In this chapter, we develop a transformational framework in which many database engineering processes can be modelled in a precise way, and in which properties such as semantics preservation and propagation can be studied rigorously. Indeed, the transformational paradigm is particularly suited to database schema manipulation and translation, that are the basis of such processes as schema normalization and optimization, model translation, reverse engineering, database integration and federation or database migration. The presentation first develops a theoretical framework based on a rich, wide spectrum specification model. Then, it describes how more complex transformations can be built through predicate-based filtering and composition. Finally, it analyzes two major engineering activities, namely database design and reverse engineering, modelled as goal-oriented schema transformations. 1. MOTIVATION AND INTRODUCTION Modelling software design as the systematic transformation of formal specifications into efficient programs, and building CASE2 tools that support it, has long been considered one of the ultimate goals of software engineering. For instance, Balzer (1981) and Fikas (1985) consider that the process of developing a program [can be] formalized as a set of correctness1. This text has been published in Transformation of Knowledge, Information and Data: Theory and Applications, P. van Bommel (Ed.), IDEA Group Pub., 2005. ISBN 159140528-9 2. Computer-aided Software Engineering 2 Transformation-based Database Engineering from Transformation of Knowledge, Information, and Data: Theory and Applications 25/10/2004 preserving transformations [...] aimed to compilable and efficient program production. In this context, according to Partsch (1983), a transformation is a relation between two program schemes P and P' (a program scheme is the [parameterized] representation of a class of related programs; a program of this class is obtained by instantiating the scheme parameters). It is said to be correct if a certain semantic relation holds between P and P'. These definitions still hold for database schemas, which are special kinds of abstract program schemes. The concept of transformation is particularly attractive in this realm, though it has not often been made explicit (for instance as a user tool) in current CASE tools. A (schema) transformation is most generally considered to be an operator by which a data structure S1 (possibly empty) is replaced by another structure S2 (possibly empty) which may have some sort of equivalence with S1. Some transformations change the information contents of the source schema, particularly in schema building (adding an entity type or an attribute) and in schema evolution (removing a constraint or extending a relationship type). Others preserve it and will be called semantics-preserving or reversible. Among them, we wil find those which just change the nature of a schema object, such as transforming an entity type into an relationship type or extracting a set of attributes as an independent entity type. Transformations that are proved to preserve the correctness of the original specifications have been proposed in practically all the activities related to schema engineering : schema normalization (Rauh, 1995), DBMS3 schema translation (Hainaut, 1993b; Rosenthal, 1988), schema integration (Batini, 1992; McBrien, 2003), schema equivalence (D'Atri, 1984; Jajodia, 1983; Kobayashi, 1986; Lien, 1982), data conversion (Navathe, 1980; Estiévenart, 2003), reverse engineering (Bolois, 1994; Casanova, 1984) (Hainaut, 1993; Hainaut, 1993b), schema optimization (Hainaut, 1993b; Halpin, 1995) database interoperability (McBrien, 2003; Thiran, 2001) and others. The reader will find in (Hainaut, 1995) an illustration of numerous application domains of schema transformations. The goal of this chapter is to develop and illustrate a general framework for database transformations in which all the processes mentioned above can be formalized and analyzed in a uniform way. In Section 2, we present a wide spectrum formalism in which all the information/data models currently used can be specified, and on which a set of basic transformational operators is defined. We also study the important property of semantics-preservation of these operators. Section 3 explains how higher-level transformations can be built through three mechanisms, from mere composition to complex model-driven transformation. The database design process is revisited in Section 4, and given a transformational interpretation. The same exercise is carried out in Section 5 for database reverse engineering. Section 6 concludes the chapter. 3. Database Management System 2 SCHEMA TRANSFORMATION BASICS 3 25/10/2004 from Transformation of Knowledge, Information, and Data: Theory and Applications 2. SCHEMA TRANSFORMATION BASICS This section describes a general transformational theory that will be used as the basis for modelling database engineering processes. First, we discuss some preliminary issues concerning the way such theories can be developed. Then, we define a wide-spectrum model from which operational models (i.e., those which are of interest for practitioners) can be derived. The next sections are dedicated to the concept of transformation, to its semantics-preservation property, and to the means to prove it. Finally, some important basic transformations are described. Warning. In the database world, a general formalism in which database specifications can be built is called a model. The specification of a database expressed in such a model is called a schema. 2.1 Developing transformational theories Developing a general purpose transformational theory requires deciding on the specification formalism, i.e., the model, in which the schemas are expressed and on the set of transformational operators. A schema can be defined as a set of constructs (entity types, attributes, keys, indexes, etc.) borrowed from a definite model whose role is to state which constructs can be used, according to which assembly rules, in order to build valid schemas. For simplicity, the concept of entity type is called a construct of the ERA4 model, while entity type CUSTOMER is a construct of a specific schema. They are given the same name, though the latter is an instance of the former. Though some dedicated theories rely on couples of models, such as those which are intended to produce relational schemas from ERA schemas, the most interesting theories are based on a single formalism. Such a formalism defines the reference model on which the operators are built. According to its generality and its abstraction level, this model defines the scope of the theory, that can address a more or less wide spectrum of processes. For instance, building a theory on the relational model will allow us to describe, and to reason on, the transformation of relational schemas into other relational schemas. The 1NF5 normalization theory is a popular example. Another example would be a transformational theory based on the ORM (Object-Role model) that would provide techniques for transforming (normalizing, optimizing) conceptual schemas into other schemas of the same abstraction level (de Troyer 1993; Proper 1998). The hard challenge is to choose a unique model that can address not only intra-model transformations, but inter-model operators, such as ORM-to-relational conversion. To identify such models, let us consider a set of models Γ that includes, among others, all the operational formalisms that are of interest for a community of practitioners, whatever the un4. Entity-relationship-attribute model. The UML class model is a variant of the ERA model. 5. 1NF, or First Normal Form designates the class of relations defined on simple domains (which are neither relations nor powersets). By contrast, a non 1NF relation is said to be in N1NF, or NF2 for short. 4 Transformation-based Database Engineering from Transformation of Knowledge, Information, and Data: Theory and Applications 25/10/2004 derlying paradigm, the age and the abstraction level of these formalisms. For instance, in a large company whose information system relies on many databases (be they based on legacy or modern technologies) that have been designed and maintained by several teams, this set is likely to include several variants of the ERA model, UML class diagrams, several relational models (e.g., Oracle 5 to 10 and DB2 UDB), the object-relational model, the IDMS and IMS models and of course the standard file structure model on which many legacy applications have been developed. Let us also consider the transitive inclusion relation "≤" such that M ≤ M', where M≠M' and M,M' ∈ Γ, means that all the constructs of M also appear in M'.6 For instance, if M denotes the standard relational model and M' the object-relational model, then M ≤ M' holds, since each schema expressed in M is a valid schema according to model M'. Now, we consider a model M* in Γ, such that, ∀M∈Γ, M≠M*: M ≤ M*, and a model M0 in Γ, for which the following property holds: ∀M∈Γ, M≠M0: M0 ≤ M. (ΓxΓ, ≤) forms a lattice of models, in which M0 denotes the bottom node and M* the upper node. M0, admittedly non-empty, is made up of a very small set of elementary abstract constructs, typically nodes, edges and labels. An ERA schema S comprising an entity type E with two attributes A1 and A2 would be represented in M0 by the nodes n1, n2, n3 which are given the labels "E", "A1" and "A2", and by the edges (n1,n2) and (n1,n3). On the contrary, M* will include a greater variety of constructs, each of them being a natural abstraction of one or several constructs of lower-level models. This model should include, among others, the concepts of object type, attribute and inter-object association, so that the contents of schema S will be represented in M* by an object type with name "E" comprising two attributes with names "A1" and "A2". Due to their high level of abst


The characteristics of essentially zero standby power drain, reduced load capacitance, and lower supply voltage of a complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) digital circuit compared with a bipolar transistor circuit offer a potential advantage of 10 to 1000 times in power-speed product.


Background. Despite the interest to the issue of surgical endogenous intoxication, mechanisms of impaired hepatic detoxification function in endogenous intoxication induced by acute peritonitis are studied insufficiently. Aim. To elucidate the role of modifications in membrane lipids of liver cells in imparing its detoxification ability in acute peritonitis. Methods. Acute peritonitis of different severity was modeled in dogs. The authors presented a new method for evaluating the liver detoxification function based on measuring concentrations of toxic products in the blood inflowing to and outflowing from the liver. Hepatic lipids were separated, fractionated and studied by densitometry. The qualitative and quantitative composition of liver lipids, intensity of lipid peroxidation, and activities of phospholipase A2 and superoxide dismutase were measured in liver tissue in the dynamics of experimental peritonitis. Results. In surgical endogenous intoxication, the liver function correlated with the modifications of tissue lipids evident as considerable changes in the composition of major membrane-forming lipids and an increase in chaotropic fractions (fatty acids, lysophospholipids). Changes in the tissue lipid composition correlated with severity of the pathological process. Significant triggering mechanisms for the hepatic lipid modification were oxidative stress and a high phospholipase activity. Conclusion. In severe acute peritonitis, there is a high probability of profound functional and metabolic disorders in the liver so that it acquires an independent pathogenetic significance as a producent of toxic substances.


We propose and implement a new approach, Document-Assisted Symbolic Execution (DASE), to improve automated test generation and bug detection. DASE leverages natural language processing techniques and heuristics to analyze program documentation to extract input constraints automatically. DASE then uses the input constraints to guide symbolic execution to focus on inputs that are semantically more important.We evaluated DASE on 88 programs from 5 mature real-world software suites: COREUTILS, FINDUTILS, GREP, BINUTILS, and ELFTOOLCHAIN. DASE detected 12 previously unknown bugs that symbolic execution without input constraints failed to detect, 6 of which have already been confirmed by the developers. In addition, DASE increases line coverage, branch coverage, and call coverage by 14.2 -- 120.3%, 2.3 -- 167.7%, and 16.9 -- 135.2% respectively, which are 6.0 -- 21.1 percentage points (pp), 1.6 -- 18.9 pp, and 2.8 -- 20.1 pp increases. The accuracies of input constraint extraction are 97.8 -- 100%.


". . . footprints should not be viewed as just new names for existing impact category indicators based on the area-of-protection paradigm, but rather indicator results that address specific environmental concerns of community interest. Herein lies the basis for a universal footprint definition—presently lacking." services across their life cycle. Insofar as possible, the modeling comprises all relevant impacts from exchanges with the environment related to resource use and emissions with the objective of avoiding problem shifting from one part of the life cycle to another and from one type of environmental impact to another. Traditionally the results have been used for strategic decision making, aided by first-hand and often detailed interpretation from an LCA expert. The usual complexity of interactions between a product system and the environment means that the identification and assessment of tradeoffs has always been a priority. The advent of carbon footprinting changed this by opening up LCA results to an exponentially wider audience (Weidema et al. 2008). One key point of difference is that the audience is typically remote, largely nontechnical, and unable to benefit from first-hand support in interpretation. Another difference is the focus upon a single aspect, namely greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, disregarding the core LCA principle of comprehensiveness and the potential to assess trade-offs (Finkbeiner 2009). It is therefore interesting that there is now an apparently everexpanding list of environmental indicators termed "footprints" that are vying for public and corporate attention. The next horizon appears to be the footprint family (Galli et al. 2012). From the perspective of LCA, with its tradition of seeking comprehensive environmental assessment, moving beyond the single indicator could be viewed as a helpful development. However, the concern raised in this column is that many of these so-called footprint indicators are not based on the well-established principles of LCA (e.g., ISO 14040 and 14044) and early propositions for a footprint family are emerging from outside the mainstream LCA community, creating problems of inconsistency and overlap of methods.


The invention discloses a novel hot-melt adhesive which comprises pentaerythritol rosin ester, hydrogenated rosin ester, paraffin and an ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, wherein the percentage by weight of the pentaerythritol rosin ester in the novel hot-melt adhesive is 32% to 36%, the percentage by weight of the hydrogenated rosin ester in the novel hot-melt adhesive is 4% to 8%, the percentage by weight of the paraffin in the novel hot-melt adhesive is 1% to 5%, and the percentage by weight of the ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer in the novel hot-melt adhesive is 51% to 55%. Through the way, the novel hot-melt adhesive disclosed by the invention is prepared by mixing various raw materials, and the prepared adhesive works excellently in the aspect of anti-oxidation, is applicable to manufacturing of a synthetic wood board, has the advantage of improving the strength and durability of the wood board and is low in cost.


The present invention provides a composition for producing an alignment layer, wherein the additive composition comprises a chiral liquid crystal polymerizable monomer and the polymerizable liquid crystal monomer so that the polymerization initiator occurs, the liquid crystal may be polymerizable monomer comprises a cholesteric liquid crystal monomer and a polymerizable nematic liquid crystal phase at least one polymerizable monomer. The present invention further provides a display board, a display panel and a method of manufacturing the display substrate. The composition is prepared by using simple alignment layer process, low cost.


A COLLECTION rich in material for political, economic, military, and social aspects of Portuguese and Brazilian history and civilization, the Oliveira Lima Library at the Catholic University of America originated in 1916 as a gift of the personal library of Manoel de Oliveira Lima (1867-1928), and since his death the university has continued to expand the collection so that it now contains approximately 50,000 books, manuscripts, and other historical items relating to this particular area of research. As 1967 is the one hundredth anniversary of the birth of the donor and the fiftieth anniversary of the university's acceptance of his gift, it is an appropriate time to review the inception of the library in the bookcollecting career of Oliveira Lima and to survey its current place in the scheme of American library resources. A Brazilian diplomat, author, and lecturer, Dr. Lima accumulated his unique book collection during his travels and diplomatic service at posts around the world. He graduated from the University of Lisbon in 1888 following a course in philosophy, law, and diplomacy, and although his interests expanded as his career matured, he collected research materials in these areas, pursuing these interests in their relation to the history of the Luso-Brazilian world. It was his desire to further understanding of Portuguese and Brazilian civilization by placing his immense personal library at the disposal of students and scholars in the field in the belief that such understanding eliminates international tensions. This desire to elucidate Luso-Brazilian culture and civilization is being continued by the library as a center of study. The term "Luso-Brazilian studies," as the words suggest, applies to the culture, history, and civilization of the Portuguese-speaking world, primarily Portugal and Brazil. It also concerns itself with the impact and influence of these two countries in areas that have been or continue to be affected or controlled by them in Europe, Africa, Asia, and the New World. The activities of the Portuguese in Asia, Africa, and the New World had their effect on the development of Brazil and the mother country, and the collection includes a sizable amount of material in these areas. Inasmuch as the histories of the Spanish-American countries are interrelated with each other as well as with the history of Brazil, the library includes material for this area also, although in less depth. Some of the strong points of the library are the great amount of books on early and nineteenth-century travel in Brazil, the collection of literature from the colonial period to the present, the annals of the Brazilian Senate and House of Deputies, and a collection of nineteenth-century periodicals that is not rivaled in the United States. Also, there is a collection of Portuguese historical documents especially for the period of the War of the Spanish Succession and various diplomatic and personal papers such as the Sousa Correa papers (1852-1900) from the Brazilian


Bafilomycin A1 (BafA1), which is a member of the plecomacrolide sub-class of macrolide antibiotics, has differential, concentration-dependent effects on neuronal cell viability. When used at high concentrations, BafA1 inhibits vacuolar ATPase (V-ATPase), promotes the accumulation of autophagic vacuoles and triggers Bax-dependent apoptosis. These effects are similar to those induced by the lysosomotropic agent chloroquine. Conversely, at concentrations below its reported ability to completely inhibit V-ATPase, BafA1 dramatically attenuates chloroquine-induced apoptosis. The protective effects of BafA1 appear to be independent of the chloroquine-induced accumulation of autophagosomes. Rather, BafA1 appears to inhibit events downstream of chloroquine-induced autophagosome accumulation, such as the loss mitochondrial or lysosomal integrity. Our finding that BafA1 inhibits the death of neurons induced by autophagic stress suggests a potentially novel mechanism of action apart from its ability to inhibit V-ATPase. Here we provide further evidence of neuroprotection against chloroquine-induced death by plecomacrolide antibiotics that are structurally similar to BafA1, including bafilomycin B1 and concanamycin A, and discuss potential mechanism(s) of neuroprotection against autophagic stress. Addendum to: Bafilomycin A1 Inhibits Chloroquine-Induced Death of Cerebellar Granule Neurons John J. Shacka, Barbara J. Klocke, Masahiro Shibata, Yasuo Uchiyama, Geeta Datta, Robert E. Schmidt and Kevin A. Roth Mol Pharmacol 2006; 69:1125-36


An initial and Dirichlet boundary value-problem for a Klein– Gordon–Schrodinger-type system of equations is considered, which describes the nonlinear interaction between high frequency electron waves and low frequency ion plasma waves in a homogeneous magnetic field. To approximate the solution to the problem a linearly implicit finite difference method is proposed, the convergence of which is ensured by deriving a second order error estimate in a discrete energy norm that is stronger than the discrete maximum norm. The numerical implementation of the method gives a computational confirmation of its order of convergence and recovers known theoretical results for the behavior of the solution, while revealing additional nonlinear features.


It is yet to be known whether mechanisms underlying restenosis in newer-generation durable-polymer (DP) and biodegradable-polymer (BP) drug-eluting stents (DES) are different.

 This study aims to assess the incidences and predictors of early restenosis and late catch-up phenomenon after newer-generation durable-polymer (DP) and biodegradable-polymer (BP) DES.

 Between 2010 and 2017, 13858 lesions in 6350 patients were treated with DES (4393 BP-DES, 9465 DP-DES). The early-term (within 1 year) and late-term (from 1 to 2 years) follow-up angiographies were scheduled. Late catch-up phenomenon was defined as in-stent restenosis (ISR) in lesions that evaded ISR within 1 year after stent implantation. ISR was defined as angiographic restenosis of more than 50%.

 The mean patient age was 71 years, and 76.7% were male. Early-term angiographies were performed in 10955 lesions (79.0%). Of those without early-term ISR, late-term angiographies were performed in 7771 lesions (56.1%). The incidences of mid-term restenosis and late catch-up phenomenon were 6.6% and 3.9%, respectively.
 In the multivariate regression analyses, history of diabetes, hemodialysis and previous PCI were independent predictors of both early restenosis and late catch-up phenomenon. Also, some lesion characteristics such as chronic total occlusion, right coronary artery ostial lesion, small vessel (defined as reference diameter <2.5mm), long lesion (defined as lesion length >30mm) and treatment of ISR lesion were independent predictors of both early restenosis and late catch-up phenomenon.
 Bifurcation lesion and heavily calcified lesion treated with rotablator were independent risk of early restenosis. Bypass graft lesion was an independent predictor of late catch-up phenomenon.
 Early restenosis was observed less frequently in DP-DES than in BP-DES (6.3% versus 7.4%, P=0.012). On the contrary, late catch-up phenomenon was observed more frequently in DP-DES than in BP-DES (4.3% versus 2.9%, P=0.026).

 Some lesion characteristics were independent predictors of early restenosis and late catch-up phenomenon after newer-generation DES implantation. The deployment of BP-DES resulted in more early restenosis and less late catch-up phenomenon compared to that of DP-DES.
 Early Restenosis and Late Catch-Up

 Type of funding source: None


theory are not of major significance, it is quite clear that further research and analysis on this point are required. The discussion in this book helps to demonstrate the proposition that the United States should be able to support without undue strain a debt substantially greater than the existing one. Harris also presents the case for the belief that except during periods of inflation, a policy of nonpayment of the public debt (achieved by issuing new bonds as old bonds are redeemed) is economically sound. The economics of a public debt is an important subject, worthy of wide discussion both public and private. This vol-


Objective To observe the clinical effect of Xue Sai Tong injection plus routine therapy and the influence on plasma C-reactive protein level in acute cerebral infarction patients.Methods Sixty patients were randomly divided into treatment group(Xue Sai Tong plus routine therapy,n=30) and control group(routine therapy,n=30).Clinical efficacy and the level of C-reactive protein were tested by National Institute of Health Stroke Scale(NIHSS) before and after treatment.Results After treatment,the NIHSS scores of the two groups were significantly different that those before treatment.And difference between the two groups was statistically significant(P0.05).The total effective rates of the treatment group and the control group were 93.3% and 70.0%(P0.05).The plasma C-reactive protein of both two groups decreased significantly after treatment(P0.05).The treatment group decreased more significantly than the control group(P0.05).Conclusions Xue Sai Tong injection is an effective medicine in the treatment of acute cerebral infarction.After two-week treatment with Xue Sai Tong,neurologic impairment is improved,and the level of plasma C-reactive protein decreases significantly.


Nanocrystalline (<20 nm) gallium oxide coating on in situ formed amorphous carbon spheres is achieved by the controlled chemical reaction of gallium triacetylacetonate under autogenic pressure at elevated temperature (700 °C) in an inert atmosphere. The as-prepared nanocomposite was further heated to 500 °C for 1 h in an air atmosphere to produce neat Ga2O3 nanocrystals. The room temperature photoluminescence (PL) measurements confirmed that the neat Ga2O3 nanocrystals exhibited enhanced PL intensity compared to Ga2O3 nanocrystals coated on carbon spheres. Moreover, the diverse ability of the autogenic process to coat pristine stainless steel plate with micron sized (<1 μm) Ga2O3 particles is demonstrated. This is a noteworthy advancement in the field of nanofabrication processes. The methodical morphological, compositional and structural characterizations of the products are carried out and plausible mechanistic elucidation of their formation is reported.


This note presents selected measurements of W and Z boson production, carried out with the CMS experiment at the LHC, based on samples of events collected during 2015-2018 physics runs. W boson events were selected containing an isolated, energetic electron or muon, while Z boson events were selected containing a pair of isolated, energetic electrons or muons. Presented results include searches for rare decays of W bosons to pions.


A series of experiment were conducted to study the influence of electrode geometry on the prebreakdown (and breakdown) characteristics of high resistivity ({rho} > 30 k{Omega}-cm), p-type Si wafers under quasi-uniform and non-uniform electric field configurations. In the quasi-uniform field configuration, the 1mm thick Si wafer was mounted between the slots of two plane parallel stainless steel disc electrodes (parallel), while the non-uniform field was obtained by mounting the wafer between two pillar-type electrodes with a hemispherical tip (pillar). The main objective of the above investigation was to verify if the uniform field configuration under a parallel system has a positive influence by reducing the field enhancement at the contact region, as opposed to the definite field enhancement present in the case of the non-uniform pillar system. Also, it was proposed to study the effect of the contact profile on the field distribution over the wafer surface and hence its influence on the high-field performance of the Si wafers.


Justice Antonin Scalia and others have described the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers'(the Corps') administration of the permittingprocess as burdensome and inefficient. Empirical data gathered from theCorps, however, do not bear out this assessment. In this Article, Kim DianaConnolly evaluates data collected from Corps Customer Service Surveys aswell as the apparent disconnect between applicant experiences and the public's negative perception of the permitting process. She begins the Article with an overview of the Corps'regulatory permitting process, then lays out the history of and context for the Corps'Customer Service Surveys. Next, she summarizes available responses from various districts and sets forth some concluding remarks and recommendations.


The continuous energy Monte-Carlo/collision probability hybrid method has been developed for efficient burnup calculations of light water reactor fuel assemblies. This hydrid method was applied to the NEACRP LWR fuel burnup benchmark, and the numerical results were in good agreement to those of the reference Monte-Carlo calculations in about 1/5 CPU time compared to the reference one, though there is a large difference between the results of RESPLA(1) (collision probability method) and VIM(2) (Monte-Carlo method). Thus this hybrid method is found to be effective for burnup calculations of light water reactor fuel assemblies.


By thinking through the relation between racialized women's writing, spirituality, and sensuality, the article explores how creative and critical writing can offer a kind of "spiritual medicine" for women in general and ethnic minority women in particular, and how creative expressions can serve to develop individual and collective consciousness around healing, political resistance, and social transformation. The article is concerned with how writing and the creative arts can help women make sense of individual and collective pain by offering profound relief for the writer, the reader, and the larger community. Here, it will examine the different narratives of healing by postcolonial women writers in order to reflect on their sensual spiritual interconnection in the global, material, interdependent world. It argues that it is critical for women, particularly ethnic minority women, to take the stance of self-love and self-care, including the active seeking of affirmative self-actualization and liberation. The article suggests that in order to create ethical cultures of positive transformation, recovery, respect, and dignity, women need to gather their sages, mentors, and healers to produce knowledge that can transform them into more holistic, organic, sensual, spiritual, intellectual, interconnected, and accountable beings.


We report the case of a 73-year-old male, with a history of liver cirrhosis secondary to hepatitis C virus (HCV). Due to this condition he underwent a liver transplant (LT) in 1993. From then on he was given immunosuppressive treatment with cyclosporin in monotherapy.


Interference method is introduced to study the Fowler-Nordheim tunneling current oscillations. An accurate and simple formula for measuring the oxide thickness and the electron effective mass in the conduction band of the oxide is given.A comparison between the results calculated directly from the Schrdinger equation and those from the interference method for the triangular barrier case shows that the interference method suits very well for studying Fowler-Nordheim tunneling current oscillations.The interference method reveals the wave nature of the electron tunneling in the barrier.An important feature of this method is that it may be applicable to various shapes of potential barriers and wells. We also analyze the experimental results and give the physical meanings of them.


This paper presents evidence that the distribution of target ownership is related to the division of the takeover gain between the target and the bidder for a sample of successful tender offers. In the whole sample, the target's gain is negatively related to bidder and institutional ownership. In the sample of multiple-bidder contests, the target's gain increases with managerial ownership and falls with institutional ownership. Copyright 1990 by American Finance Association.


The use of finite-difference-time-domain (FDTD) electromagnetic (EM) software can predict specific absorption rate (SAR) levels for cellular telephone antennas under different conditions.


Gas sensors for ethanol and acetone based on ZnO nanobelts with doping element indium were fabricated. Excellent sensitivity accompanied with short response time (10 s) and recovery time (23 s) to 150 ppm ethanol is obtained. For In-doped sensors, a minimum concentration of 37.5 ppm at 275°C in acetone was observed with an average sensitivity of 714.4, which is 7 times larger than that of the pure sensors and much larger than that reported response (16) of Co-doped ZnO nanofibers to acetone. These results indicate that doping elements can improve gas sensitivity, which is associated with oxygen space and valence ions. In-doped ZnO nanobelts exhibit higher sensitivity to acetone than that to ethanol. These results indicate that doped ZnO nanobelts can successfully distinguish acetone and ethanol, which can be put into various practical applications.


Integrated and special education are the two primary educational placements for mental retardation children in China.Which educational placement is better for children to have the greatest achievement can be discussed from the perspective of ill-emotions and adaptive capacity in schools.This article explores the problem by discussing whether children's anxiety,depression and adaptability in the two different educational placements are different or not and how the relationship between these psychological variables can be.


Since Benjamin's 1.2.3 pioneering contributions to the study of transsexualism,·· there has been a steadily growing literature that has investigated such important and diverse aspects of this subject as the historical,4 etiological,S diagnostic, 6. 7 and medico-legal. 8 In more recent years, Levine9•IO has found numbers of male transsexuals whose social behavior, problems, and life style significantly differ from those whom most previous studies have examined. In addition, Levine et al., II Person and Ovesey,12.13 Stoller,S and Volkan,14 among others, have discussed various aspects of the self-system of transsexuals. For the most part, these and other studies focus on or are indirectly related to the over-arching issue concerning whether transsexuals seeking authorization for sex reassignment surgery are psychologically qualified to undergo this irreversible change in their lives. The explicit or implicit assumption involved in the clinical diagnoses whose authorization is a prerequisite for this surgery is that the pyschic and social lives of transsexuals who undergo this surgery will then be considerably improved because their anatomies will be congruent with their psychic states. Furthermore, sex reassignment surgery is indispensable for transsexuals who wish to marry, as it appears most do. The purpose of this paper is to identify and discuss certain key issues that are involved in transsexuals' marriages, most of which were significant in the court cases discussed below which highlight them. The relevance of these issues extends beyond married transsexuals to incipient (pre-pubertal) transsexuals and their parents, as well as to transsexuals desiring to marry but who are denied this opportunity because they do not qualify for sex reassignment surgery. It also bears on psychiatrists and other professionals who are confmnted with the responsibility for advising transsexuals about their prospects for marrying. Finally, it will be suggested that the inconsistencies and problems that were not dealt with or resolved, as well as the central issues themselves, are those whose resolution can be most effectivley settled by psychiatry rather than by the courts.


A first scale-up synthesis of FU-23 (1), a potent and effective water-soluble pleuromutilin-derived antibiotic, is described. The original synthesis from the medicinal chemistry group provided 1 in seven steps and 10.9% overall yield, required four chromatographies and employed expensive reagents such as AgOCN and 4-acetylsalicoyl chloride. The optimized synthetic route for the preparation of phosphate salt 1 consists of seven linear steps with a 42.8% overall yield. Significant cost reduction and more robust reaction conditions have been developed with no chromatography required at any stage.


Recent work links entrepreneurship to the economic theory of firm using the Knightian concept of entrepreneurship as judgment. When judgment is complementary to other assets, and these assets or their services are traded in well-functioning markets, it makes sense for entrepreneurs to hire labor and own assets. The entrepreneur's role, then, is to arrange or organize the human and capital assets under his control. We extend this Knightian concept of the firm by developing a theory of delegation under Knightian uncertainty. What we call original judgment belongs exclusively to owners, but owners may delegate a wide range of decision rights to subordinates, who exercise derived judgment. We call these employees "proxy-entrepreneurs," and ask how the firm's organizational structure — its formal and informal systems of rewards and punishments, rules for settling disputes and renegotiating agreements, means of evaluating performance, and so on — can be designed to encourage forms of proxy-entrepreneurship that increase firm value while discouraging actions that destroy value. Building on key ideas from the


A testing device for a circuit of a densely wired array substrate (100), comprising a signal generator device for generating a test signal used for testing a state of the circuit of the array substrate (100) and a signal receiver device used for receiving and processing the test signal. The testing device also comprises a control device (20) used for controlling either or both of the signal generator device and signal receiver device to move on a plane parallel to the array substrate (100) in a direction of a gate line perpendicular to the array substrate (100).


The history of books and libraries is an important part of library science education.Boone Library School initiated the curricula of library history in China in 1920,since then the professional education of the history of books and libraries in China has gone through the initial period of 1920-1949,the developing period of 1949-1978,and the sound period of 1978-2010.An education system of Bachelor,Master and Doctor degrees in books and libraries is founded in China.Mr.Liu Guojun,Pi Gaopin,Xie Zhuohua and Lai Xinxia play an important role in the development of the professional education of the history of books and libraries.


Parallel computer architectures and problem solving strategies for the consistent labeling problem are studied. Problem solving factors include: processor intercommunication methods, passing order, and selection of the initial processor to receive the problem.


An example relates to a circuit comprising an electronic switching element and a temperature compensation element, which is arranged in the vicinity of the electronic switching element.


It may be argued that the adoption and implementation of a course such as Nuffield A-level physics (NAP) has at least two critical stages. The first one occurs when the course is first published and teachers are becoming acquainted with it, its philosophy, changed teaching methods, content and experimental work. They have to decide whether to adopt the course and if so, how to implement it. A questionnaire survey conducted soon after the publication of NAP some eight years ago showed high degrees of satisfaction with the course among teachers who had attended in-service courses on it. The entries for the special NAP examination now amount to about 20% of all A-level physics entries (Tebbutt 1978) and there is also evidence of substantial amounts of informal adoption (Nicodemus 1975). For all these reasons it seems that NAP passed the first of the critical stages successfully. At the second stage  the course has been in operation for some time and its features have been tried, tested and perhaps found wanting. At this stage the teachers may decide to continue with the course, or they may change to another course either because the original course is out of date or because rival courses have appeared which have greater appeal, or fewer demands. NAP has reached the second stage, at which revision is being considered, and this account gives a summary of the reactions to NAP of  116 teachers, representing a 60% return on a questionnaire survey of half the NAP schools, conducted in the summer of 1979. As would be expected from a randomly chosen sample the teachers' experience with NAP varied from before 1971 to 1978 in a fairly even distribution. This has been a period of reorganisation and the schools had changed from grammar to comprehensive or sixth-form college, direct grant to independent, and a  number of boys schools had become coeducational. In spite of a  substantial amount of change there had apparently been little change in the motivation, average ability, spread of ability or maturity of the pupils taking the course. Most of the schools (55) had one set of pupils, and a further 34 had two sets. The sizes of individual groups varied between 7 and 81 but the mean of 19.6 was consistent with these figures. In 16  of the schools pupils were entered for physics or engineering sciences examinations as well as NAP. Overall these data suggest that the sample was a reasonably representative one.


The massacre at Babi Yar in 1941, when SS special deployment units (Einsatzgruppen), with the assistance of the Wehrmacht, shot 34,000 Jews over a period of two days, has become a symbol of the mass murders for which these units were responsible. At the Nuremberg Trials and the Soviet trials in Kyiv and Riga, Babi Yar was included in the indictment, and was used as evidence of the nature of the German war of extermination. During the subsequent Nuremberg trials of 1947/48, three of the individuals who were directly involved in the planning and implementation of the massacre were called to account. It was not until the end of the 1960s, during the Callsen trial in Darmstadt, that ten members of execution unit (Sonderkommando) no. 4a were accused of killing around 60,000 people. Some of them received sentences of between four and 15 years, while others were acquitted. No-one from the Wehrmacht faced legal action. Most of the members of the Sonderkommando and the Einsatzgruppen, which had at least 700 members and which were involved in the mass murders, remained unpunished.


There have been substantial reforms in business models; companies that used to compete on prices to gain more consumers in the market is an old concept in the status quo. Business models have drastically changed from pure price to non-price competition where goods and services like social networking are provided free of cost to the users in the market. This non-price competition is often based on data privacy and online digital platforms. With the changing business models, competition authorities around the globe have also enhanced their tools to catch new anti-competitive practices which are detrimental to effective competition. Still, some competition tools need to be put on a highlight, and they need some new reforms to enable the companies to compete effectively on the market. Amongst those tools is the element of causation. Causation, which is supposed to link the dominant position of the company to its practices on the market, is missing and bewildered in the case-law of the EU. This thesis focuses on the element of causation, particularly in online digital platforms and data privacy cases. It will address why causation is required to link the dominant position of the company to its practice in new digital competition. More specifically, the thesis focuses on the importance of causation when a competition authority is dealing with Article 102 Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (hereinafter: 'TFEU') data privacy cases. It is argued that causation should be the central element when dealing with Article 102 TFEU cases dealing with digital platforms and data privacy, and a causal link should be established to sanction the alleged practice of a dominant company.


Electrode structure, comprising: - a substrate main body (31), which is formed of silicon; - a first insulating layer (33) in which there is an oxide layer which is formed by thermal oxidation on the substrate main body (31); - a wiring (45) disposed selectively on the first insulating layer (33); - covering a second insulating layer (47) which is directly on the first insulating layer (33) is formed and the first insulating layer (33), the wiring (45) selectively covering and having an opening portion (47c) wherein the second insulating layer (47) from an edge (45a) of a surface of the wiring (45) over a first predetermined distance (d1) via the wiring (45) extending inwardly, so that the surface of the wiring (45) is selectively exposed , and wherein the second insulating layer (47) is formed as a nitride layer; - a conductive thin-film structural body (23) having a support region (23b) which selectively exposed with the surface of through the opening portion (47c) wiring (45) is connected, and a floating portion (23a), which by the support portion (23b) with a predetermined spacing from the second insulating layer (47) is supported, wherein the transition between the support region (23b) and the floating portion (23a) is rounded, wherein a residual voltage of the second insulating layer (47) of a remaining voltage of the first insulating layer (33) is directionally different.


This paper takes as its point of departure a typical argument of modern political philosophy —legal norms of a reasonably just state are morally obligatory because they play an indispensable role in the realization of its citizens' freedom. In contrast with the most orthodox version of this argument, based on the idea of «government by consent», the author develops the «model of natural duty», that presupposes an objective relationship between the rule of law and individual liberty, and where the common basis of political obligation is the principle of integrity of justice. Furthermore, this model corresponds with an interpretative conception of law whose principal thesis refutes legal positivism in an essential aspect: the identification of legal norms does not only depend upon social conventions, but also on the moral justification of their normative force.


Three groups of golden-bellied mangabeys were studied to determine the effects of visitors and cage changes on their aggressive displays, grooming and sexual behavior, and play. Assessments of changes in behavior were made by comparing categorized observer comments. Animals moved to cages having more visitors increased their aggressive displays toward people, decreased their aggressive displays toward other species in neighboring cages, and increased their withingroup aggression. On the other hand, grooming, sexual behavior, and play increased after cage changes regardless of numbers of visitors. The view that it is the pattern of behavior changes in enrichment that is important in assessment of attempted enrichment was supported. Aggressive and affiliative behaviors are affected quite differently by different environmental stimuli in the zoo.


Tropical cyclone Paka formed during the first week of December 1997 and underwent three periods of rapid intensification over the following two weeks. During one of these periods, which initiated early on December 10, Paka's Dvorak-measured windspeed increased from 23 to 60 m/s over a 48-hr period. On December 18, during the last rapid deepening episode, Paka became a supertyphoon with a maximum wind speed of about 80 m/s. In this study, the Penn State/NCAR Mesoscale Model (MM5) with improved physics (i.e., cloud microphysics, radiation, land-soil-vegetation-surface processes, and TOGA COARE flux scheme) and a multiple level nesting technique (135, 45 and 15 km horizontal resolution) will be used to simulate supertyphoon Paka. We performed two runs initialized with Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS) data sets. The first GEOS data set does not incorporate either TRMM (tropical rainfall measuring mission satellite) or SSM/I (sensor microwave imager) observed rainfall fields into the GEOS's assimilation system while the second one does. Preliminary results show that the MM5 simulated surface pressure deepened by more than 25 mb (45 km resolution domain) in the run initialized with the GEOS data set incorporating TRMM and SSM/I derived rainfall, compared to the one initialized without. However, the track and precipitation patterns are quite similar between the runs. In our presentation, we will show the impact of TRMM rainfall upon the MM5 simulation of Paka at various horizontal resolutions. We will also examine the physical processes associated with initial explosive development by comparing MM5 simulated rainfall and latent heat release. In addition, budget (vorticity, PV, momentum and heat) calculations and sensitivity tests will be performed to examine the upper-tropospheric and SST mechanisms responsible for the explosive development of Paka.


This guideline aims to inspire fashion companies that wants to transform their supplychain to become sustainable. It intends to inform about the current available knowledgethat research can offer a ...


This article synthesizes an exploratory study on Education and Commerce to show the state of privatization of Education in Brazil, as well as to show both the rules created by the Brazilian government concerning to international commercial negotiations, and the sharing of foreign capital in this sector.


The purpose of the paper is to introduce various stochastic programs and related deterministic reformulations that are suitable for engineering design problems. Firstly, several application areas of engineering design are introduced and cited. Then, motivation ideas and basic concepts are presented. Later, various types of reformulations are introduced for decision problems involving uncertainty. In addition, short notes on comparison of optimal solutions are included.


INTRODUCTION. Diabetic patients worldwide in 2015 were 415 million adults, increased 4 times from 108 million in the 1980s. Diabetic ulcer is a partial thickness or full thickness damage of the skin that may expand to the subcutaneous tissue, tendon, muscle, bone and joints that occur in patients that suffer DM, this condition emerges caused by the increase of high blood glucose level and infection. There are several factors related to diabetic foot. The risk factors are age, gender, duration of diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and level of HbA1c METHOD. This study was an analytic with a cross sectional design. The study was performed in the Polyclinic of Thoracic, Cardiac and Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery and ward of RSUP H. Adam Malik, Medan in the period of January 2014 – December 2016 taken randomly with average of DM patients with diabetic foot approximately 10 patients per month and fulfilled the inclusion criterias and exclusion criterias. RESULTS. Based on the study results, the mean age of patients were 55.5+ 11.7 years old. Based on the gender, most were male as many as 32 patients (69.6%). The mean level of HbA1c was 6.78 + 1.8 mg/dL with level of HbA1c > 7 mg/dL as many as 26 patients. There were 27 subjects (58.7%) having hypertension. The majority of patients having DM had a history of DM more than 8 years: 27 patients (52.2%). Patients with dyslipidemia were 50%: 23 patients. Based on patients with diabetic foot, there were 25 patients (54.3%) having diabetic foot. From the bivariate analysis there three variables related to diabetic foot. The three variables were hypertension, level of HbA1c and duration of diabetes mellitus. CONCLUSION. Based on the multivariate test, only risk factors of hypertension and level of HbA1c that were mostly related, if there were several risk factors obtained by the patient. The Predictive Value Equation of diabetic foot in this study was: P = 0.26 (hypertension) + 0,40 (Level of HbA1c > 7 mg/dl).


Recent papers have reported the usefulness of DBT as the latest diagnostic modality for breast cancer [1]-[6]. In this chapter, the author describes clinical evaluation of the usefulness regarding DBT with reference to other diagnostic modalities such as Full Field Digital Mammography (FFDM), contrast-enhanced (CE) MRI, contrast-enhanced (CE) CT, and ultrasound (US) in accordance with preliminary experiences in breast cancer diagnosis.


Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) is one of the important application areas of the Internet of Things (IoT). The key issue is how to process the huge events generated by IoT system to support ITS. In this paper a proactive parallel complex event processing method is proposed for congestion control in large-scale ITS. A Bayesian model averaging method is used to obtain accurate predictions under different event context. Based on the predictive analysis, a parallel Markov decision processes model is designed to support decision making for large-scale ITS. An optimized parallel policy iteration algorithm is proposed based on state partition and policy decomposition. The experimental evaluations show that this method has good accuracy and scalability when used to process congestion control in large-scale ITS.


A random-walk model of food-searching behavior is considered for the microzooplankton. It is suggested that in still waters a random walk of the conventional sort, modeled by a Wiener process, is less efficient than a Levy walk (a random walk whose excursions follow a Levy distribution) with Levy parameter less than two. For Levy parameter less than one, however, little advantage is gained by further reduction. In turbulent water, on the other hand, dispersion due to a random walk is dominated by the turbulent diffusion of the medium so that the Levy parameter appears to be less important. The effect of chemosensory responses is considered. It is suggested that these are most useful in still water, whereas in turbulent water their value would be less, and a non-specific filtering behavior might be more plausible.


Memorandum presenting an investigation of an axial-flow compressor rotor operating with supersonic velocities relative to the blade rows in order to determine the performance characteristics in air and to confirm the performance obtained in Freon-12 at another laboratory. Results regarding the weight flow, work of compression, pressure ratio and adiabatic efficiency, and entry of shock are provided.


Quick Response (QR) code is a two dimensional barcode widely used in many applications such as manufacturing, advertising, retailing etc. QR code looks like a noisy structure. The appearance of QR code can be improved by embedding an image into the code. This work proposed a method where the appearance of QR code is composed of visually meaningful patterns selected by users. This work makes QR code from machine read only to a personalized form with human visual pleasing appearance. The image embedding in the QR code is not an easy task because embedded result should be decodable by standard decoding applications and can be applied to any color image with full area coverage. In this work QR code pixels are selected by genetic algorithm, then the selected pixels are encoded with the luminance values of the image.


1. The Motivation behind Attributing Psychological Egoism to Hobbes. There are three commonly held interpretations of Thomas Hobbes: (a) that he held a desire (or preference) satisfaction theory of the good; (b) that he held a purely instrumental view of rationality; and (c) that he was committed to psychological egoism. There are now quite a few scholars that reject interpretation (b); namely, that Hobbes held a purely instrumental view of rationality. 1 In this paper, I will show that there are good reasons to reject interpretation (c); namely, that Hobbes was a psychological egoist. 2 And, as an intermediate step, I will also briefly show that there are good reasons to reject interpretation (a) – namely, that Hobbes held a desire-satisfaction theory of the good, as well. Psychological egoism is a view that claims that all human actions are motivated, at bottom, exclusively by one's self-interest; it claims that everybody, in the end, is an egoists. This is a very strong claim. It does not merely claim that only some or the majority of human actions are generated from considerations of self-interest; but rather that all human


Max-Planck-Institut fur Physik Komplexer Systeme, Nothnitzer Str. 38, 01187 Dresden, Germany(Dated: January 23, 2014)We examine the existence of the interaction-generated quantum anomalous Hall phase on thehoneycomb lattice. For the spinless model at half filling, the existence of a quantum anomalous Hallphase (Chern insulator phase) has been predicted using mean-field methods. However, recent exactdiagonalization studies for small clusters with periodic boundary condition have not found a clearsign of an interaction-driven Chern insulator phase. We use exact diagonalization method to studyproperties of small clusters with open boundary condition and, contrary to previous studies, we findclear signatures of the topological phase transition for finite size clusters. We also examine appli-cability of the entangled-plaquette state (correlator-product state) ansatz to describe the groundstates of the system. Within this approach the lattice is covered with plaquettes and the groundstate wave-function is written in terms of the plaquette coefficients. Configurational weights canthen be optimized using a variational Monte Carlo algorithm. Using the entangled-plaquette stateansatz we study the ground state properties of the system for larger system sizes and show that theresults agree with the exact diagonalization results for small clusters. This confirms validity of theentangled-plaquette state ansatz to describe the ground states of the system and provides furtherconfirmation of the existence of the quantum anomalous Hall phase in the thermodynamic limit, aspredicted by the mean-field theory calculations.


Based on a production which has been finished for the 3rd National Undergraduate Mechanical Innovation Design Competition,a systematic way into the mechanical creative thinking pattern and creative design model is probed firstly,then the experience which came into being during the preparation for competition is summed up,thirdly the shortcomings which consisted in competition is pointed out,finally a case for the future competition is provided.


The dispute between Express Scripts and Walgreens became an official split on January 1, when the 3-year contract between the 2 companies ended.


The utility model discloses a measuring pipe structure of a Coriolis mass flow meter and belongs to the field of CNG (Compressed Natural Gas) and LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) mass flow meters. The Coriolis mass flow meter comprises double rows of measuring pipes which are located in a sensor portion; two ends of the double rows of measuring pipes are bent relative to the middle of the double rows of measuring pipes respectively to enable the middle of the double rows of measuring pipes to protrude outward to form a protruding portion; two sides of the bent positions formed on the double rows of measuring pipes are provided with fixing blocks which are used for performing clamping and positioning; a vertex of the protruding portion and inclined pipes which are located on the bilateral sides of the vertex are provided with coil supports. According to the measuring pipe structure of the Coriolis mass flow meter, the shape of the double rows of measuring pipes is similar to two sides of a triangle and accordingly the integral structure of the Coriolis mass flow meter is compact and the appearance is attractive and meanwhile the sensitivity of the external vibration can be reduced due to a double pipe structure, the phase difference measurement is easy to implement, and accordingly the measurement accuracy can be high.


Powered by spinel LiMn_2O_4-based 100Ah Li-ion secondary battery, an electric vehicle (EV) named MGL6486EV was developed with a 30kW AC motor. The total voltage of the battery system is 296V , and the total energy is 37 kWh. Intelligent battery management system (BMS) and the balancing system were adopted. Digital control has been applied to the motor, which serves such functions of braking energy regeneration and sliding prevention. The intelligent charging machine keeps all-time communication with the BMS during the charging process, to guarantee the safe and fast charging. Major parameters of the EV are: maximum speed: 117km/h ,acceleration: 6.80s (0-50km/h ), 7.34s (50-80km/h ), climbing ability: 20%, driving range per charge: 204 km, and energy consumption per 100km : 19kWh. Up to now, MGL6486EV has covered over 50 thousand km , and the test is still going on.


The present invention relates to evaporative emission preventing apparatus for minimizing evaporative fuel vapor from the fuel storage system in a motor vehicle having an internal combustion engine. More particularly, the present invention relates to evaporative emission preventing device including a canister hydrocarbon adsorbent is filled. The present invention also relates to evaporative emission preventing device including a coated carrier substrate with a hydrocarbon adsorbent slurry. .BACKGROUND


The filtering probability of sludge water from the water treatment plant has been studied through constant pressure filtering experiments. Meanwhile, effects of the retention time on the relative resistance, compressible coefficient and settlement rate have also studied. It reveals that the sludge water is difficult to deposit, but it can be filtered without any coagulant. Compression index of the filtering cake is high. The sludge water age is closely related to the relative resistance and settlement rate. The settlement rate decreased to a great extent with the increase of the sludge water age. Because of reduction of the relative resistance with increasing sludge water age, a long sludge water age is in favour of mechanic dewatering.


While discussing the variations of democracy and democratization development, this book also takes into account the dangers of 'exporting democracy', which may include, for example, insufficient integration of new forms of governance into the traditional local customs. Thus, the author acknowledges different outcomes and definitions related to the transition to democracy. Voltmer also raises an important question of whether too much diversity may exacerbate disintegration in volatile societies. As noted in Chapter 4 on media's role in political and social transition before regime change, this question is central not only in transitional democracies but also in the countries that are in a pre-transitional stage. Furthermore, Voltmer also discusses the dilemma of restricting media freedom for democracy's sake and stresses that the different contexts of particular societies at a particular point in time must be taken into account when considering these kinds of measures. In many cases, new democracies are divided after ethnic, religious or ideological conflicts, and often democracy-building and nation-building occur at the same time. Restricting freedom of speech has in some countries arguably helped prevent intercommunity hostilities. Besides general theoretical insights, this book gives numerous examples of different procedures and outcomes regarding media's role in a transition process. Spain is given as an example of a country where media helped the new government in the stabilization period, by not turning back to a critical stance until after the democratization process had 'succeeded'. If the second part of this book is mostly on the democratization process and different forms of media systems in authoritarian regimes, the third and last part focuses on the transformations in the media after the end of the authoritarian regime. Here, Voltmer looks at media transformation from political, economic, socio-cultural and professional dimensions drawing on the comparative framework based on Hallin and Mancini's (2004) work. One of the conclusions is that in addition to a large variety in the outcomes of democratization, there is also a diversity of media systems and different forms of journalism. Overall, The Media in Transitional Democracies is a comprehensive introduction to the media in countries that are or have been in the process of democratic transformation or transition. As such, it is valuable reading also from the perspective of the challenges these societal changes pose for media theories and media research.


A spacer grid, which is one of the most important structural components in a PWR fuel assembly, supports its fuel rods laterally and vertically. Based on in-house design experience, scrutiny of the design features of advanced nuclear fuels and the patents of other spacer grids, KAERI has devised its own spacer grid shapes and acquired patents. In this study, a performance evaluation of KAERI's spacer grid shapes was carried out from mechanical/structural and thermohydraulic view points. A comparative performance evaluation of commercial spacer grid shapes was also carried out. The comparisons addressed the spring characteristics, fuel rod vibration characteristics, fretting wear resistance, impact strength characteristics, CHF enhancement, and the pressure drop level of the spacer grid shapes. The results show that the performances of KAERI's spacer grid shapes are as good as or better than those of the commercial spacer grid shapes.


This study aimed to identify the factors that determine deposit growth of private commercial banks in Ethiopia: in the case of OIB S.C. Accordingly the study performed based on both qualitative research approach on the determinants of private commercial banks deposit growth in the case of OIB S.C. The qualitative study approach used deposit growth as dependent variables and independent variables such as service quality, technology implementation, deposit customers, deposit interest rate, and marketing strategy of the bank. Total of 364 questionnaires were distributed through e-mail to the selected employees of OIB and a total of 272 able to collect. The study was analyzed using descriptive statistics specifically using frequency distribution and percentage of the respondents. These variables are also important determinants of deposit growth that a bank needs to focus on their implementation for the customers.
The study recommends the bank to tap into the unbanked markets through massive branch expansion to economically and socially feasible areas, revision of lending and saving interest rate in parallel to the banking industries as well as based on the account types of customers, opening the branch location at convenient places for customers, improving the technological application and delivery to customers on time on ATM, Internet, mobile and agent banking, using modern equipment like computers, photocopy, printing that minimize cost and take short time in serving customers, continuous provision of training for new and existing staffs to improve their job implementation.


This article describes and discusses Green's mystical neo-Hasidic thought, his reshaping of Judaism and his combination of scholarship and existential engagement. I showcase how his vision on the Oneness of all and on the unity in plurality leads him to an appreciation of evolution and to the promotion of love energy in all, to ecological care and to a deep concern for what happens in Israel and Palestine.


The flaky Sm1-xFexSiAl (x = 0,1,2) alloy powders were prepared by melt-spun technique with a wheel speed of 30 m s−1, followed by ball milling method. The flake-shaped FeSiAl alloy particles with the average particle size range from 5µm to 40µm were obtained. The XRD spectra show that the single α-Fe phase without other intermediate phase can be detected for all samples. Complex permittivity decreased remarkable VS complex permeability decreased somewhat with increasing Si content. With the thickness of 1.8 mm, the minimum Reflection Loss (RLmin) of Fe70Si20Al10 alloy powder is −3.4 dB at 2 GHz, while that of Sm2Fe68Si20Al10 alloy powder is −5.8 dB at 3.8 GHz. It is found that the Sm-doped FeSiAl composites can be potential microwave absorbing materials.


Successful endodontic treatment depends on thorough knowledge in root canal morphology, appropriate assessment of pulp chamber floor, critical interpretation of radiograph, and on biomechanical preparation followed by three dimensional obturation of root canal system. The possibility of additional root /canal should be considered even in teeth a low frequency of abnormal root canal anatomy. Mandibular premolars have earned the reputation for having aberrant anatomy. This article reports and discusses the successful endodontic management of mandibular second premolar with one canal is bifurcating into two canals.


Whether college students' political socialization is successful or not will directly influence their growth and achievement,even the stability of society to some extent.Nowadays college students born in the 1990s have some problems such as weakening political faith,cold political emotion and utilitarian political orientation.Colleges should abundant measures of ideological and theoretical courses,enhance political atmosphere during campus,guide college students' socialization actively and strengthen supervision of internet.The series of measures could promote college students' political socialization.


Abstract New topography data for the northern polar region on Mars, returned by the the Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter (MOLA) during the aerobraking hiatus and science phasing orbits, allow characterization of the topography of the present northern polar cap and its environs. Models for loading of an elastic shell by an axisymmetric load approximating the present polar cap geometry indicate that the maximum deflection of the subice basement is in the range 1200 to 400 m for an elastic lithosphere of thickness 40 to 200 km overlain by a cap of pure H 2 O ice. Corresponding model cap volumes increase from 1.5 to 1.8 × 10 6 km 3 , as elastic lithosphere thickness decreases from 200 to 40 km. The presence of sediments in the polar cap increases the depth to basement and resulting cap volume for a given value of elastic lithosphere thickness. One-dimensional heat flow calculations indicate that the temperature at the base of the cap may approach the melting point of cap material if the lithosphere underlying the cap is thin. The basal temperature is 170 K for a 200-km-thick lithosphere overlain by pure ice but is as great as 234 K for a 40-km-thick lithosphere overlain by a cap with a high sediment/ice ratio. Constraints on elastic lithosphere thickness are weak, but geologic mapping and MOLA data suggest that a flexurally derived circumpolar depression filled with sediments is consistent with elastic lithosphere thickness values in the range 60–120 km. Gravity and topography over the whole cap are poorly correlated, possibly due to viscous relaxation of long-wavelength topography, but gravity and topography over the western portion of the main cap are consistent with an elastic lithosphere thickness of 120 km, for a crustal thickness of 50 km. Both MOLA data and geological information suggest a formerly larger northern polar cap. The relationship of time scales for changes in the polar cap volume and extent to time scales for viscous relaxation of topography has important implications for investigations of even present polar cap topography. Viscoelastic calculations show that the Maxwell time for an Earth-like mantle viscosity for Mars (10 21 Pa-s) is 10 5 yr. The Maxwell time scales directly with the martian mantle viscosity so that values as high as 10 7 yr are possible. Time scales for changes in polar cap volume are poorly constrained, but major changes in cap volume over periods of 10 6 –10 8 yr are consistent with current understanding of polar cap processes.


In vitro culture media capable of regenerating moderate to high shoots and/or plantlets from meristems of two yam species – Dioscorea rotundata and Dioscorea alata within comparable duration of 10 weeks as commonly obtained in other monocots and root and tuber crops were investigated. The study comprised 125 phytohormone combinations investigated in three factorial experiments each consisting of an auxin (NAA) and a cytokinin (BAP or kinetin), or two cytokinins only. The frequency of direct plantlet regeneration, though significantly (P and ranged from 0 to 10% at 3 weeks after culture (WAC) and 0 to 35% at 8 WAC. At 8 WAC, shoot regeneration of 42-75% was obtained in D. rotundata in MS medium supplemented with 0.1 M NAA + 0.20 M BAP, and shoot + plantlet regeneration of 60-82% obtained in media containing 0.05 M + 0.20 M BAP or 0.46 M BAP + 0.50 M kinetin in D. alata. Both shoot induction and plantlet regeneration were species-dependent. Induced shoots were successfully rooted in MS medium within 3 to 4 weeks, bringing time taken for plantlet regeneration to 11 to 12 weeks. Regenerants were morphologically similar to the mother plants. Results of the present study will facilitate regeneration of plantlets via meristem in D. rotundata and D. alata.


This study purports to investigate the relationship between workplace friendship and organizational effectiveness in general hospitals. Organizational effectiveness was represented by the level of job satisfaction, organizational commitment, stress, and intent to leave. Data were collected from 372 workers at 6 hospitals in Chungbuk Province using self-administered questionnaires from May 1 to 20, 2009, and analysed using t-test, ANOVA, correlation analysis and multiple regression analysis. The major findings of the study are as follows: First, friendship level of hospital employees is highest in the friendship with colleague, followed by the friendship with subordinates and with superiors. Second, the group of higher level of workplace friendship showed significantly higher level of organizational effectiveness than the group of lower level of workplace friendship. Third, the level of the workplace friendship with superiors and colleagues was found to have a significant positive impact on the job satisfaction and organizational commitment. The level of the workplace friendship with superior was found to have a significant negative effect on the intent to leave and work stress. These results imply that hospital managers should make an effort to create the organizational climate and systems which improve the workplace friendship.


PURPOSE: To obtain a Lactuca sativa lettuce plant which exhibits resistance to Bremia lactucae by selecting a non-Dm gene intervened Bremia lactucae resistant plant derived from the origin different from the origin of Lactuca sativa in the stage of F2. CONSTITUTION: The wild type lettuce plant exhibiting the resistance to the Bremia lactucae and the Lactuca sativa plant having no resistance to the Bremia lactucae are mated. The mated plant is self-pollinated to an F2 generation and the plant exhibiting the resistance to Bremia lactucae is selected in the stage of cotyledon and leaves. The method is repeated until the lettuce plant having the compatibility to Lactuca sativa is obtd. The stages of an R escape test, selection of the R escape plant for mating with the Lactuca sativa plant and the self-pollination to at least the F2 generation are repeated until the useful Lactuca sativa type incorporated with the non-Dm intervened genes within the genomes is obtd. Further, the self-pollination is executed up to at least the F4 generation. The self-pollination to the female plant to be mated is required to be averted. COPYRIGHT: (C)1994,JPO


The invention discloses a balance mechanism used for a vehicle shock absorption device. The balance mechanism comprises a first hinge seat, a second hinge seat and a connecting rod located between the first hinge seat and the second hinge seat. The first hinge seat and the second hinge seat are each provided with a pin shaft, the two ends of the connecting rod are each provided with a knuckle bearing, and the knuckle bearings are installed on the pin shafts. The invention further discloses the vehicle shock absorption device. By means of the balance mechanism, normal use of the shock absorption device can be ensured.


The attenuation properties of ceramic materials over a range of frequency and temperature are being studied to obtain information which can be utilized in the design of absorbers. The frequencies selected are 100, 500, 1000, 3000, 8400, and 12,000 Mc. The temperatures selected are room temperature, 500, 1000, 1500, and 2300 deg F. Due to several unforeseen limiting factors the maximum temperature was reduced to 2000 deg F in some cases and 1350 deg F in others. Three series of ceramic compositions were selected in order to determine the effect of composition, bulk density, and several loss mechanisms. Thirty- five compositions were evaluated. For the evaluation of loss tangent dielectric constant a coaxial line was used over the frequency range 100 through 3000 Mc. A wave-guide system was utilized for frequencies above this range. The sample holders were made of Inconel and heated in a resistance furnace to attain the selected temperatures. The basic formula for computing loss tangent and dielectric constant over the range of low-to-high loss was derived and programmed to an IBM 650 computer. Considerable difficulty was encountered in programming the formula resulting in the computing of approximately half the raw data. A discussion of the programmingmore » problem is presented. A discussion of the results along with the raw data and the calculated data is also presented. (auth)« less


Abstract : In this work we presented a two port nonlinear joint transform correlator with two complimentary results. This correlator is based on a two port photorefractive limiting quadratic processor. In the limiting regime we demonstrated experimentally and by computer simulation, that the correlation operation is like a phase extraction correlator operation, regardless of the sign 0 the coupling coefficient. However, for positive coupling coefficients and intermediate beam ratios, one port performs as a phase-only filter and the other as a classical matched filter.


Abstract Background The development of affective learning during healthcare student education is essential for professional practice. Current studies are limited to short‐term studies with medicine and nursing students. Longitudinal studies are emerging; however, the research within allied health students remains scant. The present study investigates the value of simulation‐based learning activities in relation to affective learning among dietetic students. Methods A double hermeneutic, interpretative phenomenological approach (IPA) approach was employed, followed by an analysis of the trajectory of participants' affective learning across three‐interview time points via the application of Krathwohl's affective learning levels. Results The simulation developed affective learning in four of the six participants, specifically in relation to their view of themselves as practitioners and their understanding of their future responsibilities to patient care. Three key themes were identified in the participants: (1) feeling of workforce readiness, (2) valuing lifelong learning and (3) attitudes towards interprofessional teamwork. Conclusions This IPA methodology described dietetic students' affective learning development as they transitioned to practice as graduate health professionals. Simulation‐based learning is one activity that enhances students' learning in the affective domain and educators should consider its value within their programs


Abstract STEM outreach programmes in secondary schools are mediated by STEM teachers who are responsible for organising, implementing and evaluating the activities with a view to promoting STEM subjects. However, research investigating teachers' STEM roles and professional development through participation in outreach activities is limited. This paper explores teachers' views of STEM activities, how they understand their role as primary facilitators and the impact of their STEM engagement on their professional development. STEM outreach provides distinct opportunities for situated and dialogic learning. STEM teachers' effectiveness in engaging students by demonstrating the importance and relevance of STEM subjects in the real world and engaging captivating STEM outreach partners not only supports students learning but also enhances their opportunities to develop their knowledge and skills. Semi structured interviews were conducted with eleven teachers from six different schools in the West Midlands, United Kingdom. The data reveals STEM facilitators become the 'face' of STEM to their pupils. The expertise, knowledge and partnerships STEM facilitators develop, broadens their capacity to deliver teaching imbued with real world applications and improve students' understanding of the range of new and upcoming careers available. Most importantly, participating in STEM outreach activities help teachers maintain and reinforce their own sense of identity as STEM professionals. Outreach activities provide opportunities for teachers to interact with leading scientists and obtain exposure to cutting-edge research.


The object of the study was to conduct an assessment of the effect that a disinfecting preparation Lubisan  and a microbiological preparation Biosan-GS  have on the chemical and physical properties of litter and the results of chicken breeding. 360 broiler chickens, Cobb 500 meat type, were used as experimental material; they were divided into three even groups: control (C) and two experimental groups: one in which the microbiological preparation Biosan-GS  was used (B), and the other – where the effect of disinfectant Lubisan  was assessed (L). The addition of a microbiological or disinfecting preparation has been shown to improve its physical and chemical properties. A significantly lower level of relative humidity (p ≤ 0.01) in litter treated with the examined preparations was measured during the last two weeks of study. The ammonia concentration in the experimental litter was also lower than in the control; in week four of the experiment, the difference was significant (p ≤ 0.05), whereas in week five a highly significant (p ≤ 0.01) difference was found to exist between groups C and L. In addition, the bodyweight of chickens was higher in the rooms where the preparations were used. Statistically significant differences appeared in week three of the breeding period (p ≤ 0.05) and the difference between group L and control in week three and four was highly significant (p ≤ 0.01).


In a regulated laboratory, both instruments and methods must be validated to be suitable for their intended purposes. It is equally important, however, that personnel are properly trained and qualified for the task at hand. But in spite of this requirement, FDA still frequently cites firms for a lack of trained personnel. This month's Validation Viewpoint examines how instrument vendors can ease the burden of training for GMP compliance.


A finite element method software FEMALB has been implemented to the kinetic analysis of complex reaction systems. The established protocol provides fast solutions to the coupled differential-algebraic equations. It shows significant advantages over the conventional coding process with the standard implicit Runge-Kutta (IRK) method. The accuracy and high efficiency have been demonstrated in the simulation of the reaction processes such as glucose/fructose hydrogenation and catalytic cracking of gasoil. As model validation, the numerical results showed satisfactory agreement with the exact solutions. With the powerful capability of solving large matrixes of differential equations (both ODE and PDE) with nonlinear algebraic constrains, such an algorithm has greatly reduced the coding labor in reaction mechanistic studies and provided a unique tool in reactor design and optimization.


This study constitutes the third in a series of ongoing surveys of the use of computer simulation in US industry. It explores such issues as which organizational groups develop and use simulations, the computer hardware and software used, and the level of usage of advanced simulation techniques. The benefits, effectiveness, and future of simulation in industry is also examined. A comparison of these findings with those of the previous two surveys identifies trends in simulation practice.


A recombinant engineered chimeric gene derived from the murine gene encoding the variable region of monoclonal antibody MOv18 against folate-binding protein, which is often overexpressed in human ovarian cancer cells, and the gene encoding the Fc receptor for the gamma subunit of human IgG and IgE. Peripheral blood lymphocytes expressing the MOv-gamma gene may be used in the immunotherapeutic treatment of ovarian cancer. (NCI04)


A Dream of Red Mansions is a classical Chinese literature works. From the perspective of tragedy theory, the tragedy of pain in the novel come from emotion, society, culture and the existence, rising to metaphysics of the existence of life. The aesthetic feeling of pain is of universality and timelessness, which gives the novel profound tragedy aesthetic implication.


Since 1999, regional retail and wholesale gasoline markets in the United States have experienced significant price volatility, both intertemporally and across geographic markets. This paper focuses on one potential explanation for regional variations in price levels and volatility, gasoline content regulation. Implemented regionally to address local mobile-source emissions, gasoline content regulations increase cost to refiners, transporters and distributors of gasoline, in addition to reducing the fungibility of gasoline across different regions. This paper first provides a summary of the regional gasoline content regulations and a primer on the refining industry. In addition, this paper specifies the costs regional content regulation imposes on refiners, transporters and distributors of gasoline and the role increasing heterogeneity of gasoline may play in regional price volatility. Finally, this paper surveys the previous literature looking at the effect of gasoline content regulation on prices and price volatility and suggests directions for future research. 1 Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Economics, 50 Memorial Drive, Cambridge, MA, 02142. Correspondence: email@example.com. I would like to thank Paul Joskow and Denny Ellerman for helpful comments and discussions. I would also like to thank the National Science Foundation and the MIT Center for Energy and Environmental Policy Research for financial support. All errors are my own.


Britain . . . are already organizing definite corps of health visitors, mostly voluntary workers, who act as the eyes and ears of the medical officer of health, and regularly visit in a helpful way the families committed to their charge. Similarly, with the new duties connected with medical inspection and treatment, the Local Education Authorities are organizing, under one name or another, their own volunteer Children's Care Committees, the members of which are individually charged to keep in friendly touch with all the families in which there are ailing or necessitous children of school age. . . . It is indeed already plain that each of the several preventive authorities, dealing with the several sections of the population, needs for the effective discharge of its duties, not only its own salaried staff, but also an extensive fringe of volunteer workers, specialized to its particular service and gradually acquiring a certain training in its work, with which to maintain the necessary touch and personal contact with all the families of the city. . . We look, therefore, for a great expansion in the sphere of personal benevolence and voluntary service; not by way of irresponsible alternative to the action of the public authority, but by way of supplementing and informing this, and supplying the 'human element' (Ibid, pp. 40, 41).


A close relation exists between development and resource-environment.This relation cannot be easily changed through technical innovation as commonly understood by knowledge economics currently.Sustainable development cannot avoid consumption of natural resources,and dependency on impacts of development on resource-environment.It is a dynamic process within the carrying capacity of the resource-environment.The paper analyzes the carrying capacity of resource-environment in China,and makes the following conclusions ① eco-space tends to be insufficient,and ecological deficit appears nationwide.However,ecological carrying capacity excluding non-renewable resources shows great room for development;② at the national level,the current population is within the carrying capacity of water resources,and overloading of water carrying capacity has been observed in some regions of the country;③land carrying capacity of China remains slightly surplus,and natural resources basis could therefore ensure a long term development of the country;④structural conflicts of energy-based mineral resources are significant,petroleum resource tends to be insufficient in a long run, and shows an insufficient carrying capacity;⑤ in a general term,population and economic development of China is within the carrying capacity of natural resources,but overloading of resources also exists in some areas and for certain natural resources.The paper therefore concludes by saying that an objective assessment of the overall situation of natural resources in China is required,i.e.,the scale of population and economic growth in China has not yet exceeded the carrying capacity of natural resources.


Background: Ossiculoplasty improves conductive hearing loss. Various reconstruction methods and techniques are developed with use of different graft materials over period of time. Results of ossiculoplasty can be predetermined with consideration of prognostic factors . Methods: The present study is retrospective study of 50 patients who underwent ossiculoplasty in the medical college hospital over the period of 3 years i.e. from January 2013 to December 2016. The pre-operative and post-operative audiometric findings were documented and analyzed to study the hearing improvement with the use of auto graft malleus and incus for ossiculoplasty. The results of ossiculoplasty were also compared with other studies done for ossiculoplasty. Predictors of ossiculoplasty results such as ossicular status and middle ear mucosa were also studied . Results: The average post-operative air bone gap was 12.92 dB. The mean post-operative ABG was within 20 dB in both primary and revision cases. Average air-bone closure in patients with normal mucosa was 32.1 dB and that of adhesive mucosa was 18 dB. Significant improvement in post-operative air-bone closure (p <0.01) was observed in patients with auto graft incus than malleus head as ossiculoplast . Conclusions: 84% ossiculopasty patients were having post-operative air bone gap within 20 dB. The ossiculoplasty using auto graft ossicle is physiological, biocompatible, stable and has low complication rate .


This paper discusses the difficulties and problems in the study of gearbox fault diagnosis currently, and moreover recommends a method to deal with complex transmission early fault diagnosis problems, strong noise of the fault diagnosis problems using particle swarm optimization (PSO) and filtering techniques. In this paper, by summarizing the current research situation and tendency both at home and abroad, it puts forward the main research content and the key technology to be resolved in the study of gearbox fault diagnosis, also gives the research methods and techniques route to solve these problems. Finally, optimal allocation of measuring points and multi-fault location technique based on PSO algorithm is proposed and is confirmed.


The present invention relates to a speed control method of a magnet motor, in the vicinity of the limit of the motor torque can provide a motor speed control apparatus of a magnet to achieve the control characteristics of the high stability and high efficiency and high response. When the motor output torque maximum value (or a q-axis current) than the excessive torque command value (or a q-axis current command value) is required, so that the q-axis current command value is not increased to the limit (limit) value, the speed control limiting the input. According to the invention, high stability, high efficiency, it is possible to provide a control apparatus of a magnet motor having the characteristics of a high response. Magnetic motor, the power converter, the direct-current power supply, the current estimation unit, a coordinate conversion section


The Department of Energy's (DOE's) Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) was tasked by the DOE Office of Electricity (OE) to recommend load reduction and grid integration strategies, and identify additional demand response (energy efficiency/conservation opportunities) and strategies at the Forest City Housing (FCH) redevelopment at Pearl Harbor and the Marine Corps Base Hawaii (MCBH) at Kaneohe Bay. The goal was to provide FCH staff a path forward to manage their electricity load and thus reduce costs at these FCH family housing developments. The initial focus of the work was at the MCBH given the MCBH has a demand-ratchet tariff, relatively high demand (~18 MW) and a commensurate high blended electricity rate (26 cents/kWh). The peak demand for MCBH occurs in July-August. And, on average, family housing at MCBH contributes ~36% to the MCBH total energy consumption. Thus, a significant load reduction in family housing can have a considerable impact on the overall site load. Based on a site visit to the MCBH and meetings with MCBH installation, FCH, and Hawaiian Electric Company (HECO) staff, recommended actions (including a "smart grid" recommendation) that can be undertaken by FCH to manage and reduce peak-demand in family housing are made. Recommendations are alsomore » made to reduce overall energy consumption, and thus reduce demand in FCH family housing.« less


differences between intension and meaning: e.g., knowing an intension cannot be the same thing as knowing a meaning, and any two logical truths have the same intension but different meanings. These points are sound, but they do not throw much light on the positive use that can be made of intension. I would also have welcomed some discussion of the relation between intension, points of reference and deixis; anybody who uses these tools will quite quickly find some problems in this area. The authors close by considering limitations of classical logic. Among other things, they mention mass nouns, changing universe of discourse and the logic of imperatives. They might have added the logic of pronouns: this is a field where logicians have felt for the last ioo years that they had something useful to say, but it is still strangely difficult to say anything on the subject which is both true and not trivial. Any progress here would deepen our understanding both of logic and of language, and it would give conclusive proof of the fruitfulness of the cooperation which this book sets out to encourage.


On histological examination, in cortical necrosisall the elementsof the nephron are destroyed,and necrosis and thrombosisof the arteriolesare also present. In tubular necrosis,the glomerulussurvives. Once the glomeruli have been grossly damaged, restitution is no longer possible; but with tubular damage as in acute tubular nephrosis, recovery is always possiblein time. If deathfrom urtemia can be prevented, most patients .with anuria related to pregnancyshould recover.


We solve the Klein-Gordon equation in the presence of a spatially one-dimensional Woods-Saxon potential. The scattering solutions are obtained in terms of hypergeometric functions and the condition for the existence of transmission resonances is derived. It is shown how the zero-reflection condition depends on the shape of the potential.


This note gives two new axiomatizations of each of the modal logics Ver n by extension of K with, respectively, an inference rule and an axiom schema other than Ver n .


The paper focuses on the reasons for the unpopularity of feminism in the bush. When one looks at the productive and reproductive work undertaken by farm women it is clear that they are heavily involved in the 'men's work' undertaken in their enterprise. Consequently, their antagonism to feminism is difficult to understand. However, when issues of feminist theorising are addressed, it becomes clear that, in fact, feminism may have alienated many farm women. By using the concepts of patriarchy and power to illuminate farm women's lives, it is clear that they are extremely marginalised and their labour contributions are largely ignored. There is much work to be done by feminists in addressing the areas of concern for farm women.