Social content is important for successful innovation of services. To successfully leverage the value of social content, they need to be properly managed. To achieve this, factors that contribute to social content management must be identified and subsequently validated. In this article, eleven factors that impact upon social content management are highlighted. Taking into consideration the fact that social content management is still an evolving field of study, validation of these factors was done by employing the Delphi technique. Research had indicated that there are several different versions of the Delphi technique, and some researchers have criticized the method as non-rigorous. Thus, in this paper, it is highlighted that this issue could be tackled if the questionnaire instrument used to assess the expert's opinion is developed by adhering to a rigid protocol. Embedded in this rigid protocol, are two measures of validity used which are the content validity ratio (CVR), and the mean of CVR, namely the content validity index (CVi). A total of 86 items are submitted for evaluation and based on the CVR value and comments from the content evaluation panel members, all items are acceptable, with minimal adjustments. The CVi measure returned a value of 0.99, which shows that the factors and the whole questionnaire are accepted. The questionnaire with the validated content could be used as an instrument to validate the factors that are affecting the management of social content. It is hoped that the factors would assist the organization in managing the social content effectively.


Moving our hands smoothly is essential to execute ordinary tasks, such as carrying a glass of water without spilling. Past studies have revealed a natural tendency to generate smooth trajectories when moving the hand from one point to another in free space. Here we provide a new perspective on movement smoothness by showing that smoothness is also enforced when the hand maintains contact with a curved surface. Maximally smooth motions over curved surfaces occur along geodesic lines that depend on fundamental features of the surface, such as its radius and center of curvature. Subjects were requested to execute movements of the hand while in contact with a virtual sphere that they could not see. We found that with practice, subjects tended to move their hand along smooth trajectories, near geodesic pathways joining start to end positions, to reduce contact forces with constrained boundary, variance of contact force, tangential velocity profile error and sum of square jerk along the time span of movement. Furthermore, after practicing movements in a region of the sphere, subjects executed near-geodesic movements, less contact forces, less contact force variance, less tangential velocity profile error and less sum of square jerk in a different region. These findings suggest that the execution of smooth movements while the hand is in contact with a surface is a means for extracting information about the surface's geometrical features.


The Pro-Choice movement is unhappy. Those who support abortion "rights" feel the game slipping away from them. They fought so hard and accomplished so much. Now they see the other side winning.


Computational modelling has received significant attention in the research community over the past few decades due to its pronounced contribution in better understanding of the nature, as well as in the development of advanced technologies. The modelling of more and more complex transport physical systems helps the community to address important issues, like identification of environmental problems, improvement of technological processes, development of biomedical applications, etc. However, the physical modelling is only one part of the entire problem. In most realistic scientific computing applications, a physical model cannot be solved in a closed form, thus adequate numerical approach is required. The continuous physical domain is replaced by its discrete form. In the majority of the simulations, the classical numerical methods, such as the Finite Volume Method (FVM) (Ferziger and Peric, 2002), Finite Difference Method (FDM) (Őzisik, 2000, Shashkov, 1996), Boundary Element Method (BEM) (Bialecki, et al., 2006, Wrobel, 2002) or the Finite Element Method (FEM) (Rappaz, et al., 2003), are used to solve these problems.


We present SchemaScope, a system to derive Document Type Definitions and XML schema from a corpus of sample XML documents. Tools are provided to visualize, clean and refine existing or inferred schemas. A number of use cases illustrate the versatility of the system, as well as various types of applications.


In order to quantify the types of intralobular ducts, we used five adult male mice, sacrificed by cervical dislocation, after exposure to anesthetic. After euthanasing the animals, the mandibular glands were histologically processed. We sectioned the tissue at 5 µm thickness and stained the slides using Goldner's trichrome staining procedure. We captured images on four different microscopic fields for each animal, subsequently counting each type of intralobulary duct. The granular ducts were the most numerous, followed by the intermediary ones and striated ducts with the lowest number.


In Memoriam I n the recent past, Harvard's Department of the Classics has suffered several deaths among its faculty and emeriti. To consider only the Pope Professor-ship of the Latin Language and Literature, we have had to cope—within less than four years (by a single day)—with the departure of no fewer than four individuals whose incumbency in the chair spanned continuously more than four In contemplating these losses, we decided for two main reasons to innovate by publishing a memorial issue of Nota Bene, our departmental newsletter, that would gather obituaries, remarks made at memorial services, and other related materials. One of the two reasons is that Classics is the cornerstone of the humanities, as the artes humaniores have come to be known. An essential component of these " arts " is humaneness, and nothing makes a person suffer more acutely the related experience of humbling humanness than to experience the absence when a dear one dies. Our thoughts, our empathies, go out to the families and friends of those commemorated here. Another motivation in assembling these texts is that Classics, for all its stupendous interdisciplinarity and all the ever-changing diversity of approaches that it elicits and requires, remains (as it began) a field in which texts and traditions are foundational. So that those in the future who are interested, as well as those right now who care deeply and immediately, may remember the members of our community we have lost, we offer the following pages. The issue focuses upon those who have passed away in this fall semester of 2006, namely: retired curator of manuscripts in Houghton Library and enthusiastic participant in our community.


Autophagy is a biological mechanism allowing recycling of long-lived proteins, abnormal protein aggregates and damaged organelles under cellular stress conditions. Following sequestration in double or multi-membrane autophagic vesicles, the cargo is delivered to lysosomes for degradation. Autophagy pathway is necessary for maintaining cellular homeostasis. Key components of the pathway are being identified recently. ATG proteins and the complexes that they form are the key members and regulators of the pathway. ATG5 is a key component of an E3-like ATG12-ATG5-ATG16 protein complex that catalyzes conjugation of the MAP1LC3 protein to lipids, thus controlling autophagic vesicle formation and expansion. Accumulating data indicate that ATG5 is a convergence point for autophagy regulation. Moreover, mTOR complex, ULK1 complex and Beclin 1 complexes are identified as the other fundamental proteins that act in autophagic pathway. In this thesis, novel ATG5 interactors and autophagy proteins are described and characterized. In addition to ATG proteins and complexes, the link potentials of these newly identified autophagy regulators between well-known major autophagy complexes are discussed and new regulation mechanisms are proposed.


By use of document-data method and analytical reasoning,an analysis is made of the value of consciousness of Yijin Jing in the formation and development of Yijin Jing acts and skills.It is expounded that the value of the consciousness finds expression mainly in the transition from acts to thought and from thought to act in the practice of the body-building Qigong——Yijin Jing.And accordingly,it is strongly suggested that in the practice of Yijin Jing the formation of consciousness needs to maitain a well-balanced mood and emotion with a relaxed body and calm mind and complete mental concentration free of external disturbance.By recalling to concentrate the "consciousness",the comprehensive value in regulating the body,breath and mind is thus achieved.


China has made tremendous progress in its economic development since it began its economic reform and opened to the world in 1978. It is currently the fastest growing economy in the world — averaging 9.7% per annum over the past 36 years (even though it has begun to slow down, to around 7% year-on-year growth). It is, however, historically unprecedented for an economy to grow at such a high rate over such a long period of time. Why has China been able to do so? What makes China grow? Will China be able to continue to grow at such a high rate in the future? The Chinese economic fundamentals, the Chinese initial conditions in 1978, as well as the economic reform policies and measures adopted and implemented by China are examined and analyzed. Long-term development of the Chinese economy is also assessed and long-term forecasts are generated and reported.


This paper describes a modern system and software development proeess. This process was refined through trial and error as the TOPAZ system was developed over a three year period that began in April of 1989 and ended in July of 1992 with customer acceptance. We will discuss behavior semantics and their role in the minds of the customer, developer, and development organization. We will emphasize the possibility of "over-abstraction" when use of procedural interface specifications are used as a substitute for more detailed understanding. The effects of encapsulation and interface semantics as provided by Ada will be discussed in the context of the TOPAZ project.


To learn a good distance metric without any class label information,an algorithm named HDDI-FCM(double indices fuzzy C-means with hybrid distance) is proposed in this paper.In detail,the unknown distance metric is firstly represented as the linear combination of several known distance metrics.Then the algorithm is executed to perform the clustering task as well as learn the most suitable metric simultaneously.To guarantee the convergence of the algorithm,the Steffensen iteration is introduced into the process of updating cluster centers.The selection of parameter for the algorithm is also discussed.The experimental results on a collection of UCI(University of California,Irvine) datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.


Surrounding the subject of application of the vacuum technology in space, the general situation of development in the spacecraft vacuum technology in China is synthetically introduced. The development of extreme high vacuum in China is introduced in detail. The new physical concept "molecule vacuum life"is presented, on which the method of measuring the thermal adaptation coefficient of gas molecule is deduced. It is indicated that the pressure losses its original physical meaning under the ultra and extreme high vacuum conditions. The new concepts as "efficient pressure"? "incidence"? "static pressure" and "dynamical pressure" are drew. The particularity and the complication of the directional effect and the theoretical calculation of vacuum measurement deviating from real measurement under the space conditions are explored. The extreme high vacuum equipment with molecular sink technology obtains 10 -11 Pa of ultimate vacuum. The present situation, performance and main functions of spacecraft simulation equipment developed in China are introduced. The researches on space materials vacuum effects in China are described. The effects of cold weld for space materials and mobile parts and the effects of molecule pollution on the long life and the reliability of spacecraft are indicated. The development of spacecraft vacuum technology in China is expected.


The cyclooxygenase enzyme system is a prime example of a metabolic pathway that is regulated by self inactivation. This is believed to occur in part via the irreversible reaction of the endoperoxide intermediate species with the cyclooxygenase enzyme. This inactivation and recovery of activity is similar to the inactivation observed with aspirin which irreversibly acetylates the enzyme. Self inactivation was studied in cultured rat and bovine aorta smooth muscle cells. The production of the prostanoid PGI2 was demonstrated by incubation of a monolayer of cells with 12 ..mu..M C-14 labeled arachidonic acid. Products were analyzed by thin layer chromatography and identified by their comigration with authentic standards and confirmed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Preincubation of the cells for 10 minutes with arachidonic acid at concentrations as low as 1 ..mu..g/mL inactivated the cells to a second challenge with radiolabeled arachidonic acid. Recovery from self inactivation took place over a three hour time period and was similar to the recovery observed with aspirin pretreatment. Recovery was inhibited by addition of 10 ..mu..g/mL cycloheximide to the medium indicating that it involves synthesis of cyclooxygenase protein. Epidermal growth factor was identified as a serum factor responsible for the rapid recovery of cyclooxygenase activitymore » in rat and bovine aorta smooth muscle cells.« less


TO THE EDITOR: Philip and colleagues (1) have validated the conventional wisdom that coffee and napping improve nighttime highway driving performance with their real-life study. However, their study raises several questions. First, an alternative factor affecting the ability to drive at night is nighttime visual acuity. One of the 12 study participants (participant 7) was egregiously the worst driver under all 3 nighttime test conditions: 13 line crossings with coffee (3.1 SD worse than the mean), 17 line crossings with placebo (1.8 SD worse than the mean), and 8 line crossings with napping (2.0 SD worse than the mean). In contrast, the participant's driving ability during the day was similar to that of the other participants. Cataract disease, retinitis pigmentosa, and vitamin A deficiency are conditions that may decrease nighttime visual acuity. While these disorders would certainly be highly unusual in a young, healthy man and the range in what is considered normal driving ability may be large, excluding these conditions as factors in the analysis might be of interest, given this participant's consistently poor performance, rather than attributing the poor performance simply to fatigue. Nevertheless, when this driver is excluded from an informal analysis of the remaining 11 participants by using paired t-tests with Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons, the findings are similar to the overall conclusions of the trial. Second, while the number of line crossings may be viewed as a proxy for driving performance, the number of times that the professional copilot had to intervene as a consequence would be of interest. While potentially subjective, this may better capture the relevance of each line crossing, especially since the participants were instructed to drive at high speeds averaging 80 miles per hour. Finally, it would be informative to know what measures the professional copilot driver used to stay awake for the study: Napping, coffee, or another interventionlike modafinil?


In the creation of engineering products and systems there is always a desire to make the finished article as good as it can be. The optimum solution is the goal. Moreover, it is the nature of innovation to seek continual improvement in everything. Engineers in particular attempt to optimize using mathematical tools to ensure that systems meet the many conflicting demands of their users. The complexity of modern engineering systems, such as aircraft, means that such optimization is a challenging task. Aircraft are designed to meet many competing requirements and the final vehicle design is always a compromise between the physics and economics of many disciplines. The design process itself is also complex, being hierarchical and iterative, as it attempts to facilitate so many disciplines. Aircraft design is a prime example of a multi-objective, multi-disciplinary problem which needs the most advanced tools and capabilities to achieve any solution. This chapter introduces some of the latest design approaches for aircraft which use optimization methods. These are necessarily adaptations of the mathematical methods and multi-disciplinary design optimization (MDO) approaches (see Formulating Design Problems as Optimization Problems) but used in a manner suited to the integrated design environment appropriate for aircraft. These methods permit good solutions to be found, and even better can provide guidance for the designer on robust solutions, which not only achieve good performance at the target design point, but remains good when the environment and parameters change to less favorable values. Such robust designs can reduce risk and result in stable reliable products.

Keywords:

aircraft design;
design processes;
systems engineering;
multi-disciplinary optimization;
MDO;
response surface methodology;
RSM;
robust design


ABSTRACT Three novel rufigallol derivatives with four alkyl chains and two cholesteric units 6a, 6b and 6c were prepared in yields of 83–88%. The mesomorphic properties were investigated by DSC, POM and XRD analysis, suggesting that compounds 6a, 6b and 6c possess the ordered hexagonal columnar mesophase. The long alkyl chains contribute to the low phase transition temperature. Sample 6c with four dodecyl chains and two cholesterol units is a room temperature liquid crystal between 31°C and 87°C. Compounds 6a, 6b and 6c also have good fluorescence emission between 400 nm and 500 nm. The studies on CD spectra implied that the chiralities of cholesterol moieties are successfully transferred to the liquid crystalline core. Samples 6a, 6b and 6c are the first fluorescence liquid crystal based on rufigallol core with chiral cholesterol units. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT


Small distrubance eigenvalue analysis is strict stability analysis in the sense of Lyapunov,which has been widely used in research of power system low frequency oscillation.In this paper,system model suitable for voltage stability research is established according to voltage stability characteristics,and small disturbance analysis is applied in research of small disturbance voltage instability.First,method determining relationship between state variables and eigenvalue is put forward with the help of homotopy function,and then small disturbance voltage instability mode considering induction motor load is strictly analysised by means of bifurcation theory.Applying above method in an example system, the key factor of influencing power system stability and instability mode at critical can be identified.


The hydrodynamic focusing bioreactor (HFB) is a bioreactor system designed for three-dimensional cell culture and tissue-engineering investigations on orbiting spacecraft and in laboratories on Earth. The HFB offers a unique hydrofocusing capability that enables the creation of a low-shear culture environment simultaneously with the "herding" of suspended cells, tissue assemblies, and air bubbles. Under development for use in the Biotechnology Facility on the International Space Station, the HFB has successfully grown large three-dimensional, tissuelike assemblies from anchorage-dependent cells and grown suspension hybridoma cells to high densities. The HFB, based on the principle of hydrodynamic focusing, provides the capability to control the movement of air bubbles and removes them from the bioreactor without degrading the low-shear culture environment or the suspended three-dimensional tissue assemblies. The HFB also provides unparalleled control over the locations of cells and tissues within its bioreactor vessel during operation and sampling.


This paper addresses the theoretical analysis of dilepton spectra in C+C collisions at GSI-SIS energies. Theoretical predictions for the recent data of the HADES Collaboration at SIS energies are made with the help of a hadron-string transport model, the Ultra-relativistic Quantum Molecular Dynamics (UrQMD) model. A mass shift of the ρ meson due to kinematical effects is discussed.


Deforestation, followed by soil erosion and subsequent deposition of alluvium in valleys, played a critical role in the formation of historical terraces in much of the Southern Blue Ridge Mountains. Such terraces add a significant amount of sediment to the tributaries of the region as streams laterally erode the terrace banks. This study examined the contribution of total sediment yield derived solely from eroded stream banks in small watersheds (<20 km²), using floodplain widths as proxies for long-term lateral erosion rates. The raw data were derived from watersheds with different land covers (Coweeta Creek and Skeenah Creek watersheds in the Upper Little Tennessee River basin). Bank-derived sediment yield estimates were modeled in a Geographic Information System, using linear regression to relate floodplain widths and erodible terrace bank heights. We found total stream length to be a good predictor of both lateral erosion rates and erodible bank heights. Land cover, basin/network morphometrics, and reach-scale stream conditions were not good predictors. Modeled lateral migration and sediment yield results compare favorably to empirical measurements from five independent watersheds in the region. Modeled estimates fall within ±50% or better of the observed values, at 16.33 to 25.02 t km−2 yr−1.


This work proposes a new methodology for the management of event tree information used in the quantitative risk assessment of complex systems. The size of event trees increases exponentially with the number of system components and the number of states that each component can be found in. Their reduction to a manageable set of events can facilitate risk quantification and safety optimization tasks.
The proposed method launches a deductive exploitation of the event space, to generate reduced event trees for large multistate systems. The approach consists in the simultaneous treatment of large subsets of the tree, rather than focusing on the given single components of the system and getting trapped into guesses on their structural arrangement.


Simulations using ab initio quantum mechanical charge field molecular dynamics (QMCF MD) and classical molecular dynamics using two‐body and three‐body potentials were performed to investigate the hydration of the Ca2+ ion at different temperatures. Results from the simulations demonstrate significant effects of temperature on solution dynamics and the corresponding composition and structure of hydrated Ca2+. Substantial increase in ligand exchange events was observed in going from 273.15 K to 368.15 K, resulting in a redistribution of coordination numbers to lower values. The effect of temperature is also visible in a red‐shift of the ion‐oxygen stretching frequencies, reflecting weakened ligand binding. Even the moderate increase from ambient to body temperature leads to significant changes in the properties of Ca2+ in aqueous environment. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem, 2010


Abstract Neotropical fruit bats of the genus Carollia consume the infructescences of native Piper species. Black pepper, Piper nigrum, a species exotic to the Neotropics, has been planted in several countries of Latin America. Black pepper has been reported as a frequent item in the diet of C. brevicauda and also has found in the diet of C. perspicillata. Essential oils of Neotropical Piper species may attract Carollia bats, and probably increase the value of food containing them. However, since black pepper is originally from Asia, its essential oils may act as chemical defenses against non-dispersers such as the Neotropical fruit bats. Therefore, we used the giving-up density technique (GUD), to evaluate the effect of the essential oils of black pepper in food on the foraging behavior of C. perspicillata. We offered captive male bats artificial food with and without the essential oils of P. nigrum and measured their GUDs. The addition of the essential oils of P. nigrum greatly increased the bats' GUD, indicating that male C. perspicillata treated such secondary metabolites as toxins.


Manifesto of the Communist Party is the first programmatic document to the scientific communist and moreover it is the systematic programmatic document of Marxist legal philosophy. The author mainly discussed the four viewpoints of Marxist legal philosophy: Legal Unity Viewpoint,Legal Essence Viewpoint, Legal Value Viewpoint and Legal Movement Viewpoint. At present,Constructions are in progress about the rule of law of Socialist in our Country. Therefore, it is a very important significance to probe into the Viewpoint of Marxist legal philosophy in Manifesto of the Communist Party.


The development of weapon systems (or components) is hindered by the number of tests due to the limited development period and cost, which reduces the scale of accumulated data related to failures. Nevertheless, because a large amount of failure data and maintenance details during the operational period are managed by computerized data, the cause of failure of weapon systems (or components) can be analyzed using the data. On the other hand, analyzing the failure and maintenance details of various weapon systems is difficult because of the variation among groups and companies, and details of the cause of failure are described as unstructured text data. Fortunately, the recent developments of big data processing technology, machine learning algorithm, and improved HW computation ability have supported major research into various methods for processing the above unstructured data. In this paper, unstructured data related to the failure / maintenance of defense weapon systems (or components) is presented by applying doc2vec, a machine learning technique, to analyze the failure cases.


The wheat β-glucosidase TaGlu1b, which is only active in a hexameric form, was tagged with 6×His at the N-terminus, overexpressed in Escherichia coli and purified in two steps. The protein complexed with a substrate aglycone was crystallized at 293 K from a solution containing 10 mM HEPES pH 7.2, 1 M LiSO4 and 150 mM NaCl using the hanging-drop vapour-diffusion method. Diffraction data were collected to 1.7 A at the Photon Factory. The crystal belongs to space group P4132, with unit-cell parameters a = b = c = 194.65 A, α = β = γ = 90°. The asymmetric unit was confirmed by molecular-replacement solution to contain one monomer, giving a solvent content of 72.1%.


: This study consists of a modern and economic way to recover the heat wasted from the industrial chimneys which are cooled down by natural sources by using thermal electric generator heat sinks. A flap with altered heat sink (which is attached at the top of thermo-electric generator) is used in place of convectional heat sink base. A 3D model is proposed by using AUTODESK Fusion 360 and is solved by using Workbench 2021 R1 ANSYS. The presented setup fully describes the transfer of heat along the one vertical bar inside the TEGs module which is mounted along the vertical wall of the Chimney. The impact of Flap dimensions (Height, Depth, and Angle) and conductive material performance is studied. The flap angles are 45 ◦ , 50 ◦ and 60 ◦ and depths of the flap are 28 mm, 30 mm and 33 mm. This altered heat sink accomplishes about 28% enhance in the rate of cooling of TEGs module. The maximum output power, i.e


A famous conjecture of Caccetta and Häggkvist is that in a digraph on n vertices and minimum out-degree at least n r there is a directed cycle of length r or less. We consider the following generalization: in an undirected graph on n vertices, any collection of n disjoint sets of edges, each of size at least n r , has a rainbow cycle of length r or less. We focus on the case r = 3, and prove the existence of a rainbow triangle under somewhat stronger conditions than in the conjecture. For any fixed k and large enough n, we determine the maximum number of edges in an n-vertex edge-coloured graph where all colour classes have size at most k and there is no rainbow triangle. Moreover, we characterize the extremal graphs for this problem.


Recent collecting in the classical Permian of west Texas has yielded representatives of Stenopoceras from the Hueco formation; Michelinoceras, Mcoreoceras, Pseudorthoceras, Metacoceras, and Cooperoceras? from the Bone Spring; Mooreoceras?, Domatoceras?, Metacoceras, and Stenopoceras from the Leonard; and Mooreoceras, Metacoceras, and Cooperoceras from the Word. Most of these are typical Permian forms. However, one new genus, Cooperoceras, and several new species are represented by the available material. s HAS recently been emphasized (Miller and Unklesbay, 1942), the nautiloids of Permian times are not nearly as well known as are the ammonoids. However, it seems almost certain that their relative scarcity is somewhat more apparent than real. That is, because of their superior stratigraphic value, ammonoids have been sought more diligently than nautiloids, and their discovery has been recorded more often. For example, most of the specimens illustrated in this report came from the Glass Mountains, from which many Permian ammonoids have been described but from which not a single Permian nautiloid has even been listed. These Glass Mountain nautiloids, on which the major portion of this report is based, are exquisite silicified specimens which elucidate clearly many features of the shell. They vwere loaned to me by G. A. Cooper of the U. S. National Museum, who secured them by collecting large blocks of fossiliferous limestone and dissolving the calcareous matrix in hydrochloric acid. By keeping the acid dilute, to avoid a violent reaction, and carrying on the dissolving process over a long period of time, he was able to obtain specimens that retain delicate spinose processes (pl. 44, figs. 3, 4). In a similar manner Stanislaus Kfiz of Princeton University secured a collection of comparable material from the Sierra Diablo, which J. B. Knight called to my attention and arranged to have loaned to me. Furthermore, Harold Vokes of the American Museum of Natural History sent me some specimens that he collected in the Glass Mountains. Acknowledgement is also due to Lee Allen and Joan M. Cox, who retouched the photographs that accompany this report, and to the Graduate College of the State University of Iowa, which made the completion of this study financially possible. In addition to the specimens discussed in detail on the following pages, the available collections contain numerous fragments that are too incomplete to merit illustration or detailed description. Some of those known from the Bone Spring limestone of the Sierra Diablo represent large specimens several inches in diameter, but unfortunately even their generic affinities can not be determined. As might be expected, these large shells were very thick, and most of them contain numerous depressions that are lenticular in cross section and are only a few millimeters long-presumably these were made by boring sponges. The generic position of a few of the undescribed fragments can be suggested,, and altogether the following nautiloids are now known from the Bone Spring formation: Michelinoceras spp. Mooreoceras sp. Pseudorthoceras sp. Metacoceras mammiferum, n. sp. Metacoceras megaporum, n. sp. Metacoceras spp. Cooperoceras? sp. All of these forms occur at the same horizon and locality, that is, all of them are represented on the so-called "Molluscan Ledge" in massively bedded limestone about 100 feet above the base of the Bone Spring formation in the northwestern wall of the mouth of Apache Canyon about 0.2 mile north of the Van Horn quadrangle, in the


In this paper step by step procedure for the construction of a high speed FIR filter is developed based on the concept of Vedic mathematics as well as modified Booth Wallace technique. MAC units made with both these techniques give comparative results. The objective of this paper is to find the better technique suited to the application of MAC as a filter.


Urban streams in the Northeastern United States have large road salt inputs during the winter, increased nonpoint sources of inorganic nitrogen and decreased short‐term and permanent storage of nutrients. Restoration activities that re‐establish connection between streams and riparian environments may be effective for improving urban stream water quality. Meadowbrook Creek, a first‐order stream in Syracuse, NY, provides a unique setting to explore impacts of stream–floodplain connection because it flows along a negative urbanization gradient, from channelized and armoured headwaters to a broad, vegetated floodplain with a riparian aquifer. In this study, we investigated how reconnection to groundwater and introduction of riparian vegetation impacted urban surface water chemistry by making biweekly longitudinal surveys of stream water chemistry in the creek from May 2012 until June 2013. We used multiple methods to measure groundwater discharge rates along the creek. Chloride concentrations in the upstream, disconnected reach were influenced by discharge of road salt during snow melt events and ranged from 161.2 to 1440 mg/l. Chloride concentrations in the downstream, connected reach had less temporal variation, ranging from 252.0 to 1049 mg/l, because of buffering by groundwater discharge, as groundwater chloride concentrations ranged from 84.0 to 655.4 mg/l. In the summer, there was little to no nitrate in the disconnected reach because of limited sources and high primary productivity, but concentrations reached over 1 mg N/l in the connected reach because of the presence of riparian vegetation. During the winter, when temperatures fell below freezing, nitrate concentrations in the disconnected reach increased to 0.58 mg N/l but were still lower than the connected reach, which averaged 0.88 mg N/l. Urban stream restoration projects that restore floodplain connection may impact water quality by storing high salinity road run‐off during winter overbank events and discharging that water year‐round, thereby attenuating seasonal fluctuations in chloride. Contrary to prior findings, we observed that floodplain connection and riparian vegetation may alter nitrate sources and sinks such that nitrate concentrations increase longitudinally in connected urban streams. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Soil respiration data were obtained using a portable infrared gas analyzer by measuring the CO2 concentration in a small chamber placed on the ground. The rate of respiration showed a geometrical mean of 11.4 (mmol- h-1 -m-2) and ranged from almost 0 to about 80 (mmol-h-1-m-2) in the experimental field in the farm of Shimane University (103 plots, 1,081 data). The rate was stimulated strongly by the temperature (R2 = 0.76, Q10 = 2.2, 4°C <, < 40°C), and weakly by the moisture level (partial correlation coefficient: 0.4) and input of organic matter. But the influence or agro-chemicals (standard and 5-fold dose of fenitrothion, chlorothalonil, and paraquat dichloride) was too small to be detected in the field.


The invention discloses a preservation storeroom with absorption and refrigeration of solar energy, which can satisfy demands of cool storage and cool supply by absorption and preservation of solar, energy, meanwhile satisfy the demand of even flow field in the storeroom, and is provided with compact structure and low cost. The outlet for refrigeration agent of solar absorption device is connected with condenser, automatic valve, evaporator, and the inlet for refrigeration agent of solar absorption device in turn to form refrigeration cycling system. Fluid inlet and outlet of layer-divided box are connected with two ends of cooling coil through automatic valves. The evaporator is located at the upper half of the body in the layer-divided box. In the refrigeration device in invention refrigeration is realized by solar energy so as to satisfy demands of cool storage and cool supply of preservation storeroom. It is provided with the function that running electricity energy is saved, saving energy and avoiding environmental pollution. It can make the flow field of room structure as even as possible, improve the storage efficiency of room structure and save the space.


In this paper, we first prove the $f$-mean curvature comparison in a smooth metric measure space when the Bakry-Emery Ricci tensor is bounded from below and $|f|$ is bounded. Based on this, we define a Myers-type compactness theorem by generalizing the results of Cheeger, Gromov, and Taylor and of Wan for the Bakry-Emery Ricci tensor. Moreover, we improve a result from Soylu by using a weaker condition on a derivative $f'(t)$.


report. Even though the differences appear in passing in the introduction (p. xi), only the most assiduous reader will succeed in ferreting them out. The centerpiece of this publication, though, is its music. The transcriptions please the eye and are considerate in their layout: only the lengthy first trope (no. 4) requires a page turn. A check of randomly selected examples revealed that the results are reliable and accurate. The only caution that arose from my examination was in the inconsistent representation of an identical figure in no. 4 ("Sanctus Christe yerarchia") at reference 40, and in no. 7 ("Sanc tus Cunctorum dominans") at reference 32. A comparison of the two shapes suggests that this is a six-note ligature (dedfef ), rather than a five-note complex. The rendering in no. 7 should thus replace the one in no. 4. The transcriptions generally follow editorial customs familiar from other Notre Dame editions, although a slightly atypical depiction arises in the use of slanted (rather than strictly horizontal) brackets to indicate ligatures. These can sometimes be difficult to see clearly when they intersect staff lines. An especially welcome feature is the indication of different shapes of closelygrouped repeated notes. Here square puncta lie under horizontal brackets, while rhomboid figures use a slur (not to be interpreted as a tie). The lack of any superimposed markings in this context indicates virga shapes. Nevertheless, some editorial redundancy intrudes. Dashed barlines (with no corollary in the manuscript) delimit sectional divisions in the tropes and line endings in the conductus. Almost invariably, these symbols coincide with a tractus in the original source (rendered by Cosart as a short stroke at the top of the staff), and therefore a single figure (such as a regular barline) could represent them, rather than the two signs used here. Similarly, series of currentes not only appear under a slur, but with miniature note-heads for the descending rhomboid elements of the figure. The slur alone would suffice to show their special nature, while the use of smaller note-heads here suggests to the eye that such pitches are less than essential, which they assuredly are not. Lastly, as with the verbal texts, some details provided by concordant sources might have benefitted the musical transcriptions. In particular there are numerous instances where a seemingly extraneous tractus appears after a melisma, only to be followed by a note or small note-group prior to the next syllable (see, for just one instance, no. 5 at reference 19 on p. 10). In my estimation the positioning of the figure after the tractus but before the new text implies the reiteration of the previously vocalized melismatic syllable. Similar cases in F make such an interpretation even more explicit with an additional tractus just before the new text syllable. In cases like these, evidence from other manuscripts might have recommended more justifiable choices in the alignment of syllables with notes. (See, for instance, no. 8 on p. 16 at reference 56–57, where the second syllable of "virginis" probably should not be shifted to the left, but left as it stands in W1.) Yet despite these minor caveats, this volume of monophonic works in W1 fills an essential gap among editions of music from Notre Dame sources. Due perhaps to its fragmentary state, as well as the questions that arise in terms of its relationships to the other music in the codex—are the tropes Parisian or are they insular products like the works in fascicle 11?—the tenth fascicle of W1 has often been regarded as a poor relation. Now that they have an edition of their own, the exceptional works in this gathering may more readily disclose their hidden riches. Thomas B. Payne The College of William and Mary


In this paper, a shape saliency measure for only shape feature of each object in the image is described. Instead biologically-inspired bottom-up Itti model, the dissimilarity is measured by the shape feature. And, Fourier descriptor is used for measuring dissimilarity in this paper. In the model, the object is determined as a salient region, when it is far different from others. Different value of the saliency is ranged to generate a saliency map. It is shown that the attention shift processing can be recorded. Some results from psychological images and remote sensing images are shown and discussed in the paper.


ABOUT THE AUTHOR Cara Gavin, BS, is the digital editor for Lippincott's NursingCenter.com at Wolters Kluwer. She creates and manages engaging, authoritative, and relevant editorial content. She also designs visual and written training presentations, represents the site at industry conferences, and answers customer inquiries. She previously served as an assistant editor for a marketing software company, as well as a freelance writer for an educational publisher and entertainment website. Ms Cara received her bachelor's degrees in communication and English from the University of Delaware. The author has disclosed that she has no significant relationships with, or financial interest in, any commercial companies pertaining to this article. Address correspondence and reprint requests to: Cara Gavin, BS, NursingCenter.com, Medical Research, Wolters Kluwer, 2001 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19103 (firstname.lastname@example.com).


This paper presents a new behavioural electrothermal model of power Silicon Carbide (SiC) Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor (MOSFET) under SPICE. This model is based on the MOSFET model level 1of SPICE, in which phenomena such as Drain Leakage Current IDSS, On-State Resistance RDSon, gate Threshold voltage VGSth, the transconductance (gfs), I-V Characteristics Body diode, temperature-dependent and self-heating are included and represented using behavioural blocks ABM (Analog Behavioural Models) of Spice library. This ultimately makes this model flexible and easily can be integrated into the various Spice-based simulation softwares. The internal junction temperature of the component is calculated on the basis of the thermal model through the electric power dissipated inside and its thermal impedance in the form of the localized Foster canonical network. The model parameters are extracted from manufacturers' data (curves data sheets) using polynomial interpolation with the method of simulated annealing (S A) and weighted least squares (WLS). This model takes into account the various important phenomena within transistor. The effectiveness of the presented model has been verified by Spice simulation results and as well as by data measurement for SiC MOSFET transistor C2M0025120D CREE (1200V, 90A).


The second direction led me to the classification of states into kingdoms, especially the Mineral, the Plant and the Animal kingdoms. After keenly observing several hundred patients in a very busy practice, I was able to identify differences in their core experience or state, which corresponded to the three major kingdoms in the natural world. Since then my colleagues and I have further identified the themes of subkingdoms and specific sources, and the work of researching and refining the understanding still continues. The Concept of the Vital Sensation


As the utopian projection of a world in which the conditional mood is preferred to the indicative, Robert Musil's ambitious novel The Man Without Qualities is widely recognized as a great example of aesthetic modernism and a profound reflection on the "postmodern condition." Based on the new and more inclusive English translation by Sophie Wilkins and Burton Pike, this study provides the English-speaking reader with a well-researched commentary that situates Musil's novel in the cultural, literary, and scientific context of the early 20th century. Revealing the novel's many philosophical underpinnings, the study analyzes the intersection of theoretical reflection and aesthetic imagination essential to Musil's programmatic move beyond realism. Thomas Sebastian explores Musil's background in experimental psychology, which he studied under the pioneering psychologist Carl Stumpf, and how it and other strains of scientific thought, including that of Ernst Mach, on whose philosophical ideas Musil wrote his doctoral thesis, are reflected in his great novel.Thomas Sebastian is associate professor of German at Trinity University in San Antonio, Texas.


Stocking of juvenile sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka into nonanadromous lakes at levels comparable with juvenile densities in anadromous lakes supporting natural sockeye salmon populations effected up to a 90% reduction in zooplankton biomass. The zooplankton communities subsequently became resistant to predation as the vulnerable Daphnia, Diaptomus, and ovigerous Cyclops were virtually eliminated and the more agile (nonovigerous) Cyclops and smaller Bosmina persevered and became predominant. Relying on a standing crop of zooplankton that was severely depressed by intense grazing the previous season, juvenile sockeye salmon experienced at least a 3-fold reduction in numbers and biomass between fry and smolt stages from the previous year. Our experimental results confirmed our empirical findings that, in rearing-limited lakes, smolt biomass production becomes a function of zooplankton biomass. Once restructured by excessive predation, some zooplankton communities were unresponsive or slow to respond to either reduced grazing pressure and/or to subsequent nutrient treatment. This delayed recovery of overgrazed zooplankton populations reduced growth and survival (rearing efficiency) for ensuing cohorts. In response, Frazer Lake sockeye salmon populations fell far below replacement, the dominant-year run segment collapsed, and the amplitude of high versus low return per spawner ratios increased. In contrast, less damaged zooplankter populations responded to nutrient treatments, leading to a 3-fold increase in fry-to-smolt survival and a 6to 20-fold increase in smolt biomass. The degree to which juvenile sockeye salmon foraging decreases biomass levels and changes the species composition of the zooplankton community ultimately determines the duration of zooplankton recovery and lowered sockeye salmon production. Authors: J. P. KOENINGS is a special assistant to the commissioner of the Alaska Department of Fish and Game, P.O. Box 25526, Juneau, AK 99802-5526. G. B. KYLE was a limnologist (now retired) with the Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Commercial Fisheries Management and Development Division, 34828 Kalifornsky Beach Road, Suite B, Soldotna, AK 99669-8367. Acknowledgments: Many fishery technicians and biologists — conducted field activities and collected data. The Limnology Laboratory in Soldotna — analyzed water and zooplankton samples. Sponsorship: These lake investigations were funded by the Kodiak and Cook Inlet Aquaculture Associations, Lower Cook Inlet Seiners Association, and State of Alaska. INTRODUCTION Spawner-recruit relationships (Ricker 1954) and cyclical dominance (Welch and Noakes 1990) affect cohort abundance of sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka, but both processes assume zooplankton populations recover immediately from predation and for the most part are density-independent. Unfortunately, a vast majority of curves fit to spawner-recruit data are not statistically significant (Dahlberg 1973; Geiger and Koenings 1991). One reason for this might be that escapement/cohort effects on subsequent zooplankton populations are not independent but may carryover to subsequent years. These effects are included in some simulation models that use brood year interactions to forecast cyclic changes in sockeye salmon run strength in Alaska (Eggers and Rogers 1987) and Canada (Walters and Staley 1987), but for the most part, these effects have not been considered. Even though freshwater density-dependent effects have been clearly demonstrated in Alaskan (Koenings and Burkett 1987b; Kyle et al. 1988), Russian (Bugaev 1989), and Canadian (McDonald et al. 1987) sockeye salmon populations, biological mechanisms responsible for the negative interaction between cohorts are not well defined. Koenings and Burkett (1987b) proposed that a lake's sockeye salmon rearing capacity is the fry density that produces smolts of minimal or threshold size (about 60 mm or 2 g). Loading densities above this capacity are excessive (Geiger and Koenings 1991) and may invoke changes (e.g., overgrazing) in rearing capacities for subsequent brood years. In fact, successive escapements 2–3 times above the rearing capacity in Frazer Lake (Kyle et al. 1988) caused the collapse of a dominant-year run, and subsequent brood year return per spawner ratios fell below replacement levels. Such top-down effects, if related to overgrazing 121 Predation Consequences for Juvenile Sockeye Salmon and Zooplankton • Koenings and Kyle the forage base, are reversible by nutrient treatment (Hyatt and Stockner 1985; Koenings and Burkett 1987b; Kyle 1994; Kyle et al. 1997). Top-down control by rearing sockeye salmon reduces the size of prey items, lowers zooplankton fecundity and density, displaces vulnerable prey species, and thereby restructures the zooplankton into a predator-resistant community (Koenings and Burkett 1987b; Kyle et al. 1988). Once established, such an assemblage may resist immediate reversal to bottom-up (producer) control, either through decreased predation or increased primary production. Based on observations from whole-lake manipulation experiments (lake stocking and nutrient treatment) on 4 lakes, we examine whether intense predation by high sockeye fry densities are independent and reversible. This information is useful to identify bottlenecks for enhancement (Koenings and Burkett 1987b) and has significant implications to management (Koenings and Burkett 1987a; Geiger and Koenings 1991).


The article takes the accounting standard having economocal result as its starting point and by dint of "Game Theory" analysis thought to discuss EU,the United States,Australia for representative of main developed countries in the "Playing Chess" actions in accounting standard international harmony.The article put forward replying strategy for our country at accountancy standard internationalization.


INTRODUCTION Computational brain network modeling using The Virtual Brain (TVB) simulation platform acts synergistically with machine learning and multi-modal neuroimaging to reveal mechanisms and improve diagnostics in Alzheimer's disease. METHODS We enhance large-scale whole-brain simulation in TVB with a cause-and-effect model linking local Amyloid β PET with altered excitability. We use PET and MRI data from 33 participants of Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI3) combined with frequency compositions of TVB-simulated local field potentials (LFP) for machine-learning classification. RESULTS The combination of empirical neuroimaging features and simulated LFPs significantly outperformed the classification accuracy of empirical data alone by about 10% (weighted F1-score empirical 64.34% vs. combined 74.28%). Informative features showed high biological plausibility regarding the Alzheimer's-typical spatial distribution. DISCUSSION The cause-and-effect implementation of local hyperexcitation caused by Amyloid β can improve the machine-learning-driven classification of Alzheimer's and demonstrates TVB's ability to decode information in empirical data employing connectivity-based brain simulation. RESEARCH IN CONTEXT SYSTEMATIC REVIEW. Machine-learning has been proven to augment diagnostics of dementia in several ways. Imaging-based approaches enable early diagnostic predictions. However, individual projections of long-term outcome as well as differential diagnosis remain difficult, as the mechanisms behind the used classifying features often remain unclear. Mechanistic whole-brain models in synergy with powerful machine learning aim to close this gap. INTERPRETATION. Our work demonstrates that multi-scale brain simulations considering Amyloid β distributions and cause-and-effect regulatory cascades reveal hidden electrophysiological processes that are not readily accessible through measurements in humans. We demonstrate that these simulation-inferred features hold the potential to improve diagnostic classification of Alzheimer's disease. FUTURE DIRECTIONS. The simulation-based classification model needs to be tested for clinical usability in a larger cohort with an independent test set, either with another imaging database or a prospective study to assess its capability for long-term disease trajectories.


The paper describes advantages and disadvantages of the approach to measuring parameters of vibration using contact sensors, i.e. sensors having a mechanical contact with researched object. Several contactless measuring methods were analyzed: ultrasonic, radio wave, and optical. The contactless radio wave displacement gauge based on a classical multi-port reflectometer has been described. A new contactless measuring method of object displacement based on using multi-port reflectometer with frequency down conversion unit is proposed. Scheme of this meter and its basic equations are given. The advantages of proposed measurement scheme are discussed. The optimal statistical algorithms for measuring displacement of a surface under test is developed, which consists in optimal processing of the output signals of frequency down conversion unit by maximum likelihood method. The proposed measurement scheme in combination with developed optimal algorithm for processing information allows one to create a relatively inexpensive and precision meter of displacement and vibration parameters, which is capable to measure coordinates of researched object having an arbitrary shape with submillimeter accuracy and working under conditions of poor optical visibility and high temperatures. The results of carried out computer simulation of measurement process confirmed the theoretical conclusions.


The authors present a development of reduced order models of the permanent magnet synchronous machine, the reduction is based on the application of Gerschgorin's circles to separate the different dynamics, the singular perturbation technique for determining the reduced models is applied, these two-stages require well specified state matrix (dominant state matrix), such matrix form is obtained by some algebraic transformations on the fundamental state matrix


Senna alata L. was used to remediate heavy metals in soil polluted with spent engine oil (SEO). One hundred and twenty polythene bags filled with 20 kg of soil each were separated into parts A and B. Part A contained S. alata seedlings while part B had no plant. They were set up in completely randomized design. To simulate spillage, 0.15% v/w, 0.75% v/w and 3.75% v/w concentrations of SEO were used to pollute soil planted with seeds of S. alata, 57 days after planting. These treatments were repeated in soil without seeds. Control had no pollution. Heavy metal analyses of SEO, vegetated and non-vegetated soil, leaves, stems and roots of S. alata were determined using Flame Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy, 106 days after pollution. Vegetative and reproductive parameters were also determined. Copper, Lead, Zinc, Iron and Aluminium were detected in SEO. Concentrations of heavy metals in vegetated soils were significantly (P < 0.05) less than those of non-vegetated soils. Cu accumulation in stem was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than those of leaves and roots. Zn and Al were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in root than those in leaves and stems. Fe and Pb were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in leaves than in stems and roots. Aerial roots were formed by S. alata which increased significantly with increase in concentrations of SEO applied. However, many vegetative parameters such as plant height, number of pinnules, number of roots, leaf area and stem circumference increased significantly (P < 0.05) but some reproductive parameters such as number of inflorescence and dry weight of seeds decreased after pollution. Hence, S. alata is suitable for phytoremediation and in particular, phytoaccumulation of heavy metals in SEO contaminated soil.


Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is a common complication that is associated with hypertension in the developing fetal sheep [1]. Hypertension reduces arterial compliance, introducing health problems such as increased overall hydraulic impedance and cardiac workload [2, 3]. Both organ resistance and vascular compliance are critical factors in the progression of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) [3–5] with IUGR infants showing high incidence of CVD as adults [6]. Changes in circulation and the associated intrinsic hemodynamic forces during critical gestation influence the formation of the vessels, creating stiffer, less compliant arteries. While IUGR vessels are significantly stiffer than controls, the structural remodeling in response to hypertension is not biochemically quantitative and is believed to be due to fiber alignment [7].© 2012 ASME


Introduction: Lye injury to the esophagus often produces necrotic injury, but gastric injury is less common; subsequently, gastric pull-up surgery can be performed to reconstruct the esophagus. Herein, we present a case where the stomach was destroyed and had to be removed, forcing alternative reconstruction to be performed. Case Report: A 67-year-old male requiring total esophagogastrectomy after lye ingestion presented for reconstruction where gastric pull-up surgery was no longer a viable option. We performed a novel right-colonic interposition leaving the cecum in place, combined with a Roux-en-Y procedure to replace both the esophagus and stomach. The patient made a full recovery, experiencing few complications after the reconstructive surgery. Conclusion: Complex esophageal reconstruction using a non-supercharged colon bypass in the retrosternal route can be used in esophageal replacement in cases with esophagogastrectomy for lye ingestion or otherwise. This can be done with leaving the ileocecal valve in place. (This page in not part of the published article.) International Journal of Case Reports and Images, Vol. 8 No. 6, June 2017. ISSN – [0976-3198] Int J Case Rep Images 2017;8(6):412–416. www.ijcasereportsandimages.com Finkelstein et al. 412 CASE REPORT PEER REVIEWED | OPEN ACCESS Complex esophageal reconstruction after esophagogastrectomy with non-supercharged right colon interposition for the treatment of lye ingestion Paige Finkelstein, Omar Picado, Elizabeth Paulus, Janeth Ng, Gabriel Ruiz, Danny Yakoub


A method for clustered computing environment, a system and method for managing storage resources. The related art method disclosed in the present invention including a storage resource reservation clustered computing environment, the first node. Third-party process conducted exit node, the first node to release the reserved resources reserved.


The invention relates to test methods of mutual impedance and coupling capacitance of transmission lines in parallel. The test method of mutual impedance comprises the following steps that: a head end of one phase test line in a test line accesses a pilot frequency testing voltage and the end of the phase test line is grounded; the head end voltage, the head end current and the end current of the phase test line are tested and a voltage power frequency component and a current pilot frequency component are calculated; a head end voltage and a head end current of one phase operation line in an operation line are tested and a voltage pilot frequency component and a current power frequency component are calculated; and according to the current pilot frequency component and the voltage pilot frequency component, the mutual impedance between the phase test line and the phase operation line is calculated. According to the test methods provided by the invention, mutual impedance and coupling capacitance of transmission lines in parallel can be accurately tested under the circumstances that the lines are operated and there is no power failure, thereby improving test efficiency and accuracy.


Tasks and materials that allow for different approaches can help teachers incorporate student reasoning and can promote connections across different mathematical ideas.


A work point control system of fiber Mach-Zehnder interferometer based LabVIEW was reported. The process of implement with LabVIEW was introduced in detail,the detection results of two conditions were compared as well.


We thank Drs Xue et al. for their interest and comments [1] regarding our article [2]. They contend that pre-operative pain is an important influence on postoperative pain, and we agree, so for this reason, patients with a history of daily opioid intake in the previous month (indirectly reflective of severity of pain), were excluded. We collected baseline pre-operative pain scores and they were similar in both groups; median erector spinae plane block 2.2 vs. periarticular injection 2.6. It is to be noted that statistical testing for differences in baseline variables does not serve a useful purpose in randomised controlled trials, as it is likely due to chance [3]. We agree with the observation by Xue et al. that pain intensity with movement is generally higher than resting pain scores. We defined it as pain scores reported after sitting up from a lying position at 30 min after admission into the post-anaesthesia care unit (PACU), and at discharge. Although in PACU the resting pain scores were higher compared with pain scores with movement in both intervention and control groups, pain scores with movement at hospital discharge were higher in both groups. We are not entirely sure of the reason for this. Despite the importance of measuring pain with movement, it is not standardised or commonly performed after shoulder surgery [4]. Although early mobilisation is helpful following surgery such as knee arthroplasty, active shoulder movement soon after surgery is discouraged following rotator cuff surgery as it might disrupt healing of tendon repairs. In a review examining methods of pain assessment after arthroscopic rotator cuff surgery, only eight out of 47 studies measured pain with movement and these used varying methods, including when coughing, motion attempts, and when moving from lying to a sitting position [4]. Although we assume that intensity of pain should correlate with patient satisfaction, it is likely that multiple factors influence this, as has been observed in other studies [5]. Lastly, we think it is inappropriate to mislead readers that an absolute reduction of 10 mg intravenous morphine equivalents is the minimal clinically important difference for all surgical procedures. There are procedure-specific considerations, and the review quoted [1] related to patients having total knee or hip arthroplasties that are not only associated with significantly more postoperative pain, but also include a substantial number of patients requiring pre-operative opioids.


Monitoring the dynamic responses of bridge structures has received considerable attention. It is important to synchronously measure both the quasi-static and dynamic displacements of bridge structures. However, the traditional accelerometer method cannot capture the quasi-static displacement component, although it can detect the dynamic displacement component. To this end, a novel composite instrument of a smartstation was proposed to monitor vibration displacements of footbridges. Full-scale experiments were conducted on a footbridge to validate the feasibility of the composite instrument-based monitoring method. A Chebyshev filter and wavelet algorithms were developed to process the composite instrument measurements. It was concluded that the measurement noise of the composite instrument was mainly distributed in a frequency range of 0–0.1 Hz. In two case studies with displacement peaks of 5.7–10.0 mm and 1.3– 2.5 mm, the composite instrument accurately identified the quasi-static and dynamic displacements. The composite instrument will be a potential tool for monitoring structural dynamics because of its enhanced overall performance.


Objective: To characterize longitudinal patterns of sexual behavior in a cohort of young gay and bisexual men and determine their reasons for not using condoms. Methods: Prospective data from a cohort of young gay and bisexual men aged 18 to 30 years were studied. Study participants had completed a baseline questionnaire and HIV test between May 1995 and April 1996 and four annual follow‐up questionnaires. Results: A total of 130 HIV‐negative Vanguard participants met the eligibility criteria for this analysis. The median age at baseline was 26 years (range, 24‐28). Most were white (79%), had completed high school (85%), were currently employed (82%), lived in stable housing (95%), and reported annual incomes of ≥$10,000 (82%). (All dollar amounts are given in Canadian dollars.) Consistently over the 5‐year study period, >70% of study subjects reported having ≥1 regular male sexual partners in the previous year. During each of the five successive 1‐year periods, between 34% and 40% of respondents reported having had unprotected receptive anal intercourse with regular partners. Slightly fewer individuals (between 29%‐39%) reported having had unprotected insertive anal intercourse with regular partners. Between 13% and 25% of participants reported having had insertive unprotected anal intercourse with casual sexual partners; and between 9% and 18% reported having had unprotected receptive anal intercourse with casual sexual partners. Reasons for engaging in unprotected anal intercourse varied depending on type of sexual partnership. Conclusion: High‐risk sexual behaviors remained fairly consistent over a 5‐year period in this study. This suggests that it is critically important to understand the motivations for unprotected sex when designing and implementing programs aimed at reducing HIV risk among young gay and bisexual men.


The central role of IgE in the pathogenesis of bronchial asthma has induced to study the effects of a monoclonal antibody anti-IgE in this disease. The characteristics of this antibody and the early results of its use in bronchial asthma are briefly summarized.


The effects of particle sizes (small, medium and large sizes) and gelatinization treatment on the changes of the instant properties of Job's tears powder were investigated. The degree of gelatinization on the different particle size samples of Job's tears powder was the highest in the small particle size, and it also showed an increasing trend regardless of pregelatinizing whether it is or not as the particle size decreased from large particle size to small particle size. The water solubility index of the pregelatinized samples was high compared to that of ungelatinized samples regardless of particle size and temperatures. The water absorption and swelling power increased as particle size and temperature were increased. The dispersibility and sinkability of ungelatinized sample was increased as particle size and temperature were increased and it also showed lower value regardless of particle size and temperature. However, the dispersibility and sinkability of pregelatinized samples were shown to have the opposite result, such that the smallest particle size of pregelatinized sample had the lowest sinkability (11.3%). The turbidity of the pregelatinized small particle size was the highest by a factor of 1.08.


The objective of this study was to understand the priority attached to tuberculosis in India by the major stakeholders in the National Tuberculosis Programme, to explore the underlying factors, and to suggest illustrative steps to enhance the effectiveness of the programme delivery. Major stakeholders were broadly grouped into three categories: the programme providers (the entire government system involved in the design and delivery of the programme, starting with the health ministry at the central government to the health workers at the field level), the programme recipients (patients as well as community at large), and the tuberculosis watchdogs (including the not-for-profit organisations such as the Tuberculosis Association of India and Foundation for Research in Community Health, as well as the media). The perceived priorities of stakeholders were explored through a combination of approaches. Methodology included discussions with programme functionaries form the apex level to the grassroots level, structured and semi-structured interviews covering all the stakeholders, questionnaire surveys of priorities of government doctors and health workers, and the experiences of tuberculosis patients, perusal of relevant documents, research reports, and newspaper reports, etc. Our analysis showed an overall low priority for tuberculosis. It manifested itself in a variety of ways: from low plan allocations for tuberculosis among the communicable diseases, and frequent change of the senior-most functionary in the tuberculosis division at the central level, to a relatively-low importance attached by the government doctors, and competing priorities and pressures for the health workers at the field level. Patients' experiences reflected the fallout in terms of indifferent programme delivery. Perusal of the electronic and print media indicated that there was tremendous scope to use this powerful tool for awareness-building about tuberculosis among the larger community in general and for giving specific inputs and message of hope to people suffering from tuberculosis in particular. Our report concludes with suggestions and illustrative steps for enhancing the effectiveness of the Revised National Tuberculosis Programme in India.


The aim of the investigation was to study the effect of penetration enhancers on the in vitro permeation of carvedilol across excised rat abdominal skin and to select suitable penetration enhancer. Terpenes menthol, camphor, dlimonene and carvone; surfactants, Transcutol and Labrasol at 5% w/v, were used as penetration enhancers in the study. Skin permeation studies were conducted in Franz diffusion cells using excised rat abdominal skin. Solutions containing 5% w/v camphor showed maximum permeation (451.20 μg?) in 24 hr with a flux of 5.23 μg/hr/cm2 and was significantly different (p<0.05) to flux obtained with other permeation enhancers. Control (phosphate buffer saline, pH 7.4 containing 40% v/v polyethylene glycol) sample showed lowest permeation (59.18 μg?), with a flux of 0.67 ig?/hr/cm2. The flux of carvedilol obtained from the solutions containing camphor, Transcutol, d-limonene, carvone, Labrasol and menthol (5% w/v) were 7.81, 7.26, 6.52, 5.91, 4.21 and 2.28 times higher than that observed with control, respectively. The flux obtained with camphor was significantly higher (p<0.05) than the fluxes obtained with other penetration enhancers. The present study suggests that camphor, Transcutol and d-limonene at 5% w/v level may be used as penetration enhancers in the development of transdermal drug delivery systems.


Pursuant to the federal regulations on human subjects research (45 CFR 46, the Common Rule), the Institutional Review Board (IRB was created. Greenville Hospital System (GHS) maintains a Federalwide Assurance (FWA) with the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), which requires that all human subjects research, whether funded or not, be conducted at or on behalf of the institution be reviewed and approved by an IRB prior to initiating a research study.


4þ haematuria, but urinary sediments showed few red blood cells (1-2-1/high-power fields). His renal function recovered concomitantly with improvement of haemolytic anaemia; thus, haemolysis might also have contributed to the development of his renal dysfunction. Indeed, haemolysisrelated renal dysfunction has occurred in patients with HCV infection [1]. Our patient showed cryoglobulinaemia, but cryoglobulin-related glomerulonephritis was unlikely because no immune-complexes were deposited in glomeruli. There are several reported cases of minimal-change nephropathy occurring in HCV-infected patients, but these patients were treated with interferon; thus, minimal-change nephropathy was thought to be caused by interferon-related immunological abnormalities, rather than directly by HCV infection [2,3]. Our patient had no history of interferon treatment. We could not identify the causes of our patient's haematological abnormalities, thrombocytopenia and haemolytic anaemia, but these haematological abnormalities have been reported as HCV-related autoimmune disorders [4], indicating that HCV-related immune dysregulation might have caused his haematological abnormalities. Further, thrombocytopenia/haemolytic anaemia and nephrotic syndrome occurred simultaneously in our case; therefore, HCV-related immune dysregulation might also have contributed to the development of minimal-change nephropathy. A similar case, autoimmune haemolytic anaemia occurring prior to evident nephropathy in a chronic HCV-infected patient has been reported, but the nephropathy was an immune-complex type nephropathy: membranous nephropathy [5]. Therefore, the question remains as to whether our patient's HCV infection was a root cause, a simple coincidence, or a precipitating factor of minimal-change nephropathy.


Despite a five-order magnitude range in size, the mammalian brain exhibits many shared anatomical and functional characteristics that should translate into cortical network commonalities. Here we develop a framework employing machine learning to quantify the degree of predictability of the weighted interareal cortical matrix. Data were obtained with retrograde tract-tracing experiments supplemented by projection length measurements. Using this framework with consistent and edge-complete empirical datasets in the macaque and mouse cortex, we show that there is significant amount of predictability embedded in the interareal cortical networks of both species. At the binary level, links are predictable with an Area Under the ROC curve of at least 0.8 for the macaque. At the weighted level, strengths of the medium and strong links are predictable with at least 85-90% accuracy in mouse and 70-80% in macaque, whereas weak links are not predictable in either species. These observations suggest that the formation and evolution of the cortical network at the mesoscale is to a large extent, rule-based, motivating further research on the architectural invariants of the cortical connectome.


If responsive to solar heat, thermochromic materials can contribute to improving the energy efficiency of the built environment, for example, houses and vehicles, and hence to the reduction of energy consumption and CO 2 emission. Although thermochromism has been demonstrated in some crystalline and polymeric solids, [1–9] it is also known in a significant number of solutions of transition metal complexes (TMCs) that include the solvent molecule as a donor. [10,11] Incorporation of these liquid-state thermochromic systems into a transparent or translucent solid matrix may create more opportunities for applications. [12–14] However, a very common drawback of many TMC solutions is their relatively low stability, as a result of evaporation of the solvent during repeated heating–cooling cycles in the temperature range of, for example, 30–80 8 C, which is readily achievable using solar heat. Such problems can be effectively overcome by the introduction of thermochromic TMCs in a donor-containing ionic liquid [15] that is nonvolatile in nature. [15–18] This communication describes, for the first time, the successful combination of such thermochromic ionic liquids and poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) [19–22] into stable solar-thermochromic composite films. Evidence is presented for pseudocrystalline ionic-liquid nanodroplets immobilized on the internal surfaces of the porous PVDF matrix, which accounts for the high ambient-storage stability of the composites. The ionic liquid used in this work, 1-(3-hydroxypropyl)-3- methylimidazolium tetrafluoroboride (C 3 OHmimBF 4 ), is sche-matically shown in Scheme 1. The synthesis and thermochromic characterization of C 3 OHmimBF 4 in


China Is Rich in Petroleum and natural Gas Resources China is rich in petroleum and natural gas resources with over 500 sedimentary basins and 6.7 million km2 of sedimentary rock. There are more than 420 Mesozoic and Cenozoic basins stretching over 5.3 million km2 that are over 1000- meter thick in sedimentary rock.


Once Were People Without Writing. This is the Dominant Narrative of Pacific Literature. Such a View Rarely Takes the Lack of a recognizable alphabet or script in most of the inhabited islands of the Pacific at the time of contact with Europeans as a neutral difference. Lack is deficiency. Curiously, both detractors from and celebrants of Pacific literature agree that Pacific societies and cultures were introduced to writing by Europeans. The detractors see this originary lack as a permanent impediment to the development of worthy literature. (Few ever say, They lacked a written script, and they haven't produced any literature of note—it must be because they have a superior civilization.) The celebrants see the lack as a difference to be treasured along with the eventual acquisition of writing. So how can we better understand Pacific literature: where it came from and where it could take its readers?


In an important contribution to the syntax of German zu-infinitives, Bayer et al. (2005) have pointed out the importance of marking the right edge of infinitival constructions by means of the particle zu. When ocurring in intraposed position, the function of the particle is to enable status checking with the matrix verb, which is assumed to require adjacency at PF. Evidence for this comes from the observation that once an extraposed constituent intervenes, the result is ungrammatical:


Background The alkylating agent melphalan, given at the myeloablative dose of 200mg/m2 preceding autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (AHSCT), is part of the upfront management of patients with multiple myeloma (MM) and has been used in the salvage setting, often as second transplant. Proteasome inhibitors (PI) have been shown in vitro to impair the fanconi/BRCA pathway of DNA repair and increase DNA fragmentation and apoptosis induced by alkylating agents in MM cells. We hypothesized that combining carfilzomib, a second generation PI, with melphalan would result in more effective anti myeloma activity. We herein performed a phase 1 study to identify the maximal tolerated dose (MTD) of carfilzomib when used in combination with myeloablative doses of melphalan as conditioning regimen for patients with relapsed MM and describe toxicity and preliminary activity profile for the combination. Methods Phase 1, multicentric, dose escalation trial with traditional 3+3 design. Eligible subjects had symptomatic MM, relapsed after at least one line of therapy, with evaluable disease and having obtained at least a minimal response (MR) after the most recent salvage regimen. Subjects were also required to have at least 2 x 106 CD34+ cells/kg in storage for transplant and additional 2 x 106 CD34+ cells/kg as "back up". Treatment consisted of two doses of carfilzomib administered IV over 30 minutes on days -3 and -2. The day -2 dose was administered one hour prior to administration of melphalan200mg/m2. Carfilzomib dose consisted of 20(day-3)/27 (day -2) mg/m2 (cohort 0), 27/27 (cohort 1), 27/36 (cohort 2), 27/45 (cohort 3) and 27/56 mg/m2 (cohort 4). All subjects received pegfilgrastim 6 mg subcutaneously on day +1. Dose limiting toxicities (DLT, non-hematologic grade 4 and selected grade 3 toxicities) were evaluated during the first 30 days after transplantation. Disease response was assessed 100 days after transplantation. Results Enrolment of cohort 4 (last) is ongoing. Twelve subjects were accrued in cohorts 0-3 with no DLT being identified. Median age was 56 (range 45-68). Median number of prior lines of therapy was 3 (range 2-6) and 5 subjects had previously received AHSCT. There was no acute toxicity associated with carfilzomib infusion. Median CD34+ dose infused was 4.15 x 106/kg (range 2.21-9.34). Neutrophil engraftment occurred after a median of 11 days (range 8-15) and platelet engraftment after a median of 17.5 days (range 11-24). There were no non-hematologic grade 4 toxicities. The most frequent grade 3 toxicity was infection in 7/12 subjects consisting of 1 episode of pneumonia, 1 episode of bacteremia, 1 episode of urinary tract infection and 4 episodes of febrile neutropenia. Other grade 3 toxicities were rash (n=2), hypertension (n=1), hypophosphatemia (n=1) and hypocalcemia (n=1). Nine subjects, from cohorts 0, 1 and 2, have reached day +100 response assessment. Prior to transplant the responses to salvage regimen were MR in 1/9, partial response (PR) in 6/9, very good partial response (VGPR) in 1/9 and complete response (CR) in 1/9 subjects. At day +100 cumulative responses were PR in 3/9, VGPR in 3/9 and CR in 3/9 subjects. Pharmacodynamic studies in peripheral blood mononuclear cells revealed that carfilzomib precluded melphalan-induced increase in FANCD2 and FANCI mRNA. Conclusion Conditioning with carfilzomib and melphalan prior to AHSCT is well tolerated in patients with relapsed MM. Final results of this phase 1 study will be presented at the meeting. The MTD cohort (or cohort 4 if no MTD is found) will be subsequently expanded for better determination of this regimen's activity. Disclosures: Costa:Onyx: Research Funding. Off Label Use: Carfilzomib in conditioning regimen for stem cell transplantation.


In this chapter, we will first introduce the basics of geolocation techniques that are based on Time of Arrival (TOA), Time Difference of Arrival (TDOA), Angle of Arrival (AOA), and Received Signal Strength (RSS). Then we introduce the major challenges to accurate localization: multipath propagation and non-line-of-sight conditions where we will focus on the two most popular ranging techniques, TOA and RSS, and evaluate how the accuracy of localization is affected by these physical challenges. We will further highlight the relationship between the accuracy of estimation and the signal to noise ratio and bandwidth parameters through the well-known Cramer-Rao Lower Bound (CRLB) equations. Finally, we will introduce measurement and modeling of the RSS/TOA ranging that will highlight the impact of multipath and NLOS on the accuracy of ranging systems.


In this work, copper nanopowder was prepared by utilizing the wire explosion technique in different ambient gas. Ambient gases being used were argon, nitrogen and argon‐nitrogen mixture. The ambient gas pressure was 500 mbar. Copper wires with diameter of 125 μm and length of 6.1 cm were used. The powders being prepared were evaluated by transmission electron microscope (TEM) and X‐ray diffractometry (XRD). Current and voltage signals were obtained to investigate the wire explosion process and energy deposition into the wire during the discharge.


Objective To investigate the reason of intracranial infection among the neurosurgical patients after endoscopic surgery, and to make the valid control measure and reduce the occurance of intracranial infection. Methods The epidemiology data of patients who received nerval endoscopic surgery was conducted by prospective and retrospective analysis from January to June in 2006. Results Among the 25 patients, there were 17 cases from January to April (before adopted control measures), and 6 cases occurred intracranial infection, infection rate were 35.3%. 8 cases from May to June(after adopted control measures), and only 1 case occurred intracranial infection, infection rate were 12.5%. Surgeon and operation environment were sampled. Staphylococcus aureus was detected on the surface of air condition and nerval endoscope. The average number of bacterias in operation room was 218 CFU/m3. Asepsis scalp clip used during the operation was cultivated Micrococcus. The washed of nerval endoscope didn′t attain the requirement during the operation period. The surgeon didn′t use asepsis towel according to the requirement of degerm production of hands in the operation. Aseptic surgical instruments were exposed in the air for a long time. Conclusions The reason of intracranial infection among the neurosurgical patients after endoscopic surgery were the degerm of operation circumstance and surgery hands didn′t attain the requiremen, and the nerval endoscope ablution wasn′t thoroughly washed.


IVANOVÁ, H., BERNADOVIČOVÁ, S. 2006. Leaf spot disease on lindens caused by the fungi Cercospora microsora Sacc. and Gloeosporium tiliae Oudem. Folia oecol., 33: 27–36. Certain of the growth characteristics of Cercospora microsora Sacc. and Gloeosporium tiliae Oudem. – causal agents of leaf spot diseases on lindens (Tilia cordata Mill.) in urban plantings in Slovakia were studied under laboratory conditions. Myceliar growth of C. microsora and G. tiliae was observed in pure hyphal cultures in relation to the medium and locality. In Cercospora study, one-way ANOVA has generally confirmed a statistically significant influence of both factors, medium and locality on growth rate of C. microsora, but in the case of the locality Nitra, the significant influence of the used media has not proved (p > 0.05). PDAg was generally shown as a medium inducing the most intensive growth in both localities (43.04 mm/4 days on average). Comparing the two localities, growth rate values from the locality Bratislava indicate unsuitability of water agar as a medium for the fast growth in culture. In Gloeosporium study, one-way ANOVA confirmed a significant influence of the factor medium as well as the locality on growth rate of G. tiliae. Influence of the used media was proven more markedly. Malt agar induced the most intensive growth in both localities (46.05 mm/4 days on average). Comparing the two localities, the samples from the locality Nitra showed in average the highest values of the growth rate. A Tukey test (ANOVA) separately conducted for the factors medium and the locality for both investigated fungal species, revealed the significant combinations of means (p ≤ 0.05).


Objective The technological conditions and parameters to extract the volatile oil from Citrus Chachiensis Hortorum, Cortex Cinnamomi and Asarum heterotropoides Fr. Schmidt var. mandshuricum(Maxim.) Kitag. in Siweiqing buccal tablets by microwave-ultrasonic assisted synergistic processes with orthogonal experimental design had been optimized. Methods Based on the single factor test, the extraction technology was optimized by orthogonal experimental design L9(34), while the yield of the volatile oil was acted as indexes. The influence of the factors such as ratio of solid/liquid, soaking time, microwave power and extraction time on the yield of the volatile oil is discussed. Results The optimum parameters of extraction technology were as follows, when cyclohexane as an extraction solvent, fixed ultrasonic power 50 W, a ratio of solid/liquid 1∶8, a soaking time of 60 min, a microwave power 500 W and an extraction treatment time of 5 min, respectively. Under the optimum extraction condition, the yield of volatile oil was 2.51%. Conclusion The extracted technology is simplicity and can be practically applied to the extraction of the volatile oil, it is one of the best efficient techniques of extracting the volatile oil. This extraction technology has been successively applied to extracting the volatile oil from Citrus Chachiensis Hortorum, Cortex Cinnamomi and Asarum heterotropoides Fr. Schmidt var. mandshuricum(Maxim.) Kitag. in Siweiqing buccal tablets with satisfactory results.


Based on Geographic Information System(GIS),at a 1 km × 1 km grid size,by choosing terrain,land cover,climate and water resources as evaluation factors,this paper establishes the human settlement environment model,calculates the human settlement environment index(HEI) of Guangdong,analyses the regional differences of natural suitability of human settlement environment and discusses the suitable and restrictive factors of different regions in Guangdong Province.The results show that:the HEI of Guangdong ranges from 29.6 to 91.2;the natural environment suitability decreases both from the central region to the south and from the central region to the north of Guangdong.Considering area and population,the comparatively suitable region ranks first in both aspects,accounting for 67.46% of the total area and 71.07% of the total population of Guangdong;the common suitable region accounts for 28.8% of the total area and 21.54% of the total population of Guangdong;the most desirable region accounts for 2.97% of the total area and 7.32% of the total population of Guangdong;the low suitable region has the lowest percentage in both aspects,with 0.77% of the total area and 0.07% of the population of Guangdong.Salient relief is a common bottleneck of natural suitability for human settlement in northern Guangdong,while surface water shortage and hot climate are the main disadvantages of natural environment suitability in Zhanjiang and Maoming.Sparse vegetation is the main natural restriction to natural suitability of some developed regions in the Pearl River Delta,while most common suitable regions are restricted by two or more natural factors.


The kinetics of degradation of calf thymus DNA by the DNAase from Helix aspersa has been investigated in its middle and terminal phase by determining both hyperchromic shift and average chain length of the digest. The results obtained are practically identical with those previously reported for acid DNAase from hog spleen. In contrast, the distribution of the isostichs in snail DNAase digests is significantly different from those found for spleen acid DNAase digests of similar sizes.

The 3′-phosphate and 5′-hydroxy terminal nucleotides were found not to vary in their compositions in the average size range 34 to 10 and 70 to 12, respectively. In the 3′-phosphate terminal position, deoxyadenosine is by far predominant (78%) and deoxycytidine almost absent (less than 1%); deoxyguanosine and thymidine form 6% and 16%, respectively, of the terminals. In the 5′-hydroxy terminal position deoxyguanosine is predominant (45%), followed by deoxycytidine (31%), thymidine (14%) and deoxyadenosine (10%); in the 5′-hydroxy penultimate position thymidine forms 38% of the nucleotides, deoxyguanosine 24%, deoxyadenosine 21% and deoxycytidine 17%.


In the theory that evolution is anl irregularly shifting state of balance, especially that of a subtle balance between the evolutionary pressures of mutation, immigration and selection as a group and random or stochastic processes which give rise to processes of trial and error (Wright, 1950), the process of random genetic drift is one of the problems first to be clarified. Actually the problem of the random drift has been discussed by various authors. As early as 1921, Hagedoorn and Hagedoorn pointed out that the group of organisms destined to become the parents of the next generation is usually considerably smaller than the number of individuals of their species so that some genes will be lost by chance. According to their opinion, reduction of potential variability is automatic, being independent of any sort of selection. They considered that this is the most important gain in knowledge that we owe to Mendel's work and to the biomechanical interpretation of it. The first mathematical treatment of this so-called "Hagedoorn Effect" was carried out by Fisher (1922). It was rather unfortunate that an abbreviation of a term in his differential equation led him to the erroneous result that the rate of decrease of the variance in the population is 1/4n per generation, where n is the number of individuals in the population. Independently, \Vright worked on this problem and obtained the correct answer of 1/2N for the first time, where N is the effective population number (see Wright, 1931). Using an integral equation he also arrived at the flat distribution of unfixed classes for the state of steady decay. This stimulated Fisher to re-examine his results and he found himself in entire agreement with Wright's results. Furthermore, Fisher elaborated the terminal part of the distribution for the case of steady decay by his method of a functional equation (Fisher, 1930a, b). This method was followed by Haldane (1939) to treat the more general case where the number of descendants does not necessarily follow the Poisson distribution. Until now, Fisher's method remains as an unique and powerful tool to find the exact distribution at the terminal part. In 1945, Wright introduced the Fokker-Planck equation to solve the problem of the gene frequency distribution and applied the equation to the case of steady decay. The problem of random drift was also treated as a problem of a finite Markov chain by Malecot (1944), who got the asymptotic formula for a very large number of generations which is essentially the same as the previously known formula for steady decay. His result on the characteristic roots was later corrected by Feller (1951), who succeeded in getting all characteristic values of the matrix of transition probabilities. In spite of all these works, the theoretical results have been largely at the level of asymptotic formulae, and no complete solution has been published until the present


The vibration response of uniform and cracked beams with elastically restrained end conditions under impact excitation is being experimentally investigated. Preliminary work has revealed that the response obtained does not match that predicted theoretically for pinned–pinned end conditions. In practice, most beams have nonclassical end conditions as a certain amount of flexibility is unavoidable. Therefore a theory of vibration of beams with elastically restrained end conditions was applied. The results of this theory were in close agreement with the response obtained from beams mounted on elastic supports. An antiresonance for the pinned–pinned beam has been found for the fifth mode of vibration whose frequency matches the natural frequency of the supports. Cracks simulated by slots are currently being made at various locations along the length of the beam. The impact response of these slotted beams will also be reported and comparisons will be made between the theoretical and the experimental results. [...


Summary We compare several regularization methods for traveltime tomography and present two improved methods for edge preserving regularizations. We could use a L2 norm of the model gradient or curvature as a part of the objective function to yield a smooth model solution, but the sharp edges of the model are often blurred. One way to generate a blocky model is to apply the L1 norm of the model gradient so that the model gradient is sparse. If we intend to preserve the sharp edges of the model and maintain smoothness elsewhere, then the edge preserving regularization with spatial variance is needed. We achieve that by introducing an edge preserving smoothing operator from seismic data processing to tomography. The improved methods for edge preserving regularization can make the model gradient sparser on the edge and decrease the impacts on the smoothness of non-edge area compared with the previous methods. We demonstrate the methods by testing with synthetics and real data.


This research was based on the conceptual understanding and problem solving mathematical ability of students which is still low. The purposes of this research are (1) to investigate the students' conceptual understanding ability with 2013 curriculum and Treffinger model of mathematics learning are higher compared with learning on 2013 curriculum only. (2) To investigate students' problem solving mathematical ability implementing 2013 curriculum and Treffinger model are higher compared with learning on 2013 curriculum only. This is a quasi experimental research with Randomized Control Group Only design. The research result shows that the average score of experiment class student's mathematics conceptual understanding is 76.61. Meanwhile, the average score for the control class is 71.49 with tcount = 1.826 and ttable = 1.645, so tcount > ttable. It means that hypothesis is accepted. The average score of experiment class student's problem solving ability is 75.42. Meanwhile, the average score for the control class is 70.80 with tcount = 1.748 and ttable = 1.645, so tcount > ttable. It means that hypothesis is accepted. Finally, it can be concluded that the conceptual understanding and problem solving mathematical ability of the students class VII SMPN 24 Padang by using 2013 curriculum and Treffinger model are higher compared with learning by using 2013 curriculum only. Keywords: Conceptual understanding, problem solving, Treffinger model, 2013 curriculum learning.