necessary. The proposed system is to detect the unusual event which occurs in the ATM centre. The video recorded in the surveillance camera is processed to identify the unusual event. In case of occurrence of unusual activity the beep sound will occur from the buzzer and the GSM modem will send the message to the authority. The entire processing of the recorded video sequence is done in Matlab software. The unusual output generated from the software is sent to the GSM modem to distribute the information to the concerned person or the concerned authority.The application of this proposed method is to enhance the ATM security.


Recommendation System is the base of E-commerce business in India and World. After The advent of 4G technology in developed and developing countries people are using internet more than ever. Lot of options are available for almost everything on Internet. People are confused with all the options. Recommendation system makes this easier by giving users options on the basis of history of the user in the system. Now you can get choices on the basis of your likes and dislikes. But this recommendation system fails when we have no information about the user and item. In simple words because we do not have user history therefore we cannot use recommendation algorithm. In this paper we are suggesting a MBA (market basket Analysis) technique to help us solve this problem to some level. We are using data available by Amazon to develop and test our method.


Background and aim. In the last decade a significant increase of nebulized medication usage has been documented in Romania. Authors are aiming to describe parental and physician's change of perspective regarding nebulized medication in the new era of online communication and education. Material and methods. Two different questionnaires were posted in a large and representative group (more than 60,000 followers) of Romanian parents and physicians, Virtual Children's Hospital ("Spitalul Virtual de Copii"). Results. More than 4,000 answers were submitted. 94.4% responders confirmed using at least once wetnebulized medication in children. A particular aspect documented was dexamethasone off-label usage via nebulizer in 67.8% children. Additional 7% of responders confirmed that they received an indication to nebulize a normal saline suspension with dexamethasone phosphate for parenteral usage, but they didn't follow the indication and used an approved treatment. Conclusions. Upon our knowledge this is the first large study on nebulized dexamethasone in Romanian literature. 95% of Romanian children receive nebulized medication. Nebulizer is regarded by parents as a simple and friendly tool that can solve virtually all issues related to airway diseases in our country. 75% of children that received nebulized medication had a prescription for off-label use of dexamethasone.


: Something extraordinary has happened to metaphysics. At the very moment when philosophy is focusing its efforts at bringing metaphysics to an 'end,' metaphysics finds itself flourishing in the theatre, which speaks of itself as 'metaphysics-in-action' and publishes treatises carrying such titles as The Act of Being: Toward a Theory of Acting . The irony of the situation appears to have been lost on postmodern philosophers. What this paper sets out to do is explore the potential consequences of the metaphysical weight that has been acquired by the theatre for the practice of philosophy. It argues that the theatrical performance is in fact an 'enactment' of the performance of being and that, as such, it is possible to extend our understanding of this performance from the theatrical stage to the 'theatre of the world.' Finally, in doing so, we can establish the context for a metaphysics that does not privilege presence.


This article investigates how frame alignment processes are employed by a social movement organization in competitive response to a countermovement. Though the battles between feminist organizations such as NOW and conservative opposition are waged in many arenas, we focus exclusively on the ideological clash around abortion. After briefly describing the context of encounters, we examine the challenges launched against perceived threats to reproductive rights using New York State NOW chapter newsletters spanning 1970–1988. We identify three rhetorical strategies used by NOW to counterframe the debate for its members. polarization-vilification, frame debunking, and frame saving. Our findings suggest that in the face of opposition, framing strategies are modified with the goal of mobilization.


The paper considers the evolution of cassava-based industrial production, processing and marketing in Brazil, in light of the great technological diversification to be found in Brazil. It discusses the private role of the small- and medium-scale food and related processing enterprises in the food industry, as they employ cassava in producing an array of products associated with the various domestic economic classes, as well as the export market. The paper discusses new products and markets and the development of the R&D establishment to support these new growth potentials.
(Af. J. of Food and Nutritional Security: 2001 1(1): 46-59)


Abstract Waste generated from industrial processing of seafood is an enormous source of commercially valuable proteins. One among the underutilized seafood waste is shrimp waste, which primarily consists of head and carapace. Litopenaeus vannamei (L. vannamei) is the widely cultivated shrimp in Asia and contributes to 90 % of aggregate shrimp production in the world. This work was focused on extraction as well as purification of value-added proteins from L. vannamei waste in a single step aqueous two phase system (ATPS). Polyethylene glycol (PEG) and trisodium citrate system were chosen for the ATPS owing to their adequate partitioning and less toxic nature. Response surface methodology (RSM) was implemented for the optimization of independent process variables such as PEG molecular weight (2000 to 6000), pH (6 to 8) and temperature (25 to 45 °C). The results obtained from RSM were further validated using a Multi-objective genetic algorithm (MGA). At the optimized condition of PEG molecular weight 2000, pH 8 and temperature 35 °C, maximum partition coefficient and protein yield were found to be 2.79 and 92.37 %, respectively. Thus, L. vannamei waste was proved to be rich in proteins, which could be processed industrially through cost-effective non-polluting ATPS extraction, and RSM coupled MGA could be a potential tool for such process optimization.


ABSTRACT The absence of women academics in the most senior ranks and leadership roles in higher education is both an international phenomenon and an enduring social justice issue. This article provides an original insight into the 'policy' response to the underrepresentation of women academics as senior leaders in three case-study universities in Hong Kong. Based on documentary analysis and interviews with 35 women academics, the research indicates: 'gaps' between institutions voicing a commitment to gender equality and actual practice; middle management being a 'sticking point' in bringing about cultural change; a lack of understanding by some male colleagues of the barriers women face in the profession; a rejection of positive or affirmative action by interviewees; and a policy context that is focused upon equal treatment.


Introduction: Increasing global prevalence of nephrolithiasis has resulted in the development of new minimally invasive techniques and has also led to the resurgence of established methods such as percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL). This procedure is now recommended as the first option for the treatment of single large or multiple renal stones and those in the inferior calyx. This study was done to assess the complications of PCNL and their management, in our centre. Methods: Medical records of 144 patients who underwent PCNL at Lumbini Medical College Teaching Hospital, during the last one year were reviewed. The demographic data, size, tract number and location of the calculi, and intraoperative and postoperative complications were evaluated. The various parameters of the calculi were evaluated. Descriptive analysis with frequencies was done. Results: Complications occurred in 13 (9.02%) patients. Post operative bleeding occurred in seven (4.8%) patients, out of which one patient developed pseudo aneurysms and the other developed arteriovenous fistula. One patient developed hypovolemic shock immediately after surgery. Frequent blockage of urine, excessive drainage of urine from the drain site, hem thorax and colonic perforation was seen in one patient each. One patient had mortality due to post operative bleeding. Complications increased with the number and size of stones and number and site of the tracts. Conclusion: Percutaneous nephrolithotomy has low complication rate in experienced hands and complications depend upon stone size, history of open stone surgery, tract number, and tract location. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22502/jlmc.v3i2.67 Journal of Lumbini Medical College. 2015;3(2):Page: 30-33


In this paper we propose a design method of an iterative learning controller (ILC) for a non-minimum phase (NMP) system by model-matching theory. The ILC consists of two learning filters acting on both the previous input signal and the previous error signal. To design the learning filters, we convert the convergence condition of the ILC into the model-matching problem and get the stable and proper learning filter by solving the Nevanlinna's algorithm. To show the usefulness of the proposed algorithm, some design examples are included.


The effect of varying the concentration of wheat bran in the diet on the plasma and liver lipid levels, and bile acid metabolism of the rat was studied. Groups of male and female rats were maintained on a starch control, high bran, low bran, high fat and stock diet for periods of up to seventy-two weeks. The results of this study indicate that wheat bran supplementation had no overall effect on lipid or bile acid metabolism in these animals. Feeding a chemically standardised coarse wheat bran at a dose of 0.3 g/kg body weight per day over a period of six weeks to young healthy volunteers did not significantly alter plasma cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations in these subjects. However, plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations were significantly increased, while low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels decreased during the six weeks of bran consumption. Plasma glucose concentrations were unaffected by the wheat bran supplementation, however, the concentration of glycosylated haemoglobin decreased in all subjects throughout the study; indicating that wheat bran might be effective in altering the rate of glucose absorption. Under in vitro conditions, wheat bran bound the carcinogens safrole and benzo(a)pyrene at the pH of the colon; indicating that bran may decrease the availability of these carcinogens for contact with the colon mucosa, and thus absorption at colonic pH. Binding occurred at acidic, neutral and basic pH values, although the percentage of carcinogen bound decreased as the pH became more basic. However, the in vivo studies are equivocal, and do not fully support the in vitro observations, and may be due to the metabolic alteration of the wheat bran by the intestinal microflora. Wheat bran supplementation had no effect on the plasma mineral concentration in the rat, although a complete mineral balance study was not performed. Both dephytinised and whole wheat bran bound inorganic iron in vitro, the amount bound depended on pH, the quantity of fibre, and the presence or absence of inhibitors of binding. Binding was minimal below pH 2 but rose rapidly above pH 3, to a maximum near pH 7.


We analyze the cinema under a political a point of view when we think about high strategy of communications, which sometimes enchant or sometimes hinder values and became truth some ideology. This way, we ask ourselves: How study an art, which the same time is an art and also media? We believe on knowing this manifestation in the inner of societies is also understand how art and politic are related, they often show and flow into the daily life of the people, in our condition, this influence is through war films and war trailers. So, in our quality survey we explain the cinema like a space of meditation among culture, politic, market and society, a battle field of social communication, where rebuild a war of the cinema to discuss or to reaffirm values which promote and estimulate conflicts, criticize politics attitude , to resist to the hegemony in their different ways and who knows, point a way to a Culture of Peace.