Theoretical Framework Chapter: This chapter describes the physical and chemical characteristics of heavy crudes, their competitive advantage, describes methods of exploration, indicating the heavy oil reserves worldwide and the position of Colombia in this sector, highlights average growth in crude oil prices, bringing with it an attractive investment for oil companies, also described as being made a center of scientific and technological research, its key objective, mission and vision.
Chapter Sector Diagnosis: The authors conducted a focused diagnostic challenges of the oil industry in general, the heavy oil industry analyzing processes such as extraction, processing and transportation among others, an analysis of possible sources of problems and solution economic and tax advantage of the creation of the center taking advantage of the inventive granted by the state through the presentation of the project to COLCIENCIAS.
Chapter Research Center Heavy crude CICP: describes the concept and business model, its purpose, general description, its competitive advantage, its services, communication with clients, potential clients nationally and internationally, description of activities and resources required, market strategy, cost structure, the revenue stream, the initial investment and operating costs of CICP, generation of financial resources, sales forecasting, analysis and financial statements.
It also describes the team, companies crucial to the implementation of the project, a brief description of Colciencias and Pacific Rubiales, in terms of production processes, is a description of the production process for services and products offered by the CICP, its organization, its legal constitution and the organizational structure proposed for the CICP.


This paper is about the institutional and regulatory system governing higher education in Tunisia; its focus is on autonomy and accountability and it also compares the performance of public higher education graduates to the private sector's. The main idea guiding this paper is that better educational outcomes depend, among other things, on the institutional arrangements and the incentives structure they generate. The paper analyzes the current incentive system underlying the functioning of the university system in Tunisia. In spite of the reforms attempted to improve the quality of the education system this system remains very disconnected from the demand side of the labor market. Management and academic staff have little incentive to adapt their training and research programs to the market needs. This is to a large extent because they enjoy little autonomy and are hardly accountable. The paper also relies on data drawn from the recent Tunisia Higher Education Graduates' Survey (THEGS 2015) initiated by ERF which builds on similar studies previously undertaken by ERF in Egypt and Jordan. This data is used to compare the outcome of the public universities with the private institutions with a focus on the employment performance of their graduates. Private universities behave differently, and some try to innovate in terms of pedagogy and to be closer to the potential employers' demands. However, they remain small and attract less than 8 percent of the total student body. They are all profit driven and tend to have few if any permanent academic staff; instead, they rely mostly on temporary teachers. Nevertheless, based on the THEGS 2015 data, they manage to perform quite well compared to their public counterparts.


One of the major causes of poor indoor air quality in buildings is exhaust re-ingestion at fresh air intakes. The downwash effect of an RTS on plume may lead to significantly increased levels of re-ingestion. The present study aims to quantify the downwash effect of an RTS located upwind of a stack. Wind-tunnel modeling is used to model the flow and dispersion associated with various building/RTS arrangements with a focus on "micro-scale" urban dispersion; that is, modeling dispersion within a range of 100 m of the building exhaust. Wind-tunnel techniques include flow visualization and tracer gas experiments. The influence of various key parameters, such as building height, RTS crosswind width, stack height, exhaust momentum ratio, stack location, and wind direction is considered. Concentration measurements were obtained at sampling locations downwind of the RTS on the building roof. It was found that the downwash effect of RTS on plumes could increase roof -level concentrations by a factor of 2 to 100. The RTS downwash effect was intensified with an increase in RTS crosswind width and was generally stronger for an oblique wind than for a normal wind. The results also showed that an RTS engulfed inside the building recirculation zone may not have a significant effect on plume dispersion for winds approximately normal to the building face. The minimum dilution models recommended by ASHRAE (2003, 2007) as well as the ASHRAE Geometric Stack Design Method (AGM) were evaluated. It was found that the ASHRAE models do not account for the downwash effect of the RTS on plumes and result in either overly conservative or un-conservative predictions. Therefore, a new empirical model, which takes into consideration the downwash effect of RTS was proposed. A validation study of the proposed model using results from previous experimental studies showed that the model is more accurate than the ASHRAE dilution models. Thus the proposed model will be very useful to practicing engineers. In addition, some modifications to the ASHRAE (2007) dispersion model and the AGM are also proposed


Abstract Tennis is one of the few sports that allows players to challenge umpire calls. This study investigated decision-making with the use of the challenge system. Regression and machine learning models were applied to data of 1037 challenged and 154,648 unchallenged shots at the 2016 Australian Open to investigate factors that explain the use and success of challenges. On shots closer to lines, players were more likely to challenge fast shots (OR = 1.41, p < .001). For male players, associations were also found for point importance (OR = 1.12, p = .003) and a previous successful challenge (OR = 1.84, p < .001). Ball and player location were the most important factors for successful challenge. Players frequently delayed challenges and there was evidence of impact aversion among officials. Players could use challenges more effectively and tennis stakeholders could improve the integrity of the system by taking steps to reduce delayed challenges and impact bias among chair umpires.


The positions and activities of the faults around the New Chemical Industrial Area in Wuhan are presented in this paper.This location is near the Yangtze River and with complex terrains.The relative exploration and research will provide the quake-proof criterion of this area,and also help to reveal its geological structure.


A valid and encyclopedic evaluation method for assessing the quality of Saposhnikovia divaricata has been set up based on the analysis of a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) fingerprint combined with the cluster analysis (CA), principal component analysis (PCA), partial least square discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), and similarity analysis. 15 peaks of the common model were obtained and used for the similarity analysis, CA analysis, PCA analysis, and PLS-DA analysis. The fingerprint of S. divaricata was established, and 15 common peaks were calibrated. The four common peaks were identified as prim-o-glucosylcimifugin, 4-O-β-D-glucosyl-5-O-methylvisamminol, cimifugin, and sec-o-glucosylhamaudol by comparison with the reference substance. The similarity of the fingerprints of the 33 batches of S. divaricata is above 0.9. Cluster analysis divides the 33 batches of S. divaricata into 2 categories. Principal component analysis (PCA) roughly divides them into 4 categories. Partial least squares method-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) screened to obtain 2 differential markers, the different components were designated by the reference substance as 4-O-β-D-glucosyl-5-O-methylvisamminol and cimifugin. The fingerprint established by this study combined with chemometrics analysis is reasonable, effective, accurate, and simple, which makes the information more comprehensive and can provide a scientific basis and reference for quality control and quality evaluation of S. divaricata.


The electric dipole radiative transition probabilities between levels nil1-nklk(ni≤5,nk≤15) for Na-like Fe have been calculated with multiconfiguration Dirac-Fock framework. We have confirmed the new regularity which has been found recently: the transition probability is just inversely proportional to the 3rd power of the principal quantum number n of upper level for a Eydberg series of spectrum lines when n is large enough.


...................................................................................................x List of Tables.............................................................................................xii List of Figures...........................................................................................xiv List of Schemes..........................................................................................xxi Abbreviations...........................................................................................xxii Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1.Seaweeds and Carbohydrates......................................................................1 1.2.Alginates ..............................................................................................5 1.2.1. Sources and extraction methods........................................................5 1.2.2. Chemical composition and confirmation.............................................6 1.2.3. Molecular weight.........................................................................10 1.2.4. Physical properties.......................................................................10 188.8.131.52.Solubility and Viscosity .....................................................................10 184.108.40.206.Stability ....................................................................................11 22.214.171.124.Ion binding.................................................................................14 1.2.5. Chemical modification of alginate.....................................................15 18.104.22.168.Chemical modification of OH..... .......................................................16 18.104.22.168.Chemical modification of COOH....................................................19 18.104.22.168. Graft copolymerization of alginate .....................................................22 1.2.6. Alginate hydrogel.........................................................................24 18.104.22.168.Method of gelling .........................................................................25 184.108.40.206. Hydrogel properties ...................................................................27 1.2.7. Applications of alginate ........................................ ...........................30 22.214.171.124.Food industry .............................................................................30 126.96.36.199.Biomedical and pharmaceutical applications .........................................31 1.3. Aim of my PhD project.............................................................................33


Identifying patients with head and neck cancer at greatest risk of poor health‐related quality of life (HRQOL) will facilitate screening for such patients and targeted interventions.


With the advances in multimedia technology and the popularization of the Internet, it is now possible to access a large number of image and video repositories distributed throughout the world. The global integration of such databases enables users to access data in a transparent manner. In this dissertation, we present the design and implementation of a metaserver which supports content-based querying and intelligent selection of distributed visual databases over the Internet. The metaserver contains three main components: a metadatabase, a metasearch agent, and a query manager. To support intelligent site selection, the metadata for inclusion within the metadatabase is formulated on the basis of visual contents of the images housed at each remote visual database. The visual contents of the images in each database are summarized through image templates and statistical features characterizing the similarity distributions of the images. Given a visual query, the metasearch agent derives a list of potentially relevant databases by searching the metadatabase using a selection approach that uses query similarity to a template and the features of the databases associated with the template. The query manager transforms the information in the visual query for suitable matching of the metadata. Relevance feedback technique is used to incorporate user's response with the original query and produce a refined query for the subsequent database selections. The proposed framework has been implemented in a prototype system. Extensive experiments have been conducted to demonstrate that the designs presented in this dissertation collectively offer a viable and practical approach to distributed visual information retrieval and management.


The quick scientific-technical development of contemporaneous times, and the commitment of the professional training of the human capital in the health sector, are necessarily united to the daily contribution of the individual, institutional and territorial scientific tasks; part of which is carried out through the emission of the certificate from the Scientific Council, which is the advisory entity of the direction in each institution, legally authorized for this. The practice of elaborating a certificate of the Scientific Council still requires improvement, since inadequacies are still manifested in its whole quality, what limits its scientific consistency to countersign the evaluation object. In such situation, the present work was carried out with the purpose of providing tools able to increase the excellence and rigor in the making of this document, for which the most polemic and controvertible aspects were approached in its elaboration, with particularity in those matters of greater demand. Also, the importance of the individuality, the scientific argument and the authenticity of a certificate from the Scientific Council are highlighted, and recommendations and observations on the topic are exposed, which can clarify doubts and contribute to unify the methodology in its elaboration.


One- and two-dimensional nuclear Schrodinger equations have been solved on MP2/aug'-cc-pVDZ potential energy surfaces generated for ClH:NH3 and ClH:N(CH3)3 and on MP2/6-31+G(d,p) surfaces generated for BrH:NH3 and BrH:N(CH3)3 to investigate deuterium substituent effects on the expectation values of X−N and X−H distances and on anharmonic dimer- and proton-stretching frequencies. These studies have been carried out on all isotopomers in the presence of electric fields of varying strengths. Deuteration of HX or ammonia or trimethylamine has only minor effects on expectation values and dimer-stretching frequencies. While deuteration of the nitrogen base also has only a minor effect on proton-stretching frequencies, deuteration of the hydrogen halide has a major effect, as expected. X−D stretching frequencies are always lower than the corresponding X−H frequencies at all field strengths, although the ratio ν(D)/ν(H) for corresponding pairs of isotopomers may be less than, equal to, or greater than the harmoni...


The invention discloses a method for producing an electrical component with a multi-station progressive die. The die comprises an upper die holder, an upper spacer plate, a punch fixing plate, a lower spacer plate and a material belt, wherein the die is internally provided with a plurality of groups of convex dies and concave dies with equal number and complementary shape, and the corresponding convex dies and concave dies are positioned on the punch fixing plate and the lower spacer plate according to the order of a punching technology; the die further comprises an inner guide pillar which is positioned on the upper spacer plate for balancing the die, a floating and opening dual-purpose pin positioned at one side of a lower die holder, and a guide needle positioned on the punch fixing plate; and the inner guide pillar is positioned in a slot hole of the lower spacer plate by penetrating through the punch fixing plate. The method completes multiple punching working procedures at the different positions of the material belt during one stroke of a punch according to a certain order, thereby continuously working and completing multiple working procedures without stopping the punch and replacing a die head.


Ocimum basilicum L. has a wide range of biological and antioxidant properties. However, little attention has been given to investigate its development in adverse environments. The aim of this work was to identify the effects of osmotic stress on its morphology and on the content of free proline as an indicator of stress in vitro. Culture media were prepared supplemented with polyethylene glycol (PEG 3350) at concentrations of 2%, 4% and 6%, and media with saline (NaCl) at concentrations of 25 mM, 50 mM and 75 mM, corresponding to drought treatments and salinity treatments, respectively. Afterwards, 10 seeds of previously disinfected O. basilicum L seeds were placed in each flask, with 7 replicates for each treatment and kept in controlled conditions under a completely randomized design. The germination percentage, growth parameters and content of free proline as a chemical indicator of stress were evaluated after 30 days of sowing. The germination percentage and the number of leaves showed no significant difference between treatments. The other parameters of growth and proline content did show significant differences between treatments. These results evidenced the influence of this kind of stress on the physiological response.


This 66-year-old man with angina pectoris for 17 years before treatment, incapacitated for several years despite long periods of rest and other therapy, showed significant improvement 2 months after I131 therapy and for the past 18 months he has been maintained in the hypometabolic state, free of pain despite greatly increased activity.


PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To stabilize a hydantoin halide by mixing the hydantoin halide with dried calcium hydroxide. SOLUTION: (A) A hydantoin preferably having a compostion of the formula (R 1 and R 2 are each a lower alkyl; X 1 and X 2 are independently Br or Cl) and selected from chloro- and/or bromo-alkylhydantoin is stabilized by mixing (B) dried calcium hydroxide (preferably not containing ≥1wt.% of water) into the component A. An amount of the component B is preferably 0.1-12wt.%, more preferably 0.25-6wt.% to a total amount of the composition. Preferably, the component A is selected from a dibromo-, dichloro- and chlorobromo- derivative of 5,5-dimethylhydantoin, 5-ethyl-5-methylhydantion and 5,5- diethylhydantoin. Preferably, a preserved state of the compound is selected from a small briquette-state, a tablet-state and a granular state. COPYRIGHT: (C)1997,JPO


The purpose of this study is to present the education design measures required for effective classics reading for the improvement of literacy. Due to the 4th Industrial Revolution, including the emergence of artificial intelligence, big data, and IoT, we are facing a hyper-connected era in which everything is interlinked. With the increased importance of communication and collaboration with others, the importance of literacy to freely express one's own opinions after reading, understanding, and judging certain writings is also becoming more important. Recently, however, the declining literacy level of Korean students is increasing and is now becoming a serious educational and social problem.Thus, this study explored the measures needed for improving the literacy level of students through the college subject of classics reading. First, this study presented the phased educational activities inclusively composed of 'reading-speaking-listeningwriting' activities based on the actual case of the class  with Lao-tzu's  . In particular, contrary to preceding research focusing on group discussion, this thesis presented the education design mixed with individual speaking/listening activities, as well as reading/writing activities.Furthermore, by conducting a survey this study compared the subjective perception of students who took the same course in the face-to-face and non-face-to-face methods. From the results of the analysis, overall the students showed positive responses to the integrated class activities regardless of class method. However, the results showed that it would still be necessary to complement the professor-led lecture and debate bulletin board. Also, the students thought that the activities in this class were helpful for the improvement of competencies like 'communication, self-directedness, and problem-solving'.


Multi-cell converters have recently found many applications such as machines control, renewable energies, active filtering and many others. This converter reduces voltage stresses between all cells, which results in lower transmission losses and offers a better harmonic content. This paper proposes a cyclic reports modulation control for a five cells inverter to maintain the floating capacitor voltages to their references and improve the output current waveform. In order to demonstrate the great advantages of the proposed controller it will be compared with the pulse width modulation control.


In this paper we report the effects of a high magnetic field up to 15.0 T on the deposition process, morphology, structure and magnetic properties of Co thin films prepared by electrodeposition. Cobalt metal films were deposited from a sulfate bath on a copper substrate with and without magnetic field. The variation of deposition current with applied field was studied. At higher fields a nonlinear increase of deposition current density was observed. Hexagonal phase cobalt with a strong preferred orientation of is deposited by the application of magnetic field antiparallel to the ions motion. The orientation of the c axis of the hexagonal cobalt is distributed both parallel and perpendicular to the film plane as shown too by the hysteresis loops. It is encouraging to note that by the application of magnetic field during the electrodeposition of ferromagnetic films the morphological, crystallographic and magnetic properties may be modified and this technique may be used in technological applications.


Rheumatoid arthritis is a symmetric inflammatory polyarthritis that has preponderance for peripheral joints. It affects between 1 and 3% of the general population (1-3). Extra-articular features are present in 25% of patients (2). Ocular manifestations include keratoconjunctivitis sicca, episcleritis, and scleritis. Rheumatoid keratolysis (RK) is rare but a serious cause of ocular morbidity (4). RK refers to a destructive inflammation of the corneal stroma. Although an immune-mediated inflammation plays a major part, keratoconjunctivitis sicca with an unstable corneal epithelium and infection due to deficient surface immunity may also contribute. Several factors cause production of degrading collegenases and matrix metalloproteases by the corneal epithelium. Deposition of immune complexes in the limbal vessels results in activation of complement and chemotaxis of inflammatory cells (3). There have been only a handful of series documenting the presenting features and outcome of RK (5-7). The aim of this study was to analyze the presenting features, the subsequent treatment, and the outcome of rheumatoid patients with keratolysis within our department. European Journal of Ophthalmology / Vol. 16 no. 6, 2006 / pp. 791-797


The use of electro-optic devices is now of great interest in fiber optic sensors technology [1] as well as in microwave applications such as microstrip antennas design [2]. Therefore, it is clearly essential to investigate rigorous theoretical models for computer simulation tools to narrow down the possible design choices. Simulations can also be very helpful for saving time and providing a better prediction of the electro-optic systems features In this paper, we propose a rigorous approach for addressing these issues.


Abstract Iran‐Pakistan relations have had a distinct characteristic over the past five decades and Islamabad's clandestine transfer of nuclear technology and materials to Iran underlines its significance. Political and strategic imperatives have formed the basis of their close relationship despite divergence of interests and political outlook on regional and global issues. Both the countries have tried to reconcile differences and consolidate their ties. Iran's concerns regarding the perceived dangers of containment by the US, the challenges flowing from developments in Iraq and Afghanistan, the need to ensure balance of power with Saudi Arabia and earlier Iraq, and its concerns about the sectarian violence in Pakistan have deeply influenced the vitality of Iran‐Pakistan relationship. This paper traces the evolution of Iran‐Pakistan relations and argues that the politico‐strategic contours of the South‐West Asian region will be shaped as a result of divergent developments in Iran and Pakistan ‐ Iran's improvements in ties with India and Pakistan's relations with the US.


DNA repair systems act to maintain genome integrity in the face of replication errors, environmental insults, and the cumulative effects of age. More than 70 human genes directly involved in the five major pathways of DNA repair have been described, including chromosomal location and cDNA sequence. However, a great deal of information as to the precise functions of these genes and their role in human health is still lacking. Hence, we summarize what is known about these genes and their contra part in bacterial, yeast, and rodent systems and discuss their involvement in human disease. While some associations are already well understood, it is clear that additional diseases will be found which are linked to DNA repair defects or deficiencies. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 33:3–20, 1999 © 1999 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.


The concept of developing early warning systems at a range of scales to reduce the likelihood of negatively impacting ecosystems is not new. Early warning systems are often developed in response to specific, immediate concerns such as major weather events (e.g., hurricanes, cyclones, tornados) or geo-physical events (e.g., earthquakes, tsunamis, tidal waves). There is also a need to develop early warning systems that identify environmental issues that may take longer to develop, or emerge, than the natural disasters that are typically targeted. Emerging environmental threats might include types of environmental degradation that increases the vulnerability of ecosystems or decreases the resiliency of ecosystems to a point where there is a significant alteration in ecosystem function and a negative impact on human health and well-being.


Nucleophilic displacement of activated nitro-group by [18F] fluoride ion is an efficient route to 18F-labelled aromatics; these compounds can be in the no-flurine-carrier-added state if required.


A self-adaptive power control opportunistic routing APExOR based on EIETX is proposed to prolong lifetime of wireless sensor networks(WSNs).Considering of nodes'residual energy,improves IETX,and the selecting strategy for forwarding candidates set based on EIETX is proposed.Forwarding energy efficiency model is established through analyzing link quality between nodes,an algorithm with self-adaptive between forwarding candidate set and transmission power is put forward.APExOR protocol based on the above strategy and algorithm is designed.Simulation results show that,compared with power fixed ExOR protocol,APExOR protocol improves throughput and decreases energy consumption of network.


Outsourcing, particularly in the field of IT, is considered one of the key economic activities in today's globalized economy. It can be called a special form of doing business. The article includes the definition of the process of outsourcing, and considers the reasons for its formation. The consequences of the outsourcing practice were briefly described. The article considers the origin of outsourcing in its modern form and provides a brief analysis of its features. The most prominent business practices, that are usually associated with outsourcing (as opposed to its perception only as "offshore programming") are described. Typical outsourcing services were named. The process of choosing the outsource destination, from the standpoint of a client company, is outlined. The study analyzes the factors that led to the attractiveness of Ukraine as a market for IT outsourcing services. The importance of geographical location as a factor that can influence the choice of a country as a location for the productive forces of foreign companies is highlighted. At the same time, natural resources play a secondary role in relation to the actual geographical location. The geographical position of Ukraine is considered a factor that significantly increases the attractiveness of working with Ukrainian IT companies from the customer's point of view. Possible negative consequences of outsourcing choices, based purely on geographical location as the most prominent factor were mentioned, in the context of possible cultural and language incompatibility in amongst the very distant cultures in question. Work schedule compatibilities between Ukraine and the greatest outsource spenders in the world – countries of Western Europe and Northern America are highlighted. The main reasons for the successful growth of demand for the services of Ukrainian IT companies are outlined. The image of Ukraine as a popular outsourcing destination is highlighted, and its growth in the last three years is briefly considered. The income of IT workers in Ukraine, Europe and the world was briefly analyzed as a factor that directly affects the attractiveness of outsourcing in Ukraine. The issue of staff rotation in IT projects is briefly considered a factor that increases the competitiveness of Ukrainian companies in the global market. Statistical data on the growth of the Ukrainian IT sphere was briefly analyzed, along with its projected growth.


The old super-minicomputer systems that are tucked away inside many of the world's Automatic Test Equipment (ATE) workstations are often 10 to 30 years old. These sturdy and reliable legacy computers - built in an era when the cost of a system regularly exceeded a half million dollars - tend to run reasonably well and in most cases, spare system parts are still available. One glaring weakness that the majority of these minicomputers share is failing peripheral devices mainly the disk drives and tape drives.


The availability of textbook tapes from the publishers has lifted some burdens from laboratory directors and language instructors. However, regardless of origin, there always remains a problem of interfacing the software with the hardware. The tapes must work efficiently on your equipment. I recently specified the Scribe lnternationale Audio Tutor Language Laboratory for the new laboratory at the University of San Francisco. The previous lab had been installed nearly ten years ago by Fr. P. Carlo Rossi, S. J. and used the magnetic disc system. The Audio Tutor differs from most lab recorders. Instead of the basic stereo (masterjstudent) system, the Tutor uses two separate systems, physically located on one tape-deck. The master tape is a five-inch 3% half-track tape. It carries only the master stimuli. The student records and hears his voice from a continuous tape loop. The pedagogical format is stimulus-responsestimulus. This is accomplished by an automatic rewind-cue function of the master tape which depends upon a pause of 2 seconds (signal drop of 16-24 db). On request the master tape will play backwards until a "pause" is sensed, stop, and replay the stimulus (word, phrase, or sentence). This same function occurs when the student records his voice on .the tape loop, and hears it immediately and automatically. During the student-record-listen function, the master tape rewinds to the pause preceding the stimulus, and waits until the student record-listen cycle is completed. Then it replays the stimulus. Since the student-record is separate from the master tape, and since the master tape needs only a minimum of two seconds to interface with the Scribe, the standard language laboratory tape with student response time on the master tape (generally one-and-a-half times the stimulus) has more dead time than necessary. The problem is to depause the master tapes, shortening every pause to two seconds. Considerable tape-saving is obtained and operations are simplified, since the number of tapes on hand can be reduced. To manually depause the tapes is time consuming and inefficient, but a simple apparatus can be engineered to reduce the pauses automatically. Simply stated, pauses are shor.tened to two seconds by a system which makes a dub of the master tape. It uses two tape-decks, one is a playback-deck for the master, and the second is a solenoid-operated


Geostatistics combined with GIS was applied to analyze the spatial variability of soil nutrients in topsoil(0~20 cm) in Urumqi County of Xinjiang.Soil nutrient data in this study including available N(alkaline hydrolyzing nitrogen),pure N,available K,available P and organic matter were analyzed. The results showed that the semivariograms of soil nutrients were best described by linear without sill model except for that of pure N,which was best fitted by spherical model.Soil organic matter、available P and available K presented strong spatial dependence,soil available N moderate spatial dependence,and soil pure N weak dependence.The spatial variability of organic matter、available P and available K was mainly produced by structural factor,while that of available N and pure N was primarily caused by random factor.However,their spatial heterogeneity degree was different :the degree of available N was higher,and that of pure N was lower.


SUMMARY:

 The concept of the "frontier," conceived by F.J. Turner for North America and applied to Eurasia by O. Lattimore and others, does not refer to a state border, but to a transitional zone between different geographic, socio-economic, political, religious and cultural spaces. From the15th to 18th centuries, the Russian steppe frontier in the south and southeast was a relatively stable military frontier between the sedentary Christian Russians and the nomadic Muslim Turks and Lamaist Mongols. The frontier was simultaneously a zone of intensive commercial and diplomatic interaction. Only during the 18th and 19th centuries did the steppe frontier become an area of settlement and extraction. Another example, the forest frontier in Siberia, was extractive frontier from the beginning, an area where an economy based on furs and precious metals pushed the frontier rapidly forward. Only its southern sections gradually became a settlement frontier.

 On the steppe frontier, Russians and the militarily superior nomads were generally on equal terms through the 18th century, whereas the Siberian indigenes were quickly subjugated by Russia and had to pay tributes in furs. Along the rivers of the steppe frontier, the military frontier communities of free Cossacks emerged on the forest frontier as trappers. Cossacks, tradesmen and settlers developed a "Siberian mentality" of free, enterprising pioneers. So the famous "Turner thesis" can be applied to Russia, but only to the peripheral regions of the Cossacks and Siberia, and not to Russia as a whole.


The use of the flexible cytoscope in the follow-up of patients with bladder carcinoma is becoming more widespread. In a series of 17 patients, cystodiathermy of small recurrent tumours using the flexible cytoscope and topical urethral anaesthesia proved to be a safe, effective and well tolerated procedure.


Brigham, K. H., Lumpkin, G. T., Payne, G. T., & Zachary, M. A. (2014). Researching long-term orientation: A validation study and recommendations for future research. Family Business Review, 27(1): 72-88. The authors have provided the following clarifications to correct issues in the developed measure and report relevant changes. Specifically, two errors were observed by the authors. First, several words were included in more than one of the developed word lists, which violated the intentions of the authors to keep each word list mutually exclusive. Second, in re-analyzing the data with the corrected word lists, an error in the original content analysis was discovered. A common error in the DICTION 5.0 software limited the analysis of the corpus of documents. In response, the authors re-analyzed the data using an updated version of the software (i.e., DICTION 7.0). Below are corrections to the paper subsequent to these errors.


The results of the SYNTAX trial (The Synergy Between Percutaneous Coronary Intervention With Taxus and Cardiac Surgery),1 the FREEDOM trial (Future Revascularization Evaluation in Patients With Diabetes Mellitus: Optimal Management of Multivessel Disease),2 and other studies are providing clarity and even growing consensus among cardiologists and surgeons about the relative roles of percutaneous catheter interventions (PCI) versus coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) for coronary revascularization. However, there remains a concern, especially among cardiac surgeons, that some patients with prior PCI may be at increased risk of poor outcomes when undergoing subsequent CABG surgery.3,4 In a report in this issue of Circulation: Cardiovascular Interventions from the E-CABG (European Multicenter Study on Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting), Mariscalco et al5 acknowledge that the clinical impact of prior PCI in patients who subsequently require CABG remains unsettled. The authors queried the recently established voluntary registry of CABG procedures undertaken at 16 European centers, designated as E-CABG, hoping to answer this persisting concern about possible risks associated with prior PCI at subsequent CABG operations. In addition, they undertook a meta-analysis of publications reporting on outcomes after CABG in patients with prior PCI.

See Article by Mariscalco et al

This E-CABG registry was posted on ClinicalTrials.gov site in December 2014 (URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT02319083), and the study protocol was described by Biancari et al6 in 2015. The 16 participating centers represent university and community hospitals in 6 European countries. E-CABG processes are described as involving thorough prospective data collection on all patients with CABG including presenting clinical status and immediate postoperative adverse events. This current report seems to be the first published analysis of CABG outcomes based on a review of more than 3700 …


Abstract Rotors comprising a motor-driven thin cylindrical shell with rigidly attached ends and torsional dampers, all of which are supported on bearings, are investigated. Analysis procedures enabling the variations in the model singularities with parameter changes are outlined. General results are derived indicating that the system damping ratio is maximized under specific operating conditions. A typical high-speed rotor for a paper manufacturing process is considered and analytical and simulation results are presented, confirming the predicted optimum damper settings and thereby minimizing the transient oscillations.


Contributions to Open Source projects make an important difference in the educational process. By studying the underlying architecture of an Open Source application, students can significantly improve their technical knowledge and, also, contribute to the evolution of the project. Our research relies on an extra-curricular course that aims to speed up the process of the first upstream contribution. In this paper we highlight the impact of the course on the professional background and career path of admitted students.


Properly developed standards possess the inherent capability to improve a product's market appeal by reducing its price, enhancing its performance and reliability, and improving its availability. By standardizing certain types of equipment, manufacturers are assured of a wider market application and are therefore more willing to spend limited research and development funds to develop new products and improve existing ones. FTA has started a project for developing consensus standards for certain selected system interfaces in electric rail passenger vehicles. One of the systems selected for developing interface standards is the Passenger Information System. This paper outlines progress to date in developin this standard which is presently going through a draft review.


To quote from CERN, the creators of the Web, "The World Wide Web (WWW) is the universe of network-accessible information, an embodiment of human knowledge. It is an initiative started at CERN, now with many participants. It has a body of software, and a set of protocols and conventions. WWW uses hypertext and multimedia techniques to make the web easy for anyone to roam, browse, and contribute to."


In an attempt to find a suitable medium for determining the ability of psychrophilic bacteria and yeasts to grow at subzero temperatures, six antifreeze compounds were added individually and in combination to Trypticase soy broth and agar. The media were tested for their ability to support good growth of psychrophilic bacteria at 20 °C and to resist freezing at subzero temperatures. In general, media which supported good growth at 20 °C froze at −7 °C, whereas media which did not freeze at −7 °C did not support good growth at 20 °C. In supercooled liquid media, however, three species of Bacillus grew at −2 °C, one at −4.5 °C, and five at −5 to −7 °C. Generation times were approximately 4 days at −2 °C, 7 days at −4.5 °C, and 9 to 11 days at −5 to −7 °C. On supercooled growth-supporting agar media, two Gram-positive cocci, one Gram-negative rod, and four species of yeast grew at −2 °C. The latter also grew at −4.5 °C. Three species of Bacillus grew at −7 °C, and two at −10 °C.


Objective To investigate the association of serum aldosterone level(ALDO) at admission in patients presenting with STEMI within 12 hours of symptom onset with no-reflow phenomenon after PCI.Methods The study included 117 consecutive patients admitted into our hospital from January to October,2007 who had received primary PCI for acute STEMI within 12 hours of symptom onset.Blood samples were drawn through the femoral arterial sheath before coronary intervention from all patients in supine position(mean time±sd 5.74±2.47 hours) and serum aldosterone levels were measured by radioimmunoassay.Results No-reflow phenomenon was found in 10 patients after PCI.The incldence of no-reflow was higher in patients with ALDO200 pg/mL(n=37) compared with patients with ALDO100 pg/mL(n=37) and patients with 100 pg/mL≤ALDO≤200 pg/mL(n=43)(21.62% vs 2.7% and 2.33%,P=0.0038).The mean ALDO level was higher in patients who had no-reflow phenomenon compared with patients whose blood flow restored after PCI(379.1±234.3 pg/mL vs 164.5±100.6 pg/mL,P=0.0010).The aldosterone level was inversely correlated with post-PCI TIMI grade(r=-0.39241,P0.0001) by regressional test.Conclusion Serum aldosterone level is associated with an increase incidence of no-reflow phenomenon.The aldosterone level is inversely correlated with post-PCI TIMI grade.


This is chapter 17 of Environmental Economics: An Integrated Approach and it takes up the role of equity in environmental policy. It considers the implications for policy of both cross-sectional equity at a point in time and concerns about intergenerational equity.


Observational research is an underused technique that involves the direct observation of people in a natural setting or in surroundings that closely resemble a natural situation. This differentiates it from survey research which may be completed in almost any location. Observational techniques can be an effective method for collecting behavioural data and for validating information we obtain from individual surveys. It measures behaviour directly, rather than reports of behaviour or intentions. Thus, observational research is a direct approach to collecting data, as contrasted to a survey where people are asked what they do or would do in different situations, and we assume that they reported actual behaviours. In our studies we use observational research for many purposes including designing better surveys by knowing what choices need to be put on the questionnaire. Additionally, we use "casual observation" to assist us in developing a "formal" observation process where the observer will know what types of behaviours to watch for and how they should be recorded. In addition, behavioural research also allows for the flexibility of recording things that were seen but were not expected. Examples of using observational research in recent studies such as watching for specific food safety behaviours as people prepared a meat dish in their own kitchen and research where observational data was used to validate diet surveys will be presented. The reliability of the observations can be increased by training observers, practicing recording observations and reaching agreement between the observers during the training.


Information technology is here. How we as natural resource providers, researchers and users decide to use it responsibly is up to us. This study presents the facts of information technology and how to use this technology to develop connections between individuals, natural resources, and recreation. Three categories that were explored are (a) an overview of information technology and recreation and tourism, (b) National Park Service interpretation programs, and (c) computer-based learning and education programs.


Cloud computing processes and stores the organization's sensitive data in the third party infrastructure. Monitoring these activities within the cloud environment is a major task for the security analysts and the cloud consumer. The cloud service providers may voluntarily suppress the security threats detected in their Infrastructure from the consumers. The goal is to decouple Intrusion Detection System (IDS) related logic from individual application business logic and adhere to the Service Oriented Architecture Standards. This paper provides a framework for Intrusion Detection and reporting service to the cloud consumers based on the type of applications and their necessary security needs. Cloud consumers can choose the desired signatures from this framework to protect their applications. The proposed technique is deployed in existing open source cloud environment with minimum changes. A proof-of-concept prototype has been implemented based on Eucalyptus open source packages to show the feasibility of this approach. Our results show that this framework provides effective way to monitor the cloud infrastructure in service oriented approach.


With the rapid popularization and wide application of net video technology,the advantages of net video are incomparable with traditional broadcasting and TV,and gradually net video stands up to traditional broadcasting and TV as an equal.However,during its development,net video industry has some legal problems concerning net rebroadcast right to be solved.At the same time,the information net rebroadcast right stated in Copyright Law of China has its defects and it is necessary to revise it to rebuild net rebroadcast right protection system of China.


Enzymes play a vital role in the industry with a wide range of application. Agricutural waste is the maximum waste been produced in India. This Project aims at using various agricultural wastes for the production of Protease. To achieve this various research is being conducted. Various Bacterial and Fungal species are being used for the production of Protease. Penicillium species was being used in this work for the production of Protease .In this work the various components of the media were studied and were optimized and used for the production of Protease.


The reform of the personnel system for higher education is a complicated systematic engineering process that concerns all other aspects of educational developments. Since it deals with the core problem of personnel, the achievement of a common understanding among all sides involved is of topmost importance to the success of the reform itself.


Background and Aims: The genus Melanogaster is characterized by its hypogeous to semi hypogeous habit, brownish basidiomata, gel-filled gleba locules, and globose to ellipsoid basidiospores. The genus is distributed in temperate zones, but sequences from Coccoloba root tips and a few basidiome collections have revealed its presence in the tropics. The aim of this article is to describe a new species of Melanogaster based on ecological, molecular, and morphological data.
Methods: Specimens were collected in urban vegetation of Quintana Roo in the Yucatán Peninsula, Mexico. For morphological description, the classic protocols for sequestrate fungi were followed. The dried material was deposited in the mycological herbarium "José Castillo Tovar" of the Instituto Tecnológico de Ciudad Victoria (ITCV) and the herbarium of the Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán (UADY).
Key results: Melanogaster coccolobae is presented as a new species from the urban gardens of Quintana Roo based on ecological, molecular, and morphological evidence. This species is characterized by its hypogeous to semi hypogeous basidioma, greyish orange, brown to reddish brown peridium composed of two layers, sweet smell, subglobose, ellipsoid or piriform basidiospores, and by its mycorrhizal association with Coccoloba spicata.
Conclusions: Melanogaster coccolobae is the first species described from the Mexican Caribbean from urban gardens with Coccoloba spicata. More studies about the tropical sequestrate fungi are recommended.


ABSTRACT Lignocellulose materials, essentially consisting of lignin, cellulose and hemicelluloses, are abundant sources of fermentable sugars. The bast fiber of Crotalaria juncea (Sunn hemp), a native cover crop of India, was used as feedstock for this study. The primary objective of this study was to add value to the waste C. juncea bast fiber. The same was achieved by pretreating the waste fiber using alkaline peroxide solution at various process conditions. The optimal process condition for alkaline peroxide pretreatment was identified for the fiber to pretreatment solution (S/S) ratio of 1/40 at 50°C for 5h with respect to all response variables (lignin removal, hemicellulose recovery, recovery of solid pretreated material, and crystallinity of lignocellulose). Three-way ANOVA results revealed that S/S ratio had no significant effect; whereas, both temperature and time, and the combination of parameters, exhibited significant effect on response variables. The characteristic peaks associated with lignin and cellulose demonstrated a higher amount of lignin removal and increased cellulose content with elevated treatment time. Autoclave assisted pretreatment proved to be inefficient due to removal of lower amount of lignin in addition to higher hemicellulose degradation. On the other hand, pretreatment using ultrasound was found to be most effective in removing lignin, liberating hemicelluloses along with diminition in cellulose crystallinity.


In the constant voltage power supply circuit, it will limit the allowable range of the current value as to enable the overcurrent corresponding to a plurality of different specifications. The constant voltage power supply circuit 30, Vcc terminal as the terminal, C- terminal, C + terminal, CPO terminal, REGIN terminal, having a REGO terminals, the step-up in the internal circuit 32, the constant voltage circuit 34, a vertical falling-type over-current protection circuit 36, the output voltage is dependent semiconductor integrated circuit which incorporates a current protection circuit 38. In drooping type over-current protection circuit 36, output current detection is done using an external resistor (20) is disposed are connected in series between the CPO terminal and the REGIN terminal of the output voltage-dependent overcurrent protection circuit 38 output current detection is carried out using the built-in resistor (76).


Abstract : Most research in metamaterials (artificially enhanced materials which modify the permittivity and permeability of electromagnetic wave propagation in order to steer EM waves in novel ways) involve passive metamaterials in a negative (permittivity and permeability less than zero) or plasmalike (permittivity and permeability between 0 and 1) regime. Unfortunately, negative and plasmalike metamaterials exhibit high dispersion of EM energy at some wavelengths, thus giving them a very narrow operating bandwidth. This research builds on the investigators previous report showing that it is possible to overcome these dispersion-energy constraints by incorporating non-Foster elements (active electronic circuits employing positive feedback), with the most important goal of the project to develop an experimental demonstrator of a reconfigurable active metamaterial unit cell that can be either double-positive or epsilon (permittivity) near zero (DPS-ENZ) or either doublepositive or mu (permeability) near zero (DPS-MNZ), with other goals being the increase of operating frequency to microwave region, development of negative inductance for MNZ/MENZ metamaterials, tunable non-Foster cells, and interfacing cells with free space for scattering applications such as cloaking. The project succeeds in understanding negative capacitance and its role in metamaterials, investigates the basic physics of negative non-Foster tank circuits, designs, simulates, and builds prototypes of active ultra-broadband ENZ unit cells as well as prototypes of negative-inductor MNZ unit cells.


Underlying surface change caused by land use change had important influence on urban rainfall-runoff process.Based on actual measured rainfall-runoff data,the Soil Conservation Service curve number(SCS-CN) model modified according to initial abstraction and runoff was used to preliminary simulate the rainfall event runoff coefficients at 0.5 to 10 year rainfall recurrence interval,and annual runoff coefficients at wet,normal and dry year condition in central Shanghai from 1947 to 2006.The impact factors of land use type,antecedent moisture condition(AMC) and rainfall on the rainfall-runoff relationship were analyzed.The results exhibited that: 1) The CN value changing process could be driven into slowing increased period(1947 to 1984),rapid increased period(1984 to 1993),rapid decreased period(1993 to 2000) and slowing decreased period(2000 to 2006).The major impact factors in the four periods were the change of cultivated land,cultivated land,water area and industrial land,respectively.2) The rainfall event runoff coefficients of 0.5 to 10 year rainfall recurrence interval rainfall,at AMC Ⅰ,increased relatively from 17.21% to 6.14% from 1947 to 2006.Also the annual runoff coefficients at wet,normal and dry year condition increased relatively by 20.49%,11.83% and 10.02%,respectively.3) Land use type,soil infiltration ability and AMC,and rainfall were the two important influencing factors to the rainfall-runoff relationship.The impact of land use change decreased with the increase of rainfall intensity while AMC from Ⅰto Ⅲ,and the impact of land use change increased with the decrease of rainfall intensity while AMC from Ⅲ to Ⅰ.4) The runoff coefficient increased the with increased CN value at different event rainfall intensities and different annual rainfall conditions.The linear relationship and exponential relationship exist between rainfall event runoff coefficient and CN value,and between annual runoff coefficient and CN value,with R20.999 and R20.987,respectively.


We report the results of optical spectroscopy of the blue supergiant Sk-69 279 and its circular shell in the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) with the Southern African Large Telescope (SALT). We classify Sk-69 279 as an O9.2 Iaf star and analyse its spectrum by using the stellar atmosphere code CMFGEN, obtaining a stellar temperature of \approx 30 kK, a luminosity of log(L_*/Lsun)=5.54, a mass-loss rate of log(\dot{M}/(Msun/yr))=-5.26, and a wind velocity of 800 km/s. We found also that Sk-69 279 possesses an extended atmosphere with an effective temperature of \approx 24 kK and that its surface helium and nitrogen abundances are enhanced, respectively, by factors of \approx 2 and 20--30. This suggests that either Sk-69 279 was initially a (single) fast-rotating (\ga 400 km/s) star, which only recently evolved off the main sequence, or that it is a product of close binary evolution. The long-slit spectroscopy of the shell around Sk-69 279 revealed that its nitrogen abundance is enhanced by the same factor as the stellar atmosphere, which implies that the shell is composed mostly of the CNO processed material lost by the star. Our findings support previous propositions that some massive stars can produce compact circumstellar shells and, presumably, appear as luminous blue variables while they are still on the main sequence or have only recently left it.


This study investigates effects of pollution tax policy of three main commodities i.e. fuel, electricity, and water on the change of household expenditure, economic structural growth, and pollutant emission in both Short term and Long term. The study utilizes four models i.e. Household Demand Model, Price Elasaticity Model, Input-Output Model, and Pollutant Emission Model by applying the empirical data of Thailand. The results show that, in short term, the pollution tax policy on fuel, electricity, and water effect only on the price of themselves. Nevertheless, in long term, the pollution tax will also boost the other commodity prices in the economy. Comparing with the short term, thehousehold consumption and economic structural change in the long term is significantly different. The pollution tax on fuel is effective to reduce the Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emission higher than the pollution tax on the others. Whereas the pollution tax on water is able to reduce just a little of GHG emission but decrease the water pollutant emision higher than the pollution tax on the others. Keyword: Pollution tax, Household consumption, Input output analysis, Environmental load JEL Classification: D12, H23, O47, Q53


Introduction. Achieving a qualitatively new state of society largely depends on the formation of the creative potential of young specialists capable of transforming, developing and implementing original solutions to professional and personal tasks, in connection with which the development of mechanisms for the formation of a professional capable of transforming the world and oneself seems to be very relevant. The authors propose to organize joint activities to solve creative problems in the form of a system of training sessions for the development of the creative potential of the personality of students. Materials and methods. The study involved 200 junior students of Volgograd universities, boys and girls aged 18-20 years, humanitarian and natural science areas of training. The main statistical calculations were performed using the analysis of nonparametric data using the chi-square test for the analysis of frequency differences, as well as using the statistical Mann-Whitney U test. The results of the study. Statistically significant significant differences were revealed according to the Mann-Whitney U-test (at p <0.05) between the values of the scales of the experimental and control groups of students according to the following indicators: the index of verbal originality (p = 0.033); the index of verbal uniqueness (p = 0.026); the number of responses produced (p = 0.008); striving for creativity and creativity (p = 0.026), expert assessment of creative potential (p = 0.041). The diagnostic indicators allowed us to conclude that students in the humanitarian areas of training more often demonstrate a high level of originality and productivity of verbal constructions, they are characterized by the spontaneity inherent in a self-actualizing personality. Students of natural science areas of training are more often looking for new ways of thinking, they have a more pronounced desire for self-development. Conclusions. Purposeful, organized joint activities in the form of training aimed at the formation of knowledge, skills and abilities of collective solution of creative problems, has shown effectiveness in solving the problem of developing the creative potential of future specialists.


The application of uniaxial stress on rocks is accompanied by the production of an electric signal which is described by the term pressure stimulated current (PSC). In this work the high rate step stress (HRSS) technique is applied, and the PSC relaxation in amphibolite samples from KTB drilling, is studied in the frame of non-extensive statistical mechanics. After the application of an abrupt stress step, a PSC spike is recorded up to its maximum value PSCmax, decreasing gradually, right after the stress stabilization in a value σH. In the present work we study PSCs relaxation in uniaxial compressed rocks using a generalized exponential function called q-exponential, which explicitly introduces hierarchically constrained dynamics and interactions. The interactions are associated with the non-extensive entropy parameter q which exhibits a behavior indicating a dependence with the applied uniaxial stress as we approach fracture. The stress-dependent q-estimation leads to the conclusion that fracturing is a subextensive process with hierarchically constrained dynamics. Furthermore, assuming an assembly of relaxed subdomains created due to microfracture, a non-extensive behavior of the observed macroscopically PSC relaxation is discussed in the frame of a superstatistical approach.


We analyze the price effects of mergers to monopoly between producers of complementary goods when there exists a fraction of consumers that value only one of the components. We show that customers are more likely to face a price decrease for the composite good under this setting than when such consumers do not exist.


To guide adjustment of woodwind playing properties, it is useful to know the modal frequency shifts (Δf/F)n produced by bore cross section perturbations Sp(x) in an air column of length L whose unperturbed cross section is S0(x). Modal perturbation weight functions Wn(x) are defined from first principles via (Δf/f)n =  ∫ 0L WnSpdx =  ∫ 0L [Kn − Un]Spdx/ ∫ 0L [Kn + Un]S0 dx. Here Kn(x) and Un(x) are the kinetic and potential energy densities of the nth standing wave. We have measured the set of Wn's for each of several representative fingerings on modern Boehm and Oehler system clarinets plus an early 19th century 6‐key instrument. Experiments using a movable perturbing volume for frequency shift measurements in a self‐oscillating feedback system agree with calculations based on probe microphone measurements of the standing wave. Both are consistent with basic theory when this takes account of small tapers, open and closed tone hole effects, and/or changes due to forked fingerings. Tone hole lattice phenom...


We describe extensive Late Miocene fossil Lutrinae from Toros-Menalla, Chad. A minimum of four species are present in this fossiliferous area. Such a large number of species, diverse in size and dental morphology, is significant and unique in the fossil record of the subfamily Lutrinae in the Neogene of Africa. Two new taxa are described, Sivaonyx beyi sp. nov. and Djourabus dabba gen. nov. sp. nov.; the two other species, which are represented by more fragmentary remains, are assigned to Lutrinae indet. aff. Torolutra sp. and Lutrinae indet. aff. Aonyx sp. Sivaonyx beyi is the best known of the species. It is represented by many dental remains and a subcomplete skeleton. Postcranial characters of this species are not particularly specialized. It is interpreted here as a terrestrial predator with poorly developed aquatic adaptations. Fossils of otters are known from ten different localities at Toros-Menalla, each of which yielded a single individual of one or two species. The presence of four morphologically distinct otters in the area is indicative of a palaeoenvironment with a relatively well-developed freshwater system of lakes and/or rivers. © 2008 The Linnean Society of London, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2008, 152, 793–846.


Abstract Research shows that half of the languages spoken today are likely to be extinct by the end of this century. The loss of language is not merely a loss of the language itself but also a loss of entire culture of the community of the speakers. The authors focus on Latin American endangered languages, and review the efforts done both in education, printed documents and in cyber space. Free software available for native speakers will give opportunities to preserve and revive the threatened languages. The paper introduces several regional efforts in this line, such as"Enlance Quinche", INALI and others.


This publication is related to the centenary of physics at the University of Warsaw. It describes the history of optics at the university since 1921, when Stefan Pieńkowski founded the Division of Physics at 69 Hoża Street in Warsaw. The author reports on the rapid development of research and significant discoveries in this field in the interwar period, when the Division of Physics earned a reputation as a world centre for molecular luminescence and atomic spectroscopy, attracting scientists from all over the world to Warsaw. Rebuilt after World War II, it got a new image when lasers were used for studies on the structure of atoms and molecules as well as atomic collisions. Today, it has become an internationally recognised modern centre for optical physics, including nonlinear optics, Fourier optics, plasmonics and quantum technologies.


The UNESCO Science Report 'Towards 2030' (Unesco, 2015) raised concerns over governments around the world increasingly seeing funding for 'applied' science (particularly that supporting commercial growth and exploitation) as being of more value than supporting 'basic' research (often referred to as 'fundamental' or 'blue-skies' research). Arguments over the balance between these approaches are common across disciplines (Linden, 2008) as well as having a long history in the fields of biological and ecological science. Franklin (2005), for example, suggested that 'fundamental research purely for the sake of scientific curiosity' should 'remain the privilege of only a fraction of the scientific community' due to the urgent environmental issues that required addressing for the sake of wider society. I would however take issue with this view and side with those who see arguments between basic and applied research as a false dichotomy (Powell, 2017). There are a number of reasons for this. For a start, there are now very clear mechanisms for ensuring that findings from basic research can be made available for and incorporated into management, policy, conservation and economic decision making (Cvitanovic et al., 2015; Frost et al., 2017), it is not just 'applied' science being utilized in this way. Secondly, many of the policy 'issues' today such as climate change, ocean acidification (see discussion in Frost et al., 2016) or plastics in the marine environment (Thompson et al., 2004) came initially from curiosity driven research, which has then transitioned to a more applied approach as the problems have become clearer and management options are required. Finally, there is an increased focus on multidisciplinarity where those from industrial and applied fields work closely with those carrying out basic research (e.g. Winding Hansen et al., 2017) thus further blurring the apparent 'boundary' between approaches. The JMBA publishes all types of research and I would caution against any conclusion that implies some research is more 'useful' than others. For example, this issue contains basic research including descriptions of new species (Fernández-Rodrı́guez et al., 2018; Souto et al., 2018) and of deep-sea assemblages with the intention of providing baselines for future studies (Sileesh et al., 2018). This information is of fundamental importance for management and conservation – managing activities in the marine environment can only be done properly if we know what is present in our seas and how it is distributed. A number of authors focus on diet and feeding. Allen et al. (2018) look at the diet of the Antillean manatee and point out that this is directly linked to conservation and management concerns, as it is the habitat forming the basis of the diet that needs considering as much as the endangered species itself. Valenzuela-Quiñonez et al. (2018) also look at feeding habits, this time of the shovelnose guitarfish, highlighting the importance of this information for what is an economically important species in a managed fishery where information on trophic relationships is scant. Fisheries management is also supported by the work of Araújo et al. (2018) who examine by-catch of rays in artisanal fisheries in southern Brazil and Barhoumi et al. (2018) in their use of Fourier analysis to investigate stock delineation. Some papers highlight the importance of their research for informing detection and monitoring programmes such as the work of Farrugia Drakard et al. (2018) on macroalgal fouling and Marco-Herrero et al. (2018) on larval morphology. In fact, it is difficult to find any research paper in this issue where some sort of application does not immediately spring to mind. This is not because the JMBA does not accept 'basic research' – quite the opposite in fact as the journal has always been proud of its reputation for publishing fundamental marine biological research. It is because all good scientific research is potentially applicable now or in the future. So let's continue supporting basic marine research in every way possible – the next generation will thank us for it.


An algorithm for hybrid optimal control is proposed that varies the discrete state sequence based on gradient information during the search for an optimal trajectory. The algorithm is developed for hybrid systems with partitioned state space. It uses a version of the hybrid minimum principle that allows optimal trajectories to pass through intersections of switching manifolds, which enables the algorithm to vary the sequence. Consequently, the combinatorial complexity of former algorithms can be avoided, since not each possible sequence has to be investigated separately anymore. The convergence of the algorithm is proven and a numerical example demonstrates the efficiency of the algorithm.


The Longmaxi formation of the Silurian in Middle-Upper Yangtze area is a set of high-quality hydrocarbon source developed in restricted shallow sea environment.Especially the black shale in the deposition centers of southern Sichuan,northern Sichuan,southeastern Chongqing to northern Guizhou is most developed,with big thickness and high organic matter abundance.The type of kerogen in the southern and northern Sichuan is dominated by type-I and the maturity of organic matter is in the middle-late stage of high maturity,which is dominated by generating pyrolysis gas-wet gas;The type of kerogen in the southeastern Chongqing to northern Guizhou is type-Ⅱ1 and the maturity of organic matter reaches overmature,dominated by generating dry gas.According to the organic geochemical parameters in these areas and the logging data from drilling-encountered this formation as well as the shale gas explorative practices from North America,it is suggested that Longmaxi formation of the Silurian in Middle-Upper Yangtze area has favorable conditions to form shale gas reservoirs.There exist gas logging abnormality and many of abnormal pressure zones in this formation in drilling well of Jianshen-2.These show enormous potentials for shale gas exploration of Longmaxi formation in the Middle-Upper Yangtze area.


The advent of easy to use services and the ability to bridge boundaries in space and time has increasingly changed our social lives and com-munication habits. Being unaware of their audience people on social networks inconsiderately share many personal items. Generally Social Networking Sites (SNS) users depend on the SNS platform for managing their social identities. Although SNS providers have introduced privacy settings to protect users against threats, these are insufficient and the access control models are difficult to be understood by novice users [1]. Unexpectedly, even those who are aware of the security and privacy threats and the preventive tools that combat those threats, lack the motivation to utilize security features to protect themselves. The paper discusses a frame-work (Safe SoNet) that aims to provide a plat-form for secure sharing of posts. The objective of this framework is twofold. Firstly, to analyze user behavior by retrieving user information from various social networking sites, addressing transliteration issues. Secondly, apply the user behavior to quantify the trust score of a connect, which would in turn form a decision making parameter to decide on the peer with whom the information can be securely shared.


Advanced abdominal pregnancy (AAP) is a rare event associated with high maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. It is commonly seen among patients in the low socioeconomic class, those with previous history of infertility, and women with pelvic infection that seems to be more in the developing countries like Nigeria. It could, however, pose a diagnostic challenge, especially in resource-limited settings where there is lack or restriction of healthcare professionals and medical diagnostic facilities; hence diagnosis is often clinical that is fraught with errors. This may result in misdiagnosis as was observed in our case. Abdominal pregnancy is often associated with congenital deformation anomalies such as talipes and spinal dysraphism. However, the case of a live newborn delivered at term with combination of talipes and hydrocephalus, which are deformation and malformation anomalies respectively is reported.


A Lefschetz formula for a group action on an affine building is given. The group is the analogue of a Levi component in the theory of linear algebraic groups. The only condition on the building is that it should be a covering of a finite complex.


The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency and extent of dentoalveolar compensation in subjects with disharmonious vertical jaw base relationships, in relation to subjects with normal occlusion. The study was performed on 37 lateral cephalograms of patients with open bite and 35 of patients with normal occlusion, aged 15 to 18 years. Each cephalogram was traced twice by two authors. The cephalometric analyses were performed by linear and angular measurements. The angular cephalometric variables were: n-s-gn, sp-pm:m-go, m-go-ar, the sum of the posterior angles according to Björk (1947, 1954,1966,1972),1:sp-pm and 1:m-go. Linear cephalometric variables: oi, om oi/om, ui, um and ui/um were analysed using the methods of Korkhaus (1959). Statistical data analysis included descriptive statistics, method error, t-test and Pearson(s correlation coefficient for association between variables. Significant differences (p < 0.001) between the samples were found in all investigated variables except 1:sp-pm, oi/om and um. Retrusion of the lower incisors was found, indicating dentoalveolar adaptation to the present posterior rotation of the mandible. Inclination of the upper incisors in relation to the base of the maxilla was significantly negative correlated with the variable n-s-gn, and slightly negatively by correlated with the variable sp:pmm-go. The variables of the height of the upper and lower jaws (oi, om, ui, um) were significantly correlated. A significiant negative correlation was found between variables um and m-go-ar. The correlation between variable um and Bjork's polygon was slightly negative. The variable ui showed slight negative correlation with the variable m-go-ar. Such a relationship is the result of compensatory retrusion of the lower incisors and a steep mandibular plane.


laminating is a important working procedure of the manufacture process of the multilayer ceramic chip-capacitor,the key is controlling pressure.steadily rising the pressure,accurately controlling the isobarically time,and the capacitor body being pressing equably at every point,will make it's configuration compact,According to the laminated technical requirement of the chip capacitor,simply introduce the configuration,function and working theory of laminated equipments.


Thispaperexplores thepossibility ofaccelerating the operation ofa Bayesian spamfilter by movingpartsofits functionality tohardware. Effort isdonetoproduce asoftware C library thatcansupport building aBayesian spamfilter. Then,a software Bayesian spamfilter wasimplemented andrunonthe Microblaze processor soft-core on a XilinxFPGA. This constitutes a first steptowardsdesigning an efficient spam filtering platform basedontheMicroblaze processor. Profiling theBayesian spam filter on hardwaregivesinsights on possibilities foraccelerating it. Somefunctions arerecommended tobemovedtohardware, reconfigurable hardware, orparallel hardwaresolutions. We foundthatimplementing a hardware hashtableorparallel reconfigurable hardwaretokenization function canimprove theperformance ofaBayesian spamfilter. When thehashtablewasreplaced bya content addressable memory,the overallperformance achievedan average improvement of10%.


OBJECTIVE: cerebral palsy is a disorder of movement and posture that results from a non progressive lesion of brain within 3 years of age. To determine the role of early orthotics and physical therapy in improving the functional status and in decreasing the rate of surgical interventions in management of spastic diplegic cerebral palsy child. STUDY DESIGN: Interventional study design Place and Duration of Study: The department of Physical Medicine & rehabilitation (PM&R) of the Children's hospital & ICH Lahore from Nov 2017 to Oct 2018. METHODOLOGY: In this study fifty patients of spastic diplegic cerebral palsy with age between 1 to 7 years having spasticity since birth and have achieved supported sitting were studied. The cerebral palsy children having history of global developmental delay, more than 07 years old, head injury, h/o seizures, ataxic cerebral palsy and spastic quadriplegic cerebral palsy were not included in this study. The data was taken by consecutive sampling technique. Study sample was completed in first month of our study. Diagnosed children with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy were included. Their spasticity level was checked by using Modified Ashworth scale (Level 0 to 4) and their functional level was assessed by Gross motor functional classification scale (Level 1 to 5). These children were given a rehabilitation programme and different orthotics were recommended where needed. After six months of physical therapy sessions, patients whose spasticity level was 03 or more on Modified Ashworth's scale were referred for surgical opinion. RESULTS: It was seen in our study that the patient who came early in our department (2-5 years) with better initial functional level ( Level II III ) showed marked improvement in 28 (88%) and who presented late (5-7years) with poor initial functional level (Level IVV) showed less improvement in 07 patients (38%). These difference between initial presenting functional level was found to be statistically significant over the final functional level and improvement (P<0.05). The rate of surgical interventions in patients who presented at age 2 to 5 years, and started physical therapy earlier, was less i.e. (4%) and in those patients who presented at age 5 to 7 years with more initial spasticity level and multiple contractures, was high i.e. (26%). The difference of surgical procedures in patients presenting early in our department with good initial presenting functional level to patients presented in later stages with poor initial functional level was found to be statistically significant (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Early orthotic support and physical therapy treatment improve the functional level of ambulation and decreases the rate of surgical interventions in management of spastic diplegic cerebral palsy child.


Editor, Coronary arteritis can cause aneurysms, stenosis, and occlusion, which eventually leads to fatal outcome. Etiologies of coronary arteritis include a variety of vasculitic syndrome such as giant cell arteritis, Takayasu arteritis, Kawasaki disease, polyarteritis nodosa, eosinophilic periarteritis, Behcet's disease, and systemic lupus erythematosus (1). I would like to note that IgG4-related coronary arteritis is an emerging etiology of coronary arteritis which was previously known as "idiopathic" or "isolated" and should be included in the differential diagnosis because early recognition and appropriate treatment initiation are necessary to prevent fatal outcome. Recent advances in understanding idiopathic fibro-inflammatory diseases have revealed the existence of IgG4-related disease (2–4). IgG4-related disease can affect every organ of the body, including coronary artery (5). The main clinical manifestation of IgG4-related disease is a pseudotumoral enlargement of the involved organ. IgG4-related periaortitis/periarteritis is a newly identified clinical subset of the disease and can present with coronary arteritis (5). Using the data of 27 patients with IgG4related coronary arteritis, we have recently revealed that the lesions of IgG4-related coronary arteritis can be divided into three types: stenotic, aneurysmal, and diffuse wall thickening type (5). The vast majority of patients show diffuse wall thickening type (92%), but stenotic (62%) and aneurysmal (42%) type are not rare (5). Of note, we found that stenotic and aneurysmal types are more life-threatening than diffuse wall thickening type (5). In fact, 15% of patients suffered from progression of coronary artery stenosis or aneurysms despite immunosuppressive therapy, and some patients even died, including sudden cardiac death (5). Thus, if the patient presents with stenotic and/or aneurysmal type of IgG4-related coronary arteritis, clinicians need to pay particular attention and consider not only immunosuppressive therapy but also multidisciplinary approach such as cardiac surgery or percutaneous coronary intervention as well as a careful follow-up. Gabarrou et al. (6) reported the case of a middle-aged man with isolated coronary arteritis with unknown etiology. Their case presented with sudden cardiac death and the autopsy revealed the pseudotumoural macroscopic aspect of the anterior intraventricular artery with severe stenosis (>90%), indicating the diffuse wall thickening and stenotic type. Microscopically, the affected lesion showed fibro-inflammatory wall destruction predominantly on the adventitia. Lymphoplasmacytic infiltrates and ectopic germinal center formation were extensively observed without fibrinoid necrosis, multinucleated giant cells, neutrophils, and granuloma. All those findings are typical for IgG4-related coronary arteritis although no tissue staining for IgG4 and IgG was conducted in their case. Considering the potentially fatal outcome of IgG4-related coronary arteritis, we need to recognize IgG4-related coronary arteritis as one of the differential diagnosis of coronary arteritis. In addition, the problem of this field is that there is no validated treatment strategy for patients with IgG4-related coronary arteritis as well as periaortitis/periarteritis. Future study to elucidate the appropriate treatment strategy is apparently warranted.


A 60-year-old woman with a non-typical chest pain syndrome and a non-diagnostic exercise electrocardiogram was referred to our department for further investigation.

An invasive and a CT aortography showed that the left main coronary artery was obstructed at its origin ( Panels A and B ).  The aortic valve had two normal cusps …


In the last few years the role of diazo compounds in organic synthesis, particularly in cyclization reactions via metal carbenoids (metal: ruthenium, copper, rhodium, etc.) has been prominent. By taking advantage of the ease with which these metal carbenes collapse into the corresponding symmetrical alkenes (homocoupling), we and others have been able to access nonsymmetrical alkenes by the selective heterocoupling of diazoacetate esters with copper(I) and ruthenium(II) carbene complexes [Eq. (1)]. Interestingly, the metal-catalyzed selective cross-coupling reaction between two different diazo substrates has been reported recently [Eq. (2)].


9554 Background: Pts with LMD have a dismal prognosis, with median overall survival (OS) < 3 months, no approved therapies and extremely limited clinical trial options. We previously reported initial safety findings from the dose escalation of an open label, single arm, single center phase I/IB trial (NCT03025256) for pts with metastatic melanoma (MM), in which IT/IV N were well tolerated, without any CNS-specific or unexpected toxicity. Here we report an update on safety, maximum tolerated dose (MTD), and dose expansion cohort (including 2 pts with NSCLC) and preliminary efficacy. Methods: Pts aged ≥18 with evidence of LMD by MRI and/or CSF cytology, ECOG PS ≤2 were treated with IT/IV N. Dexamethasone (dexa) ≤4mg/daily and concurrent BRAF/MEK inhibitor(i) therapy (tx) were allowed. For cycle 1, IT N was administered via ommaya reservoir on day (D)1. For subsequent cycles (every 14 days) pts received IT N on D1, followed by IV N 240 mg on D2. IT N doses evaluated were 5, 10, 20, and 50 mg. Blood and CSF were collected at multiple time points for translational research. The primary objectives were to determine safety and/or recommended dose/MTD of IT N given with IV N in pts with LMD and the safety of the MTD in an expansion cohort. OS was a secondary objective. Bayesian mTPI methodology was used to define the MTD. Results: 50 pts were treated: 17 in the dose escalation (2 at 5; 3 at 10; 6 at 20; 6 at 50 mg IT N), 8 in the initial expansion of 20mg, and 25 at the MTD 50 mg IT N. 48 pts had a diagnosis of MM, 2 NSCLC. Median age at LMD was 49 (19-74); 27 pts are male. All pts had radiographic evidence of LMD; 26 pts had positive baseline CSF cytology. 46 pts received prior systemic tx including checkpoint inhibitors (n = 42) and targeted tx (n = 34). 39 pts had prior CNS radiation (RT), including whole brain RT (n = 14). 18 pts used concurrent steroid, with a median dose of 2mg (0.9-4) dexa equivalent and 27 pts used concurrent targeted tx with BRAF/MEKi. The median number of IT N doses was 6 (1- 92). The combination regimen was well tolerated by all evaluable pts (n = 50), with 9 pts (18%) experiencing grade (gr) 3 AEs and no reported gr 4 or 5 toxicities. Rash (58%), nausea (44%), vomiting (34%), and dizziness (22%) were the most common AEs. Thirty pts (60%) experienced AEs after IT N administration, all gr 1/2 and 1 gr 3 (vasogenic edema). At a median follow-up of 4.6 months (mths) (0, 54.8 mths), median OS was 7.0 mths. OS was 66.6% at 3 mths, 53.1% at 6 mths and 34.8% at 12 mths. Conclusions: IT + IV nivo was safe and well-tolerated in MM pts with LMD, with no unexpected toxicities of the 50 mg MTD of IT N. OS rates at 6 and 12 mths are encouraging and support further evaluation of IT immunotherapy for LMD, including in other tumor types. Overall results also demonstrate the feasibility of prospective clinical trials in pts with LMD. Final presentation will also include immunological analysis of longitudinally collected CSF samples collected in the trial. Clinical trial information: NCT03025256 .


ABSTRACT In this study, We investigated the possibility of use of multi-stack type piezoelectric devices. The dielectric and piezoelectric properties of the device were examined. To match the external vibration frequency with the device resonant frequency, the metal type manipulator was combined with the multi-stack device. Under an external force of 1 G at 120 Hz, the device exhibited a voltage of 12 V and a power of 60 mw in resonance mode.


Applying theories of knowledge representation in artificial intelligence and knowledge engineering,real-time monitoring and scheduling in logistics distribution under E-commerce is presented in order to improve the intelligence and science of real-time optimization of scheduling in logistics distribution.A knowledge-based tree-like representation for the real problems of logistics distribution is proposed.A model and a mapping solution to GIS-based knowledge presentation for logistics distribution are presented.Meanwhile,the coherence between knowledgebase and spatial database is kept by the mapping solution through the XML relational mapping documents.Simulation results show that this research is beneficial establishing the intelligent scheduling system of logistics under E-commerce based on GIS.


Prologue: Blood in the Snow Introduction: War in the Mountains Western North Carolina "The Best We Could" "Nothing More than Mountain Robbers" "Where Yankees Never Come" "Power Unrestrained" East Tennessee "Bleeding at Every Pore" "There Are Meaner Men" Community at the Breaking Point North Alabama "Destroying Angels" "Prisoners of Hope" Blood in the Sky North Georgia "Union Men to the Core" "In the House of Joseph" "The Red-Headed Beast from Georgia" "Guerrilla Holes" West Virginia Death of a Dream Legacy Survivors Works Cited Index


The development of new technologies able to detect explosives has followed the evolution of the threat of terrorist attacks to possible targets, such as airports and other public transport. The security and forensic issues need to be evaluated in the early research stage to effectively support police activities. The analytical capability of any detector can be measured by following a probabilistic approach, based on the results (true positives, true negatives, false positives and false negatives) obtained in a set of tests on known samples. In security activities, such as at passenger screening checkpoints in airports, it is very important to avoid false negatives, resulting in a forbidden item being boarded. False positive results can be accepted, but they increase the time needed for screening passengers and their luggage. In projects aiming to spot a criminal "bomb factory" it is very important to avoid false positive results so as to spare citizens useless intrusion in their private lives. When considering the traditional forensic world, uncertainty must be minimised when reporting chemical information as evidence in the Court, since the Court needs to establish the truth beyond any reasonable doubt.


The influence of Er3+ ions on the spectra of Yb3+, Er3+: Sc2SiO5 (SSO) single crystal, which was obtained by Czochralski (Cz) method, is discussed. The absorption coefficient at 980 nm was 13.36 cm−1 with a peak absorption cross-section of 1.46 × 10−20 cm2. The emission cross-sections at 1034 nm and 1062 nm were 5.5 × 10−21 cm2 and 4.9 × 10−21 cm2, respectively. The fluorescence lifetime was estimated as 1.24 ms at 1061 nm. The mechanical properties of SSO single crystal were also presented.


Description of an Excel tool for the estimation of the number of aircraft passes with the reviewed aircraft configuration on a soil surface of a specific strength. The report contains an explanation of the performed calculation steps and instructions for the operation of the tool.


Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) gains much attention as an important optimisation field for the photovoltaic (PV) systems. The focus of this paper is to introduce and analyze a novel fast MPPT strategy based on predictive current control. The overall system is designed to improve the energy control performance in tracking the maximum power point (MPP) of a photovoltaic array under irradiation changes condition and fixed load and will be compared to the classical Perturb and observe technique. The proposed control scheme and the classical perturbe and observe (P&O) technique are designed for residential application and implemented in MATLAB/SIMULINK software. The obtained results proves the advantages of this proposed controller in the stability of its output voltage with fast response speed to the required parameters and without power losses.


For the protection of transmission lines distance relays are used up to a great extent. Here distance relays are used for relay coordination process. This paper considers a MHO relay characteristics, zone settings and zone discrimination time as the parameters of distance relays. The approach is used to figure out distance relay coordination bearing distributed generation in a distributed system. The impact of distributed generator in a power distributed system varies the relay settings of the system. So on implementing fault current limiter reduces the distributed generator fault current and restores the archetype relay coordination without varying the relay settings. The methodology of selecting the fault current limiter and its typical value is illustrated. A sample distributed network with and without distributed generation is modeled and simulation results for the impact of distributed generation on protection system coordination are presented and discussed here.


As a result of an overt advantage on more high efficient energy saving, simple structure and little technical difficulty, the chopped wave cascade speed control drive system is used widely in many industrial sites in China. Compared with the traditional cascade speed drive in phase-shift bursting mode, many changes take place in the main circuit structure of the chopped wave cascade speed control drive. At present, for the most documents, the explanation about speed controlling mechanism of the whole system is usually presented, however in which, the thorough and explicit analysis to illustrate the relationship between the base electrical parameters is lacking. Additionally, design and selection of the parts in the main circuit is completed by means of experience without the supports from specific theory. A study for the base relationship between the input and output parameters is done according to the characters on the primary parts of the main circuit when in steady state, and the corresponding mathematical model is offered. Meanwhile, on the base of that, the selection principle about the structure parameters of the main circuit is presented. At last, the conclusion from the above analysis and discussion is verified by the simulation model.


A brief review is given of a computerized information system on the nuclear physics properties of nuclides and radioactive decay chains. The main difference between the system presented here and those already in existence is that these evaluated databases of nuclear physics constants are linked to a set of programs, thus enabling analysis of a wide range of problems regarding various nuclear physics applications.


Alternative binary offset carrier (AltBOC) signals can be approximated by four synchronized direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) signals, each pair of which is a quadrature phase shift keyed (QPSK) signal at a different frequency. Therefore, depending on the strength of an incoming AltBOC signal, an acquisition technique can reduce the mean acquisition time (MAT) by searching the four DSSS signals asynchronously; the search for each of the four DSSS signals can start at one of the evenly separated hypotheses on the two-dimensional hypothesis space. And detection sensitivity can be improved by multiple levels when different numbers of search results for the same hypothesis are combined. In this paper, we propose a fast AltBOC acquisition technique that has an asynchronous search strategy and efficiently utilizes the output of the four search results to increase the sensitivity level when sensitivity improvement is needed. We provide a complete theoretical analysis and demonstrate with numerous Monte Carlo simulations that the MAT of the proposed technique is much smaller than conventional AltBOC acquisition techniques.


A fundamental Doppler-like but asymmetric wave effect that shifts received signals in frequency in proportion to their respective source distances, was recently described as means for a whole new generation of communication technology using angle and distance, potentially replacing TDM, FDM or CDMA, for multiplexing. It is equivalent to wave packet compression by scaling of time at the receiver, converting path-dependent phase into distance-dependent shifts, and can multiply the capacity of physical channels. The effect was hitherto unsuspected in physics, appears to be responsible for both the cosmological acceleration and the Pioneer 10/11 anomaly, and is exhibited in audio data. This paper discusses how it may be exploited for instant, passive ranging of signal sources, for verification, rescue and navigation; incoherent aperture synthesis for smaller, yet more accurate radars; universal immunity to jamming or interference; and precision frequency scaling of radiant energy in general.


Recordings of the intraoral air pressure (Po) and direct subglottal air pressure (Ps) were made of one native speaker pronouncing the Korean aspirated, tense, and lax stops. Labial, dental, and velar stops in the frame /i‐kəs‐i + Vl+i‐ta/ ("This is _______."), where the vowel (V) was /i, a, u/, were investigated. It was found that systematic differences in the Po were not reflected in the Ps. There was little difference between the tense and aspirated stops in terms of Po; however, the aspirated stops showed considerably higher Ps. In addition, it was found that there was no systematic difference in Ps between the tense and lax stops. These findings support the claim of Chomsky and Halle [The Sound Pattern of English (Harper and Row, New York, 1968), p. 326] that the Korean aspirated stops have heightened subglottal pressure; however they do not support their claim that the tense stops also have heightened subglottal pressure. The relation of these data to Chin‐W. Kim's ["A theory of aspiration," Phonetic...