Social Media Go to War: Rage, Rebellion and Revolution in the Age of Twitter. Ralph D. Berenger, ed. Spokane, WA: Marquette Books, 2013. 531 pp. $49.95 pbk.This third book in a trilogy from Marquette Books examines the uses and impact of social media in conflicts throughout the world, particularly in Northern Africa and the Middle East. The volume consists of twenty-eight essays from thirty-nine authors, and as with the first two books in the series (Global Media Go to War and Cybermedia Go to War), this volume draws on scholars with diverse backgrounds and experiences. Some of the con- tributors are graduate students; some are journalists. Many are scholars who live and work in the Middle East. Berenger, who also edited the other volumes in the series, is a professor of mass communication at the American University of Sharjah, United Arab Emirates, and author of numerous studies on media behavior in times of crisis.Five essays in Part 1 consider the theoretical constructs and ideologies that help explain the impact social media had on world uprisings from 2008 until 2013. An essay by the late John C. Merrill leads off the section with a look at ideological forces driving political upheavals. Steven Dick and Katharine R. Allen contribute essays that consider how existing mass communication theories might be applied to social media. Sohail Dahdal explores how Al Jazeera, a popular television series, and social media contributed to the rise of Arab Nationalism. Lt. Col. Jennifer A. Berenger concludes the section with a look at U.S. Department of Defense policies concerning soldiers' use of social media.Part 2 presents case studies of social media use prior to the Arab Spring. This sec- tion includes Byron T. Scott and Ellada Gamreklidze's report on how social media was used during Georgia's war with Russia in 2008; Basma Botros and Melanie Mills' look at the contribution of Facebook to an Egyptian youth movement in 2008; Martin A. Parlett's report of how Barack Obama used social media during the 2008 election; Katherine R. Allen's report on a Cuban blogger; and Catherine Cassara's essay on Tunisian citizen journalists. The section also includes essays by Melissa Wall and Treepon Kirdnak who look at the use of YouTube videos in Thailand; Tim Macafee and J. J. De Simone, who studied social media use during the recall election of Wisconsin Governor Scott Walker; and Margaret D'Silva, Siobhan Smith, and Girish Nikam, who discuss how social media helped free an Indian civil rights activist.Part 3 focuses on Iran's presidential election protests in 2009. The five essays in this section include a historical overview by Irfan Raja, a report from Cora Werwitzke and Jurgen Wilke on social media use during the mass demonstrations of June 2009, Emily A. …


A new numerical method for predicting ice accretion on helicopter rotors is established. First, the orthogonal and body-fitted grids are generated around the rotor blade, and the computational flui...


Control of biofluids circulation using extracorporeal apparatus needs to solve the modeling problem of highly non-linear process which parameters could change up to 10 times during a single procedure. This builds hurdles in the process of controller synthesis. The paper presents a preliminary model of such a system, working as the left heart chamber for design of circulation process controller. Experimental results from the system prototype and HIL-simulation are provided.


I add a developmental perspective to the picture Roth and Freedgood have elaborated regarding the significance of surfaces. With Roth's attent ion to the analytic couple and adult intersubjective interaction, I include the mother–infant dyad—what I have written about, following Winnicott, as the "nursing couple." I now employ Meltzer's evocative concept regarding the aesthetic impact of the mother. From this perspective regarding the early maternal relation, I then address the anxieties that Freedgood, especially, highlights in relation to culture and gender. I emphasize that we communicate to and with a maternal object that is herself a complex object both in her surface and in her interior. I contend that jewelry is a concrete representation of the mother's most interesting bodily surface.


Summary.  The Central African balsam Impatiens salpinx Schulze & Launert, endemic to the Chimanimani Mountains, is described and illustrated. Its taxonomy, ecology, pollination and cultivation requirements are discussed.


A synthetic magnetic map for southern Iraq is produced through using prism models of various sizes, depths and with different magnetic susceptibilities. The number, depths, sizes of prisms and their positions over the covered area in the present study are designed according to information obtained from a series of repeatable calculations and studies concerning such types of models with variable parameters. The obtained magnetic anomalies are compared with the observed aeromagnetic map of southern Iraq where a great sedimentary thickness covers the basement rocks. The main features of the observed anomalies coincide in position and amplitude and resemble those obtained from the accumulated effects of the three-dimensional prismatic bodies. A general basement depth map is constructed for the area from the depth values to the top of these prisms. This map shows an uplifted region trending nearly N-S with the depth increasing towards the east. The procedure adopted here is very useful in depicting the possible configuration of the crystalline basement structural features. These represent regional tectonic features and they provide insight into the structures of sedimentary sequences in the area that are so important for geologic studies and oil exploration purposes.


A portable electronic device with a supporting structure comprises: a main body, a first surface, a second surface with a concave area and corresponding to the first surface, a rotary component positioned at the second surface and rotating relatively to the main body and a supporting piece. The supporting piece is positioned at the concave area and pivoted to the rotary component, enabling the supporting piece to pivot relative to the rotary component by virtue of the pivot relationship as well as rotate relatively to the main body together with the rotary component, thereby changing the angle and the configuration direction of the supporting piece and the main body, making the supporting piece change the view direction and angle along with the first surface, develop the supporting effect to the main body and further enhance the flexibility for use.


This study explores the performance and scaling of a GMRES Krylov method employed as a smoother for an algebraic multigrid preconditioned Newton‐Krylov solution approach applied to a fully implicit variational multiscale finite element resistive magnetohydrodynamics formulation. In this context, a Newton iteration is used for the nonlinear system and a parallel MPI‐based Krylov method is employed for the linear subsystems. The efficiency of this approach is critically dependent on the scalability and performance of the parallel algebraic multigrid preconditioner for the linear solutions and the performance of the multigrid smoothers play a critical role. Krylov multigrid smoothers are considered in an attempt to reduce the time and memory requirements of existing robust smoothers based on additive Schwarz domain decomposition with incomplete LU factorization solves on each subdomain. Three time‐dependent resistive magnetohydrodynamics test cases are considered to evaluate the method. Compared with a domain decomposition incomplete LU smoother, the GMRES smoother can reduce the solve time due to a significant decrease in the preconditioner setup time and often a reduction in outer Krylov solver iterations, and requires less memory, typically 35% less memory.


We present a simple and efficient method for generating focused acoustic vortices in air over a wide range of ultrasonic frequencies by means of an Active-Spiral Fresnel Zone Plate. An important advantage of this device is that the focal length can be finely and continuously tuned by setting the operation frequency. The role of the different design parameters is analyzed in terms of the minimum beam width and the focal depth of the resulting field, allowing an optimized device according to the application. Experimental results show very good agreement with numerical simulations.


I. IntroductionIn unprecedented fashion, the Israeli government has pursued a sweeping overhaul of its pension system while simultaneously shifting its socialist economy to a free market system. Pension reform came just before the nation faced an impending funding crisis, which threatened the financial security of an entire generation of Israelis. By releasing its grip on the pension system, the Israeli government increased the ability of Israelis to achieve income-replacement on retirement by permitting outbound investments, offering from a greater range of plan options, and introducing strict pension protections overseen by the Capital Market, Insurance and Savings Division (CMISD). Like other nations with well-regulated private pension systems, CMISD officials continuously consider potential revisions to enhance the profitability, stability, and protection of Israel's pension system.This comment will review the history of Israeli pension reform, compare Israel's progress to several post-Soviet nations that experienced similar economic transformations, review areas in need of further consideration, and suggest modifications to the current system. Part II will provide a primer on pension systems in order to highlight the prevailing pension plans that dominated the pre and post-reform era in Israel. Part Ill will describe the early history of Israel's pension system, including the struggles that led to its reform, while Part IV will explain how the Israeli government reformed the pension system. section V will introduce some of the more recent additions to Israeli pension programming. Part VI compares Israeli pension developments to similar efforts in post-soviet nations that also transitioned from a socialist to a free-market economy and the lessons Israel can learn from these nations. Part Vil will identify five key areas where further refinement to Israeli law is needed. Finally, in Part VIII, this comment will briefly conclude.II. Primer on Pension SystemsWhile pension systems vary greatly in form from one nation to another, they share some overarching similarities. These similarities led to the development of the "three-legged stool" metaphor for describing retirement systems en masse. Each leg represents a different source of retirement benefits, and different nations emphasize certain legs depending on the economic climate and government system in place. The first leg is "government-provided pension and welfare programs for the aged; the second is employer or labor union-provided pensions, and the third is direct individual saving."1 The first leg serves as a form of "safety net" by providing cash and medical insurance, while the second and third legs are influenced by tax policies that incentivize specific forms of retirement savings.2 Any meaningful pension reform plan will address how wide a safety net the government will provide and how it chooses to protect employee pensions through employer plans and individual investments.Pension plans fall into one of two forms: defined benefit or defined contribution plans. The plan's form determines who contributes to the plan, when contributions and distributions occur, and how much is contributed and eventually distributed. Historically, the defined benefit plan was the dominant pension plan form used in countries around the world.3 As the name implies, a defined benefit plan specifies an amount the employee will receive on retirement, termination, or separation from the employer, often based on the employee's salary and years of service.4 The obligation to fund this eventual benefit lies with the employer, who absorbs all investment risk.5 Employers distribute benefits from a collective "pension fund," which contains an aggregation of pensions held by all employees, providing employers with a more substantial fund for larger and more diverse investments.6 Since the defined benefit plan dictates only the eventual payout due to the employee, employers are able to efficiently integrate government-funded benefits (for example, social security) and accurately predict the amount of investment capital needed annually for distributions. …


As a result of global warming, the frequency of climate extremes is expected to increase, leading to warmer winters and hotter summers in the long-term. Although a change in annual sums of precipitation for northern countries remains uncertain, global warming promotes the occurrence of heavy precipitation events in this region. The summer of 2011 in northern Germany saw exceptionally strong precipitation that lead to prolonged freshwater flooding in many low-lying areas. With access to manual chamber GHG time series for 2011 this gave us the opportunity to measure the effect of heavy precipitation on CH4 effluxes under high summer temperatures.


Background: Although mammography use has increased in developed countries, regular screening in developing countries including Iran remains low. Multiple frameworks, including the Health Belief Model (HBM) and the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), have been used to understand screening practices among Iranians. The HBM includes intrapersonal constructs such as perceptions of breast cancer and mammography. The TPB includes interpersonal and environmental constructs, such as perceived control and subjective norms. Objectives: The current study had 2 objectives: (1) to examine changes in the HBM and TPB constructs and repeat mammography screening in women receiving either intervention and women in the control group and (2) to compare changes in the HBM and TPB constructs and repeat mammography screening across the 2 interventions. Methods: One hundred eight-four women from 3 randomly selected health centers in Sanandaj, Iran, participated. Eligibility criteria were being 50 years or older, having received a mammogram in the past 2 to 3 years, and no intention to obtain a mammogram within the next year. Results: The TPB and HBM participants exhibited greater changes in the HBM and TPB constructs and were more likely to have a mammogram relative to control participants. The TPB and HBM participants exhibited comparable changes in constructs and repeat mammography. Conclusion: Findings suggest both interventions equally improved mammography screening. Additional studies are furthermore warranted to address nonadherent Iranian women's needs in line with these conceptual models. Implications for Practice: Use of the HBM and TPB constructs in clinical practice may be helpful to promote continued screening among this population.


Porous titanium samples were fabricated by sintering at 1000,1100,1200,1300 and 1400℃ in vacuum.The pores,microstructure and mechanical properties of the samples were examined,and the relationship of structure and mechanical properties for the porous titanium sintered at different temperature were studied.The results show that the sintering process starts at 1000℃ and with increasing sintering temperature sharp-edge of the particles is gradually melted,the irregular pores become round shape and the porosity decreases.Compressive strength of the porous titanium increases,and its average microhardnesses increases first and then decreases with increasing sintering temperature.


Objective To detect the relationship between diagnostic ultrasound and cell apoptosis.Methods Testes of 42 junior male rats were radiated continuously for 30 minutes by HP 8500 color Doppler imaging.Testes were examined at either instant,4,12,24,48 or 96 hours after radiation and control group by in situ terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL).Results The incidence of testicular germ cell apoptosis in the diagnostic ultrasound radiated all groups except the instant group were increased gradually and peaked at 24 hour,but then decreased gradually,and recovered control levels by 96 hour.Conclusions Radiation of continuously 30 minutes by diagnostic ultrasound may rsult in testicular germ cell apoptosis of junior male rats.


The relationship of the ancient historian to his sources has not infrequently been compared to detective work. When the problem in hand is to discover the circumstances surrounding a murder, it is little wonder that ancient historians delight in retreading the same ground, encouraged by the absence of a final solution. There are a number of such mysteries thrown up by the world of antiquity, some more mysterious than others. Often there is the problem that at least one major suspect in some sense succeeded the victim in power, a dual problem in fact, since if guilty, the successor could cover up his tracks, if innocent, but nonetheless beneficiary of the death, he would incur suspicion anyway. I use the masculine pronouns, but female involvement is frequent — think of Livia and Agrippina. The case in hand is such as to excite curiosity: there seems to be an amount of evidence sufficient for a solution and the involvement of Alexander III raises tantalizing questions. Nor do we lack modern parallels to add spice to our investigation. The attempt to explain the assassination of President John Kennedy continues. Was there one gunman or, as now seems likely, two at least? Does that point to a conspiracy? There are further and more remarkable suggestions which, whatever their validity or otherwise, show a similarity with our case.


The mid-and mini-sized board market is an exclusive free-exit capital market that is required by the venture capital in mid-and mini-sized hi-tech and private enterprises.Its financial intent and the enormous risks involved exert no less influence upon the imperfect main board market.Based on the perfect main-board as well as the mid-and mini-sized board model developed in the article, the current main board market is carefully modified, and seamlessly combined with the later.Four requirements altogether are thus attained in terms of the effects of the mid-and mini-sized board on the main.In the short run, effects on different sections of the main board may, however, vary with the corresponding incidence of closeness to the four requirements.In the long run, nevertheless, the main board and mid-and mini-sized board markets are expected to be coordinate and mutually beneficial in their contributions to the overall national economy.


The evolution of point defects produced by ion irradiation of solids has been considered theoretically using the approximate analytical procedure with an account of diffusion and most important secondary processes (formation of divacancies and absorption of vacancies by unsaturable traps). The calculations have been made with regard to space-time discreteness of ion impingements on the sample surface. In the case of silicon irradiated by neon ions, the depth dependences of defect concentration for various doses (irradiation intervals) and the amorphization dose dependence on the ion flux have been calculated.


This is a good "how-I-do-it" book for residents and practitioners of facial plastic and head and neck reconstructive surgery. The author makes it clear in the preface that this book is based on his experience and is not a compendium of all possible surgical approaches. The book is divided into eight chapters, the first two dedicated to general principles and patient management, with each of the remaining six chapters covering a different region of the face. This is followed by an extensive and well-done bibliography with entries categorized by facial regions and types of flaps. The bibliography is not simply a reiteration of the references provided at the end of each chapter, but rather it allows the reader to research a topic in detail and learn how other surgeons deal with a particular problem. Chapters 1 and 2 contain information that first-year residents learn and practicing plastic and reconstructive surgeons


The study examined and modeled stock market volatility of financial return series for three listed equities on the Ghana Stock Exchange (GSE). A historical data from 25th June 2007 to 31st October 2014 was considered for the analysis. The series for each of the three equities were tested for stationarity using the KPSS test. Series found to be non-stationary were transformed to be stationary. The study fitted a GARCH (p, q) model for volatility. GARCH (1, 1), GARCH (1, 2), GARCH (2, 1) and the GARCH (2, 2) models were fitted to residual series of some three equities. Results revealed the presence of volatilities in all three equities and also showed that volatility though present was not persistent in the three equities. For each of the companies under study, the GARCH (1, 1) model was found to outperform the other three models based on the comparison of the AICc for each model. The study recommended the use and comparison of other variants of the GARCH model in estimation of volatility.


INTRODUCTION Type-2 diabetes mellitus is one of the most common chronic and complex metabolic diseases, with its prevalence increasing worldwide. The pathophysiology is characterized by defective insulin secretion and increased insulin resistance resulting in impaired glucose tolerance and inappropriately high fasting hepatic glucose production. Available treatments focus on reducing hyperglycemia and improving insulin sensitivity.


For measuring the flow rate of a thin stream of molten materials such as that of glass, the diameter of the thin stream is measured, as is the velocity. The velocity is measured on the basis of the measurement of the time separating the successive appearance of an emission sequence emitted at first and second points on the path of the molten material. A correlation is then established between the sequences and the time interval corre sponding to the passage of the same irregularities at the two selected points identified by this correlation.


Implantation-induced, microstructural modifications including increased bond length and non-Gaussian static disorder have been measured in amorphous Ge using extended x-ray absorption fine-structure spectroscopy. The evolution of the amorphous phase interatomic distance distribution as functions of ion dose and implant temperature demonstrates the influence of implantation conditions on amorphous phase structure. Results are attributed to increased fractions of three- and fivefold coordinated atoms as a means of accommodating implantation-induced point defects. (c) 2000 The American Physical Society.


Abstract Aim This study aims to examine the effects of low-quality employment trajectories on severe common mental disorders (CMD) according to Swedish and foreign background. Methods This is a longitudinal study based on Swedish population registries (N = 2,703,687). Low- and high-quality employment trajectories observed across five years (2005-2009) are the exposure with severe CMD as outcome (2010-2017). Adjusted hazard ratios (HR) were calculated using Cox regression stratified according to background (first-generation (i) EU migrants, (ii) non-EU migrants, (iii) second-generation migrants, (iv) Swedish-born with Swedish background) and sex. The reference group were Swedish-born with Swedish background in a Constant high-quality employment trajectory. Results Second-generation migrants had an increased risk of CMD compared to Swedish-born with Swedish background when following low-quality employment trajectories (e.g., male in Constant low-quality HR: 1.53, 95% CI: 1.41-1.68). Female migrant workers, especially first-generation from non-Western countries in low-quality employment trajectories (e.g., Constant low-quality HR: 1.65, 95% CI:1.46 - 1.87), had a higher risk of CMD compared to female Swedish-born with Swedish background. The confidence interval for CMD risk showed little differences between migrant groups (1st and 2nd generation) compared to the reference group. Conclusions Low-quality employment trajectories appear to be determinants of risk for CMD, having a differential impact according to background of origin and sex. We observe a higher risk for severe CMD across migrant groups, especially second-generation migrants, compared to Swedish-born with Swedish background. Further qualitative research is recommended to understand the mechanism behind the differential mental health impact of low-quality employment trajectories according to foreign background. Key messages • First and second-generation migrants in low quality employment have higher risk of severe common mental disorders compared to Swedish born with Swedish background workers in low quality employment. • Policies targeting working conditions in low-quality employment and promoting workers mental well-being are essential to reduce this higher risk for developing CMD, especially for migrant populations.


We prove homological mirror symmetry for the quintic Calabi-Yau 3-fold. Essential ingredients of the proof already exist in the literature, and this note only fills the remaining gap.


Background: There are unique opportunities related to the design and conduct of pragmatic trials embedded in health insurance plans, which have longitudinal data on member/patient demographics, dates of coverage, and reimbursed medical care, including prescription drug dispensings, vaccine administrations, behavioral healthcare encounters, and some laboratory results. Such trials can be large and efficient, using these data to identify trial-eligible patients and to ascertain outcomes. Methods: We use our experience primarily with the National Institutes of Health Pragmatic Trials Collaboratory Distributed Research Network, which comprises health plans that participate in the US Food & Drug Administration's Sentinel System, to describe lessons learned from the conduct and planning of embedded pragmatic trials. Results: Information is available for research on more than 75 million people with commercial or Medicare Advantage health plans. We describe three studies that have used or plan to use the Network, as well as a single health plan study, from which we glean our lessons learned. Conclusions: Studies that are conducted in health plans provide much-needed evidence to drive clinically meaningful changes in care. However, there are many unique aspects of these trials that must be considered in the planning, implementation, and analytic phases. The type of trial best suited for studies embedded in health plans will be those that require large sample sizes, simple interventions that could be disseminated through health plans, and where data available to the health plan can be leveraged. These trials hold potential for substantial long-term impact on our ability to generate evidence to improve care and population health.


This is a brief descriptionptive account of the Shona Zion Apostolic churches perception of salvation. Most members of these churches are subsistence farmers living in rural areas. It is, intriguing to note that, even though Christianity has gained a firm foothold in these places, old traditions, cultural practices, customs and norms are still alive. Western Christian influence and patterns of life have not replaced the traditional life-style of church members.


This article analyzes the social production of space in Atenquique, an industrial town in the southern region of Jalisco in western Mexico. The theoretical framework draws on insights from critical geography. Through the case of Atenquique we reflect on the transformation of the area from the beginning of the neoliberal period in Mexico. Neoliberalism ushered in the growth of precarious and insecure working conditions, something which has deepened over the past several decades. The methodology employed is based on ethnographic research undertaken over a period of four months in Atenquique. During this time period we used three different audiovisual methods to collect information: photography, oral history and the production of an ethnographic documentary film. The results of the study show how the ex-inhabitants of Atenquique have knit together complex constructions- both material and symbolic- that provide insight on how the changes of the past several decades have affected the area. In the conclusions, we return to the broader debates on the local and territorial consequences of the implementation of the neoliberal policies in Mexico.


The fan-noise is classified according to the noisy source,some of the schemes of noise integration control and reduction are puts forward in this paper.


The hardest problem of morality in the Victorian Period was what to substitute for the other-worldly ethics of Christianity, which had served as an undoubted fountain of the meaning of life in the Western World for a long time but was being overthrown by the everintensifying scientific positivistic ideas in the 19th century Europe.
George Eliot, who was regarded as a champion of solidated moral code in the swirl of confused views of life, tried to make up for such anarchistic state of morality by depending on human capability of constucting new basis of value system.
A noticeable point in her response to the fall of the Christian morality is that she didn't find a way out in the scientific positivistic explanation of human motivation of acts, although that very scientific idea had led her to give up the Christian belief She held in great account man's own experiences of creating the unique meaning of his life which is different from the other external worlds determined by cause-effect law. So that her conclusion of moral view was inclined for feeling rather than for reason, free will rather than mechanistic determinism.
She set great store by sympathetic imagination as powerful resources of the true sense of morality, and her sympathy-stressed moral view naturally led to past-oriented attachment to intimate we-group Accordingly her obssesion about conservative sense of value may well be seen as not applicable to modem kind of globalistic cosmopolitanism owing to its seemingly non-universal crony morality.


The proliferation of informal or squatter settlements in Fiji reveals several issues that relate to social inequality. Issues such as economic, social and environmental conditions are inextricably linked to one another and they manifest inequalities that exist within, and between residents of the 200 informal settlements and other socio-economic groups in Fiji. Market oriented policies have increased the difficulties faced by low income earners. This paper seeks to highlight a number of social inequalities which have given rise to such settlements and their prevalence. Most prominent among the social inequalities that exist is the lack of access by residents of informal settlements to security of land tenure and adequate housing. Using a Rights based approach, the paper will examine income inequalities between households; land tenure inequality; spiraling property prices; and inequality in access to infrastructure, utilities and services (roads, electricity, and water supply, and health and education). The post-2006 government's policies relating to squatter upgrade and relocation will be considered.


The present study was has been made for investigate the prevalence of Caregiver Syndrome and identify demographic factors that could cause susceptible to Caregivers of patients beneficiaries of the Mission Joaquin Gallegos Lara, who live in Pifo, Tumbaco, and Yaruqui. Caregiver Syndrome is a set of physical and emotional conditions that occur in people who are dedicated to caregivers, adult Patients elderly or persons with disabilities. The realization of this study is important because there are no data on the prevalence of this syndrome and paragraphs demographics develop in these parishes, which involve a risk to patients and caregivers because the care will not be optimal and quality both of life will be affected in the Presence of this syndrome. However, if detected early can take para measures improve quality of Life for example both receive psychological therapies and develop tools to prevent this syndrome. Data were collected through two surveys, one on para Get demographics, and Zarit Scale for assess the presence of the syndrome; Were analyzed the data using SPSS, We observed a prevalence Caregiver Syndrome of 0.04 % ( confidence interval = 95 % , from 001 to 0.20 ) , despite having predisposing factors such as level of education , sex , age, health status of caregiver and activities outside the home , according to cite other studies, which suggests that no Zarit scale is not applicable to our medium


Web browsers are becoming a de-facto universal computing platform. Recently, research communities are attempting to enhance browsers with the capacity to run applications written in general programming languages. Existing approaches mainly compile source codes to browsers' native instruction sets JavaScript or WebAssembly. However, they usually fall short in practice because browsers lack operating system abstractions (e.g., thread and filesystem) and many programs would require extensive modifications. This paper presents BroswerVM, a new approach to run unmodified and complete operating systems and applications inside browsers. BrowserVM is a WebAssembly-based virtual machine hypervisor. BrowserVM efficiently conducts processor emulation through dynamic binary translation. It also provides performant hardware emulation for hard disks, graphics cards and network adapters. Implementing BrowserVM is challenging because of the unique characteristics of WebAssembly: semantic gap with low-level CPU assembly and high initialization overhead. We detail the methods to deal with these challenges and conduct a performance benchmark on BrowserVM. Our results indicate that though slower than native hypervisors, BroswerVM provides acceptable performance to execute existing applications that are not compute-intensive.


Forbistatic ground moving target indication radar, theclutter Doppler frequency depends onrange forall array geometries. Thisrange dependency leads toproblems inclutter suppression through STAPtechniques. Inthis paper, wepropose a newapproach ofapplying non-linear prediction theory toaddress therange dependency problem inbistatic airborne radar systems. Thistechnique usesanon-linear function toobtain anestimate oftherange-dependent inverse covariance matrix. Simulation results suggest anon-linear fit forthemodel(nonlinear relationship between theinverse covariance matrices) andshowanimprovement inprocessor performance ascompared toconventional STAPmethods. IndexTerms-Space-time adaptive processing, ground moving target indication, non-linear prediction, inverse covariance matrix, clutter suppression


A number of diverse data sources on cultural/artistic heritage, hosted by local institutions, may provide a rich collection of study material for experts in this field. Anyway, a wide exploitation of such a huge amount of information is hampered by the heterogeneity and the physical distribution of data sources. The experience presented here relates to problems and solutions found in making use of this kind of data sources within a single Web Information System that offers a framework for accessing the artistic/cultural information. In particular, design issues in dealing with metadata are discussed, as well as architectural aspects from the metadata harvesting to the presentation tier. All the system leverages the web infrastructure to cope with both organizational and technological diversity among the composing modules.


An examination of the writings of Presidents and Secretaries of State reveals very little mention of the English Speaking Caribbean, thus lending support to the view that the region is relatively unimportant in US foreign policy.


Paul Griswold Howes. The Giant Cactus Forest and Its World. Duell, Sloan and Pearce; New York— Little, Brown; Boston, xxx + 258 pp.; 52 plates, 1 color; 30 figs. 1954. Price, $7.50.

This is a charmingly written account of the biology of an unusual habitat. Mr. Howes is a keen observer and adds many bits of ecological information to the record in an interesting way. There are those who may take issue with some of the author's speculations concerning the meanings of what he saw in the daily life of …


The incorporation of certain cations such as Zn/sup 2+/ onto the ab-planes of the YBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub 7-/spl delta// [123] lattice is known to have effects on the superconducting critical transition temperature. On manipulating the distance between the dopant sites, isolated weak superconducting regions with dimensions comparable to the coherence length of YBCO can be introduced into melt textured large YBCO grains. This paper presents a study using electron microprobe analysis, microscopy and transport property measurements on the processing and the distribution of Zn/sup 2+/ in Zn-YBCO so as to understand as well as optimize the processing conditions, doping level, T/sub c/, flux pinning behaviour and field trapping properties of these materials. These results were correlated with the solidification mechanisms of YBCO as well as the size of weak superconducting regions induced by Zn/sup 2+/.


Probabilistic sampling is theoretical the best method to select representative sample from target population. However, this result does not always hold in practice because some selected sampling units are missed during survey. The aim of this paper is to categorize the 45 provinces of Burkina Faso in terms of household surveys complexity in order to adapt specific methodology to each group of similar provinces. We applied hierarchical clustering based on principal components analysis on provinces data and found five clusters. According to these results, two provinces (Kouritenga and Loroum) were the most hard-to-survey. Therefore, adapted methodology should be applied to each group of provinces during survey implementation to maximize data quality.


In this paper the feedback loop's impairments using radio-frequency (RF) analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) will be studied as a way to improve the digital predistortion (DPD) performance. Specifically, a compensation model for an RF ADC operating in under-sampling regime will be extracted, and applied in a DPD scenario. Significant improvements in the DPD performance will be presented and evaluated in terms of Adjacent Channel Power Ratio (ACPR) and Error Vector Magnitude (EVM).


Presently, many consumer products contain nano-sized materials (NMs) to improve material properties, product quality and ease of use. NMs in food additives and in cosmetic articles (e.g., tooth paste) may be taken up by the oral route. As adverse effects of environmental nanoparticles, like ultrafine particles, have been reported, consumers worry about potential risks when using products containing NMs. The review focuses on metal and metal oxide NMs as common additives in tooth paste and in food industry and


On Christmas Eve, 2002, Bryce Faber was diagnosed with a deadly cancer called neuroblastoma. The 2-year-old's treatment, which, in addition to surgery, included massive amounts of radiation followed by even more massive amounts of antibiotics, no doubt saved his life. But those same mega-doses of antibiotics, while staving off infections in his immunosuppressed body, caused a permanent side effect: deafness. "All I remember is coming out of treatment not being able to hear anything," said Bryce, now a healthy 14-year-old living in Arizona. "I asked my mom, 'Why have all the people stopped talking?'" He was 90 percent deaf. "The loss has been devastating," said his father, Bart Faber. "But not as devastating as losing him would have been." Treatment with aminoglycosides, the most commonly used class of antibiotics worldwide, is often a lifesaving necessity. But an estimated 20-60 percent of all patients who receive these antibiotics suffer partial or complete hearing loss. Now, in a study published online Jan. 2 in the Journal of Clinical Investigation, researchers at the School of Medicine report that they have developed a modified version of an aminoglycoside that works effectively in mice without the risk of causing deafness or kidney damage, another common side effect. The researchers hope to test versions of the modified antibiotic in humans as soon as possible. "If we can eventually prevent people from going deaf from taking these antibiotics, in my mind, we will have been successful," said Anthony Ricci, PhD, professor of otolaryngology-head and neck surgery and co-senior author of the study. "Our goal is to replace the existing aminoglycosides with ones that aren't toxic."


A new pyrene based copper complex 3 is designed and synthesized. The fluorescence behaviour of the complex was studied in the presence of different nitro aromatics and anions. It was observed that the copper complex showed the maximum affinity for picric acid marked by changes in the conformation of pyrene in its excited state. Applying the principles of electronics, a decision making photonic device is proposed, which selectively determines the presence of picric acid.


Abstract : The present research comprehends role of nanotechnology in providing career opportunities for engineering graduates. This study was essential as Nanotechnology has multiple applications in the field of engineering science. Therefore, perception of the engineering students was captured in the study. Structural equation modeling is adopted in the study to understand the perception of the respondents. The research findings indicate that nanotechnology provides a direction for engineering graduates in enhancing the career opportunities. The findings of this study are also useful and supports policymakers and education institutes in the domain of engineering education. Keywords : Nanotechnology, Career Choice, Technology Management, Engineering Education, Industry 4.0, Career Growth


Ever since psychological issues became a focus of attention in oncology, many studies have been conducted to quantitatively address the impaired sexual function among women diagnosed with breast cancer; however, we lack qualitative measurement of sexual dysfunction and patients' needs. Conducting research about "sexual function in breast cancer patients" in 2009 at the Tehran Cancer Institute shaped the idea for this editorial and my belief on the necessity of qualitative research on this topic. I found that many women suffering from breast cancer faced a crisis of grief, anger, and intense fear after discussing their sexual life as part of the research process that involved gathering data through questionnaires. These women obviously needed some kind of help, such as counselling services and education around their sexual problems and intimate relations with their partner. This paper is a call for experts to actively participate in evaluation and effective management of sexual difficulties in breast cancer survivors. This is significant because this population is increasing in numbers. The readership of this journal, who are mostly healthcare experts in the field of cancer, should find it very interesting.


There are two ways to carry out moral education in schools: one is to give the students moral education directly and the other is to give it to the students indirectly, i.e. to permeate moral education through the course teaching and the students' school life. The latter is indispensable to the former. Based on the author's experience, the paper expounds the moral education in the teaching of physics.


Thirty-three aqueous methanolic extracts obtained from thirty plant species, belonging to seventeen families were screened for cytotoxic activity against HeLa (Human cervical carcinoma) cells. The ability of the extracts (10 g/ml and 1 g/ml) to inhibit proliferation of HeLa cells was determined using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) dye reduction assay. Extracts from roots of Agathisanthemum bojeri, Synaptolepis kirkii and Zanha africana and the leaf extract of Physalis peruviana at a concentration of 10 µg/ml inhibited cell proliferation by 58.3 %, 68.1 %, 75.7 % and 91.8 %, respectively. The remaining 29 extracts exhibited no pronounced cytotoxic activity at the tested concentrations. It is worth investigating the four extracts, which showed pronounced cytotoxic activity so as to isolate and identify the compounds responsible for cytotoxic activity. Keywords : cytotoxic plants, Tanzanian medicinal plants, Agathisanthemum bojeri, Synaptolepis kirkii, Zanha africana, Physalis peruviana The East and Central African Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Vol. 8(2) 2005: 35-39


power plan had been implemented, showed that 51% of IV maintenance fluids were isotonic. This increased to 88%, after the power plan was introduced. Across both the second and third audit periods, there were 2 infants who developed hyponatraemia after receiving maintenance IV fluids. One was on a mixture of TPN and isotonic fluid, the other was on hypotonic fluids. There was only one incident of hypernatraemia (146), which occurred while on 10% dextrose infusion. Conclusion The prescription of isotonic solutions has increased significantly since the EPR power plan for paediatric fluid prescriptions was introduced. This had a much greater impact than trying to encourage guideline adherence alone. There is little published evidence on the safety of isotonic fluids in young infants. We have not observed any significant hypernatraemia since the increase in isotonic fluid usage.


Observation of the low-frequency oscillations (LFOs) in our designed W-band lossy-circuit loaded gyrotron travelling wave tubes (gyro-TWTs) caused by residual gas ionization is reported in this paper. The gas released from the lossy dielectric is ionized by colliding with the high-energy gyrating electrons. Then weak plasma is generated and the vacuum in the tube decreases to 10–5 Pa. An LFO spectrum of 13 MHz was observed in this condition. However, when the vacuum is worse further, an LFO spectrum of 50–125 MHz was observed formed by the strong plasma excited near the cathode region. Both the above-mentioned plasma leads the beam current to be unstable and deteriorate the gyro-TWT performance.


Disasters can occur as a consequence of the impact of a natural or a human caused hazard. This study aims to analyze the multiple hazards of Thiruvananthapuram district. The disasters considered for the study are flood, forest fire, coastal erosion and drought. Separate methodology is developed for each of these disasters to analyze the severity of hazard. The results obtained from the study reveals that Thiruvananthapuram district is prone to flood, drought, coastal erosion and forest fire. The integration of individual disaster maps created the multi hazard map of the study area. It indicates some of the regions in study area prone to multiple hazards. By using these databases a risk information system for disaster management in Thiruvananthapuram district was developed. The web based disaster management systems can reduce the pressure of organizers to manage information and data directly after a disaster and in the midst of a time of crisis.


This book provides professional investors with an approach to stock market valuation and portfolio management. Three institutional investment advisors show how to combine both for maximum results. They illustrate how three measures that gauge changes in the business outlook, interest rates, and investor confidence can point the way to investment advantage. Their analysis also addresses investment manager bias, a primary cause of costly mistakes in active asset allocation. Institutional investors, including those who manage pension, endowment, and foundation funds, are under continuing pressure to remain current in the latest investment techniques. They should find the srategies presented here useful.


This study was conducted to investigate the protective activity of alcoholic extract prepared from the stem of Entada pursaetha (PSE) against carbon tetrachloride (CCl 4 )-induced hepatotoxicity in male wistar rats. The animals were divided into six groups (groups I to VI) with six animals in each and different treatments were given for seven days. Groups I and II were naive and vehicle control groups and were given NSS and 2% polysorbate 80 aq. solution, respectively. In group III, hepatoprotective drug, silymarin, was given orally @ 50 mg/kg bwt. as standard control. In groups IV to VI, hepatoprotective effect of PSE was determined at three different oral doses of 30, 100 and 300 mg/kg bwt., respectively. On 7 th day, three hour after the last administration, CCl 4 intoxication (@2ml/kg b.wt., 1:1 v/v in olive oil,i.p.) was used to induce acute hepatotoxicity in all groups except group I. Animals of all groups were sacrificed 24 hour after the CCl 4 administration. Liver weight, relative liver weight, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and creatinine levels were determined in different groups. The PSE @ 100 and 300 mg/kg b. wt. resulted in a significant dose dependent hepatoprotective effect comparable to standard control, by preventing increase in liver weight and relative liver weight. In addition, serum ALP level in rats given PSE at all the three doses was significantly lower than vehicle control rats. There was no significant effect of PSE on serum creatinine at any of the three dose levels in comparison to vehicle control group. The present study reveals that alcoholic extract of E. pursaetha has significant hepatoprotective activity similar to standard drug, silymarin, in CCl 4 - induced acute hepatotoxicity in rats.


Recent findings in cell models supports the importance of cation homeostasis by a K+/H+ exchanger (KHE) encoded by the gene LETM1, although LETM1 may also encode Ca2+/H+ exchange and or Na+/H+ exchanger (mNCE). In mitochondria, K+ influx occurs through K+ channels sensitive to Ca2+, Na+, low ATP, and other ligands. K+ influx promotes mitochondrial (m) swelling and contributes to regulation of mitochondrial respiration, membrane potential (mMP) and redox signaling. The influx of mK+ requires a mK+ efflux mechanism (mK+ cycle) paired with H+ influx, which in turn would affect mitochondrial bioenergetics, e.g. respiration, ADP phosphorylation, and mMP due effectively to a "proton leak". We have previously reported that increased cytosolic and mCa2+ stimulate small and large Ca2+‐sensitive mK+ channels to permit mK+ influx. Cytosolic and mCa2+ increase during ischemia or hypoxia in association with an increase in mitochondrial volume so a high mK+ concentration may be a parallel effect of mCa2+ loading. Experimental conditions that modulate mKHE activity in mammalian cardiac tissue and its consequences have not been examined. Our aim was to provide evidence of mKHE activity in mitochondria isolated from Guinea pig cardiac cell mitochondria and to better understand the circumstances and kinetics of mKHE activity. We proposed that the subsequent efflux of mK+ via mKHE would re‐establish mK+ homeostasis but also provide a "H+ leak" thereby affecting bioenergetics activity. We reasoned that mKHE becomes active once K+ has accumulated in the matrix and that K+ efflux is linked to H+ influx as a marker of mKHE activity. mKHE might be affected by extra‐matrix pH (pHm) as it can change the trans‐membrane pH gradient. To test these ideas, we first added CGP37157 to the mitochondrial buffer to inhibit mNCE. Then we added 25 nM valinomycin, a K+ ionophore, and measured the time‐dependent changes in matrix pHm, using the fluorescent probe BCECF‐AM. We found that across the three extra‐matrix pHs of 6.9, 7.15, and 7.6, matrix pHm transiently increased over approximately 100 s and then transiently decreased over the next 100 s with a slower decline over 20 min. The initial increase in pHm may reflect enhanced proton pumping by respiratory complexes and the secondary decrease in pHm may reflect H+ influx in exchange for K+ efflux, via mKHE. When 500 μM quinine was given before valinomycin to attenuate mKHE, we found that the peak increase in pHm (first phase) occurred later and the subsequent decrease in pHm (second phase) also occurred later by 100 s and was slower to fall over 20 min. The changes to pHm in the presence of quinine provide evidence that the delay in pHm changes were due to block of mKHE by quinine. Interestingly the biphasic effects of valinomycin and quinine on pHm did not appear to be dependent on the extra‐matrix pH values of 6.9, 7.15, 7.6. Additional studies will determine concomitant effects of these protocols on respiration, ADP phosphorylation, mMP, and mitochondrial volume.


The need for international experiences has never been greater, but what is the acceptance and participation on a regional level? This purpose of this paper is to consider the interest level of students at a Midwest university compared to national trends and the factors that contributes to or subtracts from the students' level of participation. This project is attempting to determine the level of openness and support of international education programs on a regional level compared to national trends. Also under consideration will be regional perceptions for the need of international experiences. The importance for international experiences for today's college students has been recognized for its ability to gain knowledge of different cultures, cultural communication skills and cultural aptitudes. The future for all of today's post-secondary students in all disciplines across the campus now includes an international facet due to the interconnectivity of the global markets. This mandates that students who wish to position themselves as leaders of the 21 st century must recognize and prepare for this interconnectivity. Even if students do not see themselves leaving domestic soil, knowledge and competencies of cultural diversities as managers and team members will increase their marketability. Nationally, evidence shows that a wide majority of students, parents, and faculty approve and support international experiences during their academic years, that international experiences and study abroad programs increases the value of undergraduate education. While there is this evidence that shows strong support, participation rates, while increasing, still remain low. Prominent factors listed for the low participation rates include cost, interruption of academic goals, and lack of language skills.


Abstract Pomegranate juice (PJ) (at concentrations of 13% and 17%) was added to yogurt and its physicochemical and microbial properties were investigated. PJ improved several features of yogurt, bringing an increase in total phenolic contents by 4.3–6.1 and 5.3–7.3 fold in response to 13% and 17% PJ, respectively. Also, there were increases in the total anthocyanin contents of yogurt by 2650–2870 and 3470–3820 fold in response to the said juice concentrations. These increases were observed in both set and stirred yogurts, whereas IC50 values of the yogurts decreased by 2.2–2.6 and 3.0–3.3 fold, respectively, compared to the control samples. Total acidity, syneresis, and redness value of the yogurts increased, parallel to the increase in the PJ concentration being added. Also, Streptococcus thermophilus count decreased significantly, whereas no significant effect was observed on the population count of Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus. Among PJ yogurt samples, the panelists selected the 13% PJ stirred yogurt as the best sample. PJ was observed to contain valuable bioactive compounds with functional and medicinal effects that culminate in health benefits.


This paper proposes a more general definition of loss avoidance, relates it to fairness and applies it to the labor market. By influencing judgments about what is a fair wage readjustment, it can lead to coordination failures, generating downward nominal wage rigidity (DNWR) and disinflation costs even with common knowledge of credible policies. This suggests that policies with good frames, including inflation targeting, can mitigate the sacrifice ratio.


News has, in this day and age, transformed primarily into a digital format with leading newspapers and news agencies having a significant online presence. The speed at which news reaches the reader notwithstanding, the proliferation of blogs and microblogs to deliver specialized content has become the order of the day. Even highly engaged users tend to disengage with a website when the content they are served is unappealing to them. While recommendation systems have been used to ensure delivery of content to the user in tune with their tastes, these systems face an unprecedented challenge - the transient nature of 'popular' news and users' changing interests. Moreover, the challenge is compounded by the absence of explicit feedback. Most recommendation systems for recommending digital news content rely on inferring user engagement through 'clicks', which is not necessarily an accurate measure as it gives us no explicit information about the degree to which a user is interested in a news article. In this paper, we introduce and study the behavior of temporal and tag-based models for news article recommendation. Our experiments indicate that incorporating temporal and taginformation improves recommendation quality and increases user engagement. We argue through experimental evaluation that the improved performance is due to recommendation of more personalized news content by the tag-based recommendation algorithms as compared to other models that do not explicitly incorporate user-tag information.


A self-assembled poly(amide-triazole) physical gel (1) was found to show responsive behaviour towards halide anions, while the corresponding monomeric (2) and dimeric homologues (3) were non-gelating. In the presence of halide anions, polymer gel 1 collapsed to become a solution, but could be restored back to the gel state after addition of a AgNO3 salt.


Using low-molecular weight chemicals,a clear,polymer-free carrier fluid,FPF,was formulated.When in contact with light oil,the carrier fluid becomes hydrated,and the viscosity of the fluid drops down to below 5 mPa·s.The hydrated carrier fluid is clear and can help the formation of fractures in fracturing jobs.This carrier fluid causes very low permeability impairment to the reservoir,since no polymers are added to the fluid and the residue of the fluid is less than 0.5%.The application of this fluid showed that the performance of this fluid is satisfactory.If used in fracturing and sand control jobs,the formation damage can be greatly reduced.The formulation of this carrier fluid is simple and it is suitable for use in low-temperature oil well fracturing and sand control.


With the smartization and autonomous navigation of vessels through ICT (Information and Communications Technologies)—combining IoT, artificial intelligence (AI), and Big Data—changes in the shipbuilding industry will progress quickly; we must acquire superior technology and vessel quality to partake in the revamped shipbuilding industry. This paper aims to research the means of collecting and managing big data in shipbuilding to suit a variety of data types and communication methods in the shipbuilding industry, as well as ways of utilizing the aforementioned big data in order to respond to rapidly progressing changes in the industry. Additionally, the model proposed in this paper is research based on the Asian shipbuilding industry.


Both Latham (1994) in the United Kingdom and Tang (2001) in Hong Kong highlight two major factors in the construction industry that have led to significant inefficiencies, those factors being project procurement and disputes. Earlier studies have shown that similar problems have been recognized worldwide, and that the less developed or developing countries are worst hit (Aniekwu and Okpala, 1987; Ofori, 1991). Procurement includes international construction business ventures and other worldwide economic cooperation and technology transfer activities that are now taking place within the general area of 'globalization' (Bon and Crosthwaite, 2001). International construction projects invariably involve multinational participants from different political, legal, economic and cultural backgrounds. Such an international mixture necessarily brings with it issues of different legal jurisdictions, which will be fertile ground for disputes, and will generate additional difficulties in the management of an international construction project (Chan, 2002). A procurement system for managing the design and construction of a project is implemented through a contractual arrangement to meet the objectives of a specific project. The interests of the parties and management procedures of a project are defined by the contractual arrangements entered into by the parties. Although some studies have suggested that contractual arrangements do not have a significant effect on the project's overall performance (NEDO, 1987; Walker, 1994), it must be acknowledged that the contract terms will have a profound impact on the management of a project. The full significance of contractual arrangements may be masked by the management of a project. One of the major tasks of construction management is to deal with conflicts arising in the course of project performance. To improve construction efficiency, critical studies are needed to investigate the effect of legal issues and of contract arrangements for managing conflicts arising during construction project performance. It follows that due consideration of construction law issues is necessary in order to implement a chosen procurement route and management strategy under a construction project. Construction practitioners need to have an adequate knowledge of different disciplines of law including statutory control of building works, safety requirements, professional liability of practitioners, contract principles for different procurement strategies and contractual claims and defences. In addition, as disputes remain a frequent occurrence in construction projects, a detailed knowledge of the legal and procedural aspects of arbitration and alternative dispute resolution (ADR) is indispensable for project mangers who are involved in resolving disputes. To generate wider interest in these topics, the Special Issue of this journal focuses on this area of construction law and management. The topics for research in this area are numerous and include the following: N new forms of contract for major infrastructure works; N procurement issues of strategy level; N issues of different legislative domains in international contracts; N financial impact of different contract configurations; N dispute resolution in international contracts; N study of the impact of statutory adjudication schemes; N regulatory control of building works; N professional liability, warranties and insurance; N payment to subcontractors and bonds; N relational contracts (e.g. partnering/alliancing), etc.


A 45-year-old male patient was evaluated because of involuntary spasms in his right masseter muscle. Five years before, following an acute respiratory insufficiency which required endotracheal intubation, he had presented with dysarthria, bilateral (predominantly right) supranuclear facial and hypoglossal palsy, and inability to achieve tongue protrusion, difficulty in chewing and bilateral dystonia of the hands. At that time, the case of this patient was published because of the presence of bilateral asymmetrical hand dystonia associated with bilateral opercular lesions (Foix-Marie-Chavany syndrome) [18] ; he did not have HMS and was lost to follow-up. Six months after the first admission to hospital (4.5 years before the new evaluation), he developed a progressive clinical picture of sustained involunHemimasticatory spasm (HMS) is an infrequent condition that consists of involuntary sustained unilateral contractions of masticatory muscles. After the first description by Gowers in 1897 as 'masticatory spasm' [1] , at least 19 additional cases of HMS have been reported ( table 1 ) [2–17] , some of them associated with facial hemiatrophy [2, 3, 6, 7, 9, 11– 13] . The characteristic electromyographic (EMG) findings of HMS are irregular bursts of motor unit potentials lasting from seconds to minutes, which correlate clinically with the involuntary twitches or spasms of the masticatory muscles [4, 10, 13] . Involuntary spasms are selectively confined to the masseter, temporalis and, occasionally, medial pterygoid muscles. The pathophysiology of HMS is not well known. Some authors suggested a close similarity with hemifacial spasm [2, 5] and proposed that the spontaneous activity was generated in the trigeminal nerve fibers [2, 4] . On the other hand, other authors suggested the central nervous system, sympathetic ganglia or muscle dysfunction [3, 7] . Some reports support the trigeminal nerve dysfunction hypothesis, by which ectopic activity of motor fibers of the trigeminal nerve should cause decreased motor nerve conduction of the Received: April 4, 2007 Accepted: July 12, 2007 Published online: February 8, 2008


Schools in Indonesia are conventional schools where students and teachers do activities which are commonly referred to as teaching and learning activities even though the school is not a place to lure students with stacks of information but also to train in terms of maturity of thinking and maturity of attitude. Now has developed a nature school that uses nature as a learning space, media, and teaching materials and learning objects that can take advantage of nature and can preserve nature for the next life. However, Medan only has a few nature schools. This nature school design uses the problem-solving methodology approach to solve existing problems, starting from the formulation stage, data collection, analysis to synthesis using survey techniques, interviews, literature studies, and comparative studies. So, through the design of Medan Nature School is expected to be able to educate students who emphasize education, character, and skills with the Ecological Architecture design approach where school buildings can maintain the environment to be sustainable, related to the plantation system, animal husbandry system, utility system, circulation systems, building design, and layout.


Purpose – The purpose of the paper is to examine the synthesis of polyaniline (PAn) and poly(m‐toluidine) (PmT) via an inverse emulsion polymerisation pathway and evaluate of the synthesised polymers as corrosion inhibitors for steel protection in surface coatings.Design/methodology/approach – PAn and PmT were prepared by inverse emulsion polymerisation using ammonium persulphate as an initiator and sodium dodecylbenzene sulphonate (SDBS) as an emulsifier. Spectrophotometric measurements were conducted to characterise the prepared polymers. Latex paint formulations were prepared and dry paint films were evaluated for their physical, mechanical and corrosion protection performance.Findings – The prepared conducting polymers of PAn and PmT are good candidates for enhancing the corrosion protection of steel. They showed good performance as corrosion inhibitors in latex paints without bad side effects on the physico‐mechanical properties of paint films.Practical implications – Recent advances in corrosion pro...


Deciding on approving and granting market access to new medical technologies such as pharmaceutical products, vaccines, or medical devices is a multifactorial research problem. Balancing out clinical performance, epidemiological implications, burden of disease, economic value, and patient preferences, among other factors, is in itself a challenging endeavor. However, this should be a mandatory requirement when making approval and market access decisions that might affect millions of people in a specific country setting. The aim of this reflection research article is twofold; first, it provides context on the important role that health economics and outcomes research (HEOR) plays in informing decision making for market access and reimbursement of new medical technologies. Second, it outlines the power of HEOR studies in guiding discussions when assessing the value of new medical technologies. Overall, this article aims at highlighting key HEOR considerations for healthcare professionals, students, and institutions interested in building analytical capabilities around this exciting and uninterruptedly growing field of knowledge.


This quasi-experimental research aimed to study the effects of utilization of case management and care package for Muslim older adults with stage 4 chronic kidney disease on caregivers' ability in caring, and older adults' functional abilities. The sample was 25 pairs of caretakers and Muslim older adults with stage 4 chronic kidney disease. The data collection tools were the questionnaires of caregivers' ability and Barthel ADL Index. Data analyses used were descriptive statistics, paired t-test and Wilcoxon test. Results showed that the averages of caregivers' ability in caring and functional ability of the Muslim older adults with stage 4 chronic kidney disease after receiving care package were signifi cantly higher than that before intervention (p <.001).


Recent empirical studies of Texas data by Hyman et al, Zeiler et al, and Silver et al suggest that insurance limits affect settlements of medical malpractice cases. Writing separately, Silver argues that insurance limits act as a de facto cap on malpractice payouts, that plaintiffs are being underpaid as a result, and that therefore legislative caps on damages are unnecessary. But this hypothesis is inconsistent with the data, which indicates that forty-seven percent of cases in which plaintiffs obtain verdicts above policy limits are subsequently settled above policy limits. We propose to reconcile the data by accounting for the effects that third-party causes of action for alleged bad-faith refusal to settle — known in Texas as a Stowers action — have on pretrial settlement negotiations. If an insurer in Texas is presented with a settlement offer within insurance limits, refuses to settle, and the plaintiff wins an award greater than insurance limits, the plaintiff is entitled to sue the insurer for the full damages amount, plus punitive damages, for refusal to settle. In this paper, we explore the game theory of medical malpractice settlement negotiations in the shadow of Stowers.Using a Monte Carlo simulation of the "game," we find: (1) plaintiffs have an incentive to make, and defendants have an incentive to accept, settlement offers at insurance limits; (2) a settlement at insurance limits may therefore sometimes reflect something other than the quality of the underlying medical malpractice case; (3) the possibility of Stowers awards increases expected returns to plaintiffs and disproportionately increases the settlement value of low-merit cases; (4) plaintiffs with weak cases are systematically overcompensated, while plaintiffs with strong cases are systematically under compensated; and (5) non-economics damages caps have the greatest effect on low-merit cases by reducing overcompensation, without affecting the highest-merit cases.


Africa, general Clark 5/2/161, Posnansky 9 /1 /1 , Shaw 12/1/1, Barker 13/2/177, Phillipson 16/3/321; Central Fagan 2/2/199, 10/1/1; £asi Freeman-Grenville 1/1/31, Posnansky 2/2/177; Middle Bivar and Shinnie 3/1/1 , Sutton 15/4/521; Southern Walton 1/1/19 Central African Republic Bayle des Hermens 12/4/579; C W Huard 7/3/377; Egypt Strouhal 12/1/1; Ethiopia Anfray 9/3/345; Gambia Wood 8/1/39; Kenya Chittick 10/3/375, Lynch and Robbins 20/3/319; Afa/awiRobinson7/2/169 \Mauritania Robert 11/4/471 ;MozambiqueGarlake 19/4/479; Nigeria Willett 1/2/231, Connah 13/1/25, 17/3/321, Lawal 14/1/1, Shaw 16/4/503; Sierra Leone Atherton and Kalous 11/3/303; South I N D E X


This paper examines how the belief of decision maker regarding his ability to keep a resolution and his belief regarding what others think of him affect his actions. Higher self-reputation increases future payoff but higher perception of reputation can either increase or decrease it for an individual who has a strong ability to keep a resolution. However, both higher self-reputation and higher perception of reputation may not help increase future payoff for a decision maker who has a weak ability to resist temptation if he makes a resolution relatively easily in the second period. These results help to explain why some people ask for help or do not ask for help from friends to keep a resolution and why some people can or cannot sustain the resolution in the short run.


The main purpose of analyze future air quality is to maintain the environment in good and healthy condition. Current techniques applied to forecast the air pollution index were ARIMA, SARIMA, Artificial Neural Network, Fuzzy Time Series, Machine Learning, etc. Thus, each technique has its own advantages and disadvantages in the variables, model selection and model accuracy determination. This study aims to forecast air pollution index by developing a Markov Chain model in Klang district, Selangor state which is one of the most polluted area in Malaysia. The Markov Chain model development is a stochastic process sequence that depends on the previous successive event in time. In this model development, state transition matrix and probability are the main concept in determine the future behavior of Air Pollution Index which depends on the present state of the process. The result shows that the developed model is a simple and good performance model that will forecast and evaluate the distribution of the pollution level in long term.


Coupled device with LED light source for fiber-optic illumination is often composed of lens group.Though the convergence spot of this system is small,the light loss of lens group is big.Due to the characteristics of LED light source and the big aperture of polymer optical fiber,an side installation for LED lamp and an optimization method that reflector was cutted and shifted were put forward,and a kind of coupled device with LED light source based on elliptical reflector was designed.Using the approximation algorithm that had been proposed by John O'Farrell,the elliptical reflector's structure parameters for different eccentricities were calculated.Through comparing the coupling efficiency by combining with the simulation of fiber's optical parameters,a group of structural parameters of efficient coupled device that the eccentricity matched the fiber diameter were obtained.Using this method,a coupled device with LED light source was designed which had a fiber diameter of 10 mm and numerical aperture of 0.5.The ideal coupling efficiency was up to 93.35%.


Total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy (TIRFM) is used to measure non-radiative energy transfer between membrane associated proteins in living cells. Measurements are concentrated on focal contacts and their associated proteins focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and Paxillin (Pax) which play major roles with respect to cell migration, growth, and survival. These proteins are visualized after fusion with variants of green fluorescent protein (ECFP and EYFP), and an intermolecular energy transfer ECFP -> EYFP is deduced from fluorescence spectra as well as from fluorescence decay kinetics of single cells.


Abstract A method is proposed for the determination of boron (B) in soil extracts, plant material digests, and concentrated hydrochloric acid (HCl) digests using the spectrophotometric azomethine‐H procedure modified by the addition of thioglycolic acid and the addition of the reagents in a specific order. The soil B was extracted using a 30 min boiling 0.01M calcium chloride (CaCl2) + activated carbon and a 30 min shake using 0.05M HCl + activated carbon. Plant material B was extracted by dry‐ashing at 600° C and dissolving the ash in 0.18M sulfuric acid (H2SO4) while a superphosphate sample was digested in boiling concentrated HCl. In each case B was determined using the proposed modified azomethine‐H spectrophotometric procedure. The results showed good precision and accuracy when compared to that obtained by inductively coupled plasma emission spectro‐metry (ICP). The use of thioglycolic acid to suppress Fe interference enhancement when determining B by the azomethine‐H procedure is considered essenti...


Learning interpretable features from complex multilayer networks is a challenging and important problem. The need for such representations is particularly evident in multilayer networks of the brain, where nodal characteristics may help model and differentiate regions of the brain according to individual, cognitive task, or disease. Motivated by this problem, we introduce the multi-node2vec algorithm, an efficient and scalable feature engineering method that automatically learns continuous node feature representations from multilayer networks. Multi-node2vec relies upon a second-order random walk sampling procedure that efficiently explores the inner- and intra- layer ties of the observed multilayer network is utilized to identify multilayer neighborhoods. Maximum likelihood estimators of the nodal features are identified through the use of the Skip-gram neural network model on the collection of sampled neighborhoods. We investigate the conditions under which multi-node2vec is an approximation of a closed-form matrix factorization problem. We demonstrate the efficacy of multi-node2vec on a multilayer functional brain network from resting state fMRI scans over a group of 74 healthy individuals. We find that multi-node2vec outperforms contemporary methods on complex networks, and that multi-node2vec identifies nodal characteristics that closely associate with the functional organization of the brain.


An effective information and communication system (ICS) is a central component of successful humanitarian relief efforts. An ICS involves not only IT but also people, practices, policies, and organizational environments. This paper explores major issues and challenges inherent to developing an effective ICS within the humanitarian relief non-governmental organization (NGO) sector. Although closely related, the issues and challenges inherent in both intraand inter-organizational communication in NGOs are discussed separately. The analysis goes beyond the IT issues usually focused on, emphasizing the enormous impacts of human, organizational, and environmental issues such as organizational structure, coordination, security, politics, and funding. We discuss both the strategic impact of these issues as well as the impact on an NGO's ability to communicate effectively during emergency response efforts.


It is possible to study the load characteristics of full-scale hingeless rotor with the changing of physical smallscaled configurations such as rectangular and paddle blades, and metal and composite hubs. In this study, a static test, and a ground and wind-tunnel test were carried out using small-scale rotor models. The static test was carried out to confirm structural stiffness, characteristics of inertia, natural frequency, and damping ratio of rotors, and the ground and wind-tunnel test was carried out to confirm the stability and aerodynamic characteristics under hovering and forward flight conditions. According to the test results, the vertical load in the case of a combination of a small composite hub with paddle blades was higher than that in the case of a metal hub with paddle blades at same condition. Further, it was confirmed that the restraint of the combination of composite hub can be more flexible than the metal hub for the motion of paddle blades.


The thermal routes to ablation in molecular solids having a long (micron scale) optical penetration depth are investigated under nanosecond laser pulses using a two-dimensional molecular-dynamics model. The authors demonstrate that the mechanisms of matter removal are mainly determined by the local degree of inertial confinement; by increasing level of confinement, these are (trivial) fragmentation, phase explosion, and heterogeneous nucleation of vapor bubbles at solid-liquid boundaries. The thermodynamic pathways to ablation are shown to be different from those predicted by the model of Miotello and Kelly [Appl. Phys. Lett. 67, 3535 (1995); Appl. Phys. A: Mater. Sci. Process. 69, S67 (1999)].


The study aimed at developing an enrichment program based on Future Problem Solving Program (FPSP), and revealing its impact on the development of creative thinking skills among 1st secondary grade gifted students in Al-Baha region. The experimental approach was used and a sample consisted of (24) students was selected. They were divided randomly into two groups: the experimental sample (14 students) and the control sample (10 students). The researchers developed the current study program based on the future problem-solving program (FPSP) and a creative thinking skills scale. The tool validity and reliability were extracted and checked. Results showed significant differences in the performance between the two groups (experimental and control) on the post-test in favor of the experimental group. There were also significant differences between the performance of the experimental group in the pre- posttest, in favor of the post-test on the scale and its different dimensions. This indicates the effectiveness of the enrichment program presented in the current study and its advantage in developing the creative thinking skills for gifted students in regular classroom. In addition, there was a significant difference between the performance of the experimental group in the post- follow-up test, in favor of the follow-up performance on the scale as a whole and its different dimensions.


A two-year-old mixed breed dog was referred to the University of Florida Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital for the management of post traumatic ventricular arrhythmias. Electrocardiography revealed third degree atrioventricular (AV) block. An echocardiogram demonstrated an echogenic, pedunculated mass arising from the caudoventral aspect of the atrial septum. The mass was believed to represent a haematoma or a thrombus associated with trauma to this region of the atrial septum. The patient was managed conservatively; third degree AV block was still pre- sent five days after trauma. The owner of the dog refused specific therapy of the arrhythmia. The patient was discharged and, unfortunately, lost to follow-up. Third degree AV block has not previously been reported following accidental, blunt thoracic trauma in the dog.


Defined, human genetic diseases due to the absence or malfunction of cytoplasmic enzymes can be divided into two main clusters. In the first, absence of appropriate hydrolytic enzyme activity ordinarily found within the vacuolar apparatus leads to the accumulation of uncleaved substrate in the lysosomes of affected tissue. Such diseases include Tay-Sachs disease, Gaucher's disease, peroxidase deficiency, and various mucopolysaccharidoses. Among the second group, in which enzyme activity is missing not from the lysosomes, but from non-membrane-bound portions of the cytosol, are adenosine deaminase deficiency and the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome. Since lysosomal storage diseases are caused by a genetic deficiency of specific acid hydrolases in lysosomes, reversal of such enzyme deficiencies has been approached by means of direct enzyme replacement. Because the affected system is the lysosomal apparatus of cells, which normally takes up extracellular macromolecules and particles by endocytosis, attempts have been made to mobilize the stored GM,-ganglioside present in Tay-Sachs disease by direct administration of purified enzyme.l Unfortunately, the injected enzyme disappears rapidly from the circulation and most of it becomes localized in the liver rather than at other affected sites, such as the central nervous system. Similar results are obtained when glucocerebrosidase and ceramidetrihexosidase are 3 The problems associated with the direct administration of enzyme include: (1) the inability of this method to direct the enzyme to the parenchymal tissues containing the stored material; (2) the potential antigenicity of the enzyme; (3) the introduction of enzymes directly into the circulation where they may pre-emptively interact with their substrates or other proteins; and (4) inability of free enzyme to cross the blood-brain barrier. The genetic disorders of lysosomes and attempts to correct them, using enzyme-replacement therapy, have recently been re~iewed.~? A most promising development in the field of enzyme-replacement therapy has been the use of artificial lipid vesicles for the entrapment of enzymes and


Hydrographic data collected over the period 1997–2013 are analyzed to investigate the seasonality of hydrographic features and associated geostrophic flows off the Baja California peninsula. The upper ocean in the region was found to be homogeneous in winter and spring but subdivided into two regions in the summer and autumn. In the first case, the system typically shows relatively low-temperature and salinity waters, which give it a subarctic character. In the second, only the region north of Punta Eugenia (28°N) maintains subarctic characteristics, while the southern region receives an inflow of tropical and subtropical waters that results from the weakening of northwesterly winds, which allows the poleward advection of surface waters. Also during this period, a positive wind stress curl promotes the zonal advection of North Pacific's eastern edge waters into the coast and to the north as a surface coastal flow. Average seasonal patterns of geostrophic flow at 200 dbar revealed that the differentiation into provinces is also evident at that depth, with two clearly defined cyclonic structures in summer and autumn, both separated at the latitude of Punta Eugenia. The analyses conducted also showed a clear continuity of the California undercurrent along the shelf break, with more diffuse currents in the winter. Poleward flows were observed throughout the water column, especially in summer and autumn, although the origin of the surface flow does not necessarily involve a surfacing of the California Undercurrent.


When the dollar started to depreciate at the beginning of 2002, many pundits nodded: This was expected. After all, the US current account deficit in 2000 and 2001 hovered around 4 percent of GDP, and, based on second-quarter data, the figure for 2002 was headed for around 5 percent. For industrialized countries the rule of thumb is that a current account deficit of 4 to 4.5 percent of GDP is a ''danger point'' for the home currency. On this basis, my 1999 book Is the US Trade Deficit Sustainable? suggested that the current account deficit could widen for another two to three years. So, the dollar was depreciating right on schedule! But was I right in my prediction for the right reasons? Is sustainability analysis based on the current account deficit the best framework for explaining the depreciation of the dollar so far this year? Or is there another perspective on the current account deficit that has more salience in explaining the dollar's behavior in 2002 and for considering its likely direction for 2003? In this essay I outline two views of external sustainability and the dollar and conclude that the current account deficit-to-GDP analysis, although valuable for tying down long-term trends for a currency, is not the more important framework for understanding the behavior of the dollar in 2002 or 2003. Rather, an analysis framed around the global investor—rather


The perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA) and thermal stability of Ta (3.0 nm)/Cu (tCu)/[Co (0.29 nm)/Ni (0.65 nm)]N/Ta (3.0 nm) multilayers are investigated with various Cu thicknesses (tCu) and Co/Ni periodic numbers (N). A relatively thick Cu seed layer and a suitable Co/Ni repetition number benefit the PMA with larger coercivity and remanence ratio. But the magnetic hysteresis loop for the structure with N in excess of 10 exhibits a bow-tie shape due to the formation of multi-domains, which may cause a significant drop of the remanence ratio. The post-annealing experiments show that the thermal stability of PMA increases with increasing N. In addition to the intermixing of Co and Ni atoms at interfaces, we consider that the diffusion of nonmagnetic atoms into the magnetic layers is also responsible for the PMA decay with increasing annealing temperature.


Drama "SU Shi's Dream in Four Flower Spirits"written by WU Changling describes the conflict between participating in political affairs and keeping aloof from them in scholars' minds at that time,which ends in the victory of the latter.It reflects the fact that the idea to participate in political affairs is dashed and the idea to keep aloof from them is in vogue.The main reason for the fact is the scholars' low social status and poor living condition.Drama "Monk Bright Moon Awakens LIU Gui"by LI Shouqing,in the dramatic model of immortals awakening mortals,disseminates Buddhist thoughts of wiping out the worldly desires and deviating from transmigration from life to death.The story was later adapted by some dramatists and novelists.


The Tisza River Basin is an important area as it is a green corridor in which there are highly endangered habitats and a high level of biodiversity. The patterns in the species richness of invertebrates and the environmental conditions affecting these patterns are poorly studied in the grassy habitats in the lower reaches of the Tisza River Basin. The present study focuses on the effects of flooding, habitat and landscape features on the species richness of orthopterans at 24 grassland sites in two different landscapes. The relations between the explanatory variables and the pattern of diversity of orthopterans with different life-history traits were studied, using ordination and Generalized Linear Mixed Models. Although the influential factors for the different trait groups differed, we suggest that landscape features are the most important in shaping orthopteran assemblages, whereas habitat characteristics and flooding have comparatively little effect. Habitat characteristics affected only the non-xerophilous and Ensifera species and only the species richness of non-xerophilous orthopterans in flooded and non-flooded sites differed. We emphasize that even in countries where there are still considerable areas of high value natural grasslands, such as Hungary, non-protected meadows, linear grassy habitats (dikes, ditch banks, road verges, etc.) need more attention and should be given higher priority in the conservation of invertebrates.


Rethinking Critical Paradigms on Arthur Miller: Resurrection Blues and the Postmodern By Ramon Espejo Romero London: Goldsmiths, University of London, 2013In his recent monograph titled Rethinking Critical Paradigms on Arthur Miller: Resurrection Blues and the Postmodern, Ramon Espejo Romero offers fresh and enlightening insights into one of Miller's later plays, a dramatic piece, Romero asserts, that has been largely ignored by contemporary critics and scholars because of its obvious divergence from Miller's earlier and more popular works such as Death of a Salesman and The Crucible. Indeed, Romero claims that Miller's later plays tend to be ignored because of their leanings toward postmodern themes such as psychic and social alienation, the absence of a "home" for the dramatic protagonist, and absurdism. Romero also explains how Miller's later works seem to be departures from the realism that characterized his earlier works. Though Romero tends to oversimplify some of the contemporary scholarly reactions to plays like Resurrection Blues, his essay is able to suggest an original view of the play that proposes and explains in detail some of Miller's sometimes overlooked dramatic intentions.Romero asserts that some of Miller's own nondramatic writings (for example, Timebends) tend to increase critical misconception of his aims since many of the comments in Miller's nondramatic texts discuss at length his concepts of realism as well as explanations of his more "grounded" and realistic plays. Romero mentions some of the critical comments that proceeded after productions of Resurrection Blues; the play was characterized as "embarrassingly feeble" and as a "lumbering, rambling half-finished effort." Thus, Romero asserts, these critics, looking at both Miller's nondramatic explanations and his earlier works, seem to describe Miller's play as an example of his "impotence in the final years of his life." Romero proceeds in his monograph to illustrate how Resurrection Blues, despite its apparent dissimilarity from Miller's earlier plays, does indeed continue to include a number of themes that have appeared consistently in his plays. Although Blues does not provide a "tidy message," its portrait of absurdism, its tragicomic elements, and its apparent defeatism nevertheless echo many familiar Miller concerns.In a brief but significant synopsis of the play on pages 13 through 15, Romero offers portrayals of the characters of Henri, Felix, and Emily in such a manner as to elicit an awareness of the play's postmodern elements in its portrayal of the tragic and the comic intertwined and in its prevalence of absurdist perceptions. …


This study applies quantile regression approach to analyse socio-demographic factors that affect domestic tourism consumption expenditure in Ghana. The approach uses household domestic tourism expenditure as a response variable. The internet access of the household, whether a household owns a mobile phone, and /or at least one car or not are represented as proxies for information and transport accessibility, respectively. Other variables included to constrain household domestic travel budgets are yearly household income and household loan. The rest are demographic characteristics such as age and educational level of household heads. The empirical results show that relatively older and well educated household heads with higher earnings are prepared and willing to expend more on domestic tourism in Ghana. The results further show that, in Ghana, household loans are one of the major constraints of domestic tourism spending for medium and heavy spenders, but positively and significantly influence light domestic tourism expenditure households. Internet access, ownership of a car and mobile phone have no relation with the amount of money spent on domestic tourism in Ghana. Keywords: domestic tourism, quantile regression, tourism consumption expenditure, socio-demographic variables, same-day visitors and overnight tourists. DOI : 10.7176/JTHS/41-05 Publication date :May 31 st 2019


The standard practice in the histopathology of breast cancers is to examine a hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stained tissue biopsy under a microscope. The pathologist looks at certain morphological features, visible under the stain, to diagnose whether a tumor is benign or malignant. This determination is made based on qualitative inspection making it subject to investigator bias. Furthermore, since this method requires a microscopic examination by the pathologist it suffers from low throughput. A quantitative, label-free and high throughput method for detection of these morphological features from images of tissue biopsies is, hence, highly desirable as it would assist the pathologist in making a quicker and more accurate diagnosis of cancers. We present here preliminary results showing the potential of using quantitative phase imaging for breast cancer screening and help with differential diagnosis. We generated optical path length maps of unstained breast tissue biopsies using Spatial Light Interference Microscopy (SLIM). As a first step towards diagnosis based on quantitative phase imaging, we carried out a qualitative evaluation of the imaging resolution and contrast of our label-free phase images. These images were shown to two pathologists who marked the tumors present in tissue as either benign or malignant. This diagnosis was then compared against the diagnosis of the two pathologists on H&E stained tissue images and the number of agreements were counted. In our experiment, the agreement between SLIM and H&E based diagnosis was measured to be 88%. Our preliminary results demonstrate the potential and promise of SLIM for a push in the future towards quantitative, label-free and high throughput diagnosis.


The effect of substitution on boron in the Diels-Alder reactions of vinylboranes has been investigated by a computational study performed with the B3LYP/6-31G* method. Four vinylboranes with different electronic and steric properties were chosen to study the reactivity and the regio- and stereoselectivities patterns. In general, the calculations for the reactions with cyclopentadiene, trans-piperylene and isoprene are in good agreement with experimental results.


In 1901 the katikkiro or 'prime minister' of Buganda, Apolo Kagwa, published a vernacular history of his country entitled The Book of the Kings of Buganda. Most of this work dealt with the events of his own lifetime, but it also included a circumstantial account of the twenty-nine reigns which, he alleged, had preceded that of King Mutesa, who received the first European visitors and who died in 1884. This version of the Ganda past has not since been challenged in its essentials either by Ganda traditionalists or by European or European-trained commentators. Some of the former have tried to lengthen the history still further by naming ancestors or forerunners of King Kintu, with whom Kagwa began his tale. But these additional kings are plainly legendary, like the dragon Bemba, or abstractions, like 'King Buganda,' and have not achieved official status. Scholars, by contrast, have been inclined to shorten the list slightly, holding with Sir Harry Johnston that the first real king of Buganda was Kimera [K3] and relegating the first two of Kagwa's rulers, Kintu and Cwa, to a nebulous prehistory. In other respects they have generally accepted Kagwa's account with only a few amendments and hesitations, and have used it as the basis for quite elaborate chronological and developmental studies.