The transition from state socialism to market socialism in China since 1978 led
to a sense of disorientation and moral crisis in the Chinese population which by the
mid-1990s the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) attempted to correct. Specifically,
the CCP Committee in the region of Guangdong responded by elaborating a new
version of the teaching manual Three-Word Classic in order to meet the new social circumstances with a body of specific moral rules based on Confucian philosophy
and aimed at the Chinese younger generations. The Party's chief goal was to rebuild
the framework of moral behavior ousted by the rapid social changes of the 80s
and 90s and which until the reform era was supplied by the official line of the
CCP and the ideas nurtured during the Cultural Revolution. The New Three-Word
Classic soon became widely popular in the country and allowed schools to teach
their students a series of moral rules through the examples of historical figures and
events which overall championed patriotism and diligence in learning but failed to
address public spiritedness, essential in guiding emerging public life in China.


A low cycle fatigue test method was presented for small curvature radius funnel-like notched specimens using axial strain as control strain.Through finite element analysis,the strain conversion model for small curvature radius funnel-like notched specimens and thin specimens from uniaxial testing strain to Tresca equivalent strain at the root of notch was established.Based on the assumption of fatigue damage equivalent and fatigue test data of notched specimen,the model for low cyclic life estimation was proposed,a series of low cycle fatigue tests for Ti-4Al-2V alloy using large curvature radius smooth notched specimens and small curvature radius notched specimens were completed,respectively.The low cyclic life estimating model on small curvature radius notched specimens was close to the estimating models based on smooth specimens.The new method can also be used for low cyclic fatigue test on N18 alloy thin sheet specimens at elevated temperature,so it can be recommended for the test standard of low cycle fatigue.In this paper,the experimental data for Ti-4Al-2V and N18 zirconium alloys at different temperatures and the proposed low cyclic life estimating modes are beneficial to the engineering application.


Three segments of the Kishwaukee River Bridge were instrumented to measure concrete strains, temperatures, and vertical bridge deflectiosn for a period of five years. Simultaneously, tests to measure short-term and long-term physical properties of concrete used in the bridge segments were performed. Using the measured concrete properties and the detailed construction records, time-dependent deformations of the instrumented bridge segments were calculated by a computer program using a step-by-step numerical procedure. Comparisons were made between measured and calculated values. Comparisons of the measured and calculated results verified numerical procedure for calculating long-term behavior of segmental box-girder bridges. Using the numerical procedure, effects of time-dependent behavior of conncrete on axial deformations, prestress losses, moment redistribution, and concrete stresses on continuous box girders were investigated. Influence of concrete ages at times of erection on bridge behavior was discussed. (FHWA)


The novel A Day of the Professor's Wife, by the way of a strong male chauvinism, tries to represent a reviving sense of feminism, which, by nature, turns out to be very ridiculous. However, the commentary writing , Rebellion against the Elite Culture, speaks highly of it. This novel as well as its comments, like some recent movies and TV programs, involves the phenomenon of despising and mocking the intellectuals. This tendency of anti-cultural ideology has its traditional prototype, which, under the condition of marketing economy, takes another form by means of modern media and mass culture to unconsciously influence and change people's attitude toward culture and the intellectuals, thus running counter to the mainstream of the times, jeopardizing the social development and therefore calling greatly for people's attention.


In survey research, how can we measure actors' judgments concerning who is a member of a particular social group and who is not? How can we measure changes in this process over time? Within the sociology of culture, the operationalization of boundary work, or decisions of group membership, has been relatively overlooked. Similarly, measurement of changes in boundaries has been relatively overlooked as well. An important first step is to better match the operationalization of boundary work with theory. To do so, I argue that survey items concerning decisions of social exclusion measured in the Likert scale can be used. In addition to allowing scholars to compare those who exclude with those who include (often measured as Strongly Agree/Agree vs. Disagree/Strongly Disagree), the Likert scale offers a measurement of boundary strength: how strongly respondents are committed to their exclusionary judgments (Agree vs. Strongly Agree, Disagree vs. Strongly Disagree). A novel element of boundary change can then be measured as variation over time in commitment to exclusionary judgment in time series data. A boundary that has increased in strength would be one for which respondents increase in their emotional commitment to their exclusionary judgment over time.


Abstract Several methods for the determination of soil phosphorus (P) in acidic forest soils were examined. The Parkinson and Allen digestion method removed more total P than did the ignition method, especially with mineral soils. There were problems with both the Saunders and Williams ignition method and the Bowman and Moir extraction protocol for organic P determination. The problems were more pronounced when used on organic soil samples The Bray P1 was better than the Mehlich 3 method for measuring available P in mineral soils.


With the advent of the age of big data and the maturity of internet technologies, the Internet of Things puts more demands on data computing, and the development of the next generation of data comp...


The parasite fauna of small mammals from the Friendship Park (Finland) and the Kostamus Nature Reserve (Russia) was studied. A total of 54 species of parasites relating to 5 classes, 24 families, 38 genera were recovered. The fauna of small mammal parasites in this territory consisted of the species widespread throughout Fennoscandia.


This paper estimates the impact of membership of the Communist Party of China (CPC) on wage levels. The results indicate that although the wage premium of CPC membership ranges from 4.3% to 32.2%, when job factors are held constant and the selection bias is controlled the impact of CPC membership on wages is not statistically significant. When considering the selection bias although the differentials of human capital contribute to the wage gap between CPC and non-CPC members, the unexplained parts including discrimination against non-CPC members are the main factors which contribute 92.8% to the wage gap.


Rectal prolapse is a benign condition well-recognized in children. Known complications of the rectal prolapse in children include recurrent mucosal ulceration, bleeding and proctitis. We report a case of a 4-year-old child with rectosigmoid prolapse complicated with sigmoid necrosis and associated with pararectal herniation of ileum between the 2 walls of the prolapsed rectosigmoid. This extremely uncommon event led to strangulation of the ileal segment within the prolapsed rectosigmoid walls. Rectosigmoid prolapse with preoperative diagnosis of sigmoid necrosis has not been previously reported in children. Early diagnosis of the condition and prompt surgical intervention may help to improve the outcome.


The invention discloses a novel sweeping device. The novel sweeping device comprises a handle part, a function part and a top housing, wherein a first rotation driving mechanism, a control unit and a battery assembly are arranged inside a handle barrel of the handle part, an opening is formed at the upper part of the handle barrel, and a push button switch is arranged on the outer side surface of the handle barrel of the handle part; the function part is positioned above the handle part, and is provided with a sleeve and a rotary table arranged at the bottom inside the sleeve; the rotary table is provided with a liquid spray device, a wiping device and an air blower; the bottom of the rotary table is mounted on a rotation shaft of the first rotation driving mechanism; the top of the sleeve is provided with a top housing installation base; and the top housing is funnel-shaped and mounted on the top of the sleeve. The novel sweeping device is novel in design and convenient to use, and the situation that raised dust is generated when a user cleans articles on a high position is effectively avoided.


Hydrogen evolution by photocatalytic technology has been one of the most promising and attractive solutions, and can harvest and convert the abundant solar energy into green, renewable hydrogen energy. As a new kind of photocatalytic material, graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) has drawn much attention in photocataluytic H2 production due to its visible light response, ease of preparation and good stability. For a higher photocatalyic performance, N defects were introduced in to the traditional g-C3N4 in this work. The existence of N defects was proved by adequate material characterization. Significantly, a new absorption region at around 500 nm of N-deficient g-C3N4 appeared, revealing the exciting n-π* transition of lone pair electrons. The photocatalytic H2 production performance of N-deficient g-C3N4 was increased by 5.8 times. The enhanced photocatalytic performance of N-deficient g-C3N4 was attributed to the enhanced visible light absorption, as well as the promoted separation of photo-generated carries and increased specific surface area.


This letter presents structural properties of silicon epitaxy grown at 300 °C by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition from SiH4/H2. The ratio of H2 to SiH4 flow rate and rf power of plasma was found to play an important role for epitaxial growth. The base pressure of the chamber was greater than 3×10−6 Torr. The substrates were ex situ cleaned by the spin‐etch method prior to wafer loading. A H2 baking step was carried out prior to epitaxial deposition. Cross‐section transmission electron microscopy and secondary ion mass spectroscopy were used to inspect the quality of Si films. The thickness of the silicon epitaxy is about 0.3 μm, which is grown at a rate of 5.6 nm/min.


1. Ballroom Impressions 2. Ballroom Basics 3. Picture Yourself Slow Dancing 4. Picture Yourself Dancing the Waltz 5. Picture Yourself Two-Stepping 6. Picture Yourself Swing Dancing 7. Picture Yourself Dancing Cha-Cha 8. Picture Yourself Salsa Dancing 9. Picture Yourself Doing the Hustle 10. Picture Yourself Dancing West Coast Swing 11. Picture Yourself Doing the Tango 12. Where to Go from Here


To promote the reseach of China′s index systems of public services,the reseach of index systems at home and abroad is reviewed and assessed by literature analysis and comparison analysis.It is showned that methodology and discussion of the logical framework are paid attention to;public value and the government′s functions are intensified;ideas of index system design and innovative tools are developmented;index and the weight selection are enhanced,so that a complete research system could be built.


SnSb2S4 films were grown with different thicknesses, they subsequently thermally annealed under air atmospheres from the ambient temperature to 275 °C. The SnSb2S4 films exhibit a polycrystalline structure and undergo drastically changes in electrical and optical properties at a transition temperature of about 150°C only for the films with thicknesses lower than 600 nm. The films show an hysteresis-like loop on accomplishing measurements of the square resistance values for the films with thicknesses higher than 600 nm. So, for the lower thicknesses this material is a good candidate as a protective material for example against high energetic laser radiation.


in Romania the damaged pavement is increasing due to climate change: heavy rains and snow, the poor or inexistent methods to drain water from the roads and because of the increasing traffic as well. One type of pavement distress is potholes. As time progresses, the severity of these distresses increases and consequently, ride quality is adversely affected. In order to solve this problem researches are performed for developing a technology which can detect and recognize potholes based on 2D images and video data. In this paper, a vision based algorithm for damaged pavement detection is proposed using morphological image processing which may result into a potential direction of developing a detection method to efficiently and accurately detect potholes. Keywords—potholes; morphological image processing; 2D image; video data; vision-based approach


13
 C and 15N n.m.r. spectra (at the natural abundance level of 15N) have been measured and interpreted for the Meisenheimer complexes (I)–(XII) of 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene (TNB) with anions of cyclopentanone, cyclohexanone, cycloheptanone, acetone, dimethyl malonate, methyl cyanoacetate, methyl acetoacetate, pentane-2,4-dione, 3-methylpentane-2,4-dione, phenol, and methanol. 13C N.m.r. spectra of the corresponding carbon-acids have been measured in [2H6]DMSO. The complexes derived from ketones and esters are present in the keto-form, that of (IX) exists in the enol form. Nitrogen atoms of nitro-groups at the 2- and 6-positions of complexes derived from carbon-acids of the type CH2XY are anisochronous as also are C(2) and C(6), C(3) and C(5), and H(3) and H(5).


With the calculating the damping circuit parameter of traction coil on SS4G type electric locomotive,the reasons of the frequently burning down is analyzed,and the method of calculating damping circuit parameter is concluded.Finally,the advice of improving damping circuit parameter is put forward.


11595Background: The challenge in cancer treatment management is to find the right drug for a patient at the right time. Progress in cancer target identification and new target drug development has...


Children cerebral paralysis (CCP) means the group of movement development and body position breaches, caused by non-progressive brain affection of a foetus or a child. At analysis revealed plural joint somatic and obstetric a pathology which played the important role in formation of psychoneurological physical inability at children of early age. The lead work has shown the significance of separate factors in formation of a children's cerebral paralysis in a fetus and an opportunity of their use for forecasting and early diagnostics of lesions of a brain in neonatal.


.......................................................................................5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.....................................................................6 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.0 Introduction........................................................................................7 1.1 The English language as a lingua franca for military linguists...................................7 1.2 English language teaching in the Russian education system..............................9 1.3 Purpose of the study...........................................................................10 1.4 Chapter organisation...........................................................................11 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.0 Introduction.....................................................................................12 2.1 Methods of teaching foreign languages in military contexts..............................12 2.1.1 The grammar-translation method.................................................13 2.1.2 The audiolingual method..........................................................16 2.1.3 The communicative approach: Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) and Task-based Language Teaching (TBLT)...........................................20 2.1.4 Methods of teaching foreign languages to military linguist cadets in Russia...................................................................................................30 2.2 The Storyline method.........................................................................31 2.2.1 An introduction to the Storyline method........................................31 2.2.2 Storyline: the practice...............................................................32 2.2.3 Storyline: the theory behind the practice..........................................35 2.3 Storyline and foreign language teaching......................................................39 2.3.1 Storyline as a form of Task-based Language Teaching........................39 2.3.2 Storyline and intercultural communicative competence......................42 2.3.3 Storyline and learner motivation.................................................44 2.4 Storyline's potential for the foreign language teaching of military linguists............47 CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY 3.0 Introduction....................................................................................52 3.1 Selection of research paradigm and methodology.........................................54 3.2 Ethical considerations..........................................................................64


Today it is not unusual that one has to authenticate oneself on several IT systems. Most of the time, these systems require a password or a PIN, but faced with the requirement to remember such information, many users encounter difficulties, which tends to result in poor choices or other bad practices. For example, passwords are often based upon dictionary words or personal information, resulting in vulnerability to brute force attacks or social engineering. To address this problem, researchers have developed alternative authentication mechanisms, ranging from password enhancement techniques, to token-based authentication systems and biometrics. In particular, graphical passwords and keystroke dynamics are promising alternatives to password-based authentication. This study presents requirements the alternative authentication mechanisms should meet and reviews and analyzes graphical passwords and keystroke dynamics from a usability and security point of view. Very little research has been done to analyze graphical passwords and keystroke dynamics concerning security. Graphical passwords use pictures instead of textual passwords and are partially motivated by the fact that humans can remember pictures better than a string of characters. Graphical passwords can be classified into three categories: pure recall-based, cued recall-based and recognition-based. For each category, existing techniques are presented and their strengths and weaknesses are pointed out. The term keystroke dynamics is used to describe an individual's typing pattern including latencies, key depress durations and keystroke pressure. Keystroke-based authentication is a relatively new method of biometric identification and provides a comparatively inexpensive method of authentication or hardening the normal login and password process. A comprehensive survey of existing keystroke dynamics methods and metric is conducted in this study.


Objective To prepare nano-silver base inorganic antibacterial gel and take the correlation detection.Methods The carbomer 940 was used as the ground substance for nano-silver base inorganic antibacterial gel,and to take routine quality control experiment. Results Nano-silver base inorganic antibacterial gel has fine suitable fluidity at room temperature,and the texture is delicate and can be well-distribute. Conclusion The preparation of the nano-silver base inorganic antibacterial gel is simple. The stable quality is well and its quality is stable and controllable.


In this paper we study the on and oo-equilibrium properties of the four dimensional Gaussian spin glass. In the static case we determine with more precision that in previous simulations both the critical temperature as well as the critical exponent. In the oo-equilibrium case we settle the general form of the autocorrelation function , and show that is possible to obtain dynamically, for the rst time, a value for the order parameter.


The fabrication of photoresist gratings is considered. A solution to the problem of 'transversal standing waves' is given and appears simple and versatile.


Although computer-mediated communication (CMC) is popular, past research shows that face-to-face (FTF) interaction is also important in CMC environments. The question is what are the accelerators for FTF interaction in CMC scenarios? A literature review finds the accelerators of familiarity among group members and personality factors related to E/I (extraversion/introversion) important factors to consider in FTF interaction. The focus, therefore, of this study is on proximate group support system (GSS) environments that have both CMC and FTF interactions. The objective of the study is to reveal the impacts of familiarity among group members and E/I on verbal interaction in GSS sessions. A proposed causal model, in which verbal and GSS interactions are mediators between the combinations of "group member familiarity & E/I factors," and "meeting satisfaction & group cohesion," is tested. To examine the model, eight proximate GSS sessions are observed and data are gathered using questionnaires from 59 participants. The data are then analyzed using path analysis. Results show that verbal and GSS interactions do not positively mediate between the combinations of "group member's familiarity & E/I factors," and "meeting satisfaction & group cohesion." This means that verbal interaction is independent from personal factors such as familiarity or E/I and, probably, meeting management factors are important to accelerate verbal interaction among participants. Implications of these findings are discussed within the context of virtual and/or asynchronous meetings.


Purpose To study the clinical features and to perform genetic linkage study in two large Chinese families with autosomal dominant juvenile-onset primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). Methods Eighteen members of one Chinese family and 25 members of a second Chinese family with juvenile-onset primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) were investigated. Thirteen members in one family and 14 members in the second family were diagnosed with juvenile-onset POAG. A genome-wide linkage scan was performed on one family using 411 short tandem repeat (STR) markers. Subsequent fine mapping was performed in the two study families using a modified fluorescent labeled M13 primer method. Results A whole genome-wide scan in one family showed linkage to chromosome 2p15-p16 with a two-point maximum LOD score of 5.01 at θ=0 between the disease phenotype and STR marker D2S337. The second family was also mapped to the same locus with a two-point maximum LOD score of 6.30 at θ=0 for D2S378. Haplotype analysis in these two families demonstrated that they shared the same disease haplotype, suggesting they have inherited the mutation from a common founder. The maximum LOD scores were 8.93 at θ=0 for D2S378 and 9.9 at θ=0 for D2S337 when the two families were combined for analysis. The disease interval for these two families was localized to 9.2 cM or 13.3 Mb between D2S123 and D2S2397. There are 42 known genes/transcripts within the interval. Five of these genes were sequenced, and no disease-causing mutation was identified in either family. Conclusions This novel juvenile-onset POAG locus on chromosome 2p15–16 is overlapped by the Glaucoma 1, open angle, H (GLC1H) locus for adult-onset POAG. Eventual identification of the disease-causing gene will provide insights into the pathogenesis of POAG.


AbstractThe authors estimate water mass transformation rates resulting from surface buoyancy fluxes and interior diapycnal fluxes in the region south of 30°S in the Estimating the Circulation and Climate of the Ocean (ECCO) model-based state estimation and three free-running coupled climate models. The meridional transport of deep and intermediate waters across 30°S agrees well between models and observationally based estimates in the Atlantic Ocean but not in the Indian and Pacific, where the model-based estimates are much smaller. Associated with this, in the models about half the southward-flowing deep water is converted into lighter waters and half is converted to denser bottom waters, whereas the observationally based estimates convert most of the inflowing deep water to bottom waters. In the models, both Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW) and Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) are formed primarily via an interior diapycnal transformation rather than being transformed at the surface via heat or freshwate...


As demands for Plastic Optical Fiber (POF) rise up in optical data communication system, POF are now being applied as base material for passive optical splitter. In order to produce the economical passive device, optical 1x3 splitters have been fabricated four times through handwork fusion. Besides, red LED with wavelength of 650 nm has been transmitted into splitter for the purpose of characterization testing in order to analyze the level of power efficiency of each splitter. As result, the latest 1x3 splitter reveal that maximum power could increasingly be reached up to 60%. This paper highlights that fusion technique by handwork is realiable fabrication method rather using expensive machine to fabricate POF-based optical splitter.


these readers, Muslim or non-Muslim, presumably wish to know—in an intellectually respectable way, yet in readable idiom—the following: What kind of a book is the QurāĀn? What does it have to say, and how does it say it? Are there—many readers in the West might ask—any correspondences or points of contact between the QurāĀn and the Bible? Questions like these have guided my writing of this book. (ix)


A method for the determination of citalopram hydrobromide(CP) in anti-depressant drug has been established using capillary electrophoresis coupled with electrochemiluminescence(ECL) detection.The enhanced ECL intensity was linear with CP concentration in the range of 5.0×10-8~5.0×10-6 g/mL(r=0.9943) with the detection limit of 2.0×10-9 g/mL(S/N=3).The relative standard deviations of migration time and ECL intensity were 1.7% and 2.3% for 1.5×10-7 g/mL CP(n=9),respectively.The method was applied to the determination of CP in the commercial drug,and the analytical result is in agreement with the reference value.


do with the Indian tradition? Why are three different translations of the principal Upanisads included, but no translations of most of the rest of the source literature? How useful would be Dasgupta's highly technical History of Indian Philosophy (5 vols) for readers supposed to know as little as this book suggests ? The bibliographical details are in many cases incomplete or incorrect or misleading. The general reader is led to assume, for instance, that M. Weber's Religions of India (Glencoe, Illinois, 1958) is a fairly recent work; in fact it is a translation of a book written in 1920. There is no indication of the edition in works that have come out more than once. On page 97 a footnote says that the text offers 'selected verses from the Bhagavata Purana, chapter 11.' Since there are twelve books in this work there are twelve chapters 11; which one is meant?


We present a detailed multinuclear (13C, 15N, 25Mg) NMR study on a metal–organic framework material with a dimethylammonium (DMA+) cation, [(CH3)2NH2]Mg(HCOO)3, that shows a dielectric phase transi...


The behaviour of phosphorus forms and loads under conditions of drought and rainfall and based on real measurements was studied in the Timbu River Basin, an important water source in the metropolit...


Summary Standard binding and displacement techniques were used to identify high-affinity binding sites for [125l]-labeled endothelin-1 (ET-1) in membranes harvested from the hearts of adult female Sprague-Dawley rats. A single population of binding sites was identified, with a KD of 0.20 $$ 0.03 nM at 37$$C, and a Bmax of 93.5 $$ 6.4 fmol/mg protein. Bound [125I]ET-1 was displaced by ET-1 (10–13–10–8 M), with a K, of 0.08 nM. Neither (-)Bay K 8644 (10–11–10–5 M), prenylamine (10–11–10–5 M), (+)-cis-diltiazem (10–10–10–5 M), (-)D888 (10–10–10–5 M), nicardipine (10–10–10–5 M), lidoflazine (10–11–10–5 M), flunarizine (10–11–10–5 M), w-conotoxin (10–13–10–7 M), nor prazosin (10–10–10–5 M) displaced the bound ligand. Binding occured in the absence of Ca2+ and was absent in heat-denatured membranes. These results are interpreted to mean that [125I]ET-1 binds to a single class of high-affinity binding sites that differ from those occupied by known regulators of voltage activated L-and N-type Ca2+ channels.


Although the first true criminal psychological profile was created less than 70 years ago, and the first unit whose task was to help solve challenging and complicated crimes by analyzing psychological aspects was created about 50 years ago, today we cannot imagine the work of any law enforcement service without the significant contribution of psychological profilers. On the other hand, the number and type of security threats have grown exponentially in the same period, and although it is not possible to react to one part of those threats on time and prevent them, for the other part of those threats there is enough space and time that by engaging profilers, and in certain crisis situations, such as hostage crises, be it terrorist attacks, bank robberies, or other situations in which the perpetrators of such acts take hostages, by engaging a specific subtype of profilers – the negotiators, increase the chances for a peaceful resolution of the crisis situation and prevention of loss of human lives, which is of paramount interest in humane societies. The aim of this paper is to investigate the role of profiler-negotiator in crisis situations with a criminal background, using a hypothetical-deductive model and methods of analysis of primary and secondary sources, as well as qualitative, quantitative, comparative analysis, with the starting hypothesis that using techniques and methods of psychological profiling and negotiations in crisis situations with a criminal basis and background, the probability of a positive outcome, peaceful resolution of the crisis situation and damage control drastically increases


quantitative survey: a computer-assisted telephone interview (CATI) administered to quota-samples of 1000 resident "national" respondents in each of the six EU partner countries, plus a further 250 "migrant" respondents from each of Romania and Turkey resident in each of the other five countries (excepting Turks in Spain, whose number is too small). The total CATI questionnaires collected are thus an impressive N=8500. The second research instrument is the semi-structured qualitative interview survey called aimed at exploring in more detail the "meaning" of the participants' cross-border mobilities and activities. For this latter survey, quota-samples were specified of 10 "nationals" per country for each subsample of the survey, hence 60 across the six EU countries, plus 50 Romanian and 50 Turkish respondents in their five host countries, for a total N of 160 interviews. Taken together, EUCROSS and EUMEAN represent a robust, complementary research design generating a mass of data which form the empirical backbone of the book.


Narrow band interference (NBI) suppression is one of major issues for ultra wideband (UWB) wireless communication system operating over huge spectrum occupied by narrow band wireless systems. In this paper, we propose an interference mitigation scheme based on complex-valued adaptive notch filter, which smartly exploits the substantial correlation difference of signals and removes the NBIs in UWB signal with noise by estimating the corresponding central frequencies. To obtain high speed convergence and maintain small signal distortion, a low complexity gradient algorithm for one-order basic adaptive notch filter cell is deduced. Considering that the data rate prior to despreading is extremely high, a novel time-division multiplexing (TDM) parallel approach for eliminating a single NBI is presented, which effectively simplify the hardware design especially in high speed digital signal processing. Based on the one-order basic adaptive notch filter cell, three different implementations including direct forms, linear cascade forms and TDM parallel cascade forms to eliminate multiple NBIs are developed and discussed. Theoretical analysis and simulation results indicate that the proposed scheme possesses the advantages of high convergence speed, small distortion and high stability. Furthermore, the propose scheme utilized as a preprocessing unit prior to despreading can considerably improve the interference tolerance margin of UWB systems, leading to it's suitable for the low complexity direct sequence (DS)-UWB receiver.


During the 1930s, all kind of Taiwanese organizations were dissolved by the government and the national movement also gradually faded away, however, an organization called "the Development of the Common Prosperity Association of East Asia" emerged in Taichung in December 1933. Many thought it was a right-wing organization only had a limited influence, therefore didn't pay much attention to it. The recent publication of the Lin Hsien-tang journal disclosed that this common prosperity association wasn't a right-wing organization but a regional party for the purpose of strengthen the friendship between Taiwanese and Japanese. Through this association, the colonial government kept the harmony between the Taiwanese and the Japanese to reach the goal of having a local self-government election to quiet the petition of forming a Taiwan parliament. Therefore, from its function, we can position this association as a buffer organization created by the colonial government to disintegrate the Taiwan people activity to against Japan. The Development of the Common Prosperity Association was organized by prominent people from both Japan and Taiwan with two common objectives-strengthening the friendship between Japan and the R.O.C. and increasing the integration between Japanese and Taiwanese. The two political ideals, however, were destroyed completely after 1936 under the military administration that demanded all Taiwanese to demonstrate their patriotism. Consequently, the Development of the Common Prosperity Association was forced to dissolve. Nevertheless, this association's objectives and its internal conflicts also reflected the national identity dilemma existing among the more educated Taiwanese. Prior to the Sino-Japanese War, the Han Taiwanese-Chinese felt connected to the mainland China due to sharing the same culture and ethnic background, but under the colonial government administration, they must show their loyalty toward Japan. Because Taiwanese situated in the middle of the two countries, the nation identity was a big issue among them. More in depth study and research in regarding to the Development of the Common Prosperity Association of East Asia should shed more light on the Taiwanese nation identity issue during the Japanese colonial period.


The Hebrew Bible itself teaches its readers and listeners how to learn. Its pedagogy of social transformation instructs contemporary Christians how to interpret and apply lessons from Scripture in a manner that is consistent with the orientation, priorities and methods inherent in the text. This article demonstrates that relationship and identity are the necessary precursors to biblical education. It then considers the educational perspective for social transformation within the Hebrew Bible. The analysis explores the purpose and process of education for social transformation and the pastorally oriented pedagogy that the Bible utilises to advance moral development and prevent hermeneutic bias. Lastly, the article considers how the narrative, Law, prophets and wisdom texts in the Hebrew Bible train in social critique. This article helps Christians to develop a biblically based hermeneutic of the Hebrew Scripture's social transformation for application today.


Shipwrecked: Disaster and Transformation in Homer, Shakespeare, Defoe and the Modern World presents the first comparative study of notable literary shipwrecks from the past 4,000 years, focusing on Homer's Odyssey , Shakespeare's The Tempest , and Defoe's Robinson Crusoe . The recurrent treatment of shipwrecks in epic poetry, drama, novels, science fiction, movies, and television demonstrates an enduring fascination with this archetypal scene: a shipwreck survivor confronting the elements. It is remarkable, for example, that the characters in the 2004 television show Lost share so many features with those from Homer's Odyssey and Shakespeare's The Tempest . When survivors are stuck on an island for some period of time, shipwrecks often present the survivor with the possibility of a change in political and social status--as well as romance and even paradise. In each of the major shipwreck narratives examined, the poet or novelist links the castaways' arrival on a new shore with the possibility of a new sort of life. James V. Morrison also considers the historical context as well as the "triggers" (such as the 1609 Bermuda shipwreck) that inspired some of these works, and modern responses such as novels (Golding's Lord of the Flies, Coetzee's Foe , and Gordon's First on Mars , a science fiction version of the Crusoe story), movies, television ( Forbidden Planet, Cast Away, and Lost ), and the poetry and plays of Caribbean poets Derek Walcott and Aime Cesaire.


Effective use of loop detector data for traffic management requires that errors be efficiently detected, diagnosed, and corrected. We present two new spatial approaches and compare them to state-of-the-art correction procedures for station flow estimation when detectors within that station malfunction in nonincident conditions. One new method exploits the relationship between individual detector flow and station flow using linear regression. The second incorporates lane use percentages through kernel regression. To comprehensively compare the procedures, systematic and random-error evaluations are conducted for two detector stations with distinct lane configurations. Lane configuration is important for spatial correction methods, which perform well under certain detector failure combinations. The random-error evaluation indicates that temporal correction performs better at all error levels and spatial approaches are inaccurate under light traffic conditions, especially when estimates are based on zero flow readings. When choosing a correction procedure, one should consider facility configurations, error types and magnitudes, and traffic conditions, and calibrate the method for location-specific characteristics.


What's at stake in the writing of history? The belief that narratives of the past shape the contours of the present remains paramount throughout much of Western culture. History, consequently, is o...


Green synthesis of nanoparticles represents an important part of nanotechnology that offers outstanding eco-friendly and financial benefits, when compared to conventional methods that use toxic substances and involve complex processes. Synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO) was carried out from leaf extracts of mango (Mangifera Indica) and soursop (Annona Muricata) trees, which were used as reducing agents in an aqueous solution of zinc chloride (ZnCl2). These extracts were submitted to colorimetry analysis and FTIR in order to confirm the presence of flavonoids, saponins and tannins. The formation of nanoparticles was confirmed by UV-vis spectroscopy, SEM-EDS and X-ray. The material that was obtained with both extracts presented a semi-spherical morphology with average diatemers of 23± 9 nm (Mangifera Indica) and 17±4 nm (Annona Muricata).


Nucleotides and amino acids are acknowledged categories of water‐borne olfactory stimuli. In previous studies it has been shown that larvae of Xenopus laevis are able to sense amino acids. Here we report on the effect of ATP in the olfactory epithelium (OE) of Xenopus laevis tadpoles. First, ATP activates a subpopulation of cells in the OE. The ATP‐sensitive subset of cells is almost perfectly disjoint from the subset of amino acid‐activated cells. Both responses are not mediated by the well‐described cAMP transduction pathway as the two subpopulations of cells do not overlap with a third, forskolin‐activated subpopulation. We further show that, in contrast to amino acids, which act exclusively as olfactory stimuli, ATP appears to feature a second role. Surprisingly it activated a large number of sustentacular supporting cells (SCs) and, to a much lower extent, olfactory receptor neurons. The cells of the amino acid‐ and ATP‐responding subsets featured differences in shape, size and position in the OE. The latencies to activation upon stimulus application differed markedly in these subsets. To obtain these results two technical points were important. We used a novel dextran‐tetramethylrhodamine‐backfilled slice preparation of the OE and we found out that an antibody to calnexin, a known molecular chaperone, also labels SCs. Our findings thus show a strong effect of ATP in the OE and we discuss some of the possible physiological functions of nucleotides in the OE.


ABSTRACT The purpose of this study is to test the relationships among experiential quality, perceptual evaluation, perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness, experiential involvement, experiential satisfaction and experiential loyalty. The data used in this study were acquired from a sample of 494 customers ordering their meals using facial recognition at one fast food restaurant (KFC) in Beijing, China. The empirical findings reveal that experiential quality exerts a direct influence on experiential involvement, perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness. Perceived ease of use is an antecedent of perceived usefulness and experiential quality, perceptual evaluation, perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness that can bring about experiential satisfaction. Experiential involvement moderates the relationship between experiential satisfaction and experiential loyalty. Perceptual evaluation, perceived usefulness, experiential involvement and experiential satisfaction contribute to experiential loyalty. The discussion provides implications and managerial insights for research and practice.


In asexual populations that don't undergo recombination, such as cancer, deleterious mutations are expected to accrue readily due to genome-wide linkage between mutations. Despite this mutational load of often thousands of deleterious mutations, many tumors thrive. How tumors survive the damaging consequences of this mutational load is not well understood. Here, we investigate the functional consequences of mutational load in 10,295 human tumors by quantifying their phenotypic response through changes in gene expression. Using a generalized linear mixed model (GLMM), we find that high mutational load tumors up-regulate proteostasis machinery related to the mitigation and prevention of protein misfolding. We replicate these expression responses in cancer cell lines and show that the viability in high mutational load cancer cells is strongly dependent on complexes that degrade and refold proteins. This indicates that upregulation of proteostasis machinery is causally important for high mutational burden tumors and uncovers new therapeutic vulnerabilities. Statement of Significance Cancers can successfully survive an accumulation of thousands of protein-damaging mutations. Here, we show that high mutational load tumors mitigate these damaging consequences by up-regulating complexes that buffer against protein misfolding stress – providing novel therapeutic vulnerabilities and suggesting that disruption of proteostasis is a hallmark of somatic evolution.


The purpose of this note is to give a direct proof to a theorem of Alekseevskii which asserts existence of a special kind of neighborhoods around a certain point of a Riemannian manifold. Let $M$ be a Riemannian manifold of dimension $m\geqq 3$ . The following is known as Lichnerowicz's conjecture: If the largest connected group $C_{0}(M)$ of conformal transformations of $M$ is essential (See \S 1 for the meaning of terminology), then $M$ is conformal either to $a$ Euclidian sphere $S^{m}$ or to $a$ Euclidian space $E^{m}$. This conjecture is affirmatively answered by Lelong-Ferrand [2] and by Obata [3] in the case when $M$ is compact, and also by others under some additional conditions (cf. [4]). Recently Alekseevskii [1] tried to assure the conjecture for the most general case. The theorem we shall establish in this paper is stated in a slightly weaker form in the paper [1] with a proof which seems incomplete. We shall show, in a way slightly different from Alekseevskii's, how our theorem is applied to a proof of Lichnerowicz's conjecture for the general case under the assumption that $M$ admits an essential one-parameter subgroup of $C_{0}(M)$ . The author wishes to express his hearty thanks to Professor T. Ochiai for his kind advices and encouragements.


As an appendix to Folland [5, Chapter 6], those exercises are related to the Lp Spaces, collected from Jones [6, Chpater 10], Rudin [11, Chapter 3], Stein-Shakarchi [12, Chapter 1], Wheeden-Zygumnd [14, Chapter 8-10]. The order of sections follows from Folland's book. 6.1 Basic Theory of L Spaces 1. (Separability of L Spaces, Wheeden-Zygumnd [14, Exercise 10.9]) Let 1 ≤ p < ∞, and (X,M , μ) be a positive measure space. Define a function ρ(A,B) = μ(A∆B) on M ×M . Show that (i) (M , ρ) is a metric space; (ii) L(X,μ) is separable if (M , ρ) is; (iii) if μ is finite, then (M , ρ) is separable provided L(X,μ) is. Proof. (i)We only check the triangle inequality: Given E1, E2, E3 ∈M . Since E1 \ E2 = [(E1 \ E2) ∩ E3] ∪ [(E1 \ E2) \ E3] = [(E1 ∩ E3) \ E2] ∪ [E1 \ (E2 ∪ E3)] ⊆ (E3 \ E2) ∪ (E1 \ E3) E2 \ E1 = [(E2 \ E1) ∩ E3] ∪ [(E2 \ E1) \ E3] = [(E2 ∩ E3) \ E1] ∪ [E2 \ (E1 ∪ E3)] ⊆ (E3 \ E1) ∪ (E2 \ E3), we see E1∆E2 ⊆ (E1∆E3) ∪ (E3∆E2) which implies the desired triangle inequality. (ii)Let A := {An} be a countable dense subset of M . Since the algebra generated by A is also countable, we may assume A is an algebra. Let S be the family of simple function whose ∗Last Modified: 2016/08/16. †Department of Math., National Taiwan University. Email: email@example.com 1 coefficients are rational and sets are in A , then S is countably many. Since the family of all simple functions with rational coefficients is dense in L, we will show S is dense in this set. Let g = ∑ k ckχEk for some ck ∈ Q and Ek ∈ M with ∪Ek = X. Let c = maxk|ck|, we may assume c > 0. Given > 0, there exist A1, · · ·An ∈ A such that μ(Ek∆Ak) < 1 2n p (2c)p for all k. Since A is an algebra, Ak ⊃ Bk := Ak \ ∪k−1 j=1Aj ∈ A for each k, ∪jBj = ∪jAj, and those Bj are mutually disjoint. Let f(x) = ∑ k ckχBk ∈ S , then μ({x : f 6= g}) = μ(∪k{x ∈ Bk ⊂ Ak : f 6= g} ∪ {x 6∈ ∪kBk = ∪kAk : f 6= g}) ≤ n 1 2n p (2c)p 2. So, ∫ X |f − g| dμ ≤ (2c) p (2c)p = . Therefore S is dense in L, and hence L is separable. (iii)Since μ is finite, the family C of all characteristic functions of measurable sets is a subset of L(X,M , μ). Let d be the metric induced by L norm on L, since (L, d) is separable, (S, d) is separable. (You need some trick to prove this, and realize it's not true in general topological spaces.) Since the map T : (M , ρ)→ (S, d) defined by A 7→ χA is an isometry, (M , ρ) is separable. 2. In [10] L.A.Rubel gives a complex-variable proof for Hölder's inequality, which is very similar to the proof of Riesz-Thorin theorem. We present his proof here.


Background
Candida auris emerged as a human pathogen in 2009 and has subsequently been identified around the world as a cause of invasive candidiasis. Published clinical information on this organism consists primarily of case reports and small case series; thus, data from a single institution will allow us to examine risk factors for acquiring C. auris candidemia in comparison to other Candida species.


The goal of this paper is to improve the estimation performance of software development effort by mitigating the problem caused by outliers in a historical software project data set, which is used to construct an effort estimation model. To date, outlier removal methods have been proposed to solve this problem; however, they are not always effective because removing outliers reduces the number of data points (= software projects in our case) in a data set, and a model built from a small data set often suffers from lack of generality. In such a case, estimation performance can become even worse. In this paper we propose a method called data smoothing to mitigate the problem of outliers without reducing the number of data points. We consider that data points are outliers if they do not meet the assumption of Analogy-Based Estimation (ABE) such that "projects with similar features require similar development efforts." The proposed method changes the effort values (person-months or person-hours) in a data set so as to satisfy this assumption; and by this way, all outliers become non-outliers without decreasing the data points. As a result of experimental evaluation using 8 software development data sets, we found that the proposed data smoothing showed the same or higher effort estimation accuracy than the non-smoothing case, while conventional outlier removal method showed worse accuracy in some data set.


A brief overview of main approaches to the combustion synthesis of B2-FeAl вased powders for thermal spray coatings is presented. Structural effects of preliminary high-energy ball milling treatment of charge mixtures and key combustion parameters affecting the structure and phase formation processes have been discussed. Examples of original powders developed have been given. Structure and properties of thermal spray coatings from the synthesized powders have been analyzed.


The selection of the theme for this special issue of the American Journal of Occupational Therapy (AJOT)—social justice and health disparities—supports occupational therapy's growing interest in addressing unjust inequities that limit opportunities for participation in society. Over the past two decades, the occupational therapy literature has examined societal issues that influence occupational performance and participation (American Occupational Therapy Association [AOTA], 006a; Kronenberg, Algado, & Pollard, 00 ; Townsend, 99 , 00 ; Townsend & Wilcock, 00 ; Wilcock & Townsend, 009; Wood, 997). There also has been recent concern about health disparities within the profession and interest in framing occupational therapy's role in addressing them (AOTA, 006a; Bass-Haugen et al., 00 ; Kronenberg & Pollard, 006). This focus on health disparities evolved from earlier occupational therapy literature on multiculturalism, diversity, and cultural competency (Abreu & Peloquin, 00 ; Black, 00 ; Wells & Black, 000). Social justice and health disparities have been integral to theory development and proposed interventions regarding the role of occupational therapy in working with communities, populations, and society at large (Bass-Haugen, Henderson, Larson, & Matuska, 00 ; Baum, Bass-Haugen, & Christiansen, 00 ; Dudgeon, 009; Gupta & Sullivan, 008; Kielhofner et al., 008; Scaffa, 00 ). Related disciplines and professions, including social sciences, public health, health sciences, rehabilitation, theology, public policy, disabilities studies, and others, have made important contributions to our understanding of social justice and health disparities (Brega, Goodrich, & Powell, 00 ; Giddings, 00 ; Jerez & Relf, 00 ; Longres & Scanlon, 00 ; Nuwayhid, 00 ; Smith, 008; Sox, 00 ; van Ryn & Fu, 00 ; Vera & Speight, 00 ; Williams & Braboy Jackson, 00 ). There is ample research on social justice and health disparities related to occupational therapy to support two special issues of this journal. However, we chose to link the two focus areas to emphasize the need for both building foundational knowledge on the topics and promoting a call to leadership and action by occupational therapy practitioners in health, education, and social services arenas. In 006, a panel of occupational therapy practitioners (Frank Kronenberg, Julie Bass-Haugen, Brent Braveman, and Karin Opacich) was invited to present an American Occupational Therapy Foundation (AOTF) Pi Theta Epsilon (PTE) Colloquium, "Health Disparities Brent Braveman, PhD, OTR/L, FAOTA, is Clinical Professor, Department of Occupational Therapy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Room 347, M/C 811, 1919 W. Taylor Street, Chicago, IL 60612; firstname.lastname@example.com


This paper discusses some problems associated with AIDS drugs. The first problem is that the treatment regimes are complex. A patient has to take a number of drugs during the day at set times some on full stomach some on an empty one. If these regimes are not adhered to then the prospects for successful treatment are not good. Linked to the inability to take the drugs regularly is the issue of resistance. HIV mutates rapidly and can become resistant to drugs hence inconsistent or incorrect use of the drugs will speed this up. Another problem is that the drugs are toxic. Due to drug toxicity side effect may occur such as anemia liver disease kidney stones diabetes and heart disease. In addition there is the question of what drugs should be given in which combination and when. Research suggested that the best option is to start treatment when CD4 cell count drops below 350/mcl of blood. There are also issues of cost and the associated tests incurred. Another is the issue of sustainability. It is noted that HIV is a "long wave" disaster thus continued treatment regimes are needed. Finally there is a real danger that treating symptoms does not get to the cause. In view of this prevention must remain a priority. Moreover the need to respond to the consequences of the epidemic: the millions of orphans the families pushed into destitution and the elderly caring for scores of grandchildren.


Aim: The effect of magnolia bark extract (MBE) on the development of caries lesions administered daily through sugar-free chewing gum was evaluated. A randomized double-blind intervention trial was performed.
 Methods: 480 subjects (mean age±40.72) were examined using ICDAS index. A self-compiled questionnaire was submitted. A caries risk profile was generated for each subject using Cariogram software. 271 subjects, presenting inclusion criteria, were enrolled and divided into three groups (blue, yellow and green): one using chewing gum containing MBE and xylitol, another group using chewing gum with xylitol but free of MBE and finally, a control group using a sugar-free chewing gum. Each subject was instructed to chew one pellet for 5 min 3 times a day for 12 months. Plaque-pH using the strip method, a clinical examination using ICDAS scores and a microbiological evaluation (CRT Bacteria) were assessed at baseline(t 0 ), after 6 months(t 1 ) and 12 months(t 2 ) of chewing gum use. Data were analysed for statistically significant differences using repeated measures of ANOVA.
Results: Data on 193 subjects were calculated and the total sample showed a plaque acidogenicity and salivary concentration of bacteria at t2 significantly lower compared to baseline.
 Conclusion: The Cariogram model was able to identify the caries-related factors in adults. Twelve-month use of sugar-free chewing gum showed beneficial effects on oral health, controlling plaque acidogenicity to reduce caries risk.


Structural testing is one of the techniques of software testing. It tests only the structure of the source code while comparing expected results and actual results. Generally, structural testing takes a long time to perform its task and not possible. Sometimes, only a small portion of the program is relevant. This can be done by program slicing. Program Slicing is to decompose the program into smaller units that depends on different types of dependencies between the program statements. The different types of program slicing are forward slicing, backward slicing, complete slicing, dynamic and static slicing, etc. Moreover, there is Tree Slicing which is also a key technique to slice and merge different Symbolic Execution (SE) sub-trees under some specific conditions.  In this paper, we combine Tree Slicing technique and Indus Kaveri where Indus is a robust framework for analyzing and slicing concurrent Java programs, and Kaveri is a feature-rich Eclipse-based GUI front end for Indus slicing. Then we present the experimental results in order to reduce the complexity of the java source code.


The Blackaeonium research project involves the development of an online system to store elements of artworks as an ongoing personal archive that also works as a creative framework for continuing development of new artworks. The creative works produced thr


In this work, the current–voltage characteristics in a 90%helium–10%argon gas mixture glow discharge at low pressure have been studied. Three pressures values are considered 1.5, 2, and 2.5 Torr. The range of voltage is between 150 and 500 V. The model of our system is a fluid of two ordered components, in which the metastable state of the atoms and the radiation effects are included. The parameters of particle transport and their rate coefficients strictly depend on mean electron energy, and they are calculated by using the BOLSIG+ software. The range of the mean electron energy is taken between 0.04 and 133 eV, and the electron energy distribution function is taken in non-Maxwellian form. The results show that the argon ion density is more important than the helium ion density, despite the presence of more constant background helium gas density in the mixture. The normal and abnormal glow discharge modes appear on the electric characteristics. The obtained results are compared to both experimental data and numerical results which exist in the literature.


Objective To investigate the expression of Lipocalin-2 and its relationship with MMP-9 as well as prognosis of patients with primary lung cancer. Methods The expression levels of Lipocalin-2 and MMP-9 were detected by immunohistochemistry( SP) in 55 cases of lung cancer tissues and 40 cases of normal lung tissues. The relationship between Lipocalin-2 expression and clinicopathological features of lung cancer as well as relapse rate was analyzed. Western blot was used to detect the expression of Lipocalin-2 in lung adenocarcinoma and lung squamous carcinoma. Results The positive expression rates of Lipocalin-2 and MMP-9 in lung cancer tissues were significantly higher than those of normal lung tissues( P 0.05),furthermore,the expression of Lipocalin-2 was positively correlated to that of MMP-9( r =0.586,P 0.05).The positive expression rate of Lipocalin-2 was increased,with the increase of clinical stage and lymph node metastasis of lung cancer. The 3- year relapse rate after operation in patients with higher expression of Lipocalin-2 was significantly higher than that in patients with lower expression of Lipocalin-2( P 0. 05). The expression levels of Lipocalin-2 in lung adenocarcinoma were significantly higher than those in lung squamous carcinoma( P 0. 05). Conclusion The overexpression of Lipocalin-2plays an important role in the invasion and metastasis of primary lung cancer,which can be used as a index for evaluating prognosis of patients with lung cancer.


An important use of remotely sensed data is in the estimation of agricultural production in foreign areas. Evaluation of such production estimates is difficult because of the lack of independent crop inventories. This paper presents simulation software developed to assess the effects of various factors on the performance of Landsat-based agricultural crop area estimators. An application of the simulator to determine whether the interaction of weather cycles with the Landsat orbital period could induce a systematic bias in large area crop estimates is discussed in detail. The simulation study was performed for the spring grains growing region of the Soviet Union.


Abstract : The paper analyzes ten methods for planning the allocation of resources among projects within the exploratory development category of the Defense research, development, test and evaluation program. Each method is described in terms of a general framework of planning methods and of the factors that influence the allocation of development resources. A comparative analysis is made of the relative strengths and weaknesses of these methods. The more quantitative methods are considered complex and difficult to apply. The less quantitative methods, frameworks for recording and transmitting information, are seen as less likely to mislead program management than the more quantitative ones. Consequently, managers may find some one of these to be a convenient framework for organizing the information that they need in deciding the allocation of development resources.


A total of 193 Arctic Foxes (Alopex lagopus) have been ear-tagged in northern Alaska since March 1975. Eighteen tagged foxes have been recovered since their release; seven involved long-distance movements ranging from 129 to 945 km, some of which were apparently made irrespective of local food availability. Maximum average travel rate during long-distance movements was 24 km/d.


Most commentators use the term "modern philosophy" for the post-Descartes era—an era of unprecedented growth for the modern sciences and, especially the empirical sciences. Even assuming that the feud between the rationalists and the empiricists during this period yielded no other benefits, it was beneficial enough to turn "experience" into an important pillar of the acquisition of knowledge in the subsequent philosophy. It was this "experience-mindedness" that drove away the Aristotelian "essentialist" perspective and replaced it with "nominalism." By describing the genesis and emergence of the "nominalist-empirical" perspective in analytic philosophy as one of the branches of the human sciences, this article strives to advance the claim that philosophical thinking continues to flourish in the absence of "realist thinking about universals" and that philosophizing does not fundamentally rest on universals.


BCG vaccination has come into use in the Service. "It has been decided that certain personnel of the RA.M.C. .and Q.A.R.A.N.C. whose nursing and other duties are liable to bring them into' contact with cases of tuberculosis will be immunized by BCG vaccine." "Vaccination will be offered to those who do not react to tuberculin (M'antoux.-negative reactor.s) in nhe undermentioned groups Qf personnel: All soldiers who enlist on a regular engagement in the RA.M.C. All Officers and Other Ranks of the Q.ARAN.C." "Owing to the numbers involved it is not possible at present to offer BCG immunization to members of the RAM.C. other than those mentioned above. But no member of the RA.M.C., either Officer or Other Rank, who specially requests this immunization will, however, be refused" ("War Office, 23rd November, 1950").


Voltage-dependent calcium channels in cardiac cells are important in supplying the Ca that is directly or indirectly used in the contractile process. The predominant type of voltage-dependent Ca channel in the heart is an L-type,' slow or dihydropyridine (DHP)-sensitive Ca channel. The critical role of L-type Ca channels in cardiac cells is attested to by the observation that blockade of the channels with Ca-channel inhibitors such as the dihydropyridines or phenylalkylamines (PAA) results in a decreased force of contraction of the heart and can result in total suppression of activity (see Morad & Cleemann2 and Fleckenstein'). Cardiac L-type Ca channels are of particular interest biochemically because they are regulated by the stimulatory neurotransmitter norepinephrine and the inhibitory transmitter acetylcholine via rnechanisms believed to involve phosphorylation and dephosphorylation, respectively, of the channel protehc6 However, this important regulation of Ca channels is very poorly understood from a biochemical perspective. This is largely due to the fact that the proteins that comprise cardiac Ca channels have been difficult to purify because they are present in very low amounts in cardiac membranes; the number of biochemically identifiable L channels (high-affinity DHP receptors) in cardiac membranes is 1-3 pmols/mg protein. L-type Ca channels are also found in skeletal muscle and appear to be present in high density in skeletal muscle transverse tubule membranes where the number of DHP receptors is 50100-fold higher than in cardiac membranes?' Consequently, skeletal muscle membranes have been extensively used as a model system for the biochemical characterization and purification of L-type Ca channelsP-'' However, while the biochemical studies of L channels from skeletal muscle have provided information concerning the characteristics of the channel protein( s), it is known that the properties of DHP-sensitive L channels are different in various tissues. For example, the kinetics of opening and closing of L channels in cardiac cells are quite different from those in skeletal In addition, there are differences in the pharmacology


Recent advances in polymer chemistry have made the synthesis of polymers with various topologies possible, albeit effective synthetic routes to cyclic polymers remain limited. In this study, cyclic...


Most tropical cyclones weaken as they come ashore or track poleward over colder ocean water. Yet some tropical cyclones go through a number of changes that may cause them to remain a threat after landfall or as they move poleward from the tropics. The acceleration or reintensification of these storms is associated with their transition from a tropical cyclone to a system with characteristics more common to midlatitude, extratropical storms. This "extratropical transition" (ET) is a complex and highly variable process that is currently poorly understood.


A considerable effort in defining Agent-Oriented (AO) appro aches to engineering distributed systems is going on based on the recognition tha t the agent paradigm, beside providing a useful technology to build software system s with an open architecture, offers appropriate abstractions for specifying and design ing critical properties of these system, such as the dynamic evolution of their architecture and the interaction protocols of system components [5, 8, 9, 13]. Most of the proposed software engineering methodologies ad opt visual modeling as a core process which drives the whole software development, from requirement analysis to implementation. The conceptual languages they use pr ovide an effective graphical notation, but often lack a formal definition of their semanti c 1. This can result to subjective models which can hardly be refined in a straightforward w ay into a system design. Formal specification languages can solve some of the weaknes ses of visual modeling languages, specifically, they permit to define models with a p recise semantics, and facilitate their transformation into system designs. However, w riting a formal specification usually require strong skills, and it is often ineffective f or discussing with the stakeholders. Moreover, the formalization "a posteriori" of visual m odels expressed according to a conceptual modeling framework is not an easy task at all, du e to the ambiguities in the meaning of the graphical notations. In a previous work [12] we proposed a framework which rests on a light integration of informal and formal languages, adopting Tropos[3, 11], an Agent Oriented software development methodology which provides a conceptual model ing language that can be used to build both an informal specification or a formal one [6 ]. From a practical point of view, the methodology guides the software engineer in bui lding a conceptual model that is incrementally refined and extended from an early requ i ments model, namely a representation of the organizational setting where the sys tem-to-be will be introduced, to system design artifacts, according to a requirements-dr iven approach. TheTroposmodeling language allows to represent intentional and soci al concepts, such as actor and goal, and a set of relationships between the m, such as actor dependency, goal decomposition, means-end and contribution rel ationships. A diagrammatic


Transparent is an office window that varies its opacity in order to help a user maintain focus at work. By changing opacity, the window blocks distractions in the user's environment while subtly signaling the person's availability to others. The user's focus is determined via a neuroheadset that passively measures her brain activity through electroencephalography (EEG); the focus of the user is then algorithmically determined and wirelessly communicated to a smart glass module that changes transparency accordingly. Transparent explores opportunities to merge brain computer interfaces (BCI) with smart architecture to improve productivity at work.


Fundamental concepts and components in electromagnetics as well as modern field analysis techniques such as finite element analysis objects. For instance, element data and node data required by a FEM program are the instance variables where as the numerical routines are the methods in an object that represent FEM i.e. encapsulation. This approach was taken in [1]. There the device, equipotentials. zero work lines and heuristics were represented as objects. This is an unified way to represent information irrespective of their kind. In other words it does not matter whether an item is a device or a piece of executable code. The CLOS is used as the programming language.


Learning Objectives: Although norepinephrine (NE) is considered the first line vasopressor agent in patients with septic shock, the choice of secondary agent for refractory patients remains controversial. This study was conducted to examine the comparative effectiveness of adding arginine vasopressin (AVP) or epinephrine (EPI) to patients already receiving NE for hemodynamic support of septic shock. Methods: A single-center, retrospective cohort study of critically ill adults with septic shock between January 2013 and September 2017 was conducted. Patients initially treated with NE and who received additional support with either AVP or EPI were included. AVP exposed patients were matched to EPI patients using propensity scores. Outcomes of interest included shock-free hours at day seven, mortality at day seven, and mortality at day 28. In a secondary analysis, mortality outcomes were examined using multivariable Poisson regression with robust variance estimation in the full cohort. Results: The study included 166 patients who received NE, with 82 in the EPI group and 84 in the AVP group. EPI patients were older and had higher SOFA scores compared to patients treated with AVP. Propensity score matching resulted in 40 matched pairs, with similar age (EPI 59.6 years vs. AVP 60.3 years, p=0.83), SOFA scores (EPI 10.5 vs. AVP 10.4, p=0.88), and other baseline characteristics. Mortality was similar in the matched cohort at seven days: EPI 17/40 (42.5%) vs. AVP 16/40 (40%), risk ratio (RR), 1.06; 95% CI 0.62-1.79; and at 28 days: EPI 21/40 (52.5%) vs. AVP 23/40 (57.5%), RR 0.91; 95% CI 0.61-1.36. Median shock free hours were also similar: EPI 45 (IQR 0-122) vs. AVP 87 (IQR 0-120), p=0.61. Similar results for mortality outcomes were obtained in secondary Poisson regression analyses in the full, unmatched cohort. Conclusions: Our results are consistent with similar effectiveness of EPI and AVP in septic shock patients initially treated with NE for hemodynamic support.


Previous studies have suggested that many cancers are consisted of both non-cancer stem cells and cancer stem cells (CSCs), a small population with high tumorigenicity and intrinsic drug resistance. CSCs have some characteristics similar to normal stem cells, such as self-renewing and differentiating to other cell types. CSCs are responsible to tumor recurrence and metastasis. Targeting CSCs is a promising approach to cure cancers. However, CSCs usually overexpress the multidrug resistance (MDR) gene and quiescent in G0 state which make traditional chemotherapies have less effect on CSCs. With nanotechnologies developed, new nanocarrier-based medicines show unique advantages in circulation times, stability and bioavailability compared to traditional drugs. So, more and more researchers develop new strategies based on nanotechnology to target CSCs and reduce cancer relapse and metastasis. Those strategies include (1) nanocarriers deliver CSC-targeting drugs (small molecules, siRNA) to tumor tissues which inhibit signaling pathways essential for CSCs, (2) modified nanocarriers deliver drugs to CSCs to improve killing efficiency of drugs to CSCs, (3) physical methods, such as heat or magnetic, directly kill CSCs based on the characteristic features of nano-particles. Despite of these remarkable advances in targeting CSCs with nanotechnology recently, there are still a lot to do to move these to the clinic. This review summarized the research progress about CSCs, traditional drugs on CSC-targeting therapies, and the new approaches to target CSCs with nanotechnologies. In the end, we discussed the prospect of applications of nanotechnology in clinic.


The examination of petrology and geochemistry of the metamorphic rocks from the Sansegou Pb-Zn mining district in Dulan,Qinghai has mirrored that the protolith of the Jinshuikou Group mesometamorphic to hypometamorphic rock series are assembled by a succession of volcanic-dominated volcanic-sedimentary associations containing volcanic rocks,volcanic rocks intercalated with sedimentary rocks,and sedimentary rocks.The volcanic rocks consist of crystal tuff,lithic tuff,breccia tuff and tuffaceous sandstone,indicating the calc-alkaline rock series.The sedimentary rocks are made up of marl.The tectonic setting of the volcanic rocks should belong to the active continental margin,and eruption depths range between 120 and 250 km,with an average of 180 km.The metamorphic rocks are characterized by SiO2 contents ranging from 59.32 to 79.43%,Al2O3 contents from 12.21 to 16.8%,σ values from 0.18 to 2.64,AR values from 1.53 to 3.54,TiO2 contents from 0.08 to 0.88%,ΣREE(not including Y) from 92.44 to 337.33,LREE from 81.10 to 305.48,and HREE from 9.59 to 55.65.The LREE and HREE are highly differentiated,and the HREE are heavily depleted.The REE distribution patterns display right-leaning curves.δEu values vary between 0.2 and 1.04,whereas δCe values vary between 0.81 and 0.86.


Identified the optimal conditions for the synthesis of complexes connection rhenium (V) with acetylthiourea. Found that the composition of the resulting complexes is strongly influenced by the concentration of acid. Shown that, in coordination with rhenium participates sulfur atom of ligand molecule.


Eskom (South African electricity public utility) is facing a myriad of challenges, a lack of capacity, power station builds problems, and maintenance backlogs. These challenges make the power grid unstable and unreliable for businesses. A need to develop non-renewable energy which is less costly compared to diesel electricity is necessary in order to reduce a grid tension and at the same time reducing the use of conventional cooling output system and CO2emission. This paper presents a design strategy of a trigeneration system that employ nonrenewable energy source (Natural gas) using a Gas fired generator. Combined cooling heat and power (CCHP) production is universal accepted as the most efficient means of producing electricity. The power will be used for data center consumption (synchronized to the grid), the heat from the engine and exhaust will be used for cooling through heat exchanger to an absorption chiller thus enhancing the efficiency of the system. If at some stage in future the load demand is more than the size of gas generator, the excess power will be supplied from the grid that will be synchronized to the gas generator. The data center must comply with tier 3 standards in order to adhere to the norms of data Centre power system design.


In this article in vitro effect of lipid peroxidation (LP) on the lipolysis of adipose tissue, and measured by the accumulation of glycerol in the incubation medium and free fatty acides (FFA). It turned out that depending on the activation degree of LP accumulation in the medium end products of lipolysis glycerol and FFA work differently. The products of glycerol with a small activation of LP increases, and are inhibited with the further activation of the LP. The products of the same FFA are inhibited evenly with the activity growth of the LP. It was found out that the difference in the kinetics of lipolysis products was connected with the fact that the increase of the activity of LP is accompanied with the increase of glucose absorption by adipose tissue. This leads to increased re-etherification from FFA back to triacilglycerides (TAG). Also it was found out that at the maximal activity of LP when lipolysis altogether, measured by glycerol and the LCD, is inhibited, the absorption of glucose becomes largest. Therefore, intracellular glucose metabolism to some extent switches from FFA re-etherification to TAG to other metabolic ways.


Dielectric ceramics in the system (Zn1−xCox)TiO3 (x= 0–1) were synthesized by the solid-state reaction route. The phase distribution, microstructure, and dielectric properties were characterized by using powder X-ray diffraction analysis, electron microscopy, and microwave measurement techniques. Three phase composition regions were identified in the specimens sintered at 1150°C; [spinel + rutile] at 0 ≤x≤ 0.5, [spinel + ilmenite + rutile] at 0.5 < x≤ 0.7, and [ilmenite] phase at 0.7 < x≤ 1. For the 0 ≤x≤ 0.5 region, the amount of Ti-rich precipitates incorporated into the spinel phase decreased with the Co content at 0 ≤x≤ 0.5, with a concomitant increase of the rutile phase. The ilmenite phase appeared for high Co content. The microwave dielectric properties depended on the phase composition and volume according to the three phase regions, where the relative amount of rutile to the spinel or ilmenite determined the dielectric properties. The dielectric constant as a function of Co addition was modeled with a Maxwell mixing rule. An optimum phase distribution was determined in this system with dielectric constant of 25, a Q*f 70 000 GHz, and a low temperature coefficient of the resonant frequency.


The electron conducting polymers, polypyrrole, polyaniline, poly (pyrrole-co-anilinem-sulfonic acid) and poly (pyrrole-co-2-methoxyaniline-5-sulfonic acid), were successfully synthesized onto a model substrate, i.e. porous silica gel, thorough aniline monomer or 3aminopropyltriethoxysilane Selfassembled monolayer (SAM). When 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane-SAM was used, polymer deposition was maximized. Protein adsorption behavior on these grafted surfaces was studied. These studies included the effects of pH and salt concentration. Copolymerizing only 10 ~ 20 mol-% sulfonic acid groups substituted aniline to pyrrole monomer dramatically changed protein adsorption. Sulfonic acid groups introduced electrostatic interactions besides hydrophobic interactions, and electrostatic interactions were found to have an important role in protein adsorption and repulsion. When 1M ammonium sulfate was added to lysozyme solution, protein adsorption behavior was influenced by hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions. Polypyrrole and polyaniline homopolymers showed interesting protein adsorption behavior when BSA was used as the model protein. They showed much higher BSA adsorption capacities than bare silica gel, depending on pH. Poly (pyrrole-co-aniline-m-sulfonic acid) and poly (pyrrole-co2-methoxyaniline-5-sulfonic acid) showed a strong dependence of adsorption capacity on


Objective:To investigate the sleep quality of chronic back pain patients,and it's determined factors.Methods:169 chronic back pain patients(pain group)and 114 health control(control group)were assessed with the Short-form McGill Pain Questionnaire(SF-MPQ)、Athens insomnia scale(ASI)、Beck Depression Inventory(BDI),Beck Anxiety Inventory(BAI).Results:①The score of ASI,BDI and BAI and the ratio suffering insomnia in pain group higher than control group significantly(P≤0.01),The score of PPI,BDI,BAI in the pain with insomnia group higher than pain without insomnia group significantly(P≤0.05 or P≤0.01);② In pain group,the score of ASI were correlated to the time of pain per week,pain intensity,and factor score of SF-MPQ,BDI,BAI significantly(P≤0.01);The time of pain per week,the score of BDI,BAI can predicate the sleep quality.Conclusion:Pain,anxiety and sleep problem are common in chronic back pain patients,sleep quality related to the time of pain per week,depression,anxiety.


This paper describes a program for handling "scope ambiguities" in individual English sentences. The program operates on initial logical translations, generated by a parser/translator, in which "unscoped elements" such as quantifiers, coordinators and negation are left in place to be extracted and positioned by the scoping program. The program produces the set of valid scoped readings, omitting logically redundant readings, and places the readings in an approximate order of preference using a set of domain-independent heuristics. The heuristics are based on information about the lexical type of each operator and on "structural relations" between pairs of operators. The need for such domain-independent heuristics is emphasized; in some cases they can be decisive and in general they will serve as a guide to the use of further heuristics based on domain-specific knowledge and on the context of discourse. The emphasis of this paper is on discussing several of the more problematic aspects of the scoping protocol which were encountered during the design of the scoping program.


Introduction: Treatment of infected non union of the lower limb has many possibilities. A new one, the Expandable Nailing System (ENS), already employed in traumatology, is presented here. Materials and Methods: Between June 2001 and Dec.2003, 119 Patients with an infected non union of the long bones of the lower limbs (98 tibias, 21 femurs) were treated in our osteomyelitis centre. Most of the cases were men (87%), mean age was 38.4 years. Follow-up was min 5 months, max 23 (8.7 ave.) ENS was used for 28 cases (25.4%). Other surgical techniques, were the Ilizarov apparatus (41 cases, 34.4%), the Grosse-Kempf locked nail (18.4%), fibular osteotomy (11%) the retrograde nail (5%), others (6%). ENS is indicated in: 3 – non unions with focuses at least 5cm. From epiphysis. 2)- serious soft tissue and bone cortical damage. 3)- failure of previous treatment. 3 – hypertrophie non unions where infection is reduced /absent and ESR is negative. ENS is not indicated in the following conditions: focus near the epiphysis; severe bone loss; atrophic non-unions ; 3 – active stage of the infection. In spite of point 4, the Authors used it in 5 cases with active osteomyelitis that could not be treated otherwise. Results: Many cases are still undergoing treatment. Recovery times are generally shorter compared to traditional Grosse-Kempff Nails and Ilizarov. Bone healing is physiological and refractures after removal have not occurred in the few nails removed. Two Patients underwent re-operation, one for a nail failure, the second for a wrong choice in the first operation. Nail breakages occurred in 4 cases (3 tibias, 1 femur). There were 3 re-infections, all among the 6 patients operated with an active form. Conclusions: ENS is a more sophisticated nailing system, less aggressive, that reduces X-ray exposure, blood loss, surgical time. This nail offers the advantage of a dynamic GKN, controlling torsion with longitudinal bars, but with a relative weakness especially for femurs. The learning curve is brief, but without a guide-wire more care is needed. The cost is high.


Seismic data concerning to the crustal structure both in continental and oceanic region have so accumulated up to now that they ought to be put in order and systematically studied by earth scientists to serve as a reasonable foundation of their speculative part of researches for the unknown depths of the crust.In this paper, crustal structures derived from seismic researches performed in various parts. of the world in recent years by many authorities are presented in columnar sections, original or compiled by the writer.From these data it is noticed that the main crustal layers (seismic velocity layers) show gradual variation in their developments, according to major physiographical divisions of the earth, viz, mid-continental, marginal, off-continental, and oceanic areas.After discussing on the geological and petrological identification of seismic crustal layers and summarizing the general features of them, some tentative interpretations, based on the current theories in tectonics, geophysics, and other earth sciences, as well as these seismic studies, for the major variation of crustal layers and structures are presented, with some speculations on the derivation of the fundamental crustal structure that is common to the continental and oceanic regions.In conclusion, it may be stated that the variation of the relatively upper crustal layers is attributable mainly to the magnitude and age (young or old) of the tectonic cycles during which they were formed. For the major variation of lower crustal layers that are common to continental and oceanic regions, the writer has the supposition that it has resulted ultimately from the original variation of the material from which they were derived in the major earth provinces before-mentioned.Lastly, some remarks on the origin of magmas are added in connection with the present studies on the crustal structure.


Post-translational modifications (PTMs) increase protein functional diversity by modifying an amino acid at specific locations called modification sites (MSs) in protein. It is believed that domains are being influenced by PTMs at interacting MSs to determine the unique functional changes in protein and, in this scenario, it is likely that the exact position of the MS, relative to the domain, plays a major part in structural changes by PTM influence. In this study, we present a system called "PTM Tracker", built from two main parts to study the general distances of MS amino acids which are relative to protein functional domains. In the first part, we apply our system to illustrate that unique organisms appear to have distinguishing locations where PTMs may be found in the proteome. These crowded locations of MS sites (called, "neighbourhoods") are relative to protein domains. We describe how these MS neighbourhoods may be a conserved extension of the already-conserved domain. Since specific protein domain types may be found in diverse proteins, the second part of our system studies MS neighbourhood clusters, relative to user-selected domains. From the study of many different proteins containing the same domain type, we conclude trends to suggest that MS neighbourhoods have specific locations in protein, relative to the domains (where-ever the domain occurs naturally), with which they are likely to interact. We conclude that the study of these distances may help to understand interaction mechanisms and describe types of protein folding requirements.


The objective of the present study was to evaluate the potential benefit of catalase (CAT) on sperm functional parameters (motility, viability, membrane integrity and acrosomal integrity) during liquid storage of buck spermatozoa at 0 h, 24 h, 48 h, 72 h and 96 h. Semen samples from bucks were pooled to avoid individual effect and diluted with tris-egg yolk-fructose extender with catalase (0 U/ mL (control), 200 U/mL, 400 U/ mL, 600 U/ mL and 800 U/ mL) at a final concentration of 400 million/mL. No significant difference was observed between treatments at 24 h with respect to motility, viability and plasma membrane integrity. However, acrosome integrity of control was significantly higher as compared to other concentrations. Motility, viability, plasma membrane and acrosome integrity were observed significantly highest for CAT @ 600 U/mL in comparison to other concentrations at 48 h, 72 h and 96 h of liquid storage at refrigeration temperature. The seminal parameters declined with the progression of storage time and remained over 50% even after 72 h at refrigeration temperature in CAT @ 600 U/mL. It can be concluded that the addition of CAT @ 600 U/mL in semen diluent along with 20% egg yolk reduced the detrimental effects of cooling on motility, viability, plasma membrane and acrosome integrity.


In the era of the Internet of Everything, accurate vehicle location information in the transportation system is particularly important. In order to obtain accurate vehicle position, after acquiring basic data through GPS or other hardware collection, a series of data processing can be performed, which can improve the accuracy of vehicle positioning to a certain extent. In this paper, Cubature Kalman Filter (CKF) algorithm is used to predict the position of the vehicle through the model and then fuse the collected data to improve the accuracy of vehicle position. And the combination of adaptive Interactive Multi-mode algorithm and Cubature Kalman Filter algorithm can adapt to various maneuvering states of vehicles. Simulation experiments show that the positioning accuracy of the Interactive Multi-mode Cubature Kalman Filter (Imm-CKF) algorithm can be improved by about 20% compared to the Cubature Kalman Filter algorithm.


Self-directed learning is a continuous engagement in acquiring, applying and creating knowledge and skills in the context of an individual learner's unique problems. Effectively supporting self-directed learning is one of the critical challenges in supporting lifelong learning. Self-directed learning creates new challenging requirements for learning technologies. Domain-oriented design environments address these challenges by allowing learners to engage in their own problems, by providing contextualized support, and by exploiting breakdowns as opportunities for learning. Economies of educational knowledge constitute an emerging concept in which communities contribute toward the creation of information repositories, which can be reused and evolved by all members of the community for the creation of new environments. We argue and demonstrate that domain-oriented design environments can serve as models for these economies, that a software reuse perspective provides us with insights into the challenges these developments face, and that the creation and evolution of these economies are best understood as problems in self-directed learning.
Reviewers: Terry Anderson (U. Alberta), Frank Webster (U. Oxford-Brookes)

Interactive elements: The WebNet system described in the article is on the Web. From the LAN Design Environment link, you get to a screen image of an interactive Java applet illustrating the WebNet application.
A demonstration of the WebNet system described in this article can be found at http://www.cs.colorado.edu/~gerry/WebNet/site/webnet.htm


We argue that a firm's competitive actions should flow from a strategy. Yet, the issue of strategy has seemingly been ignored in the competitive dynamics literature. To address that gap, we distinguish between the logics of innovativeness and competitive aggressiveness and build the foundation for a competitive strategy by outlining the economic mechanisms of competitive action that lead to superior performance. Drawing on the resourced-based view of the firm we develop three resource-based attacks that may be used by competitively aggressive firms. Using this foundation, we derive a typology of


Chongqing rail transit is in the stage of rapid development. This paper to improve the status of the rail infrastructure is becoming more and more old, further improve the quality of rail transit service ability and service, and make the railway traffic safety, convenient and comfortable travel environment, to realize passengers' "decent travel" and "warm travel" for studying the Chongqing rail transit quality promotion, sort out the problems of the existing rail transit system, and to propose improvement measures and improvement projects, and guide the formulation of Chongqing rail transit system quality improvement plan, and provide reference for the future new line construction, service quality evaluation methods and evaluation indicators, so as to achieve the quality improvement of the rail transit system.


The authors describe the extended decomposition simulation approach for multi-area reliability calculations. The approach differs from the original decomposition-simulation approach in that area loads are modeled by a multi-area load model, simulation indices are compared differently, and frequency indices are computed. The authors present a brief description of the overall approach. Algorithms for computing indices in the simulation approach and frequency due to generation changes are described. These algorithms are aimed at improving the accuracy of the simulation indices and the efficiency of the procedure for computing frequency due to generation changes. The latter algorithm is based on a set of well-defined relationships among the sets obtained in the decomposition approach. System studies are presented to illustrate the merits of the proposed algorithms.<<ETX>>


The increasing population of remote islands has led to a surge in the demand for power generation, prompting researchers to explore solutions such as hybrid renewable energy systems (HRES). By integrating renewable sources with existing conventional generators, HRES can reduce the levelized cost of energy (LCOE) and minimize greenhouse gas emissions. However, limited research exists on optimizing economic configurations and evaluating system stability, particularly for peak load demand. This paper focuses on the design, optimization, and evaluation of a large HRES for Weizhou Island in Guangxi, China-a densely populated island. The findings demonstrate the technical and economic feasibility of implementing HRES on this island, meeting a saturated load demand of 120 MW at a LCOE of $0.122/kWh. The proposed system utilizes wind, solar, natural gas, diesel, and storage batteries as energy resources. Power flow simulations, based on configuration optimization results from HOMER, reveal favorable system performance in power quality, supply-demand balance, and stability.