We are in the midst of a number of fundamental changes in our educational practices, but, because of our lack of perspective, we do not recognize these changes as reforms, and we do not cooperate intelligently in bringing them to their consummation. Such studies as we have made of the history of education lead us to connect the word "reform," whenever we use it, with some outstanding personality. Rousseau and Pestallozi and Dewey can be thought of in concrete terms, and their influence can be traced in this school and that. In the preceding paper of this series the names of Horace Mann and McGuffey were connected with certain stages in the evolution of reading, and there was little difficulty in showing that they produced important changes in school methods. When we get away from the immediate work of one of these reformers, however, and begin to discuss the broad movements which general expansion is producing, there is a certain loss in picturesqueness and definiteness of description, and the reader is likely to feel that what is being said may possibly be true but is not very important. The fact is that, in spite of our general attitude, the individual reformer is the relatively unimportant factor in the situation. He is always the product of social forces which are operating through him and around him and are producing changes on a much vaster scale than even he could imagine. The relative importance of the reformer and the social movement which he represents can be seen in the fact that the particular policies which the reformer advocates are very seldom the policies which are actually realized in educational systems. The more general social forces carry schools beyond and often away from the reformer's recommendations. Let us consider a very striking example of all of this which is near enough to our own times so that all of the factors are known and most of them are still active. The example may be described


This paper analyzes the introduction of fundamental physics in design education as a pedagogical method that trains designers to create with the unknown. It studies how three workshops offered design students to work on: superconductivity in 2011, quantum physics in 2013 and light and optics in 2014. The authors observe that introducing physics in a design curriculum was thought in terms of an "a fortiori" education program that would help practitioners to come up with pertinent questions and responses even if they cannot comprehend all aspects of the problem. The authors looked at how the workshops were handled and suggest that the educational framework had five goals that correspond to a model of design: affective (how to cope with uncertainty), reflexive learning (how to cope with processes rather than contents), cognitive (how to cope with non knowledge), economic (how to cope with the industrial society of innovation), and political (how to cope with the equality of disciplines and "indiscipline"). Interdisciplinarity in design education is organized so as to teach students how to be creative (Cross, Christiaans, and Dorst),


Two and three dimensional fiber preforms produced by textile forming techniques have been used successfully for reinforcing ceramic-based composites. The focus of this paper is on the design of textile preforms for reinforcing ceramic matrix composites. The research work consisted of the following tasks: (1) identification of typical loading conditions on composite structural elements; (2) determination of the requirements on the orientation and volume content of fiber reinforcement; (3) identifying the fiber preforms suitable for each loading condition; (4) identifying the preforming technologies available for producing the preforms; (5) analysis and modeling of the thermo-mechanical behavior of the textile composites, using the concepts of micro- and macro-cells; and (6) characterization of textile composite performance.


Composite materials based on paper honeycomb structure do have a potential in today's fast changing markets and within the present context as
sustainable products the demand for more economical and environmentally friendly products is highly increasing and stands out for environmental
issues but must outstand the strength properties as the alternative products used in packaging industry. Strength properties of composite materials made
of paper honeycomb were investigated experimentally. Static compression tests were made using testing machines "Zwick/Roell". Composite materials
were made with different honeycomb properties: cell high, cell size, various grammage of laminate layer. Honeycombs were dried and soaked before
testing their strength properties. It was confirmed and determined that moisture is important factor for paper honeycombs. It was determined that strength
properties are quite different for dried honeycombs and depend signific on the drying time which was adjusted for the specimens. Dried honeycombs
hade higher resistance to compression up to 70% and depended on the increased drying time and other honeycomb structure aspects as the cell height
and the laminated layer in the composite structure. Strength of all investigated composite materials was higher using honeycombs with smaller size
cells (with same cell high). Sandwich panels with bigger laminated layer grammage had higher strength characteristics especially panels with smaller
cell high honeycombs.


INTRODUCTION L ow levels of physical activity are a leading contributor to morbidity and disability among persons living in the United States, accounting for 22% of coronary heart disease, 22% of colon cancer, 18% of osteoporotic fractures, 12% of diabetes and hypertension, and 5% of breast cancer (3,9). In addition, physical inactivity accounts for approximately 2.4% of U.S. health care expenditures or approximately $24 billion a year (3). In the United States, most people do not achieve recommended amounts of physical activity (2). Communities can do much to increase levels of physical activity among people of all ages and, thereby, address this serious public health problem. Recommendations to increase physical activity have been made for individuals and clinical settings, but it is only recently that recommended interventions delivered at the community level have been available. Increased physical activity has been linked not only to behavioral and social variables but also to physical and social environmental factors. Therefore, the role of community-based interventions to promote physical activity has emerged as a critical piece of an overall strategy to increase physical activity behaviors among the people of the United States. In 1996, theAmericanCollege of SportsMedicine (ACSM) and the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommended that every adult in the United States accumulate 30 minutes or more of moderate-intensity physical activity


Polycrystalline 0.8BaTiO3–(0.2 − x)BiYO3–xBa(Fe0.5Nb0.5)O3 (0.8BT–(0.2 − x)BY–xBFN) (x = 0–0.04) ceramics were fabricated via a conventional solid-state reaction method. The phase transition, microstructure and dielectric properties were obtained by X-ray diffraction and dielectric measurements as functions of chemical composition and temperature. A progressive decline in ermax with increasing x leads to nearly temperature-stable dielectric properties over a wide temperature range. For x ≥ 0, dielectric measurements indicate relaxor behavior. Increasing the BFN content effectively improves the dielectric temperature stability of BT ceramics. For x = 0.02, er = 590 ± 15% from −48 °C to 326 °C, and tan δ ≤ 0.02 across the temperature range of −13 °C to 156 °C. For x = 0.04, er = 540 ± 15% from −80 °C to 336 °C, and tan δ ≤ 0.02 across the temperature range of −22 °C to 231 °C. The plot of ac conductivity for x = 0.04 shows the NTCR character of the compounds, and the activation energy of the dc conductivity is not far from the electron from second ionization energy of oxygen vacancies.


In order to realize digitizing and networking video surveillance, a kind of excellent technology of video compression is need. In this paper, the audio video coding standard based on AVS-S was systematically introduced, including its development history, target requirements, technical features and existing algorithms. All possible facing problems when AVS-S is applied in mobile video surveillance systems were analyzed. The corresponding solutions were also provided. Especially, how to use intelligent video technology to satisfy with even higher security-monitoring targets was discussed.


Introduction. More than once it was made an accent on the problem of authentic poetry usage at the foreign language lessons by the native and foreign teachers and scientists. As the matter of fact the target dedication of the poetry is the formation of linguo!socio!cultural competence – students get acquainted with the authors' poetry, whose languages they are studying. Purpose. The purpose of the article is to overview different methods of writing small poetic lines as the means of forming the intercultural competence in students at the foreign language lessons. Methods. With the help of analyzing the experience of the usage of authentic poetry at the foreignlanguage lessons there were identified the target types of communicative competence: receptive (in reading and listening) and reproductive (grammatical, phonetic, lexical), and translational competence. Results. In the methodology of foreign languages and cultures teaching there is no a standardized definition of "intercultural competence" and its components cannot be identified. Intercultural competence is based on knowledge, attitudes and skills, and it is an individual ability to make the intercultural communication. The teaching of writing the diamond poems, the clerihews, the acrostics and the cinquains is favorable to form in students the intercultural competence. Conclusion. Among the approaches for writing teaching in practice, the product approach and the process approach are mostly used. Especially the process approach is commonly used in teaching of students how to write small poetic lines at the foreign language lessons.


The purpose of this study is to test the effectiveness of the peer counseling model for improving students' self-direction competence. The research aimed to describe, test and analyze the effectiveness of the peer counseling model and employed the descriptive-analytical method and quasi-experiments to do this. The research activities consisted of a series of model validity tests, namely the model rationality test, the model practicability test, and the limited test. The data collection techniques were interviews, self-direction competence inventories, observation and documentation. The results of the research demonstrate that the peer counseling model as an intervention program for the experimental group as a whole proved to effectively improve students' self-direction competence. The peer counseling model has its strengths in selfconfidence, self-reliance, and self-control. Keywords: effectiveness, peer-counseling model, students's self-direction.


This paper introduces a recognition algorithm of highway curl road based on feature point. Firstly, a road model was established and traditional Hough transform was adopt to obtain linear equations of lanes in order to improve the real-time performance and robustness. The curve direction of current lanes was judged with certain criteria, and the feature points in the curvilinear section were extracted and corrected. Finally, the linear and curvilinear section was fitted to realize the ultimate two dimensional rebuilding of the current bent lanes. Experiments proved that both continuous and dashed lanes were recognized accurately with strong robustness.


The hybrid Lower-Upper Symmetric Gauss-Seidel (LU-SGS) algorithm was added to a widely used series of 2D/3D Euler/Navier-Stokes solvers and was demonstrated for a particular class of high-speed flows. A limited study was conducted to compare the hybrid LU-SGS for approximate Newton iteration and diagonalized Beam-Warming (DBW) schemes on a work and convergence history basis. The hybrid LU-SGS algorithm is more efficient and easier to implement than the DBW scheme originally present in the code for the cases considered. The code was validated for the hypersonic flow through two mutually perpendicular flat plates and then used to investigate the flow field in and around a simplified scramjet module gap seal configuration. Due to the similarities, the gap seal flow was compared to hypersonic corner flow at the same freestream conditions and Reynolds number.


Based on the data of high-tech industry development from China's 30 provinces during 1995-2010,it makes an empirical study on the spatial inequality and polarization of China's high-tech industry development. The result shows that China's high-tech industry development has obvious spatial inequality characteristics. The difference between regions is the main source of China's high-tech industry regional disparity. There exists a clear boundary in China's regional high-tech industry development. The spatial polarization degree of China's high-tech industry development is significantly increasing. The major reason is the rise of polymerization degree in regions.


We propose a new method for transforming an elliptic Gaussian beam, in the near-field, into a circular Gaussian beam in the far field using a very simple diffractive optical element which is a phase slit. We show that a circular Gaussian beam can be transformed into a flat-top profile, a doughnut profile or a ring-shaped profile.


Aiming at the actuality that network security was hard to be quantified,gambling theory was adopted in research on quantification of network security situational awareness based on impact model.Network service states were regarded as basic situational elements,network offense and defense behaviors were both taken into account,gambling model for network security situation was constructed,in which the model parameters such as state space,strategy set and payoff function were definitely formulated.By simulation experiment,the Nash equilibriums was computed when attackers and defenders got a balance between payoffs,then quantitative depict of network security situation was accomplished.Research shown this method has shielded details about attacks,and it is efficient and real-time,quantitative analysis of comprehensive network security situation can be accomplished which will help security administrator to make correct decisions.


Black-box testing of software is any method of generating testcases that is independent of the software's internal structure. Since black-box testing is always based, either directly or indirectly, on the software's specification, it is also called specification-based testing. The simplest concept of black-box testing is that the tester examines the program's specification and chooses test cases that exercise all its externally visible functions. In selecting these black-box tests, the tester considers the program's purpose, the sets of possible inputs and expected outputs, possible ways in which the program might fail, and possible uses of the program. The art of testing consists of approaching each of these sources of tests in an organized way, and in using whichever sources are most appropriate for the particular software and its intended use. Various specific types of black-box testing are model-based testing, scenario-based testing, data-based testing, statistical testing, and (a special case of the latter two approaches) random testing, all of these types are discussed. Other terms sometimes used as synonyms for black-box testing are functional testing and behavioral testing. The rationale for these usages is that black-box tests are based on the function or behavior to be performed by the software, not its structure or design. However, because of the multiple meanings possible for function, these terms are potentially misleading.

Keywords:

black box testing;
types;
model-based testing;
data-based testing;
scenario-based testing;
statistical testing;
random testing


Based on extensive firsthand experience with entrepreneurship education and training programs for women and a thorough review of the literature on women's entrepreneurship and leadership as it relates to entrepreneurship education and training, the authors present a framework for designing and implementing effective programs for women. The framework provides the core factors that need to be considered to effectively achieve a program's goals: the elements of the program, human factors, the contextual environment, and funding. While the framework is applicable for entrepreneurship education and training programs in general, the authors demonstrate its specific utility by sharing firsthand examples from their work with women entrepreneurs from more than 20 developing countries throughout the past 10 years. This paper provides guidelines that can be used by scholars researching entrepreneurship, leadership, women in business, and developing economies, as well as by program directors offering entrepreneurship...


Background The length of hospital stay (LOS) for acute pulmonary embolism (PE) varies considerably. Whether the upfront use of a PE prognostic assessment and management pathway is effective in reducing the LOS remains unknown. Methods We conducted a randomised controlled trial of adults hospitalised for acute PE: patients were assigned either to a prognostic assessment and management pathway involving risk stratification followed by predefined criteria for mobilisation and discharge (intervention group) or to usual care (control group). The primary end-point was LOS. The secondary end-points were the cost of prognostic tests and of hospitalisation, and 30-day clinical outcomes. Results Of 500 patients who underwent randomisation, 498 were included in the modified intention-to-treat analysis. The median LOS was 4.0 days (interquartile range (IQR) 3.7–4.2 days) in the intervention group and 6.1 days (IQR 5.7–6.5 days) in the control group (p<0.001). The mean total cost of prognostic tests was EUR 174.76 in the intervention group, compared with EUR 233.12 in the control group (mean difference EUR −58.37, 95% CI EUR −84.34 to −32.40). The mean total hospitalisation cost per patient was EUR 2085.66 in the intervention group, compared with EUR 3232.97 in the control group (mean difference EUR −1147.31, 95% CI EUR −1414.97 to −879.65). No significant differences were observed in 30-day readmission (4.0% versus 4.8%), all-cause mortality (2.4% versus 2.0%) or PE-related mortality (0.8% versus 1.2%) rates. Conclusions The use of a prognostic assessment and management pathway was effective in reducing the LOS for acute PE. The use of a prognostic assessment and management pathway reduces the length of hospital stay for normotensive patients with acute pulmonary embolism https://bit.ly/3gYGHWE


Public policy is undergoing significant change. Governments are now visibly proactive in facilitating public access to government information resources. Popular media channels such as YouTube, Twitter, flickr and Facebook are being used to engage with citizens. Among these initiatives spatial information plays an important enabler to support policy development across various facets of government operations. Governments are increasingly turning to electronic maps as vehicles for interaction with citizens in this new participatory governance model. Various governments across the globe have erected geo-portals to publish descriptions (geographic metadata: accuracy, timeliness, completeness, etc.) of their geographic information where citizens can search, locate and access the information they need. On the other hand, the availability of spatial data poses certain risks. Spatial technologies permit the synthesis and analysis of information for isolated pieces of data in a spatial repository, when drawn together, give a very detailed picture of a specific location and the people associated with that location. This poses threats to the ideals of democracies and rights of individuals, freedom, security, privacy, and open and free access to government. As we move toward international networked environments, there is an increasing need to reconcile competing social, economic, and political interests in geospatial data especially in an international arena. This paper highlights the opportunities and risks of spatial metadata and spatial privacy in the context of e-Governance. It further explores the fusion of spatial privacy and spatial metadata at a policy level to be the key to participatory governance in GIS. Finally, these fused aspects are engaged to reconceptualise a responsible geo-governance model capable of sustaining legal protection as well as empowering citizens in governance.


Accurate dividing is a basis and reference for the survey,evaluation,development and utilization of red soil resources,thus,guiding practical agricultural production.The franework of red soil resource dividing systems at different scales was put forward in the paper.Particular emphasis was fcussed on the large scale work and computer aided cartographic generalization for red aoil resurce mppping.


Abstract Total protein content of chicken serum was found to increase slowly from hatch through 12 weeks of age. Albumin levels rose sharply from hatch until 2–3 weeks of age, while gamma G levels declined until 2–3 weeks of age. At this time the bird apparently attains the ability to produce IgG in appreciable quantities. IgM, which was generally absent or very low at hatching, increased rapidly during the first week of postembryonic life. Both surgical and hormonal bursectomy resulted in a delay in normal IgG production. IgM levels in these two groups were higher than control levels. Transferrin levels were also higher than found in the control groups. Surgical bursectomy plus 700 r. of the whole body gamma- irradiation resulted in decreased total protein content of the serum as well as decreased IgG and IgM levels. Percent albumin levels tended to be higher in bursectomized-irradiated birds than in control birds.


"Malaria" is a life-threatening blood disease in tropical regions that spreads by the bite of the Anopheles mosquito. Antimalarial medications are designed to cure or prevent this infection, and prosperous achievements in this area mostly depend on the knowing the drug-receptor interactions and active sites of medicine. This improvement can be achieved through understanding the electronic structure of compounds using calculated quadrupolar parameters of nuclei as an efficient theoretical method. In this research, conjugated hydrazones as new antimalarial drugs are investigated to find the correlation between their electronic structures and pharmaceutical behavior. To this aim, the effect of the various substituents and their position on quadrupolar parameters and charge distributions are examined by concepts of nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR) spectroscopy. The results show that benzothiazole hydrazones are multi-central inhibitors. In addition to the charge density on N13 atom, the presence of two vicinal oxygen atoms with high electron density in the benzene ring has the key role in the iron chelating and consequently antimalarial activity of these compounds. All calculations are performed at the HF/6-31G* level of theory using the Gaussian 03 program.


The data of four traits: body weight after wool cut,woolcut,wool length and wool fineness were collected on one year old Chinese meat-type Merino(Xinjiang) ewes in Gongnaisi breeding sheep farm from April 1995 to April 2001.Estimations of heritability from half-sib's genetic covariance analysis for body weight after wool cut,woolcut,wool length and wool fineness are 0.519,0.416,0.466 and 0.325 respectively.And the phenotypic correlations and genetic correlations between these four traits are evaluated by correlation analysis.


Abstract This paper addresses the problem of routing multiple range constrained robots to service spatially distributed requests at specified time instants, while ensuring a connected information exchange network at all times. We discuss the feasibility aspects of such a connectivity constrained routing problem. In particular, we derive the minimum number of robots required to service such requests, and we present an algorithm for the explicit construction of the corresponding routes for every robot, with total length traveled as the optimization criterion.


Elastic differential cross sections for the scattering of electrons from N2, CO, and O2 are calculated at intermediate and high energies using the second order eikonal approximation and the multiple scattering approach due to Glauber in the independent atom model. The polarization potential describing the long range and nonlocal dynamic effects has been included. The second order eikonal approximation results show an improvement over those obtained in the first order eikonal approximation at scattering angles Θ≤30° and compare favorably with the available absolute experimental measurements. The interference of single and double scattering terms is investigated.


In this work, a new laser cladding system on larger area for industrial application has been developed. It consists of wide-band scanning mirror and automatic powder feeder by the rotating feed wheel with bucket-type scoops. It is shown that all kinds of laser cladding powders including not only Ni-base, Fe-base, Co-base, but also superfine and light ceramics powders ZrO2 Al2O3 as well as superfine and heavy WC, TiC with spherical and edged grains can be fed. The powder feed rate can be continuously varied from 0.5 to 200g/min, and the measured tolerance limits are less than 2 percent in all conditions. The powder feeder can deliver powders by both side-band of 10-35mm and focusing band. Without the carrier gas the powder flow depends mainly on gravity. The powder stream at the nozzle is uniform, and the powder utilization factor is over 98 percent. Some applications in metallurgical industry have been successfully made.


Purpose – The aim of this paper is to conceptualize service innovation through a service‐dominant logic (S‐D logic) lens and a service system foundation.Design/methodology/approach – This conceptual paper offers a service‐dominant logic lens and a structuration theory approach emphasizing an actor perspective on service innovation. Since the value of innovation unfolds in practice, this paper will use customer to denote the key actor in co‐creating value in context.Findings – The paper shows how a resource constellation in a service system is reconfigured and thus explains service innovation from the lens of S‐D logic, emphasizing customers' value co‐creation of value in practices. The focus is on the interdependencies between the configuration of resources in a service system and schemas that shape customers and other actors when integrating resources and co‐creating value.Research limitations/implications – There is a need to discuss service innovation in a social constructivist view to better understan...


Objective To discuss the experience about the prevention and treatment of the common complications of percutaneous vertebroplasty(PVP).Methods Fifty-six patients with vertebral compression fractures(75 vertebrae) underwent PVP,and the data of them were retrospectively analyzed.Results Pain of 55 patients disappeared or alleviated after PVP(55/56,98.22%).Intraoperative and postoperative complications appeared in 21 patients(37.50%),including leakage of bone cement to peripheral soft tissue,paravertebral venous and disc respectively(each n=4),spinal leakage of bone cement in 1 case,rib fracture in 1 case and other complication happened in 7 patients.Conclusion PVP is an effective method in treating vertebral compression fracture.Attention should be paid to the prevention and treatment of complications of PVP.


The utility model discloses an acid absorption and crystallization device. The acid absorption and crystallization device comprises a vacuum system and an acid bath processing system, and further comprises a sulfuric acid circulation system. The acid bath processing system comprises a precooler set, a crystallization machine set, a densification device, a centrifugal machine and a waste heat condenser set, wherein the precooler set, the crystallization machine set, the densification device, the centrifugal machine and the waste heat condenser set are connected in sequence. The sulfuric acid circulation system comprises a steam absorber set, a seal groove, an acid tank, an acid pump and a heat exchanger, wherein the steam absorber set, the seal groove, the acid tank, the acid pump and the heat exchanger are arranged in circulating mode. The upper portion of the crystallization machine set is communicated with the steam absorber set. The vacuum system comprises a vacuum water sprayer used for vacuumizing the steam absorber set. Sulfuric acid solution circularly flows inside the sulfuric acid circulation system. The lower portion of the densification device is connected with the centrifugal machine, and the upper portion of the densification device is connected with the waste heat condenser set. The upper portion of the precooler set is connected with the waste heat condenser set. The acid absorption and crystallization device has the advantages of being free from relying on water temperature, low in energy dissipation and high in energy productivity in the crystallization process.


The anthropogenic impact of the mining industry on the environment is seen all over the world. In the last decades several mining areas and corresponding waste disposal sites in Bulgaria are being monitored for ongoing reclamation processes. In this research we were focused on one environmental status of one of the most important copper producing fields for our country - Medet deposit. The objectives of the study were: (1) to analyze multispectral satellite images for 1980 - 2000 in order to assess the environmental pollution from the mining activity in the Medet open pit mine in temporal perspective; (2) to prove that by means of remote sensing an integrated environmental impact assessment can be made. After ceasing its exploitation in 1994 a rehabilitation program for soil cover and hydrographic network was established and launched. A continuous task is the monitoring of these activities from the beginning for at least 15 years period. We consider that revealing the potential of satellite multispectral and multitemporal imagery will provide valuable information on the impact of this long-term mining activity on the environment. One of the first tasks was to prepare thematic maps for several, non-successive years of the affected areas at regional scale. On the next step change detection methods were used to assess the short-term reclamation activities by examination of vegetation cover status in the areas surrounding the mine. To complete this tasks data from Landsat TM/ETM+ instruments combined with in-situ measured data was used. For data processing several techniques, both standard, such as basic and advanced statistics, image enhancement and data fusion, and novel methods for supervised classification were used. The results obtained show that used data and the implemented approach are useful in environmental monitoring and economically attractive for the company responsible for the ecological state of the region.


An interesting property of deep convolutional neural networks is their weakness to adversarial examples, which can deceive the models with subtle perturbations. Though adversarial attack algorithms have accomplished excellent performance in the white-box scenario, they frequently display a low attack success rate in the black-box scenario. Various transformation-based attack methods are shown to be powerful to enhance the transferability of adversarial examples. In this work, several novel transformation-based attack methods that integrate with the Random Block Shuffle (RBS) and Ensemble Random Block Shuffle (ERBS) mechanisms are come up with to boost adversarial transferability. First of all, the RBS calculates the gradient of the shuffled input instead of the original input. It increases the diversity of adversarial perturbation's gradient and makes the original input's information more invisible for the model. Based on the RBS, the ERBS is proposed to decrease gradient variance and stabilize the update direction further, which integrates the gradient of transformed inputs. Moreover, by incorporating various gradient-based attack methods with transformation-based methods, the adversarial transferability could be additionally improved fundamentally and relieve the overfitting problem. Our best attack method arrives an average success rate of 85.5% on two normally trained models and two adversarially trained models, which outperforms existing baselines.


According to the concept that structural class of protein is mainly determined by its secondary structure sequence, the structural class of a protein can be predicted by using the increment of diversity between the protein and a set of standard set of proteins. The standard sources of diversity are respectively determined by the secondary structure parameters Nα,Nβ,Nβαβ,N(βαβ). The four increments of diversity between the measure of diversity D(Xα), D(Xβ), D(Xα/β), D(Xα+β) and a measure of diversity D(Xn) of a new protein (n) (in the 1998 test set and the 1995 standard set) are respectively calculated. The structural class of a protein is determined by the lowest increments of diversity. The average rates of correct prediction are 84.8% for standard set and 83.8% for test set.


This article provides some background on testimony about human resources management practices in the courtroom. The author, a plaintiff's counsel, contends that a milestone was reached recently when the California Court of Appeal expressly accepted such testimony as relevant subject matter in an employment-related civil case. Prior to that in California, oftentimes human resources experts were limited in testimony, or altogether excluded, because testimony about personnel matters was considered "junk science." The appellate court, however, also set some parameters on this type of expert testimony. The article provides further detail on some of the issues surrounding expert testimony in this field.


A slew rate enhancement circuit for voltage-mode operational amplifiers is presented which monitors the differential input voltage to detect slew rate conditions. An example amplifier has its slew rate improved from 11 V//spl mu/s to greater than 170 V//spl mu/s.


The objective of this study is to perform a longitudinal evaluation of blood flow patterns in the ductus arteriosus (DA) during the perioperative period in fetal myelomeningocele (MMC) surgical patients.


A numerical model is developed for the investigation of boundary-layer transition control of spatially evolving instability waves. Active control of a periodically forced boundary layer in an incompressible fluid is simulated using surface beating techniques. The Navier-Stokes and energy equations are solved using a fully implicit finite-difference/spectral method. Temperature perturbations are introduced locally along finite heater strips to directly attenuate instability waves in the flow. A Feedback control loop is employed in which a downstream sensor is used to monitor wall shear stress fluctuations


Contemporary studies suggest that the take-up of most of recent management accounting innovations still lag behind those of traditional systems. However, except few (e.g. activity-based costing and balanced scorecard) other management accounting innovations relatively received less publicity in the literature. So, it is not very clear what the other main management accounting innovations of the past three decades (both from academic and practitioner perspectives) are. Performing a historical review of the development of cost and management accounting innovations, this paper addresses the major developments of management accounting innovations in the literature and then examines the extent of the introduction, the diffusion and the levels of organisational satisfaction with management accounting techniques in Australia over the past decades. The historical review of the development of cost and management accounting innovation in this study confirms the existence of an ongoing challenge for management accounting techniques over time in terms of coping with the requirements of other developments/innovations such as technological changes and innovations in manufacturing systems and information systems in organisations. According to the findings, despite the introduction of a considerable number of management accounting innovations during the past three decades, the majority of organisations in Australia (more than 50%) are reluctant to implement new management accounting techniques and at the same time are unhappy with their implemented management accounting techniques. However, according to the findings, there has been a positive development (from 2003 to 2007) in terms of the extent of organisations' satisfactions with their implemented management accounting innovations.


Grassland is one of the important natural ecosystems in the world, which not only play an important ecological role, but is also the main source for livestock production. Because of overgrazing in many of these lands, degradation is extending, which is an overall key issue in China. The Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, which is often called the "roof of the world", is known for its high altitude, low temperature and oxygen content, strong ultraviolet radiation and for its short-term grass growing season. This makes it a vulnerable system, while once damaged, it is very hard to recover. Therefore, it is essential to sustain the eco-function of this alpine grassland system. Reasonable grassland management practice is important for maintaining a sustainable healthy ecosystem. As overgrazing is one of the main causes for degradation of grassland, the proper management should take it account the balance between livestock and vegetation components, and it is essential to select an appropriate stocking rate strategy. Optimal production from pastures is gained only when animal needs and the productive capacity of the pasture are balanced. Stocking rate is usually defined as the number of animals per unit area for a given time period, but is affected by a series of factors, such as animal breeds, animal size and weight, animal performance, animal physiological state, climate environment, resources, grass growing rate and biomass and grass grazing tolerance. Therefore, it is challenging to select the optimal stocking rate, and as so it restricts the planning of reasonable grassland management strategies. In addition, forage biomass and its nutritive quality are dynamic and there is no constant stocking rate that is best for all situations. With the fast development of innovative technology and knowledge, models make possible the attempt to determine proper stocking rates and grazing strategies, while taking in account the balance between livestock and vegetation. But most models are complex while using highly detailed simulations input of many parameters, including grassland, climate, forage, animal physiology and weight, cost and policy, which restrict their use and extension. And so, most farmers are not skilled to use these complicated models in practice. The grassland grazing management model, which was developed by an Israeli researcher, Prof. Imnauel Noy-Meir, is simple, which focusing only two basic processes that determine biomass dynamics, including plant growth and animal consumption of herbage, with a second fundamental management tool, grazing deferment at the start of the green season. The two basic factors are adjusted to be conformed to herbage mass to obtain optimum animal production. This current paper tested Noy-Meir's model in a yak grazing system of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. The parameters in Noy-Meir's model in this paper were adjusted, based on published and empirical data from the Qinghai-Tibetan yak grazing system in order to analyze the feasibility of using this model for helpful decision making for improving grazing management strategies in alpine grassland in China. The outcome shows that Noy-Meir's model is easier and helpful for planning grazing practices in Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau grassland. In order to improve the precision of Noy-Meir's model, the parameters still need better adjustment based on the specific pasture conditions. © 2020, Science Press. All right reserved.


There is substantial research that profiles the nature of tourists and the motivations that underlie their general travel behaviour. Travel research on racial and ethnic minority groups is very limited, however. Furthermore, hardly any work exists on the travel motivations of cruise tourists in general. Based on a survey of North American cruise passengers, this paper compares the motivations of white Caucasians and ethnic minority passengers for taking a cruise vacation. The results indicate that while there are many similarities, a number of important differences exist to warrant strategies for attracting more minority passengers to take cruise vacations.


Photoluminescence (PL) has been observed from dilute InNxAs1–x epilayers grown by molecular-beam epitaxy. The PL spectra unambiguously show band gap reduction with increasing N content. The variation of the PL spectra with temperature is indicative of carrier detrapping from localized to extended states as the temperature is increased. The redshift of the free exciton PL peak with increasing N content and temperature is reproduced by the band anticrossing model, implemented via a (5×5) k·p Hamiltonian.


This study aims to get rid of organic matter in domestic wastewater by manufacturing a rotating photocatalytic oxidation disk (RPOD) reactor. A photocatalytic oxidation experiment was conducted in an attempt to derive optimal conditions for doing so. Photolysis, photoabsorption, and photocatalytic oxidation reactions were compared. The photocatalytic oxidation reaction was most effective with a removal efficiency of 78%. The stirring rate of 180 RPM for the RPOD reactor was optimal. As the stirring rate was increased, the removal efficiency also increased. When the amount of TiO₂ contained in the RPOD reactor researched 579.6g, the removal rate became even more efficient. As the contained amount of TiO₂ in the RPOD was increased, the removal efficiency and reaction velocity also increased. However, to manufacture a RPOD becomes difficult as the amount of TiO₂ in the RPOD increases. When the ultraviolet light was shined on the organic matter, 63.0mW/㎠ was seem to be most efficient amount. As the amount of ultraviolet light was increased, the removal efficiency of organic matter also increased. This seems to be applicable to a RPOD reactor with sunlight for further research.


In modern control theory, there are several variations to different controller designs. The same can be said for Neural Network (NN) Controllers. The goal of this paper is to implement a variant of NN controllers called the Predictive Neural Network controller for a nonlinear plant using MATLAB. The controller will not only be used to determine the performance of the plant but also model future inputs of the system by using the data it has collected. The data will undergo training to create a predictive model of the system. The predicted inputs can then be used to optimize the performance of the system. The NN controller was implemented on a nonlinear plant model and simulated using Simulink which is available in MATLAB using the Deep Learning Toolbox. Another motivation for this paper is to gain a better understanding of the applications of predictive neural networks in control systems.


As the demand for calls by subscribers in communication networks increases, it is necessary to have sufficient equipment or a high-degree of control over the communication network to make immediate connection of the calls to the desired parties by subscribers at any time they desire. However, economically, it is impossible in large-scale, modern communication networks to provide enough equipment for all traffic fluctuations. In this paper, a measure of "abnormality" representing the degree of the fluctuations of the subscribers' demand is used to ensure the connection of the calls by limiting all traffic fluctuations below a specified abnormality. First, for the traffic pattern representing the subscribers' demand, we derive a theoretical formula and an approximate calculation method for the traffic intensity which the communication network must actually carry, taking into consideration the number of subscribers.

Then we calculate the traffic intensity which each equipment must carry in a communication network using a relatively simple method of route selection. We present a method for obtaining a maximum value for the traffic pattern below a specified abnormality. It is adequate enough to provide a sufficient number of equipment for the traffic intensity to be carried. It may be possible by this design method to have a very efficient reinforcement of the equipment for traffic fluctuations by a limited equipment investment.


Background: Goal setting is done in collaboration with the patient, but patient-identified (PID) goals are not always addressed. The purpose of this study was to determine reasons PID goals are not set in low-vision rehabilitation and for which tasks. Methods: Occupational therapists completed an individualized survey to determine from 15 probable reasons why they did not set a PID for specific tasks. Results and Conclusion: PID goals were not set for 3 activities of daily living, 13 instrumental activities of daily living, 4 social participation, and 10 leisure tasks. Further research is needed to understand how prioritization of PID goals differs between therapists and patients.


This chapter will debunk the threat that asylum seekers represent a particular kind of threat to national security, and that harsh measures are required to discourage them from travelling to Australia in order to reduce the threat of terrorism. The truth is that Australia already has in place a robust set of laws to deal with any asylum seeker who might turn out to represent a threat to the community. It is also the case that Australia's legal and administrative actions against asylum seekers since 2001 are, at best, questionable with relation to our obligations under the 1951 Refugee Convention and other international laws. In short, the alleged threat to national security has been overstated and owes more to political imperatives than to a careful analysis of the facts - even though the latter is said to form the foundation of good intelligence work. At the same time, the 'tough on refugees' policies promulgated by both sides of the political spectrum have effectively denied and negated the humanitarian principles that underlie the Refugee Convention.


Recent work argues that a bilingual linguistic system is fully integrated in one competence system and does not consist of two separate, autonomous systems as is commonly assumed (see Goldrick et al 2016, Grimstad et al 2014, López 2020, Riksam 2017). Here, we explore the organization of the lexicon within the integration hypothesis using data based on idioms and code-switching. The working hypothesis is that if the lexicons of a bilingual person are integrated in the sort of grammatical architecture presented in López (2020), one should be able to code-switch within the idiom and retain the idiomatic meaning. After a pilot study with a community of Papiamentu-Dutch bilinguals, we tested this hypothesis with two communities of bilingual code-switchers: Basque-Spanish, English-Spanish. The task consisted of choosing a meaning out of three choices for a range of sentences, some of which included code-switched idioms. Our results, by-and-large, confirm the hypothesis that code-switching does not destroy the integrity of the idiom.


Background: Cardiac remodeling can lead to poor outcomes like dangerous arrhythmias, ventricular dysfunction, and heart failure. Though decades of research have been conducted on cardiac remodeling and Angiotensin-converting enzymes, a comprehensive analysis using bibliometrics has yet to be performed.
Methodology: This study aimed to do a citation analysis of the hundred frequently cited articles on ACE inhibitors for the prevention of cardiac remodeling using the Scopus database. The Scopus database was searched for relevant literature by analyzing the titles, keywords, and abstracts of papers. The studies discovered were all about ACE inhibitors. The abstracts of each article were examined to determine their significance and appropriateness for the enclosure. The final selection included 100 articles, and citation analysis was performed using manual screening and Scopus.
Results: The trend of total citations increased sharply beginning in 1987, peaking around 1992, then gradually declining with occasional fluctuations until a significant uptick was seen in 2002. The articles were published between 1978 and 2022, with the highest number of articles published between 1999 and 2003. The articles originated in 24 countries, with the United States having the most representation. The articles were published in 11 different journals, with the first four accounting for more than three-quarters of the total. The top institution, with 14 articles, was Brigham and Women's Hospital. Additionally, the majority of the authors were male and of white origin. The study discovered that while the majority of authors (335/388) did not have conflicts of interest, a significant minority did, primarily among higher-ranking authors.
Conclusion: Our research aims to give a comprehensive understanding of the current studies and investigations regarding the use of Ace inhibitors in cardiovascular remodeling, in order to better inform future research efforts.


In this article, the research of the combustion of methane-air mixture with coal dust particles in the heat recovery burner is performed. The burner consists of two parallel plates with a thin internal partition (U-shaped burner). The mixture which flows into the inlet is warmed up via the thin internal partition by heat reaction products from the outlet. The mathematical statement of the problem includes the equations of energy conversation for gas, coal particles, and internal partition, mass balance equations of methane, oxygen and coal particles, continuity equation, particle number concentration equation, particle size equation, and gas equation. The numerical simulation is carried out using an implicit difference scheme with a four-point template. The coal dust particle size and the gas flow rate at the inlet varied for each calculation. The stability boundary of the coal-methane-air mixture combustion is determined as a function of the inlet rate of gas depending on coal-dust particle size. The obtained results demonstrate that the heat recovery and coal dust particles burning can support the combustion of full lean methane-air mixtures.


A method for preparing large size non-polar surface GaN self-supporting substrate includes steps of that: laying a lithium aluminate substrate into a reactor in a HVPE growth system to grow cushioning layer with temperature of 500-800 DEG C; raising temperature to a growth temperature of 1000-1100 DEG C to grow GaN; stopping growth after growing to appropriate thickness; obtaining complete self-supporting GaN substrate after cooling, wherein the lithium aluminate substrate is automatically separated. The method utilizes small crystal lattice mismatch between the lithium aluminate substrate and the GaN to obtain a non-polar surface GaN thin film with low dislocation density; the method also utilizes large heat mismatch between the lithium aluminate substrate and the GaN to separate the two without need of certain cooling rate, so that the method has advantages of obviously improved crystal quality, high rate of finished products and is favorable to scale production.


Aflatoxin B1(AFB1) and total Aflatoxins (AFT) contaminated feed effect on aflatoxins residue level in eggs, muscles (breast, leg), organs (liver, kidney, gizzard) and excreted aflatoxins in chicken litter of layer hens were monitored. Laying hens were on four level s of aflatoxins for 6 weeks and monitored weekly fo r the change in both AFB1 and AFT levels. Pronouncedly, the AFB1 and AFT were detected in eggs, muscles (legs, breast), organs (liver, kidney and g izzard) and litter in noticeable amounts. Total Aflatoxin (AFT) level was lowest in chicken breast (0.63 ppb) and highest in liver (2.12 ppb) and gizzard (1.22 ppb) of chicken fed diet with 965.12 ppb. Whereas, AFB1 residue was 0.66 ppb in eggs, 1.59 ppb in liver tissues of hens given feed contam inated with 894.12 ppb. Residue level of AFB1 was high in liver and kidney of all treatments. The chi cken breast tissues were lowest in AFB1 and AFT of values 0.72 and 0.63, respectively. Eggs production was significantly (p<0.05) affected with AFB1 contaminated feed and egg production was decreased by more than 30%.


On July 19, 2006, Professor Walter Philipp passed away during a hike in the Austrian Alps as a result of a sudden heart attack. By the time of his death, Walter Philipp had been for almost 40 years on the faculty of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, for the last couple of years as professor emeritus. He is survived by his wife Ariane and his four children, Petra, Robert, Anthony and André. Walter Philipp is sorely missed by his family, but also by his many colleagues, coauthors and former students all over the world, to whom he was a loyal and caring friend for a long time, in some cases for several decades. Walter Philipp was born on December 14, 1936 in Vienna, Austria, where he grew up and lived for most of the first 30 years of his life. He studied mathematics and physics at the University of Vienna, where he obtained his Ph.D. in 1960 and his habilitation in 1967, both in mathematics. From 1961 until 1967 he was scientific assistant at the University of Vienna. During this period, Walter Philipp spent two years as a postdoc in the US, at the University of Montana in Missoula and at the University of Illinois. In the fall of 1967 he joined the faculty of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, where he would stay for the rest of his life. Initially, Walter Philipp was on the faculty of the Mathematics Department, but in 1984 he joined the newly created Department of Statistics at the University of Illinois. From 1990 until 1995 he was chairman of this Department. While on sabbatical leave from the University of Illinois, Walter spent longer periods at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, at MIT, at Tufts University, at the University of Göttingen and at Imperial College, London. Walter Philipp received numerous recognitions for his work. Most outstanding of these was his election to membership in the Austrian Academy of Sciences. As a student and postdoc at the University of Vienna, Walter Philipp worked under the guidance of Professor Edmund Hlawka, founder of the famous postwar Austrian school of analysis and number theory. Other former students of Professor Hlawka include Johann Cigler, Harald Niederreiter, Wolfgang M. Schmidt, Fritz Schweiger and Robert Tichy. It was here that Walter Philipp got in touch with the classical topics from analysis and number theory that would guide a large part of his research for the rest of his life. Uniform distribution, discrepancy of sequences, number-theoretic transformations associated with various expansions of real numbers, additive number-theoretic functions, Diophantine approximation, lacunary series, became recurrent themes in Walter Philipp's subsequent work. He studied these themes using techniques from probability theory, e.g. for mixing processes, martingales and empirical processes. He contributed greatly to the development of several branches of probability theory and solved much investigated, difficult problems in analysis and number theory with the help of the tools he developed.


We consider combinatorial semi-bandits over a set X ⊂ (0,1)d where rewards are uncorrelated across items. For this problem, the algorithm ESCB yields the smallest known regret bound R(T) = O ( d (łn m)2 (łn T) øver Δmin) after T rounds, where m = maxx ∈ X 1Tx. However, ESCB has computational complexity O(|X|), which is typically exponential in d, and cannot be used in large dimensions. We propose the first algorithm that is both computationally and statistically efficient for this problem with regret R(T) = O (d (łn m)2 (łn T)øver Δmin) and computational asymptotic complexity O( δT-1 poly (d)), where δT is a function which vanishes arbitrarily slowly. Our approach involves carefully designing AESCB, an approximate version of ESCB with the same regret guarantees. We show that, whenever budgeted linear maximization over X can be solved up to a given approximation ratio, AESCB is implementable in polynomial time O (δT-1 poly (d)) by repeatedly maximizing a linear function over X subject to a linear budget constraint, and showing how to solve these maximization problems efficiently. Additional algorithms, proofs and numerical experiments are given in the complete version of this work.


In this study, Ga-doped ZnO (GZO) thin films were fabricated on transparent sapphire substrate by RF magnetron sputtering method and then investigated the effect of various substrate temperature on the electrical, optical properties and characteristic of crystallization of the GZO thin films. The electrical property indicated that the lowest resistivity (), the highest carrier concentration () and Hall mobility () were obtained in the GZO thin film fabricated at . And for this condition, the highest c-axis orientation and (002) diffraction peak which exhibits a FWHM of were obtained. From the results of AFM measurements, it is known that the highest crystallinity is observed at . The transmittance spectrum in the visible range was approximately 80 % regardless of substrate temperature. The optical band-gap showed the blue-shift as increasing the substrate temperature to , and they are all larger than the band gap of bulk ZnO (3.3 eV). It can be explained by the Burstein-Moss effect.


The current covid-19 pandemic has made people concerned due to this virus has spread out to many countries. Preventive action are required to prevent the potential spread out of Covid-19. One of the action taken is the protection of children and educational facilities in schools by educating 3M to implement health protocols. The methods used in this activity are lectures and simulations. The media used are educational videos. This activity was carried out at SLB N Pembina Yogyakarta with 24 student with mild and moderate retardation mental. The results of the activity showed that there was an increase in knowledge in the good category by 25%. This shows that the combination of audiovisual and simulation is effective to increase the knowledge and skills of children with mental retardation. Education and assistance from teachers and parents is required to maintain children's understanding in the application of health protocols so the risk of covid-19 transmission will be minimal. Keywords: 3M education, Anticipatory Guidance, Covid-19, Children with Intelectual disability


Abstract The NOAA‐AVHRR based Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) has been used to study the relationship of soil type ‐ phytomass development in arid and semi‐arid tropics of India. The relationship between soil type and seasonal vegetation development can be useful in hydrological modelling and crop production forecasting. Andhra Pradesh, a peninsular state of India has been selected as study area and maps of soils, land use, rainfall and temperature were digitized for generation of database using PC based IDRISI‐GIS software package. The NDVI images comprising of five data sets beginning from May, 1990 to March, 1991 were also registered with GIS data base layers and soil ‐ phytomass relationship windows were generated from different vegetation types in various soil units. The results showed the influence of soil type on phytomass development at a high confidence level for both cropped and forested areas in arid and semi‐arid regions. Seasonal NDVI variations of Anantapur (arid), Nizamabad (s...


Patients are to be allowed to bypass their GP and refer themselves directly to a physiotherapist or other therapist after a successful pilot programme for people with musculoskeletal problems.

The move, announced this week by the health secretary, Alan Johnson, was welcomed by Phil Gray, chief executive of the Chartered Society of Physiotherapy, who said it would end the current "merry-go-round" between GP, consultant, and physiotherapists endured by many patients. The economic argument for managing the problem at source was "irrefutable," he said.

But the BMA questioned whether self referral would work without extra …


BACKGROUND Midface rejuvenation is a minimally invasive procedure designed to correct early ptosis of the cheeks and deepening nasolabial folds. Implementation of this technique requires a detailed understanding of the anatomy of this region in addition to recognizing the vectors of change that occur over time as one matures. Finally, aesthetic competence and requisite surgical skills are required to restore the midface in a minimally invasive fashion. OBJECTIVE To describe a new minimally invasive approach to facial rejuvenation using a novel absorbable suture with segmented stabilizers that allows for a superolateral reversal of the senescent changes of the midface. METHODS In a case series study, 30 patients with aging changes of the midface signed informed consent to have this procedure done. An incision was made in the preauricular area, followed by hydrodissection with tumescent anesthesia and blunt dissection with the aid of a 4‐mm spatula cannula. Two angiocatheters (14GA 3.25 IN, 2.1 × 83 mm, 14 gauge) were tunneled through the malar fat pad and pierced the skin just lateral to the nasolabial fold. The angiocatheter was then removed and the suture tethered to facilitate the proper amount of lifting entirely in the subcutaneous supra‐SMAS plane and anchored superolaterally to the temporalis fascia. The segmented stabilizers anchored themselves in multiple directions but ultimately lifted the tissues of the midface. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION This technique uses the multidirectional segmented stabilizers of the Monograms to counteract the downward displacement of the malar fat pad while simultaneously softening the nasolabial fold. This is a minimally invasive technique that addresses the multiple factors involved in the senescent changes of the midface. Proper patient selection, good aesthetic judgment, and surgical competence are required to restore the midface in a minimally invasive fashion. The objective of this study was to report a novel approach to midfacial rejuvenation using the Monograms. This cross‐hatched suture achieves simultaneous malar fat pad elevation and nasolabial fold effacement. The midface lift adds another vital dimension to panfacial augmentation. The authors have indicated no significant interest with commercial supporters.


This study proposes a multi-agent modeling and simulation approach using EGGBM (E-Government Group Behavior Model) to research complex group behavior in E- government implementation. A multi-agent simulation decision system based on Java-REPAST is developed for qualitative validation to show that EGGBM is consistent with common sense. We give an example of EGGBM application to show that EGGBM method can help decision makers choose appropriate decisions to improve the level of accepting information technology (LAIT) of groups. Finally, we conclude that this approach could provide a new attempt for the research of group behavior in E-government organization.


The purpose of this essay is to discuss Deleuze and Guattari's concept of the Third World. For Deleuze and Guattari, however, the Third World is not only a geographical term, but also one that deno...


Political worship? Questions concerning liturgy as "form of life"l/bg
lbrg Many attempts have recently been made to understand and describe the complex
relationships between liturgy and life. One of the most consistent and radical
contributions comes from Bernd Wannenwetsch, in several publications. This essay
reconstructs the critical edge of his argument by demonstrating how he
distinguishes his own position from almost all influential alternatives, including
discussions of "political worship" (Barth), different ways of instrumentalisation of
worship in both Kantian and Hegelian traditions (Boff), diverse attempts to see
moral life or ethics as a proper response to worship (the Reformed tradition), many
forms of ecclesial ethics (Schleiermacher, Lindbeck, Fischer and Wainwright) as
well as the official positions of several confessional traditions. In the light of these
polemical delimitations, a wide range of theoretical options concerning liturgy and
life becomes clear, which makes it possible, in a concluding section, to articulate
some of the controversial questions facing anyone interested in this relationship
today.


An automated karyotyping machine was built at JPL in 1972. It does computerized karyotyping, but it has some hardware limitations. The image processing hardware that was available at a reasonable price in 1972 was marginal, at best, for this job. In the meantime, NASA has developed an interest in longer term spaceflights and an interest in using chromosome breakage studies as a dosimeter for radiation or perhaps other damage that might occur to the tissues. This uses circulating lymphocytes as a physiological dosimeter looking for chromosome breakage on long-term spaceflights. For that reason, we have reactivated the automated karyotyping work at JPL. An update on that work, and a description of where it appears to be headed is presented.


To evaluate pregnancy outcomes following onabotulinumtoxinA (US Food and Drug Administration pregnancy category C product) exposure using the Allergan safety database.


The nonperturbative kinetic framework for the stopping power of a charged-particle system for swift point projectiles is implemented. The pair-interaction potential energy required in this framework to two-body elastic scattering is based on the screened interaction energy between system particles. In such an energetically optimized modeling the swift bare projectile interacts with independent screened constituents of a fixed-density interacting many-body target. The first-order Born momentum-transfer (transport) cross section is calculated and thus a comparison with stopping data obtained [Phys. Rev. B 26, 2335 (1982)] by swift ions, Z1 ∈ [9, 17] and (v/v0) ≃ 11, under channeling condition in Si is made. A quantitative agreement between the elastic scattering-based theoretical stopping and the experimentally observed reduced magnitude is found. Conventionally, such a reduced magnitude for the observable is interpreted, applying an equipartition rule, as inelastic energy loss mediated by a collective classical plasma-mode without momentum transfer to the valence-part. Beyond the leading, i.e., first-order Born-Bethe term (Z 1 ), the Barkas (Z 3 1 ) and Bloch (Z 1 ) terms are discussed, following the arguments of Lindhard for screened interaction. An extension to the case of stopping of warm dense plasma for swift charges is outlined as well.


Asymmetric microwave links have been introduced only recently as a novel concept for wireless networks which should provide higher spectrum efficiency and thus significant savings of radiofrequency spectrum. This paper presents technical assessment of this approach with its main advantages and disadvantages, focusing on comparative analysis of symmetric and asymmetric microwave links networks. The analysis was performed on a realistic representation of rural scenario for the capacity of the existing network. Benefits in terms of increased spectrum efficiency have been assessed.


In the near future, the neutrinoless double-beta ($0\nu\beta\beta$) decay experiments will hopefully reach the sensitivity of a few ${\rm meV}$ to the effective neutrino mass $|m^{}_{\beta\beta}|$. In this paper, we tentatively examine the sensitivity of future $0\nu\beta\beta$-decay experiments to neutrino masses and Majorana CP phases by following the Bayesian statistical approach. Provided experimental setups corresponding to the sensitivity of $|m^{}_{\beta\beta}| \simeq 1~{\rm meV}$, the null observation of $0\nu\beta\beta$ decays in the case of normal neutrino mass ordering leads to a very competitive bound on the lightest neutrino mass $m^{}_1$. Namely, the $95\%$ credible interval turns out to be $1.6~{\rm meV} \lesssim m^{}_1 \lesssim 7.3~{\rm meV}$ or $0.3~{\rm meV} \lesssim m^{}_1 \lesssim 5.6~{\rm meV}$ when the uniform prior on $m^{}_1/{\rm eV}$ or on $\log^{}_{10}(m^{}_1/{\rm eV})$ is adopted. Moreover, one of two Majorana CP phases is strictly constrained, i.e., $140^\circ \lesssim \rho \lesssim 220^\circ$ for both priors of $m^{}_1$. In contrast, if a relatively worse sensitivity of $|m^{}_{\beta\beta}| \simeq 10~{\rm meV}$ is assumed, the constraint becomes accordingly $0.6~{\rm meV} \lesssim m^{}_1 \lesssim 26~{\rm meV}$ or $0 \lesssim m^{}_1 \lesssim 6.1~{\rm meV}$, while two Majorana CP phases will be essentially unconstrained. In the same statistical framework, the prospects for the determination of neutrino mass ordering and the discrimination between Majorana and Dirac nature of massive neutrinos in the $0\nu\beta\beta$-decay experiments are also discussed. Given the experimental sensitivity of $|m^{}_{\beta\beta}| \simeq 10~{\rm meV}$ (or $1~{\rm meV}$), the strength of evidence to exclude the Majorana nature under the null observation of $0\nu\beta\beta$ decays is found to be inconclusive (or strong), no matter which of two priors on $m^{}_1$ is taken.


Zarra-Nezhad, Maryam The joint effects of parenting styles and the child's temperamental characteristics in children's social-emotional development Jyväskylä: University of Jyväskylä, 2016, 68 p. (Jyväskylä Studies in Education, Psychology and Social Research ISSN 0075-4625; 565) ISBN 978-951-39-6825-0 (nid.) ISBN 978-951-39-6826-7 (PDF) Diss. This research examined the joint effects of parenting and the temperamental characteristics of children on their social-emotional development during their early school years. Three studies, focusing on different aspects of social-emotional development as well as on different temperamental characteristics, were carried out. The first study investigated the extent to which mothers' and fathers' parenting styles differently impact their children's social-emotional development, based on the children's tendency to show signs of social withdrawal. The second study focused on the different impacts of parenting styles on children's emotional expression, depending on the children's temperament type. The third study examined the different impacts of parenting styles on children's development of pro-social behaviors among shy and non-shy children. Three longitudinal Finnish data sets were used: 1) 378 children and their parents, followed from Grades 1 to 3; 2) 153 first-grade children and their parents, followed through the first grade; and 3) 200 children and their parents followed from 3 years of age to Grade 3. The results showed, first, that, during the transition to primary school, socially withdrawn, shy, or inhibited children overall benefited from parental—particularly maternal— affection more than other children in terms of their social and emotional development. Second, children with difficult temperaments were found to benefit from maternal behavioral control more than others in terms of decreased negative emotions during Grade 1. Third, although maternal psychological control increased first graders' negative emotions independently of temperament type, socially withdrawn children suffered more under parental psychological control than nonwithdrawn children in terms of increased internalizing problem behaviors. Forth, interestingly, among children showing signs of social withdrawal, maternal psychological control was positively associated with pro-social skills and negatively with externalizing problem behaviors. Overall, the results suggested that parenting styles play a role in children's social-emotional development, particularly among temperamentally vulnerable children, such as those showing signs of social withdrawal, shyness, or difficult or inhibited temperament.


Although the field of organizational legitimacy is undergoing great advances, academics are still facing the challenge of its measurement. Currently, academics are focusing on improving and homogenizing legitimacy measurement systems at the micro level. However, measuring legitimacy at the macro level has not evolved according to the needs and possibilities provided by new technologies. This research aims to develop a new methodology to measure organizational legitimacy at the macro level, capable of processing large amounts of information. To this end, an analysis of the news content of the 50 companies that make up the EuroStoxx50 has been conducted for a full year. By doing so, we make three key contributions to managing organizational legitimacy. First, we provide a more complete and reliable measurement of organizational legitimacy thanks to mass information processing techniques, providing a technology-based solution to the obsolescence problem of legitimacy evaluation models at the macro level. Second, we provide empirical evidence of the relationship between legitimacy and organizational success based on the analysis of mass information. Third, we show evidence that a bias is introduced in the measurement of legitimacy due to the use of different sources for this purpose.


Over the past fifteen years or more, the Tasmanian Health and Human Services sector has seen a number of attempts to move towards consultative policy making between government and non-government sectors. Aims of eventual partnership style arrangements have also been identified in this area (Alessandrini and Ryan, 1988; Ryan, 1999). The experiences identified within this sector are used as a means of exploring the mechanisms available for actors and non-government organisations to participate in the policy process. In doing so this paper considers whether bureaucratic traditions are inherently resistant to 'consultative changes'. Significantly, this paper bridges the gap between the breadth of literature in this field and the limited applied investigation of these issues. The policy process in this sector indicates significant challenges and inconsistencies. Policy making has become multifaceted. Higher levels of trust and reciprocity are identified between staff in both government and community sectors. Despite this, external influences (political change and departmental organisation) produce obstacles to policy making and drive inconsistency in policy approaches. More significantly perhaps, commitment to the process of consultation is also questioned, with consultation often emphasized more 'in spirit'. Overall, there are notable barriers to policy making observed by both sectors. This research illustrates lessons for policy that are not only applicable to Tasmania. With governance increasingly viewed as a 'balancing act' between government and community sectors, this paper points to significant findings regarding the process of consultation.


AbstractBased on the observational datasets of rime and glaze from 743 stations in China and the atmospheric circulation data from the NCEP–NCAR reanalysis during 1954–2009, large-scale atmospheric and oceanic conditions for extensive and persistent rime and glaze events were examined with a composite analysis. Results show that rime events mostly occur in northern China while glaze events are mainly observed in southern China. The icing events are accompanied by low temperature and high humidity but not necessarily by above-normal precipitation. The Asian low, blocking highs, strong moisture transport, and an inversion layer related to major abnormal circulation systems contribute to the occurrence and persistence of icing events in China. The Ural blocking high plays a major role in the glaze events, and the Okhotsk blocking high is closely related to the rime events. For glaze events, extratropical circulation anomalies and the southward outbreak of cold air play a dominant role. In contrast, the stron...


Hypersensitivity to cockroach allergen has been previously reported (1, 4, 7). In some publications, cockroach allergen caused immediate skin reactions (2) as well as immediate bronchoconstriction (3), while others observed a dual skin and airway effect (5). In the reports which have appeared so far, cockroach was not the only identified allergen to induce symptoms, and most of the patients were exposed to large amounts of cockroaches, such as in crowded and poor neighbourhoods (8). In the following report, we describe a unique group of patients who had only perennial rhinitis and were sensitive to cockroach allergen only.


This textbook is intended for graduate students and professionals who have an interest in linear and nonlinear simultaneous equation models. These models arise in a great many settings in econometrics. The author's aim is to present a readable account, starting from an introduction to the general linear structural econometric model. From there, the book covers the identification problem, maximum likelihood methods, two and three stage least square methods, the general nonlinear model, and more advanced topics such as the general nonlinear simultaneous equations model. The reader is assumed to have a basic background in probability theory but otherwise this account is self-contained.


Potassium Dihydrogen Phosphate crystals are one of the most popular crystals used for Non-linear Optical applications. Most of the amino acids also exhibit NLO properties. The effect of doping of one of the amino acids, L-tryptophan in KDP crystals has been investigated. Pure and L-tryptophan doped KDP crystals were grown by slow solvent evaporation solution growth technique. Good quality transparent crystals were obtained. Doping of L-tryptophan in KDP crystal was confirmed by FT-IR spectroscopy studies. The value of second harmonic generation efficiency and optical transmission in UV-Vis spectra increased as doping of L-tryptophan increased in KDP crystals.


Summary Free-living ciliates of the Mexican Gulf coast near Port Aransas city and its suburbs were studied. A total of 28 species of marine ciliates found in psammon, periphyton and plankton were measured and identified. Six new species are established: Holophrya portaransasii sp. n., Zosterodasys texensis sp. n., Z.minor sp. n., Strombidinopsis magna sp. n., Paratontonia mononucleata sp. n., Euplotes minor sp. n. All descriptions (6 new and 22 most characteristic species) are based on live observations, morphometric analysis, protargol and silver nitrate impregnations.


Army combat operations have placed a high premium on reconnaissance missions for micro air vehicles (MAVs). An analysis of insect flight indicates that in addition to the bending excitation (flapping), simultaneous excitation of the twisting degree-of-freedom is required to manipulate the control surface adequately. By adding a layer of angled piezoelectric segments to a Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 (also referred to as PZT) bimorph actuator, a bend-twist coupling may be introduced to the flexural response of the layered PZT, thereby creating a biaxial actuator capable of driving wing oscillation in flapping wing MAVs. The present study presents numerical investigation of the response of functionally–modified bimorph designs intended for active bend-twist actuation of cm-scale flapping wing devices. The relationships of geometry and orientation of the angled segments with bimorph bend-twist response will be presented using results of finite-element analyses.Copyright © 2012 by ASME


Summary The purpose of the present study was to examine the prevalence of symptoms of anxiety and depression reported by high-school students of a Greek provincial town. One thousand and eighty students (587 males and 497 females) of the 10th, 11th, and 12th grades completed among other psychometric instruments, the DSSI/sAD (Delusions Symptoms States Inventory/states of Anxiety and Depression) an inventory measuring symptoms of anxiety and depression. On the anxiety scale 24.5% of males and 56.4% of the females reported scores above the cut-off point, whereas 10.3% of males and 30.9% of females were very high scorers. On the depression scale, 33.4% of males and 60.6% of females reported scores above the cut-off point, whereas 13.9% of the boys and 31.1% of girls reported very high scores. Both boys and girls reported more elevated scores on the depression scale but the sex differences were more pronounced on the anxiety scale particularly in the group of high scorers. A weak positive relationship between age and dysthymic symptoms was detected in females. The findings encourage discussion on topics regarding not only the prevalence of anxiety and depressive symptoms in adolescence, but also the gender differences detected, the relationship between age and mood disorders in adolescence, the degree of diagnostic certainty of the self-report instrument used and the possible meaning of the low, medium, and high scores reported by the participants. It is proposed that data of this kind may be of some value in future comparative studies regarding small European cities.


The article considers a situation which formed in the spiritual sphere of China after the fall of the Han empire and the ascension of the Wei and two Jin dynasties. It shows a transformation of Confucianism and Taoism under new political and social conditions taking place under an influence of spreading Buddhist teaching in China. study on the religious, philosophical, historical, cultural, and sociopolitical as- study on the religious, philosophical, historical, cultural, and sociopolitical as- study on the religious, philosophical, historical, cultural, and sociopolitical as- study on the religious, philosophical, historical, cultural, and sociopolitical as- on the religious, philosophical, historical, cultural, and sociopolitical as- on the religious, philosophical, historical, cultural, and sociopolitical as- the religious, philosophical, historical, cultural, and sociopolitical as- the religious, philosophical, historical, cultural, and sociopolitical religious, philosophical, historical, cultural, and sociopolitical religious, philosophical, historical, cultural, and sociopolitical , philosophical, historical, cultural, and


Presents a fascinating portrait of a woman who dramatized woman's struggle to realize her self. She was the most sensitive explorer of unconsciousness motivation in the English novel of the twentieth century, carrying forward George Eliot's dedication to a truthful and unsentimental representation of humanity. Illustrated.


To investigate the in vitro antioxidant activity of large yellow croaker(Pseudosciana crocea) Peroxiredoxin IV(Lyc-Prx IV),we constructed a recombinant plasmid p CMV-Lyc-Prx IV to transiently transfect the HEK-293 T cells.The expression of Lyc-Prx IV in HEK-293 T cells was detected by Western blotting.The antioxidant activity of Lyc-Prx IV was evaluated by the quantification of the amount of intracellular hydrogen peroxide.The results showed that the Lyc-Prx IV was correctly expressed in HEK-293 T cells which transfected with p CMV-Lyc-Prx IV.The absorbance at 560 nm of cell samples at 6,12,and 24 h after transfected with p CMV-Lyc-Prx IV was 0.154,0.116 and0.162,respectively.While that of cell samples transfected with p CMV remained at 0.260 at different time after transfection.This result demonstrated the concentration of hydrogen peroxide in cells that transfected with p CMV-Lyc-Prx IV was considerably lower than that in cells transfected with pCMV at 6,12 and 24 h after transfection.These results indicate that the Lyc-Prx IV can disintegrate the hydrogen peroxide in cells,thus participating in the control of intracellular oxidation-reduction status.


The following report concerns what is believed to be the first cesarean section and hysterectomy ever performed with use of hypnoanesthesia per se. The entire surgical procedure was accomplished without the induction of analgesia preoperatively or the use of anesthetic agents of any type. We have described how hypnosis is used as an analgesic or anesthetic agent for labor and delivery.1 Technique Since our patient wished to participate consciously in the entire experience, the hypnotic technique described by Schultz2was employed. Briefly, this method requires a rehearsal of the surgical procedures to be performed. The details of the operation are described to the patient while she is in a deep hypnotic state. Rehearsal of the entire surgical procedure with the patient in the deep hypnotic state apparently "blocks" the neurophysiological pathways involved in the transmission of pain impulses. Thus, the effects of learning and experiential conditioning of the


The continuing destruction of indigenous people is a global human rights problem. Today, tens of millions of Aboriginal people reside in dozens of countries around the world (Hitchcock and Twedt, 1997, p 374). Whether called native or tribal peoples, First Nations or the Fourth World, many live under the threat of annihilation. During the twentieth century, dozens of states implemented policies intended to physically destroy indigenous populations. In the age of the UN Genocide Convention, signatory nations waged campaigns of genocide against the Cham of Cambodia, indigenous peoples in East Timor and the Amazon basin, Iraqi Kurds, the Maya of Guatemala, and others. Today, perpetrators employ sophisticated weapons delivery systems, advanced communications equipment, and overwhelming firepower to kill indigenous people. No evidence suggests a waning in this trend. Comparing cases of frontier genocide provides information valuable to detection, prevention and intervention as well as victimized peoples' land and reparations claims. Just as important, cognizance of common patterns between cases deepens understanding of man's worst crime: the attempt to obliterate an entire people. The analysis of the frontier genocides waged against the Aboriginal Tasmanians, the Yuki of California, and the Herero of Namibia reveals a surprisingly congruent pattern despite the fact that the cases took place on different continents, under different regimes, and in different periods. The pattern divides into three phases. Colonists initiate the first by invasion. Economic and political frictions then develop between the two groups as they struggle for limited resources and political power. Unable to compete with the invaders' technology, arms, and wealth, the indigenous people find their economy fundamentally threatened and basic political rights denied under the settler regime.


The word "death" is often avoided in communication surrounding the end of life processes by both health care practitioners and lay people alike (Berry, 2008; Generous & Keeley, 2017). In its place,...


Heart period continually varies from beat to beat as a result of autonomic effects on the sinoatrial node; these changes can be computed as heart rate variability (HRV).HRV has become a popular clinical and investigational tool. The temporal fluctuations in heart rate exhibit a marked synchrony with respiration (increasing during inspiration and decreasing during expiration – the so called respiratory sinus arrhythmia, RSA) and are widely believed to reflect changes in cardiac autonomic regulation. Additionally, following a premature ventricular beat, reproducible variations take place in RR interval as a result of baroreflex mediated autonomic effects on the sinoatrial node, which can be gauged as heart rate turbulence (HRT). Apparently, impaired autonomic task as gauged through HRV and HRT are reliable in the prediction of adverse results within clinical surroundings. The ability of decreased HRV and HRT in the prediction of adverse results has been justified by their reliance on vagal mechanisms, which are capable of echoing an improved sympathetic and a decreased sinus node's vagal modulation thereby promoting cardiac electrical instability.


Effective data compression and sustainable management of limited bandwidth are the fundamental challenges in the design of current ad-hoc wireless networks. Dynamic Huffman coding protocol with optimal prefix-free codewords assigned to network parameters through cross-layer methodology can considerably address these issues for performance enhancement in these networks. In this paper, the entropy based Huffman binary and ternary coding schemes are implemented with cross-layer design in mobile ad-hoc networks. This cross-layer approach for achieving higher adaptivity incorporated four layers of the traditional networking stack. The simulation results demonstrated the performance tradeoff between throughput and coding metrics for the proposed cross-layer architecture. Moreover, our proposed model exhibits substantially higher compression ratio and coding efficiency than the other existing methods through the integration of this lossless coding protocol in the developed cross-layer framework.


The relevance of the topic of the research is determined by the necessity to implement insurance as a method to control agricultural risks in order to increase the financial stability of agricultural producers in the conditions of high uncertainty of natural and climatic conditions.Insurance as a means to stabilising risks in the agrarian sphere enables not only to compensate for the losses connected with the loss of agricultural products but also to protect the producers from possible bankruptcy, to enhance the predictability of financial outcomes of activities. The authors put the greater emphasis on the underlying factors influencing the formation and dynamics of crucial indicators of agricultural insurance with state support compared to Russian and foreign experience. The sectoral analysis of was carried out, the peculiarities of implementing instruments of agricultural insurance in terms of federal districts and insurance institutions were revealed, provisions on innovative programmes were developed in order to improve agreements between actors for strengthening agricultural producers' activities.


This study conducted a metrological analysis of 708 master's theses written between 2001 and 2011 by ethnic traditional sports majors,in terms of basic norm,selection of research themes,research methods,citing and effect. We came to the following conclusion. Not only the quantity of the theses has increased rapidly,but core mentor groups are coming into existence; post-graduate students are having more articles published in core journals,and postgraduate programs are more mature. The title and the key words generally satisfy the basic norm of a thesis,and research direction and type agree with the demands of the discipline and society. Research methods are generally well chosen,and the literature is appropriately cited in terms of year and type of publication. Nevertheless,problems also exist,such as a lack of English notes,disagreement between the topic and the specialty,a lack of elaboration about the research methods,and substandard citations. These deficiencies affect the overall academic levels of master's theses by ethnic traditional sports majors and hampers international exchanges.


The determination of the cleaning parameters of the EDTA chemical cleaning,the range of cleaning and the technical process in CFB Plant are introduced.This paper analyzes the process control parameters in the cleaning,finds the influence factors.


Levetiracetam (LEV) is an approved drug for the treatment of some epileptic disorders. With few and controversial reports addressing its possible pharmacodynamic interactions, the current study aimed at studying the effect of LEV on isolated rat duodenal strips to enlighten its possible intestinal adverse effects using the isolated smooth muscle strips of rat duodenum. LEV showed a dose‐dependent inhibition in KCl (80 mm)‐induced contractions in normal Tyrode's solution. Moreover, preincubation with LEV (3 mm) in K+‐rich/Ca2+‐free medium led to a significant decrease in the maximum contractions (Emax) coupled to a right shift of the cumulative CaCl2 concentration curves implying a possible Ca2+ channel blocking potential. In addition, LEV exhibited a typical noncompetitive inhibition in the cumulative carbachol concentration curves evidenced as a decrease in Emax without the alteration of EC50, thus eliminating any possible role of the muscarinic receptors in the relaxant effect. To rule out other possible relaxant mechanisms, tests were conveyed in Tyrode's solution containing either 100 μm l‐NAME or 10 μm glimepiride to test the possible relaxant roles exhibited by nitric oxide (NO) and KATP channel opening, respectively. None of the tested pathways was involved in LEV‐mediated relaxation. Taken altogether, the results of the current study entail that LEV might exert a relaxant effect on intestinal smooth muscles through blocking L‐type voltage‐operated calcium channels, but not involving either NO release or KATP channel opening.


Average daily-efficiency of solar water heating systems with all-glass evacuated tubes is regarded as a key parameter reflecting transform capability between solar light and heat.Six different kinds of solar water heaters are selected as the test samples and carried on different tests under different test conditions and different test methods.It is found that the average daily-efficiency results from drainage method can only reflect the transform capability between solar light and heat of the system,but the results from water-mixing method can not reflect the capability and can only gain their tanks' efficiency.At the same time,it is also found that the heat-obtaining quantity of the same sample is increasing with accumulative solar irradiation and its average daily-efficiency can reach the biggest under the appropriate test condition.The average daily efficiency results of different samples under the same test conditions is relating with contour aperture area、water volume of storage tank and coating layers of heat collectors.


Based on the study on the formaldehyde laser-Raman spectrum stimulation mechanism, a kind of low cost method of rapid and accurate determination on the concentration of formaldehyde can be got by the means of examining gathered specimen followed with analysis and proof to the result. This method, without any assistant reagent, is to survey directly the Raman spectrum which the vibration of formaldehyde molecular produces, and then to definite formaldehyde density according to formaldehyde characteristic spectrum peak.


It is a known fact that a small amount of randomly rewired connections greatly improves the performance of associative neural network with regular architecture, still preserving its attractive features such as local connectivity and small total connection length. In this paper we propose the systematic way of connection rewiring which further improves the associative properties of the network using the same amount of rewiring.


In tumor cells of nasopharyngeal carcinoma,the gene methylation changes is the important reason of nasopharyngeal carcinoma occurrence.The paper discusses the theory of the nasopharyngeal carcinoma p73 gene methylation changes,which benefit for molecular mechanism analysis of etiology pathogenesis and guiding radiation theraph.


The article investigates the influence of electrolytic-plasma nitriding on structure-phase state of the R6M5 high-speed steel surface layer. It is found that after electrolytic-plasma nitriding on the R6M5 steel surface, diffusion layer is formed, which is a nitrogen marten site. It was showed phase composition of diffusion layer is changing depending on the nitriding. It is found that electrolytic-plasma nitriding lead to accelerated formation of the modified layer. It is determined that after electrolytic-plasma nitriding on the high-speed steel surface, modified layer is formed, consisting only of the diffusion layer. It is determined the influence of the saturation temperature on the diffusion layer structural and phase states.


1 [1]The main components of the human speech system are: The lungs, tracher(windpipe), larynx, pharyngeal cavity(throat), oral or buccal cavity(mouth), nasal cavity(nose). Normally the pharyngeal and the oral cavity are grouped into one unit called the oral tract. The nasal cavity is normally called the nasal tract. The exact placement of the main organs is shown in figure 1.1. A simplified schematic for the speech system is shown in figure 1.2 on page II Figure 1.1: [1]Schematic view of human speech production.


With the recent development of high-density logical circuits with complex functions, a problem is produced in the long time for the functional testing. One method to cope with this problem is to employ builtin testing, which is one of the designs for testability. The method includes the testing circuit in the IC chip (the circuit under test), and testing is performed by the chip itself to decide whether or not the function is normal. We have already proposed new built-in testing, which can test concurrently all memory cells on a word-line. The pattern-sensitive fault is one of the faults which have been difficult to detect. This paper applies the previously proposed method to such a fault, and presents the result. Using the method in this paper, testing can be performed by the near-optimal test sequence with the complexity of 302N1/2, which is a drastic decrease compared with other testing methods reported to date. The testing circuit can easily be constructed using counters and shift-registers. The hardware overhead as evaluated by the equivalent number of gates is almost negligible when the memory capacity is increased.