The taxanes (paclitaxel and docetaxel) are antimicrotubule agents used in the treatment of breast and ovarian cancers. Taxanes promote regression of collagen-induced arthritis in both animal models and humans by inhibiting proliferating synoviocytes. We report a case of rheumatoid arthritis suppressed by the administration of docetaxel-based chemotherapy.

In October 2006, a 66-year-old woman presented to the hospital with symptoms in multiple joints that began 4 weeks after she had completed chemotherapy for ovarian cancer. She complained of pain, swelling, and stiffness in her hands and wrists bilaterally, as well as in her right elbow, left shoulder, and bilateral knees and ankles. She noted morning stiffness lasting approximately 2 hours and diminished grip strength. In June 2006, the patient had been diagnosed with ovarian carcinoma and had been treated with surgery, followed by adjuvant chemotherapy with docetaxel (60 mg/m2) and carboplatin dosed every 3 weeks for 4 cycles. Chemotherapy had ended in September 2006. The patient reported that her articular symptoms first began 6 months before her diagnosis of cancer, and had progressively worsened. Strangely, both her pain and stiffness had improved dramatically for the duration of her chemotherapy treatments, only to reappear again 4 weeks after the final cycle of chemotherapy.

At presentation, she had swelling and tenderness in the metacarpophalangeal, proximal interphalangeal, and carpometacarpal joints bilaterally, as well as in multiple other joints. Laboratory studies showed a normocytic anemia, an erythrocyte sedimentation rate of 84 mm/h, and a C-reactive protein of 31 mg/L. Plain radiographs of the hands demonstrated symmetrical synovial thickening and joint space swelling involving the wrists and small joints of the hands. Rheumatoid factor was 673 IU/mL (normal <10 IU/mL), and an anticyclic citrullinated peptide level of 369 U/mL (normal <20 U/mL). A diagnosis of new-onset rheumatoid arthritis masked by concomitant docetaxel chemotherapy was made, and the patient was started on nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, corticosteroids, and sulfasalazine. Over the next 3 months, she showed a modest symptomatic and functional improvement.

Docetaxel and paclitaxel are diterpenes extracted from the bark of yew trees of the genus Taxus. These agents, collectively known as taxanes, are used in the treatment of breast and ovarian cancer because of their ability to block the organization of the microtubule cytoskeleton during mitosis, inhibiting cell division. Because of their antimicrotubule properties, taxanes can also suppress cell migration, chemo-taxis, and adhesion.

Outside of their role in cancer therapy, taxanes are potentially useful agents in rheumatoid arthritis because of their inhibitory effects on synovial cells. Because synoviocyte proliferation and pannus formation are the pathologic hallmarks of rheumatoid arthritis, taxanes represent a plausible therapy for this condition. To this end, paclitaxel has been shown to arrest mitosis and cell proliferation in cultured synoviocytes from both animals1 and humans.2 In addition, paclitaxel prevents the formation of collagen-induced arthritis in rats and induces clinical regression of existing arthritis.3 To date, there has only been one account of human rheumatoid arthritis improving with taxane therapy. In that report, a 38-year-old woman with longstanding rheumatoid arthritis showed an unexpected and marked amelioration in her arthritic symptoms while receiving paclitaxel chemotherapy for breast cancer.4 Although taxanes have been previously proposed for the therapy for human rheumatoid arthritis, clinical trials in this area are lacking, perhaps, because of the toxicity profile of these agents. Optimal concentration, dosing intervals, administration route, duration of therapy, cost, safety, and evaluation of side effects have never been investigated in rheumatoid arthritis patients. A phase II clinical trial evaluating paclitaxel in rheumatoid arthritis is currently underway.5


This article addresses the problem of planning the organization of exam administration in a university in terms of exam group sizes. The problem is modelled as a multi-objective optimization problem, with two categories of objectives: data matching performance and monetary cost. Data matching is used in this context to match student registration records with exam records, with some measure of accuracy, precision, recall, and other related data matching metrics. When students are organized into smaller exam rooms, data matching performs better, but monetary cost is greater due to the higher number of exam supervision staff required. In this study, we model this problem to come up with a set of optimal exam room configurations. Keywords— Data Matching; Multi-objective Optimization; Machine Learning


The aim of this cross-sectional study was to measure the prevalence, severity and type of wife abuse experienced by ever-married women attending primary health centres in Medina, Saudi Arabia. Women were interviewed in private at health centres using a questionnaire which included items from the Modified Conflict Tactic Scale, Kansas Marital Scale and the lie scale of the Minnesota Multiphase Personality Inventory. Of 689 eligible women, 25.7% reported physical abuse and 32.8% emotional abuse without physical violence. Of those physically abused, 36.7% suffered minor and 63.3% severe incidents. The lifetime prevalence of abuse among the women was 57.7%. Only 36.7% of 109 abused women had informed and discussed the issue with their primary care physician. Violence envers l'épouse : un problème caché. Étude chez des femmes saoudiennes fréquentant des centres de soins de santé primaires RÉSUMÉ L'objectif de cette étude transversale était de mesurer la prévalence, la gravité et le type des violences subies par des femmes mariées ou ayant été mariées qui fréquentent des centres de soins de santé primaires à Médine (Arabie saoudite). Ces femmes ont été interrogées en privé dans des centres médicaux, sur la base d'un questionnaire contenant des items tirés de la version modifiée de l'échelle des stratégies de gestion des conflits CTS (Conflict Tactic Scale), de l'échelle de satisfaction conjugale KMS (Kansas Marital Scale) et de l'échelle de mensonge du MMPI (Minnesota Multiphase Personality Inventory). Sur 689 femmes remplissant les conditions requises pour l'étude, 25,7 % ont signalé des violences physiques et 32,8 % des violences affectives sans violence physique. Parmi les femmes ayant fait l'objet de violences physiques, 36,7 % avaient subi des incidents mineurs et 63,3 % des incidents graves. La prévalence des violences au cours de l'existence de ces femmes était de 57,7 %. Seuls 36,7 % d'un sous-ensemble des femmes victimes de violences avaient informé le médecin de soins primaires et discuté du problème avec lui. Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal, Vol. 15, No. 5, 2009 1243 ٢٠٠9 ،5 ددعلا ،شرع سمالخا دلجلما ،ةيلماعلا ةحصلا ةمظنم ،طسوتلما قشرل ةيحصلا ةلجلما Introduction Violence against women is a significant public health problem worldwide with serious implications for their physical and mental health as well as for their children [1−3]. Population-based surveys have shown that the lifetime prevalence of physical abuse by an intimate partner ranges from 10% to 69% in different countries and settings [4]. Prevalence rates of partner violence determined from police records or studies in hospital emergency departments or other health care settings vary from those conducted in community-based surveys [5–9]. However, they may underestimate the extent of the problem due to the social stigma attached to reporting violence against women. Spouse abuse is included under different definitions in different cultural settings and a uniform definition is lacking [4,5,10]. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention defines domestic violence as "an actual or threatened physical or sexual violence, or psychological and emotional abuse, directed toward a spouse, ex-spouse, current or former boyfriend or girlfriend, or current or former dating partner" [10]. However, according to social conventions, most studies conducted on the subject in Muslim societies refer to husband and wife. Data on the occurrence of violence against women are scarce in the Arab world. The few studies that have been conducted show that wife abuse is a significant health and social problem in this region. Islam dictates love and mercy between the spouses and protection of women from any physical, psychological and/or sexual violence at home or outside [11]. However, many Muslim women have been the victims of spouse abuse [1,3]. A community-based study conducted in Egypt in 1996 on a predominantly Muslim population reported that 16% of ever-married/partnered women had been exposed to physical abuse in the past year and 34% had experienced abuse at some time in their life [4]. Figures for past year physical abuse of women in the Syrian Arab Republic [1], Israel (Arab population) and the West Bank and Gaza Strip have been reported as 26%, 32% and 52% respectively [4]. There is little information about the incidence, prevalence and pattern of domestic violence against women in Saudi Arabia. One of the investigators (A.T.) encountered several cases of physical wife abuse during her practice in local primary health care centres (PHCCs). The patients did not report the cause for the bruises at the outset until further enquiries were made. This led to the question whether wife abuse was a hidden health/social problem in the community. The aim of the study was to measure the magnitude and severity of physical and emotional wife abuse experienced by ever-married Saudi Arabian females attending PHCCs in Medina city. The study also explored whether victims of wife abuse discussed these incidents with their primary health care (PHC) physician.


................................................................................................................... ii DECLARATION ............................................................................................................. iv DEDICATION ................................................................................................................ v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................... vi TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................................. vii LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................ xi LIST OF FIGURES .........................................................................................................xiv CHAPTER


An iteration algorithm based on mixed FEM and DEM is proposed for safety factor of slope stability with determined sliding surface. In this method, the system of forces acting on the block is divided into two parts: external forces and contact forces. The displacements of block are chosen as the basic variables and the nodal contact forces on possible sliding surface and rigid motions for possibly moving blocks are chosen as iteration variables. The relation between displacements of contactor and contact forces on possible contact regions is solved by general finite element method while the rigid motions are fixed, The contact forces and rigid motions for possibly moving blocks are solved through equations of global force equilibrium for each possibly moving block and contact equations which are modified according to contact conditions (such as opening, bonding and sliding). Thus the iterative procedure becomes easily to be carried out and is much more economical for this kind of local nonlinear problems. The iteration algorithm based on the limit equilibrium on sliding surface is used to determine the safety factor for evaluating the slope stability. The safety factor for typical slope stability is analyzed by the algorithm presented in this paper.


HVAC monitoring and controlling systems are small but significant part in any industrial application. Increase demand of HVAC usage is main motivation behind this project beside the way they use the HVAC not suitable way that make the people not comfort. The main feature of this project is all about a designing the HVAC prototype with monitoring and controlling system with effective cost and reliable valve to control the air flow. There will be three main module of the project. First is about control the valve/damper (motor) consisted of a servo motor fitted on valve, its required position and the valve open percentage is shown on PC. Second is about monitoring HVAC temperature consisted of temperature sensor LM35 to sense the temperature and send the reading to computer. And the third is about the HVAC monitoring and controlling system can control and monitor by smartphone by using Ethernet shield. Ethernet shield act as connector between circuit and smartphone. When the HVAC control by smartphone it will update as well in PC and vice-versa.


Objective: To prescreen the in vivo antimitotic and antiproliferative activity of the leaves of Vitis vinifera. L . Family Vitaceae using the model organism Y east (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) Method: In the present study to investigate the effect of the ethanolic extract of the leaves of the   V. vinifera ( Vitaceae ), Common Grape Vine was selected for phytochemical and pharmacological screening of antimitotic and antiproliferative activity. Antimitotic activity was evaluated on actively dividing meristamatic cells of Allium cepa root tip and antiproliferative activity was determined by cell viability and DNA fragmentation assay using yeast ( Saccharomyces cerevisiae) as a model organism. Result : Preliminary phytochemical screening of ethanolic extract of V.vinifera leaves (EEVV) showed the presence of flavonoids, sterols, triterpenoids, saponins, tannins, xanthoprotein, reducing sugars, aromatic acids, phenolic compounds, volatileoil and absence of alkaloids, fixed oils. HPTLC analysis showed the presence of stilbene derivative resveratrol. Antimitoticactivity of EEVV using the Allium cepa root tip model showed good inhibition of dividing meristamatic cells. The percentage of mitotic index (4, 5, 6 mg/ml) of EEVV and control were found to be 29.43, 21.75, 13.96 and 66.48 respectively. The effect was comparable to that of the standard drug methotrexate 100ng/ml (11.69). The antiproliferative assay using the yeast ( Saccharomyces cerevisiae) model also showed that the EEVV is a good inhibitor of yeast cell growth. The percentage of inhibition of cell viability by EEVV (4, 5, 6 mg/ml) is 48.02, 65.56, and 83.05 respectively which was comparable to that of the standard drug methotrexate 50 and 100ng/ml 48.96 and 81.92 respectively. This activity was found to be dose dependent and the IC 50 was 4.54mg/ml. DNA fragmentation assay showed that the mode of action of extract is due to the DNA fragmentation. Conclusion: V. vinifera leaves have been used in medicine due to various biological activities and as a food. This study indicates that the EEVV possesses potential anti mitotic and anti proliferative activity. The presence of resveratrol and the attributed reported anti oxidant activity appears to contribute to the antimitotic and antiproliferative activity. Further investigation requires confirming this activity.


One objective of the Climate Science for a Sustainable Energy Future (CSSEF) program is to develop the capability to thoroughly test and understand the uncertainties in the overall climate model and its components as they are being developed. The focus on uncertainties involves sensitivity analysis: the capability to determine which input parameters have a major influence on the output responses of interest. This report presents some initial sensitivity analysis results performed by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LNNL), Sandia National Laboratories (SNL), and Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL). In the 2011-2012 timeframe, these laboratories worked in collaboration to perform sensitivity analyses of a set of CAM5, 2◦ runs, where the response metrics of interest were precipitation metrics. The three labs performed their sensitivity analysis (SA) studies separately and then compared results. Overall, the results were quite consistent with each other although the methods used were different. This exercise provided a robustness check of the global sensitivity analysis metrics and identified some strongly influential parameters.


Abstract The void ratio is an important parameter for reflecting the soil behavior including physical property, compressibility, and relative density. The void ratio can be obtained by laboratory test with extracted soil samples. However, the specimen has a possibility to be easily disturbed due to the stress relief when extracting, vibration during transportation, and error in experimental process. Thus, the theoretical equations have been suggested for obtaing the void ratio based on the elastic wave velocities. The objective of this paper is to verify the accuracy of the proposed analytical solution through the error norm. The paper covers the theoretical methods of Wood, Gassmann and Foti. The elastic wave velocity is determined by the Field Velocity Probe in the southern part of Korean Peninsular. And the rest parameters are assumed based on the reference values. The Gassmann method shows the high reliability on determining the void ratio. The error norm is also analyzed as substitution of every parameter. The results show every equation has various characteristics. Thus, this paper may be widely applied for obtaining the void ratio according to the field condition.


An automatic 3D non-rigid body registration system based upon the genetic algorithm (GA) process is presented. The system has been successfully applied to 2D and 3D situations using both rigid-body and affine transformations. Conventional optimization techniques and gradient search strategies generally require a good initial start location. The GA approach avoids the local minima/maxima traps of conventional optimization techniques. Based on the principles of Darwinian natural selection (survival of the fittest), the genetic algorithm has two basic steps: 1. Randomly generate an initial population. 2. Repeated application of the natural selection operation until a termination measure is satisfied. The natural selection process selects individuals based on their fitness to participate in the genetic operations; and it creates new individuals by inheritance from both parents, genetic recombination (crossover) and mutation. Once the termination criteria are satisfied, the optimum is selected from the population. The algorithm was applied on 2D and 3D magnetic resonance images (MRI). It does not require any preprocessing such as threshold, smoothing, segmentation, or definition of base points or edges. To evaluate the performance of the GA registration, the results were compared with results of the Automatic Image Registration technique (AIR) and manual registration which was used as the gold standard. Results showed that our GA implementation was a robust algorithm and gives very close results to the gold standard. A pre-cropping strategy was also discussed as an efficient preprocessing step to enhance the registration accuracy.


3 Kane, S. R. and Winckler, J. R., "The Critical Analysis of Balloon Flights at Minneapolis During the November 1960 Cosmic Ray Flare Events," TR CR-124, Jan. 1969, School of Physics and Astronomy, Univ. of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minn. 4 Bryant, D. A. et al., "Explorer 12 Observations of Solar Cosmic Rays and Energetic Storm Particles after the Solar Flare of September 28, 1961," Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 67, No. 13, Dec. 1962, pp. 4983-5000. 8 Bostrom, C. O., Kohl, J. W., and Williams, D. J., "The February 5, 1965 Solar Proton Event 1. Time History and Spectrums Observed at 1,100 km," Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 72, No. 17, Sept. 1967, pp. 4487-4495. 6 Paulikas, G. A., Freden, S. C., and Blake, J. B., "Solar Proton Event of February 5, 1965," Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 71, No. 7, April 1966, pp. 1795-1798. 7 Krimigis, S. M. and Van Alien, J. A., "Observations of the Solar Particle Event of 5 to 12 February 1965 with Mariner IV and Injun IV," Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 72, No. 17, Sept. 1967, pp. 4471-4486. 8 O'Gallagher, J. J. and Simpson, J. A., "Anisotropic Propagation of Solar Protons Deduced from Simultaneous Observations by Earth Satellites and the Mariner-IV Space Probe," Physical Review Letters, Vol. 16, No. 26, June 1966, pp. 1212-1217. 9 Kahler, S. W., Primbsch, J. H., and Anderson, K. A., "Energetic Protons from the Solar Flare of March 24, 1966," Solar Physics, Vol. 2, No. 2, 1967, pp. 179-191. 10 Lin, R. P., Kahler, S. W., and Roelof, E. C., "Solar Flare Injection and Propagation of Low-Energy Protons and Electrons in the Event of 7-9 July 1966," Solar Physics, Vol. 4, No. 3, July 1968, pp. 338-360. 11 Heristchi, D. J. et al., "Balloon Measurements of Solar Protons in Northern Scandinavia on 7 July 1966," Annals of the IQSY, Paper 38, M.I.T. Press, 1969. 12 Bostrom, C. O., Williams, D. J., and Arens, J. F., "SolarGeophysical Data," IEF-RB-282, Feb. 1968, U.S. Dept. of Commerce Environmental Science Service Administration, Boulder, Colo., p. 156. 13 Lilley, J. R. and Yucker, W. R., "CHARGE, a Space Radiation Shielding Code," Rept. DAC-62231, May 1969, McDonnell Douglas Astronautics Co. 14 Krimigis, S. M., "Interplanetary Diffusion Model for the Time Behavior of the Intensity in a Solar Cosmic Ray Event/" Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 70, No. 13, July 1965, pp. 2943-2960. 15 Parker, E. N., Interplanetary Dynamical Processes, Interscience, New York, 1963. 16 Hofmann, D. J. and Winckler, J. H., "Simultaneous Balloon Observations at Fort Churchill and Minneapolis during the Solar Cosmic Ray Events of July 1961," Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 68, No. 8, April 1963, pp. 2067-2098.


Presented is a compilation of publications on the diffuse interstellar bands, found in the literature dating back to the first known mention of the bands. It has been attempted to make this list complete, but it must be recognized that some papers may be missing. Judgement was required in some cases where the diffuse bands are mentioned, but are not a central theme of a paper; in most instances we kept such papers in a list, rather than omitting them.


In 1943 there appeared in Mexico City the first book in Spanish on the story of philosophy in Mexico written from a nonscholastic or lay standpoint. Its title is, simply, Historia de la filosofía en México, the author being Samuel Ramos (1897-1959) of Zitácuaro, Michoacán, a philosophy professor at the National University of Mexico. The pioneering work is tentative and modest in content but firm and ambitious in intent. It opens and closes with the same fixed idea in mind: To encourage Mexican thinkers to develop their own philosophy by integrating European philosophy with their national spirit; that is, by nationalizing philosophy itself. Put negatively and more effectively, the whole point of the author's endeavor is to get Mexican intellectuals out of the traditional habit of imitating the philosophies of others by inviting them to think henceforth on their own two feet about the fundamental problems of Mexico herself.


Introduction. The resource potential of the enterprise is the basis of its development. In order to know how efficiently resource potential managing of the enterprise, systematic assessment and analysis is required. The estimation of efficiency of resource potential management bring about manner to identify deficiencies in a timely and reserves of development, and  the strengths of the enterprise. Goal. The purpose of the thesis is to improve the methodology for assessing the effectiveness of resource potential management of the enterprise. Method (methodology). To achieving the purpose of the thesis were used the following methods: synthesis, induction, generalization, systematic, comparison, grouping, studying of documents, expert evaluations, tabular, coefficients and others. Results. During the researching, the methodology for the effectiveness of resource potential management of the enterprise was improved, which is based on the calculation of unit, group, complex indicators for each of the components of the resource potential and the subsequent counting of calculations to the integral indicator. It is determined that the assessment should be carried out on the components of the resource potential, such as: the potential of material resources, labor potential, the potential of fixed assets (three components of production potential), as well as financial and information potential. It has been established that the growth of complex and integral indicators will indicate an increase in the level of management efficiency and vice versa. The method is tested on the activity of one of the bakery enterprises of PJSC "Teremnohl Khleb". On the basis of calculations, the main measures were proposed to improve the efficiency of management of the resource potential of the enterprise.


We present a decentralized connectivity-maintenance control framework for a heterogeneous human–robot team. The algorithm is able to manage a team composed of an arbitrary number of mobile robots (drones and ground robots in our case) and humans, for collaboratively achieving exploration and patrolling tasks. Differently from other works on the subject, here the human user physically becomes part of the team, moving in the same environment of the robots and receiving information about the team connectivity through wearable haptics or audio feedback. Although human explores the environment, robots move so as to keep the team connected via a connectivity-maintenance algorithm; at the same time, each robot can also be assigned with a specific target to visit. We carried out three human subject experiments, both in virtual and real environments. Results show that the proposed approach is effective in a wide range of scenarios. Moreover, providing either haptic or audio feedback for conveying information about the team connectivity significantly improves the performance of the considered tasks, although users significantly preferred receiving haptic stimuli w.r.t. the audio ones. Note to Practitioners—Exploration, patrolling, and search-and-rescue are highly dynamic and unstructured scenarios. When considering the operative conditions of such environments, the benefits of multirobot systems are evident. Most tasks can be carried out faster and more robustly by a team of robots with respect to a single unit. There are also situations explicitly requiring the presence of a multirobot team, e.g., using one drone for surveillance of the ground team and one ground mobile robot for carrying supplies. Of course, if the operator(s) in charge of the operation could share the same environment of the robots (i.e., be together with the robots in the field), they would be provided with a level of situational awareness that no teleoperation technology can match as of today. This work presents a framework for controlling heterogeneous teams composed of one human operator and an arbitrary number of aerial and ground mobile robots. The operator moves together with the robotic team and, at the same time, he or she receives meaningful information about the status of the formation. The algorithm only uses the relative position of the drones and humans with respect to each other, and all computations are designed in a decentralized fashion. Decentralization avoids relying on any absolute positioning system (e.g., GPS) or centralized command centers. These features make the proposed framework ready for deployment in different high-impact applications, such as in surveillance, search-and-rescue, and disaster response scenarios.


Aberrant immune responses against specific β-cell autoantigens generates Islet autoantibodies (IA), like Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase (GADA), insulinoma antigen-2 (IA-2A), insulin (IAA), and most recently Zinc Transporter 8 (ZnT8A). IA are biomarkers of autoimmune Type 1 diabetes (T1DM) and help in its diagnosis.[1] IA can be present very early in the natural history of T1DM from normoglycemic and preT1DM to overt diabetes stage. IA can distinguish Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults (LADA) from phenotypically type 2 diabetes.[1]


Estimation of the land surface temperature in cloud-covered area is the frontier of thermal remote sensing research.Due to the land surface temperature has high spatial correlation,we can theoretically estimate the land surface temperature in cloud-covered area through spatial interpolation to eliminate the obstacle of cloud cover on applications of land surface temperature products.On the basis of the ordinary Kriging interpolation and completely regularized function interpolation,we develop an approach to estimate the land surface temperature in cloud-covered area,and use ArcGIS to perform the experiments to examine the accuracy of the approach for various scales of cloud cover.The results show that the accuracy is within 1℃ and 0.6℃ when the cloud covered area is less than 9km2 in city and in country,respectively.Therefore we can conclude that the proposed approach is applicable to estimate the land surface temperature in cloud-covered areas for practical applications.


We study the problem of classifying the temporal relationship between events and time expressions in text. In contrast to previous methods that require extensive feature engineering, our approach is simple, relying only on a measure of parse tree similarity. Our method generates such tree similarity values using dependency parses as input to a convolution kernel. The resulting system outperforms the current state-of-the-art. To further improve classifier performance, we can obtain more annotated data. Rather than rely on expert annotation, we assess the feasibility of acquiring annotations through crowdsourcing. We show that quality temporal relationship annotation can be crowdsourced from novices. By leveraging the problem structure of temporal relation classification, we can selectively acquire annotations on problem instances that we assess as more difficult. Employing this annotation strategy allows us to achieve a classification accuracy of 73.2%, a statistically significant improvement of 8.6% over the previous state-of-the-art, while trimming annotation efforts by up to 37%. Finally, as we believe that access to sufficient training data is a significant barrier to current temporal relationship classification, we plan to share our collected data with the research community to promote benchmarking and comparative studies.


The current business environment is replete with risks and dangers. Being secure in an unsafe world, present what, how and why the designing, development and expanding of software systems. Agile methodologies are so effective in demands users in system and were accepted in software industries. And regarding fitness of these methods with Iranian culture, this is a compatible method. But agile methods often lack special features of software security, therefore, the security problem should be removed in a way. Considering security characteristics of three methods CRYSTAL, ASD, DSDM which are more effective agile methods in terms of security, and other methods of developing software, this article examines how to use agile methods with considering Iranians' culture to produce effective security requirements. To do so, a questionnaire has been used, and the data has been analyzed by using the software SPSS and LISREL, then a method has been presented in which identifying assets which have not mentioned in agile methods are added. Quantitative documentation which is in the method DSDM is used. There is resistance which exists in changing needs in DSDM, is considered, and current fitness filter in the method DSDM which causes dangers decline, rising interaction with customer and relationships among the CRYSTAL team, is added to our method. Education and security informing should be done in Iran.


Economic games are very useful tools for experimental verification of the basic processes that govern human behavior in choice situations. The Sharing Game is a tool that aims to study the phenomena of altruism or generosity through the allocation of material resources. In a within-subject design, 2 different experiments involving repeated trials over 20 opportunities in which participants performed the monetary choices to distribute resources between themselves and an unseen, passive participant, under 3 different conditions were carried out regarding to the values in money (A, B, and C). The choices were classified as optimal, competitive, or egalitarian and other providing alternatives between larger versus smaller immediate financial gains with progressively longer delays. This study sought to determine whether the cost of response, the gender, the amount of money, and the order of presentation of the experiments influenced the allocation of resources in the first experiment. The study included 240 participants equally distributed between Conditions A, B, and C. One hundred twenty were included in the first order of presentation: Experiment 1 followed by Experiment 2, whereas the remaining 120 did the same experiments in reverse order. The data indicated an increase in the percentage of optimal choices in the first experiment, Sharing Game, when the Sharing Game experiment was presented after the second experiment, Temporal Discounting. Both gender and amount of money influenced the results. Men chose more optimized alternatives than women (in the economic sense). When values were greater, more optimized choices appeared, raising discussions about variables that are potentially effective in promoting choices, whose individual and collective benefits are higher in the long run.


In 1715, the Jesuits introduced a new form of popular mission to the duchy of Julich-Kleve. Two Southern German Jesuit preachers, Georg Loferer (1680–1756) and Konrad Herdegen (1670–1724), who had studied the so-called apostolic method (or Segneri method) in Italy conducted the first mission according to the new method in the town of Julich in May 1715.[1] As the missionaries wanted to move their audience to penitence, the mission was marked by several outstanding features which aimed at the ...


We discuss the development of multi-core fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) to be applied to astrophotonics, more specifically to near-infrared spectroscopy for ground-based instruments. The multi-core FBGs require over 100 notches to reject the OH lines in a broad wavelength range (160 nm). The number of cores of the fiber should correspond to the mode number in the multi-mode fibers and should be large enough to be able to capture a sufficient amount of light from the telescope. A phase-mask based technique is used to fabricate the multi-core FBGs.


Reliable power system operation requires that system operators maintain a satisfactory small-signal stability margin at all times. Mode meters allow system operators to continuously monitor the stability margin by analyzing synchrophasor measurements. Experience with mode meters at the Bonneville Power Administration (BPA) has revealed that mode meters sometimes suffer severe bias following transient disturbances. In this paper, a robust version of the Yule-Walker mode meter algorithm is proposed to mitigate this bias. The robust capability is introduced by modifying the estimator of the autocovariance sequence (ACS) on which the algorithm depends. Tests with field-measured data demonstrate that the robust Yule-Walker (RYW) algorithm significantly outperforms its conventional counterpart and is better able to provide system operators with accurate information about the system's stability margin.


Background Specific modifications to carriers to achieve targeted delivery of chemotherapeutics into malignant tissues are a critical point for efficient diagnosis and therapy. In this case, bovine serum albumin (BSA) was conjugated with cetuximab–valine–citrulline (vc)–doxorubicin (DOX) to target epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and enable the release of drug in EGFR-overexpressed tumor cells. Methods Maleimidocaproyl–valine–citrulline–p-aminobenzylcarbonyl-p-nitrophenol (MC-Val-Cit-PAB-PNP) and DOX were used to synthesize MC-Val-Cit-PAB-DOX, which was further linked with cetuximab to prepare antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs). Then, the ADCs were adsorbed to the surface of the BSA nanoparticles (NPs), which were prepared by a desolvation method to obtain cetuximab-vc-DOX-BSA-NPs. The cetuximab-vc-DOX conjugates adsorbed on the surface of the BSA nanoparticles were determined and optimized by size exclusion chromatography. An in vitro cytotoxicity study was conducted using a colon carcinoma cell line with different EGFR-expression levels to test the selectivity of cetuximab-vc-DOX-NPs. Results The vc-DOX and cetuximab-vc-DOX conjugates were both synthesized successfully and their structural characteristics confirmed by 1H-NMR and SDS-PAGE. The MTT assay showed stronger cytotoxicity of cetuximab-vc-DOX-NPs versus control IgG-vc-DOX-NPs in EGFR–overexpressing RKO cells. Cellular binding and intracellular accumulation determined by flow cytometry and confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed the strong binding ability of cetuximab-vc-DOX-NPs to RKO cells. The in vivo imaging study demonstrated that cetuximab-vc-DOX-NPs exhibited higher fluorescent intensity in tumor tissues than non-decorated nanoparticles (IgG-vc-DOX-NPs). In vivo tumor inhibition and survival tests showed that cetuximab-vc-DOX-NPs revealed higher tumor inhibition efficacy and lower systemic toxicity than control IgG-vc-DOX- NPs Conclusion The obtained results emphasize that cetuximab-vc-DOX-NPs, with good tumor-targeting ability and low systemic toxicity, are a promising targeting system for drug delivery.


This article is review of literature on the development of human hibernation, it highlights historical aspects of the formation of hypothermia as a method for controlling human metabolism and neuroprotection of the brain in critical conditions.


ABSTRACT We present here the known life history, ecology, and distribution of the Jackson Lake springsnail (Pyrgulopsis robusta) based on original research, field collected information, and review of the available literature from primary sources, government publications, and private industry reports. We report on the feeding, reproductive biology, life cycle, habitat use, and distribution of P. robusta in the northwestern United States.


In Satellite images Resolution is the major issue in these kinds of images. In Image processing the image with higher resolution gives better results. Image filtering techniques are widely used in removing noises in images. But representation of data is becoming popular day by day using compound images. So, noise removal is necessary to maintain the quality of the compound images. Noise can be added to the compound images during image acquisition, image capturing or image transmission. In This paper deals with the performance study of Median and Speckle noise in the compound images and Brute force Thresholding. We use brute force thresholding, which iteratively run the whole algorithm for each possible candidate value of threshold and save each result in array and finally selects the value for threshold that gives best possible results. That is why it is slow as compared to existing thresholding techniques but gives best results under the given algorithm for speckle reduction.


: Objective : The study was aimed at finding out the causes of dejection and restlessness in the pregnant women at a teaching hospital ' s out patient department. The patients presented in the obstetrics department were analyzed for the depression and anxiety during the pregnancy period. The associated risk factors and psychiatric issues among pregnant women were also discussed in our analysis. Design : The design of the study was descriptive and it consisted of two hundred patients. Subjects and methods : The sample consisted of two hundred patients from OPD of Services Hospital, Lahore (May, 2017 – October 2017). The subjects were selected on the basis of inclusion criteria and interview. Socio-economic details for each patient were recorded. Present State Exam (approved by WHO for assessment of current state of psychiatric patients) was utilized to interview the subjects and ICD-10 was used to evaluate the overall diagnosis. Results : The results were compiled in light of International Classification of Diseases and showed that gravid women were the victims of depression and anxiety (25% and 34.5% respectively). The risk factors accounted for dejection and discomfort were multiple like early marriages, death of parents in childhood, psychiatric illness / family history. Conclusion : The incidences of dejection and discomfort among pregnant women are found everywhere in the world. The need is to filter out the women who possess the possible risk factors for depression and anxiety and formulate the local procedures which improve the mental condition of the psychiatric gravid patients


Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a clinical condition characterized by hyperglycemia due to the absolute or relative deficiency of insulin. It is also followed by pathological abnormalities like impaired insulin secretion, peripheral insulin resistance, and excessive hepatic glucose production. The objective is to study the levels of Serum Ferritin, Total Iron Binding Capacity, Iron and Hemoglobin in Type 2 Diabetes patients. A total of 120 subjects were included in this study (60 with type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, and 60 normal subjects). Fasting plasma glucose tests were done on blood samples collected after overnight fasting and 2-hour post-prandial plasma glucose was also done along with iron, total iron binding capacity (TIBC), Ferritin and hemoglobin. The level of serum Ferritin which is considered a sensitive marker of iron status was significantly higher in diabetic group. The other parameters like Hemoglobin, TIBC and Iron do not show any positive correlation. We can conclude that Serum Ferritin can be considered as sensitive marker of iron status in Diabetic group. Serum Ferritin can be assessed in non-Diabetic first-degree relatives of diabetic people for identifying the risk.


In this paper we propose an efficient sparse reconstruction scheme for the parallel MRSI data acquired using a fast spiral scheme. We model the system using the MR priors estimated from the water reference scan. In our sparse reconstruction approach, we minimize the total variation and ℓ1 norm of the compartmentalized MRSI data in order to reduce noise, inhomogeneity distortions, and spectral leakage. We demonstrate significant improvement for in vivo brain results when compared to classical regularized SENSE MRSI reconstruction.


Abstract This study examines the connection between participation in higher education programs in prison and the development of social capital. Interviews were conducted with eighteen formerly incarcerated participants enrolled in higher education programs while incarcerated. Findings suggest that participants developed self-efficacy, hard and soft skills, and connections to positive social networks through taking part in a postsecondary correctional education program. Participants noted an expansion of their self-awareness and improved communication skills that facilitated their mostly successful pursuits of employment opportunities after being released. The findings of this study also suggest that the outcomes of higher education programs in prisons extend beyond classroom learning and academic achievement in a way that provides students with knowledge, useful skills, prosocial networks, and access to employment prospects upon reentry into the community. More specifically, this study details how postsecondary correctional education programs provide a foundation for building social capital and preparing incarcerated individuals to become employable, law-abiding citizens. That this information came from formerly incarcerated individuals who are now thriving postrelease warrants further research that would support the expansion of educational programming for prisoners.


The present invention relates to a method of reducing the immunogenicity, increase the serum half-life by binding to the protein or peptide to a carrier position, and specifically relates to the use thereof. Physiologically active protein or peptide conjugate of the present invention, since the antibody production rate for this my immunogenic human body is markedly reduced protein or peptide degradation, low clinical effect reduction phenomenon of the physiologically active protein or peptide, with high safety for the immune response persists type can be useful to use the material developed.


Based on the comprehensive summary of afflicted traits of municipal infrastructure under low temperature and frozen environment.The paper depth analyzed of the failure cause of municipal infrastructure such as power supply,water supply and heating pipe network system,also with the urban roads;building foundation under the frozen environment.The antifreeze countermeasure have been discussed combined with the design code.Base on extensive investigation,some effective restrain countermeasure are put forward,it can provide useful suggestions and reference for supplement of design code.


ABSTRACT. Recently, a new class of polymer burs have been proposed for assisted dentin caries removal, as a possible alternative to conventional methods. Allegedly, they allow a "self-limiting," less invasive excavation, selectively removing only the "infected zone" (outer layer, softened, infected, nonremineralizable dentin) and thus conserving tooth substance. In this way, the "affected zone" (inner layer, limited collagen degradation, lightly infected, capable of remineralization) is preserved. In this paper we review previous attempts on self-limiting polymer burs, the so-called SmartPrep and SmartBurs (SS White, USA), and perform a clinical test of the new burs (PolyBurs, Komet, Brasseler, Germany) as the first part of a laser fluorescence and caries detector dye assessment.


We investigated impact of type of crystal defects in multicrystalline Si (mc-Si) on electrical properties and their change after gettering process of impurities. A bundle of dislocations gives negative impact on the gettering process, while Σ3 grain boundaries does not affect at all. In addition, we categorized random grain boundaries in mc-Si by the contact angle between adjacent dendrite crystals to form the grain boundary. Change in the contrast of photoluminescence intensity around the grain boundary was found to systematically vary by the contact angle, which showed good correlation with calculated interface energy of the grain boundary. Grain boundaries with low interface energy are concluded to be preferable to weaken recombination activity by the gettering process and improvement of solar cell performance based on mc-Si.


Humans often experience change and growth, which can lead to all kinds of challenges that need to be faced and overcome properly. The achievement of company goals can be realized if the company's human resources show good work performance. The purpose of this study was to see how different dimensions or variables, such as training and skills, affected the performance of Indonesian migrant workers abroad. The research method used was a survey method using a questionnaire distributed to 89 people using the Isaac and Michael table equations. While the instrument quality testing techniques include validity and reliability tests, and data analysis techniques such as descriptive analysis and correlation, as well as hypothesis testing using multiple linear regression analysis. The results of this study indicate that two independent variables have a significant effect on performance, namely the training variable with a t-value of 0.933 > 1.98 t-table and a significance value of 0.353 > 0.05 and skills with a t-count of 3.397 > 1.97 t-table and a significant value of 0.001 0.05. Research limitations and implications: This analysis was only carried out in one BP2MI office, and only two dimensions or variables were tested. It is hoped that the implementation of training and skills can be formulated and adapted to the needs of Indonesian migrant workers at BP2MI so that it can be implemented.


A method for automatically generating Pulmonalknotenkandidaten of images, the method comprising: providing a plurality of images, defining a lung volume; examining the lung volume to create a list of significant anatomical structures as Saatobjekten; selecting a Saatobjekts from the list; defining a volume of interest, which comprises Saatobjekt; extracting a current interest structure comprising the Saatobjekt, from the volume of interest; Analyzing the current structure of interest by automatically quantifying features therein; Updating the list of Saatobjekten to exclude not examined Saatobjekte contained in the current interest structure of the further investigation; Including the current interest structure as a candidate in the candidate list when the automatically quantified characteristics of the current interest structure meet predetermined criteria; and Providing at least one of automatically quantified characteristics of the candidates for a Knotenve rifiziersystem.


Acknowledgments. Guide to references. Introduction. Chapter One: Sin, History and Monkeys. Chapter Two: Sexuality and Its Consequences: The Rape of Hersent and its Renarrations. Chapter Three: Liminality. Chapter Four: Law and Government. Chapter Five: Recapitulation. Conclusions. Appendix One: Note on Editions and Branch Titles. Bibliography. Index.


Multiple myeloma is a clonal proliferation of malignant plasma cells and in the vast majority of patients remains incurable. The biology of the malignant plasma cells (PCs) in multiple myeloma (MM) is highly influenced by the bone marrow (BM) microenvironment in which they reside. Specifically, BM stromal cells (SCs) have been shown to interact with MM cells to promote their growth, survival and resistance to conventional chemotherapy. In contrast, it remains unclear how the BM microenvironment modulates the response of MM cells to novel agents, such as proteasome inhibitors or responses to innate immune cells. Moreover, it remains unclear which specific cell types within the BM modulate the therapeutic response of MM cells. MM cell lines and patient tumor cells co-cultured with BM and BM-derived eosinophils demonstrated increased growth, proliferation and survival in the presence of the proteasome inhibitors bortezomib and carfilzomib. BM eosinophils have been reported to support the survival of plasma cells by secreting APRIL (a pr oliferation- i nducing l igand), among other growth factors, and contribute to the long-term maintenance of malignant plasma cells. Results indicated that addition of APRIL to MM cultures increased cell proliferation. Targeting immune checkpoints such as programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1), programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 (PD-L1) and PD-L2 has achieved noteworthy benefit in multiple cancers by blocking immuno-inhibitory signals and enabling patients to produce an effective antitumor response. Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) and PD-L2 are ligands for the receptor PD-1 within a negative costimulatory network that leads to a T cell exhaustion phenotype, preventing appropriate cellular response to antigens. Treatment with patient BM, BM-derived eosinophils or APRIL led to a substantial upregulation of PD-L1 and PD-L2 on the surface of MM cells (Fig. 1A, B). Furthermore, pre-treatment of MM cells with eosinophils or APRIL suppressed anti-tumor immunity by cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). shRNA-mediated knockdown of PD-L1 and PD-L2 on MM cells enhanced the cytotoxic effect of CTLs (Fig. 1C). Treatment with the FDA-approved proteasome inhibitors bortezomib, carfilzomib and ixazomib also dramatically and rapidly upregulated PD-L1 and PD-l2 levels on MM cells. Treatment of MM cells with proteasome inhibitors also compromised the anti-myeloma effect of CD8+ T cells. Chemical compound screening was then performed and revealed that small molecule kinase inhibitors that suppressed the basal and drug-induced expression of PD-L1 and PD-L2 on MM cells. Novel small molecule kinase inhibitors that suppressed PD-L1 and PD-L2 on MM cells also triggered CTL activation with antimyeloma benefit. Conclusions: BM-derived eosinophils enhanced immuno-suppressive microenvironmental effects and promoted resistance of MM cells to all proteasome inhibitors tested. APRIL, secreted by eosinophils, promoted MM growth and upregulated the checkpoint proteins PD-L1 and PD-L2 on MM cells. Thus, standard-of-care antimyeloma agents such as proteasome inhibitors as well as the BM-secreted cytokine APRIL suppressed antimyeloma immunity. Antibody-mediated blockade of the PD-L1/PD-L2~PD-1 axis restores antitumor immunity in cancer patients with therapeutic benefit, but exhibits numerous adverse side effects. The development of novel small molecules that suppress checkpoint proteins on MM cells may overcome the drawbacks associated with monoclonal-based checkpoint inhibitors to provide greater specificity, increased tumor response rates and fine-tune therapy while managing adverse events. Small molecules also provide increased oral bioavailability and higher stability at ambient temperature facilitating purification during clinical production. Kinase inhibitors that suppress PD-L1 and PD-L2 to promote antimyeloma immune effects may also limit tumor progression in immunocompetent murine models of myeloma. Disclosures Malek: Takeda: Membership on an entity9s Board of Directors or advisory committees, Speakers Bureau; Sanofi: Membership on an entity9s Board of Directors or advisory committees; Celgene: Speakers Bureau.


Africa Development Africa Media Review Africa Today African Archaeological Review African Journal of Ecology African Journal of Medical Practice African Recorder Africanus American Historical Journal AMREFNews Annales Aequatoria Annals of the Association of American Geographers Annals of the South African Museum Anthropologica Anthropological Linguistics Anthropological Quarterly Antiquaries Journal, The Archives of Natural History British Medical Journal Canadian Journal of African Studies CODESRIA Bulletin Critique of Anthropology Dissertation Abstracts International Ecology of Food and Nutrition Economic Development and Cultural Change Education with Production Ethiopian Journal of Health Development, The Ethnic and Racial Studies Ethnomusicology Ethnos Geoarchaeology


vocalize to attract females despite the risk of increased predation. Anurans usually distinguish mates through visual, chemical, or acoustic signals (e.g., Bowcock et al., 2008; Belanger and Corkum, 2009). This is important as egg fertilization is primarily external, and takes place during amplexus between a male and a female (Wells, 2007). In anurans, interspecific amplexus is a relatively rare behaviour, with fewer than 15 reports of interspecific combinations in 2016 and 2017, in different locations and latitudes around the world (e.g., Müller, 2016; Beranek, 2017; Mudrek et al., 2017). Some species have frequently been recorded with erroneous mates, for example Atelopus laetissimus, with 20 observations of males in interspecies amplexus during a two-day expedition in Colombia (González et al., 2017). Interspecific amplexus can occur in the absence of niche segregation between sympatric species (e.g., Hobel, 2005; Streicher et al., 2010). Explosive breeding includes a short, synchronous burst of breeding activity once or twice a year, and species following this type of reproduction are often susceptible to interspecific amplexus (Duellman and Trueb, 1994). This short time period combined with overlapping breeding habitats increases pressure to breed (Beranek, 2017), which may result in less accurate mate discrimination. Interspecific amplexus is a reproductive interference, as the outcome can have negative demographic consequences (Pearl et al., 2005; Amore et al., 2009). Herein we report, to the best of our knowledge, the first case of interspecific amplexus (Fig. 1) between an adult male Tiantai frog, Glandirana tientaiensis (Chang, 1933), and an adult Kaochahien frog, Odorrana schmackeri (Boettger, 1892) of unknown sex. This event was recorded on 7 July 2017 at 2007 h, in the Xiekengkoucun area at a rocky, shallow side stream of the Fuchun River in China (29.6747°N, 119.6848°E; WGS84; 152 m a.s.l.). Odorrana schmackeri has a broad distribution whereas G. tientaiensis is listed by the IUCN as Near Threatened due to a small and declining area of occupancy (Lau and Huiqing, 2004). However, G. tientaiensis is generally more common near this Herpetology Notes, volume 12: 41-42 (2019) (published online on 10 January 2019)


Objective: To study the clinical characteristics and treatment of autoimmune hemolytic anemia. Method: Clinical and laboratory characteristics of 80 cases with autoimmune hemolytic anemia admitted to our hospital between June 1997 and October 2006 were analyzed retrospectively. Result: ① Among the 80 patients, causes of 26 patients were clear, in which the infectious disease was the most common. Drug-related cases were worthy of note. autoimmune hemolytic anemia can be the initial manifestation of lymphoproliferative disease and systemic lupus erythematosus, and the follow-up study of the basic disease can be greatly significant to the treatment of autoimmune hemolytic anemia. ② Hemolysis and prognosis were relate with the type of the autoantibody. ③There 9 missed cases. ④The complete response rate of group of corticosteroid combined with immunosuppressive drugs and group of corticosteroid combined with intravenous immunoglobulin were respectively higher than that of group of corticosteroid (P0.01).Conclusion: Prognosis of autoimmune hemolytic anemia are related with the type of the autoantibody. The great significance of the follow-up study and treatment of the basic disease should be realized. The feature of clinical manifestation and laboratory examination should be taken seriously to avoid misdiagnosis. Corticosteroid combined with immunosuppressive drugs or intravenous immunoglobulin can improve the complete response rate.


This paper presents a barrier synchronization optimization algorithm based on cross-processor dependence graph, which is a separate pass of a automatic parallelizing compiler and utilizes the dependence analysis results to realize compiler optimization .


More than 1.9 billion adults worldwide (39%) are overweight; of these adults, more than 650 million (13%) are obese, according to the World Health Organization. In the United States alone, recent studies suggest that more than 40% of adults are obese.1 A nonpharmacologic approach consisting of exercise, diet, and behavior modification remains the cornerstone of treatment.2 However, many affected patients cannot lose or maintain their weight loss with that approach. Hence, medical and surgical options (e.g., bariatric surgery) have been developed to reduce and maintain weight loss. Among the patients who are considering their options, the long-term safety of any . . .


In wireless communication systems, space-time codes are applied to encode data when multiple antennas are used in the receiver and transmitter. The concept of diversity is very crucial in designing space-time codes. In this paper, using the equivalent definition of full diversity space-time codes, we first characterize all real and complex $2times 2$ rate one linear dispersion space-time block codes that are full diversity. This characterization is used to construct full diversity codes which are not derived from Alamouti scheme. Then, we apply our results to characterize all real subspaces of $M_{2}(mathbb{C})$ and $M_{2}(mathbb{R})$ whose nonzero elements are invertible. Finally, for any natural number $n>1$, we construct infinitely many inequivalent subspaces of $M_{n}(mathbb{C})$ whose nonzero elements are invertible.


COSTA, J. L. Pathogenicity and hormonal regulation in the Moniliophthora perniciosa x Solanum lycopersicum interaction. 2017. 122 p. Tese (Doutorado) – Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, 2017. Moniliophthora pernicisa is the causal agent of witches' broom disease in cocoa (Theobroma cacao). The disease symptoms comprise loss of apical dominance, thickening and proliferation of axillary shoots, shift from inflorescence into vegetative meristem, parthernocarpy and necrotic lesions on fruits, suggesting a host hormonal imbalance. The availability of an isolated of S-biotype M. perniciosa, which colonizes tomato, enabled the utilization of the miniature tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) cultivar 'Micro-Tom' (MT) as a suitable model to study the pathosystem M. perniciosa x S. lycopersicum. In addition to the characteristic symptoms of the infection in MT, the availability of mutants and transgenic lines introgessed into MT, with changes in plant metabolism and hormonal sensitivity, enable the investigation of the role of plant hormones in the development of symptoms. Initially, we evaluated the aggressiveness of three S-biotype M. perniciosa isolates. The isolate 'Tiradentes' showed greater aggressiveness infecting MT, with higher plant infection incidence, greater stem thickening, reduction in plant height, increase in fruit locule number and reduction in root dry weight. Mutants with altered auxin perception (diageotropica e entire) and the transgenic line expressing a cytokinin oxidase gene of arabidopsis (35S::AtCKX2) differed in stem thickening and fruit locule number distribution, as compared to MT. The transgenic line 35S::AtCKX2 differed significantly from MT, showing lower incidence of infection. The thickening of the stem may be related with an increase in area of the cortex, especially xylem and phloem. The exogenous application of synthetic cytokinin benzyl adenine (BA) and auxin naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) in MT induces similar symptoms to plants infected with M. perniciosa. Cytokinin (ARR5::GUS) and auxin (DR5::GUS) signaling reporter transgenic lines revealed differential cytokinin signaling 24 h e 36 h hours after inoculation (HAI) and differential auxin signaling in 48 HAI. Infection of MT by M. perniciosa increased the content of JA, SA and auxin during the development of symptoms from 5 d to 30 DAI, with greater increase at an early stage of symptoms development (5 days after inoculation – DAI), whereas abcisic acid content increased in 20 and 30 DAI, and only AS was detected in dicariotic mycelium of the S-biotype M.


Background: Outdoor air pollutants, especially particulate matters, are defined as a type of carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. Studies have shown that air pollution is associated with lung cancer morbidity or mortality . This study is aimed at exploring the relationship between air pollutants and primary lung cancer in Fujian Province, China. Methods: We conducted a hospital-based, retrospective, case–control epidemiological study on three different populations to assess the occurrence of lung cancer caused by exposure to various levels of air pollution. Results: The total study population comprised 885 lung cancer patients and 1,220 healthy controls. The following parameters were identified as risk factors for lung cancer among the total population: smoking; exposure to cooking oil fumes; passive smoking; medical history of lung disease; family history of lung cancer; and exposure to PM10, PM2.5, and O3. Fruit intake and physical exercise were protective against lung cancer. For smokers, medical history of lung disease, family history of lung cancer, and exposure to PM10, and PM2.5 were risk factors for lung cancer, while fruit intake and physical exercise were protective factors. Among non-smokers, exposure to cooking oil fumes; medical history of lung disease; family history of lung cancer; and exposure to PM10, PM2.5, and O3 were factors increasing the risk of lung cancer, while fruit intake, physical exercise, and tea drinking were protective. Conclusions: Long-term exposure to PM10, PM2.5, and O3 was found to be significantly associated with increased risk of lung cancer, with the risk being greater for non-smokers and persons exposed to cooking oil fumes.


It is August 2022, and I am sitting in the British Library completing a shamefully late review (this one) when I see the headline: "Trespassers Demand Right to Roam Minister's 12,000 Acre Estate." One hundred fifty protesters led by activist Nadia Shaikh and complete with a Morris dancing troupe walked into the Englefield estate of Richard Benyon, the UK government minister responsible for access to nature, as part of a campaign around public access to land. Benyon's ancestral estate contains sizeable areas of former common land enclosed by his ancestor, also Richard Benyon, in 1802. Nick Hayes, author of The Book of Trespass, who was at the protest, added: Over the next twenty years [Richard Benyon] moved an entire village out of sight of Englefield house to make way for his deer park. Then, in 1854, a stopping order was granted by his friends in parliament to close the public road that ran in front of his house. Today the Ramblers' "Don't Lose Your Way" website reveals a former footpath running through the estate, identifiable on old Ordnance Survey maps, but which has since been extinguished.Like many other activists over the past three hundred years or more, Shaikh organized a walking—and singing and dancing—resistance to the legal fact of enclosure that leaves only 8 percent of English land with free access. As Raymond Williams reminded readers in The Country and the City (1973), the "mathematical grids of enclosure awards, with their straight hedges and straight roads, are contemporary with the natural curves and scattering of the park scenery."


This article analyses the information integration in project of construction agent policy (CAP). Information management is the fake part in construction project management. The information integration should be carried out by the Integrated Project Management Information System (IPMIS) with the core of project management corporation and the measure of modern network technique aims at the character of CAP. After the expatiation of necessity of information integration, the systemic frame model of Integrated Project Management Information System is established based on the dimensionality of time, goal, function and body.


Objectives: This study analyzes nurses' manifold organizational role. The organizational role is viewed both from the formal role perspective and from the point of view of the expectations of and p ...


[reaction: see text] Oxygen-promoted Pd(II) catalysis facilitated the synthesis of conjugated dienes by cross-coupling of alkenylboronic compounds and various olefins including highly substituted alkenes and cyclohexenone. Under mild conditions, these versatile reactions were efficient and highly stereoselective.


Developing robust adaptive control strategies for realworld civil structures has been a topic of recent interest. The motivation for exploring adaptive techniques comes from the acknowledgment that since structures behave in unexpected forms and non-linearly when excited by strong-ground motions, the implementation of conventional xed controller strategies may prove to be naive. Often the governing response properties only exhibit themselves for the rst time when subjected to strong shaking. As a result of this, control strategies should incorporate exible adaptive identi cation schemes which can quickly capture and emulate the essential response signature of a structural system and react accordingly. Of course, another key feature of adaptive techniques is that they can model timevarying behavior, for example, structural deterioration is often observed during the course of strong ground excitation.


As the second year of 30 hours funded childcare approaches, James Hempsall outlines what council leaders need to do to ensure the policy reaches those eligible and delivers on early years and social mobility duties


During the current COVID-19 pandemic, many state leaders must make decisions quickly. Quick decision-making also has a positive impact on society and the country. Leadership style greatly influences a president in managing a pandemic. As head of state, the President can use his executive power to solve problems, especially pressing ones. This study aims to examine the model of the President's leadership style in dealing with the COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia. In addition, this model will be the basis for forming a particular program that focuses on developing leadership competencies and being an evaluation in urgent situations. This type of research is qualitative. The data used in this study is a literature study that focuses on using secondary data in the form of forty news media articles taken from March 2, 2020, to October 2020. The analysis of news media data was managed using Nvivo 12 Plus software through coding and cross-tabulation analysis. The results of this study are the model of President Joko Widodo's leadership style, applying various leadership styles in controlling the COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia. This study concludes that the leadership style is inefficient in handling the COVID-19 pandemic, even though President Joko Widodo has directly taken over the handling of the crisis.


A maximum bandwidth broadcast problem in multi-interface networks is considered, where each transmission, simultaneously serving a group of nodes, achieves a total bandwidth equal to the product between the smallest node bandwidth in the group and the cardinality of the group. Two variants of the problem are studied, called the K-Maximum Bandwidth Broadcast in Single-Interface Networks (MBB) and K-Maximum Bandwidth Broadcast in Multiple-Interface Networks (MBBM) problems. It is shown that the former problem can be optimally solved in polynomial time, while the latter one is computationally intractable (i.e. NP-hard). Polynomial time algorithms are devised for optimally solving some particular cases of MBBM where a common order holds and the number of used interfaces is polylogarithmic in the number of nodes.


Drawing on empirical data from a study of Sunday Services in the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Denmark (elcd) and using a theoretical framework from ritual theory, this article analyses and interprets regular churchgoers' participation in the Lord´s Supper. The empirical material consists of participant observations combined with focus group workshops. The article puts forward the argument that participants experience the Lord´s Supper as a ritual in the Sunday Services that enables and embodies an intensified space in which they come to terms with the other churchgoers, themselves and God. The article thoroughly explores how the Lord´s Supper as a ritual seems to consist of different parts or movements marked by collective and individual practices that significantly affect the churchgoers' ways of participating in and experiencing the Eucharist. It thus reveals that insights from ritual theory can provide an opportunity to rethink the theological and ritual dynamic of worship and in particular the Lord's Supper.


Aerosol model is a major obstacle for passive remote sensing of aerosol properties. For the continent or urban aerosol model does not fit the needs for more accurate retrieval, and the user defined aerosol model may be more near to the realistic condition in Taihu region. A method has been developed for retrieving the aerosol model and optical properties including polarization, i.e., scattering coefficient, asymmetry factor, single scattering albedo, scattering phase function and polar phase function. In Lake Taihu, the study area of our two combined remote sensing observations in the winter and summer 2006, we got water surface spectral data of ASD (Analytical Spectral Devices) by the ship, atmospheric data of CE318 sunphotometer on the shore, and the MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spcectroradiometer) image data on the TERRA Satellite. By using the nearly synchronous measurements of the data from surface spectrum and the sunphotometer with the image, and by use of the radiative transfer model 6S(Second Simulation of a Satellite Signal in the Solar Spectrum), varying the components of the aerosol type, a LUT (look up table) is made for the radiance on the satellite. When the total relative error of the new defined parameter for relative error is getting to the least, the aerosol type will be decided. Then, based on the determination of aerosol model, the atmospheric aerosol properties over Lake Taihu have been computed by using Mie theory and analyzed with the typical continental and urban aerosol models available in 6S. These results show that the user-defined aerosol model is a mix model of continent and urban which corresponds with previous studies. Moreover, they may be useful for resolving the vector RTE (radiative transfer equation). In this paper we tried to provide a method with the combination of remote sensing data to obtain the optical properties of atmospheric aerosol over inland water in different seasons. We respect it will be helpful for accurate atmospheric correction in the future.


Aimed at the characteristics of Internetbased open group decision deiscussion platform and based on the existing theories of the group decision making process,the six stages which are appropriate for internetbased research models of computer support are discussed in this paper firstly. These six stages envolve the stages of task generation,task defination,problem analysis, problem resolving,project design and group decision.Then, these stages are elaborated.


Purpose
This paper aims to review the latest management developments across the globe and pinpoint practical implications from cutting-edge research and case studies.

Design/methodology/approach
This briefing is prepared by an independent writer who adds their own impartial comments and places the articles in context.

Findings
Learning is key to organizational growth and development. Various employee characteristics can predict the outcome of learning programs, which can have a more positive impact on firm performance if relevant online learning tools are also utilized.

Practical implications
The paper provides strategic insights and practical thinking that have influenced some of the world's leading organizations.

Originality/value
The briefing saves busy executives and researchers hours of reading time by selecting only the very best, most pertinent, information and presenting it in a condensed and easy-to-digest format.


Being the "life line" of the Party, the ideological and political work in colleges should be strengthened and improved. The ways and the means of carrying out the ideological and political work should be improved so that the overall qualities of political workers will be raised.


Cadmium sulfide and lead sulfide semiconducting nanoparticle chains have been fabricated for the first time by exploiting a general property of proteins, amyloidogenicity. The diameter of the CdS and PbS nanowires was tuned in the range of ∼50 to ∼350 nm by changing the process parameters. The nanoparticle chains were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy, UV–visible spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, electron energy loss spectroscopy and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy.


cDNA clones for a human HOX 7 gene obtained with homologous clones of Drosophila were used in human gene mapping studies. The human cDNA clone was isolated from a library constructed from human embryonic craniofacial material. The sequence of the cDNA demonstrates significant homology with mouse HOX 7. A search for RFLPs identified MboII and BstEII variants. A CA dinucleotide repeat with 5 alleles was also identified and allowed placement of HOX 7 into a defined linkage map. Evidence for linkage disequilibrium was found with markers tested. These results place the human HOX 7 gene in a defined position on 4p.


This paper describes the design and implement of a small automated license tracking system with Open Source License Checker (OSLC)-a license tracking tool, which is based on factory core services proposed in QualiPSo project. With EJB3.0 specification, GWT and SOA framework, Open Source License tracing system calls a webservice checking open license conflicting statement, and feedback the results to clients. Also the development of license tracking system in China is discussed at last.


Abstract The aim was to assess the physicochemical properties and the penetration into dentinal tubules of calcium hypochlorite solution [Ca(OCl)2], with or without surfactants. The surfactants benzalkonium chloride, cetrimide, Tween 80 and Triton X-100 were mixed at different concentrations with sodium hypochlorite solution (NaOCl), Ca(OCl)2 and distilled water (control). Once the critical micellar concentration (CMC) of the surfactants in Ca(OCl)2 and NaOCl was determined, pH, free chlorine, surface tension and free calcium ions were evaluated. The penetration into dentinal tubules of NaOCl and Ca(OCl)2, with or without benzalkonium chloride and Triton X-100 [surfactants that promoted the lowest surface tension of Ca(OCl)2], was assessed using human premolars stained with crystal violet. The statistical tests were one-way ANOVA and Tukey's post-test, Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn's post-test, two-way ANOVA and Bonferroni's post-test, and t-test; depending on the assay. The addition of surfactants reduced the surface tension of NaOCl and Ca(OCl)2, and did not alter the pH or the free available chlorine of either solution. The addition of all surfactants increased the availability of free calcium ions in Ca(OCl)2, especially benzalkonium chloride. Ca(OCl)2 exhibited lower penetration into dentinal tubules than NaOCl, and the addition of surfactants did not improve the penetration of Ca(OCl)2, but did increase the penetration of NaOCl. It can be concluded that the addition of surfactants to Ca(OCl)2 did not increase the penetration into dentinal tubules, but it did promote lower surface tension, without changing the pH or free available chlorine values, and higher availability of free calcium ions in Ca(OCl)2.


The reason of Maole′s contraction joint damage was analyzed,combining the example of certain national highway′s contraction joint replacing constructiona construction technical that mix into YF-24 fast healant and Dola fiber reinforced concrete, append mat reinforcement to replace contraction joint was intrduced


Sport activity and sport events within higher schools is a key mechanism for attracting and maintaining students' interest in practicing sports. Despite the many forms of sport competition, very little is still known to what extent and how the potential of sporting events is used to generate a multitude of opportunities. Premised on the concept of strategic activation of events, the article examines student sport competitions as a platform for the creation and development of human and social capital. The article has a conceptual focus and presents principally new directions with implications for the policy and strategies of higher education institutions and sport organisations, as well as for future research in this area.


Reproducing apparatus for reproducing various contents, which are fed from one or more input sources, wherein said reproducing apparatus comprising: one or more Eingangsquellselektoren for selecting wiederzugebendem content from the plurality of contents; a plurality of decoding processors with different decoding functions for performing a decoding process on the content, a plurality of output control apparatuses for reproducing and outputting the content according to the decoding process; an instruction receiving unit for receiving a reproduction instruction, specifies the arbitrary content from the plurality of contents in order to obtain the specified content reproduced by one of the output controllers and output; a Reproduzierbarkeitsbestimmer to make a decision, if the reproduction instruction is received, on the basis of conditions of use not of one or more Eingangsquellselektoren and the plurality of decoding processors whether the specified content with one of the plurality can be reproduced by decoding processors or; a Wiedergabepfadbestimmer for designating, to be used on the basis of the decision made by the Wiedergabebestimmer which decoding processor and which output control to reproduce the specified content; and a reproduction control device for use of the decoding processor and the output control device, indicated by the Wiedergabepfadbestimmer to reproduce the specified content, wherein if the first content is being played by one of the plurality of decoding processors and the instruction receiving unit receives a new reproduction instruction for the second content, the Reproduzierbarkeitsbestimmer determines whether the second content with another of the decoding processors can be reproduced or not, which is different from the decoding processor, of reproducing the first content ...


Terrestrial LiDAR scanning (TLS) technology is widely used to detect terrain elevation changes. This study examines the potential use of terrestrial LiDAR to measure erosion on small experimental plots at high resolution. Multitemporal TLS scans were conducted at six positions around plots (12 m2) with three slope treatments through 11 simulated rainfall applications. Surface elevation changes were quantified by comparing scans between rainfall simulations, and elevation changes greater than the level of detection were used to obtain volumetric change estimations. Erosion mass was estimated both by using soil bulk density and the density of sediment collected in runoff, and then compared to the erosion estimated from the runoff samples. Results showed: (1) with the aid of fixed reference controls in the form of concrete target surfaces of varying roughness, registration accuracy was better than 1 mm and mean level of change detection was less than 2.2 mm; (2) the average absolute relative errors of TLS‐estimated eroded mass ranged from 6.8% to 31.8%, with greater values on 5% slope; (3) the TLS‐estimated erosion accuracy was affected by erosion magnitude, the utilized material density and number of scan positions, and a grid size of 10 mm was found to be appropriate for this scale to estimate the volumetric changes; (4) the number of scan positions could be reduced to three while not significantly impacting volumetric change estimations; and (5) elevating the scanner resulted in much better accuracy for eroded mass estimations. This study suggests that using LiDAR to monitor soil erosion at the plot scale is feasible, and provides guidance about the level of accuracy one might expect in doing so. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


This research is about the studies of ocean wave and realization of ocean wave surface utilizing the Matlab as development tool. In this paper, the related background theory about ocean wave and sea-surface wave had been discussed. In addition, the three-dimensional and two-dimensional sea wave and sea-surface also been realized and simulated by using Matlab.


Multi-channel fluid swivel stack is the key equipment of single-point mooring system in the floating production storage offloading(FPSO).Because of the extremely demanding in mechanical strength,corrosion resistance,resistance to fatigue,sealing,etc.this key equipment has long been a small number of foreign companies monopolies,and domestic support for their research is scant.In this paper,three types of single-point mooring approach were adopted in the multi-channel fluid swivel stack structure,from a different point of view of its technical features and technical difficulties for its localization to provide technical information and reference.


This article describes the laser beam texturing (LBT) process and how LBT materials differ from those produced using traditional surface texturing techniques.


Flying hammer plays an important role in engine system. It rotates with high speed in fuel injection system and is affected by alternating stress which causes fatigue fracture in critical section easily. To solve this problem, a laser with 1.06 μm wavelength and 23 ns FMWH was used to shock the flying hammer's critical section with water overlay. After laser shock processing, the shock zone has no obvious macro deformation, but the microhardness was improved by about 20%. Micro structure was also transformed and fatigue strength was increased. Fatigue fracture had not happened after 1 500 hours enhanced alternating stress experiment. The experiment indicates that laser shock processing is applicable to the industrial products.


The dynamic monitoring of an elevated water reservoir, employing a biaxial optical accelerometer, is described. The structure natural frequencies were measured with an error of 0.06 %, when compared with the values attained from seismograph


This paper has the objective to propose the impleme ntation of an advanced planning and scheduling (APS) system in an electric equipment in dustry. This industry is part of an intensely competitive market and manufactures a large number of products through a production-oriented process. It employs a high diversity of raw materia ls while working with tight deadlines and maintaining quality at low costs. In turn, advanced planning and scheduling systems (APS) seek to increase production environment efficiency. This ca n be achieved by employing sophisticated mathematical and planning methods allowing the effe ctiv use of production resources, and by taking into account resources' finite capacity, thu s providing an effective alternative for improving industrial productivity. Results from analyzing the implementation and operation of an APS system in an electrical equipment industry verify the syst em's feasibility for the sector.


An expression for the exchange coupling between two magnetized layers embedded in a nonmagnetic metal has been derived analytically within the contact interaction approximation. The coupling generally oscillates with multiple periods which depend on the orientation of the magnetized layers and the specific shape of the metal Fermi surface. The oscillatory periods are related to the extreme and saddle points of the Fermi surface which is given in the periodic zone scheme. The results obtained are quite general and allow us, in principle, to predict the oscillation periods for any metal. The long periods observed in the recent experiments manifest themselves naturally. The bound states that occurred in the model are discussed briefly. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.


In this paper, we describe the integration of one of these applications, cluster monitoring, and control, in the incoming mobile Internet, by developing access interfaces for handheld devices. To achieve this goal, we propose a design model for a PC cluster access from handheld mobile phones. We present two methods to perform motoring and control for PC clusters from mobile cell phones by using J2ME. The system model and demonstrated results are also presented in this paper.


In this paper,the correlations research between vocabulary test scores and listening test scores of English majors is conducted.A sample of 57 sophomore students,randomly chosen in a certain foreign language university,is analyzed.The analysis shows that vocabulary test scores and listening test scores are closely correlated.This result affirms the teaching and learning quality of a specialized English language university rather than that of a non-specialized one.


South Africa's-post apartheid-promise to its citizens of a better life for all has not yet materialized for many. The South African state had undergone an extensive modernization process to equip itself to deliver on its post apartheid election promise. The state was configured into three spheres, national, provincial and local government each with specific constitutional powers. The local level is viewed as the delivery arm of the state and mostly to blame for lack of service delivery. A well functioned local level is central to the local economic growth and meeting the socio-economic demands of society. This currently is not the situation at the local level which is characterized by inefficiency, maladministration and corruption. The inability of the local level to deliver on its constitutional mandate in the main is attributed to a lack of organizational capacity. The paper seeks to answer the question in what ways if any does the various dimensions of capacity influence the local operational efficiency. The paper commences with a discussion on the various capacity dimensions. The conclusion is drawn that the dimensions are inter-related and inter-dependent and the presence or absence of any of the components has an impact on the local level organizational efficiency.


Abstract The preparation of a particulate sialyl transferase from rat liver and its properties are described. The enzyme was used, in the presence of cytidine monophosphate-N-acetylneuraminic acid-1-14C and asialoceruloplasmin, to prepare substantive quantities of radioactive ceruloplasmin. With a completely desialylated preparation of the protein as acceptor, approximately 70% of the normal complement of N-acetylneuraminic acid was restored, and the reconstituted product was isolated and purified. Upon intravenous injection of this material into a rabbit, essentially all of the radioactivity disappeared from the circulation and was recoverable from the liver. With partially desialylated ceruloplasmin as acceptor, a radioactive preparation was obtained wherein the N-acetylneuraminic acid content approximated 85% that of the native protein. Upon injection of this material, 50% of the labeled ceruloplasmin survived in the serum with a normal half-life of 54 hours. These results are interpreted as indicating that exposure of only a small number of the total galactosyl residues of ceruloplasmin is sufficient to mark the molecule for removal from the circulation by the liver.


INTR(1L)LJCTION. WITH our present laonledge of the function of the ovary and the profound influence which its secretion has on the hole female organism, the time has come to decide i f the transplantation of ovarian tissue is a measure nhich ought to take its place in g!mzcological surgery. The numerous references to this subject which have occurred qf late in the la\ press suggest that the idea of removing the ovaries from their normal position and grafting them on to various parts of the same or difEerent animals is a new one ; actually, however, we can go back to the years preceding 1894 when Iiomanesl made many attempts to transplant ovaries in rabbits and dogs-in al l instances without success. Guthrie2 in 1907 successfully transplanted ovaries from hen to hen, tlie fowls aftenyards laying eggs which I\ ere hatched. T h e first systematic histological study of ovarian transplants was made by ;\Iarshall and Joll!t3 in 1908. From experiments on rqts thev found : t . Ovarian isografts succeed less readily than do autografts. 2 . Isografts are more successful lietween nearly related than betn een distantly related individuals. 3 . It is not necessary to create a deficiency that is to remove ovarian tissue--in order to achieve such success. I his \\ ork I\ as carefully performed and tlie conclusions arrived a t were obtained on histological evidence. Between the years I ~ I S and 1913 much uorli was done by obFervers including \ ' o r ~ n o f f , ~ \T ho in 1913 read his first important paper on the subject of ovarian grafting. From 1913 onwards, the possibility of the ovary having an endocrine function as well as the function of ovulation became more and more certain. From 1 0 1 4 to 1923, a series of papers appeared dealing with the action of ovarian estracts upon various organs and conditions, r .


Lignocellulose has economic potential as a bio-resource for the production of value-added products (VAPs) and biofuels. The commercialization of biofuels and VAPs requires efficient enzyme cocktail activities that can lower their costs. However, the basis of the synergism between enzymes that compose cellulolytic enzyme cocktails for depolymerizing lignocellulose is not understood. This review aims to address the degree of synergism (DS) thresholds between the cellulolytic enzymes and how this can be used in the formulation of effective cellulolytic enzyme cocktails. DS is a powerful tool that distinguishes between enzymes' synergism and anti-synergism during the hydrolysis of biomass. It has been established that cellulases, or cellulases and lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs), always synergize during cellulose hydrolysis. However, recent evidence suggests that this is not always the case, as synergism depends on the specific mechanism of action of each enzyme in the combination. Additionally, expansins, nonenzymatic proteins responsible for loosening cell wall fibers, seem to also synergize with cellulases during biomass depolymerization. This review highlighted the following four key factors linked to DS: (1) a DS threshold at which the enzymes synergize and produce a higher product yield than their theoretical sum, (2) a DS threshold at which the enzymes display synergism, but not a higher product yield, (3) a DS threshold at which enzymes do not synergize, and (4) a DS threshold that displays anti-synergy. This review deconvolutes the DS concept for cellulolytic enzymes, to postulate an experimental design approach for achieving higher synergism and cellulose conversion yields.


The orexins (hypocretins) play a crucial role in arousal, feeding and reward. Highly relevant to these functions, orexin‐containing neurons from the lateral hypothalamus project densely to the ventral tegmental area (VTA), which is the origin of dopamine projections implicated in motivation and reward. Orexin A/hypocretin 1 (oxA/hcrt‐1) can enable long‐term changes associated with drugs of abuse; however, the effects of orexin B/hypocretin 2 (oxB/hcrt‐2) on excitatory synaptic transmission in the VTA are unknown. We used whole‐cell patch‐clamp electrophysiology in rat horizontal midbrain slices to examine the effects of oxB/hcrt‐2 on excitatory synaptic transmission. We observed that oxB/hcrt‐2 has distinct effects from oxA/hcrt‐1 in the VTA. oxB/Hcrt‐2 (100 nm) increased presynaptic glutamate release in addition to a postsynaptic potentiation of NMDA receptors (NMDARs). The oxB/hcrt‐2‐mediated postsynaptic potentiation of NMDARs was mediated via activation of orexin/hypocretin 2 (OX2/Hcrt‐2) receptors and protein kinase C (PKC). Furthermore, the increase in transmitter release probability was also PKC‐dependent, but not through activation of orexin/hypocretin 1 (OX1/Hcrt‐1) or OX2/Hcrt‐2 receptors. Finally, oxB/hcrt‐2 or the selective OX2/Hcrt‐2 receptor agonist ala11‐d‐leu15‐orexin B, significantly reduced spike‐timing‐induced long‐term potentiation. Taken together, these results support a dual role for oxB/hcrt‐2 in mediating enhanced glutamatergic transmission in the VTA, and suggest that oxA/hcrt‐1 and oxB/hcrt‐2 exert different functional roles in modulating the enhancement of the motivational components of arousal and feeding.


As spatial light modulators (SLMs) are becoming flexible and the preferred device for light steering, the SLM's modulation calibration still remains challenging. No pixel-addressable measurement of the SLM has yet been practically implemented. We present a quantitative phase measurement and calibration method for a parallel aligned liquid crystal spatial light modulator (PAL-SLM) based on Pancharatnam phase-shifting interferometric microscopy. The pixel-wise phase of SLM can be detected from microscopic interference pattern formed from two orthogonally polarized light waves reflected off the PAL-SLM. The wave phase is modulated or non-modulated depending on its polarization direction parallel or orthogonal to the liquid crystal director. Owing to self-referencing common-path interferometric microscopic imaging, the proposed method is quite robust against environmental disturbance and enables a high-precision pixel-wise characterization of SLM.


Areas under the Background of Organic Renewal Theory ---Take Guangzhou Huanggrang National Science Park as an example Linxi Yang Guangdong Mechanical & Electrical Polytechnic, School of Foreign Languages and International Business, Guangzhou, 510515,China Abstract. This project combs and integrates the information of Huanggrang National Science and Technology Park, and analyses the status quo of Huanggrang Science and Technology Park from the aspects of location, Park location, overall layout, specific development measures and support system. By comparing Zhongguancun Science Park in Beijing, Sofia Science Park in France and Radfans CBD in Paris, this paper analyses the advantages and disadvantages of Huanggrang, studies the value model of Huanggrang Science Park, and extracts the "Huanggrang Model", hoping to provide some reference for the urban renewal and development of the old urban areas in other parts of the country, and puts forward some suggestions for the development of Huanggrang National Science Park.


Most actuaries learn loss development on the job and pick up whatever techniques are being used by those around them. The experienced actuary is exposed to many varieties of methods and techniques. In dealing with unstable triangles, actuaries will employ myriad assumptions, judgments and tools along the way to selecting loss development factors. The authors describe a recent survey demonstrating the variety of methods and variability of selections of loss development factors (prior to consideration of the tail) and the variability of the resulting reserve projections.


The research describes the nano scale devices, their general architecture, and how they affect the synapses. Such devices, based on the new approach in artificial intelligence, will play a significant role in many spheres. The research also describes the architecture of the programming neuron built on the basis of a biological one. Unlike existing technical devices for implementing a neuron based on classical nodes oriented to binary processing, the proposed path is based on bit-parallel processing of numerical data (synapses) for obtaining result. The proposed approach of implementing a neuron can serve as a new elementary basis for the construction of neuron-based computers with a higher processing speed of biological information and good survivability.