There is much that urban sociology and critical urban theory can gain from an engagement with Ulrich Beck's work on cosmopolitization and cosmopolitanism. The notion of cosmopolitization—which argues that in 'second modernity' it is common for the 'other' to be internalised—captures the enmeshing of metropolitan modernities that is a distinguishing, and sometimes threatening feature of cityspace today. With a particular focus on the internalisation of centre and periphery four examples of cosmopolitized metropolitan space are given. It is argued that each example highlights the affinities between the cosmopolitan challenge and the fate of the urban. Finally the paper points to the contradictions of cosmopolitized metropolitan space, out of which alternative fates for urban life on the periphery are identified.


In this paper,the composition of tail of Ti processing in Panzhihua company of Ti.Two way in complex usage of tail were proposed.First was separation and subtract of usable component,second was to develop the industry of constructional material using the tail or the mineral separated from the tail.


Objective:To evaluate the efficacy and safety of doxazosin in treatment of essential hypertension.Methods:227 patients with seated diastolic BP(SeDBP) of 12.67~15.33kPa were randomly divided to receive 2 mg once daily doxazosin or 2 mg terazosin once daily for 2 weeks.Patients with a SeDBP higher than 12.67kPa in the end of treatment were treated with double dose of doxazosin or terazosin for another 2 weeks.The patients baseline BP,heart rate,clinical safety,and specific symptoms at the end of the first and the second 2 weeks treatment and the efficacy and safety of doxazosin was evaluated by these parameters.Results:After 4 weeks treatment,there were no significant difference in effective rate of doxazosin(67.0%,75/112) and terazosin (63.4%,64/101),no significant difference in decrease range of SeSBP/SeDBP( P 0.05).The number of patients receiving a double dose were 59 for doxazosin and 52 for terazosin.The two drugs have similar adverse reaction such as dizziness,headache,palpitation and hypodynamia,and they were tolerable and disappeared in continuous treatment.Conclusion:Essential hypertension can be effectively treated with doxazosin in once daily dose of 2~4mg.


In this paper, we propose and analyze a new relaying scheme for the three-node cooperative system, named as clustering-based relay selective decode-and-forward (CSDF). The source broadcasts a parallel concatenated recursive systematic convolutional (RSC) code to both the relay and the destination. When the decoding error is detected at the relay, a kernel K-Means clustering algorithm is applied to distinguish the reliable bits from the unreliable bits. The relay then forwards the bits that are deemed reliable and discards the bits that are not, resulting in less errors propagating to the destination. The closed-form expression of bit error rate(BER) is derived to demonstrate the relation between error propagation and system performance of our proposed relaying scheme. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme achieves better performance and efficiently reduce error propagation.


Mobile commerce is developing very fast in recent years.More and more users prefer to access to wireless network with their mobile terminal devices.Success of B2C mobile commerce largely depends on consumer acceptance and use.In this paper,success factors of B2C mobile commerce are discussed based on consumer acceptance theory and consumer acceptance model of mobile commerce.Meanwhile,some strategies are provided for mobile vendors′ practice.


The paper presents physicochemical and biological description of waters in the upper Narew River, within the Narew National Park demonstrating the differences in the water quality caused by the diversified character of the river channel and land use in the direct surrounding of the river. Changes in water quality were analysed based on water quality indices studied during five years (1997-2001). In the anastomosing section of the river the mean concentrations of: colour, organic suspended solids, BOD5, CODMn, PO4 , Porg and chlorophyll a decreased by 11.6, 18.4, 25.0, 5.6, 8.0, 21.6 and 60,0%, respectively. A slight increase was observed in salinity, dissolved oxygen, ammonium nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen, which could be attributed to the water influx from the catchment. In the sampling site downstream the national park, where the Narew flows in an artificially profiled channel, all analysed parameters except for colour, pH and CODMn increased. The quality of water in this section of the Narew is affected by the influx of heavily polluted waters from the Horowianka and more intensive human activities in the river valley and adjacent land. Mean values of BOD5, N-NO3, PO4 , Porg and salinity (but not Mg) in the water samples examined were significantly different one from another. In the natural, protected section of the river organic matter undergoes decomposition. The river waters according to BOD5 were classified two classes higher than outside the park. Low quality of water indicated by the value of COD along the whole length of the river implies that the water contains organic compounds that cannot be decomposed by microorganisms. These compounds originate from point sources.


In this paper, we provide an alternative approach to the works of the physicists S. Cocco and R. Monasson about a model of DNA molecules. The aim was to predict the sequence of bases by mechanical stimulations. The model described by the physicists is a stopped birth and death process with unknown transition probabilities. We consider two models, a discrete in time and a continuous in time, as general as possible. We show that explicit formula can be obtained for the probability to be wrong for a given estimator, and apply it to evaluate the quality of the prediction. Also we add some generalizations comparing to the initial model allowing us to answer some questions asked by the physicists.


Summary College students (N = 300 men and women) rewarded or punished hypothetical actors for their performance on a puzzle-solving task. The actors differed in level of ability, amount of effort, and outcome. Six conditions were created by crossing two types of task (solitary and cooperative) with three recipients of consequences (the actor, the actor's teammate, and both actor and teammate). As hypothesized, the determinants of evaluation differed between the solitary and cooperative task conditions in ways that parallel the differences between achievement and moral evaluation. Ss' attributions of causality for the outcome were shown to predict evaluation in the manner hypothesized. Varying the recipient of consequences had only slight effects on evaluation. The results are seen as supporting a unified model of the evaluation process in which the apparent differences between achievement and moral judgment result from the application of different weights to the S's inferences of causality.


using Supercritical Carbon Dioxide GALINA NOVIK a,b* and ESTERA SZWAJCER DEY b Institute of Microbiology, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Kuprevich 2, 220141 Minsk, Belarus Lund University, Pure and Applied Biochemistry, Box 124, 212 00 Lund, Sweden


A new approach to the study of a consecutive-k-out-of-r-from-n:F system with any component reliability is presented. A random variable describing the behaviour of this general system is defined. It...


The physical processes modeled and the mathematical and numerical methods employed in a simulator for non-isothermal flow of water, vapor, and air in permeable media are briefly summarized. The simulator has been applied to study thermo-hydrological conditions in the near vicinity of high-level nuclear waste packages emplaced in unsaturated rocks. The studies reported here specifically address the question whether or not the waste canister environment will dry up in the thermal phase. 13 references, 8 figures, 2 tables.


We read with interest the article by Koo et al.1 and agree with the authors about the relevance of demoralization in Parkinson disease (PD). Adding to their results, we performed an exploratory study in a movement disorders palliative care clinic on demoralization and depression in patients with advanced PD (≥2.5 on the Hoehn & Yahr scale) and their relationship with caregiver burden. Patients were assessed using the Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS), the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), the caregivers Zarit Burden Interview, as well as scales for anxiety, quality of life, and motor symptoms.


This thesis study about goodness-of-fit testing approach for normality based on
Bayesian method and its comparisons with classical method. In this context, we
mainly focus on the normality test because it is an important assumption in many
statistical methods. Classical method is normality test which can be regarded as
commonly method, such as Shapiro-Wilk test, Anderson-Darling test, and
Cramer-von Mises test. Bayesian method is used for determining posterior
predictive distribution to obtain the predictive sample. Monte Carlo simulation is
carried out to evaluate the comparison between classical method and Bayesian
method. Alternatives distributions that is considered in the simulation are
symmetric long-tailed distribution, asymmetric long-tailed distribution, mixednormal
distribution, and short-tailed distribution. This paper shows that Bayesian
method is more powerful than classical method against a variety of alternative.


In a linear pinch, the configuration of a plasma surrounded by a constant-pitch field is produced by the appropriate choice of a start-timing between θ-pinch and z-pinch. The magnetohydro-dynamic stability of the screw pinch plasma is investigated by the magnetic probe, loops and so on. The growth rates of a m=1 kink instability are evaluated from the experimental data. It is seen that the experimental values are lower by about two times than those predicted by the sharp boundary magnetohydro-dynamic theory.


A gap analysis has been completed for passive and active seals currently being used by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). Several shortcomings of various seals were identified as areas where improvements could be made. In addition, technologies not previously applied to the areas of tags and seals were evaluated for potential use in these applications. These "new" technologies must meet the existing functional requirements and also fill the voids found in current devices. Several of these "new" technologies were selected for further evaluation of implementation feasibility. The most promising item is stressed glass due to its relatively inexpensive cost, high strength, and the possibility of using it for a variety of applications. Using ion exchange, complex shapes of glass can be chemically stressed for specific applications. This process is being considered for improving various components of seals, rather than proposing a brand new design.


This paper is conducted to develop and implement of a new universal design of the smart home elevator module for ageing and disable passengers with cloud communicating technology based on Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) system with an intelligent fuzzy control scheme called fuzzy-PI via on fuzzy ladder control. The conventional home elevator system is controlled by traditional PLC that is usually inconvenience to use for ageing and disable passengers, because of their physical manners are almost dismissed or weaken from their body. The aim of the cloud control is to provide state of the art infrastructure of PLC to remote computing resources and deliver them as a service on demand with highly dynamic and flexible to use in a long distance access control. So, cloud computing and communicating technology can be considered as a promising solution for this home elevator system with for more performance evaluation of user friendly. A fuzzy proportional plus integral control is presented here that will be implement to enhance the overall performance of the system that dominate play role as an intelligent control modified from PLC ladder control. The experimental results are done by solid work simulation for the home elevator mechanism module design, while the math lab simulation program is evaluated for fuzzy-PI control. Finally, the all of system is evaluated in a real testing in the laboratory room that can work well as design concept.


By the genetic mineralogical study of compositions,thermoelectric properties,decrepitation temperature,and O isotopes of magnetite in Baijian and Xishimen skarn iron deposit,it is found that the magnetite in the ore between carbonate layers shows low Ti,∑REE,decrepitation temperature,δ18O,and thermoelectric coefficients;that the magnetite in the ore of contacting belt shows an inverse characteristics.In the same time,REE in the ore between carbonate layers of Baijian and Xishimen iron deposit shows a positive abnormality,but that in the ore of contacting belt of Baijian shows a negative abnormality.The thermoelectric coefficient of the magnetite in the middle of a single ore body of Baijian iron deposit is smaller than that in the top or bottom.Based on the study above,especially,on the thermoelectric properties,the genetic and exploration model of skarn iron deposits in this region was built.


The remainder of this book will apply the concepts developed thus far to real-world cases of the establishment of judicial review. This chapter begins the inquiry by taking a wide perspective, briefly considering the history of a few well-known courts and their strategic interactions with other branches of government. The three subsequent chapters look deeply at three particular cases of the establishment and expansion of judicial review in Asia. Judicial review has spread around the globe in three waves. The first wave was that of the United States and the constitutions of its various constituent states. Although judicial review was adopted in a couple of European polities thereafter, particularly after Kelsen's reconceptualization of constitutional review in the early twentieth century, it was not until a second wave of constitution writing after World War II that the practice spread broadly. The third wave of judicial review has been the recent adoption of judicial review in the postcommunist world and other new democracies. In discussing cases from these three waves, we will examine successful cases as well as an instance where judicial review failed to contribute to democratic development and consolidation, namely postcommunist Russia. For each, we will consider the extent of political diffusion as the environmental condition supporting judicial review. My argument is that, other things being equal, the insurance theory of design and the diffusion theory of judicial power will explain the behavior of courts and politicians.


Considering the convenience and expansibility of visual-based methods, the crowd counting via deep learning in computer vision raises more attention currently. The railway compartment, as a universal scene, also has the actual demands in passengers counting. However, the common counting methods in deep learning are unable to solve the problem due to the severe scale changing, high accurate requirement, and limited embedded devices in the actual scene. In this paper, we proposed a novel counting solution to handle the passengers counting. The solution contains a motion supervised multi-scale representation method which provides proposals against scale variation, a spatially-temporally enhanced counting which provide precise counting numbers, and a partial proposal training method which conducts methods to be utilized in reality. With the proposed solution, the passengers counting task is solved in the higher accuracy and practicable in compartment environment. In experiments, the results show that all the modules in our solution are useful and efficient in passengers counting, and the performances of our method are better than others.


Two Al2O3-modified catalysts were prepared by urea hydrolysis method and precipitation disposition method respectively.Combined with N2 adsorption,XRD,XPS and H2-TPR,the effects of Al2O3 on the physicochemical properties and catalytic properties for the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis were investigated.It was found that the metal-support interaction could be effectively strengthened for both catalysts.Consequently,the dispersion of the catalyst was enhanced and the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis activity was increased.The results also indicated that the modification of Co/SiC catalyst strongly depended on the preparation method.The highest CO conversion was observed on the catalyst prepared by urea hydrolysis method due to the superior dispersion and good reducibility.Besides,the catalytic stability was enhanced due to the stronger interaction between cobalt and Al2O3 prepared by precipitation disposition method.


Objective:To investigate human relationship and depressed symptom and their influencing factors among the medical students of Nantong University. Methods: 765 medical students were surveyed with the table of human relation and self-raing depression scale(SDS) and individual questionnaire at Nantong University. Results: The relationship of medical students was not very stable, but prone to harmonization. The scores of SDS was negatively with the scores of human relationship. Conclusion: The university should make the relationship and depression symptoms of medical students importantly and take some measure to help medical students keep minds health.


State and market in Victorian Britain consists of 11 essays, originally published in a variety of locations over two decades, prefaced by a lengthy introduction, which collectively develop an important account of politics and economics in nineteenthcentury Britain. Some of the pieces are well known – others a little less so – but their consolidation reveals with new clarity key themes in Daunton's influential work. Indeed, the book serves as an admirable introduction to both the Daunton corpus and to the relationship between state, market and civil society in Victorian Britain. In his helpful introduction, Daunton identifies the role of the 'gentlemanly capitalism' thesis in prompting these writings, and the second of the three groups of essays includes his familiar 1989 critique of Cain and Hopkins, along with closely related chapters on the history of family capitalism in the City of London. Similar concerns are evident in the book's other sections, which gather together essays on taxation and welfare state formation. Avowing a theoretical commitment to historical institutionalism now common amongst students of political economy, Daunton offers a contrasting account of the British state from that propagated by proponents of the gentlemanly capitalism thesis. Daunton attributes greater autonomy to the state, and a greater propensity to behave even-handedly between interests in an effort to secure an image of neutrality. Additionally, as the chapters on firms and families within the City of London make plain, Daunton has a rather different view of British society in which the City is open and divided, rather than closed and unified; and which emphasises the links, rather than the tensions, between industry and finance. Moreover, as his examination of attitudes to the gold standard shows, Daunton regards the political system as more open to popular pressure, not least through a vibrant electoral culture, than economists like Eichengreen have presumed. While this collection demonstrates enduring intellectual interests, it also inevitably registers changing perspectives, a point accepted by Daunton in the introduction. There is throughout the book a recognition of the significance of perceptions, notably that of legitimacy in ensuring compliance with tax systems, but the essays also disclose a shift in Daunton's analysis towards attributing greater importance to language and culture, whereby support for the gold standard is now explained as much through its association with peace and progress as through its impact on 'real' interests. Daunton acknowledges the impact of Frank Trentmann's work on his thinking, and closes by suggesting the value of combining institutionalism with sensitivity to discourse. Such an approach does, of course, raise a number of challenging questions – not least what counts as an institution, Business History Vol. 52, No. 2, April 2010, 337–358


Abstract
Purpose
The study contributes to the literature on public value and performance examining politicians' and managers' perspectives by investigating the importance they attach to the different facets of performance information (i.e. budgetary, accrual based- and non-financial information (NFI)).

Design/methodology/approach
We survey politicians and managers in all Italian municipalities of at least 80,000 inhabitants.

Findings
Overall, NFI is more appreciated than financial information (FI). Moreover, budgetary accounting is preferred to accrual accounting. Politicians' and managers' preferences are generally aligned.

Research limitations/implications
NFI as a measure of public value is not alternative, but rather complementary, to FI. The latter remains a fundamental element of public sector accounting due to its role in resource allocation and control.

Practical implications
The preference for NFI over FI and of budgetary over accruals accounting suggests that the current predominant emphasis on (accrual-based) financial reporting might be misplaced.

Originality/value
Public value and performance are multi-faceted concepts. They can be captured by different types of information and evaluated according to different criteria, which will also depend on the category of stakeholders or users who assesses public performance. So far, most literature has considered the financial and non-financial facets of performance as virtually separate. Similarly, in the practice, financial management tends to be decoupled from non-financial performance management. However, this research shows that only by considering their joint interactions we can achieve an accurate representation of what public value really is.


To the Editor. —In response to Dr Lundberg's Editorial 1 on US health care system reform, his "My Way" seems closest to Senator Gramm's proposal, yet the Gramm proposal received bum marks on both cost control and promoting continuing quality, as well as other areas. Looks to me like we need some new analysts! As I understand it, the Gramm proposal calls for tax reform so that individuals can purchase tax-deductible catastrophic insurance and place the premium savings (catastrophic vs other insurance premiums) in tax-deductible, tax-free MSAs to spend on health care however they wish (including seeing specialists without a referral if they so choose). The policy belongs to the patients and not employers, so they cannot lose it by changing or losing jobs. Employers can still be expected to offer premium contributions, but the individuals choose and control their policies. Administration is a snap: most years, most patients will


An experimental investigation of misfit dislocation generation mechanisms at an InGaAs/GaAs heterointerface is reported. InGaAs epitaxial layers were grown by low‐pressure organometallic vapor‐phase epitaxy on patterned and unpatterned GaAs substrates having etch‐pit densities (EPD) of 200, 1400, and 10 000 cm−2. After epitaxial growth, the samples were annealed at temperatures between 650 and 750 °C, and analyzed by optical and transmission electron microscopy. For the range of substrate EPD studied, it was found that the substrate EPD controls the onset of misfit dislocation generation for low‐temperature epitaxy (<600 °C) on unpatterned substrates. When epilayers were annealed at 750 °C, the density of misfit dislocations was independent of the substrate EPD. These studies also show that the dominant misfit dislocation generation mechanism for films grown on patterned substrates is nucleation at the growth‐mesa edge. The density of preexisting threading dislocations has little influence on misfit dislo...


Three requirements are established as a prerequisite for meaningful evaluation: a structure plan for the city, relevant evaluation criteria against which project performance can be measured and an inter-agency forum where key issues can be resolved. The first requirement of evaluation is that a soundly based structure plan for the urban area exists which clearly establishes: (1) objectives (incorporating national objectives); (2) existing problems and the priority attached to their resolution; (3) the existing (5 year) programs of government agencies; and (4) desired changes in development; (5) a data base for sectoral planning - population, socioeconomic and land use data for the present and for selected future years.


Plate lattices are high-performance lightweight structures, exhibiting up to twice the yield strength and stiffness compared to truss lattices of similar geometric arrangement and relative density. Although they are of great interest for research and structural engineering applications, their complex manufacturing and assembly processes limit their practical use, with sandwich panels being an exception. This paper presents a novel approach to the design and modular assembly of folded custom 3-dimensional plate lattices as structural corrugations for use in structural engineering and robotics applications. The plate lattice structural corrugation uses a building block strategy and incorporates custom modified unit cells based on the Miura-ori. This transformation involves expanding the top and bottom zig-zag crease lines into facets and orienting them in space. The resulting modified pattern is referred to as the Kirigami Expanded Miura. The unique structure of these lattices not only provides exceptional mechanical performance as static structures, but also allows for the design of anisotropies in their flexural stiffness by alternating between the Maxwell criterion on bending-dominated or stretch-dominated cells. These anisotropies can have value differences of up to 24 with the same geometry, making them ideal for robotic morphing applications. We validate our proposed technology by characterizing the mechanical performance of this new building system and comparing it with state-of-the-art corrugations. We demonstrate the potential of this approach by designing, manufacturing, and modularly assembling multiple structures and robots with single and double curvature.


TPS3141 Background: The human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) gene amplification and mutations have emerged as oncogenic drivers and therapeutic targets not limited to breast and gastric cancers, but also in a variety of cancers. However, even if an actionable gene alteration is found, the incidence of HER2 amplification in these cancers is less than 5%. Despite its considerable therapeutic potential, the evidence is not yet mature enough for use as treatment in clinical practice. To address this unmet clinical need, we have designed an organ-agnostic basket trial, which covers a variety of solid cancers harboring HER2 amplification. Methods: JUPITER trial is a Japanese multicenter, single-arm, phase 2 basket study of combination therapy with trastuzumab and pertuzumab. Patients with solid cancers harboring HER2 amplification, who have progressed with standard treatment, or rare cancers for which there is no standard treatment, are eligible. Types of cancer include bile duct, urothelial, uterine, ovarian, and other solid cancers that HER2 amplification is detected by comprehensive genomic profiling using next-generation sequencing technology. Target sample size is 38. All enrolled patients receive combination therapy with trastuzumab and pertuzumab every 3 weeks until disease progression, unacceptable toxicity, death, or withdrawal of informed consent. Response assessment using RECIST version 1.1 is performed at weeks 9 and 17, followed by every 12 weeks. The primary endpoint is the objective response rate, and secondary endpoints are progression-free survival, overall survival, duration of response, and safety. In total, 40 patients were enrolled by June 2020. Data fix is scheduled in September 2021. Trial registration: jRCT2031180150 Clinical trial information: jRCT2031180150.


This paper examines the characteristics and growth of Chinese environmental sociology and then predicts future developments. The authors argue that the development of environmental sociology in China can be divided into two phases: its spontaneous introduction and research without a clear disciplinary consciousness prior to the mid 1990s, and then intentional research and its construction with an increasingly clear disciplinary consciousness after the mid 1990s. At present, Chinese environmental sociology has shown its latest trends towards advancing academic research, communicating with foreign and domestic colleagues, organizing domestic colleagues, and internationalizing its research perspective. The authors believe that future developments of Chinese environmental sociology will largely depend on whether scholars in this area can effectively analyze the partial failure of environmental governance in China by looking further, digging deeper, and utilizing multi-angle perspectives in their sociological research of environmental issues.


These notes grew out of our learning and applying the methods of Fock and Goncharov concerning moduli spaces of real projective structures on surfaces with ideal triangulations. We give a self-contained treatment of Fock and Goncharov's description of the moduli space of framed marked properly convex projective structures with minimal or maximal ends, and deduce results of Marquis and Goldman as consequences. We also discuss the Poisson structure on moduli space and its relationship to Goldman's Poisson structure on the character variety.


Simple, precise and economical spectrophotometric methods have been developed for the simultaneous estimation of Tinidazole (TZ) and Nimesulide (NIM) in tablet formulations. The first method is based on the use of simultaneous equation, the second method is based on the area under the curve of the two drugs and the third one is based on Q-analysis. Both drugs obey Lambert - Beer's law in the concentration range of 10-40 meg/ml for TZ and 5-25 mcg/ml for NIM. The methods have been validated statistically and by recovery studies.


Missiles, rockets, and satellites need as much uniform gain as possible to provide continuous telemetry coverage. The theoretical limit of an ideal antenna would be 0 dB gain with 100 percent coverage of 4B steradians. It is not practical to attain the theoretical limit in practice on missiles, rockets, and satellites. This paper describes how closely the theoretical limit can be approached.


The tiny engines, founded on the principle of reactive thrust, are one of most perspective actuators developed by modern micromechanics. These engines can be applied for such apparent problems, as orientation and stabilization of small space objects, but also as local or distributed reactive thrust of new phylum of aerospace objects, for control of boundary layer of flying objects and in series of converting power devices of different purposes. Distinctive features of jet tiny engines are profitability (very large thrust-to-weight ratio) and high (milliseconds) response, which makes them to irreplaceable elements in control systems and, specially, in distributed power generations. These features are provided the minimum sizes, high pressure in working chambers and hypersonic velocity of propulsive jet. Topologically micronozzles are designed as the flat batch devices (3 layers as minimum). The lower and upper layers make flat walls of the nozzle and mainly influence on strength properties of the device. The mean layer reshapes geometry and determines gas dynamic characteristic of the nozzle. A special problem is the opening-up of the combustion-mixture, which is not esteemed in this work. It is necessary to allow for effect of considerable local stresses arising at the expense of static and dynamic loading at design of the jet tiny engines. Thermal gas dynamic processes in the chamber and nozzle determine the values and nature of these stresses, which are hardly studied for the microdevices. The priority is mathematical and experimental simulation of these processes. The most suitable object for initial phase of experimental simulation is the 'cold' engine. The demanded chamber static pressure is formed by external compressed air. In Laboratory of Microtechnology and MicroElectroMechanical Systems a number of such tiny engines with different shapes of the chamber's and the nozzles' surfaces were designed, made and tested. The engines were produced from photosensing glass by methods of microtechnology on the basis of photolithography processes. After expositing through a mask the latent map of the glass was 'showed' by heat treatment and etched. The obtained parts sitallized and subjected to level-by-level assembly. At experiments on 'ardent' engines it is supposed to keep the basic stages of a technological route, but to use stronger and temperature- resistant materials including coating from high-strength membranes plotted by vacuum deposition methods. During trial tests, for the 'cold' engine with an altitude of a nozzle of 1.2 mm and width of the throat of 0.4 mm at chamber pressure 0.6 MPa the exhaust velocity on escaping of the nozzle about 1.5 M was obtained. The engine thrust has compounded 45 gr. The obtained data are in satisfactory conformity with 1D computation and allow to proceed piloting objects of other range of the characteristics. The microactuators having high response and profitability are demanded for perspective small aerospace objects. This activators are indispensable for creation of distributed thrust and control of boundary layer of micro air flying objects (MAV), for devices of stabilization and orientation of micro-satellites. A number of such activators forms on the areas of flat micronozzle devices. Developed micronozzles should provide demanded parameters at the expense of a high level of pressure in working chamber and supersonic exhaust velocities. At creation of the micronozzle the effect of considerable loads arising as at the expense of static, and dynamic loading should be mentioned. Thermomechanics-gasodynamic processes in the chamber and nozzle determine the nature and kind of loading. Mathematical and experimental simulation of these hardly studied for the microscopic object processes is necessary.


STUDY RESULTS: Psychological problems are frequent in all the general health care settings examined in this study i.e depressive disorders, anxiety disorders, alcohol use disorders, and somatoform disorders. All these disorders were associated with marked disability. The concordance between clinician recognition of psychological disorder and the research diagnosis of definite ICD-10 psychological disorder was low to moderate. Hence the patients with psychological problems were neither recognized, nor treated sufficiently.


Simultaneous optimization of detectivity and dark current is successfully achieved by modulating the Schottky barrier height of a graphene/p‐type silicon photodetector from 0.42 to 0.68 eV by doping graphene with polyethyleneimine (PEI). At a barrier height modulation of 0.26 eV, the dark current is reduced by three orders of magnitude from 980 nA to 219 pA, and the detectivity is improved by 529% at 850 nm when compared to undoped graphene/p‐type silicon photodetectors. Such a significant performance enhancement confirms that the chemical doping of graphene before device fabrication is a simple yet highly efficient approach to improve the detectivity of heterojunction photodetectors.


Background:  This study examined the association of maternal oral contraceptive (OC) use – before and after birth – and atopic manifestations in the offspring.


We argue that transfer of spatial and conceptual knowledge between tasks and domains is an essential benchmark for multi-representational architectures aimed at human-level intelligence. The underlying hypothesis is that spatial relationships provide a natural level of abstraction, highlighting the similarities and differences between situations and domains. Therefore, not only will spatial representations improve domain reasoning and learning, they will also facilitate the transfer of knowledge across domains. The simulated environments of real-time strategy (RTS) games provide an excellent test-bed for exploring this hypothesis for two reasons: many different RTS domains have been constructed and RTS requires a wide range of reasoning tasks.


A 38-year-old man was referred to our institution for suspected coronary artery disease. Because of his young age and rather atypical symptoms, we decided to perform multislice computed tomography coronary angiography before other invasive studies. The scan was performed with a 16-row multislice computed tomography scanner (Sensation 16; Siemens) after intravenous administration of iodinated contrast material. It revealed absence of the right coronary artery and a split origin of the left coronary artery (Figure 1 …


Objective: BMD (bone mineral density) testing facilities are not available in every places in India. We compare the predictive ability of FRAX with BMD and FRAX without BMD for major osteoporotic and hip fracture in Himalayan population. Materials and methods: a hospital based cross sectional study was conducted on patients attending the outpatient Department of orthopaedics of SGRRIMHS, and others for a period of 2 years from Aug 2015 to July 2017. A total no. of 125 patients (104 F+ 21M) in the age group 40 -90 years were selected randomly for study. Exclusion criteria were age less than 40 and more than 90 years, confirmed cases of osteoporosis, patients on antiresorptive treatment, cases of surgically removed ovary and uterus, bone metastasis. Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA) scans were obtained to assess presence of low BMD. FRAX calculations with and without addition of femoral neck BMD were done in all patients. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20 was used for statistical analysis. Results: Hip fracture probabilities (6.00±10.47% ̴5.03±10.26%) and MO fracture probabilities (11.34±12.85% ̴ 11.89±12.87%) were similar with or without inclusion of BMD in FRAX tool respectively. Conclusion: FRAX may be used to assess for 10 year hip and major osteoporotic fracture probabilities status in the absence of DXA facilities or avoiding unnecessary DXA scanning.


The achievement of robust employee performance (EP) is a critical issue for every organization due to its significant contribution to organizational success. This study aims to examine the impact of employee-related factors on EP at private banks in Sindh, Pakistan. The researchers used quantitative methods to obtain data from private banks in Sindh at random using a survey questionnaire. The researchers distributed or delivered 528 survey forms to the various branches of Sindh's private banks. The researcher returned 318 valid surveys with a 60% response rate. The overall reliability of the questionnaire is noticed as 0.853, while individual factor reliability also appeared as greater than 0.60. The researchers used the structural equation model (SEM) to assess the hypothesized paths by analysis of moment structures (AMOS). The study findings suggest that the employee-related factors, i.e. proactivity (PA), adaptability (AD), intrinsic motivation (IM), skills flexibility (SF), commitment (CMT) and skill level (SL) significantly and positively affect EP. This study contributes to the HRM literature, particularly in the area of EP and assists the management and practitioners of human resources management and development in increasing organizational performance.


Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) is a way of designing, developing, deploying, and managing enterprise systems where business needs and technical solutions are closely aligned. SOA-based systems can be large and complex, so the role of documentation as a means of communicating information about them is very important. This workshop will explore the current state-of-the-art and state-of-the-practice in documenting SOA-based systems, leveraging work such as the "Views and Beyond" approach to documenting software architecture from Carnegie Mellon University's Software Engineering Institute.


Paracrine‐derived vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is established as an indispensable contributor to the angiogenic cascade. Autocrine VEGF, in contrast, is solely attributed to endothelial cell survival signaling, and its potential regulation of other endothelial cell functions has not been studied. We hypothesized that the deletion of VEGF would disrupt endothelial cell migration and shear stress adaptation. Endothelial cells were isolated from transgenic mice having VEGF exon 3 flanked by loxP sites (VEGFL/L). Cells were transduced with adeno‐Cre recombinase to induce VEGF deletion, or adeno‐β‐galactosidase as a control. When subjected to a scrape migration assay, cells with Cre induced VEGF deletion (VEGFΔ) exhibited impaired cell motility compared VEGFL/L cells (12% compared to 64% wound closure after 48 hours; p<0.05). Shear stress stimulation (15 dynes; 2hr) caused significant increases in phospho‐Akt in VEGFL/L cells, which was repressed in VEGFΔ cells (2.4 vs. 1.5 fold above static, respectively). Shear‐induced increases in phospho‐p38MAPK were unaltered in VEGFΔ cells (3.9 vs 3.3 fold above static, respectively). Shear‐induced endothelial cell alignment (15 dynes; 24hr) also was repressed in VEGFΔ cells. Taken together these results provide novel evidence that autocrine VEGF contributes to multiple aspects of endothelial cell function.


A differential analysis of electrical attributes, including the temperature profile and trapping phenomena is introduced using a device analytical spatial electrical model. The resultant current difference caused by the applied voltage variation is divided into isothermal and thermal sections, corresponding to the instantaneous time- or temperature-dependent change. The average temperature relevance is explained in the theoretical section with respect to the thermal profile and major parameters of the device at the operating point. An ambient temperature variation method has been used to determine device average temperature under quasi-static state and pulse operation, was compared with respect to the threshold voltage shift of a high-electron-mobility transistor (HEMT). The experimental sections presents theoretical subtractions of average channel temperature determination including trapping phenomena adapted for the AlGaN/GaN HEMT. The theoretical results found using the analytical model, allow for the consolidation of specific methodologies for further research to determine the device temperature based on spatially distributed and averaged parameters.


Two-dimensional signals are normally processed as rectangularly sampled arrays; i.e., they are periodically sampled in each of two orthogonal independent variables. Another form of periodic sampling, hexagonal sampling, offers substantial savings in machine storage and arithmetic computations for many signal processing operations. In this paper, methods for the processing of two-dimensional signals which have been sampled as two-dimensional hexagonal arrays are presented. Included are methods for signal representation, linear system implementation, frequency response calculation, DFT calculation, filter design, and filter implementation. These algorithms bear strong resemblances to the corresponding results for rectangular arrays; however, there are also many important differences. Some comparisons between the two methods for representing planar data will also be presented.


The site of Tell el-Farkha is situated north of the village of Ghazala (Markaz el-Simbillawein). It consists of three tells covering a total area of ca. 400 x 110 m and rising to 4.5 m above the surrounding fields. Located in 1987 by an Italian archaeological expedition of the Centro Studi e Ricerche Ligabue in Venice, it was explored archaeologically in 1988-1990. A predynastic settlement was identified, as well as mudbrick architecture from Late Predynastic to Old Kingdom times. Work was renewed in 1998, the purpose of the campaign being a comprehensive survey of site geology and stratigraphy, intended to provide the necessary data for a comprehensive planning of the next and more intensive season in the field. Three archaeological survey methods were applied: test trenches, geological core sample drilling and geophysical surveying.


1. Smaller and More Specialised Hospitals Hospitals are expected to become smaller with fewer hospital beds. In addition, hospitals will tend to focus more on disease prevention, rapid patient work-ups, diagnostic tests and treatments that should result in shorter hospital stays. Hospitals will also increase use of noninvasive interventions and implement improvement outpatient strategies and home management. Primary care centres will be better staffed and more well-equipped so that more patients could be treated without hospital admission. Only patients with acute illness will be hospitalised. In other words, the concept of general hospital will cease to exist and specialty hospitals will take their place.


Abstract This article presents Yeshayahu Leibowitz's conception of Judaism and characterizes his position as typically religious-existentialist. It confronts Leibowitz's conception with Kantian ethics, refutes the analogy made between these two conceptions, and shows that Leibowitz's response to Kant is analogous to that of Kierkegaard, the Christian existentialist thinker. It considers Leibowitz's religious position a Jewish variation of Kierkegaard's notion of faith in the absurd. Such an analogy enables us not only to elucidate Leibowitz's religious conception but also to evaluate the implications of Kierkegaard's religious thought in a broader context.


white rot fungi strains were detected with three different laccase detective methods, and the result indicated that two methods among them were identical in qualitative analysis, with α naphthol as the optimal detective method of the enzyme.


Based on the test results obtained in an experimental area of dynamic consolidation in an airport extending project, the effects of pre-compaction and dewatering on the dynamic consolidation were analyzed. The functions of these measures and the mechanism of dynamic consolidation of soft soils were also discussed herein. This experimental study indicates that the measures of pre-compaction and dewatering have positive effects on the dynamic consolidation improvement; the key to improve saturated clayey soil by dynamic consolidation is providing drainage channel for excessive pore water pressure occurred in the process of impacts, the mechanism of tapping improvement in saturated clayey soil is consolidation under the dynamic influence.


Objective
To evaluate the effect of labor analgesia on the development of postpartum depression.

Methods
Seventy nulliparous parturients who were at full term with a singleton fetus in vertex presentation, aged 20-35 yr, with body mass index<27 kg/m2, at 38-41 weeks of gestation, of ASA physical statusⅠ, were enrolled and divided into 2 groups(n=35 each)using a random number table: vaginal delivery group(group VD)and labor analgesia group(group LA). In LA group, the epidural catheter was placed at L2, 3 interspace for combined spinal-epidural analgesia when their cervical dilations were in 2-3 cm.VAS score was maintained below 3 after the analgesia.Parturients completed Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale questionnaires 42 days after the labor.The development of depression was recorded.

Results
The incidence of postnatal depression was significantly lower in LA group(17%)than in VD group(40%).

Conclusion
Labor analgesia can decrease the development of postpartum depression.

Key words:
Analgesia, obstetrical; Depression, postpartum


Mental health does not exist on its own. It is an integral and essential part of overall health, which can be defined in at least three ways – as the absence of disease, as a state of the organism that allows the full performance of all its functions or as a state of balance within oneself and between oneself and one's physical and social environment (Sartorius, 2002). Which of these three definitions is used depends on the level to which the basic health needs are satisfied. These needs include food, shelter, survival, protection, society, social support, and freedom from pain, environmental hazards, unnecessary stress and from any part of exploitation (Maslow, 1968). The state of mental health implies that the individual has the ability to form and maintain affectionate relationships with others, to perform in the social roles usually played in their culture and to manage change, recognize, acknowledge and communicate positive actions and thoughts as well as to manage emotions such as sadness. Mental health gives an individual the feeling of worth, control and understanding of internal and external functioning. The Society for Health Education and Promotion Specialists (SHEPS, 1997) suggests that mental health also involves feeling positive about oneself and others, feeling glad and joyful and loving. Mental health, like mental illness, is also affected by biological, social, psychological and environmental factors. The individual at the core of functioning is surrounded by the social world – in the proximal world it will include family, kinship, employers, peers, colleagues, friends and, in the distal context, society and culture. The interaction between individuals and society becomes critical in building healthy communities, which in turn can promote mental health. Vulnerabilities to mental ill health (or, as the Health Education Authority report (HEA, 1997) calls it, mental health demotion) include internal factors such as a lack of emotional resilience, poor self-esteem and social status, feeling trapped and helpless, and problems associated with sexuality or sexual orientation, isolation and poor integration. External factors contributing to this vulnerability have been described as poor social conditions (housing, poverty, unemployment), discrimination or abuse, cultural conflict, stigma and poor autonomy, among other factors (HEA, 1997). T. Y. Lin (personal communication) once told one of us that he was teaching his son about mental health, which for him meant being at ease when with others and when alone. An individual in a state of good mental health will have a strong sense of self and others; they will be able (and willing) to form positive relationships and yet be comfortable in their own company. The notions of self will be very strongly influenced by culture, and whether the individual is socio-centric or egocentric will be determined by culture and personality. Any attempts to change this notion of the self may well lead to culture conflict, individual dissonance and unhappiness. The core senses of mental health include trust, challenge, competency, accomplishment and humour, and the capacities that mental health offers include the ability to develop psychologically, emotionally, intellectually and spiritually; initiate, develop and sustain mutual emotionally satisfying relationships; the ability to be aware of others and to empathize with them; and to use psychological distress as a development process and learn from it so that it does not hinder or impair further development (HEA, 1997). The Mental Health Foundation (MHF, 2008) notes that mental health is defined by how individuals think and feel about themselves and their life, and that it affects how an individual copes and manages in times of adversity. Mental health is seen as affecting one's abilities to function and make the most of the opportunities that are available, and to participate fully with family, workplace, community and peers. There is a close link between physical and mental health, as they affect each other directly and indirectly. It is thus possible to suggest that mental health is a state of equipoise where the individual is at peace with themself, is able to function effectively socially and is able to look after their own basic needs as well as higher function needs. Positive functionality means managing change, relationships and emotions in a constructive manner. The challenge for psychiatry is that it needs to What is mental health?


In complicated terrain,skew ness balancing method based on elevation cannot meet hypothesis of algorithm in many areas,and the problem based on intensity is that different objects have the same intensity value.So,the paper proposes skew ness balancing method based on elevation difference.The method is adopted to filter LiDAR point clouds after calculating the elevation difference betw een the point cloud and sparse TIN of initial ground.Test data of ISPRS is selected to experiment.The experimental results demonstrate that elevation difference of point cloud could satisfy hypothesis of skew ness balancing in complicated terrain,and the skewness balancing method based on elevation difference has better filtering results and is adapted to more complicated terrain.


The two projects selected for the Reuse of Modernist Buildings are examples of our way of understanding this subject. These projects are neither typical rehabilitations, nor refurbishment, but an intense exchange between the diverse existing layers and the new ones required.
The aims of these projects focused on giving clarity to the existing facilities and removing the ambiguities which resulted from the successive additions and uses to which the building has been subjected to over time, thus enabling a clear proposal for new buildings. In these projects, the renovation and remodelling of existing structures, as well as the proposal for new constructions, was grounded on the principle of a dialogue between the existing and the new, between the past and the present.


Two-dimensional triangular-lattice materials with spin-1/2 are perfect platforms for investigating quantum frustrated physics with spin fluctuations. Here we report the structure, magnetization, heat capacity, and inelastic neutron scattering (INS) results on cesium ytterbium diselenide, ${\mathrm{CsYbSe}}_{2}$. There is no long-range magnetic order down to 0.4 K at zero field. The temperature-dependent magnetization, $M(T)$, reveals an easy-plane magnetic anisotropy. A maximum is found in $M(T)$ around $T\ensuremath{\approx}1.5$ K when magnetic field $H$ is applied in the $ab$ plane, indicating the short-range interaction. The low-temperature isothermal magnetization $M(H)$ shows a one-third plateau of the estimated saturation moment, which is characteristic of a two-dimensional (2D) frustrated triangular lattice. Heat capacity shows field-induced long-range magnetic order for both $H||c$ and $H||ab$ directions. The broad peak in heat capacity and highly damped INS magnetic excitation at $T=2$ K suggests strong spin fluctuations. The dispersive in-plane INS, centered at the (1/3 1/3 0) point, and the absence of dispersion along the $c$ direction suggest ${120}^{\ensuremath{\circ}}$ noncollinear 2D-like spin correlations. All these results indicate that the two-dimensional frustrated material ${\mathrm{CsYbSe}}_{2}$ can be in proximity to the triangular-lattice quantum spin liquid. We propose an experimental low-temperature $H\text{\ensuremath{-}}T$ phase diagram for ${\mathrm{CsYbSe}}_{2}$.


Cytokines and chemokines are secreted proteins that regulate various biological processes, such as inflammation, immune response, and cell differentiation. Therefore, disruption of signaling pathways involving these proteins has been linked to a range of diseases, including cancer. However, targeting individual cytokines, chemokines, or their receptors is challenging due to their regulatory redundancy and incomplete understanding of their signaling networks. To transform these difficult-to-drug targets into a pharmacologically manageable class, we developed a web-based platform called KinCytE. This platform was designed to link the effects of kinase inhibitors, a well-established class of drugs, with cytokine and chemokine release and signaling networks. The resulting KinCytE platform enables users to investigate protein kinases that regulate specific cytokines or chemokines, generate a ranked list of FDA-approved kinase inhibitors that affect cytokine/chemokine activity, and explore and visualize cytokine signaling network thus facilitating drugging this challenging target class. KinCytE is freely accessible via https://atlas.fredhutch.org/kincyte.


Playgrounds are fundamentally important, providing an outlet for young children, encouraging them to interact with one another, and to stay fit and healthy, especially in areas where outdoor space is limited.


INTEGRATING GENETICS AND NEUROIMAGING TO STUDY SUBTYPES OF BINGE DRINKERS Megan Elizabeth Cooke, B.S. A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Virginia Commonwealth University Virginia Commonwealth University, 2017 Danielle Dick, PhD Professor, Departments of Psychology, and Human & Molecular Genetics Risky alcohol use is a major health concern among college students, with 40.1% reporting binge drinking (5 or more drinks in one occasion) and 14.4% reporting heavy drinking (binge drinking on 5 or more occasions) in the past month. Risky alcohol use is thought to be the result of a complex interplay between genes, biological processes, and other phenotypic characteristics. Understanding this complex relationship is further complicated by known phenotypic heterogeneity in the development of alcohol use. Developmental studies have suggested two pathways to risky alcohol use, characterized by externalizing and internalizing characteristics, respectively. However, the underlying biological processes that differentiate these pathways are not fully understood. Neuroimaging studies have assessed reward sensitivity, emotion reactivity, and behavioral inhibition using fMRI and separately demonstrate associations in externalizing and internalizing disorders more broadly. In addition, previous genetic studies have found associations


Based on the influences of the current mixture radio design on the diseases appearing in or after micro-surfacing pavement construction,the problems existing in the micro-surfacing mixture radio design were analyzed.The feasibility that scattering loss test is used in micro-surfacing mixture radio design was studied,and the method to improve micro-surfacing mixture radio was also put forward.


The game industry offers South Africa the biggest opportunity to develop its rural economy, create jobs and improve food security. All of this and also an exceptional example of a green economy.


Functional imaging using 18 F-FDG-PET provides the clinician with additional information about the tumour response during and / or after induction chemo- / chemo-radiotherapy. Semiquantitative analysis with SUV measurements allows prediction of histopathologic remission with sensitivity and specificity of 65-85 %. In addition, SUV reductions by < 40-60 % in relation to the baseline scan indicate better disease-free and overall survival rates. Successful response prediction has been shown in some tumour entities early during or after the first chemo- / chemo-radiotherapy cycle. This allows an early adaptation of therapeutic strategies including avoidance of invasive procedures or surgical tumour removal. Standardization of the application and performance of PET-scans is of crucial importance with respect to inter-institutional comparisons and diagnostic validity. The optimal time-point of sequential investigations during / after radiotherapy remains unclear and warrants further interventional studies.


The use and regulation of e-cigarettes is a controversial issue, especially as their use becomes more prevelant. There is a need for current data on e-cicagrette use, particualry among young people under the age of 18. The current study explores prevalence of e-cigarettes among Irish teenagers and factors that might be associated with use. A cross-sectional, representative survey of 824 young people aged 16-17 explored e-cigarette awareness and prevalence. Atotalof23.8%of respondentshadusede-cigarettesatleastonce. Dualuse oftobaccoande-cigaretteswascommonwith 69.5%ofregularsmokersand30.4%of'ever'smokers havingtriede-cigarettes and 10.6% of current smokers using e-cigarettes regularly.4.2%ofnever smokershavetriede-cigarettes.Overall, current e-cigarette use (once a month or more) waslow(3.2%).Binarylogisticregression conducted through generalized estimating equations (GEE) determinedthat controlling for other variables,current tobaccouseand 'ever'tobacco use predicted e-cigarette use.Gender and school-level socioeconomic status were also independent predictors of e-cigarette use. E-cigarette use remains less common that tobacco use among young people in Ireland. However, young people who use tobacco are significantly more likely to have used e-cigarettes. There is a proportion of young people who have never used tobacco who have tried e-cigarettes and a small percentage of young people who do so regularly.


The effect of source angular size on the measurement of antenna half-power beamwidth using extraterrestrial sources is analyzed for a circularly symmetric Gaussian antenna pattern and a circular uniform disk source. Results are presented in the form of universal curves which can be used conveniently in practical applications. The curves may be also used in the determination of the angular size of the disk source.


This research aims to know and analyze the effect of social responsibility and intellectual capital both simultaneously and partially to company's financial performance at state-owned enterprise (BUMN) listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. The type of research is quantitative and with the using secondary data. The total sample is nine companies which the research period is 2011-2015. Results show that simultaneously corporate social responsibility and intellectual capital influence the finance performance. Corporate social responsibility do not have effect while intellectual capital influence the financial performance partially.


Introduction In Romans 1:18, the Apostle Paul writes, "the wrath of God is being revealed against the godlessness and the unrighteousness of humanity. . . ."1 The Greek noun ήγῤο ("wrath") appears more frequently in Romans (1:18; 2:5 [twice], 8; 3:5; 4:15; 5:9; 9:22 [twice]; 12:19; 13:4, 5) than in any other Pauline epistle.2 In an epistle in which God's wrath is clearly an important topic, it is interesting that Paul also uses the noun ιe ήρήρ ("peace") more frequently in Romans (1:7; 2:10; 3:17; 5:1; 8:6; 14:17, 19; 15:13, 33; 16:20; cf. the verb ιe ήρήιeιeή 12:18) than in any of his other epistles.3 Even more significant for the purpose of this essay, he brings together the concepts of wrath and peace at three key points: 2:5-10; 5:1-11; and 12:18-21. These three passages belong to what many commentators see as three distinct sections of the epistle (chapters 1-4, 5-8, and 12-15).4 In this paper I would like to accomplish two things. First, I will draw attention to wrath and peace in Romans, focusing on the three passages in which the terminology of wrath and peace occurs in close proximity: 2:5-10; 5:111; and 12:18-21. Second, I will comment on how Paul's concept of the relationship between wrath and peace is worked out in the unfolding of the epistle. In particular I will argue that, read together, these passages are points on a trajectory toward the spread of God's peace. Whereas in the early chapters of Romans, it seemed impossible for sinful humanity to experience God's peace, Paul proclaims in chapter 5 the gift of God's peace, which in turn leads to an exhortation to be agents of God's peace toward all in chapter 12. In contrast, in each of the three passages, Paul attributes wrath to God and only to God. Procedurally, it will be beneficial to deal first with each passage on its own terms before asking how these parts relate to the whole. A helpful image for this investigation is that of a triptych, with its three individual panels. Each panel is independent, yet when they are considered together they influence the interpretation of the whole


Misclassification errors have been reported in rapid diagnostic HIV tests (RDTs) in sub‐Saharan African countries. These errors can lead to missed opportunities for prevention‐of‐mother‐to‐child‐transmission (PMTCT), early infant diagnosis and adult HIV‐prevention, unnecessary lifelong antiretroviral treatment (ART) and wasted resources. Few national estimates or systematic quantifications of sources of errors have been produced. We conducted a comprehensive assessment of possible sources of misclassification errors in routine HIV testing in Zimbabwe.


This paper suggests and discusses a set of components which, the authors argue, will impact innovative brand leadership performance at the level of an individual service enterprise. The research design represents a holistic and systemic perspective to service branding and the methodology employed is conceptual desk research. A systemic model is suggested which depicts five influential components of innovative brand leadership performance. The components are termed as 'a service centric view', 'a customer centric view', 'a service employee centric view', 'an organizing centric view' and "a knowledge centric view'. The paper contributes to existing knowledge of services branding by showing how innovative brand leadership may be obtained at the level of an individual service enterprise.


The present study indicated the incidence of dermatophytosis during winter season in crossbred calves of the age group of 4 to 16 months. The incidence was found higher in female calves (73.08%) as compared to male calves (26.92%). Trichiphyton verrucosum was isolated from the clinical cases. Presence of ectoparasites along with T. verrucosum indicated the possible spread of fungi by ectoparasites. The symptomatological study indicated typically ringworm regions. The average numbers of lesion were recorded 12.52 per calf. Lesions were found more on face, dewlap, wither and thorax part of the body. Haematological study revealed significant decrease in haemoglobin level and leucocytosis with neutropenia and lymphocytosis. As compared to the sulphur ointment use of Whitfield early recovery from clinical cases. The other effective drugs were found himax and sulphur ointment. The Annona squamosa oil was not effective in cure of dermatophytosis.


Traditionally, the nucleus of radio installations on board large ships has been essential safety equipment, but on modern ships it may represent only one fifth of total radiocommunication equipment. Specialised radio services now include such items as the transmission of weather reports and daily newspapers. Although integrated systems employing high-reliability solid-state devices are being increasingly used, the rugged valve is still more economical at medium and high radio-frequency powers.


Highlights: Graphical/Tabular Abstract  Proposed a novel algorithm called SIMMCMKF for radar measurements in spherical coordinates  Smaller estimation error compared to SIMM-KF and IMM-CMKF algorithms  Suitable for real-time tracking systems due to low computational cost In this study, we adapt the Converted Measurements Kalman Filter (CMKF) algorithm to the scalar-weighted interacting multiple model (SIMM) algorithm to minimize the estimation errors in target tracking problems. The proposed method has been tested on heavy maneuvering-target under high measurement noise. The following graphs depict the estimation errors of the SIMM-KF, IMM-CMKF and the proposed SIMM-CMKF algorithm. The peaks in the graphs occur during the target maneuvers. Especially when non-maneuvering cases, the estimation error of the SIMM-CMKF algorithm is lower than the other algorithms. As seen from the figures, the Kalman filter has a lower estimation error during the maneuvers. Since the target maneuvers occur only rarely unlike from this demanding test scenario, the overall tracking performance of SIMM-CMKF algorithm is better than the other algorithms.


The evolution and development of adaptations result from the gradual selection and inheritance of traits and behaviors that better enable organisms to acquire and maintain resources needed for survival and reproduction. We argue that instances of individual, regional, and global violence are rooted in our adaptations to seek, acquire, maintain, and utilize limited resources, regardless of whether such adaptations are currently successful at doing so. However, violence is not the only strategy employed by organisms to acquire resources; cooperation, reciprocity, and social bonding are behaviors that may likewise prove useful in this endeavor. We speculate about how individual adaptations and their by-products may interact with the adaptations of other individuals and with societal and cultural phenomena, both violently and nonviolently. Finally, we discuss how individual decisions can affect higher level regional and global violence. Individual decisions carry moral weight for the individual in question and for society as a whole. We hope to convince readers that their personal decisions and behaviors have far-reaching consequences on the well-being of others and that an evolutionary consciousness may help us to understand the effects of our personal choices on the existence of individual- and group-level violence.


AbstractEarly studies of Hmong refugees in the U.S. indicated high rates of mental distress related to post-migration stressors such as grief and loss, poverty, and social adversity. This study explores the mental health status of two generations of Hmong Americans 38 years after their first migration. The relationship between acculturation and mental health of 191 1st and 2nd generation Hmong are reported. Results indicated relatively low reports of depressive symptoms and medium to high rates of acculturation to American society. The results are unrelated to demographic factors indicating resilience and adaptation to Western society despite age and generational status and maintenance of culture of origin.Key Words: Hmong, acculturation, mental health, generational status, refugeeHmong in the U.S.: Acculturation and Mental HealthIntroductionWar and immigration have profound effects on the mental health of immigrants resulting in higher reports of mental health distress upon arrival to the host country (Weine, 2011). In early studies, Hmong reported high rates of anxiety, depression, and PTSD soon after their arrival to the U.S. (Westermeyer, Vang, & Neider, 1984; Westermeyer, 1988). However, little research has been conducted on the mental health status of Hmong refugees since Westermeyer's seminal study.The adjustment of refugees is often examined through the lens of acculturation (Lee & Green 2010; Weine, 2011). Acculturation is the process whereby immigrants acquire the characteristics of the dominant culture as they adjust to their new home. Through acculturation, immigrants integrate into their host society through learned norms, values, and practices of the host culture. As refugees adjust to their new environments, the initial culture shock along with the grief and loss experienced by refugees may decline due to an increased sense of self efficacy in their new homes, leading to increased feelings of well-being and reduction of anxious and depressed feelings. On the other hand, continued barriers to acculturation may prolong mental health distress (Weine, 2011). The major life transitions such as loss of loved ones, loss of home, belongings, and social networks involved in abrupt migration may contribute to higher mental distress among refugees, while at the same time, those who arrive with pre-existing mental health conditions may find it harder to adjust to their new homeland than those refugees who may possess characteristics that act as buffering factors. These characteristics include having been educated in the home country, connections to members of one's own ethnic group, and vocational skills (Westermeyer Vang, & Neider, 1984 ; Pipher, 2003). Pre-existing mental health conditions may act as barriers to adaptation. These are different from situational mental health conditions. Therefore, refugees who experience mental distress as a result of their abrupt migration may report improvement once the situational stressors are no longer present. However, few studies have looked at mental health among Hmong who have been in the U.S. for a prolonged period. This paper examines the mental health status of a small group of Hmong Americans almost 40 years after their arrival to the United States.The The mental health and acculturation status of Hmong Americans across two generations is examined in this paper; first generation refugees who were born outside the U.S., and second generation Hmong born in the U.S. Refugees, upon arrival to their host country, may experience mental health distress such as anxiety and depression as a result of pre and post migration factors (Weine, 2011). Refugees suffer from grief and loss after leaving behind home, family, and social networks as well as having to face adjustment challenges due to the abrupt changes involved in migration. As stated earlier, the mental distress of new Hmong refugees is well documented by earlier studies (Westermeyer, Vang, & Neider, 1984; Westermeyer, 1988). …


The coordinated form of [o-(diethylaminomethyl)phenyl]halodimethyl(or diphenyl)stannanes was found to exhibit dynamic behaviors in their 1H NMR spectra. Examination of a series of halogen compounds by total line shape analysis of the diastereotopic methylene proton signals revealed that, at 10 °C, the rates of dissociation were 11.7, 22.9, 28.6, and 73.3 s−1 for fluoro, chloro, bromo, and iodo compounds, respectively: The results are in conformity with the expectation from the electronegativity of halogens. The relatively small differences in the activation parameters in the whole series may include contribution by solvation energies. The diphenyl compound exhibited fast exchange rates relative to the corresponding dimethyl compound. This was attributed to the steric factor rather than the pπ-dπ interaction.


Lots of large aircrafts have been developed with various designs for different purposes like commercial, combat and cargo. Presently, for small inaccessible regions, due to security and inspection, there is a need for small sized aircraft. With the development in technology, lots of research is being conducted for small sized unmanned aircrafts. So, under fixed wing type small sized aircrafts, various designs can be generated for the wing with better aerodynamic performance. In this present study, the aerodynamic characteristics of the micro air vehicle fixed wing with different planforms are investigated using Fluent Solver with standard k- turbulence model. The planforms taken up for study are Zimmerman, Inverse Zimmerman, Modified Trapezoid, Plaster 2. The airfoils chosen to design the wing are Selig-4083 and Epple-61. All the wing designs have same chord length, wingspan, and analysed with same air speed for different angle of attacks ranging from 0 to 40. Numerical data of two wings with Zimmerman and Inverse Zimmerman results are validated with the experimental values of CSIR - NAL. All the wing planforms results are compared with the Zimmerman and Inverse Zimmerman. Based on the study, Plaster2 and Modified Trapezoid gives the optimum value in terms of aerodynamic coefficients. But Inverse Zimmerman has the maximum aerodynamic efficiency among all planforms while Plaster2 has the maximum value of coefficient of lift.


Tryptases are mast cell and basophil trypsin-like proteases, permanently produced by these cells and released both spontaneously as zymogens and during granule exocytosis as mature enzymes. The serum tryptase assay measures the sum of mature and immature forms, with an approximate half-life of two hours. It is currently employed in the laboratory work-up of anaphylaxis, systemic mastocytosis, various myeloproliferative disorders and as a predictive marker of the severity of systemic reactions in hymenoptera allergic patients. Still, tryptase physiology is all but wellknown: biological roles, metabolism, excretion as well as putative contribution to host defense and antigen presentation by mast cells. We review here current knowledge about the serum tryptase assay as the only mast cell parameter within easy reach in current practice and summarize takehome guidelines for tryptase use in clinics. # 2011 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.


How much of your personal investment portfolio should be dedicated to municipal bonds depends on variables such as your tax bracket, your tolerance for risk and your age.


Preface ONE Imperialism and Idealism: AmericaOs China Policy Dilemma TWO Fair Diplomatic Action: Anson Burlingame and the Cooperative Policy in China THREE Determined Moral Pressure: J. Ross Browne and BurlingameOs Policy FOUR Disillusionment and Frustration: Frederick F. Low and Benjamin P. Avery in China FIVE The Diplomacy of Expediency: The China Career of George F. Seward SIX Attempts at an Independent Policy: James B. Angell and John Russell Young in Peking SEVEN Two China Policies: Charles Denby versus the State Department EIGHT Epilogue: The Dilemma Becomes the Policy in John HayOs Open Door Notes Appendix: United States Ministers to China, Secretaries of State, and Presidents, 1861-1901 Notes Bibliography Index


Large numbers of each of the stages of the cabbage maggot, Hylemya brassicae (Bouché), are often required for studies on biology or on biological or chemical control of the insect. A method has been reported by Sherwood and Pond (1954) for maintaining a colony for more than a year. The method described herein enables mass rearing of eggs, larvae and pupae and easy separation of any stage.


This paper introduces a mobile robot named QuadTrack-III developed for urban search and rescue. This robot has four modular tracks which can be driven and lifted independently. Thus the configuration of the robot can be varied for adapting to uneven terrain. Each modular track consists of two sprockets with an attachment chain and two BLDC motors are embedded in the track module. It also includes BLDC motor drivers for each joint. Because the modular track mechanism embodies all of the things required for driving, the weight of the main body is smaller than the tracks. From this feature, the mass center of the robot can be lowered and the distribution of reaction forces can be varied. This paper describes the mechanical structure, the control architecture and a climbing strategy over vertical step for the QuadTrack-III. It also shows some experimental results of the vertical step climbing strategy.


This paper describes the work done by the Indian Central Road Research Unit on the applicability to India of the Brazil model which quantifies vehicle operating costs when driven over various types of road and environment. This research was undertaken as part of the World Bank Highway Design and Maintenance Study (HDM) and was entitled the Road User Cost Study (RUCS). Firstly, linear models for 'speeds' which is one of the important variables in determining operating costs, were developed. Later at the World Bank, models based on mechanistic principles for vehicle speed as well as fuel consumption and other variables like tyre and spare parts consumption, etc, were developed. It was proposed to study the transferability of these mechanistic models to other countries whose vehicle characteristics, road standards, economic conditions, etc, are different. For this purpose, the data collected for speed and fuel consumption under RUCS were utilised. It was observed that the mechanistic principle based on speed and fuel consumption models were generally adaptable. However, further research in certain areas like the driver behaviour under different economic conditions and road width effect on desired speeds is to be done.


Tungsten-rhenium mixed powders were prepared by a spray drying method followed by two-step reduction process. The reduction process and sintering behavior of the W-Re powders and the DC emission properties of the W-Re mixed matrix dispenser cathodes have been studied. Porous microstructure for the W-Re mixed powders was developed during the hydrogen reduction process. With the increase of the rhenium content in the W-Re powders, the grain size of the matrix decreased dramatically and the sintering temperature has to be increased correspondingly in order to obtain appropriate apparent porosity. W-75at%Re mixed matrix cathode demonstrates the highest electron emission among the W-Re mixed cathodes studied, with direct current density reaching 10.73 A/cm2 at a temperature of 1000 °C.


Pangkep Regency has a large coastal area resource potential which is characterized by a long shoreline line of around 49.71 Km. Potential is spread along the coast which requires up-to-date information, namely position and area which is the basis for optimally and sustainably planning and managing coastal areas. The aim of this study is to map the potential of coastal ecosystem resources and coastal facilities along with their respective areas. This research uses a method with the Remote Sensing Technology and Geographic Information System (GIS) approach. The type of satellite data used is Spot-6 observation of 2018. The results obtained up-to-date data and information related to coastal area ecosystems and coastal facilities, namely mangrove ecosystems (327.22 ha), seagrass ecosystems (197.3 ha), coral reef ecosystems (0 Ha), artificial ecosystems in the form of ponds (13,792 , 57 ha) and beach facilities in the form of seven fishing ports and piers. This data is expected to be a material consideration for policy makers of the Pangkep Regency government in developing and developing their coastal areas in the future.


We consider inference for possibly misspecified GMM models based on possibly nonsmooth moment conditions. While it is well known that misspecified GMM estimators with smooth moments remain √ n consistent and asymptotically normal, globally misspecified nonsmooth GMM estimators are n 1 / 3 consistent when either the weighting matrix is fixed or when the weighting matrix is estimated at the n 1 / 3 rate or faster. Because the estimator's nonstandard asymptotic distribution cannot be consistently estimated using the standard bootstrap, we propose an alternative rate-adaptive bootstrap procedure that consistently estimates the asymptotic distribution regardless of whether the GMM estimator is smooth or nonsmooth, correctly or incorrectly specified. Monte Carlo simulations for the smooth and nonsmooth cases confirm that our rate-adaptive bootstrap confidence intervals exhibit empirical coverage close to the nominal level.


This paper aims to introduce an algorithm by performing three modifications in the GCS algorithm in order to enhance the rate of convergence using globally best solutions. The Cuckoo Search Algorithm, CSA, which has developed recently, is an optimization method that uses random equations for search engine and therefore the rate of convergence is considerably low. The improved algorithm developed, Improved Cuckoo Search Algorithm (ICSA), was analyzed experimentally on a set of 15 benchmark functions. The results exhibit better performance of ICSA over CSA in solving complicated optimization situations during numerical integration.


Structural analysis of a valleyward tilting structure of slate in the Setogawa Group of the Simanto Belt indicates that it is a bending fold produced by fracturing and slipping along slaty cleavages, which is caused by gravity. Formation process of the tilting structure is explained as follows: (1) At the initial stage, well-persistent cleavage plane fractures grew along slaty cleavages. (2) At the next stage, the rock masses separated by the well-persistent cleavage plane fractures bended individually with growth of many short cleavage plane fractures. (3) At the third stage, fracturing of tension fracture perpendicular to cleavages, wedge-patterned fracture zone and fold-shaped pattern of short cleavege plane fractures were developed in a zone and resulted in the formation of a hinge of bending fold. The producing fold is asymmetric. (4) Finally, the movement type of the folded slate changed by gradation from creep to topple.


The present paper covers the Bayesian estimation of Pascal distribution parameter and its admissibility. And it is also proposed that the bayes lowers confidence limit and the exact form of multilayer Bayesian estimation.


In February 1975, the British Government gave consent for the construction of two new nuclear power stations: a 4-unit plant at Sizewell, Suffolk, for the CEGB, and a 2-unit plant at Torness in East Lothian for the SSEB. These stations will be the first to use the British-developed steam-generating heavy-water reactor following the long-awaited Government decision taken in 1974. Is the s.g.h.w.r. an entirely new reactor system? Is it unique? What are its special features?


We examine the parameter accuracy that can be achieved by advanced ground-based detectors for binary inspiralling black holes and neutron stars. We use recently derived ready-to-use 2.5 PN spinning waveforms. Our main result is that the errors are noticeably different from earlier studies. An important contribution to this difference comes from self-spin terms at 2 PN order not previously considered. While the masses can be determined more accurately, the individual spins are measured less accurately compared to previous work. We also examine several regions of parameter space relevant to expected sources and the impact of simple priors. A combination of the spins is measurable to higher accuracy and we examine what this can tell us about spinning systems.


The structure formation in films of charged, colloidal suspensions confined by uncharged and charged slit pores is investigated in the present thesis. The colloids in such systems are characterized by a surface charge corresponding to their size. The counterions, which dissolve from their surface into the solvent, yield an effective screening of the electrostatic repulsion between the particles. The aim of this work is to understand the impact of the system parameters on characteristic lengths, correlations, freezing and melting phenomena. Such parameters are salt concentration, density, particle size, and surface charges of the confining walls. Colloidal suspensions and their structural properties receive great attention in nature sciences and technology as, e. g., the preparation of membranes and photonic crystals. We consider the system on a theoretical level by employing MonteCarlo simulations where the particle-particle interactions are modeled via the Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek theory. A special focus in this work is the influence of surface charges of the confinement, providing additional counterions, on the structure formation. Our theoretical predictions for small particle densities are verified by colloidal-probe atomic-force microscope experiments. A prominent effect of confined colloidal and molecular particles is the particle layering parallel to the surfaces yielding the so-called structural forces. This effect exhibits a significant dependence on the system parameters. It involves the decrease of the amplitudes of the oscillating forces by increasing the salt concentration and a force enhancement by increasing the wall charge in a parameter range relevant for the experiment. Furthermore, we show that freezing and melting phenomena are influenced by confinement. In this context, we discuss the onset of crystallization for increasing density and the alternation of (staggered) hexagonaland square-like structures for narrowing the confinement. These phenomena, affected crucially by wall charges, show a surface-charge-induced reentrant freezing. Finally, the investigations are extended to charged, binary mixtures where we find a so-called structural crossover in homogeneous systems and discuss the impact of the confinement on the composition of the mixture. Our results contribute to the fundamental understanding of the structure formation in colloidal suspensions as well as in other systems like dusty plasmas and molecular systems. They are a base for further theoretical and experimental studies providing the knowledge for future applications and for understanding nature.


This discussion contributes to the history of the colonial rule of law that governed market practice in India using the South Asian indigenous credit institution known as hundi. A centuries-old artery of credit for Indian merchant networks, and a living institution that has largely been driven underground by twenty-first-century laws, hundi provides a window into the dynamics of colonial law from the commercial and financial legislation of the 1880s to the final attempt to codify hundi in the 1960s and 1970s in a bid to bridge the growing disconnect between the Indian indigenous banking sector and modern banking. I chart the British colonial and post-independence history of hundi as means of understanding the wider political, legislative and economic dynamics of colonial state formation and the legacies of legislation.


ship with an attitude, this may or may not be disconcerting. One thing for sure—Perlmutter brings personal passion to his discourse. What does come through loud and clear in this very worthwhile book is the need to buttress with empirical evidence what too often is superficial and subjective critique of icons of outrage. Results from the author's rather casual inquiries conducted among students in his classrooms concerning photographic images are sprinkled throughout the text. These certainly are not publishable as scholarship in the top journals of the discipline, but they are highly suggestive ofthe type ofphotojournalism research ideas that should be investigated. In fact, Perlmutter's modest classroom data collection forays provide some of the best evidence to date concerning photography's effects, or lack thereof, available to the scholarly community. Perlmutter's book sets forth a research agenda larded with ideas, challenging serious em-


PurposeIn real life, excitations are highly non-stationary in frequency and amplitude, which easily induces resonant vibration to structural responses. Conventional control algorithms in this case cannot guarantee cost-effective control effort and efficient structural response alleviation. To this end, this paper proposes a novel adaptive linear quadratic regulator (LQR) by integrating wavelet transform and genetic algorithm (GA).Design/methodology/approachIn each time interval, multiresolution analysis of real-time structural responses returns filtered time signals dominated by different frequency bands. Minimization of cost function in each frequency band obtains control law and gain matrix that depend on temporal-frequency band, so suppressing resonance-induced filtered response signal can be directly achieved by regulating gain matrix in the temporal-frequency band, leading to emphasizing cost-function weights on control and state. To efficiently subdivide gain matrices in resonant and normal frequency bands, the cost-function weights are optimized by a developed procedure associated to genetic algorithm. Single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) and multi-degree-of-freedom (MDOF) structures subjected to near- and far-fault ground motions are studied.FindingsResonant band requires a larger control force than non-resonant band to decay resonance-induced peak responses. The time-varying cost-function weights generate control force more cost-effective than time-invariant ones. The scheme outperforms existing control algorithms and attains the trade-off between response suppression and control force under non-stationary excitations.Originality/valueProposed control law allocates control force amounts depending upon resonant or non-resonant band in each time interval. Cost-function weights and wavelet decomposition level are formulated in an elegant manner. Genetic algorithm-based optimization cost-efficiently results in minimizing structural responses.


The displacement of small, community-serving businesses in neighborhoods undergoing gentrification' is not a new phenomenon. 2 Most vulnerable to displacement are commercial tenants who operate independent rather than chain or franchise establishments and who offer low-priced or low-volume goods and services to the immediate neighborhood rather than to a regional clientele.3 These businesses face the threat of eviction because they are unlikely to be able to afford the major rent


This paper presents the design and test of a new scheduling environment dedicated to the off-line scheduling of PCB assembly shops. The main idea introduced is the employment of the 'kit concept' as a scheduling tool, as opposed to the traditional batch scheduling. In the kit approach, the basic PCB aggregations are kits composed of different PCBs matching finished products requirements, instead of homogeneous batches of identical boards. By introducing the kit approach, PCB assembly schedule is intended to be focused more towards the assembly of final products than towards the internal PCB assembly shop constraints and requirements. A simulation model and data from a real assembly system are used to compare the kit approach with traditional batch processing. Experimental results show that the proposed kit approach jointly achieves remarkable improvements in the effectiveness and efficiency performances of the assembly system, as compared to the batch approach. However, it is determined also that these advantages can only be achieved if a sufficiently advanced scheduling system is used.


AT THE END OF JUNE, EUROPEAN OFF-HIGHWAY VEHICLE DESIGNERS, ENGINEERS AND PROCUREMENT MANAGERS WILL DESCEND ON COLOGNE FOR THE ONLY EXHIBITION DEDICATED SOLELY TO THEIR SUPPLIERS, WHICH RUNS ALONGSIDE A CONFERENCE PROGRAMME OF UNRIVALLED KNOWLEDGE EXCHANGE. iVT EXPO IS WHERE THE PAGES OF iVT MAGAZINE COME TO LIFE… AND THE NEXT 25 PAGES PROVIDE SOME NOT-TO-BE MISSED HIGHLIGHTS


The utility model provides a diad that seat positioner of plug mechanism, connecting rod one end is through leg joint and the corresponding location arc board of dabber pole, have on the arc board of location with the dabber pole on the arc board symmetrical line of the corresponding coincidence of location line, the connecting rod other end is equipped with the locating plate that is used for fixing a position plug mechanism seat position on the non -metallic pipe, the locating plate lower extreme be holding with the corresponding arc of plug mechanism's seat, have on the locating plate with plug mechanism seat arc surface symmetrical line in the coplanar. The device just can not only realize plug mechanism seat center and die holding pore pair, can improve plug mechanism seat installation effectiveness moreover, reduces installation plug mechanism seat disqualification rate. Compared with the prior art, the utility model has the characteristics of simple structure, it is workable, low in production cost.


Chinese language teachers should often think deeply over the Chinese composition teaching in middle schools, and try some beneficial attempts and some new teaching methods. Practice has proved that there is necessity and applicability emphatically in the method of "Commentaries on compositions in volumes".


Editor: There is a long tradition of establishing guidelines for the treatment of peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis patients. The traditional initial treatment of peritonitis in adult patients, which was reflected in the first edition of the recommendations, consisted of intraperitoneal administration of a combination of a first-generation cephalosporin and an aminoglycoside (1). The second edition of the guidelines proposed the combination of vancomycin and an aminoglycoside or ceftazidime (2). Because of increasing concerns about the risk of the occurrence of multiresistant micro-organisms due to widespread administration of vancomycin, the next edition of the peritonitis treatment recommendations turned back to the combination of a first-generation cephalosporin and an aminoglycoside (3). In the most recent edition of the guidelines, the combination of a first-generation cephalosporin (cephalothin or cephazolin) and a third-generation cephalosporin (ceftazidime) has been advocated (4). The reason for changing the aminoglycoside component to ceftazidime was stated as, "The need to avoid routine use of aminoglycoside arises from the concern to preserve residual renal function, which is an independent predictor of patient survival." The risk of ototoxicity caused by aminoglycosides would be another argument to restrict their use. So far, the recommendations have been for adult patients and, until recently, the recommendations for pediatric patients followed those for adults. Recently, however, separate pediatric "consensus guidelines" were published by an ad hoc advisory committee (5). The differences with the recommendations for adult patients are striking. The combination of a firstand a third-generation cephalosporin is only recommended in patients with cloudy effluent, without fever and/or abdominal pain, and no risk factors for severe infection. In all others, the combination of a glycopeptide (vancomycin or teicoplanin) and ceftazidime is recommended. The rationale for this latter combination is not clear. Indeed, excellent results using the combination of teicoplanin and ceftazidime in children have been published (6). On the other hand, excellent results using the former combination in unselected pediatric patients have also been presented, at both the first meeting of the European Pediatric Peritoneal Dialysis Working Group (EPPWG; Amsterdam, January 1999) and the 20th Annual Conference on Peritoneal Dialysis (San Francisco, February 2000). These results are known by members of the Ad Hoc Advisory Committee and have recently been published (7). The administration of vancomycin or teicoplanin in children carries the same risks as in adults. Their use should therefore be restricted to selected patients. Also in children, the initial therapy for peritonitis should, in our opinion, consist of the combination of a firstand a third-generation cephalosporin.