The objective of this study was to quantify temporal changes in the spatial structure and pattern of forest patches in the Langat Basin, Peninsular Malaysia in three different periods (1971/1972, 1981/1982 and 1991/1992) from two perspectives; firstly the changes that might impact the environment of the Basin, and secondly its implication for the forest management system. Based on these perspectives, forest patches defined in this study were classified into two groups : Group 1 : based on types of natural forest, and Group 2 : only fou based on status under the Peninsular Malaysian Forest Management Systems. For both groups landscape metrics were used to quantify landscape structure. Factor analysis was used to select the final metrics for describing landscape structure change of forest patches throughout the study period. A total of eight metrics were finally selected for Group 1 and r metrics for Group 2. This result suggests that metrics that have to be considered to give information about landscape structure change depending on how forest patches are defined. Landscape structure analysis in Group I showed that all types of forest in the Langat Basin had experienced fragmentation and deforestation particularly between the period of 1981/1982 and 1991/1992, and it occurred intensely particularly in peat swamp forests. This indicates that peat swamp forests are the most threatened forest ecosystem in the Langat Basin. At the forest management level (Group 2), most of the primary forests had changed to secondary forests between the periods of 1971/1972 and 1981/1982. The secondary forests were intensely analyses explained that human activities in the Langat Basin, including forest management systems, affect the spatial structure of the forest patches. This information is vital to influence future land use planning and forest management systems to ensure the sustainability not only of the forest ecosystems but also of the environment of the Langat Basin.


On the basis of analysis of simulation results of various register (NLFSR) based sequence generators, a new design of generator is proposed. The proposed design satisfactorily generates the sequence, which satisfies all the necessary criteria of the statistical properties of randomness. Therefore, its application makes it a candidate for strong crypto-system's design in the environment of eCommerce. The design has an added attribute of using smaller lengths of linear feedback shift registers (LFSRs).


The present invention relates to a method for positioning of measuring the position and orientation of the movable unit with a receiver 3 '. Receiver 3 ', the scanning unit 2' is detected, the ', the receiver 3' the scanning unit 2 to measure at least the distance and direction related. Radiation emitted by the scanning unit is detected by the receiver 3 '. The direction of incidence of the radiation is derived relating the incident direction and receiver axes of the radiation. On the other hand, the offset of the incident radiation involved in the receiver axis EA is measured. Position and orientation of the mobile unit, as at least the position information, distance, direction about the receiver 3 ', offset, and is derived from the incident direction. Controlling the movable unit arbitrarily optical connection OV.


Researcher nowadays interested in bio fluid mechanics studies that combine engineering problem solving skills with medical and biological sciences to improve healthcare. The understanding of effect on flow behavior for healthy and post Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery (FESS) is improving by the continuously advances technology in imaging modalities, measurement technique and technology. Capability of computational simulations has expanded as the result of the increasing use of such high information can be provided by numerical simulation. FESS is a surgery to restore sufficient sinus ventilation and drainage by removing uncinate process. Nevertheless, FESS have a few cases of side effects such as facial pain, reduction in sense of smell and reoccurrence of infection. This study investigates the effect of uncinate process removal. The models were done through computational technique and flows were then simulated to predict the effect of the removal. Inhalation processes with several flow rates were modeled. The results show that smooth flow was observed at paranasal sinuses area which indicates successful surgical process. The results show that smooth flow was observed at paranasal sinuses area which indicates successful surgical process. The uncinate process removal in both post FESS surgery expose the paranasal sinuses to contaminated inhaled air.


1RXS J180408.9–342058 is a transient neutron star low-mass X-ray binary that exhibited a bright accretion outburst in 2015. We present NuSTAR, Swift, and Chandra observations obtained around the peak brightness of this outburst. The source was in a soft X-ray spectral state and displayed an X-ray luminosity of L_X ≃ (2–3) × 10^(37)(D/5.8 kpc)^2 erg s^(−1) (0.5–10 keV). The NuSTAR data reveal a broad Fe–K emission line that we model as relativistically broadened reflection to constrain the accretion geometry. We found that the accretion disc is viewed at an inclination of i ≃ 27°–35° and extended close to the neutron star, down to R_(in) ≃ 5–7.5 gravitational radii (≃11–17 km). This inner disc radius suggests that the neutron star magnetic field strength is B ≲ 2 × 10^8 G. We find a narrow absorption line in the Chandra/HEG data at an energy of ≃7.64 keV with a significance of ≃4.8σ. This feature could correspond to blueshifted Fe XXVI and arise from an accretion disc wind, which would imply an outflow velocity of v_(out) ≃ 0.086c (≃25 800 km s^(−1)). However, this would be extreme for an X-ray binary and it is unclear if a disc wind should be visible at the low inclination angle that we infer from our reflection analysis. Finally, we discuss how the X-ray and optical properties of 1RXS J180408.9–342058 are consistent with a relatively small (P_(orb) ≲ 3 h) binary orbit.


We report the synthesis and the physical characterization of p- and n-type thermoelectric oxides, i.e. respectively NaxCoO 2 with x nominally close to 0.75 and LaNi1-xCoxO3 with x nominally equal to 0.3, materials that can be used to build unicouples and therefore thermoelectric modules. In order to take advantage of the anisotropy of the NaxCoO2 crystal structure and of the resistivity, the powder-in-tube method usually used to fabricate superconducting tapes has been employed for the first time to produce thermoelectric wires and tapes, also based on the similarity between the thermoelectric cobalt oxides and the superconducting cuprates. Connectivity was improved through drawing, while texturing was induced in tapes through flat-rolling. This made it possible to significantly reduce the resistivity value, thus enhancing the power factor and the figure of merit of such oxides. Various cold working procedures have been exploited: this method is a fast, reliable way to produce TE legs on a large scale and it has been applied also to the production of the n-type LaNi1-xCoxO3


Of the many issues debated about perennially, few have the potential to save lives like defunding nation's number one abortion provider - Planned Parenthood.


It is reported that the methods suggested ensure an effective phytosanitory control of spring wheat seeds, pathogenic agents and B.sorociniana, Fusarium sp., Alternaria sp., Penicillium sp. storing moulds. The offered technique makes it possible to determine the prospects of the crop variety sowing or use of the seeding material; to decide on the necessity of using certain methods or a complex of integrated measures for protection of the on-farm grown seeds or those chosen for strain renovation.


A high-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) method was established for the simultaneous analysis of fructose, glucose, sucrose, maltose and lactose in vinegar. The protein of vinegar was precipitated by potassium ferrocyanide and zinc sulfate. The extract was purified by C18 solid phase extraction, separated with NH2 chromatographic column and detected by HPLC-RID. Quantification was performed by external standard method. Under the above conditions, fructose, glucose, sucrose, maltose and lactose could be well separated. Five sugars showed good linearity in the range of 0.5~20.0 g/L. The recovery were 95.20%~102.40%, and the relative standard deviation(RSD) were 0.91%~3.61%. The detection limit of the method were 0.02~0.10 g/L. By measuring and analyzing of vinegar samples were sold in supermarket, the result indicated that the content of sugar in vinegar were different caused by manufacturing processes and the use of product.


Photoelectron ionization spectra of a system interacting with a neighbor two-level atom are investigated using the Laplace-transform method. These spectra are typically composed of several peaks. Photoelectron ionization spectra conditioned by the measurement on the two-level atom show oscillations at the Rabi frequency. The presence of spectral zeros occurring periodically with the Rabi period is predicted. This phenomenon is analyzed in detail.


Silver nanoparticle were successfully synthesized by using the red dragon fruit peel extract as a bioreductor. The synthesis process is mixed the solution of silver nitrate (AgNO3) 1mM and red dragon fruit peel extract with a volume ratio 1 : 5 and and then mixed with a few drops of NaOH solution 1M until the solution has a pH of 10 each and then stirred using magnetic stirrer for 14 minutes for each sample then incubator. The sample are characterized using the Ultra Violet Visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy resulting in the wavelength peaks and energy band gap at 416 nm and 2.98 eV. A functional group that plays a role in reducting AgNO3 using the Fourier Transform Infra-Red Spectroscopy (FTIR) show six major groups that have interval of 602–3427 cm-1. The result of the X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) spectrum analysis saw a 10.07–102.73 nm crystal size with the Face Center Cubic (FCC) crystalline structure and have an Ag2O impurity. From Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) image shows that morphology of sample is still agglomerated. The findings of the present research lead to conclusion that the red dragon fruit peel was found to reduced the silver ions to silver nanoparticle.


Abstract  This paper estimates whether an increase has occurred in the prevalence of asthma symptoms and diagnosed asthma in Australian children over the past two decades. Seventeen population‐based studies undertaken in Australia since 1969 were reviewed. Inclusion criteria were studies using population samples of children aged 5–12 years, with standardized questionnaire measurements. Data from serial National Health Surveys were also examined for trends in recent and chronic asthma.


Recent results from our laboratory,'-3 as well as data reported by others,4' have shown that gastroduodenal blood flow functions not only provide 0210 and substrates, but also deliver HCO3 to the mucosa. This may be of particular relevance to the pathogenesis of stress ulceration. Sepsis and haemorrhagic shock are frequently associated with systemic acidosis and reduced arterial HCO3 concentration. The recent decline in the rate of severe bleeding from acute gastroduodenal lesions may in part be explained by the more aggressive approach to promptly correct any imbalance of the acid base status in these patients.'" It is clear that reduction of blood flow increases the susceptibility of the gastric and duodenal mucosa to the injurious actions of luminal acid.'2 13 In many experimental models gastric mucosal ulceration after luminal acid exposure alone can only be achieved when blood flow is artificially reduced.4 17 Bile salt or aspirin injury is enhanced by concomitant reduction of blood flow. lR20 The gastric mucosa appears to be relatively resistant to changes in blood flow compared with the duodenum.'5 Thus a 60% reduction of baseline blood flow was necessary to produce damage in a model of hypotensive shock in the rat, whereas the duodenal mucosa ulcerated after relatively minor changes in blood flow. Conversely, increasing blood flow by intraarterial infusion of isoproterenol decreased gastric mucosal damage caused by bile salts, haemorrhagic shock or aspirin in the dog.2122 The fact that sympathectomy attenuated the decrease in blood flow during haemorrhagic shock and also reduced gastric lesion formation is consistent with the protective role of blood HCO3.23 A direct effect on other protective mechanisms such as cellular HCO3 transport mechanisms may also be involved as this has been shown to be under sympathoadrenergic control in the isolated mucosa.24 5 Similar arguments apply to the action of prostaglandins (PG) which effect both the vasculature as well as having direct effects on HCO3 transport by the mucosal cells. Whittle reported an increase in blood flow and associated protection against bile salt and indomethacin induced damage after iv administration of a variety of prostaglandin analogues. Direct infusion of PGI2 into the coeliac artery supplying an in vivo chambered gastric mucosal flap prevented taurocholate and macroscopic acid induced damage in indomethacin pretreated dogs, and this was associated with a large increase in mucosal blood flow. 6 A later report from the same laboratory, however, showed that surface cell damage was induced by taurocholate and acid alone emphasising the importance of microscopic evaluation in the assessment of damage.'714 We do not know whether increased blood flow protects against damage of the surface


The parlance of computer networks is one source of Modern Chinese neology. This article will try to study it from :hree angles. 1. The present situation of the parlance of computer networks. 2. The effect of the parlance of computer net-works 3 The standard of the parlance of computer networks.


There have been relatively few reports of complete heart block in pregnancy. In a review of the published reports, Mendelson (1960) quotes 53 cases of which 28 were acquired and 25 were congenital. It is not surprising that acquired complete heart block is uncommon in pregnancy, since most patients with this arrhythmia are over the age of 50 years and of these the majority are men. On the other hand, congenital heart block is not particularly rare and, therefore, cases associated with pregnancy are to be expected. Recently we have seen four such patients within the course of a year and their progress and management are described here.


We address the problem of determining what points in a field satisfy Freshman's Dream, or equivalently, when a monomial behaves additively. It is conjectured that the only additive points over the rational numbers are trivial. In the case of finite fields, we generalize well-known results about univariate polynomials to bivariate homogeneous polynomials in order to count the number of additive points.


The chemotaxis of wild-type NaCl-conditioned nematodes exposed to 100 mM NaCl, maintained on a growth medium containing 0.3 mM nicotine from first larva to young adult (YA) hermaphrodite, was significantly weaker than the chemotaxis of those maintained on a medium without nicotine. The result indicates that chronic nicotine exposure augments gustatory plasticity. The gustatory plasticity was also augmented when tph-1 mutants, with a defect in serotonin biosynthesis, were maintained on a medium containing nicotine until the YA stage. Chronic nicotine exposure did not augment gustatory plasticity in bas-1 mutants, which had defects in both serotonin and dopamine biosynthesis, and in cat-2 mutants, which had a defect in dopamine biosynthesis. However, augmentation of gustatory plasticity was observed when bas-1 and cat-2 mutants were maintained on a growth medium containing nicotine along with dopamine, suggesting that dopamine signaling is involved in the augmentation of gustatory plasticity due to chronic nicotine exposure. Graphical Abstract Chronic nicotine exposure-induced augmentation of gustatory plasticity in C. elegance is mediated through dopamine signaling.


Neuroblastoma is the most common pediatric abdominal solid tumor. This aggressive embryonal malignancy of neural crest origin has a peak age of onset of 22 months, and accounts for ∼11% of all pediatric cancers and 15% of all pediatric cancer deaths. With current treatment protocols, including high‐dose chemotherapy with autologous stem cell transplantation, radiation, and surgery, ∼80% of high‐risk patients go into remission, although the majority relapse and succumb to therapy‐resistant tumors. Long‐term survival rates (>5 years) are <50%. Mouse models of neuroblastoma provide clinically relevant tools for studying the growth and metastasis of this aggressive malignancy, and for testing the efficacy of potentially novel therapeutics in vivo. This unit describes an orthotopic murine model of neuroblastoma using cultured human cells that closely mimics the clinical condition in terms of the bulky intra‐abdominal tumors and other aspects of metastatic disease. Also described are methods for in vivo imaging and monitoring of tumor growth, and procedures for necropsy and tumor preservation for pathological analysis. Curr. Protoc. Pharmacol. 52:14.17.1‐14.17.18. © 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.


Knowledge is increasingly regarded as an essential growth factor and this is also true for institutions of higher education. Intellectual Capital can be seen as the assets related to the employee's knowledge and expertise, the customer confidence in the company and its products, and the organizational assets. Aspects such as Human Capital; Structural Capital and Customer Capital are important variables of the whole Intellectual Capital Management Program. Skills and expertise plays an important role the internationalization of research and teaching. Third stream income can be obtained through innovation and intellectual property rights, and the commercialization of research and cooperation between universities, government and research institutions become more important. Business Intelligence is contributing to the Customer Capital of the university and the knowledge of international trends regarding other stakeholders.


Objective:To investigate the L.pneumophila contamination in public places of Guangzhou,and provide scientific grounds for the prevention and control of air infectious disease.Methods:From 2006 to 2010,samples of cooling tower water and condensate water of central air conditioning system,bathing water in some public places were selected for continuous surveillance to detect Legionella pneumorphila.Descriptive epidemiological analysis and statistic analysis were carried out with SPSS13.0 program.Results:One thousand one hundred and ninety-three samples were tested and 202 L.pneumophila strains were isolated from 185 positive samples(15.51%).One sample with detection of 2 different serotypes isolates at the same time accounted for 9.18% in the total number of water samples,with LP1 dominated(45.05%).Positive rate was highest in summer(20.43%) and in central air-conditioning system of public transport system(21.38%).Conclusion:Multi-types L.pneumophila contamination existed in Guangzhou and was harmful to the public health potentially.Sanitation monitoring and comprehensive prevention should be strengthened to guarantee the public heath safety.


There is strong observational evidence indicating a time lag of order of some 100 Myr between the onset of starburst and AGN activity in galaxies. Dynamical time lags have been invoked to explain this. We extend this approach by introducing a viscous time lag the gas additionally needs to flow through the AGN's accretion disc before it reaches the central black hole. Our calculations reproduce the observed time lags and are in accordance with the observed correlation between black hole mass and stellar velocity dispersion.


This text is from the old people the necessity of the living environment design set out,aiming at the old people's physiology and the mental state characteristicseses,tallying up to carry on the old people the important point that the outdoors living environment design,and put forward the concrete design skill,draw up to constuct the medium old people to the residence the outdoors living environment designs the problem to carry on the study.


The construction industry is considered the economical backbone in many countries overall the world. It has unique characteristics that sharply distinguish it from other sectors. The fragmental characteristics and high sensitivity to the economical and political environment make this industry influenced significantly to the of business failure. One of the key drivers to the construction projects failures is the occurrence of contract termination. This phenomenon will negatively affect the sustainability of the construction projects and is expected to cause loss in time, cost and efforts for all parties operating in the construction projects. The aim of this study is to investigate the key drivers for contract termination in the construction projects in the Gaza strip. The research is extended to provide the critical success factors (CSF's) leading the occurrence of contracts termination. Highlighting these factors is expected to mitigate the barriers affecting projects success and sustainability. The objective of this research was investigated throughout a postal questionnaire. Fifty one (51) contractors operating in the construction industry in the Gaza strip and classified under the five building categories i.e. (1, 2, 3, 4, and 5) were covered. The questionnaire was structured and designed based on the related literatures, pilot study and the actual terminated cases arising from special conditions in the Gaza Strip. The results show that the political related factors and clients' related factors like (Israel invasion, Imposed closure at Gaza Strip, clients insolvent, clients' bad financial situation, and location of some projects at hot regions) were shown as a part of the critical drivers for contract termination in construction projects. The findings in this research provide practical recommendations for clients operating in the construction projects to exert huge efforts to attain internal continuous improvement. The study also provides an alarm to the world community to break the siege at the Gaza strip. All parties operating in this industry expected to benefit from this results.


An FTTH optical access network architecture based on ''three-network integration'' belongs to the application field of multi-network fusion technology. The FTTH optical access network architecture comprises the following components: an accessed telecommunication public network, an accessed Internet, wireless transmission, a broadcast television access network, the existing local area network fireproof wall of the enterprise, the existing local area network core switch of the enterprise, a media gateway, a three-network integrated first-core switch session boundary controller, the fireproof wall, the switch, a NGN soft switching system, a narrowband charger, a network management system, a first database server, an intelligent service gateway, a gigabit Ethernet passive optical network GPON,an optical fiber line terminal device EPON, an optical amplifying unit, an ONU, a digital monitoring system, a wideband charger, a security service gateway, a server, an optical splitter, an AP, an optical network terminal ONT, an optical network terminal with a wireless home gateway, an optical network terminal M3-2401, an integrated access device and an integrated service aceess plateform. TheFTTH optical access network architecture of the invention has the advantages of multi-network fusion, high bandwidth, high stability, low input and high return.


Underground Thermal Energy Storage (UTES) systems, such as Aquifer thermal energy storage(ATES) are used in several countries. The regulation and research on the potential impacts of ATESon groundw ...


Motor vehicle crashes and their consequences remain a notorious feature of Australian society (Fig. 1). In response, the Road Trauma Committee of the Royal Australasian College of Surgeons (RACS) promoted measures both to prevent injury and, more recently, to improve injury management. In 2001, Victoria introduced a new trauma care system. This followed the Ministerial Taskforce on Trauma and Emergency Services established in response to findings and recommendations of the Consultative Committee on Road Traffic Fatalities (CCRTF). This multidisciplinary committee initiated by the Road Trauma Committee and Victorian Institute of Forensic Medicine evaluated the hospital, ambulance and autopsy records of consecutive road traffic fatalities who had received medical management. Errors and inadequacies in emergency and clinical management were identified in every phase of trauma care and their contribution to individual deaths was assessed. Between 1992 and 1997, despite notifying annual results to hospitals, the frequency of deficiencies and of preventable and potentially preventable deaths was unchanged. During this period at Melbourne's only level 1 major trauma service (MTS), The Alfred Hospital, such deficiencies were one-third to a half less frequent than at other hospitals. The new statewide integrated trauma care system (i.e. post-2001) included the designation of selected hospitals according to their capacity for different levels of trauma care, patient reception by trauma teams, appointment of directors of trauma services and expansion of adult MTS by inclusion of the Royal Melbourne Hospital. The Royal Children's Hospital became a paediatric MTS. Eleven hospitals comprised the metropolitan trauma service (MeTS) and nine regional hospitals comprised the rural trauma service (RTS). Major trauma patients are identified at the injury scene in respect to specific anatomical, physiological and mechanistic criteria and transported to an MTS provided the transport time does not exceed 30 min. Otherwise, the patient is triaged to the nearest designated hospital (i.e. MeTS or RTS) and after resuscitation and stabilization transferred, if appropriate, to an MTS. Since 2001, the Victorian State Trauma Registry (VSTR) has monitored and reported on progress to the State Trauma Committee itself responsible to the Minister for Health. A 'before and after' study by the CCRTF compared the management of 245 consecutive eligible patients during 1997–1998 with 193 during 2002–2004. The proportion of seriously injured patients treated at an MTS had increased from 34% to 62%. Significant improvements had followed. The mean number of errors and inadequacies per patient including those contributing to death was reduced, especially management errors in the emergency department (ED) where half of all deficiencies had occurred. Overall, the preventable death rate (i.e. deaths among those with survival prospects of 75% or greater) fell from 5% to 3% (i.e. deaths amongst those with survival prospects of 25%–74%) and the potentially preventable death rate from 31% to 25%. However, after the introduction of the new system, preventable plus potentially preventable death rates were not reduced within MTS, MeTS and RTS considered separately. Consequently, the improvement can be attributed to the marked increase in MTS admissions where the frequency of deficiencies remained significantly less than in other hospital trauma services. Clearly, the absence of improvement within each of the trauma services needs to be addressed. As a response, the CCRTF commenced a program with the hospital and ambulance trauma services to identify persisting deficiencies within each service and to develop targeted countermeasures. Evaluations of recently managed patients were presented at meetings with each service and at subsequent working party meetings, consensus recommendations were reached. The management of multi-trauma patients demands correct and speedy prioritization of diagnostic and therapeutic interventions with effective team coordination and communications. Errors of omission and commission contributing to death can be frequent. Following the new system's implementation, across all services, frequent deficiencies in the ED included inadequate patient reception, delay in consultant attendance, no or delayed neurosurgical consultation, inadequate respiratory/ventilatory resuscitation, no or delayed chest decompression, delayed or inadequate blood and clotting factors transfusion, insufficient arterial blood gas measurements and oxygen monitoring, inadequate treatment of hypothermia, delays in investigation (especially chest and computed tomography (CT) scan of the head), inadequate abdominal assessment and delay in dispatch to theatre. Fig. 1. Collision causing serious injury to occupants.(by courtesy of Associate Professor M. Fitzgerald, Director of Trauma Services, The Alfred). PERSPECTIVES


(100) oriented silicon and germanium wafers, machined with 10 ps pulses in the NIR (1064 nm), clearly show two ablation regimes when the peak fluence is raised from the threshold to several J/cm2. In the first regime the roughness increases with the fluence due to strong cavity formation whereas the second regime is dominated by the formation of a melt film leading to smooth and flat surfaces. For (110) and (111) oriented wafers this second regime cannot be observed and the surface roughness continuously increases when the fluence is raised. A similar behaviour is observed for all orientations and fs-pulses or burst mode.


Controlling and swapping quantum information in a quantum coherent way between the microwave and optical regimes is essential for building long-range superconducting quantum networks but extremely challenging. We propose a hybrid quantum interface between the microwave and optical domains where the propagation of a single-photon pulse along a nanowaveguide is controlled in a coherent way by tuning electromagnetically induced transparency window with the quantum state of a flux qubit. The qubit can route a single-photon pulse with a single spin in nanodiamond into a quantum superposition of paths without the aid of an optical cavity - simplifying the setup. By preparing the flux qubit in a superposition state our cavity-less scheme creates a hybrid state-path entanglement between a flying single optical photon and a static superconducting qubit, and can conduct heralded quantum state transfer via measurement.


【Objective】To investigate treatment of patients with rotatally and vertically unstable pelvic fracture combined pedicle screw fixation system with external fixator.【Methods】16 patients with rotatally and vertically unstable pelvic fracture from 2007 to 2009 were treated with pedicle screw fixation system and ex-ternal fixator,according to Tile classification system,there were 11 of type 2,5 of type 3,Matta scoring sys-tem was used to evaluate patients' functional recovery postoperatively.【Results】No injury of vessel or nerve during operation happened,The average follow-up time was 14.8 months(range from 11 to 18),and no rup-ture of screws or plate happened.But 3 patients suffered from superficial infection of external fixator,and sacralis injury recovered partly.According to Matta system,12 cases recovered well,3 cases well,1 case fair.【Conclusion】Combined pedicle screw fixation system with external fixator is a good method for treatment of patients with rotatally and vertically unstable pelvic fracture.


In the paper, we discuss the maximum principle for the forward backward stochastic system. Assume the system follows a coupled forward backward stochastic differential equation modulated by a Marlcov chain and the control domain is convex. By convex variable method, we give the necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of optimal control.


This study concerns modifications and evaluation of noise attenuating devices and methods for quieting diesel powered vehicles and construction equipment. The findings were used to develop guidelines for operation and correction of noisy vehicles and equipment and specifications for construction contracts. The major effort was directed towards modification of an existing 1964 diesel powered dump truck to build a 'Quieted Truck'. Changes to the exhaust system, cooling system and building a tunnel around the engine and drive train were successful in significantly reducing noise. The amount of reduction varied depending on factors such as speed and mode of operation. As one example, an estimated reduction from 82 to 73 dBA was measured at 50 feet during an acceleration test at 50 mph. A literature survey and synthesis on diesel powered trucks and construction equipment are a part of this report.


Co-doped optical fiber is provided having an attenuation of less than about 0.17 dB / miles at a wavelength of 1550 nm. This fiber comprises a core region in the fiber having a graded refractive index profile having a more than 5-alpha. Its fiber also includes a first cladding region in the fiber surrounding the core region. Further, the core region thereof, compared to pure silica, having from about -0.10% relative refractive index of about + 0.05%. Additionally, the core region thereof, chlorine at about 1.2 wt% or more, the fluorine is made of the co-doped silica between about 0.1% and about 1 wt%.


Drug delivery systems should overcome a series of biological barriers to escort therapeutic agents to specific pathological web site. There has been advancement in progressive therapies utilizing biopharmaceuticals, like peptides, proteins, nucleic acids and bioactive molecules, as medicine for identification diseases. These novel medicine need refined drug delivery system which may be accustomed improve their pharmacological medicine and pharmacodynamic properties similarly as enhance cell/tissue specificity and biocompatibility.


In order to stabilize a video image, a reconstructed block data and decoding information with respect to macro blocks are received from a decoding device. Global affine coefficients indicating affine conversion of a frame image are provided based on the reconstructed block data and the decoding information. Stabilizing block data obtained by compensating an affine motion corresponding to the affine conversion in the reconstructed block data are provided based on the global affine coefficients.


The purpose of this research is to identify a correlation between teacher's strategy and students' writing ability. Teachers have to modify their strategies in teaching writing related to their students performances, abilities and backgrounds. The first phase of the project involves a screening interview where we identify students' difficulties in writing. We also use students' writing products to validate answers on the screening interview. The final phase involves observations and questionnaires where we use several assessments to confirm the student's diagnosis and examine the connection between their abilities and strategies that teacher used. The result shows that the teacher's strategies in teaching writing boost students to develop their ideas in writing, especially in enhancing vocabulary and getting better at grammar. Lastly, it is suggested to the teacher to be able to use the strategies in the classroom called cognitive, meta-cognitive, affective and social.


Food producers are challenged to develop and adopt reliable processing techniques to meet environmental regulations for discharge compliance. This is a logistical and technical challenge given that...


This issue celebrates Robin Wood's remarkable contribution to film criticism. Robin established himself as an important critic in the sixties and wrote steadily until a year before he died in 2009. His career is marked significantly by the tumultuous social and political changes that affected his professional and personal life. Robin's criticism is often described in terms of a simplistic bifurcation: first there was the humanist critic and then the politicized one. Arguably, the work was grounded, from his earliest writings, in an engagement with the social world and already evidenced a moral and political consciousness. Robin's writing was influenced by the Utopian possibilities of the social liberation movements of the sixties and the reactionary politics that followed, ending the hope of revolutionary change. The latter led to his interest in the films of such diverse directors as Gregg Araki, Patrice Chereau and Michael Haneke, each of whom directly speaks of social oppression and its results and consequences. Robin remained consistent in his adherence to the significance of the author/director as a prime creative presence responsible for the work and the importance of style as the cinema's means of communicating ideas and meaning. He was well aware of the collaborative nature of mainstream film production (as shown in his affection for the work of Howard Hawks, Leo McCarey and Jean Renoir, directors who were known to encourage collaboration and improvisation) but saw the director's contribution as giving the film a defined vision. Robin was attracted to films that evidenced a strong directorial signature long past the time it was considered by film scholarship acceptable or relevant to do so. His commitment to his convictions alienated him from the reigning critical discourses of the moment with their extreme, almost pathological, rejection of intentionally following "the death of the author". The approach to art that forced individual works within an ideological system that produced sameness was antithetical to Robin's appreciation of the intervention of the artist and the possibility of using art to effect social change. The recognition of authorship supported the idea that not all works are created equally or are of equal value. Robin's commitment to the strong imprint of the director is found also in his love of distinguished works of literature and classical music. In his monograph on The Wings of the Dove, he describes great literature as "the greatness of which resides in the writer's grasp of the potentialities of language--movement from word to word, sentence to sentence, paragraph to paragraph. ..." (1) Aside from the recognition of the artist's use of style and the medium, this again suggests that his critical practice had an evaluative component--some works are greater than others. Robin's steadfast critical appreciation of Yasujiro Ozu demonstrates the strengths of his sensitivity to issues like aging (Tokyo Story) and loss (Late Spring) just as his love for Hawks was attributable to the director's concerns with equality in the personal and professional world. These filmmakers were embraced by Robin in the way their work spoke about 'life'. This is not meant to restrict Robin to the influence of F. R. Leavis, but to suggest that his valuation of the great works of directors such as Ozu and Hawks remained a potent and valuable component in his critical practice, that accounted for its breadth beyond the more overtly politicized criticism. While we understand the privileging of the writings on the horror film, we would be saddened to see it taken as definitive of Robin's work, or representative of his most significant contribution to film criticism. His perceptive thesis that the horror film can be read as a radical critique of late capitalist culture in which it proliferated is extremely relevant, but with the exception of the work of George Romero, the films were not those that he continued particularly to value. …


Based on the comparative point,the paper makes a comparison of the developmental courses in Chinese and American Master of Arts in education,analyzes the successful experience in American education of Master of Arts and explores the problems existing in Chinese education,thus putting forward some suggestions and strategies to promote and improve Chinese education of Master of Arts.


According to the actual data of Yanbaoshan open pit and based on the mesoscopic mechanics method and the strength reduction method, the dynamic instability processes of the down dip soft rock with and without fault are simulated by the RFPA SRM, then the stability of the slope, the affected form and the failure mechanism of the fault are studied. It is indicated that with fault, Fs =1.099, without fault, Fs =1.176, the slope is stable; the landslide or the failure of the slope is a gradual process of crack generation, extension, cut through stages and the tensile failure and the shear failure co exist; the root cause is that the fault causes the change of the failure mode and the stability of the slope through the rock stress condition influenced by the fault and the strength characteristics.


Abstract In this work, we provide a taxonomic treatment of Croton species from Itatiaia National Park - INP. The taxonomic study was based on herbarium collections, besides fieldwork to understand the morphological variability of the species. We have recorded seven species of Croton at the INP: C. alchorneicarpus, C. campanulatus, C. dichrous, C. floribundus, C. lundianus, C. organensis and C. vulnerarius, of which two are endemic of the Montane Ombrophilous Forests of Serra da Mantiqueira - C. alchorneicarpus and C. campanulatus.


Controlling the transition dipole moment is extremely important for various photophysical characteristics in semiconductors. Especially, suppression of Auger recombination in quantum dots (QDs) is essential for the development of novel applications, including bioimaging, lasing, and optoelectronic devices. To date, most of the studies on the Auger process are conducted on the basis of manipulating the material property such as wavefunction of electron and hole, energy band, and confinement potential. However, a new way of tuning the Auger process using nanocomposite materials is not reported. In this work, the biexciton Auger recombination (BAR) process in CdSe/CdS(1 ML) nanocrystal thin‐film is successfully controlled by introducing nanocomposite materials. Performing pump intensity‐dependent transient absorption experiments, a significant reduction (up to 30%) of BAR rate is observed in the presence of nanocomposite structures. This notable suppression effect is attributed to the modulation of the net transition dipole moment. These findings will provide further insight into the rational design of QDs combining with a nanostructure that efficiently suppresses Auger recombination rates.


photographs, which were taken in defiance of regulations. The diary gives some insight into living conditions. Sometimes the nurses lived in wooden huts, but on other occasions in tents, which were not altogether weather proof. Sister Gass clearly experienced at first hand both Flanders mud and the intense winter cold. She made extensive entries until early 1917 at which time two of her relatives were killed or died of wounds. Perhaps because of this or because of the intensity of her work, the entries then become less frequent and shorter. The diary reveals some of Sister Gass's duties and the extent of casualties. She describes how she had to set up wards in tents, which were also not entirely weather proof, how she had to obtain stores and stock the ward. She did not enjoy night duty, which came round every three months, because she found it difficult to sleep in the daytime. There were days when nursing activities were slow and others when life was hectic, particularly during the periods of the major Allied offensives such as the Somme, Passchendaele and Vimy Ridge. The matron of the Hospital, whose recollections are also included in the book's extensive appendices, quotes the total number of casualty admissions as 143,252 with 11,395 operations performed. The book, which is edited by Susan Mann, contains not only the diary but also a useful introduction to the life of Clare Gass covering events before and after those recorded in the diary. In addition there are extensive notes and appendices. Overall the book contributes to a better understanding of the life of nursing sisters in the CAMC, and how they managed both away from the front line and close to it. Jean Fernel (1497-1558) was one of the foremost physicians of his Renaissance day, and wrote extensively on the full content of the medicine of the time. And on more than medicine, for he interested himself very seriously and very competently in, for instance, astronomy and the measuring of a degree of latitude. He wrote exclusively in Latin, which a century or so later was still being inculcated early into the children of the ambitious; for example, in Paris Guy Patin (1601-72) had his son Charles (1633-93) speaking and understanding Latin, so that before he was six years old he could speak it to the educated, and French to the household. So Charles said later, anyway. …


This article introduced several kind of Visual the Basic visit database method, develops with VB based on the SQL Server database system, has carried on the comparison to these data connection performance, and proposes the mutual transformed relations.


A suit of huge-thick dolomite formation was formed in the second and up-third of Hetaoyuan Formation in Anpeng district of the center of lake-basin of Biyang depression. The main rocks are argillaceous dolomite, dolomitic mudstone, mudstone, dolomite and trona formation. It is a perennial alkalescence saline sedimentary system. Based on the sedimentary characteristics of lake-dolomite formation, the author first analyses the sequence of length-cycles, metaphase-cycles and short-cycles from the south to north section, and then the short-cycle and rhythm-cycle by high-resolution sequence stratigraphy method from the aspect of sediment and diagenesis.


There may be many causes of epileptic seizures, so thorough clinical history taking and examination to determine the seizure semiology is paramount. In this article, the authors describe a patient with new‐onset seizures whose family history proved pivotal to targeted genetic testing and appropriate antiepileptic drug therapy.


The invention discloses a desilicication dephosphorization process used in the process of producing aluminum fluoride by a dry method, and belongs to the field of chemical industries. A purification system is applied in the process and comprises an air inlet pipeline, an air outlet pipeline, a purification tower, a dust collecting device and a back flushing device. The process comprises the following steps of: reacting fluorite with sulfuric acid in an acid making furnace to obtain anhydrous hydrogen fluoride gas carrying a large number of dust particles, and allowing the gas to enter the purification tower through the air inlet pipeline; filtering by using a membrane material in the purification tower, and then discharging through the air outlet pipeline; entering a fluidized bed, and reacting the gas with aluminum hydroxide to obtain a dry method aluminum fluoride product; during operation of an impurity removing process, performing blow washing for one time every 1 to 2 hours by using the back flushing device; and collecting the dust particles obtained by blow washing through the dust collecting device, and discharging from the bottom of the purification tower. The process has the advantages of low production cost, easily-controlled technical parameters, convenience for working condition operation, environment friendliness, large-scale continuous production capability and the like and is safe. After the impurity removing process is used, the quality of the dry method aluminum fluoride product can accord with all indexes, which are specified by national standards, of first-quality products.


This paper empirically studies the selection behaviors for auditors for listed companies and firstly compares the differences between compulsory and discretionary selection of auditors.With data from 1997 to 2001,significant differences are found between compulsory system and discretionary system in terms of financial position,auditor selection and auditor notes. Significant differences of the regression results of selection behavior and auditor notes are also found."Notes buying" is more obvious for discretionary selection companies that choose "mild" auditors to achieve their ends.


Hydrophilic β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) and its derivatives are not soluble in organic liquids but they are highly soluble in water and can interact with enantiomers selectively to form diastereomeric complexes which enable their use as chiral selectors in chiral solvent extraction. In this paper, terbutaline enantiomers were extracted by hydrophilic β-CD derivatives in an aqueous/organic biphasic solvent system with racemic terbutaline in the organic phase and β-CD in the aqueous phase. Five β-CD derivatives, namely: methyl-β-cyclodextrin (Me-β-CD), hydroxyethyl-β-cyclodextrin (HE-β-CD), 2-hydroxyethyl-β-cyclodextrin (2-HE-β-CD), (2-hydroxypropyl)-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) and (4-sulfobutylether)-β-cyclodextrin (SBE-β-CD) were used as hydrophilic selectors, respectively. Process variables affecting extraction efficiency were investigated, namely influence of the type of organic solvents and β-CD derivatives, concentrations of selectors and terbutaline enantiomers, pH, and temperature. Experimental results show that the efficiency of extraction depends, often strongly, on process variables. All five β-CD derivatives studied preferentially extract the more biologically active (R)-terbutaline from the organic phase; HP-β-CD has the strongest recognition ability. The maximum enantioselectivity (α) of 1.42 was achieved under optimal conditions: pH 7.0 and temperature of 5°C. Utilization of the extraction method for separation of terbutaline enantiomers is expected to be cheap and easy to scale up to commercial scale.


Wayne Reynolds of the School of Liberal Arts, Newcastle University, reviews the revised edition of A Concise History of Australia , by Stuart Macintyre. Port Melbourne: Cambridge University Press, 2004, pp.342. AUD$29.95.


In 1971 universal education became a legal fact in Britain when severely mentally handicapped children were deemed educable and became the responsibility of the educational rather than the health authorities. In 1976 I undertook an investigation of those children, then classified as Educationally Subnormal (Severe), ESN(S), in the county of Oxfordshire. The focus of the study was the teaching and learning of language in those with the most severe language deficiency. I shall only give a brief outline of the study here, since the details have appeared elsewhere [1, 2]. Instead I shall concentrate on discussing some of the conclusions and recommendations arising from it that have general relevance for those involved in this comparatively new educational field. I shall also consider the implications of these findings for mainsteam education; for in the post-Warnock legislation of 1981-implemented in 1983-there is a strong recommendation that special educational needs should be met, wherever possible, in ordinary schools. The investigation in question was conducted with ESN(S) children and their teachers between 1976 and 1978, and took place in three stages. Firstly, children of extremely low language competence were identified from an initial large-scale survey. The survey strategy was modelled on that used in the Schools Council Project in the North-West, and the nature of the findings was very similar [3]. Approximately one-third of the children were described as extremely deficient in expressive and receptive language. At the second stage, attempts were made to explore characteristics of these children and factors in their history and environment which might help to explain their lack of competence. One unanticipated factor to emerge at this stage was that class teachers expressed a preponderance of frankly pessimistic expections for progress in language skills. As this seemed to throw into question the newly acquired educability of the children, I took the issue of teacher expectation as the focus of the third and final stage of the study. A small group of children with low language competence in one school was studied in depth for a year. Differences between those who inspired positive and negative expectations were pursued through interactions with parents, teachers, other professionals, and the children themselves. At the end of the year it was obvious that there were very good reasons for differences in teachers' expectations. Some children quite simply present educators with a challenge which often appears insurmountable. It was apparent too that no magic formula was going to transform overnight a scene of comparative gloom to one of convincing optimism. Nevertheless, from my privileged perspective as an observer, there seemed to be pointers to changes that could be effected for the 269


There is little doubt that standardization of care tends to improve outcomes and costs. Along this line, the adoption of the anterior approach for video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) lobectomy described by McElnay et al. [1] in this issue of the EJCTS has led in their experience to an increased resort to VATS lobectomy and shorter hospitalizations. Although the value of the anterior approach can hardly be discussed, the existence of a linear relationship between anterior approach and increased utilization of VATS lobectomy needs further investigation since it may not depend only on the acquisition of dedicated surgical skills. In this report, the inclusion criteria for VATS lobectomy are not thoroughly specified and the reader would have benefitted from the appreciation of the reasons for conversion. In this setting, the authors report that, in the event of a conversion, they would advocate resort to posterolateral thoracotomy probably depending on the severity of the emergency. This statement contradicts the authors' prevailing view on the anterior one as the best approach to control the bronchovascular structures at the hilum. In addition, the authors' experience seems to support the idea of a stepwise training from open to VATS through an anterior approach. This view may conflict with the emerging opinion among advocates of VATS lobectomy supporting direct VATS training. Be that as it may, my impression is that this contribution represents both a wasted opportunity and an interesting future project to prospectively compare, possibly in a randomized fashion, the approach that the two most senior surgeons were using before training with the anterior one currently used in their practice. In this context, one aspect of the Bristol experience that may have influenced the results of this study is that the learning curve could have been different for the surgeon already used to a 'modified' anterior approach. Prior to renouncing a priori to versatility, which is still one fundamental surgical creed, further investigation is needed. One of the strong points used by the advocates of VATS lobectomy has always been that this procedure is the same as open surgery. A feature of the latter is the possibility of addressing differently located target lesions in the chest by using different thoracotomies (i.e. bronchus first technique). However, McElnay et al. [1] propose the argument to select the anterior approach to maximize patient safety and surgeon confidence in VATS lobectomy by abating the steepness of the learning curve. Indeed, the triad including anterior muscle sparing thoracotomy, anterior VATS approach and uniportal VATS is certainly appealing and may represent a consolidated pathway to ensure minimally invasive surgical expertise for lobar resections in the future.


We have successfully developed Fengshi Xiandan (风湿仙丹) and used it to treat 53 cases of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), with indomethacin used to treat another 53 cases of RA as the controls.


To design retrofit and/or conservation of existing reinforced concrete structures, the assessment of concrete strength is generally required. The current methodologies consist of Destructive Tests (DT), based on uniaxial compression tests performed on concrete cores extracted from a structure, and/or Non-Destructive Tests (NDT), in which the strength of concrete is indirectly estimated by measur- ing other physical properties (like the ultrasonic pulse velocity). Nevertheless, in several situations (like, e.g., the seismic vulnerability assessment of long-term service infrastructures), the traditional DT and NDT cannot be used. Hence, a new simplified approach is described in this paper. It can be applied to infrastructures located in a precise geographical area, where the average strength of concrete (and the rela- tive percentiles) is a function of the year of construction. Such relationship is summarized by the so-called "strength curves", statistically computed from a huge database stored in the Department of Structural and Geotechnical Engineering of Politecnico di Torino (Italy). Referring to a concrete dam and stadium built during the 1950s and 1960s in Aosta and in Turin area, respectively, the strength predicted by these curves is in good agreements with the measurements of DT.


To Make a World, Part II: The Art of Creating a State Continued from "To Make a World, Part I: Ultranationalism and the Art of the Stateless State" đđđđđđđđđđA photo by Moussa Ag Assarid, writer and representative of the Mouvement National de Libération de l'Azawad, or MNLA (National Liberation Movement of Azawad), shows a seemingly deserted space, with only a handpainted sign stuck in the ground. A flag. A claim. An idea. We see no state in terms of infrastructure – neither roads nor buildings – but we see the idea of a state. We see the imaginary of a state taking the form of what, materially speaking, is more a canvas than a flag. We see the bare state – the state in its most minimal, performative dimension. There was a space, and now there is a space with an idea. Space is politicized; territory gains memory, history, and thus speculates, through the sign – through the canvas, the flag – about a possible future.


Ramón H. Rivera-Servera's Performing Queer Latinidad: Dance, Sexuality, Politics is a deftly written and rigorously theorized ethnography of queer Latina/o performance practices from 1996 to 2011. Although not a work of dance scholarship per se, the book pays particular attention to the kinesthetic embodiments of affective belonging. Rivera-Servera incisively reveals how queer artists and everyday actors performatively negotiate their circumstances. Each of Rivera-Servera's case studies also pays particular attention to the urban politics and globally articulated economic conditions with which his subjects contend, providing a much-needed contribution to the fields of theater and performance studies, Latina/o studies, and queer studies. Chapter One provides a comprehensive theoretical, historical, and methodological framing for the volume's rich ethnography of queer Latina/o performance practices. Rivera-Servera surveys the 1990s and 2000s as a time in which queer Latina/os were living under three simultaneous pressures: the intensification of the militarization of the border/immigration hysteria; the emergence of pink capital as a force of the homogenization, gentrification, and commercialization of queer identity; and the widespread economic effects of neoliberalization on larger and mid-sized cities. Rather than seeing these pressures as separate, Rivera-Servera rightly considers how their intersectionality, while often triply oppressive, did not stop artists and everyday actors from enacting queer latinidad and performing community in public spaces. Chapters Two and Three address the political and social struggles and triumphs of queer-identified and queer-friendly Latina/o arts spaces and artists. Chapter Two chronicles the queer Nuyorican choreographer Arthur Aviles's dance works staged in the Bronx neighborhood of Hunts Point. RiveraServera's exploration of Aviles's work weaves together an alternate cartography


This article describes principal component analysis (PCA) of the power spectra of data from chemical processes. Spectral PCA can be applied to the measurements from a whole unit or plant because spectra are invariant to the phase lags caused by time delays and process dynamics. The same comment applies to PCA using autocovariance functions, which was also studied. Two case studies are presented. One was derived from simulation of a pulp process. The second was from a refinery involving 37 tags. In both cases, PCA clusters were observed which were characterised by distinct spectral features. Spectral PCA was compared with PCA using autocovariance functions. The performance was similar, and both offered an improvement over PCA using the time domain signals even when time shifting was used to align the phases. r 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.


To the Editor:— Cole, Giffen, Simmons and Stroud (The Journal, Nov. 10, 1945, p. 723) described congenital cataracts in 2 sisters aged 24 and 10 months with congenital ectodermal dysplasia. Both infants exhibited cataracts in early life and a peculiar skin abnormality. The authors state that "on casual observation the skin changes suggest an exaggerated case of cutis marmorata. On close inspection the skin of most of the body is mottled with dull, red, confluent, slightly depressed and mildly indurated zones, which blanch very slightly with pressure. Between these darker areas are small, pale, ill defined 3-10 mm. islands of skin which appear whitish. These skin changes are most accentuated over the extremities, head and back." This description is identical in detail with the description and the picture published first by Rothmund in 1868 entitled "Cataracts in Association with a Peculiar Degeneration of the Skin" (Rothmund, A.: Ueber Katarakt in


Contrast-enhanced ultrasound offers a viable alternative to CT imaging for evaluating and monitoring renal cell carcinoma, according to three papers presented at the 2006 RSNA meeting.


This paper presents selected aspects that affect information security in the GSM-R digital mobile phone network. With respect to telecommunications safety, selected methods and mechanisms have been analysed that make it possible to ensure the required level of radio coverage, reliability, availability and continuity of services in the GSM-R network. The paper also discusses selected modules for EC procedures for assessment and verification used in the technical specifications for interoperability.


Genesis is the most important text in Bible literature.It is contradictions in narrative language resulting from the early narration and later edition which are also the main factors of its modesty and concentration in narrative language,at the same time it has the narrative style from more dialogues.


Objective To explore the expression of fascin of Reed-Sternberg cells(R-S cells) in classical Hodgkin lymphoma(CHL).Methods Twenty-seven cases of CHL were immunohistochemically stained for fascin with SP method.The expression of fascin of R-S cell was observed and compared with CD30 and CD15 staining in RS cells.Results In all cases of CHL,the observed fascin staining in the RS cells was much stronger than that for CD30 and CD15.All 27 cases(100%) of CHL showed an intensely diffuse cytoplasmic staining,while 26(96.3%) for CD30 and 20(74.1%) of 27 cases for CD15 showed weak-to-strong expression.Conclusion Fascin is a highly sensitive marker for Reed-Sternberg cells,which is helpful to diagnosis of classical Hodgkin lymphoma and has a high negative predictive value for diagnosis of classical Hodgkin lymphoma.


An important objective in monitoring mechanical and other systems is the detection of changes in the underlying dynamics governing system behavior. Statistical change detection (SCD), or change‐point detection, can play a crucial role in the early detection of small changes in mechanical systems. The primary challenge is to detect changes manifest in very small deviations in the statistical behavior of the observations. Statistical change detection algorithms act as novelty detectors, obviating the need to collect examples of all possible fault signature patterns for the purpose of training pattern classifiers. With respect to SCD, the use of nonlinear models can provide useful benefits. In particular, detector performance may be enhanced through the use of more appropriate model structures, such as when processing nonlinear and/or non‐Gaussian data. Second‐order statistics are, in general, adequate when data being fitted are Gaussian. When data are non‐Gaussian, or represent the output of a nonlinear pro...


Background Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) are the major cells which play a pivotal role in liver fibrosis. During injury, extracellular stimulators can induce HSCs transdifferentiated into active form. Phloretin showed its ability to protect the liver from injury, so in this research we would like to investigate the effect of phloretin on succinate-induced HSCs activation in vitro and liver fibrosis in vivo study. Methods In in vitro, succinate was used to induce HSCs activation, and then the effect of phloretin on activated HSCs was examined. In in vivo, succinate was used to generated liver fibrosis in mouse and phloretin co-treated to check its protection on the liver. Results Phloretin can reduce the increase of fibrogenic markers and inhibits the proliferation, migration, and contraction caused by succinate in in vitro experiments. Moreover, an upregulation of proteins associated with aerobic glycolysis occurred during the activation of HSCs, which was attenuated by phloretin treatment. In in vivo experiments, intraperitoneal injection of phloretin decreased expression of fibrotic and glycolytic markers in the livers of mice with sodium succinate diet-induced liver fibrosis. These results suggest that aerobic glycolysis plays critical role in activation of HSCs and succinate can induce liver fibrosis in mice, whereas phloretin has therapeutic potential for treating hepatic fibrosis. Conclusion Intraperitoneal injection of phloretin attenuated succinate-induced hepatic fibrosis and alleviates the succinate-induced HSCs activation.


This note corrects a Romance etymology for Thai kuncee, Malay kuntji 'lock, key' proposed by J. A. Matisoff in LTBA 1992. The true etymology is Sanskrit, as originally observed by Dempwolff for Malay and other western Austronesian languages.


1Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, 17110, Canakkale, Turkey 2Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kanuni Sultan Suleyman Training and Research Hospital, 34303, Istanbul, Turkey 3Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, 17110, Canakkale, Turkey 4Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, 17020, Canakkale, Turkey 5Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Kanuni Sultan Suleyman Training and Research Hospital, 34303, Istanbul, Turkey


P elvic organ prolapse is most commonly defined as a loss of pelvic support to the uterus, vaginal vault, bladder, and/or bowel leading to descent from the normal anatomic position through or toward the vaginal orifice. Approximately 40% of postmenopausal women are affected by some form of pelvic organ prolapse, directly impacting their overall quality of life. This is probably an underestimate, however, as most women typically do not seek care until chronic symptoms develop or become bothersome. A recent regional study in the United States found that nearly 10% of women undergo surgical operation for urinary incontinence, pelvic organ prolapse, or both during their lifetime, further noting that more than 30% of these women will undergo two or more surgical procedures to treat pelvic organ prolapse during their lifetime. Moreover, surgical correction of pelvic organ prolapse is estimated to increase by nearly 50% from 2010 to 2050 because of the growing population of older women (aged 965 y) in the United States. Despite its high prevalence, however, its pathophysiology remains largely unknown. A number of cross-sectional epidemiological studies have reported multidimensional risk factors for pelvic organ prolapse, including age, parity, route of delivery, estrogen status, and history of hysterectomy. Yet, even with these multiple risk factors, the natural history of this disorder is poorly understood. This is exemplified by the fact that the overall effects of hysterectomy and/or oophorectomy on the risk of pelvic organ prolapse continue to be the subject of ongoing controversy. The current limited knowledge base calls into question the true origins of pelvic organ prolapse in addition to the legitimacy of its possible prevention and/or successful treatment. Is pelvic organ prolapse a preordained consequence of genes and hereditary factors? In other words, is it in women's nature or is it the result of the sum of all environmental factors that impact biologic homeostasis and, hence, is a consequence of nurture? In this issue of Menopause, Shveiky et al added more fuel to the Bnature versus nurture[ debate with respect to the origins of pelvic organ prolapse in their report, BEffects of bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy at the time of hysterectomy on pelvic organ prolapse: results from the Women's Health Initiative trial.[ This report presents a retrospective analysis of 10,739 postmenopausal women who underwent hysterectomy with or without bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy (BSO) before and after menopause in the estrogen-alone trial of the Women's Health Initiative. Women who retained their ovaries were compared with women who had had BSO at the time of hysterectomy for the presence of cystocele or rectocele. Based on BSO and hormone therapy (HT) status, participants were categorized into separate groups. Among 10,739 participants in the estrogen-alone trial, 8,879 women were included in the analysis. Women who had had BSO and were on HT the entire time from BSO to study enrollment were more likely to be younger (52% in women aged 50-59 y compared with 29%-34% in other groups) and more likely to have lower parity (82% among women with one or more live births compared with 87%-93% in other groups). Older age, parity, body mass index, waist circumference, hip circumference, and nonYAfrican-American race were associated with increased odds for developing cystocele or rectocele. Participants who retained their ovaries (Bno-BSO[ group) were divided into three groups by HT use and analyzed for the presence of cystocele or rectocele. Overall, 39% of the no-BSO group had cystocele or rectocele at screening, with 7% having grade 2 to grade 3 cystocele or rectocele. In univariable and multivariable analyses, cystocele or rectocele rates were similar in women who retained their ovary and never used HT, used HT some of the time, or used HT the entire time since menopause (P = 0.23). Because HT had no effect on cystocele or rectocele in women who retained their ovaries, these women were grouped together for further analysis. Interestingly, women in the study group who retained their ovaries (no-BSO group) had higher rates of cystocele or rectocele at screening (39%) compared with women who had had BSO, women who had been taking HT since hysterectomy (31%), partial HT users (36%), and who had had no HT since hysterectomy (35%). Overall, when adjusting for HT use, women who retained their ovaries (no-BSO group) were 15% more likely to have cystocele or rectocele compared with women who had had BSO (odds ratio [OR], 1.15; 95% CI, 1.04-1.26). Moreover, women who retained their ovaries had higher odds for developing cystocele or rectocele compared with women who had had BSO and used HT the entire time (OR, 1.42; 95% CI, 1.07-1.88). A multivariable logistic model controlling for age, race, parity, body mass index, waist-to-hip ratio, physical activity, smoking, alcohol, asthma, emphysema, and constipation demonstrated that women who retained their ovaries had higher adjusted odds for developing cystocele or rectocele only compared with women who had had BSO and no subsequent HT (OR, 1.23; 95% CI, 1.07-1.41). All other comparisons were nonsignificant. While acknowledging the limitations of the study because of its retrospective cross-sectional design, the findings of Shveiky et al present an interesting challenge to the current dogma surrounding the effects of hysterectomy and menopause on the natural history of pelvic organ prolapse.


A projected entangled pair state (PEPS) with ancillas can be evolved in imaginary time to obtain thermal states of a strongly correlated quantum system on a 2D lattice. Every application of a Suzuki-Trotter gate multiplies the PEPS bond dimension $D$ by a factor $k$. It has to be renormalized back to the original $D$. In order to preserve the accuracy of the Suzuki-Trotter (S-T) decomposition, the renormalization has in principle to take into account full environment made of the new tensors with the bond dimension $k\times D$. Here we propose a self-consistent renormalization procedure operating with the original bond dimension $D$, but without compromising the accuracy of the S-T decomposition. The iterative procedure renormalizes the bond using full environment made of renormalized tensors with the bond dimension $D$. After every renormalization, the new renormalized tensors are used to update the environment, and then the renormalization is repeated again and again until convergence. As a benchmark application, we obtain thermal states of the transverse field quantum Ising model on a square lattice - both infinite and finite - evolving the system across a second-order phase transition at finite temperature.


The five articles featured in this special issue rapidly bring the reader from the fundamentals to the forefront of knowledge concerning the discrete Fourier transform and perfect balance, and their application to music analysis. A scale is perfectly balanced if the first Fourier coefficient of its indicator vector is zero, or equivalently, if the zeroth Fourier coefficient of its Argand vector is zero. The first article Amiot (2017a), which has minimal prerequisites, is a delightful, elegant, and short invitation that motivates the reader to delve deeper into the two subjects. This first article Amiot (2017a) is an adapted translation of Amiot (2010). The second article in this special issue, Amiot (2017b), methodically develops the mathematical framework of the discrete Fourier transform in music theory, and connects it to prominent music-theoretical notions and questions. This second article Amiot (2017b) is a republication of the first chapter of the milestone book Amiot (2016). The centerpiece of the special issue, Milne, David, and Steffen (2017), studies the mathematical ramifications of perfectly balanced scales and rhythms via the discrete Fourier transform, and musically explores the smooth manifold of such in the authors' software XronoMorph. Carey (2017) studies perfectly balanced scales from a word-theoretic perspective, focusing on those perfectly balanced scales with circular palindromic "richness" and relatively few step "differences." Yust (2017) analyzes Debussy's prelude "Les sons et les parfums tournent dans l' air du soir" from a Fourier perspective, highlighting perfectly balanced pitch-class sets. The papers can be read in any order. Each is as self-contained as possible in order to welcome newcomers to the field. Scientific progress on the discrete Fourier transform in music spans decades, countries, and continents. This special issue is a testament to the vitality and resiliency of international scholarly collaboration, and the joy this cooperative, creative endeavor brings.


A covering code construction is presented. Using this construction it is shown that t[52,39]=3, t[36,21]=4, t[58,32]=7, K(32,2)/spl les/62/spl middot/2/sup 18/, and K(62,5)/spl les/31/spl middot/2/sup 37/, where t[n,k] is the minimum covering radius among all binary [n,k] codes and K(n,R) is the minimum cardinality of a binary code of length n and covering radius R. Four new linear codes found by computer search are also given. These include a [23,9]5 code, a [32,8]10 code, a [51,41]2 code, and a [45,20]8 code.


definitively on the matter.20 Looking at the 1993 Labour Force Survey, the number of women compared with men engaged upon temporary fixed term contracts is approximately 3:1. It is arguable that the impact of this ruling is a form of indirect discrimination, since a greater number of women than men are affected by the lack of protection afforded to them by this interpretation of the Sex Discrimination Act 1975. However, the Court would probably be favourable to a defence of such policy if it was based upon objective grounds unrelated to sex discrimination.21 It is important that EC law does not allow the justification of such forms of pregnancy-related discrimination since there are a number of reasons why women may want to resort to the sex discrimination legislation rather than the unfair dismissal legislation, as well as other situations falling short of dismissal where a woman suffers pregnancy-related discrimination. For example, there is no statutory limit to the amount of compensation awarded, compensation can be awarded under a wide range of heads (such as injury to feelings), and the questionnaire procedure can be used to discover information from the employer.


G271 Chang 8 in JY Oilfield is a typical ultra-low permeability reservoir. During the waterflooding development process, it faces many problems such as rapid water cut rise, large decline, complex plane water flooding characteristics, difficult energy replenishment, and low water flooding recovery. In order to improve the water flooding effect of the reservoir, a foam-assisted oxygen-reducing air flooding experiment was carried out. Through field practical application, the following five aspects of understanding are obtained: 1. During the process of air foam flooding, the flooding fluid produces the Jia-min effect in the seepage channel, which can effectively block the high-permeability zone, and the low-permeability channel can increase the swept range and increase oil washing. Efficiency; 2. Air foam flooding has a good effect on improving the longitudinal profile of reservoirs with different sedimentary rhythms, and the water flooding profile is uniform; 3. The plane flooding tends to be balanced, and the corresponding well groups have obvious effects, which are divided into water cut reduction, obvious oil increase and 4. Compared with the water injection area, the formation energy remains sufficient in the cavitation flooding test area, and the effect of controlling water and stabilizing oil is obvious. The practical research results have important guidance and reference for the effective development of air foam flooding in ultra-low permeability reservoirs.


In this article for a mythical image of Emperor Shun shows how the figure of the hero serves as key structural component of meaning, which on the basis of the basic values of the culture forms a cautionary practices and ideal man. There is examined how it traits in the activities of this character manifest characteristic and the problems of Chinese culture.


Understanding the process of decision?making by which an individual chooses a travel mode is important for transportation researchers in constructing disaggregate travel behavior models and estimating aggregate travel demand. In order to determine if a common decision process applies to the mode?choice behavior of the majority travellers, the data of a transportation attitudinal survey was examined in a cluster analysis. Four basic decision models were tested: the linear additive model, the conjunctive?maximin model, the lexicographic model, and the lexicographic?conjunctive model. The cluster analysis identified three homogeneous groups, based on their distinctive patterns of decision?making. This suggests that different processes of decision?making exist in travel mode?choice behavior. Comparisons between different clustering criteria indicate that decision rules are more effective than travel attributes in differentiating travellers? mode?choice behavior.


Abstract The maintenance of homeostasis is fundamental for the efficient execution of all biological processes. A series of adaptive responses, pertinent to all scales of biological organization, have evolved to assist cells, tissues, organs and indeed individuals to attain homeostasis in response to stimuli that tend to abolish it. At the biochemical level a well appreciated such response is the unfolded protein response (UPR) that is triggered during stress of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), a component of the integrated stress response. Common stimuli that may inflict ER stress are special diets, especially rich in calories and/or lipids, hypoxia, and even aging. While virtually all cells in every tissue and species are capable of inflicting the UPR during stress of the ER, little is known with regards to how this response operates across species, in genetically diverse individuals, or even different tissues of the same individual. By studying ER stress in cultured cells and tissues of genetically diverse animals of the genus Peromyscuswe started addressing these questions and explored their biological ramifications. We discovered that despite the fact that high variation exists between individuals in the expression levels of various UPR components (BiP, GRP94, calnexin, ATF4 and CHOP, a stunningly high degree of coordination is maintained between the expression of different chaperones, with some animals exhibiting uniformly high and others exhibiting moderate or lower response. Noteworthy, by comparing the UPR profile in tissues from a panel of genetic diverse P. leucopus we found that different tissues have their own resilience to stress. In example, despite the inherent variation, brain displayed the tightest coordination between the levels of expression of different chaperones that implies the lowest resilience which in turn is consistent with elevated demand of the tissue for increased homeostatic performance. In these studies, lungs exhibited moderate and the liver the lowest robustness in the degree of coordination in the chaperones examined which in turn may reflect moderate or high resilience for the corresponding tissue respectively. This is in line with each tissue's ability to be in direct contact and to process exogenously inflicted, naturally occurring stimuli such as the breathing air or the food respectively. How factors such as aging or special diet affect the degree of coordination will be discussed. These results underscore the significance of coordination - as opposed to mere expression levels - and imply that the ability to adapt at different environments and indeed the susceptibility to disease may constitute reflections of the inherent resilience of different tissues in maintaining coordination of gene expression.


Since September 11, the United States has established an unprecedented detention system of global reach. It has imprisoned thousands of individuals without charge or trial, conducted interrogations in defiance of domestic and international prohibitions on torture and other abuse, and transferred prisoners across the globe to outsource torture and escape accountability. The President's post9/11 detention policy has sparked vigorous opposition at home and abroad, led to landmark Supreme Court decisions on the scope of executive power, and tarnished America's longstanding commitment to human rights and the rule of law. Today, we focus principally on Guantanamo, and with good reason. Guantanamo remains the most prominent symbol of executive lawlessness and the microcosm of this new kind of prison. Guantanamo's existence was based on two constructs: first, that the detainees have no substantive rights under U.S. or international law; and second, that the detainees have no right of access to the courts to challenge their imprisonment and mistreatment. Two landmark Supreme Court of the United States decisions have squarely rejected both of those propositions. In 2004, the Court in Rasul v. Bush ruled that Guantanamo detainees have the right to challenge the lawfulness of their confinement in federal district court on by filing habeas corpus petitions. And, last June, the Court in Hamdan v. Rumsfeld struck down the President's makeshift military commissions created to try the handful of detainees who have been formally charged with crimes. The Court also held that, at a minimum, Common Article 3 of the Geneva Conventions protects suspected terrorists, prohibiting not only summary military trials but also torture and other mistreatment. These decisions together reject the President's attempt to


To investigate the validity of the internet‐based version of the Children's Hand‐use Experience Questionnaire (CHEQ) by testing the new four‐category rating scale, internal structure, and test–retest reliability.


A typical music clip consists of one or more segments with different moods and such mood information could be a crucial clue for determining the similarity between music clips. One representative mood has been selected for music clip for retrieval, recommendation or classification purposes, which often gives unsatisfactory result. In this paper, the authors propose a new music retrieval and recommendation scheme based on the mood sequence of music clips. The authors first divide each music clip into segments through beat structure analysis, then, apply the k-medoids clustering algorithm for grouping all the segments into clusters with similar features. By assigning a unique mood symbol for each cluster, one can transform each music clip into a musical mood sequence. For music retrieval, the authors use the Smith-Waterman SW algorithm to measure the similarity between mood sequences. However, for music recommendation, user preferences are retrieved from a recent music playlist or user interaction through the interface, which generates a music recommendation list based on the mood sequence similarity. The authors demonstrate that the proposed scheme achieves excellent performance in terms of retrieval accuracy and user satisfaction in music recommendation.


The experiences of the postpartum approach to family planning practiced at the more than 400 Protestant Mission Hospitals of the Christian Medical Association of India are discussed. These hospitals have concentrated on offering tubectomies and have witnessed a steady increase in acceptance of the operation since 1966. This is partly attributed to the trust and good will brought about by sound antenatal delivery and postpartum care. Other methods of family planning are also offered. Statistics showing the number of acceptors and related findings concerning vasectomy the pill and the IUD are also presented. By far the greatest number of IUD acceptors (84.2%) are Hindus. 58.4% of the pill acceptors are Hindus. In general the pill is preferred by younger women.


AbstractDiscriminant function analysis has been used to enable the corrosiveness of an environment to be classified into one of several broad categories, knowing the values of specified atmospheric factors. Of various combinations of meteorological factors that were tried, the following combination proved to be the most discriminating: average of daily maximum temperature in °c, average daily maximum relative humidity, number of rainy days in a month, total rainfall in mm in a month, and average pollution (SO2 + NaCl in mg/cm2 per day over a month). These criteria were used to classify stations at Delhi, Bombay and Tezpur, giving results that agreed well with those obtainedin exposure trials.


Limited IT funds are a fact of life at most institutions. You may be surprised by how much you can do with what you have though. Using new products in conjunction with tried and true existing technologies you can take steps to maintain both your bottom line and your sanity at the same time. Obtaining a competitive price for your computing hardware is the easy part. We're going to go beyond that and work on building a "champagne" lab on a "beer" budget. What components go into building a lab that can wow your customers without driving you crazy you ask? Deployment Tools: Ghost and ASRSoftware Security: DriveShield, MacShield, KeyServerMaintenance: PC-Rdist, Group PolicyFacility Security: Web Cameras, Access Control ReadersPrinting: PharosAffordable tech laden lecterns: touch panels and processors and multimedia projection All of the above components have been used at the U of R to create successful and affordable labs. You can use some or all depending on what you need, and many institutions already have parts of these solutions in place. Knowing what's out there and how to bring it all together is the challenge.


Role theory was applied to the problem of birth order and conformity to a same-sex peer group. Subjects were male and female college students from two-sibling families. Results showed that highest conformity was found for later-born females with a same-sex sibling, and least for later-born males with a same-sex sibling. An intermediate level of conformity was exhibited by laterborn subjects having cross-sex siblings. In the case of first-borns, no difference in conformity occurred as a function of sex of their sibling. The pattern of results for conformity was congruent with predictions made from role theory.


The introduction of information technology (IT) in the society and its pervasiveness in every aspect of citizens' daily life highlight societal stakes related to the goals regarding the uses IT, such as social networks. This paper examines two cases that lack a straightforward link with privacy as addressed and protected by existing law in Europe (EU) and the United-States (USA), but whose characteristics, we believe fall on other privacy function and properties. In Western societies, individuals rely on normative discourses, such as the legal one, in order to ensure protection. Hence, the paper argues that other functions of privacy need either further framing into legislation or they need to constitute in themselves normative commitments of an ethical nature for technology development and use. Some initiatives at the EU level recall such commitments, namely by developing a normative discourse based on ethics and human values. We argue that we need to interrogate society about those normative discourses because the values we once cherished in a non-digital society are seriously being questioned.


The present relates to a fuel rail assembly (1) for an internal combustion engine of a motor vehicle, comprising a fuel rail (2) having a fuel distribution pipe (3) and of the fuel distributor pipe (3) branching off Injektoraufnahmen (4). The fuel manifold (3) according to the invention is characterized in that it is formed of duplex stainless steel.


Underpricing phenomenon often occurs when a company undergoes an Initial Public Offering (IPO) in the stock market. Underpricing occurs when the initial public offering price is lower than the first day stock's closing price on the secondary market. Characteristics of corporate governance within the company may affect the investment behavior of investors, thus also affect the IPO pricing strategy. This study aims to analyze the influence of the corporate governance characteristics on the level of IPO underpricing. This research refers to research conducted by Darmadi and Gunawan (2013) and Filatotchev and Bishop (2002) . The prior study used board size, board independence, ownership concentration and institutional ownership to analyze the corporate governance affect on underpricing. In this study, managerial ownership is added as independent variable on research model. The purpose is to investigate if and how the influence of share ownership by manager to management decision in determining the IPO price. O verall, this study uses five independent variables: i.e. the number of commissioner, commissioner independence, ownership concentration, managerial ownership, institutional ownership, and three control variables: ROE, firm size and underwriter reputation. Research population comprise all non-financial companies that was underpriced on IPO for the period 2006-2013. A Total population of 58 companies was used in analysis. Hypotheses in this study indicate that board size, commisioner independence, ownership concentration, managerial ownership, and institutional ownership partially affect the level of underpricing. This study uses Ordinary Least Square (OLS) Regression for hypotheses testing. Results of this study showed that the number of commissioner and institutional ownership negatively affected the level of underpricing. Ownership concentration had a positive effect on the level of underpricing. This study, did not find significant effects of commissioner independence and managerial ownership on the level of IPO undepricing. The implications of this study showed that the implementation of corporate governance can reduce the determination of the discount rate that used by company as signal of firm quality to investor on IPO.


For different models of molecular motions, correlation times of cubic reorientations are calculated from the intramolecular 1H spin lattice relaxation time determined by studying powdered solid solutions of C10H16 and C10D16 at room temperature. The effect of isotropic librations on intramolecular spin-lattice relaxation and second moment has been calculated for single crystal and powder samples. The best agreement with the correlation time values calculated from powder neutron scattering experiments is obtained for a model where the molecules reorient by 90° jumps about the crystallographic C4 axes: τc4 -1=(5·3 ± 0·5)1012 exp [-(1395 ± 20)/T[°K]] s-1. This conclusion is in agreement with a detailed analysis of incoherent neutron scattering on single crystal of adamantane (preceding paper).


The damaging effects of air pollution on the skin are becoming increasingly researched and the outcomes of this research are now a major influence in the selection and development of protective ingredients for skincare formulations. However, extensive research has not yet been conducted into the specific cellular defense systems that are being affected after exposure to such pollutants. Research investigating the affected systems is integral to the development of suitable interventions that are capable of augmenting the systems most impacted by air pollutant exposure. The following studies involved exposing primary human dermal fibroblasts to different concentrations of particulate matter and analyzing its effects on mitochondrial complex activity, nuclear factor erythroid 2‐related factor 2 localization using immunocytochemistry and protein expression of electron transport chain complex proteins, sirtuin‐1 (SIRT1), and peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor gamma coactivator‐1α (PGC‐1α) using western blotting. Particulate matter‐induced alterations in both mitochondrial complex protein and activity, indicating oxidative stress, which was also complimented by increased expression of antioxidant proteins GSTP1/2 and SOD2. Particulate matter also seemed to modify expression of the proteins SIRT1 and PGC‐1α which are heavily involved in the regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis and energy metabolism. Given the reported results indicating that particulate matter induces damage through oxidative stress and has a profound effect on mitochondrial homeostasis, interventions involving targeted mitochondrial antioxidants may help to minimize the damaging downstream effects of pollutant‐induced oxidative stress originating from the mitochondria.


We have analyzed in vivo how model signal sequences are inserted and oriented in the membrane during cotranslational integration into the endoplasmic reticulum. The results are incompatible with the current models of retention of positive flanking charges or loop insertion of the polypeptide into the translocon. Instead they indicate that these N‐terminal signals initially insert head‐on with a cytoplasmic C‐terminus before they invert their orientation to translocate the C‐terminus. The rate of inversion increases with more positive N‐terminal charge and is reduced with increasing hydrophobicity of the signal. Inversion may proceed for up to ∼50 s, when it is terminated by a signal‐independent process. These findings provide a mechanism for the topogenic effects of flanking charges as well as of signal hydrophobicity.


Nucleosynthesis in the oceans of accreting neutron stars can produce novel mixtures of nuclides, whose composition is dependent on the exact astrophysical conditions. Many simulations have now been done to determine the nucleosynthesis products in the ocean, but the phase separation at the base of the ocean, which determines the composition of the crust, has not been as well studied. In this work, we simulate the phase separation of a composition, which was predicted to produce a crust enriched in light nuclei, in contrast with past work which predicts that crust is enriched in heavy nuclei. We perform molecular dynamics simulations of the phase separation of this mixture using the methods of Horowitz $\textit{et. al.}$ (2007). We find good agreement with the predictions of Mckinven $\textit{et al.}$ (2016) for the phase separation of this mixture. Moreover, this supports their method as a computationally efficient alternative to molecular dynamics for calculating phase separation for a wider regime of astrophysical conditions.


It is very well known that electric arc furnace as a three-phase charge ? one of the most important generators of harmonic currents, reactive power and unbalanced conditions in electrical power systems. To study the effect of the reactive power compensation installation, it is necessary to know the values of the electrical parameters of the arc furnace electrical installation as well as how the arc can be modelled. To simulate the electrical installation function it is necessary to use highly performing models of the electric arc. There are many models of the electric arc presented in the literature but from results using these models the authors consider that the three-phase electric arc is a balanced charge. This paper presents the reactive power values obtained by simulation for different steps of the reactive power compensation installation under the hypothesis that harmonics filters are connected. The simulations are performed using Power System Computer Aided Design (PSCAD)/Electro-Magnetic Transients in DC (EMTDC) program.