Aim Human resistin is an adipokine, with a possible link to coronary heart disease, and the relationship between serum resistin, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) remains controversial. Therefore, this study assessed serum resistin in patients with acute ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), with and without T2DM. Methods Between June 2009 and July 2010, 55 subjects were recruited into three groups: 20 non-diabetic patients with acute STEMI (group 1), 20 diabetic patients with acute STEMI (group 2), and 15 healthy controls (group 3). Concentrations of serum lipids, fasting blood glucose (FBG), insulin, troponin I, creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and resistin, were estimated. Results Concentrations of serum total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, FBG, troponin I, CK, LDH, and resistin were significantly higher in group 2 subjects, than in those in groups 1 and 3 (p<0.05). In group 2, serum resistin was positively correlated with serum troponin I and triglycerides (r=0.59, p<0.05, and r=0.47, p<0.05, respectively), but was negatively correlated with high density lipoprotein cholesterol (r=−0.46, p<0.05). However, in this group, serum resistin was not correlated with age, gender, body mass index (BMI), total cholesterol, FBG, insulin, CK, LDH, and the calculated homeostasis model for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) (p>0.05). Regarding group 1, serum resistin was not correlated to any of these studied parameters (p>0.05). Conclusions Serum resistin concentrations are elevated in patients with acute STEMI. This increase is more prominent in patients with T2DM than in those without. However, serum resistin is not correlated with age, gender, BMI, and insulin resistance. These data suggest that serum resistin concentration might be used as a diagnostic biomarker for acute STEMI.


Summary This abstract reports on the insights gained from numerical simulations which have been used to place constraints on the nature of critical geological processes responsible for sediment-hosted base metal mineralisation in the southern McArthur Basin, Australia. The study was undertaken as part of a multidisciplinary study which also included the interpretation of new and existing geophysical datasets; detailed sedimentological and stratigraphic analysis; petrography; geochemistry; and the basin-scale numerical modelling of fluid flow described here. The integration of information from this multidisciplinary study has been used to refine and constrain these coupled 3D deformation – heat transport – fluid flow simulations to determine 1) the relative effects of deformation and heat transport (convection) in driving fluid flow, 2) how extensional versus contractional deformation effects fluid flow direction within faults and 3) conditions conducive for syngenetic vs diagenetic mineralisation. Numerical models suggest that the convective flow (and potential mineralisation) would have continued during extensional deformation, unless the deformation occurred at an extremely high strain rate, while contractional deformation would have enhanced the upward convective flow. These results indicate that it is not necessary to invoke inversion to explain upward flow of mineralising fluids in this system, although an inversion event may have enhanced mineralisation in areas of convective upwelling. Geochemistry and petrography support a diagenetic origin for the mineralisation, implying low permeability at the top of the Emu Fault which is consistent with stratigraphic and sedimentological analysis of the Barney Creek Formation. Numerical modelling confirms that such a permeability scenario would result in upwelling fluids being diverted out of the Emu Fault into the Barney Creek Formation.


Method for galvanochemical purifi cation of thiocyanate-containing wastewater, with hydrogen peroxide as oxidizing agent, was suggested. The optimal conditions were found and kinetic parameters of the process were calculated. DOI: 10.1134/S1070427210110108 One of sources from which thiocyanates come into wastewater and return water are gold-recovery plants using cyanide solutions for hydrometallurgical extraction of gold from ore slurries or fl otation concentrates [1–4]. Thiocyanates are formed in reactions of cyanides with sulfi des present in water in processing of refractory ores. Thiocyanates are no less toxic than cyanides, with their maximum permissible concentration (MPC) being 0.1 mg l–1 [5]. In addition, presence of thiocyanates in return water adversely affects basic processes employed in recovery of noble metals. Therefore, purifi cation of thiocyanate-containing wastewater or return water is a topical task. Thiocyanate-containing wastewater and return water are frequently purifi ed using biological, chemical, physicochemical, and combined methods [1, 4, 6–8]. It is noteworthy that advanced oxidation processes based on oxidative destruction reactions initiated by hydroxy radicals, which are being intensively developed, are best studied for neutralization of bioresistant pollutants of organic nature [9–11]. To promising combined methods can also be attributed the galvanocoagulation technique for wastewater purifi cation with hydrogen peroxide, named galvanochemical in what follows. The method employs the effect of formation of a multitude of shortcircuited cells that appear as water being treated and air are passed through an active charge. Fe–Cu, Fe–C (coke), Mn–C, and Al–C are most frequently used as charge components [12–14]. The method is rather resource-saving and is characterized by low specifi c energy expenditure because the process occurs when charge components come in contact with a solution being processed in the absence of an external current source. Few reports are known, devoted to galvanochemical purifi cation of wastewater containing various organic impurities (phenols, chlorophenols, dyes) [15–17]. Our study is concerned with fundamental aspects of the galvanochemical oxidation (GCO) of thiocyanatecontaining solutions.


The advancement of technology favors the creation of intelligent machines capable of executing complex tasks. Automated machines that can be teleoperated or autonomous open up a vast pool of possibilities, among which substituting humans in some instances where their safety is endangered, which is one of the significant advantages. Having the ability to substitute humans sets some requirements like object manipulation, mobility, and intelligence. Various mechanisms are employed to provide mobility to the machines considering the mobility aspect. The most common mobile robots are quadruped robots because of their advantages. Over the years, many ideas have been proposed for quadruped robot designs to address specific problems. An improvement of quadruped robots is hybrid wheel-legged robots, on which researches are still ongoing-this paper attempt to address the robots' mobility problem with a mecanum wheel-legged robot design proposal. The paper discusses the design concerning three aspects: mechanical, electronic, and software. The targeted goal is to provide a robot platform that can be used to conduct research on wheel-legged robot mobility.


The significance of reform in grain cu rrency is discussed in this paper.The main contents and attainment and pr ob-lems are analyzed about the market op eration of grain currency in Jiangsu province.The countermeasure of fur ther inform in grain currency is approach ed.


In every state, assuring access to health care and a medical home is a core component of the Early Childhood Comprehensive System (ECCS) initiative. Medicaid finances health, mental health, and developmental services for approximately one-third of U.S. children under age 6. This Project THRIVE Short Take discusses the importance of Medicaid's child health benefit—the Early and Periodic Screening, Diagnosis, and Treatment (EPSDT) program. EPSDT is in essence the child health benefit plan for Medicaid. (See box on page 6 for federal guidance regarding the EPSDT child health benefit under Medicaid.) Short Take 2 reviews research about the role of EPSDT in improving early childhood health and development and opportunities for ECCS leaders to use EPSDT in collaborative efforts to improve child health.


Nowadays usage of cloud computing is increasing in popularity and this raises new data protection challenges. In such distributed systems it is unrealistic to assume that the servers are fully trusted in enforcing the access policies. Attribute Based Encryption (ABE) is one of the solutions proposed to tackle these trust problems. In ABE the data is encrypted using the access policy and authorized users can decrypt the data only using a secret key that is associated with their attributes. The secret key is generated by a Key Generation Authority (KGA), which in small systems can be constantly audited, therefore fully trusted. In contrast, in large and distrusted systems, trusting the KGAs is questionable. This paper presents a solution which increases the trust in ABE KGAs. The solution uses several KGAs which issue secret keys only for a limited number of users. One KGA issues a secret key associated with user's attributes and the other authorities issue independently secret keys associated with generalized values of user's attributes. Decryption is possible only if the secret keys associated with the non-generalized and generalized attributes are consistent. This mitigates the risk of unauthorized data disclosure when a couple of authorities are compromised.


This paper aims to explore the relationship between perceived satisfaction and loyalty of Spanish arts participants. Evidence suggests that customer satisfaction plays a key role in an organization's ability to maintain a relationship with its customers. We examined the link between satisfaction and loyalty within a theoretical framework based on an empirical study in which data from more than 14,000 respondents were obtained. This data allowed us to evaluate the arts consumer from an attitudinal and behavioral perspective looking at their interests, satisfaction level, frequency of attendance, and compare it using the participant's education level. A descriptive statistical analysis using ANOVA (analysis of variance), correlation, partial correlation, and multiple regression provided evidence that, in the context of experiencing an arts show, satisfaction does not have any impact on loyalty but education level plays a significant role in people's interest and loyalty.


Challenging the field of educational administration to take an activist and prosocial justice stance, this article introduces the special issue. Some professors and preparation programs are inadequately attuned to equity concerns. Standards and testing for administrator licensure touch only the surface of cultural diversity, equity, and democracy. Disproportionally small percentages of administrators are women and minorities. Still, with the high turnover of administrators and with the work of scholars in Leadership for Social Justice, the time for transforming the field is now.


The expenses for attracting new customers are much higher compared to the ones needed to maintain old customers due to the increasing competition and business saturation. So customer retention is one of the leading factors in companies' marketing. Customer retention requires a churn management, and an effective management requires an exact and effective model for churn prediction. A variety of techniques and methodologies have been used for churn prediction, such as logistic regression, neural networks, genetic algorithm, decision tree etc.. In this article, a hybrid method is presented that predicts customers churn more accurately, using data fusion and feature extraction techniques. After data preparation and feature selection, two algorithms, LOLIMOT and C5.0, were trained with different size of features and performed on test data. Then the outputs of the individual classifiers were combined with weighted voting. The results of applying this method on real data of a telecommunication company proved the effectiveness of the method.


Starting from cryptography,intellectual property rights and related standards,his paper introduces the development of commercial code infrastructure in our country,and stats a few major problems that exist in the applications of commercial code.Further discusses the meaning and necessity to establish a well commercial code infrastructure and carries on the elaboration to the trend of commercial code infrastructure's development in view of the present situation and the problems.


Antenna arrays with space-time adaptive processing (STAP) are commonly utilized to allow the reception of signals in harsh interference environments. The primary applications of STAP have been radar and communications systems, where the STAP weights are optimized for output signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR); however, there is increasing demand for STAP in time-of-arrival (TOA) estimation applications, such as global navigation satellite system (GNSS) receivers. It is understood that TOA estimation performance is primarily dependent on receiver postcorrelation carrier-to-noise ratio (C/N0). In this study, the distinction between SINR and C/N0 is established, and a performance analysis of the common STAP algorithms is performed in the presence of interference. It is demonstrated that output SINR is an inadequate indication of GNSS receiver C/N0 performance. As a result, caution should be used when measuring the relative performance of different STAP algorithms in GNSS applications. Consequently, the present work develops a novel STAP algorithm which maximizes C/N0. Additionally, the performance of common STAP algorithms is analyzed in the context of this performance bound, and it is demonstrated that, in many cases, their performance is near optimal.


Background: Autoimmune encephalitis (AE) is a recently described entity that presents with seizures, neuropsychiatric manifestations, and movement disorders. This observational chart review of AE aims to assess the burden of AE and related disorders at two Vancouver academic medical centers. Methods: All patients with Mitogen Laboratory AE antibody testing in 2018 were identified. Electronic hospital records were used to determine patient characteristics. Results: 1266 unique tests were ordered on 315 inpatients and outpatients. Of 37/315 (11.7%) seropositive patients, 26/37 (70.2%) patients had clinical data. Seropositive results included autoantibodies to NMDA (n=3), LG1 (n=2), CASPR2 (n=1) and paraneoplastic autoantibodies included GAD65 (n=2), PNMA2 (n=5), recoverin (n=3). There were four AE cases in 14 seronegative patients based on discharge diagnosis. 15/30 of patients had seizures and three developed status epilepticus. 15 had neuropsychiatric manifestations. 14 had a movement disorder. For inpatients, average length of stay was 24.3 days and there were 5 intensive care unit (ICU) admissions. Immunotherapies used included corticosteroids, PLEX, rituximab, IVIg, and cyclophosphamide. Conclusions: In two hospitals serving approximately two million people in 2018, there were 30 cases of AE in 2018. AE presents with a broad range of neurologic symptoms and seronegative testing does not preclude AE.


Stroke has enormous direct cost for the healthcare system and the society; in addition, it reduces quality of life and functional capacity. Therefore, the incorporation of economic analysis to clinical trials assessing different methods aiming to improve stroke-related outcomes appears very appropriate. The present study includes 310 patients randomized to each treatment arm and followed for one year. The author's extrapolated one year data to cost per life year saved done using regression and imputation analysis [1]. They reported on the economic outcomes of patients randomized to either a carotid stent implantation or carotid endarterectomy surgery as part of a previously published trial [2] of high risk patients, which can be identified based on clinical or anatomic criteria [3]. The authors report that stent patients had higher initial procedure costs that were nearly offset by shorter length of stay in this group versus endarterectomy surgery. Neither follow-up costs after discharge nor total one-year costs differed significantly. Stroke or myocardial infarction (MI) may not be the only reason for prolonged length of stay; cranial nerve palsy after surgical exploration as well as persistent hypotension due to baroreceptor stimulation [4] may occur after any type of procedure [5]. As patients randomly assigned to carotid stent had better clinical outcomes at one-year, the authors projected that this approach would improve life expectancy by 0.51 quality-adjusted-life-years (QALYs) compared to surgery. Ultimately, the authors project a lifetime costeffectiveness ratio of $6,555/QALY for patients undergoing stent compared with endarterectomy. The results appear more favorable for the stent approach within the symptomatic patient subgroup, while the difference is narrower (still concordant) in asymptomatic patients. First, the study raises some important questions on extrapolation of the one year data; there is no clear description of the method used to project lifetime costs. Projections of life expectancy are central to the lifetime cost-effectiveness estimate. The authors analyzed data from a Canadian Health System Database for this purpose. These life expectancy estimates were based on data from 31,006 patients hospitalized between 1990 and 1995 with a history of stroke or peripheral arterial disease in Saskatchewan. With respect to the United States, a different standard of care may exist, including variability in intensity of secondary prevention as well as in the way outcome measures are defined. For instance, the authors estimate nonfatal MI reduces life expectancy by 4.37 to 5.12 years, whereas shorter estimates have been proposed from other databases. The Saskatchewan Health database had a limited number of patients who experienced both a major stroke and an MI, and patients who experienced both events during the trial were assigned the shorter of the two life expectancies. One must question the appropriateness of assigning the lesser of the two life expectancies, the effect on the unaccounted outcome for the patient. Regardless of the limitations included in the article itself, the present study is an ambitious attempt to initiate a cost effectiveness discussion in relation to a complex medical decision on treatment strategy selection. In general, a cost-effectiveness analysis is mainly driven by mortality differences. Carotid trials have produced no result to this end thus far. Next, the cost and quality of life implications of the secondary endpoints are considered. These include stroke and MI, albeit not in a strict hierarchy. In addition, other adverse events such as cranial nerve palsy, wound infections, or even rare contrast media reactions [6], should also be considered in a dedicated quality of life and costeffectiveness analysis. These clinical problems inherently limit any economic analysis. On the other hand, the fact that repeat procedures are very rare after either type of carotid revascularization after long-term follow-up [7] facilitates an economic analysis since this would be mainly driven by the in-hospital and 30-day events. Factors that should be considered for more complete event evaluation with respect to future quality of life and cost-effectiveness assessment include: (a) how disabling was the stroke, (b) how large was the MI, (c) in


Early type galaxies, in general, appear to be more symmetric than late type galaxies. There have been attempts to quantify this trend into an asymmetry param...


The invention relates to the field of railway foundation building, in particular to a box girder wet joint formwork construction method under the space limitation condition. A formwork installation method includes the steps that the two ends of a to-be-installed formwork located on the side of an operation line railway are lifted through flexible ropes in a hanging mode, the formwork is lifted and moved, installation fixation is carried out after the formwork runs to the position, between adjacent girder bodies, above a contact cable, the upper plate face of the formwork is respectively attached to the bottom faces of the two adjacent girder bodies, after the formwork is installed, circumferential reinforcements at the wet joint portion are tied, and wet joint concrete is poured. A formwork demounting method includes the steps that after the concrete pouring is finished, one end of the formwork is lifted by the flexible ropes, the formwork is transferred to a lower level to enable the formwork to rotate around the end, lifted by the flexible ropes, of the formwork until the formwork is in the vertical state, and then the whole formwork is transferred to the lower level to be dismounted. By means of the box girder wet joint formwork construction method, interference between the formwork and the electrified railway contact cable when the formwork is installed and demounted can be effectively avoided, and interference in the operation line railway can be avoided.


IAIN Ar-Raniry is an educational institute that carries on both knowledge and Islamic missions. Both aspects are gauge to measure the development of knowledge performed by the institute. Islamic scholar ethic is another measurement for academic commitment on religious values. For that, the development of knowledge at the institute can be gauged from the productivity of the academic, a side of the quality. While the commitment to preserve and to implement the Islamic ethics, can be witness from the originality of their works. To the best of writer"s observation, the level of productivity seems relatively under expectation, while the ethic on the other hand, is seemingly preserved by academic of the Institute. Kata Kunci: IAIN Ar-Raniry, akademisi, karya ilmiah dosen


Many biological objects are elongated. This research addresses the issue of recognizing elongated objects from both 2D intensity images and 3D volumes. A mathematical model, called tube model, is developed for this class of objects and is effectively utilized in two stages of recognition. The explicit relationships between geometrical surface features and the object model parameters are quantitatively exploited to automatically locate seeds for recognition. Invariant surface features are used to constrain or hypothesize the objects of interest. The verification of a hypothesis is performed by correlating a matched filter, dynamically generated based on the hypothesis, with the sensor data. The tubes identified in such a local recognition process serve as the seeds from which the global recognition process is initiated. Each seed is swept along the trajectory where the best-fit is found. A smooth sweep is controlled by a set of adaptive constraints computed dynamically from an on-line sweeping history. We apply the proposed method to real world data from different application domains. Experimental results are presented and discussed.


The measurements problems of polarization parameters of various materials are presented. Detail description of a device designed for polarizatory measurements is given. An anisotropic nonfocal Fabry-Perot interferometer is described. Various aspects of measurement errors are discussed.


The paper is a survey of the development history of the research on reliability of Chinese electrical apparatus. It describes the relationship between electrical apparatus reliability study and electric contact research, then reviews the reliability development of Chinese electrical apparatus in recent several years and finally opens up broad prospects for the reliability of Chinese electrical apparatus.


Is the concept of "subordination" still valid and applicable to define the employment relationship in digital and platform firms? According to the Author the answer to this question must be positive: the subordination survives and it is alive even if the organizational constraints able to generate it are changed and they cannot any more be identified necessarily with employer powers of unilateral direction on time, space and executive ways to carry out employee individual work activity. Nevertheless employee contractual obligations need to be adapted to the new organization of the firm, that allows an extensive autonomy of the worker, on one hand, but on the other it requires a higher rate of contractual liability concerning the individual performance.


Abstract Nowadays, automated essay evaluation (AEE) systems play an important role in evaluating essays and have been successfully used in large-scale writing assessments. However, existing AEE systems mostly focus on grammar or shallow content measurements rather than higher-order traits such as ideas. This paper proposes a new formulation of graph-based features for concept maps using word embeddings to evaluate the quality of ideas for Chinese compositions. The concept map derived from the student's composition is composed of the concepts appearing in the essay and the co-occurrence relationship between the concepts. By utilizing real compositions written by eighth-grade students from a large-scale assessment, the scoring accuracy of the computer evaluation system (named AECC-I: Automated Evaluation for Chinese Compositions—Ideas) is higher than the baselines. The results indicate that the proposed method deepens the construct-relevant coverage of automatic ideas evaluation in compositions and that it can provide constructive feedback for students.


On top of the photodiode P-type high-concentration diffusion layer and an N-type high concentration diffusion layer provides a means for stabilizing the quality of the photodiode in each case to form a silicide layer. The photodiode is, the support substrate and the support and an insulating layer formed on the substrate, is formed on the insulating layer, the element formation region and the and the silicon semiconductor layer having an element forming region is an element isolation area surrounding an element isolation formed on the device isolation region the element formation regions in contact with one edge of the inner layer and the device isolation layer, a forming element in contact with another edge facing the one edge of the P-type high-concentration diffusion layer formed by diffusing an impurity of P-type at a high concentration and a device isolation layer a region, in the element forming region which is located between spaced-apart and formed by diffusion of impurities of the N type with a high concentration N-type high-concentration diffusion layer and, the P-type high-concentration diffusion layer and the N-type heavily diffused from the P-type high-concentration diffusion layer, P-type high-concentration diffusion layer and low-concentration diffusion layer and either one formed by spreading the same type of impurity at a low concentration of N type high-concentration diffusion layer and , Provided with a silicide layer formed so as to be farther to the top of the high concentration diffusion layers P-type high-concentration diffusion layer and the N-type, respectively, at the boundary of the low-concentration diffusion layer and the boundary and the lightly doped diffused layer and the N type high concentration diffusion layer of the P-type high-concentration diffusion layer. The photodiode, P-type high-concentration diffusion layer, the low-concentration diffusion layer, a silicide layer


Edible oils constitute an important component of food expenditure in every household and thus a big market for the industry. As distribution is mainly dependent on third party logistics, there is an increasing need to analyse the complexity and make decisions pertaining to selecting a new third party logistics provider (3PL). The use of 3PL providers yield some benefits such as reduced logistics costs and fixed logistics assets, improved order fill rates and shortened average order-cycle lengths and cash-cash cycles. Logistics service provider selection is a complex multi – criteria decision making process; in which, decision makers have to deal with the optimization of conflicting objectives such as quality, cost, and delivery time.
In this context, this study proposes an evaluation framework and methodology for selecting a suitable 3PL provider using a multi criteria decision making technique - Analytical Hierarchical Process (AHP). The factors that were considered for the study are operational factors, service factors and financial factors in the outbound logistics of the edible oil industry. Four logistics providers were used in this study. The findings of this study provide insights to the logistics managers on the systematic evaluation in the selection of the logistics providers using both qualitative and quantitative factors as well as how to deal effectively when there are conflicting factors.


This lecture is about new directions in postcolonial studies since the beginning of the new millennium, prompted by events of global consequences which has led the discipline to reshape itself . It argues that postcolonialism has developed a new understanding of contemporary political and social change and built on earlier paradigms for addressing injustice, inequality, identify formation, resistance, neoliberalism, and colonialism.
I will range over some of the issues confronting the field of Postcolonial Studies, and will refer to my own work as editor of the Journal of Postcolonial Writing, on diaspora studies, migration and refugees, on globalisation in relation to the nation, urbanisation and cosmopolitanism.


Query Evaluation and Temporal XML.- Kappa-Join: Efficient Execution of Existential Quantification in XML Query Languages.- Index vs. Navigation in XPath Evaluation.- Consistency of Temporal XML Documents.- XPath and Twigs.- A Logic-Based Approach to Cache Answerability for XPath Queries.- FLUX: Content and Structure Matching of XPath Queries with Range Predicates.- A Resource Efficient Hybrid Data Structure for Twig Queries.- XML Updates.- On the Expressive Power of XQuery-Based Update Languages.- Efficient Incremental Validation of XML Documents After Composite Updates.


In recent decades finished and semi-finished commodities are the most common and fastest-growing cargo categories for transportation in Europe. These commodities usually have low density and are of high value. This paper aims to assess the CO 2 emissions, cost, and availability of road, rail, and railroad intermodal transportation used to deliver LDHV goods in a case study involving chemical goods transportation throughout the EU27 countries in 2020. The findings indicated that most chemical goods were transported via road, which emits more CO 2 than a railway. Furthermore, road transport cost is significantly higher than rail. In order to reduce CO 2 emissions and costs, four railroad intermodal scenarios were suggested. According to the analysis, these scenarios for delivering LDHV goods may be feasible to mitigate environmental concerns while also significantly lowering costs. Additionally, the availability and accessibility of intermodal terminals for shipping LDHV goods were analyzed to evaluate these scenarios.


The article 1 is a part of the research project studying the professional consciousness of Russian architects of the 20 th century, the history of architectural theory and education in Russia and the USSR. Main questions to be addressed are as follows: how were the changing attitudes towards space and form reflected in Soviet Constructivist 2 architecture conceived as a creative practice and social field? And what were the consequences of this "spatial turn" for the Russian architecture of the 20 th — early 21 st century? Trying to answer these questions, I will start with the background part describing the spatial turn in European architectural thought at the beginning of Modernism. Then I will discuss some social and visual aspects of this turn in Soviet architecture of the 1920s. And the final part of the article is the study of the case where all the categories mentioned in the title meet in the Soviet Modernist spatial concept and discourse of form and composition. I will examine the Modernist system of architectural propaedeutics, its establishment in education, its sources, the reasons for its persistence, and some effects of its current topicality. Abstract. In the post-revolutionary years Soviet architects developed new system of professional thought based on the conceptualization of space (and also on the fashion on psychology). This "spatial turn" was common at the beginning of the Modern movement. The very model of the architects' activity and their self-perception changed dramatically: instead of shaping volumes they started "setting the borders" and "organiz-ing" space with surfaces. New focus in Constructivist architecture was reinforced with ideas of expansion and space exploration (popular since the late 19 th century) and the "cosmic" vision of Russian Avant-garde art. The social concern of professional community and the vision of architecture as a field of social interactions contributed to this changing perspective and resulted in new plans and functional arrangement of buildings (e.g. commune houses) as well as new town-planning concepts (linear city, parabolic city). The new grade of flexibility achieved using concrete framework and curtain walls changed the architects' attitudes towards both internal structure and the surface of building. Soviet architects of the 1920s managed to establish new spatial concept as the pedagogical basis of archi- tectural school, starting from Nikolay Ladovsky's course "Space" at VKhUTEMAS. This system, converted into textbooks on "Volumetric-Spatial Composition," survived in the period of Stalinist anti-Modernist reac- tion. Even today it lies in foundation of Russian architectural school. The article examines the concept, its sources, establishment, and the reasons for its persistence.


Abstract At Mt. Hirugatake, Tanzawa Mountains, the deciduous broadleaved forest has declined rapidly since the 1970s. Six study sites under different degrees of forest decline were selected at Mt. Hirugatake, Tanzawa Mountains as follows: site with healthy deciduous broadleaved forest (DBF), site with slight forest decline (SFD), site with distinct forest decline (DFD), sites with heavy forest decline 1 and 2 (HD1 and HD2), and site with Sasa-type grassland (SG). In the present study, the changes in the physical and chemical properties of the surface soil to the depth of 10 cm with that order of forest decline were investigated in nine sub-samples from each quadrat (10 m × 10 m) at each site. With forest decline, the bulk density tended to increase, and porosity, especially macropores, tended to decrease significantly. Although the soil pH decreased at the SFD site, no significant differences were found in the soil pH between the DBF site and the other sites. The amount of exchangeable aluminum was well correlated with the soil pH, but showed no significant differences between the DBF site and other sites, except for the SFD site. Thus, forest decline at Mt. Hirugatake, Tanzawa Mountains was not caused by aluminum stress, as suggested in the previous study (Higashi et al.: Soil. Sci. Plant Nutr., 49, 161'169, 2003). The amount of total carbon of soils markedly decreased at the early and the latest stages of forest decline; a decrease of about 34% was observed at the SG site compared with the DBF site.


The authors discuss traumatic familial and communal risk factors faced by the average Palestinian child during times of war. Unlike most research, which limits Palestinian children's experience to military-related traumatic events, this article attempts to illustrate their communal and familial contexts empirically. Sources studies were published in international literature, the authors' own clinical experience and analytic understanding of historical and present events, and a case study. The authors address different types of stress and trauma that face Palestinian children and compare the situation during the first and second Intifadas. Furthermore, concepts such as trauma; witnessing; transgenerational, familial, and communal stress factors; and secondary trauma are discussed. The hope is that this article will help clinicians and researchers develop a more comprehensive conceptual model of the emotional lives of Palestinian children.


Veronika Aleksandra Weckström (2015). Teachers' conceptions of integrating health education and physical education in upper comprehensive school. Department of Health Sciences and Department of Physical Education, University of Jyväskylä, Master's thesis in health education and sport pedagogy, 99 pp., 5 appendicies. The purpose of this double master's thesis study was to examine what kind of conceptions health and physical education teachers have about integration of health education and physical education in upper comprehensive school. The study analyzed how teachers define integration of health education and PE, and what are the benefits of subject integration. Moreover, the study specified possible challenges regarding integration of health education and PE. Also factors that could help integration become more common were researched. The aim of the study was to increase knowledge of possibilities concerning integration of health education and physical education as well as offer some advice to teachers and others planning education and implementing integration. The data consisted of eight health and physical education teachers' semi-structured thematic interviews that were conducted between November 2014 and January 2015. After transcribing the data there were 120 pages of text (font Times New Roman, font size 12, line spacing 1). The data was analyzed following qualitative content analysis and quantification. Teachers understood that integrating health education and PE is combining health education contents to PE and bringing more physical activity to health education lessons. The most integrated contents were physical competence, nutrition, emotions and social competence. Integration of health education and PE was mainly unplanned, and it happened most often during dance classes, optional courses and weight and endurance training. Integrating health education and PE was seen as a natural part of teacher's job. The most used integration methods were conversation between teacher and pupils, adding physical activity to health education class and associating health contents with physical education tasks. More effective learning was seen as the integration's most important benefit for pupils. Learning in integrated unit was thought as more holistic, student-centered and suitable for pupils with different needs. Teachers mentioned that integration also organizes their work and makes it feel more meaningful and interesting. The biggest challenge for integration of health education and PE was told to be subject-based school culture. Among teachers integration aroused uncertainty about their proficiency and gains of integration. Tight schedules in schools made integration difficult to happen. The factors that could affect integration become more common could be teachers' basic education and in-service training and more integration favorable school culture. New national curriculum obligates schools to think about possibilities of subject integration. Concretizing subject integration on schooland municipality-spesific curriculums would be important. Schools should provide time for teachers of different subjects to plan integration together. That could deliver desired material to support integration of health education and PE.


A simple filing method by sieving was developed to measure bulk density of powder. And the powder is packed with the aid of electric jump table for packed bulk density. It is shown that this sieving method can fill the powder well distributedly and the results are well repeatable. Some characteristics of powder, such as interaction force between particles, grade or coagulation of particles etc., can be estimated correctly based on the results of measurement.


Introduction: The more developed countries of the world are suffering a population regression, which suppose a high cost on socio-health care. There is a lot of evidence on aging, however, studies on the influence of physical activity on the health of people are insufficient, as it largely depends on its implementation. Objective: The objective is to compare the effects in physical health of two supervised physical exercise programs for seniors. Materials and methods: A quasi-experimental study was carried out, comparing two supervised collective physical exercise programs performed by groups of independent older women aged 55-65 years. An existing sociomotor program was used as control, and an experimental program was implemented, with additional contents, and more sessions and activities abroad. The physical condition was examined, and averaging and variance distribution was calculated. Results: The results showed that older women improved in 90% of physical fitness indicators and perceived their physical health better. In fact, the experimental program, with more sessions and activities in the natural environment was more effective in relation to balance and strength of the lower limbs. Conclusions: Supervised collective physical exercise programs are positive for the physical health of older people, but especially those who achieved three-day weekly practice, which includes 30% outdoor sessions.


This article presents a theory of seven cultural value orientations that form three cultural value dimensions. This theory permits more finely tuned characterization of cultures than other theories. It is distinctive in deriving the cultural orientations from a priori theorizing. It also specifies a coherent, integrated system of relations among the orientations, postulating that they are interdependent rather than orthogonal. Analyses of data from 73 countries, using two different instruments, validate the 7 cultural orientations and the structure of interrelations among them. Conceptual and empirical comparisons of these orientations with Inglehart's two dimensions clarify similarities and differences. Using the cultural orientations, I generate a worldwide empirical mapping of 76 national cultures that identifies 7 transnational cultural groupings: West European, English-speaking, Latin American, East European, South Asian, Confucian influenced, and African and Middle Eastern. I briefly discuss distinctive cultural characteristics of these groupings. I then examine examples of socioeconomic, political, and demographic factors that give rise to national differences on the cultural value dimensions, factors that are themselves reciprocally influenced by culture. Finally, I examine consequences of prevailing cultural value orientations for


Commentary to: Introduction of hypoxia-targeting p53 fusion protein for the selective therapy of non-small cell lung cancer Yu Zhao, Shaoping Wu, Junhua Wu, Peiyuan Jia, Shan Gao, Xiangdong Yan and Yuxia Wang


Product design is a multi-criteria decision process with the complexity of selecting the optimum between functionality, cost, reliability, manufacturability and many other conflicting criteria.

The only true way to really know how a component will perform under real world conditions is to manufacture it, in the production intent materials using production tooling. This however is not only costly but can take several months to produce the tooling to produce the part.

Computer modelling, analysis and simulations such as 3D Computer Aided design, Finite Element Analysis, Flow Analysis etc can reduce the test programmes, there is still a requirement for prototype parts to test under various load and climatic scenarios.

This paper will present the application of Rapid prototyping processes to produce direct tooling inserts in hard (metals) and soft (polymer) materials for prototype production tooling.


This experiment involves training some ship's officers and crew members to handle both engine and deck duties on two 12,600 dwt ships. The two basic aims are to reduce operating costs and streamline crew organizations. Care was taken to sell the idea to unions and officers' organizations. The Captain, chief engineer, first officer and first engineer will retain their traditional roles. Two other officers, one a mate, one an engineer, will be trained in each others' work. Seamen and engine room hands will also be interchanged and trained in each others duties. The training program is divided into shipboard and shoreside phases. Unique in this experiment is a shipboard planning committee. The experiment will run through 1972.


A multiple wavelength diffuse reflectance instrument was evaluated for the in-situ measurement of tissue optical properties. A diffusion dipole model with a non-linear least- squares fitting procedure was used to generate optical properties from the radial profiles of diffuse reflectance measurements. The diffusion model was compared with Monte Carlo simulations showing acceptable agrement for a range of distances far enough away from the source point. Instrumentation was evaluated by experimental measurement of tissue simulating phantoms where measured optical properties were compared to those obtained using a collimated transmission setup. The results showed agreement to within 5 - 10%. The optical properties of rabbit ligament and tendon are reported where anisotropic scattering due to collagen alignment was observed. This study represents the first known measurement of rabbit ligament and tendon optical properties and the use of diffuse reflectance to measure the 'lightguide' effects of collagen alignment. To evaluate instrument response to changes in tissue oxygenation levels the optical properties of human skin were measured before and during arterial occlusion. During arterial occlusion absorption at 633 nm increased while absorption at 810 nm remained relatively constant. These results are consistent with the deoxygenation of hemoglobin that occurs during occlusion.


Staphylococcus aureus is considered an emerging microorganism in food security. The public health importance of the isolated Staphylococcus aureus and effect of benzoic acid on this isolate as well as the suggested measures for improving the quality and increasing the shelf life of some chicken meat products were discussed. Seventy-five random samples of chicken meat products represented by chicken luncheon, chicken frankfurter and chicken nuggets (25 of each) were collected from different shops and retail markets in Alexanderia city. All samples were examined bacteriologically, and the results revealed that the greatest ratio of Staphylococcus aureus was 44% in chicken luncheon samples followed by chicken frankfurter 32% and chicken nuggets 28%. Reduction of Staphylococcus aureus in inoculated chicken nuggets samples by using benzoic acid as organic antimicrobials (chemically classified as General Recognized as safe (GRAS) on inoculated chicken nuggets samples by immersion with different concentration (0.1%, 0.5% and 1%) for 30 seconds; 1 and 2 minutes. The degree of inhibition increases as the acid concentration and time of immersion in acid increased. Moreover, by using multiplex PCR for molecular detection of Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin genes from confirmed 10 Staphylococcus aureus isolates and the results revealed that 9 strains were positive for four enterotoxin production genes for (Sea, Seb, Sec and See) with different ratio and negative for (Sed).


Along with our country urbanization advancement's quickening,many cities take the urban spirit more and more construction.But looking from the present situation,our country many cities was still at the low horizontal stage to the urban spirit construction,this will affect the urban synthesis competitive power to a certain extent the promotion.Therefore,how did this article to construct reasonably has the individuality urban spirit to make the beneficial ponder.


Mathjax On | Off Abstract By this point, I am sure that the reader will have appreciated that creating a system of weights and measures or even re-creating such a system, acceptable to all, is no easy thing. Even ignoring political conflicts, it is rarely possible to achieve consensus between relatively small groups of scientists as to which units they should be using. And as for devising a scientifically coherent system of units that may be adopted and used by the wider society...there is, as you will have observed from these pages, no simple answer.


During the past 25 years, many evolutionary devices and techniques have been invented to improve early and late outcomes related to endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR). Unfortunately, imperfect proximal seal and fixation is still the major drawback of this technique. The chimney graft technique (Ch-EVAR) is a novel approach to deal with unfavorable infrarenal, juxtarenal, pararenal, and, rarely, thoracoabdominal (TAAA) or arch aneurysms. This technique was invented to overcome the drawbacks of the fenestrated and branched approach (F-EVAR), mainly cost and the lack of off-the-shelf availability. Unfortunately, proximal seal is imperfect due to gutters (type Ia endoleak pathways) alongside the chimney grafts that may persist over time, jeopardizing permanent sac exclusion. In this issue of the JEVT, Niepoth et al. describe the effect of adding Aptus EndoAnchors to chimney grafts in a silicone juxtarenal aortic aneurysm model to reduce the size of gutters produced between these parallel grafts and the main body stent-graft. To appreciate the magnitude of their experiment and the potential applicability to everyday clinical practice, we review the current status of proximal sealing and fixation in EVAR, as well as the techniques available to deal with complex landing zones. PROXIMAL STENT-GRAFT SEALING AND FIXATION


Recent evidences suggest that microglial activation and neuroinflammation participate in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). Consequently, they are useful targets to estimate the efficiency of neuroprotection. Diosgenin, a saponin aglycon found in a variety of plants and the major steroid sapogenin contained in the Chinese yam, has shown potential anti-inflammatory properties. In this study, we investigated the ability of diosgenin to protect neurons against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced neuroinflammation by decreasing cytokines and nitric oxide (NO) production in the microglia which are caused by reactive microgliosis. Pre-treatment of diosgenin reduced activated microglial cell body area of 22%, decreased inducible NOS (iNOS) mRNA expression quantities by 68.6%, and attenuated NO release of 63% induced by LPS stimulation. In the PD animal model, brain tissue in substantia nigra of midbrain from rats pre-treated with diosgenin showed decreased interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) and integrin alpha M (ITGAM) mRNA expression. Furthermore, brain neuronal damage was also attenuated showed by significant decrease of 43% circles based on rotational behavior assay. The results suggest that the neuroprotective effect of diosgenin can be applied to the inhibition of microglial activation and demonstrate the ability of diosgenin to protect dopaminergic neurons from LPS-induced injury.


Traditionally, developers of new control algorithms validate their studies by simulation using standard languages (C, C++, MATLAB, etc.). Therefore, designers of control devices have to translate this specification from the original language (standard language) to the co-design methodology language. This introduces a time/schedule delay. In this work, we propose to use SpecC language to specify the whole motor drive system that includes control algorithms, I/O modules and process to control. In contrast to other languages, SpecC allows to specify the system functionality in a clear and precise manner and the obtained specification, used for simulation, will serve, without the need for tedious rewrites, as input to the synthesis and exploration stages in the SpecC design methodology.


Synchrotron emission extended on Mpc scales is detected in a number of massive galaxy clusters. The hot ICM becomes a collisionless–turbulent plasma on scales below 10–50 kpc and thus turbulence may accelerate the relativistic particles radiating in these sources. In this paper the injection, cascading and dissipation of hydro and MHD turbulence in galaxy clusters are briefly discussed. We also discuss the two most relevant mechanisms for stochastic particle acceleration produced by MHD turbulence in galaxy clusters, namely Alfvenic acceleration and Transit Time Damping acceleration from fast modes. (© 2006 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)


Undoped GaAs/${\mathrm{Al}}_{0.3}$${\mathrm{Ga}}_{0.7}$As and GaAs/AlAs quantum wells are simultaneously excited by weak visible light and intense far-infrared (FIR) radiation with electric fields polarized parallel to the planes of the quantum wells. The frequency of the FIR radiation ranges from 6 to 119 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ with intensities up to 700 kW/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$. Peaks in the excitonic photoluminescence (PL) are broadened and quenched by the intense FIR radiation; the PL line shapes are consistent with the FIR radiation heating the carriers without significantly heating the lattice. Despite the excitonic nature of the PL, the power and frequency dependence of the carrier heating is consistent with free-carrier absorption of FIR radiation. Energy and momentum relaxation times for the free carriers are extracted from fits to a Drude model. We suggest that the FIR radiation heats free carriers that are not contributing to luminescence, and that these hot carriers in turn heat the luminescing excitons.


. Four contrasting ecotones were sampled to address three questions: (1) Are there 'ecotonal' species, (2) Do ecotones possess higher (or lower) species richness than the adjacent communities? and (3) Are exotic species more likely to occur in ecotones? One ecotone was edaphic, one was apparently caused by a positive-feedback switch, one was environmental/anthropogenic and one was entirely anthropogenic. The exact position of each ecotone was established from the spatial change in ordination scores. Ecotonal species, in the sense of species mainly restricted to the ecotone at the site, were present in all four ecotones. All but one of the ecotonal species were native. The switch ecotone and the purely anthropogenic ecotone also contained native species that were significantly more frequent in the ecotone than in either adjacent community. Species richness was intermediate between that of the two adjacent communities in three of the ecotones. In the environmental/anthropogenic ecotone, species richness was higher than in adjacent communities, but not significantly so. There were appreciable numbers of exotic species in the two ecotones with anthropogenic influence, one of which had a proportion of exotic species intermediate between the two adjacent communities. Contrary to theory, the proportion of exotic species in the second ecotone was significantly lower than in either adjacent community. We conclude that all three features we examined depend on the particular ecological conditions and the ecology of the species present; they are not intrinsic properties of ecotones.


Conditions for Simultaneous stimulation of cerebral and renal renin-angiotension systems (RAS) are created in the examined by us model of combined cerebral and renal ischemic hypertension. As a results of interaction between them the effect o cerebral RAS predominates, since renin concentration in the medulla oblongata is elevated while the renal renin concentration remains unchanged, but the plasma renin activity is lowered. The blocking of the action of cerebral angiotension by the venously administered angiotensin antagonist saralasin does not alter substantially blood pressure, but causes elevation of the renal renin concentration in the ischemic and intact kidney and normalization of plasma renin activity, without affecting the level of sodium and potassium.


In magnetotelluric (MT) inversion, when the used grid is not uniform or the positions of observation sites in the grid are not appropriate, site shift will occur which can affect the accuracy of inversion. Besides, in order to ensure accuracy and stability of forward modeling, spacing of the inversion grid cannot vary too much, requiring smoothness of some degree. To solve these issues, this paper suggests several methods of automatic constructing a site-centered grid to eliminate site shift and using regularization constraints to control the smoothness of the grid. To realize this object this paper also proposes a set of test indexes for grid quality. Comparison of case calculations indicates that different site sets may require varied methods to construct optimal grids. Among them the "optimized dynamic allocation under flattest model constraint", and "optimized dynamic allocation under smoothest model constraint" are most adaptive, by which the constructed grids have fairly smooth grid spacing and smaller site shifts. The comparison also shows that using a grid of high quality (smooth, little site shift) can enhance the reliability of inversion as well as efficiency of inversion calculation. The methods proposed in this paper provide a simple and effective approach to produce a proper grid for 2D MT inversion.


For centuries scientists have preformed physical experiments in order to understand the phenomena of nature and to create theories and mathematical models. This work covers some of the remotely controlled laboratories, with real physical instruments, experimental objects, etc., created within the VISIR (Virtual Instruments Systems In Reality) Open Lab Platform. This is a platform for opening hands-on laboratories for remote access 24/7 with preserved context. The aim is to create laboratories where telemanipulators can be used to remotely set up real physical experiments and where the students use virtual representations of the hands-on laboratory instruments to collect and measure real physical data. As hands-on laboratories, the VISIR can be used for exploring nature and for training engineering workmanship. Part I and II of this thesis constitute a theoretical and practical approach on how to open up a laboratory for remote access and enabling students to have access to the equipment 24/7. Part I covers a more general solution for enabling remote access to equipment; the suggested solution can be applied to all types of instruments that can be controlled from a PC based system. Part III and IV of this thesis present an encouragement to collaborate within in the field of remote engineering to utilize the recourses more efficiently. The idea is that universities around the world can share their experiments in a grid laboratory; every university contributes with a small part, but gets access to a wide range of experiments in this grid. Part V of this thesis concerns the modelling and simulation of the remote electronics laboratory with the purpose of estimating the maximum number of simultaneous users without losing the experience of working with a real instrument. The results indicate that one single remote electronics laboratory can handle up to 120 users simultaneously and with 120 users the delay for each user is approximately 2 seconds.


Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is the most common form of revascularisation in patients with coronary artery disease in both the elective and acute coronary syndrome settings. Advances in pharmacotherapy have reduced ischaemic complications and improved outcomes in PCI, albeit at the expense of major bleeding. Major bleeding complications are amongst the most common to occur following PCI, with varying incident rates reported due to different definitions of what constitutes a 'major bleeding event following PCI', and the risk profile of the patients studied. Irrespective of the bleeding definition used, major bleeding events universally lead to a worse outcome. Major bleeds can occur at both the access site used for PCI and non-access site sources. Both access site and non-access site bleeding increase mortality following PCI. Patients who undergo PCI are at an increased risk of bleeding for several years following the procedure. Strategies to reduce the risk of bleeding should focus on pharmacotherapy, and importantly, use a radial rather than femoral approach to perform PCI.


The development of campus culture is closely related with management of college library.This paper,analyzing the problems of management,puts forward some measures for the advanced campus culture through the im-proved management of college library.


This article reviews the most recent extensions to the Advanced Video Coding (AVC) and High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) coding standards, which integrate depth video to support advanced multiview and 3D video functionalities. All the extensions provide single-view compatibility, while some extensions add depth support on top of conforming stereoscopic bitstreams. To achieve the highest gains in coding efficiency, depth information is utilized in coding the texture views. The compression formats described in this article can be used to support emerging auto-stereoscopic displays and free-viewpoint video functionalities.


A blue fluorophore of N,N-diphenyl-4′′-(1-phenyl-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)-[1,1′:4′,1′′-terphenyl]-4-amine (BBPI) was utilized as the blue fluorescent emitter and the host of a phosphorescent emitter to fabricate highly efficient fluorescent/phosphorescent (F/P) hybrid white organic light-emitting diodes (WOLEDs) in a single- or multi-emission-layer architecture. For the single-emission-layer WOLEDs consisting of only the blue emitter BBPI and yellow complementary phosphorescent emitter PO-01 in the emission layer, a maximal current efficiency (CE) of 49.1 cd A−1, power efficiency (PE) of 52.0 lm W−1, and external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 16.3% were achieved by modulating the dopant concentration, indicating efficient singlet and triplet exciton separation and utilization ability in the emission layer. An improved EQE of 17.1%, broader spectral coverage, and higher color rendering index (CRI) were achieved by inserting a non-doped blue emission layer of BBPI and a green emission layer of CBP:Ir(PPy)3. A further improved EQE of up to 19.7% could be achieved when an orange-red phosphorescent emitter PQ2Ir was used instead of PO-01, and it is one of the best reported values for the F/P hybrid WOLEDs.


Lophodermium Chamaecyparisii SHIRAI et HARA. nov. sp. Perithecia one to each scale or several in groups, subepidermal, forming minute black elevated pustules, elliptical or roundish, longitudinally dehiscent, 500-800 is long, 300-500 a broad, 300-350 1a high ; asci cylindrical or clavate, obtusely pointed at the apex, 8-spored, 50-00 1a long, 5-5.5 broad ; spores in a parallel fascicle, acicular or filiform, unicellular, 40-50 f~ long, 0, 5-0, 7 f~ broad, hyalin ; paraphyses filiform, slightly inflated at the apex, simple, or branched at the top. Hab. On the leaves of living branches of ChamEecypatis obtusa S. et Z. Prov. Mino : Kawauye-mura (K. HARA ! Aug., 2, 1910)


In this papera methodology for classifying skin cancerin images of dermatologie spots based on spectral analysis using the K-law Fourier non-lineartechnique is presented. The image is segmented and binarized to build the function that contains the interest area. The image is divided into their respective RGB channels to obtain the spectral properties of each channel. The green channel contains more information and therefore this channel is always chosen. This information is point to point multiplied by a binary mask and to this result a Fourier transform is applied written in nonlinear form. If the real part of this spectrum is positive, the spectral density takeunit values, otherwise are zero. Finally the ratio of the sum of the unit values of the spectral density with the sum of values of the binary mask are calculated. This ratio is called spectral index. When the value calculated is in the spectral index range three types of cancer can be detected. Values found out of this range are benign injure.


Paris — Several methods are available to the practicing physician for the treatment of open wounds as well as cosmetically disturbing wrinkles and keloids.


Economic, behavioral and technological forces are leading us into an era of knowledge—as opposed to technological—innovation. Under these conditions, management systems must be viewed holistically ...


The effect of viscosity on the wall‐pressure spectrum of a slightly compressible, turbulent boundary layer is studied. Apart the resolving the singularities of the inviscid spectrum, the viscous shear‐stress dipole sources also partake in sound generation. The dominant viscous contribution to the low‐wavenumber part of the spectrum is evaluated in terms of the flow Mach and Reynolds numbers. It is concluded that, in typical applications, the viscous contribution is small compared with the inviscid one.


The purpose of this short paper is to give a summary of the derivation of a perturbative method to assess the impact of an arbitrary 3D magnetic field configuration, whose energy is everywhere small relative to the gravitational binding energy, on the form and value of the eigenfrequencies and eigenfunctions of stellar oscillations.


The roll dynamics of a 5-kg, 1.3 -m high sounding rocket are analysed in a vertical wind tunnel. Significant turbulence in the tunnel makes the system identification of the effective inertia, damping, and asymmetry with respect to roll challenging. A novel method is developed, which decouples the disturbance from the rocket frame's intrinsic roll dynamics and allows accurate prediction of roll rate and angle. The parameter identification method is integral-based, and treats wind disturbances as equivalent to a movement in the actuator fins. The method is robust, requires minimal computation, and gave realistic disturbance distributions reflecting the randomness of the turbulent wind flow. Two models, one with constant damping and one with fin angle-dependant damping were considered. The mean absolute roll rate of the rocket frame observed in experiments was 16.4°/s and both models predicted the roll rate with a mean absolute error less than 0.10°/s with a standard deviation less than 0.08°/s. The roll angle (measured by an encoder), was tracked by the model with a mean absolute error less than 0.20° and a standard deviation less than 0.15°. These results prove the concept of this minimal modelling approach which will be extended to varying wind speed, and pitch, and yaw dynamics in the future.


We study a model of electoral accountability and selection (EAS) in which voters with heterogeneous horizontal preferences pay limited attention to the incumbent's performance using personalized news aggregators. Extreme voters' news aggregators exhibit an own-party bias, which hampers their abilities to discern good and bad performances. While this effect alone would undermine EAS, there is a countervailing effect stemming from the disagreement between extreme voters, which makes the centrist voter pivotal and could potentially improve EAS. Thus increasing mass polarization and shrinking attention spans have ambiguous effects on EAS, whereas nuanced regulations of news aggregators unambiguously improve EAS and voter welfare.


Cover (60) for adhesive layers of adhesive products, comprising at least one surface (2) which is connectable with an adhesive layer (80) and from this again is releasable, wherein the surface (2) has at least one three-dimensional pattern having a plurality comprises of raised structures and causes is formed in a removable cover connected to the adhesive layer by embossing of the raised structures in the surface of the adhesive layer, a corresponding complementary pattern, characterized in that - the said surface (2) has a first pattern (10) having a plurality of raised structures (11, 12) which are irregularly shaped and distributed in a random arrangement in the surface, (due to the embossing of the raised structures 11 , 12) is formed a complementary pattern in the surface of an adhesive layer (80) comprising a plurality of each self-contained channels; and that - the said surface (2) of the cover comprises at least one further three-dimensional pattern (20) said first pattern (10) is superimposed and which has a plurality of raised structures (21, 22), which are formed regularly or irregularly, and which are distributed in a regular or in a random arrangement in the surface, by the embossing of the raised structures (21, 22) of the said further pattern (20) in a surface of the adhesive layer (80) a further complementary pattern (40) is formed comprising a plurality of each self-contained connecting channels, wherein the connecting channels connecting the through the first pattern (10) closed channels generated in such a way to each other that in the surface of the adhesive layer in an open, continuous channel system (41, 42) is formed.


We develop a tractable model for studying strategic interactions between learning algorithms. We uncover a mechanism responsible for the emergence of algorithmic collusion. We observe that algorithms periodically coordinate on actions that are more profitable than static Nash equilibria. This novel collusive channel relies on an endogenous statistical linkage in the algorithms' estimates which we call spontaneous coupling. The model's parameters predict whether the statistical linkage will appear, and what market structures facilitate algorithmic collusion. We show that spontaneous coupling can sustain collusion in prices and market shares, complementing experimental findings in the literature. Finally, we apply our results to design algorithmic markets.


Cardiac‐specific autoantibodies to sarcolemmal and cardiac myosin antigens observed during the chronic phase of Coxsackievirus B3‐induced myocarditis appear to be under autosomal recessive control. This observation is based on examination of F1 hybrids bred from A/J mice which develop chronic myocarditis and C57BL/6J mice which resolve the virus‐induced lesions. Previous mouse studies demonstrated that the prevalence of heart‐specific autoantibodies varied with the H‐2 complex. However, in 25 H‐2 congenic mouse strains the strain background was the predominant determinant of autoantibody presence. Recently, we extended our genetic evaluation of the chromosomal locations governing autoantibody responses by examining 25 AXB and BXA recombinant inbred strains. Two populations of heart‐specific autoantibodies were demonstrated against sarcolemmal and cardiac myosin antigens. Analyses of the AXB/BXA strain distribution patterns for these two traits revealed that the anti‐sarcolemmal response was controlled by a gene(s) linked to Np‐2 and Terα loci on chromosome 14. Linkage could not be assigned for the anti‐cardiac myosin response.


Contrast agents incorporating superparamagnetic iron‐oxide nanoparticles have shown promise as a means to visualize labeled cells using MRI. Labeled cells cause significant signal dephasing due to the magnetic field inhomogeneity induced in water molecules near the cell. With the resulting signal void as the means for detection, the particles behave as a negative contrast agent, which can suffer from partial‐volume effects. In this paper, a new method is described for imaging labeled cells with positive contrast. Spectrally selective RF pulses are used to excite and refocus the off‐resonance water surrounding the labeled cells so that only the fluid and tissue immediately adjacent to the labeled cells are visible in the image. Phantom, in vitro, and in vivo experiments show the feasibility of the new method. A significant linear correlation (r = 0.87, P < 0.005) between the estimated number of cells and the signal was observed. Magn Reson Med 53:999–1005, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.


This paper presents a new multilevel one-cycle control (OCC) technique for a five-level diode-clamped multilevel converter (DCMC)-based static VAR compensator (STATCOM). The OCC algorithm in combination with multi-carrier level-shifted PWM control is used in the proposed five-level DCMC-based STATCOM. The automatic dc link voltage balance is simply realized by four voltage compensators presented as the part of the OCC controller. In this paper the OCC principle of a two-level converter-based STATCOM is reviewed and extended to the five-level DCMC-based STATCOM. The proposed multilevel OCC control method of the five-level DCMC-based STATCOM in steady-state and dynamic operation modes is verified by simulation and experimental results.


Abstract:  Tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNFα) is a main actor in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), interacting with other molecules in complex mechanisms. The neuroendocrine system is known to be involved and Chromogranin A (CHGA) serum levels are elevated in patients with RA. We evaluated the effect of the selective blockade of TNF‐α, induced by treatment with anti‐TNF‐α monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), on the serum levels of CHGA and on its correlation with TNF‐α and TNF‐α receptors (TNFRs) serum levels. Seven patients with RA have been treated with the anti‐TNF‐α mAb, infliximab. We measured the serum levels of TNF‐α, its receptors (tumor necrosis factor receptor‐I [TNFR‐I] and tumor necrosis factor receptor‐II [TNFR‐II]), and CHGA before and during the treatment. We also measured, as a control, the serum levels of CHGA, TNF‐α, and soluble TNFRs in 14 patients who were being treated with infliximab, adalimumab, or etanercept and in 20 matching negative controls. The serum levels of TNFR‐I and TNFR‐II, which are a sensitive marker for the TNF‐α pathway, correlated with those of CHGA before treatment (Pearson's coefficient, respectively, 0.59 and 0.53). Treatment with anti‐TNF‐α mAb provided a significant clinical response in all patients and the correlation between CHGA and TNFR‐I and TNFR‐II was no more evident during treatment (respectively, −0.09 and −0.07). TNF‐α blockade allows a clinical effect in patients with RA and modifies the correlation between CHGA and TNFRs, suggesting that TNF‐α and CHGA reciprocally interfere in the pathogenesis of RA, through intermediate adaptors, whose identification warrants further studies.


Kind of beans locally as cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), green beans (Phaseolus radiates L.) and
red beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) has a protein content ranging from 20% -30% so it can be used as
a substitute for soy protein concentrates. This study aims to determine the functional properties of
protein concentrates local nuts using hydrochloric acid extraction. Using hydrochloric acid
concentration of 3%, 5% and 7%. The results showed that the optimal protein concentrates obtained
from the green beans in the extraction process using hydrochloric acid 3%. The results of proximate
analysis of protein concentrates ie protein content (21.67%), fat content (1.69%), water content
(10.36%), ash content (1.14%) with the functional properties of the protein concentrates Bulk density
(0.79 g / mL), oil absorption capacity (2.09 mL / g), water absorption (2.73 mL/g), power foam (4.20%)
and emulsion capacity (23.62%). Results optimal protein concentrates from cowpea obtained in the
extraction process using hydrochloric acid 7%. The results of proximate analysis of protein
concentrates ie protein content (21.21%), fat content (1.61%), water content (12.98%), ash content
(1.10%) with the functional properties of the protein concentrates bulk density (0.77 g/mL), oil
absorption capacity (1.82 mL/g), water absorption (2.73 mL/g), power foam (0.97%) and emulsion
capacity (5.38%). Results optimal protein concentrates obtained from red beans in the extraction
process using hydrochloric acid 3%. The results of proximate analysis of protein concentrates ie
protein content (21.18 %), fat content (2.07%), water content (10.23%), ash content (1.06%) with the
functional properties of the protein concentrates bulk density (0.75 g/mL), oil absorption capacity (1.91
mL/g), water absorption (3.67 mL/g), power foam (1.00%) and emulsion capacity (5.61%)
Keywords: green beans, cowpea, red bean and hydrochloric acid


Doing well by doing good conjures the scene of Disney's character "do-gooder" Pollyanna, an orphan girl who spreads her sunshine all over town, transforming such local curmudgeons as the hypochondriac Mrs Snow, hellfire-and-brimstone Reverend Ford, and reclusive Mr Pendergast into positive, life-affirming sorts, and even transforms the stubborn Aunt Polly. Ebulliently optimistic Pollyanna reaches out to the community by applying common sense and refusing to indulge anyone's self-pity.


The invention discloses a system for automatically testing the temperature performance of a weighing sensor. The system is efficient detection equipment which can simultaneously test temperature characteristics of a plurality of weighing sensors. A basic unit of the system comprises a high/low temperature test chamber (A) and a force generation and transmission mechanism (B); the system is characterized in that: a heat insulating chamber box of the high/low temperature test chamber (A) is long enough, so at least 8 tested weighing sensors, namely 8 equipment under tests (EUTs), can be simultaneously arranged; as to each EUT, the force generation and transmission mechanism (B) is provided with an independent load and an independent connection structural member; and all the loads can be supported by the same lifting mechanism, so simultaneously loading and unloading for and testing on the EUTs can be realized.


The electricity retail price is decided by both distribution utilities and customers. A method is proposed to establish electricity retail price model in a competitive power market. The paper analyzes the purchasing risk of distribution utilities first, based on the theory of optimal risk assets portfolio, obtains purchasing power distribution ratio of a utility on the premise of minimum risk. Then it presents a mathematical model, which is to minimize consuming costs of consumers and recover costs of distribution utilities , including capacity cost, risk cost, demand price elasticity and reliability etc. Price is got through interior point method. Simulation results show the feasibility of the proposed method at last. (5 pages)


Our family hotel build by Albantakis charalambos, opened his doors in 1980. The hotel has 59 rooms of which 34 are in the main building and 25 are bungalows laid out over a luxurious garden with an open-air swimming pool and the mount IDI. The hotel offers:..


We define a concept of status equilibrium for local public good economies. A status equilibrium specifies one status index for each agent in an economy. These indices determine agents' cost shares in any possible jurisdiction. We provide an axiomatic charaterization of status equilibrium using consistency properties. ∗We thank James Foster, John Conley, Rick Bond, and participants of PET05 for helpful comments and suggestions. MyrnaWooders gratefully acknowledges the hospitality of the Department of Economics of the Univeristy of Oregon and Anne van den Nouweland gratefully acknowledges the hospitality of the Department of Economics of the University of Melbourne and the Department of Economics of Vanderbilt University. †Department of Economics, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403-1285, USA. Email: firstname.lastname@example.com. ‡Department of Economics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA, and Department of Economics, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK. E-mail: email@example.com.


The aim of this paper is to study the parameters that mostly influence the life time of high voltage transformers. It is shown that the initial moisture content of cellulose paper has a decisive role in the degradation rate, the higher the initial humidity, accelerates very strongly the degradation. The presence of oxygen, however, markedly increases the degradation rate. The influence of oxygen and moisture on the aging process of this solid insulation have been separately investigated. Their influences seem to be of the same dimension order. The presence of metallic catalysts accelerates the aging process of the cellulose papers.


The flow and heat transfer of non-Newtonian nanofluids has an extensive range of applications in oceanography, the cooling of metallic plates, melt-spinning, the movement of biological fluids, heat exchangers technology, coating and suspensions. In view of these applications, we studied the steady Marangoni driven boundary layer flow, heat and mass transfer characteristics of a nanofluid. A non-Newtonian second-grade liquid model is used to deliberate the effect of activation energy on the chemically reactive non-Newtonian nanofluid. By applying suitable similarity transformations, the system of governing equations is transformed into a set of ordinary differential equations. These reduced equations are tackled numerically using the Runge–Kutta–Fehlberg fourth-fifth order (RKF-45) method. The velocity, concentration, thermal fields and rate of heat transfer are explored for the embedded non-dimensional parameters graphically. Our results revealed that the escalating values of the Marangoni number improve the velocity gradient and reduce the heat transfer. As the values of the porosity parameter increase, the velocity gradient is reduced and the heat transfer is improved. Finally, the Nusselt number is found to decline as the porosity parameter increases.


Melissa Cloyd is a doctoral student in the Graduate School at Liberty University, Lynchburg, Virginia. an on-going analysis intended to support a future study to explore non-participation rates of Hispanic and Latino students in an opportunity that is embedded in a middle school science curriculum which results in the awarding of student service learning hours. The perspective of this review is from a teacher who has served at both the middle and high school levels and who is concerned about potential issues of curriculum equity as they impact diverse groups through the SSL graduation requirement.


Christos Genakos and Mario Pagliero look at professional weightlifters to assess the effects of reward systems based on relative performance.


The nature of the economic formation in the Early Church has been widely debated through the centuries. In his work, Das Kapital , Karl Marx quotes Acts 2:44–45, and even supplies these verses as his reason for hating God. As in the case of Marx and his compatriots, several current biblical scholars (especially those from poor communities) are still disillusioned by their view that the initial drive towards sharing money and property have soon been watered down by the Early Church. This article's main focus is on the way in which reciprocity sheds new light on the economics of the Early Church. It concludes that economics in the Apostolic Era and the Early Church introduced a clear departure from the monetary policies exercised in the First Century Temple in Jerusalem, and in the Synagogues. Not only the main 'economic' events in Acts, but also the subsequent results in developing congregations, then and now, are discussed.


The paper describes two approaches to select easily methods for the support of single working steps within the design process. Further, it is essential for the desired support of the entire process, to combine methods to a spanning sequence. Because of this, a concept was developed which combine methods compliantly using the correspondence of output information of a method with input information of the following method. Beyond, a method combination is appropriate to increase the number and result quality of complex working steps, e.g. while searching for working principles. For this reason, a systematically established guideline for the successive application of various methods is presented which supports the search for working principles.


Background There are very limited data reported about the role of cytarabine (Ara-C) in childhood acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). We review the clinical course and treatment outcome of APL and explore the role of standard-dose Ara-C for children. Procedure Between January 1999 and December 2008, 36 children (<14 y) with newly diagnosed APL were included. Results The overall complete remission rate was 97.2% (35/36). Two patients were lost to follow-up after induction. Two groups of patients were identified according to different consolidation chemotherapy regimens. Seventeen patients were given polychemotherapy in combination with standard-dose Ara-C (group I), 16 patients were given daunorubicin alone (group II). Although the 5-year estimate of disease-free survival between groups I and II had no statistically significant difference (P=0.614), there was a 12% higher disease-free survival rate for group I. Conclusion Standard-dose Ara-C might play some role in the consolidation treatment of children suffering from APL.


For nearly 20 years,the US view of Sino-US long-term relations has been reflected in the strategic approach of the president at the time.However,by the time Obama reached the mid-point of his second term,he had not come up with a new strategic vision on China.What we saw was the dominance of heightened Sino-US strategic competition instead.There is little sign that the US will come up with a new strategic vision on China.From the Chinese side,Beijing should hold on to the pursuit of its new type of major power relations in order to wrest control of the general direction of Sino-US strategic relations.


of the titles are in English, and the English spellings of place and tribal names have been preserved; it is only necessary for this purpose to decipher a few sub-titles. Any work of this sort has inevitable limitations and perhaps the most evident one here is the restriction to the period 1954-63. A number of important studies have already appeared since her closing date. She does, however, give careful attention to work that she knew to be in progress, including many studies that are still not published. Similarly some important scholarly contributions published before 1954 have had to be neglected, for example Roland Oliver's The Missionary Factor in East Africa. Yet Dr Molnos does note some basic ethnographies published before 1954 in a special bibliography. Another limitation is the absence of critical or analytical comment. Only occasionally, when Dr Molnos is able to cite a review or other source, has she ventured to assess the quality of the works listed. A disproportion between major works and limited studies of uncertain quality sometimes arises from this approach. Such a compilation can hardly be completely free from error or oversight, and every reader acquainted with East African research is likely to make a game of spotting holes. But Dr Molnos is not easy to fault. The most obvious flaws in her information concern the university affiliations of her researchers, which she conscientiously tries to note. She usually cites the institution with which the researcher was associated at the time he made the study. But the normal peregrinations of academic people mean that these usually do not correspond to current locations. They are thus of little interest or use, and they may indeed give very false impressions about the current foci of African research interests. More systematic note perhaps ought to have been taken of the Ethnographic Survey of Africa, particularly because of the bibliographies these volumes contain. The volumes on East Africa are of course noted with reference to particular tribes and groups of tribes, but a beginner perhaps ought to have had some general indication as to what he could get from them. The book is expensive, but handsomely produced and remarkably free from the orthographic and typographic errors which typically abound in volumes that must mix two or more languages.


Objective The aim of this protoclo was to investigate the therapeutic efficacy of mailgnant brain Gliomas prospectively.Methods 31 case of mailgnant brain Gliomas treated by interstitial radiotherapy and interstitial chemotherapy after operation. Radiotherapy bursa and Ommaya bursa were embedded into the cavity of tumor during operation. The drug of chemotherapy was selected by drug sensitive test in vitro. 32 P and the sensitive drug were injected into the radiotherapy and Ommaya bursa timing after operation.Results After a follow-up of 3 years, survival is 22 of 31after one year, 20 of 31 after two years and 19 of 31 after 3 years.Conclusions Interstitial chemotherapy and interstitial radiotherapy after operation can decrease the rate of recurrennce, extend the time of life and improve the quality of life. This is the effective method for the treatment of the mailgnant brain Gliomas.


In this paper, a P wave detection algorithm is proposed. First, the characters of wavelet transformation and wings function for detecting ECG P wave are analysed. Then an algorithm, that uses wavelet transformation to detect whether P wave exists or not, and precisely determines peaks and shape of P wave by means of wings function on the original ECG signal, is introduced. Finally, the method to determine the Onset and Offset of P wave in single lead and 12\|lead is given. By using this method, accurate detection rate of P wave is 98% for 320 cases of ECG at Shanghai Sixthe People's Hospital.


A four-pole tri-band bandpass filter (BPF) is designed with stub-loaded resonators (SLRs). The SLR is constructed by a double spiral structure (DSS) loaded with two folded T-shape stubs at the midpoint. A tri-feeding structure is proposed to meet the required external couplings of the three passbands simultaneously. The center frequencies and bandwidths of the three passbands can be independently controlled. The filter is successfully designed and fabricated on a MgO substrate with a compact size of 42. 88mm× 13. 40mm. The three passbands are centered at 1. 00, 1. 15, and 1. 30 GHz, respectively, and the fractional bandwidths (FBWs) are all set to be1%. The measured results exhibit high performance and match well with the simulations.


This article analyzes the contribution of Amir Temur's Sakhibkiran in the history of our country as a special period of cultural growth and scientific development, a great cultural and spiritual heritage, architectural monuments created during this period not only by our people, but also by the peoples of the world. In this study it is also mentioned about the architectural monuments built by Amir Temur, in particular, the historical and cultural significance of Samarkand. The issues of building a strong state by Amir Temur, ensuring the rule of justice in the country, and its positive impact on political, economic and cultural development have also been studied. The article also presents a number of materials about the important role of "Temur Code" in the government and the fact that our national and spiritual values formed the basis of the great empire created by Amir Temur.


The half metallic ferromagnet Co2CrAl full Huesler alloy was successfully prepared by arc melting process. The electrical and magnetic properties of Co2CrAl alloy have been studied in the temperature range of 5 – 300 K. The ferromagnetic Curie temperature Tc of the same alloy has been observed at 329.8 K. The alloy shows semiconducting like electronic transport behavior throughout the studied temperature range. The origin of the semiconducting behavior of Co2CrAl alloy can be best explained by the localization of conduction electrons and the presence of an energy gap in the electronic spectrum near the Fermi level EF.


Parvaquone 1, a hydroxylated naphthoquinone with antiviral properties, was prepared in 26% overall yield in a straightforward manner starting from diisopropylsquarate 3. The key features of the synthesis include addition of commercial cyclohexylmagnesium chloride to 3, followed by acid-catalyzed rearrangement to furnish the cyclohexyl-substituted isopropylsquarate 2. Further addition of phenyllithium to 2, thermal cyclization and deprotection with BBr3 gave 1.


This paper treats about "Line Traction 3" (LT3), which is a mechatronic driveline for heavy
machinery like agricultural tractors, combines, or wheel loaders. LT3 is expected to improve
the performance and augment new functions to the existing ones of conventional drivelines.
For testing and validating this assumption for LT3 and similar driveline systems, we introduce
"MOBiL" , a hardware-in-the-loop method adapted for mobile machinery. The MOBiL method
will be explained to bring out the differences in modelling and test procedures compared to
on-road hardware-in-the-loop methods. Then, we will present the validation of the LT3
driveline in an agricultural context by using the MOBiL method. A discussion of the relevant
results obtained for tractors and wheel loaders will be followed by a final summary.


We report on form factors for the B->K l^+ l^- semi-leptonic decay process. We use several lattice spacings from a=0.12 fm down to 0.06 fm and a variety of dynamical quark masses with 2+1 flavors of asqtad quarks provided by the MILC Collaboration. These ensembles allow good control of the chiral and continuum extrapolations. The b-quark is treated as a clover quark with the Fermilab interpretation. We update our results for f_\parallel and f_\perp, or, equivalently, f_+ and f_0. In addition, we present new results for the tensor form factor f_T. Model independent results are obtained based upon the z-expansion.


This paper presents a new design of a dual band power divider with high power handling capability and isolation bandwidth improvement, which contains six branch line sections, two grounded resistors, one resistor between output ports, an extension line at the input, and a single stub line at the end. Exact closed-form equations are derived for the proposed structure using even-mode and odd-mode analysis. In this design, flexibility in choosing two grounded resistors enables us to determine the frequency ratio range, bandwidth of the circuit, and the level of power handling capability. In addition, line admittance analysis shows that the proposed structure can support the acceptable frequency ratio range. For verification, the proposed structure is simulated, fabricated and measured using microstrip lines. Simulation and measurement results show wide isolation bandwidth, while maintaining high power handling capability over the Wilkinson power divider.


Measurements of the angular dependence of the upper critical field ${H}_{c2}$ in the transition metal dichalcogenides Ta${\mathrm{S}}_{2}$, Ta${\mathrm{S}}_{2}$-(pyridine), Ta${\mathrm{S}}_{1}$${\mathrm{Se}}_{1}$, Ta${\mathrm{S}}_{1}$${\mathrm{Se}}_{1}$-(pyridine), Ta${\mathrm{S}}_{1.2}$${\mathrm{Se}}_{0.8}$, and Ta${\mathrm{S}}_{0.8}$${\mathrm{Se}}_{1.2}$ have been made in magnetic fields up to 150 kOe. The observed angular dependence has been compared to simple theoretical models in order to estimate the anisotropy of the coherence length $\ensuremath{\xi}$ in these materials. The values of the $\frac{{\ensuremath{\xi}}_{\ensuremath{\parallel}}}{{\ensuremath{\xi}}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}}$ calculated from the data were 20 for Ta${\mathrm{S}}_{2}$-(pyridine) and approximately 7 for the Ta${\mathrm{S}}_{2}$, Ta${\mathrm{S}}_{1}$${\mathrm{Se}}_{1}$, and Ta${\mathrm{S}}_{1}$${\mathrm{Se}}_{1}$-(pyridine). The alloys with different ratios of sulfur and selenium showed no major change in behavior as compared to Ta${\mathrm{S}}_{1}$${\mathrm{Se}}_{1}$. The results are also discussed in relation to a generalized effective-mass model of anisotropic electronic conduction. The resistive transitions in the intercalated materials for field orientations less than 10\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} from the parallel orientation are extremely broad and also exhibit unusual structure connected with enhanced flux-flow resistance. The magnetoresistance behavior in the normal state of the pure and intercalated layer compounds has also been measured and the changes in anisotropy due to intercalation are discussed.


Abstract. The short-wave infrared (SWIR) module of the Tropospheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) on board the ESA's Sentinel-5 precursor (S5p) satellite has been very stable during its 5 years in orbit. Calibration was
performed on the ground, complemented by measurements during in-flight instrument commissioning. The radiometric response and general performance of the SWIR module are monitored by on-board calibration sources. We show that after 5 years in orbit, TROPOMI-SWIR has continued to show excellent
performance with degradation of at most 0.1 % in transmission and having lost less than 0.3 % of the detector pixels. Independent validation of the instrument calibration, via vicarious calibration, can be done through comparisons with ground-based reflectance data. In this work, ground measurements at the Railroad Valley Playa, a valley in central Nevada that is often used as a reference for satellite measurements, are used to perform vicarious calibration of the TROPOMI-SWIR measurements. This is done using dedicated measurement campaigns as well as automated reflectance measurements within the RADCALNET programme. As such, TROPOMI-SWIR is an excellent test case to explore the methodology of vicarious calibration applied to infrared spectroscopy. Using methodology developed for the vicarious calibration of the OCO-2 and GOSAT missions, the absolute radiometry of TROPOMI-SWIR performance is independently verified to be stable down to ∼ 6 %–10 % using the Railroad Valley when both the absolute and relative radiometric calibrations are applied. Differences with the on-board calibration originate from the bidirectional reflection distribution function (BRDF) effects of the desert surface, the large variety in viewing angles, and the different sizes of footprints of the TROPOMI pixels. Vicarious calibration is shown to be an additional valuable tool in validating radiance-level performances of infrared instruments such as TROPOMI-SWIR in the field of atmospheric composition. It remains clear that for instruments of similar design and resolution to TROPOMI-SWIR, on-board calibration sources will continue to provide superior results due to the limitations of the vicarious calibration method.


Mucosal lichen planus (LP) is an inflammatory disease of the mucous membranes of unknown origin. The antigen‐specific autoantibodies or T cells responsible for this disease have not yet been established.