Helical gear is one of the parts of a machine which undergoes mechanical operation with some loading condition acting upon it. Helical gear deals with high contact and friction which reduces the slippage compared to spur gears. The load may cause damage to the gears generally to the tooth surface and breakage of gear tooth and other damages to the gear that may include deterioration of plastic material and the rim or web breakages. When the gears are used in assemblies are named as gear train. The leading factor of gear failures are the stress and surface strength of a gear tooth. So, it has been interesting in the research area to minimise the stress acted on the gear and optimal design of gear. In this paper the design of gear train at specific parameter is done in Solidworks and the aluminium alloy material is considered. The further analysis is done in ansys 18.0 where some loading condition is applied for the analysis. Two types of analysis is done to the simulation which is vibration and stress analysis. It is 500 N-m of moment is applied at gear train and the stress in the tooth and shafts are determined that whether the result analysis obtained is within the yield tensile limit of the used material.


In many insect species maternal provision of sex‐specifically spliced messenger RNA (mRNA) of sex determination genes is an essential component of the sex determination mechanism. In haplodiploid Hymenoptera, maternal provision in combination with genomic imprinting has been shown for the parasitoid Nasonia vitripennis, known as maternal effect genomic imprinting sex determination (MEGISD). Here, we characterize the sex determination cascade of Asobara tabida, another hymenopteran parasitoid. We show the presence of the conserved sex determination genes doublesex (dsx), transformer (tra) and transformer‐2 (tra2) orthologues in As. tabida. Of these, At‐dsx and At‐tra are sex‐specifically spliced, indicating a conserved function in sex determination. At‐tra and At‐tra2 mRNA is maternally provided to embryos but, in contrast to most studied insects, As. tabida females transmit a non‐sex‐specific splice form of At‐tra mRNA to the eggs. In this respect, As. tabida sex determination differs from the MEGISD mechanism. How the paternal genome can induce female development in the absence of maternal provision of sex‐specifically spliced mRNA remains an open question. Our study reports a hitherto unknown variant of maternal effect sex determination and accentuates the diversity of insect sex determination mechanisms.


Abstract Clothing plays an important role in maintaining thermal equilibrium between a human body and the ambient environment by serving as a medium for heat, moisture vapour and liquid moisture transfer. The ability of fabric to maintain this equilibrium is related to thermo-physiological comfort. Plating is an innovative knitted fabric production technique to obtain bi-layered fabrics. An attempt has been made to engineer plated knit structures with such a combination of fibre cross section in the back (inner/next to skin) and the yarn type in the face (outer) layer, so that a rapid liquid transfer from back layer by wicking and quick liquid absorption and evaporation by the face layer can be achieved. Plated fabrics using the combination of triangular polyester fibre in the back and carded cotton yarn in the face layer showed the higher thermal resistance, higher absorbent capacity and would be warmer to the initial touch. However, the combination of combed cotton yarn with triangular polyester fibre resulted in fabrics with the higher air permeability, moisture vapour transmission rate and transplanar wicking.


The seeds are considered important spread vehicles of pathogens.This study aimed to quantify the incidence of A. alternata and B. bicolor in wheat seeds 'BRS 264' and to perform morphological characterization of these fungi. Therefore, four sanitary evaluations were performed in gerbox transparent acrylic boxes. In order to inhibit germination, the seeds wereincubated in a BOD at 25ºC and 12-hour light period for 24 hours and, then, transferred to freezer at -20ºC and dark period for 24 hours. Just after, the seeds were incubated in BOD chamber at 25ºC and 12-hour light period during 8 days, which the incidence was estimated daily. Then, semi-permanent slide mountings were prepared for subsequent capturing images and measurement of fungi structures by obtaining 30 measurements of each structural component evaluated under a Leica DM500 light microscope, using the LAS EZ 2.0 (100x) software. The results concerning fungal structures and incidence were submitted to variance and regression analysis, respectively. From this, it was possible to confirm A. alternata and B. bicolor presence through morphological characterization, which presented 41.5 and 16.5% of incidence on the seeds at 8 days of evaluation, respectively.


The spectroscopic properties of Tm-doped borate glass with basic composition LiKB<inf>4</inf>O<inf>7</inf> (0.5Li<inf>2</inf>O-0.5K<inf>2</inf>O-2B<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf>) have been investigated with usage optical absorption and photoluminescence (excitation, emission, decay kinetics) experimental techniques as well as Judd-Ofelt analysis. The Tm3+ optical absorption and photoluminescence spectra, which reveal several <tex>$f-f$</tex> transitions in the visible and infrared regions were analysed in detail. Decay kinetics of luminescence for excited states of Tm3+ centres was examined. Basing on obtained results it was suggested that LiKB<inf>4</inf>O<inf>7</inf>:Tm glass is promising luminescent and laser material.


The purpose of this study is to examine the empirical relationship between credit terms, credit accessibility and the performance of agricultural cooperatives in Rwanda. Drawn from the literature, independent variables, credit terms and credit accessibility- were formulated to link each research question together. A random sample of 196 active agricultural cooperatives was obtained from various districts in the southern province. Correlation and regression models were used to test whether the performance of agricultural cooperatives is affected by credit terms and credit accessibility and also if there is any relationship between the two. The findings revealed a positive and significant relationship between credit terms, credit accessibility and the performance of agricultural cooperatives; the two independent variables explain about 17.6% of the performance of agricultural cooperatives.The study reveals that credit accessbility is the most significant determinatnt of the performance of agricultural cooperatives. To attain a higher performance level of agricultural cooperatives, better mechanism for accessing credit must be put in place and credit terms/lending policies must be simplified/revised.


In any field of polymer-asphalt mixtures application is extremely important to achieve a very good compatibility between the components in order to improve as much as possible the performances due to the polymer content. In the case of waterproofing membranes application this compatibility reduce, moreover, the amount of polymer required to obtain the best performances. Using the Colloidal Instability Index Ic, as measured by the Iatroscan device, we propose a correlation between asphalt`s chemical characteristics and the polymer minimum amount sufficient to disperse in a stable way the asphalt itself in the polymeric matrix. As a result, through the proposed correlation, with a simple asphalt composition analysis it is possible to predict its performance when mixed with polypropilene. In the paper, beside the description of the Iatroscan analytical technique, we also present a method for determining phase inversion based on optical fluorescence microscopy performed on about 30 different samples of asphalt. We also present the experimental correlation laws between the polymer amount at phase inversion and the asphalt single components content.


Today, the foreign CAD/CAM/CAE software have taken a rapid de ve loping, and they have been well built and used for a long time, so they cover th e whole int ernational market. In recentl years, our development and applying technique on CAD have made a great progress. Besides those software which have been transcrib ed to Chinese version or further developed, we have developed a lot of CAD softw are copyrighted by our own. The paper mainly describes the status of current dev el opment of CAD/CAM/CAE software, then, in order to follow the current development , a discussion is put forward which is the necessity of changing the way of teac hing.


Adsorption isotherms of octylhydroxamate and the relationship between octylhydroxamate adsorbed and phosphate released have beenmeasured against monazite. These results have been compared to those against synthetic CePO4and LaPO4. Adsorption of hydroxamate on monazite takes as long as several daysto reach equilibrium. The maximum adsorption of hydroxamate on monazite occurs at pHabout 10. Hydroxamate adsorption on monazite is much higher thanon CePO4or LaPO4and forms multilayer. Monolayer adsorption ofhydroxamate on monazite is mainly due to substitution reaction with lattice phosphate ions and makes surface hydrophobic. On the other hand, multilayer adsorption may be caused by precipitationof rare-earth metal hydroxamates and other mechanisms, such as hydrophobic bonding or hydrogen bonding between hydroxamate molecules. Hydroxamate adsorption is enhanced at elevated temperature, but flotation recoveryis not. This may be explained by a reason that the increase oftemperature promotes multilayer adsorption of hydroxamate which donot contribute to surface hydrophobicity.


A brief historical review of temporal-analyzing image converter tubes(ICT) development in our country is presented. Some recent results in designing and manufacturing of the tubes capable to operate in visible, near infrared, ultraviolet and soft X-ray spectral regions are given. There is a great variety of the available image converter tubes which provide pico and femtosecond temporal resolution in circular, single streak and synchroscan mode of operation, as well as picosecond resolution in single and multiframe photography. High technical parameters of the created tubes ensure their successful application for high speed events recording in laser and plasma physics research, solid state and semiconductor physics, nonlinear and fibre optics, microelectronics and optical computing, laser ranging, mind/brains imaging, and so on. Further directions in designing of completely new type of temporal-analysing image converter tubes, will be outlined, while the special attention will be drawn to the tubes with the electron beam sensitive CCD detectors.


:
Since its discovery in 1986, the BiSrCaCuO cuprate family has given rise to an impressive number of studies both in fundamental and applied research. This chapter relates some fundamental studies carried out in BiSrCaCuO thin films and multilayers. In section 5.1, the main techniques of synthesis are described. Section 5.2 focuses on physical properties specifically studied in thin films. In the first part of this section, the role of anisotropy on the mixed state transport properties of thin films and multilayers is emphasized. In the second part, the influence of hole doping in the normal state is demonstrated by describing the temperature dependence of the resistance and Hall effect and comparing with angular photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) results conducted in parallel on similar Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8 + x thin films.


In this paper, a complete procedure is proposed to analyze and classify the texture of an image based Bayesian network classifiers. We apply this procedure in the residential areas detection. A simple case of Bayesian network called naive Bayes classifier is used to learn the positive and negative samples and to infer about the unknown regions. In this paper, each texture feature vector is labeled using fuzzy c-mean clustering, and the learning in general Bayesian networks provide the beliefs about the dependency of the regions for residential areas and non-residential areas with the of texture feature. In the learning process, the proposed methodology also handles unknown cases that are not correctly classified using existing samples and will be taken as samples in next learning process. Experimental results of residential areas detection on panchromatic remote sensing images are presented to illustrate the merit and feasibility of the proposed method


A chemical bleaching process of paper pulps gives off excessive amount of chlorinated organic wastes mostly released to environment without exposing complete bioremediaton. Recent alternative and eco‐friendly approaches toward pulp bleaching appear more responsive to environmental awareness. Here we report, direct use of a recombinant Bacillus subtilis bacterium for pulp bleaching, endowed with three ligninolytic enzymes from various bacteria. In addition, efficient bleaching performance from glutathione‐S‐transferase (GST) biocatalyst tested for the first time in pulp bleaching applications was also achieved. Simultaneous and extracellular overproduction of highly active GST, laccase, and lignin peroxidase catalysts were also performed by Bacillus cells. Both enhanced bleaching success and improved delignification rates were identified when enzyme combinations tested on both pine kraft and waste paper pulps, ranging from 69.75% to 79.18% and 60.89% to 74.65%, respectively. Furthermore, when triple enzyme combination applied onto the papers from pine kraft and waste pulps, the best ISO brightness values were identified as 66.45% and 64.67%, respectively. The delignification rates of pulp fibers exposed to various enzymatic bleaching sequences were comparatively examined under SEM.


This paper suggests that the imminent introduction of new local access competition using existing new technologies should end any possibility of a natural monopoly in local exchange. The paper questions whether the fundamental economics of the local exchange really require regulation of local telephone service rather than the narrow regulation of interconnection. It also points out that technological development is sharpening competitive forces in practically all aspects of telecommunications. Moreover, the willingness of some local exchange providers to unbundle has laid the foundation for a further rollback of regulation in areas of the USA. Finally, the paper contends that regulatory lags require that regulation take a forward-looking perspective and attempt to deal with the industry as it will be, not as it was. Copyright 1995 by Oxford University Press.


The atmospheric environmental capacity has become a hot topic in air quality management studies in Chinaꎬ since it plays an important role in supporting the design and implementation of air pollution control measures. By studying the literature and summarizing the relevant practical work in this field at countryꎬ region and city levelsꎬ we systematically reviewed the development of atmospheric environment capacity theory and the methods used to quantify the capacity. The concept of atmospheric environment capacity and its naturalꎬ social and resource characteristics were analyzed. The pattern of development of the theoretical research as well as the practices of measuring atmospheric environmental capacity are summarized in four stages with consideration of the major air pollution challenges and atmospheric pollution management modes. The theory of the atmospheric environmental capacity as well as the advantages and disadvantages of different quantification methodsꎬ including the A value methodꎬ linear optimization method and model simulation methodꎬ were analyzed considering the major air pollution challenges to addressꎬ including coal ̄burning pollutionꎬ acid rain pollution and complex air pollution. The conclusion is drawn that the model simulation method is able to take account of the influence of natural factors and human factors and is a better choice for quantifying atmospheric environmental capacity when PM2􀆰 5 and O3 pollution control is the target. 环  境  科  学  研  究 第 31 卷 It is suggested that research be strengthened in the following aspects: (1) Methods for quantifying the atmospheric environmental capacity constrained by multi ̄pollutant targetsꎻ (2) Methods for quantifying the atmospheric environmental capacity for typical heavy pollution episodesꎻ (3) Methods for quantifying the coupling of the atmospheric environmental capacity with various factors such as air qualityꎬ health damageꎬ ecological damageꎬ and climate change.


Within quantum information, a very productive way to look at physical phenomena is under the light of the framework of resource theories. Through it, one can focus on questions such as in what sense a particular physical feature can be thought of as a resource for certain tasks, and how can it be quantified. A particularly prominent example of this is the theory of quantum entanglement. In recent years, a research program has emerged in which researchers are trying to build a resource theory relevant for thermodynamical and non-equilibrium phenomena at the quantum and nano scales. The overarching aim is to find how the perspective given by quantum information tools and techniques help us understand new and existing results of the field. In this thesis we advance these efforts by introducing different kinds of non-equilibrium fluctuations into the theory: fluctuations of work and fluctuations of states. In this way, we manage to merge a number of ideas from the field of stochastic thermodynamics into the resource-theoretic framework. We further explore the structure of this resource theory by introducing results in which the finiteness of the heat bath's size is considered, deriving corrections to well-known expressions regarding work extraction. On top of this, we also consider the usefulness within non-equilibrium thermodynamics of other tools coming from quantum information theory, such as the relative entropy and the idea of a recovery map. The connection between the recovery map and the property of quantum detailed balance (and time reversal more generally) is highlighted, and a bound on the entropy production of Davies maps is derived inspired by recent results on quantum information.


A new unsymmetrical photochromic diarylethene, 1-(3-thienyl)-2-(2- n-butyl-5-hydroxymethyl-3-thienyl) perfluoroncyclopentene (1a), was synthesized and its optoelectronic properties, such as photochromism and fluorescence in solution and in PMMA film were investigated. This compound exhibited remarkable photochromism, changing from colorless to pink after irradiation with UV light in hexane solution. The new diarylethene also exhibited relatively strong fluorescence by photoirradiation in solution and in PMMA film, and the fluorescence intensity decreased along with the photochromism upon irradiation 297 nm light and its closed-ring isomer showed almost no fluorescence


Abstract
Purpose
Propose a more comprehensive explanation on the determinants and fluctuations of China's exchange rate policy in the past decade (2005–2015).

Approach
Case study on China's exchange rate policies in three respective stages since 2005 and then a comparative study on these three stages.

Findings
Put forward a two-pronged explanation on the determinants and fluctuations of China's exchange rate policy in the past decade and arrive at three specific conclusions. First, external pressure is only one factor among many influencing the formation of China's national interests (Guojia Liyi in Chinese) and the decision-making process on exchange rate policy. Second, national interest is the fundamental driving force and substratum for making China's exchange rate policy. Third, in the short term, the specific exchange rate policies in different periods were not always in accordance to the national interests (or Guojia Liyi), due to the influences of some factors on the decision-making environment.

Value
The comprehensive view is conducive to better explaining the formation and fluctuations of China's exchange rate policy and consequently contributes to understanding and even predicting future policies.


In the conventional direct torque control system, the stator flux can't be identified accurately because of the influence of stator resistance and the calculation of pure integral. In addition, the speed sensor has its deficiency. This paper deals with these problems and presents a new method. The accurate stator and rotor flux of full speed range is obtained by adopting new flux observer, and based on it, the motor speed is identified by adopting neural network. By using of this method, the accurate flux target value is acquired as well as the NN becomes simpler and needs no off-line training. After the motor is operated, by means of simple and fast calculation, the NN can learn online and obtain correct identification results. In the end, the experimental results are presented.


Background: This study investigated the effects of hydro-ethanolic leaf extract of Fleurya aestuans (FA) on some female reproductive hormones in female albino wistar rats. Methods: Thirty-two (32) rats weighing 120 to 200g were grouped into four of eight rats each. After two weeks of acclimatization, group 1 served as the control group. Groups 2, 3 and 4 served as the test groups and were orally administered with (75, 150 and 300) mg/kg body weight of hydro-ethanolic leaf extract of Fleurya aestuans (FA) respectively, for 42 days. The animals were allowed access to water and feeds ad libitum. At the end of treatment, the animals were properly sedated and blood samples were collected via cardiac puncture. The blood samples were centrifuged and serum obtained was used to determine the concentrations of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), estrogen and progesterone using the ELISA method. Also, the ovaries of each rat were harvested and fixed for histological studies. Raw data were analyzed using SPSS version 20.0. Results: The hydro-ethanolic leaf extract of F. aestuans significantly (P<0.05) increased serum concentrations of FSH and LH in all test groups. Whereas, estrogen and progesterone increased significantly (P<0.05) in test Groups 2 (75mg/kg) and 3 (150mg/kg) but were significantly (P<0.05) decreased in test Group 4 (300mg/kg). Histological examination of the ovaries showed only primary follicles in Groups 1 and 4, while, Graafian follicle and corpus luteum were seen in groups 2 and 3. This suggests that the hydro-ethanolic leaf extract of Fleurya aestuans contains possible biologically active properties that may be potent in enhancing serum concentrations of FSH, LH, estrogen and progesterone but may be ineffective at a higher dose. Conclusions: The current study showed that hydro-ethanolic leaf extract of Fleurya aestuans promotes fertility in females and suggests that caution be taken in the quantity of this extract consumed if to be considered for fertility enhancement purposes in females.


........................................................................................................................................... 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................................................ 3 LIST OF TABLES ............................................. 6 LIST OF FIGURES ............................................. 7 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................... 9 I. LEBANON . ............................................ 15 A. ECONOMY IN 1993 ............................................. 16 B. FUTURE OF CAPITAL, MARKETS IN LEBANON ................................................. ........................................ 19 C. CHAPTER REFERENCES ......................... ......................................................................................... 24 II. A GENERIC BOT PACKAGE ............................................. 25 A. INTRODUCTION ........ ........ ................ ........................................................... 26 B. BASIC CHARACTERISTICS OF BOT PROJECTS ................... ............................... ......................... 30 1. Host Government ............................................. 30 2. Sponsors: Project Company ...................................................................................................... 32 3. Financial liability ......................................................................................................................... 32 4. Local Partners .................................................................................................. ...................... 33 5. Construction Consortium ............................................................................................................... 33 C. FINANCIAL EVALUATION OF BOT-TYPE PROJECTS ................................................................................ 34 D. FINANCING BOT-TYPE PROJECTS ..................................................................... 35 . Domestic Equity ............................................................................................................................. 36 2. Foreign Equitv ................ .............................................................................................................. 38 3. D om estic D ebt ............................................................................................................................... 41 stic .41 .. .. .. J 4. Foreign Debt .................................................................................................................................. 42 E. THE SECURITY PACKAGE .................................................................................................................... 44 1. Pre-commissioning Period Risks ............................................................................. 4..................... 4 2. Post-commissioning Period Risks ................................................................................................... 45 3. Project Lifetime Risks .................................................................................................................... 45 4. Risk Allocation.......................... ....................................... .............................................................. 45 F. CHAPTER REFERENCES ...................................................................... ................................ 50 Im. LESSONS LEARNED FROM BOT-TYPE PROJECTS ......................................... 51 A. TRENDS & DEVELOPMENTS: STATISTICS ON PRIVATIZATION......................... .................. ...... 52 B. OBJECTIVES OF PRIVATIZATION ....................................................................................... 55 1. Improving efficiency ....................................................................................................................... 55 2. Reducing Government Borrowing and Expenditures .......................... ....................................... 57 3. Reducing Political Intervention...................................................................................................... 58 4. Broadening Domestic Equity Ownership and Capital AMarket Development ............................ 59 5. Attracting Foreign Capital and Expertise ........................................................... 61 6. Changing the Structure of Property Rights ..................................................................................... 61 7. Reducing Trade Union power ........................................................................................................ 62 8. Increasing Competition and Consumer W el/re.............................................................................. 62 9. Retrenchment of the Public Sector ................................................................................................. 63 3 IO. Increasing Political Support . .......................................................... 63 C. OVERVIEW OF INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECT FINANCING METHODS.. ......... .............................................. 65 1. Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) ........................................................... 66 2. Build-Own-Operate (BOO) ........................................................... 67 3. Build-Transfer-Operate (BTO) ................... . ............ .................................................. 68 4. Buy-Build-Operate (BBO) and Derivative M ethods 0 ........................................................... ....... 69 D. GENERAL ISSUES TO BE CONSIDERED IN BOT-TYPE PROJECTS ........................................................... 71 1. General Characteristics of Successful Projects5............................................ 7......... ....... 1 2. General Problems Encountered ........................................................... 73 E. GENERAL LESSONS LEARNED .............................................................................................................. 74 1. Negotiating Issues ........................................................... 74 2. Packaging Issues................................ ............................................................................................ 76 3. Political Issues ............................................................................................................................. 78 4. Project Risks ........................................................... 79 F. CASE STUDY: THE HUB RIVER PRIVATE POWER PROJECT OF PAKISTAN .................................................. 80 G. CHAPTER REFERENCES .... . ............................................. ........... ......................................... 88 IV. THE ELECTRIC POWER SECTOR IN LEBANON .......................................... 89 A. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND ............... ........................................................................ ............... 90 B. ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE OF EDL 2 .............................................................................................. 91 C. DEMAND FOR ELECTRICITY IN LEBANON ........ ........... .................................... ............................... 94 1. Demand Determinants ................................................................................................................ 95 2. Future Demand Forecasts ..................................................................................................... 98 D. EDL s PRODUCTION CAPABILITIES .................................................................................................... 104 1. Gas Oil urbines4.............................. 104 2. Steam Power Plants .................................................................................................................... 105 3. Hydroelectric Power Plants4 ........................... .................... ......... ............................... 106 4. 7ransmission 4 ...................... 107 5. Distribution 4 ........................................ . ....................................................................................... 107 E. PROBLEMS IN EDL ........................................ 110 1. W4'ar-related Damage 2 ............................ 110 2. Lost Revenue 2 ................................................................................................ ............................ 11 3. Theft ........................................................................................................................................... 112 4. Internal Problem.s ...................................................................................................................... 113 5. Financial Situation2..................................................................................................................... 116 F. TARIFF STRUCTURE .......................................................................................................................... 120 G. SUBSTIT UTES .................................................................................................................................... 122 H. EMERGENCY PLAN ...................................................................... ...................................... .. 124 I. NEED FOR PRIVATIZATION .................................................................................................................. 126 J. CHAPTER EFERENCES ...................................................................................................................... 130 V. BOT FRAMEWORK FOR LEBANON'S ELECTRIC POWER SECTOR ............................. 131 A. PROJECT OVERVIEW ......................................................................................................................... 132 1. Needf


This study exhibits a circularly polarized (CP) conformal antenna actualized by using a jute textile as a substrate. Its sensing 3.5, 4.9, and 5.8 GHz in the Wi-MAX, WLAN, and ISM radio bands. The topology of the proposed antenna has relied on a curvature structure as the prime radiating element, and ground structure whirled in contradictive arrangement to the patch. Conductivity was materialized by applying copper paint through the traditional painting approach, i.e., brush painting. This fabrication method allows attaining the conformability with minimized size, lightweight, and low sensitivity to the environment without weakening the radiating performance. These attributes allowed the jute textile antenna appropriately for the incorporation in wearable devices for body-driven applications. The electromagnetic properties of the projected jute textile antenna accomplished in simulations were confirmed through the measurement of the antenna in an anechoic chamber. The CP jute textile antenna shows a peak gain of 4.93, 8.86, and 10.07dBi at 3.5, 4.9, and 5.8 GHz (WiMAX, WLAN, and ISM).


(54) INDUCED POLARIZATION METHOD USING 3,984,759 10/1976 St-amant et al. .................... 324/362 TOWED CABLE CARRYING 4,041,372 8/1977 Miller et al. ......................... 324/357 TRANSMITTERS AND RECEIVERS FOR 4,467,642 8/1984 Givens ................................. 324/362 4,617,518 10/1986 Srnka. EYING MINERALS ON THE OCEAN 5.430,380 7/1995 Wynn et al.. 5,671,136 * 9/1997 Willhoit, Jr. ........................... 702/18


Food products such as yam, cassava, plantain, rice and maize are an important part of food in Ivory Coast. These products are high in carbohydrates and their consumption only covers the energy needs of the population. It is therefore important to provide other foods rich in proteins, lipids and minerals in the daily diet to meet the food needs of this population.


Under the wave of China's education informatization reform, the flipped classroom originated from the American education community is guided by constructivism theory, relies on modern information technology, and is an innovative teaching model, which is being caused by its unique advantages. The importance and favor of the education community in China. This article is guided by the reform of educational informationization. It begins with the origin and definition analysis of the flipped classroom and starts from the current status of college English teaching. It expounds the feasibility analysis and advantages of flipping the classroom to guide college English teaching, and puts forward relevant countermeasures and suggestions. The classroom practice examples are given in order to provide reference for the implementation of college English flip classroom practice in Chinese universities.


Purpose – This paper sets out to chart the transnational activities of Danish local government, with a specific view to examining the perceived relevance of these activities for public sector learning, innovation and development. More specifically, it probes into the degree to which Danish local government can be seen to have a global outlook and is actively participating in knowledge sharing and knowledge production across borders; and the nature of this engagement.Design/methodology/approach – Theoretically, the study draws on the literatures of public management, governance and globalization. Empirically, the paper is founded on a survey of the global orientation of the 79 largest Danish local authorities, and on a number of more detailed studies of selected local authorities conducted in 2003‐2004.Findings – The findings show that more than a third of the local authorities surveyed consider themselves very internationally active, even if a closer examination of the data suggests that the nature, inten...


Between 2008 and 2011, the Department for Transport , Cycling England and the Department of Health invested over £43m (plus local match funding) to create the twelve Cycling City and Towns (CCTs): Greater Bristol, Blackpool, Cambridge, Chester, Colchester, Leighton-Linslade, Shrewsbury, Stoke-on-Trent, Southend, Southport, Woking and York. The aim of the programme was to explore the relationship between investment in cycling, as part of a whole-town strategy, and the number of cyclists and frequency of cycling trips. The programme built on earlier experience in six Cycling Demonstration Towns which began receiving funding in 2005.

In 2009, the Department for Transport commissioned an independent evaluation of the outcomes and impacts of the programme, which was led by AECOM, University of the West of England and the Tavistock Institute. The evaluation comprised a range of data collection activities, including in-depth qualitative research with residents, which this report covers. The qualitative research offers insights into individual experiences and perceptions to complement the other sources of evidence.

The qualitative research involved people who had changed their cycling behaviour since the start of the CCT programme. It investigated the circumstances associated with these changes, including the role of the programme, and gained direct insights into influential factors and the process of behavioural change. Over 140 adult interviews were conducted (12 in each CCT). The interviews were conducted between October 2010 and February 2011 and mainly took place in the homes of the interview participants.

The analysis suggests that people are more or less responsive to the idea of cycling depending on their current life stage and recent life events. For example, represented amongst the groups who experienced a turning point are: new entrants to the workplace; people changing the nature or location of their work; parents of young children, especially mothers; people recovering from ill health; and people with increased leisure time (e.g. on retirement). The analysis also indicated how external factors (including policy interventions) played a role in supporting or preventing cycling at key trigger points, as well as triggering cycling directly. These included changes in bicycle availability, cycle training, cycle infrastructure and number of cyclists on the roads.

In conclusion, the research has shown how CCT investment, alongside other factors, influenced the cycling of residents in the context of their evolving lives, and how viewing travel behaviour in this way assists in understanding behavioural change. It has demonstrated that life events can lead to reconsideration of travel and turning points in travel behaviour. Transport policy makers and practitioners could consider life events as opportunities to increase awareness of travel alternatives, but they need to engage with groups/individuals at these points. This could benefit from building partnerships with professionals from other sectors (e.g. education providers, employers). The research has also shown how past experience of cycling played an important role in decisions on whether to take up cycling again. This suggests that engagement needs to be different for groups with different experience levels of the behaviour being promoted.

The research also showed that whether or not a person cycles at all, or cycles for particular kinds of journeys, is determined by a mix of contextual factors. This suggests that interventions which tackle only one of the potential barriers in this mix are less likely to succeed than interventions which address the most salient barriers across the different levels. Examples have been shown where the CCT investment succeeded in addressing barriers at different levels and encouraged residents to start or sustain cycling.


In order to clarify the mechanism on electron multiplication of MCP, it is necessary to study the secondary electron emission properties of inner wall surface. The secondary electron emission is not completely required by materials or devices, and sometimes it can bring bad effects such as noise. In addition to the secondary electron produced by electron colliding with the inner wall, there are additional secondary electrons produced by the ionized cation colliding with the inner wall, which is the key to control the noise of MCP. In this paper, the secondary electron emission produced by the ionized cation colliding with the inner wall of MCP was analyzed after the materials were acid and alkaline treated and hydrogen reduced at high temperature. Time of Flying (ToF) was used to detect secondary electron emission yield (SEEY) of lead silicate glass surface. By comparative analyses, the influence trend of surface treatment process on the secondary electron emission yield of glass surface was acquired. It is expected to provide data supports for parameters optimization of MCP manufacture and preparation of MCP with high signal to noise ratio (SNR).


This graduate thesis is about the fiancial literacy of the population in Slovak republic. The thesis is devided into three main chapters. The theoretical part of the thesis defines the concept of the financial literacy but also some selected terms of finance area, the need for financial education, creating family or personal budget and effective money management. The analytical part of the thesis is about the financial literacy research of the population in Slovak republic. To analyze the level of the financial literacy the questionnaire was made. The questionnaire was distributed by electronic mail box, social networks and in printed form. The questionnaire was evaluated and graphically ilustrated. The third part of the thesis contains suggestions how to improve the level of the financial literacy of the population.


Abstract Regional sports networks (RSNs) have become among the most important and expensive programming carried by multi-channel video programming distributors (MVPDs), many of which have acquired RSNs in whole or in part. Under Nash bargaining theory, vertical integration creates incentives to charge downstream distribution rivals license fees in excess of what an independent RSN would negotiate. We show that the Nash framework also implies that this premium increases with the size of the MVPD's local downstream footprint, and we estimate a reduced-form econometric model of RSN affiliate fees, which yields results consistent with theory. Finally, we discuss various policy implications.


Charcot neuroarthropathy (CN) is a progressive degenerative arthropathy which rarely complicates diabetes mellitus. Most commonly, though not exclusively affecting the foot, it seems to be determined by the interaction of neuropathy, osteopaenia and proinflammatory cytokines on a calcified peripheral vasculature that maintains its ability to vasodilate despite widespread arteriosclerosis. Although often unrecalled, this arthropathy is probably triggered by trauma. Diagnosis is essentially clinical, given the paucity and non-specificity of radiological and biochemical findings at the acute stage. CN should be considered in the differential diagnosis of any diabetic patient presenting with a warm swollen lower extremity. Bone turnover markers, magnetic resonance imaging and radioisotope scanning may be useful diagnostic aids. Offloading is essential and improves limb survival. There is considerable interest, though limited data, on the benefits of bisphosphonates and calcitonin. The possible roles of ultrasound and radiotherapy need to be assessed in larger trials. Failure to institute corrective measures at an early stage results in a foot that is prone to deformity, ulceration, amputation and loss of function. It is hoped that a better understanding of the aetiopathogenesis at a cytokine level will allow the targeting of new effective agents.


The article is devoted to the development of a new approach of simulation models of network systems with IP-traffic. Emphasis is placed on methods for assessing the performance and quality of service in IPbased networks, and they distributed network systems. The principles of integrated architectures, IntServ and differential, DiffServ QoS in computer networks is done. A method for calculating the characteristics of the system with a guaranteed service architecture services IntServ is provided. An approach to the development of mathematical models of network systems with guaranteed service on the basis of (min, +) algebraic structures is proposed. Methods of «network calculus», the development of an algebraic approach to the description of service systems to estimate their performance are presented. The characteristics of the algebraic structure dioid is adequate representation of the model (min, +) filtering of network traffic is done. A simulation model of the network system (min, +) filtering is presented. Operators and programming construction on functional programming language for the implementation of the proposed simulation model are described. A software implementation of the network balance equation on functional programming language is implemented.


Rationale, aims and objectives: Many surgical procedures are nowadays performed as ambulatory or short stay procedures, reducing hospital length of stay. Patient safety and quality of care remain imperative especially when adopting enhanced recovery pathways. Patients should be adequately informed and prepared prior to admission. Recovery is to a major extent dependent after discharge on self-care and thus techniques to follow the post-operative course after leaving hospital are warranted. Telemedicine has grown tremendously over recent years and the incorporation of mobile telephone app technology for the pre- and post-operative coaching of the ambulatory surgical patient may represent an effective means of assisting patients. The present paper presents a feasibility study of a mobile telephone app providing pre-operative information and following the post-operative recovery following day surgery. Method: Patients scheduled for elective day surgery were asked to participate, testing the app and to assess its usefulness on visual analogue scales. Results: Sixty-nine patients aged 18 to 73 years tested the app. Patients aged 30 to 50 where the most frequent users and patients < 30 less frequent. The app was in general assessed as useful and most users expressed an interest in the option of having an app as a source of information before undergoing a scheduled procedure. General pre-operative information was assessed as the most important. A willingness to submit follow-up information decreased rapidly, only 26 and 16 responded at day 10 and 30, respectively. Conclusion: A mobile telephone app is a feasible and appreciated tool for pre-operative information and coaching as part of person-centered healthcare, but its use for follow-up after discharge is challenging and requires further investigation.


When a country is hit by a disaster or an epidemic, global solidarity is called upon and resources are mobilized, largely from high-income countries. The current pandemic scenario was different, even more in the beginning. All countries were hit, and they needed their own resources to reduce the impact on their health system and population. Many factors have been identified to hamper an optimal response to the pandemic like a delayed country-level and WHO response, a lack of coordination among governments, public opposition to routine public health and social measures, and the failure to properly address the profoundly unequal effects of the pandemic.


ABSTRACT Subsequent development of the effective medium method is considered. The effective material parameters are introduced in the coordinate-free form for continuously in homogeneous stratified reciprocal bi-isotropic and anisotropic media.


Purpose:  To examine the 12‐year incidence of exfoliation syndrome (XFS) in persons aged 50–79 years at baseline and also to monitor changes in related ophthalmologic variables, to identify possible risk factors for incidence and to estimate the reliability of our diagnostic criteria.


This research is motivated by Indonesian language learning which requires each student to master four language skills, namely listening, speaking, reading and writing. In children with dyslexia or reading difficulties, the implementation efforts made by the 7th grade teacher of the Bengkulu City Special School 05 so that the child continues to master language skills despite having difficulty reading. This study aims to describe the methods used by teachers in Indonesian language learning so that dyslexic children can master reading skills. This type of research is descriptive qualitative research. Data collection techniques used were observation, interviews, and documentation. Meanwhile, the data analysis techniques used were data reduction, data presentation, and finally verification. The results of the study concluded that the implementation of learning in dyslexic children was preparation, implementation, and evaluation. The Indonesian language learning method used by the 7th grade teacher of SLB N 05 Bengkulu City in dyslexic children is the lecture method, the audiolingual method, the skimming method, and the picture and picture cooperative method.


This chapter explores the important role that commercial arbitration has assumed in forging international systems of justice since the formation of the first Permanent Court over 100 years ago. One formidable barrier to the growth of arbitration was a distinct form of judicial hostility directed toward the enforcement of arbitration agreements of future disputes. The chapter examines the historical antecedents of this hostility. It explains why the hostility, although perhaps misapplied, was of sufficient magnitude to limit arbitration and, indeed, cause its temporary disappearance. Finally, it discusses the gradual diminution of this hostility exemplified initially in the passage of the English Arbitration Act of 1889, the New York Arbitration Act of 1920 and, subsequently, the Federal Arbitration Act of 1925, a 'bare-bones' statute of U.S. origin that prescribed standards for the enforcement of arbitration agreements and awards. Keywords: English Arbitration Act of 1889; Federal Arbitration Act of 1925; international commercial arbitration; New York Arbitration Act of 1920; promulgate rules


Abstract The circumplanetary flow of Io's SO 2 atmosphere is modeled using the direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method. This flow develops as gas sublimates from SO 2 frost in the warm subsolar region and flows toward the colder night-side, where it condenses. The axisymmetric model presented extends from the subsolar point past the terminator into the night-side. The remaining portion of the night-side atmosphere is assumed to be static. The DSMC method solves the fully viscous and compressible, non-local thermal equilibrium (non-LTE), rarefied flow problem by statistically extrapolating from the motions and collisions of representative molecules. Heating due to neutral plasma bombardment and cooling by non-LTE radiation are modeled. Quantities of a second, non-condensible gas are also added to simulate the possible effects of H 2 S or O 2 in the atmosphere. It is found that, except in the subsolar region, the flows are predominately rarefied. For high subsolar temperatures, the atmospheric flow may become supersonic and then decelerate through a diffuse, oblique shock upstream of the terminator. Appreciable local condensation occurs below the shock while the atmosphere above the shock is significantly inflated. These hydrodynamic features, among others, have implications for the observations of frost cover, atmospheric flow, and the ionosphere.


BACKGROUND: Intentional artificial rupture of the amniotic membranes during labor, sometimes called amniotomy or "breaking of the waters," is one of the most commonly performed procedures in modern obstetric and midwifery practice. The primary aim of amniotomy is to speed up contractions and, therefore, shorten the length of labor. However, there are concerns regarding unintended adverse effects on the woman and infant. OBJECTIVES: To determine the effectiveness and safety of amniotomy alone for 1) routinely shortening all labors that start spontaneously and 2) shortening labors that have started spontaneously but have become prolonged. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group's Trials Register (March 30, 2007). SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomized controlled trials comparing amniotomy alone with intention to preserve the membranes. We excluded quasi-randomized trials. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two authors assessed identified studies for inclusion. Both authors extracted data. Primary analysis was by intention to treat. MAIN RESULTS: We have included 14 studies in this review, involving 4,893 women. There was no evidence of any statistical difference in length of first stage of labor (weighted mean difference –20.43 minutes, 95% confidence interval [CI] –95.93 to 55.06), maternal satisfaction with childbirth experience (standardized mean difference 0.27, 95% CI –0.49 to 1.04), or low Apgar score less than seven at 5 minutes (relative risk 0.55, 95% CI 0.29 to 1.05). Amniotomy was associated with an increased risk of cesarean delivery compared with women in the control group, although the difference was not statistically significant (RR 1.26, 95% CI 0.98 to 1.62). There was no consistency between papers regarding the timing of amniotomy during labor in terms of cervical dilatation. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: On the basis of the findings of this review, we cannot recommend that amniotomy be introduced routinely as part of standard labor management and care. We do recommend that the evidence presented in this review be made available to women offered an amniotomy and suggest that it may be useful as a foundation for discussion and any resulting decisions made between women and their caregivers. Smyth RMD, Alldred SK, Markham C. Amniotomy for shortening spontaneous labor. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2007, Issue 4. Art. No.: CD006167. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006167.pub2. Copyright The Cochrane Collaboration, reproduced with permission.


Our civil law is mainly introduced from the foreign country,so it is necessary for the civil law research to learn the foreign language and read the original text.The intellectual property research should be based on the civil law.Case-teaching and conceptteaching have their own strong points respectively.The existing legislation fully provides against the abuse of intellectual property.There is no priority between a real right and a creditor's right.The infringement is a kind of objective behaviour.The object of intellectual property is essentially a kind of information that can spread.


The monitoring and control of turning operations in a metal-cutting system are examined. Tool wear sensing and metal-removing rate control are considered from a systems-theory viewpoint. Tool decay features are described along with requirements for in-process sensing devices. An adaptive control system is proposed for automatic tool replacement based on wear measurement feedback.<<ETX>>


The invention relates to six new crystal forms of fenofibric acid and a preparation method thereof, concretely relates to fenofibric acid crystal forms A, B, C, D, E and F, a preparation method of the six crystal forms, and a pharmaceutical composition containing the six new crystal forms, and application of the six new crystal forms to prepare blood-fat-reducing medicines treating blood fat diseases. The six crystal forms are stable, easy to prepare and beneficial for manufacturing of a preparation.


During the last years, the world avocado trade is on the rise, however, approximately 20% of the production is rejected for low caliber. This avocado discarded by low caliber can be used in the elaboration of other products, to give it added value. The objective of this study was to determine the shelf life of Hass avocado oil, type of discard, obtained by: (a) Drying by stove/Soxhlet (b) Lyophilized/Expeller. For the physicochemical characterization of the oil, density, melting point, acidity index, refractive index, iodine index and peroxide index were determined. The induction time was carried out by the RANCIMAT method, for which three temperatures of 140 °C, 160 °C and 180 °C were used and the shelf life of the oil was obtained by extrapolation at 25 °C. The results indicate that there is a significant statistical difference in the physicochemical characteristics of both oils. The shelf life was for the oil obtained by drying stove/Soxhlet 5.94 years and for the oil obtained by freeze-dried/Expeller 4.41 years, since both oils had a high content of unsaturated fatty acids 16.98% and 17.12%, respectively. In conclusion, it is possible to reduce post-harvest losses by obtaining avocado oil with high nutritional and functional qualities.


It has always been a brain churning exercise for practising Power Engineers that how to get rid of problem of Magnetizing inrush current which causes pseudo tripping signal when a fresh Power transformer is required to put into service. In this paper, an attempt is made to put together all the developed techniques for Discrimination between Magnetizing Inrush and Internal Fault currents in protection of power transformers. This paper starts with conventional methods like 2 nd harmonic restraint and harmonic blocking under differential protection and proceeds to the DFT, WT, WPT and then most recent techniques using Artificial Neural Networks, Fuzzy logic, FuzzyNeuro techniques. The set of references of all concerned papers and a summary of the work presented by distinguished researchers is mentioned here using various tools as MATLAB, PSCAD, EMTDC.


Nitroso-R-salt is proposed as a sensitive spectrophotometric reagent for the determination of paracetamol in aqueous solution. The method is based on the reaction of paracetamol with iron(III) and subsequent reaction with nitroso-R-salt to yield a green colored complex with maximum absorption at 720 nm. Optimization of the experimental conditions was described. The calibration graph was linear in the concentration range of 0.1 – 2.0 μg mL -1 paracetamol with a molar absorptivity of 6.9 × 10 4 L mol -1 cm -1 . The method was successfully applied to the determination of paracetamol in pharmaceutical preparations without any interference from common excipients. The method has been statistically evaluated with British Pharmacopoeia method and no statistical difference between methods was found at the 95% confidence level.


Stamp collecting is one of the world's most popular hobbies. Many collectors limit their scope to particular countries or themes. For obvious reasons I chose to collect stamps related to ophthalmology. Searching for them and learning about their back story has been a pleasant way to discover parts of the heritage of ophthalmology. I will present photographs of a selection of my stamps introducing our forerunners, showing famous ophthalmologists, ophthalmologists who chose a different path and well‐known blind people, representing eye diseases and aids for blind, and commemorating important congresses.


QUESTION 6: WHAT FREQUENCY, DURATION AND INTENSITY IS IDEAL FOR CROSS TRAINING PROGRAMS FOR ATHLETES? Becker: High-level athletic performance is critically dependent upon fitness combined with motor skill performance. Repetitive training drives skill-specific performance so certainly the bulk of training needs to be performed in the environment that an athlete will compete in. But excessive repetitive activity can lead to injury, so a balance must be sought between training, over-training, and cross training. We have successfully used aquatic cross training in athletic activities that lead to frequent injury from overtraining, such as distance run training. During the later stages of training, we often had the athletes train in water for 3 of 6 days training, with the seventh for rest. In general, 2 or 3 days per week of cross training will see a significant positive effect. Typically we trained athletes at the same intensity that they would use for their normal training level. Often, this was achieved through Borg scale techniques, as in-water heart rate measurement is both difficult and may be inconsistent with land rates. We have found training durations of 50 to 90 minutes to be sufficient.


ABSTRACT Background Community health workers (CHWs) play a vital role in facilitating social connectedness, building trust, decrease stigma, and link communities to essential healthcare and social support services. More studies are needed to understand the factors facilitating these interactions among CHWs, clients, and community members. Objective This study examined the CHW role and relationships between CHWs, communities, and health facilities that promote trust, positive relationships, and social connectedness. Methods In 2016, the CHW program in Neno District, Malawi, was transitioned to a household-level assignment of CHWs to provide screening, linkage to care, and psychosocial and chronic disease support from a disease-based program. We employed an exploratory qualitative study with thematic analysis linked to Fredrickson's broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions through focus group discussions (FGDs) and in-depth interviews (IDIs) to understand the impact of the household assignment. We purposively sampled community stakeholders, CHWs, health service providers, and clients (total N = 180) from October 2018 through March 2020. All interviews were audiotaped, transcribed verbatim, translated, coded, and analyzed. Results Participants reported decreased stigma and discrimination with increased trust and confidence in CHWs with household-level assignment. Positive relationships between CHWs in their households, community members, and health facility staff fostered health knowledge, individual agency, and personal resources for the community members to access health services. Community members' personal resources of increased health knowledge, trust, gratitude, and social support improved social connectedness and subjective wellbeing. Areas to improve positive relationships include CHWs maintaining confidentiality and caring for pregnant women. Conclusion Our study findings demonstrate that by building solid relationships as a community chosen, well informed, and household-level workforce, CHWs can develop positive relationships with communities and the health-care facility staff through building knowledge, trust, gratitude, and hope. Further work is needed in maintaining CHW confidentiality and new ways to approach culturally sensitive health areas.


Would you eat bugs? In today's Creepy but Curious, Associate Professor Dr Nigel Andrew tells us about entomophagy or the practice of eating insects.


On February 27, 1991, President George H.W. Bush addressed the nation from the Oval Office and delivered the news that many Americans were anxiously awaiting. "Kuwait is liberated. Iraq's army is defeated. Our military objectives are met." This marked the end of the First Gulf War, a conflict between a US-led international coalition and Iraq. In the lead-up to the war, Iraq had invaded its oil-rich neighbor, Kuwait, in hopes of profiting from Kuwait's oil fields. This marked a gross violation of Kuwait's sovereignty and prompted the United States and its allies to embark on a military campaign to liberate Kuwait. After a month-long bombing offensive and four days of ground combat, the coalition successfully removed Iraqi forces from Kuwait. The coalition victory demonstrated the power of multilateralism and American military and diplomatic efforts. It reaffirmed the United States' commitment to state sovereignty and to maintaining a steady flow of affordable oil from the Middle East. However, the risks such a war poses to citizens and soldiers should prompt a close analysis of why the war happened and what can be done to prevent similar conflicts in the first place. To fully understand the causes of the Gulf War, one must consider it from the perspective of the enemy — the perspective of Saddam Hussein. Hussein made significant miscalculations in spite of his vigilant approach to policy formation. His chief biographers recount how he was a man of outstanding acumen who never rushed to make a decision before considering all his options and "taking all the necessary precautions." However, Hussein made two mistakes. He believed that the United States would not respond militarily to an invasion of Kuwait, and he trusted that Iraqi forces would triumph over the United States if war did erupt. To explain Hussein's miscalculation of the United States' position, one must look to the United States' failure both to develop a clear policy on Iraq and to communicate that an invasion of Kuwait would be met with military force. To explain Hussein's miscalculation of his own military strength, one must examine Hussein's lack of access to adequate advising and intelligence.


Glioblastoma (GBM) patients are treated with radiation therapy (RT), temozolomide, and corticosteroids which can affect hematologic and immunologic parameters. We examined lymphocytes, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and platelet measurements and their association with progression-free survival (PFS) overall survival (OS).

 We identified 759 newly diagnosed adult GBM patients treated at our institution in the temozolomide (TMZ) era with blood counts that could be automatically extracted from the electronic medical record during chemoradiation (CRT, defined as within 42 days of RT) and at first recurrence. Linear regression and Cox modeling were used to evaluate outcomes.

 Median age was 60.3 years; 87% had KPS ≥ 70, 37.5% had gross total resection, and 90% received TMZ. Prior to RT, 56.4% (375/665) patients had a lymphocyte measurement < 1.0 × 1000 cells [K]/μL. Within 42 days of CRT, 81.7% (536/656) had a lymphocyte measurement < 1.0 K/μL, 37.8% (248/656) < 0.5 K/μL. 10.7% (58/544) patients developed grade 2 or higher neutropenia, 9.1% (50/547) patients developed grade 2 or higher thrombocytopenia. On multivariable analysis (MVA), older age (AHR1.03, p< 0.001), unmethylated MGMT status (AHR2.56,p< 0.001), lower RT dose (<54Gy, AHR 3.45, p< 0.001), male sex (AHR1.45, p=0.02), non-gross total resection (AHR1.63, p< 0.001), lymphopenia during CRT (AHR0.63, p=0.008) and higher NLR during CRT (AHR1.02, p=0.001) were significantly associated with worse OS.
 Older age (AHR1.01, p=0.02), unmethylated MGMT status (AHR2.44, p< 0.001), lower RT dose (AHR1.82, p=0.02), higher NLR during CRT (AHR1.03, p < 0.001) were significantly associated with worse PFS on MVA. At first recurrence, median lymphocyte count was 0.7 K/μL with 74% (348/468) patients < 1.0 K/μL and 27% < 0.5 K/μL.

 Lymphopenia and higher neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio are associated with inferior outcomes. Persistent lymphopenia at time of first recurrence may have implications for clinical trial eligibility and immunotherapy approaches in recurrent GBM.


There are still many problems with choosing treatment products that do not match the needs of their skin and skin type. Some people follow what their friends do or what is popular now, and numerous people still try to figure out their skin problems and types without first talking to an expert. Using MS GLOW Makassar as a case study, this research was done based on a needs history.
The Naive Bayes method was used to make this system. The goal of designing a skincare selection expert system was to apply and use an expert system so that experts and non-experts could use it to choose skincare based on skin type.
Based on 30 costumer data that the system and experts have tested by applying Naive Bayes, the accuracy rate was 100%


Oregon Laws and amending the state constitution. The repealed sections, which had been adopted in 1903, were Section 1598, &dquo;Warrant to Enforce Judgment of Death&dquo;; Section 1599, &dquo;Death Sentence, How and Where Executed&dquo; ; and Section 1600, &dquo;Warrant Issued to Sheriff Where Action Commenced.&dquo; The amendment to the constitution became Section 36 of Article I, and read: &dquo;The death penalty shall not be inflicted upon any person under the laws of Oregon. The maximum punishment which may be inflicted shall be life imprisonment.&dquo; In his address to the legislature in 1915, Governor West said, &dquo;the old barbarous system of capital punishment has been abolished.&dquo; He proposed that pardons should be granted only upon the recommendation of the court in which the case originated.


The Nanodropper is the only FDA-listed, volume-reducing adaptor for eyedrop bottles designed to deliver precisely the amount of fluid the eye can absorb. Smaller drops reduce the waste and cost of in-clinic and Rx formulations while minimizing local and systemic side effects.


Most patients infected with HIV-1 develop AIDS unless they receive antiretroviral medication. However, a small number of HIV-infected individuals with high viral titers remain disease free and do not experience progressive immunosuppression, even in the absence of therapy. Such individuals are labeled long-term nonprogressors (LTNPs) and are characterized by a series of laboratory parameters that are usually compromised in HIV-1 carriers who ultimately develop AIDS. In particular, LTNPs possess a high frequency of peripheral CD4plus; T cells, as well as a low level of spontaneous apoptosis, correlating with a normal mitochondrial transmembrane potential (Δψm) among circulating T cells. It has long been assumed that, as an experimentum naturae, LTNPs might furnish valuable clues for the identification of molecular determinants of HIV-1 pathogenesis. A study by Badley and colleagues involving LTNPs, reported in this issue of the JCI (1), strongly suggests that viral protein R (Vpr) is a major HIV-1 virulence factor.


Objective To improve the recognition of nervous system symptoms of inborn errors.Methods Five patients with organic acidemias were screened by urine organic acid analysis(gas chromotography-mass spectrometry,GC/MS),3 cases of methylmalolic acidemias(MMA) and 2 cases of propionic acidemias(PA) were confirmed.They were treated with special diet and medicine after diagnosis.Result The improvement of mental development was observed after treatment.Conclusions Most of organic acidemias involve nervous systems,causing non-specific symptoms of nervous system as lethergy,seizures,mental retardation.Inborn errors of metabolism shall be kept in mind when causes of the symtoms of acidosis,seisures,mental retardation and lethergy are investigated.GC/MS is a very important method in diagnosis of organic acidemias.Early diagnosis and early treatment can improve the mental prognosis.


Bereavement through a friend or relative's drug or alcohol use is a devastating, challenging and often isolating experience. Despite many different circumstances, those bereaved through drugs or alcohol share many experiences. In this article Helen Lawton and James Gilbert share their stories of bereavement, and Fiona Turnbull's commentary draws out some common elements found in drug and alcohol related bereavement.


Pulmonary hypertension is being diagnosed in a growing number of older adults, but whether this trend is due to pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH;


Abstract : The paper covers the performances, knowledges, and skills demanded of the Infantry rifle squad leader to maintain an organized and effective fighting unit under campaign conditions and to set an example as a leader for his men. It covers personal hygiene and field sanitation; the maintenance of minimal fighting and existence loads; water supply and consumption; combat feeding and nutrition; sleep requirements and the effects of sleep loss; prevention of malaria; prevention and treatment of motion sickness; prevention and recognition of combat exhaustion; and maintenance of vigilance under fatigue and stress.


The management of the vegetation in the Oono and Ototsu River were examined using extended quasi 2D simulations. Firstly, the relation between the boundary mixing coefficients f and vegetation density in the Oono River is examined through comparison of numerical results between quasi 2D and 2D simulations. From the relation, a value of f is found to be 0.11 in the Oono River. And the effects of deforestation to the boundary mixing coefficient f were also examined. It showed that deforestation is not effected significantly on the value of f in the Oono River. Finally, management map of the vegetation in the Oono and Ototsu River was made using extended quasi 2D analysis.


THE use of radioactive chromium (51Cr) for labelling red cells, introduced by Gray and Sterling in 1950, has been developed by many workers into a convenient method for the estimation of red-cell survival. Although 51Cr emits a gamma-ray of low energy (0.32 Mev), and absorption by the tissues is high, it is possible to determine the distribution of the injected radioactivity by scanning the body surface with a sensitive scintillation counter. This opens up the attractive possibility of being able to determine the site of destruction of 51Cr-labelled red cells. Such a method of investigation is needed particularly in patients with certain types of haemolytic anaemia, since at present there are many cases in which the r81e of the spleen in red-cell destruction is uncertain and the response to splenectomy impossible to predict. It may be presumed that in those patients who do not show improvement after splenectoniy, red-cell destruction is occurring either intravascularly or at other sites, S U C ~ as the liver. If 51Cr remains for some time at the site of red-cell destruction, surface counting may indicate the relative r8les played by the liver and spleen. Jandl, Greenberg, Yonemoto and Castle (1956) state that the progressive accumulation of 51Cr in the spleen accompanying the disappearance of chromium-labelled red cells from the blood indicates active red-cell sequestration. Korst, Clatanoff and Schilling (1955) have stated that the amount of 51Cr deposited in the liver and spleen in haemolytic anaemias is variable and that patients who have higher radioactive counts over the spleen than over the liver improve after splenectomy. The present investigation, in which both normal subjects and subjects with various types of haemolytic anaemia were studied, provides further evidence for this concept. The part which the spleen plays in the normal physiological destruction of red cells has been under discussion for many years. Singer and Weisz (1945) studied red-cell survival in dogs before and after splenectomy and found it to be almost identical. Hayhoe and Whitby (1955), in a recent review of splenic function in man, stated that in normal circumstances the spleen is not an important organ of red-cell destruction. The present investigation shows that there is some accumulation of 51Cr in the spleen following the injection of 51Cr-labelled red cells in normal subjects. The significance of this finding will be discussed.


Petrochemicals play a vital role in the economy of any nation. The products of the industry are the building blocks in many industries as they deepen the forward and backward linkages of the petroleum sector with the rest of the economy. The industry uses a variety of hydrocarbon feedstock such as different cuts of naphtha from refinery and natural gas. One of the problems facing the industry is lack of reliable feedstock supplies. Nigeria has the potential to be a major petrochemicals producer. With proven gas reserves currently estimated at 187 tcf, not much has been accomplished with respect to the effective exploitation and utilization of this resource as most of the nation's natural gas production has been flared, liquefied for export or re-injected to enhance greater crude oil recovery. It has become imperative to further find ways to exploit and utilize the nation's natural gas reserves and translate it to the improvement of the nation's economy. Steam reforming of natural gas is one of the avenues for conversion of natural gas to petrochemicals. This paper, however, reviews various ways of utilizing natural gas, examines the process details of steam reforming of natural gas as a route to optimized natural gas utilization and industrialization in Nigeria. Syngas (synthesis gas) is a versatile feedstock for most petrochemicals and chemical intermediates. Thus utilizing natural gas in this way would strengthen the petrochemical industry making it possible for the country to change from raw materials to value-added products supplier, boost the economy and solve the "hydra-headed" problem of unemployment in Nigeria with its multiplier employment effect.


Objectives In this paper, we present an efficient method to visualize computed tomography (CT) datasets using ambient occlusion, which is a global illumination technique that adds depth cues to the output image. We can change the transfer function (TF) for volume rendering and generate output images in real time. Methods In preprocessing, the mean and standard deviation of each local vicinity are calculated. During rendering, the ambient light intensity is calculated. The calculation is accelerated on the assumption that the CT value of the local vicinity of each point follows the normal distribution. We approximate complex TF forms with a smaller number of connected line segments to achieve additional acceleration. Ambient occlusion is combined with the existing local illumination technique to produce images with depth in real time. Results We tested the proposed method on various CT datasets using hand-drawn TFs. The proposed method enabled real-time rendering that was approximately 40 times faster than the previous method. As a result of comparing the output image quality with that of the conventional method, the average signal-to-noise ratio was approximately 40 dB, and the image quality did not significantly deteriorate. Conclusions When rendering CT images with various TFs, the proposed method generated depth-sensing images in real time.


The paper considers design of the liquid-propellant rocket engine combustion chamber. Artificial roughness application area in the chamber shells is shown, and the existing methods to obtain artificial roughness in the rocket propulsion engineering are analyzed. The paper presents advantages and disadvantages of the existing technologies used in mechanical engineering for surface treatment of products being a part of the liquid-propellant rocket engine combustion chamber. Promising methods for obtaining artificial roughness on the rocket engine parts surfaces are demonstrated. Progressive means of technological equipment are considered to obtain artificial roughness by the mechanical machining on the surfaces of those parts that ensure integrity of the surface layer of the critical structural elements in the liquid-propellant rocket engines. The results obtained make it possible to significantly expand the production technological capabilities, as well as to seriously improve technical characteristics of the special equipment products in the aerospace and space industries.


This dissertation deals with the period bridging the era of extreme housing shortages in Stockholm on the eve of industrialisation and the much admired programmes of housing provision that followed ...


An experiment was conducted to evaluate the drip Irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer on Peanut in Astaneh Ashrafiyeh, North of Iran. A randomized complete block design was used to incorporate split-plot combinations of four levels irrigation management and nitrogen fertilizer. Irrigation was as main-plot factor which consisted of four levels of dry farming, different level irrigation consisting of 60, 80 and 100 percentage of different level of water requirement (I1, I2, I3 and I4 respectively). Sub-plot factor was nitrogen fertilizer in four levels 0, 30, 60 and 90 kg/ha (abbreviated as N1, N2, N3 and N4) with three replications in agricultural year of 2013. The results showed that seed yield values of four levels of dry farming, different level irrigation consisting of 60, 80 and100 percentage of different level of water requirement was 858.8, 1543, 1780.3 and 1877.5 kg/ha. Furthermore, the use of 60 kg/ha nitrogen fertilizer resulted in the highest seed yields amounting to 2012.2 kg/ha. Results obtained in this study suggested irrigation management consisting of 80 percentage of different level of water requirement and 60 kg/ha nitrogen fertilizer as the most suitable fertilizer management for peanuts grown under the region's conditions.


Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) has become one of the great pillars of cardiac imaging. Modern CMR, as we now practise it, is the result of an enormous method and application development effort that occurred over the past 25 years and has taken CMR from its humble beginnings of anatomical T1- and T2-weighted imaging to the extremely versatile, accurate, and robust technique it is now. The main developments over this time, building on the anatomical imaging, were the establishment of cine imaging for assessment of cardiac function, first-pass perfusion imaging for measurement of perfusion reserve, as well as myocardial blood flow (in millilitre per minute and gram), late gadolinium enhancement for imaging of scar and patchy fibrosis, and two-dimensional flow velocity imaging for the assessment of valve and shunt lesions. This chapter aims to address the question of what the game changers for CMR are in the next 10-20 years.


Large meridional excursions of a jet stream are conducive to blocking and related midlatitude weather extremes, yet the physical mechanism of jet meandering is not well understood. This paper examines the mechanisms of jet meandering in boreal winter through the lens of a potential vorticity (PV)-like tracer advected by reanalysis winds in an advection-diffusion model. As the geometric structure of the tracer displays a compact relationship with PV in observations and permits a linear mapping from tracer to PV at each latitude, jet meandering can be understood by the geometric structure of tracer field that is only a function of prescribed advecting velocities. This one-way dependence of tracer field on advecting velocities provides a new modeling framework to quantify the effects of time mean flow versus transient eddies on the spatiotemporal variability of jet meandering. It is shown that the mapped tracer wave activity resembles the observed spatial pattern and magnitude of PV wave activity for the winter climatology, interannual variability, and blocking-like wave events. The anomalous increase in tracer wave activity for the composite over interannual variability or blocking-like wave events is attributed to weakened composite mean winds, indicating that the low-frequency winds are the leading factor for the overall distributions of wave activity. It is also found that the tracer model underestimates extreme wave activity, likely due to the lack of feedback mechanisms. The implications for the mechanisms of jet meandering in a changing climate are also discussed.


Objective To observe the distribution of ACE Gene I/D polymorphism and its relationship with TCM syndromes of primary hypertension.Methods 472 cases of primary hypertension were surveyed with clinical questionnaire,registration form and syndrome quantified grading form,and then classified into asymptomatic syndrome,liver-fire hyperactivity syndrome,yin-deficiency and yang-hyperactivity syndrome,sputum-dampness retention syndrome,yin-yang deficiency syndrome,and uncertain syndrome.Six mililiter fasting blood was drawn from the patients and leukocytes were isolated,from which DNA was extracted with chloroform-phenol method,ACE I/D genotyping was examined with PCR method and gel electrophoresis method.Results There was no difference in genotyping among different TCM syndromes.However,DD genotype and D allele were less frequent in liver-fire hyperactivity syndrome and sputum-dampness retention syndrome.When we combined the two syndromes and compared it with other syndromes,there was a significant difference in the frequency of DD genotype and D allele(P0.01).Conclusion The distribution of ACE Gene I/D polymorphism is correlative with TCM syndromes of primary hypertension.


The cockpit and orbiting vehicle simulator stations are fully modular in constructiop to facilitate changes in configuration. Thus, comparative studies for human engineering projects can be made, and the ability to simulate many different vehicles is provided. Additional flexibility is provided in the manned orbiting vehicle simulator in that the three crew stations can be operated separately for simultaneous part-task-studies. The visual display system for the orbiting vehicle simulator is comprised of a real-image projection system for nearby objects and a star-ball projector for the display of the star field.


Recent research (e.g., Evans & Over, 2004) has provided support for the hypothesis that people evaluate the probability of conditional statements of the form if p then q as the conditional probability of q given p, P(q/p). The present paper extends this approach to pragmatic conditionals in the form of inducements (i.e., promises and threats) and advice (i.e., tips and warnings). In so doing, we demonstrate a distinction between the truth status of these conditionals and their effectiveness as speech acts. Specifically, while probability judgements of the truth of conditional inducements and advice are highly correlated with estimates of P(q/p), their perceived effectiveness in changing behaviour instead varies as a function of the conditional probability of q given not-p, P(q/∼p). Finally, we show that the conditional probability approach can be extended to predicting inference rates on a conditional reasoning task.


Supercompaction of solid low-level radioactive waste is now an established waste minimization technique. AEA Technology have been operating a mobile supercompactor in the UK since 1989 at Winfrith Technology Centre and have processed in excess of 30000 waste drums. This service has been provided to a number of producers of low-level waste, and has been demonstrated as a valid and cost-effective option.


The kinetics of precipitation in Al–0.6Mg–0.9Si–0.2Cu (mass fraction, %) alloy under different conditions was investigated by differential scanning calorimetric analyses (DSC) and micro-hardness measurements. The results show that, an exothermic peak at about 100—150 (cid:3) can be observed in the DSC curve for the nature aged (T4) alloy, but no peak for the pre–aged (T4P) alloy, and the peak corresponding with β ′′ phase moves toward the low temperature zone for T4P alloy. The fraction of transformation Y , the rate of transformation d Y /d T , and the kinetic parameters such as activation energy Q and frequency factor k 0 for GP zones dissolution and β ′′ phase transformation were calculated by Avrami–Johnson–Mehl equation. The values of activation energy for GP zones dissolution after natural aging and pre–aging were 66 and 119 kJ/mol, respectively, and the values for β ′′ phase formation after natural aging and pre–aging were 114 and 60 kJ/mol, respectively. The kinetics Y β ′′ =1 − exp[ − 2 . 9 × 10 11 t 2 exp( − 14392 /T )]. In addition, with the increasing of aging time, the whole trend of hardness changing for pre–aged alloy is increasing at first, and then keeps constant basically, but for the nature aged alloy, the hardness decreases after aging at 185 (cid:3) for 20 min, which was explained by the kinetics obtained above.


The necessity of a new treatment for the liquid fraction of swine manure makes the anaerobic digestion process in Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR) to be raised as a good alternative. It is a reactor that works by cycles and it allows to retain a big concentration of active biomass inside, which allows to erase a high percentage of the organic matter even though its concentration is low, thanks to the retention of the active biomass that is kept in its inside. In this project, an experimental setup of a reactor AnSBR in a laboratory and its subsequent treatment of the liquid fraction of the swine manure at 37oC using a control system with LabView to automate the process according to the speed of production of the biogas has been realized. An inoculate has been used with SAO identified bacteria, which look interesting because they are capable to produce biogas at high concentration of ammonia of slurry. The set-up of the system has been taken out successfully and the equipment provided were the necessary. Although, the sealing of the reactor has not been fully completed despite of the long tests performed and the use of Teflon and the O-rings. The main issue has been caused by the upper cap of the reactor, which due to its big diameter is prone to infiltrations. Because of this, it is recommended the use of commercial glass stoppers, which can be completely adapted to the head of the reactor. Due to the short time disposed after the performance of the experimental assemblage, only two cycles of the reactor have been done. The first one last 38 days and the second one, 51. No clear results have been obtained because the treated material had been stored for a long time since its creation and, therefore, the major part of the organic matter had probably been degraded due to the high biodegradability that the pig dejections show. The ammoniacal nitrogen content of the substratum was also inferior than expected, so during the follow of the second cycle concentrations remained between 0,886 and 1,046 g N-NH4+/I , a third part of the usual concentration according to the bibliography. This prevented to check the capacity of the microorganisms SAO. To simulate fresher slurry, glucose has been added as a source of organic matter to the substrate of the second cycle, which causes a high velocity of production of the biogas very higher to the one of the first cycle. However, this one could not be measured due to its lack of sealed. Addition of glucose also impacted on the reduction of the solids and the organic matter of the slurry, which has been incremented. This fact, probably, is due to the release of extracellular enzymes because of the higher taxes of growth that provides the availability of organic matter that is accessible and in a soluble state. To the biogas that was obtained of methane of 95%, while the highest results found in the bibliography were close to 80%. To this result is attributed the probable contamination of the storage bag which was reused. Therefore, the storage gas for its subsequent analysis has to be the focus of attention for the future projects. To sum up, the process has been maintained stable because no important variations of the pH were observed, which remained all 89 days close to 8, typical pH of the slurries. The volatile fats acids reached to a concentration of 3.293 mg/l during the second cycle, a number slightly above the inhibitory limit. Although, no alterations of the velocity of production of biogas related to this increase were observed.


The Benaloh public key cryptosystem is an asymmetric cryptosystem with the property of homomorphic encryption scheme. This study explains how to use Benaloh public key cryptosystem to encrypt a simple text. To increase the clarity of the computation, some intermediate variables which are not available in the original Benaloh cryptosystem have been used. The Benaloh algorithm has been implemented in Python programming language version 2.7.15.


An innovative process was studied for the destruction of 2,4‐dichlorophenol in water. The immiscible fluorinated solvent, inert and highly ozone soluble, was used as the solvent in the extraction‐ozonation system. Taguchi methods were applied in the design of experiments to identify the significant factors and establish the optimal combination of process parameters. The result indicate that this statistical technique can provide an extremely effective structured approach.


Engineering of mammalian production cell lines to improve titer and quality of biopharmaceuticals is a top priority of the biopharmaceutical manufacturing industry providing protein therapeutics to patients worldwide. While many engineering strategies have been successful in the past decade they were often based on the over‐expression of a single transgene and therefore limited to addressing a single bottleneck in the cell's production capacity. We provide evidence that ectopic expression of the global metabolic sensor and processing protein mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), simultaneously improves key bioprocess‐relevant characteristics of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell‐derived production cell lines such as cell growth (increased cell size and protein content), proliferation (increased cell‐cycle progression), viability (decreased apoptosis), robustness (decreased sensitivity to sub‐optimal growth factor and oxygen supplies) and specific productivity of secreted human glycoproteins. Cultivation of mTOR‐transgenic CHO‐derived cell lines engineered for secretion of a therapeutic IgG resulted in antibody titers of up to 50 pg/cell/day, which represents a four‐fold increase compared to the parental production cell line. mTOR‐based engineering of mammalian production cell lines may therefore have a promising future in biopharmaceutical manufacturing of human therapeutic proteins. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2011; 108:853–866. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.


Data were taken from a 1974-75 survey of female employment and the small family ideal in Surulere, Ebute-Metta and Yaba in Lagos, Nigeria, to critically examine the duration of residence as a correlate of fertility behavior. It was taken into account that migrants and nonmigrants may have other attributes that may affect their fertility levels other than migrant status. Thus, education and age were controlled for in the cross tabulation of duration of residence with fertility of mothers with different migrant statuses. In a multivariate analysis, in addition to education and age, factors also controlled for were husband's education and income, age at 1st marriage, migration, and employment status. The data had been collected via a probability random sampling of women currently married in the 15-49 age group. The total sample for this study was 1801 respondents; only mothers with at least 1 child were included. The comparison for nonmigrants by varying duration of residence in Lagos was not possible, but for migrants from both Western and Eastern states fertility of recent migrants was considerably lower than that of migrants with longer length of residence in Lagos as well as for that of nonmigrants and 2nd or more generation migrants. The expected high fertility of recent migrants, which should decline gradually as the duration of residence increases according to the principle of assimilation process, was found. In fact, the fertility of migrants from both the Western and Eastern states whose duration of residence had been 25 or more years was the highest. The fertility of the 2nd or more generation migrants assumed that of the native born. The examination of correlates of fertility through the ordinary least square regression showed that the inverse relationship of education of fertility becomes operational only with secondary education or more. The pattern was the same when husband's education was examined. The assumption that fertility increases as one moves further away from the primate city located along the coast was confirmed. Women in employee status had lower fertility than women who were self-employed, but full-time housewives also had lower fertility than those who were self-employed. In contrast to the findings in more developed economies in which education correlates with income and this in turn correlates inversely with fertility, the findings confirmed that income was positively related to fertility. The implication of the findings is that migrants, in terms of reproductive behavior, still retain ties with their places of origin irrespective of the duration of residence in their place of destination.


The design data model for corresponding 110 kV steel pipe pole transmission line in urban power grid was established, and the span problem of effect on construction cost of 110 kV steel pipe pole transmission line was analyzed emphatically. Through carrying out the analysis of economy for every index, the reasonable economic horizontal span was found out to control construction cost.


mouth and falls into the capsule with its inner bowlshaped surface uppermost and therein resting amongst the spores. In the laboratory, gentle touching of these capsules or gentle blowing sends the operculum sliding around within the capsule ejecting spores in the process (Figure 3). We therefore envisage that, in the natural environment the spores, are dispersed by wind moving the opercula within dried-out capsules. This spore dispersal strategy will be optimal in open habitats where Goniomitrium grows. The spore dispersal mechanism in Goniomitrium involving movements of the operculum within dehisced capsules is very different from those in all other mosses. In the vast majority of taxa the spores are wind dispersed following direct passive liberation into the atmosphere after capsule dehiscence (Glime, 2014). The most notable exceptions to this pattern include (1) Sphagnum where explosive spore discharge is the result of a combination of differential shrinkage of the capsule walls and the build up of pressure within the maturing sporophytes (Duckett et al., 2009; Sundberg, 2010; Whitaker & Edwards, 2010) and (2) approximately half the species within the Splachnaceae which are entomophilous and coprophilous with sticky spores that attract insect vectors via odours and colours (Marino et al., 2009; Glime, 2014). It would seem a reasonable assumption that operculum-based spore dispersal may not be unique to Goniomitrium as several genera of xeric environments are also gymnostomous and have erect globose capsules with wide mouths and a smaller, convex, opercula on very short setae plus large textured spores. A prime candidate inviting further investigation is Gigaspermum.