Having lack of motivation and low intelligence have often been considered as sources of students' failures in Reading Subject. Such this unfair judgement on the parts of the lecturers remains in its existence in many colleges and universities although dozens of approaches and methodologies have long exalted through Communicative Language Teaching principles. The current study tries to elaborate some interrelated factors that influenced students' achievement in Reading Instruction at the English Tadris Department. Clear vision as reflected in the planning and instructional program is considered to be the primary importance to accomplish successful teaching. Some basic theoretical frameworks as well as the most current trends in our educational practices are presented to picture students' progress. Finally, with a more interactive classes depicted to upgrade students' imaginations, the writer comes to the conclusion that students' success in reading depends largely on how the teacher/ instructor play his/her roles as a manager,a motivator, a supervisor, and as a teacher Key words/phrases: Reading subject, intreractive reading process, Top-down and Bottom-up models, Instructional design, Fresh and Junior group A. INTRODUCTION/PENDAHULUAN Reading instructions in the English as a Second or Foreign Language (ESL/EFL) context has been a remarkable issues dealing with methodologies and learners' achievement. Both problems seem to be very common in Indonesian colleges and universities eventhough English is considered as the main subject of the department. In English Tadris (General Education) Department, Faculty of Tarbiyah (Religious Education) State Institute for Islamic Studies 'Imam Bonjol' of Padang, for example, since its early opening in 2003, students encountered --------------------------------------* Presented in Lecturer Discussion Forum, January 15 th , 2008, in the Faculty of Education, State Institute for Islamic Studies (IAIN) Imam Bonjol of Padang many problems not only in the content of the 'Reading' subject, but also the vision of why and how they should go about the subject. It is evidence in this Undergraduate English Program that almost in every semester, around 30 or 40 percents of students were reported to take 'Reading' subject for the second or third times for improvement or as a 'must'. A number of unpermanent and under qualified lecturers who were incharged with the subject brought about the same dillema for the students' failures. Based on these phenomenon it safes to say that 'Reading Instruction' in this institution has not been planned and carried out as to accelerate students' macro and micro skills in foreign language learning. Lingua Didaktika Volume 1 No 2, July 2008 16 P-ISSN: 1979-0457 As one of the macro skills in language learning, 'reading' should promote some other skills such as speaking and writing. In Indonesia, where English is taught as a foreign language, a large numbers of students acquire and master the vocabulary through reading. Therefore, the needs to interact and negotiate meanings should be in the first priority in the process of teaching and learning 'Reading'. But how can this principle be implemented? Where should 'Reading' lecturer start from?, and where should it be directed? These and many other questions can be addressed to the above phenomenon based on different perspectives. This paper, however, tries to look at the problems and reveal theoretical frameworks and present empirical data to indicate success or failure in this challenging enterprise. The real instructional design and materials development, as well as evaluation process are quoted for parts of validation and final discussion. B. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORKS For many students, reading is by far the most important of the four skills in a second language, particularly in English as a second or foreign language learning. Carell (1988) is very certain that "... if we consider the study of English as a foreign language around the world – the situation in which most English learnres find temselves – reading is the main reason why students learn the language". In addition, at advanced proficiency levels in a second language, the ability to read the written language at a reasonable rate and with good comprehension has long been recognized to be as important as oral skills, if not more important (Eskey, 1970). Dealing with what and how to teach as to help students' comprehension in reading activities, it is worth to look at the previous advancements of several models which is so called 'bottom-up' and 'top-down' mpdels. Up to 1970-es, reading was viewed primarily as decodingprocess of reconstructing the author's intended meaning via recognizing the printed letters and words, and building up a meaning for a text from the smallest textual units at the "bottom" (letters and words) to larger units at the "top" (phrases, clauses, intersentetial linkages). Problems of second language reading and reading comprehension were viewed as being essentially decoding problems, deriving meaning from print (Carrel, 1988). Even today, such a practice has been observable experience in many of the English teaching at our schools, beginning from Junior, Senior High School, up to the university levels. The 'bottom-up' models as pointed above, shares the following features. First, students are directed to recognize the language (letters or words) of the text and think of questions and or exercises which have been already depicted or explicit throughout the text. Second, students may work individually to finish the task and frequently, they don't have chance to interact with other members of the class, excep with the teacher. Third, there is almost nofurther activity related to the text and students leave the class with sacks of new words. Finally, the teacher's role may, frequently, be subsituted with authors of the text. In another words, 'bottom-up' is obviously very text-centered, it does not propose independent learning and therefore, 'reading' suffers many looses. The practices of 'bottom-up' model in reading instruction was significantly influenced by the view that it was an adjunct to oral language skills (Fries 1945, 1963, 1972). The strong influence of the audiolingual method dictated the primacy of listening over reading and of speaking over writing (Carell, 1988). Besides, the Reading Instruction – Besral E-ISSN 2541-0075 17 importance assigned to phoneme-grapheme relationships by structualists such as Fries and Lado (1964) was also responsible for the promulgation and implementation of the decoding perspective on second language reading. The unsatisfactory comprehension resulted in by the 'bottom-up' model encouraged some psycholinguists to create a new model which is later known as "top-down" model. Goodman (1967, 1971, 1973) and others were noted to have contributions to this model when he described reading as a "psycholinguistic guessing game", in which the "reader reconstructs... a message which has been encoded by a writer as a graphic display" (Goodman, 1971:135). In this model, the reader need not use all of the textual cues. The better reader is able to make correct predictions, the less confirming via the text is necessary. According to this point of view, the reader reconstructs the meaning from written language by using the graphonic, syntactic,andsemantic system of the language, but she or he merely uses cues from these three levels of language to predict meaning, and, most important, confirms those predictions by relating them to his or her past experiences and knowledge of the language (Carelll, 1988). Parry (1978) in Carell (1988) summarizes the differences of the two models as follows: Some argue that reading is a 'bootom up' process: graphemes are perceived as forming words, words as forming sentences, sentences as forming paragraphs, and so on (Gough 1972); others argue that the process is a 'top down' one: the reader starts with a general idea, or scheme, of what should in the text – this being derived from previously acquired knowledge – and uses this scheme in perceiving and in interpreting graphic cues (p. 223) Further development of reading model was marked by the critical observations toward 'bottom up' and 'top down' models which later proposed a new 'interactive' model. Weber (1984) as cited in Carell (1988) states that: "... the top down perspective fails to accommodate important empirical eveidence adequately. The interactive models, attempting to be more comprehensive, rigorous and coherent, give emphasis to the interrelations between the graphic display in the text, various levels of linguistic knowledge and processes, and various cognitive activities" (p. 224) Interaction is an important word for language teachers. In the era ofcommunicative language teaching, interaction is in fact, the heart of communication; it is what communication is all about. We send messages; we receive them; we interpret them in a context; we negotiate meanings; and we collaborate to accomplish certain purposes. Brown (1994) maintains the importance of interaction as he writes: Interaction is the collaborative exchange of thoughts, feelings, or ideas between two or more people resulting in a reciprocal effect on each other. Theories of communicative Competence emmphasize the importance of interaction as human beeings use language in various contexts to 'negotiate' meaning, or simply stated, to get one idea out of your head and into the head of another person and vice versa. (p. 159) This model incorporates the implications of reading as an interactive process – that is, the use of background knowledge, expectations, context, and so on. At the same time it also incorporates notions of rapid and accurate feature recognition for letters and words, spreading activation of lexical forms, and the concept of Lingua Didaktika Volume 1 No 2, July 2008 18 P-ISSN: 1979-0457 automaticity in processing such froms – that is, a p


Migrant workers are a special group of society.Because of its special status,The issue of social security of migrant workers have not been effectively solved,which is closely related to the special stage of social development,but also the result of many factors.It is essential to research and establish the social security system,which play an important role in protecting social justice,promoting social harmony and social progress.


Tolling has served numerous and wide-ranging purposes across the ages. While initially providing right of way, tolls were later used to finance the building and maintenance of infrastructure, before becoming a means of internalizing external costs and managing demand. Presently, 2 main arguments are put forward for the introduction of tolls: to meet funding requirements and to respond to society's desire for efficient use of infrastructure. This Round Table provides a broad view of both the theoretical aspects of tolling and the practical problems posed by its introduction. It takes a scientific look at what is a prominent issue, at a time when a number of countries are envisioning the widespread adoption of electronic tolls.


Abstract A paucity of research exists on thick descriptions of family functioning. Using in-depth semi-structured interviews, this paper presents the case study of a family that has close, positive relationships. The results reveal that the family's spiritual beliefs and practices are delicately interwoven into every aspect of the family's life. These results highlight the importance of professionals identifying and drawing on the spirituality of family members as a source of strength and support for the families they serve.


Introduction This document describes the Information Technology Service Capability Maturity Model, or IT Service CMM for short. The IT Service CMM is a capability maturity model that specifies different maturity levels for organizations that provide IT services. Examples of IT services are the maintenance of software systems, operation of information systems, the management and maintenance of workstations, networks or mainframes, or the provision of contingency services. An important question is how these services should be defined and managed. The complexity of IT applications makes it difficult to properly tune customer requirements and service provider capabilities. Customers often cannot express their real service requirements and do not know the corresponding performance needs. Likewise, service providers often do not know how to differentiate between IT services and how to attune them to a specific customer. The IT Service CMM is aimed at enabling IT service providers to assess their capabilities with respect to the delivery of IT services and to provide IT service providers with directions and steps for further improvement of their service capability.


An increasing number of national research funding bodies are becoming aware that research without impact may be of limited value. In terms of the current dominant science paradigm unless cost-effectiveness can be demonstrated then the results of studies are almost useless. This is evidenced for example by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development OECD, which has issued a number of reports looking at the social impact of the Research and Development enterprise. Most recently it has argued that its member states should invest more in intellectual and knowledge development rather than in further developing the hardware production sector, or industrial development (OECD, 2006). This development should not cause alarm to the health promotion endeavor. It is, ultimately, our commitment to contribute—through research and practice—to improving human and ecosystem health, and achieving positive changes in the social determinants of health. However, our ambitions and the pathways that we choose to follow in the pursuit of these objectives may not be concordant with the standards that are being applied for judging our success. For a decade or so the issue of 'evidence' has been the subject of much debate in the health sciences. The original idea was that only specific scientific research methods would establish credible evidence of effectiveness, preferably through randomized controlled trials or lessfavored quasi-experimental designs. Fortunately, there seems to be recognition now that there are many more sources of evidence and ways of generating the knowledge that inform sound decision-making. This includes community testimonials, qualitative research and even anecdotal sources of information which together with more traditional academic procedures can assist policy developers and practitioners in making the best possible decisions. This is consistent with a call for the development of procedures to demonstrate social impact of health research by other means, for instance in The Netherlands (Smith, 2001). The debate has thus reached a new level: how can the availability of evidence successfully influence policy and practice? One approach advocated by some national health research organizations (notably in Australia and Canada) is 'knowledge translation'. This is defined as 'the exchange, synthesis and ethically sound application of knowledge—within a complex system of interactions among researchers and users—to accelerate the capture of the benefits of research through improved health, more effective services and products and a strengthened health care system' (CIHR, 2006). Whilst recognizing the complexities associated with putting knowledge into action, this terminology, to say the least, is suspect. The notion of translation suggests that different languages are spoken in different realms, thus separating the realities of knowledge generation between different spheres: politics, practice, academe and community action. Knowledge generated in academe, it would appear, thus seems to be qualitatively different from knowledge generated in communities. Gibson (2004) demonstrates that this notion of different communities with different cultures is seriously flawed, and that other conceptualizations and practices around the joint generation and application of knowledge are required. In itself the 'translation' discourse would be harmless if the interpretation is done reciprocally; we academics also need to listen to translation efforts that are directed towards academe from those 'other' groups. This is a common methodological practice to validate


Perforating injuries of the esophagus are separated into four categories: Instrumental injuries, foreign body injuries, non instrumental (barotrauma) injuries, and other rare causes. Injuries due to barotrauma include blunt trauma, Boerhaave's syndrome and pneumatic lesions from compressed air source. The latter occurs rarely and common sources include accidents involving compressed-air hoses and tanks, or rupture of a bicycle tire when a young child bites on an inner tubing. First described in 1724 by M.D. Hermann Boerhaave as a syndrome related to posthemetic esophageal rupture, the fi rst case with successful surgical management was in 1947 by Barret. The clinical manifestations include hemothorax, hemoneumothorax and free perforation in to the abdominal cavity. Important points in surgical and medical management are: control of the septic focus, appropriate antibiotic management and early nutritional support. There are some reports in medical literature of unusual clinical presentation of this syndrome; however, there are no reports of association between esophageal rupture and the use of noninvasive mechanical ventilation with positive pressure. We present the case of a 70 year old male, who came to the hospital with cough and progressive dyspnea, due to an exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Non-invasive Positive Pressure Ventilation (NPPV) was initiated. Three days later shock and hemoperitoneum was detected and a perforation of the distal esophagus was found. Primary repair of the perforation was made with good evolution. The aim of this paper is to present an unusual manifestation of an esophageal perforation associated with NPPV and its successful surgical management.


Psychological and educational theories about self-esteem in education em- phasise its dependence on achievement and/or self-actualisation. Government recommen- dations follow their lead. In this paper an alternative theory of self-esteem is developed, drawing on feminist explorations of the politics of identity. Experiences of 'belonging' and 'not belonging' are central to the theory. The theory of the self is compared with Liberal and Romantic theories, which underpin the achievement-oriented understanding of self-esteem. Conclusions are drawn about the relationship between the development of self-esteem of children in schools, and educational policies of social justice. It is argued that improvement of the self-esteem of minority or oppressed groups would result in their empowerment and is, therefore, a political, not a psychological, issue.


A novel resource centre for TP53 mutations and mutants has been developed (http://p53.fr). TP53 gene dysfunction can be found in the majority of human cancer types. The potential use of TP53 mutation as a biomarker for clinical studies or exposome analysis has led to the publication of thousands of reports describing the TP53 gene status in >10 000 tumours. The UMD TP53 mutation database was created in 1990 and has been regularly updated. The 2012 release of the database has been carefully curated, and all suspicious reports have been eliminated. It is available either as a flat file that can be easily manipulated or as novel multi-platform analytical software that has been designed to analyse various aspects of TP53 mutations. Several tools to ascertain TP53 mutations are also available for download. We have developed TP53MULTLoad, a manually curated database providing comprehensive details on the properties of 2549 missense TP53 mutants. More than 100 000 entries have been arranged in 39 different activity fields, such as change of transactivation on various promoters, apoptosis or growth arrest. For several hot spot mutants, multiple gain of function activities are also included. The database can be easily browsed via a graphical user interface. INTRODUCTION TP53 gene mutation is the most frequent genetic alteration found in human cancer. Since the first discovery of TP53 alterations in 1989, >35 000 mutations have been described in various types of tumours (Supplementary Figure S1). One of the greatest contributions to the study of TP53 mutations has been provided by molecular epidemiology and its applications. We will not discuss these epidemiological studies in detail, as they have been the subject of many detailed reviews and are summarized in Supplementary Table S1 (1,2). These studies demonstrate a link between exposure to various types of carcinogens, specific mutational events in the TP53 gene and the development of specific cancers. The most striking example is that of tandem mutations, specifically induced by ultraviolet radiation, which are only observed in skin cancers. The relationship between G->T transversion and lung cancer in smokers or the mutation of codon 249 observed in aflatoxin B1-induced liver cancers is also demonstrative. More recently, a specific pattern of mutational events in the TP53 gene has been observed in nephropathy-associated tumours that support the involvement of aristolochic acid, a potent mutagen found in traditional medicines, in the aetiology of this cancer. These studies were made possible by the fact that TP53 is the only gene that combines several specific features used to study the origin of carcinogenesis in a human population: (i) it is mutated in many types of cancers; (ii) the mutation frequency is high; (iii) the gene is predominantly modified by point mutations; and (iv) the *To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +46 851777336; Fax: +46 851771945; Email: email@example.com The authors wish it to be known that, in their opinion, the first two authors should be regarded as joint First Authors. D962–D969 Nucleic Acids Research, 2013, Vol. 41, Database issue Published online 17 November 2012 doi:10.1093/nar/gks1033 The Author(s) 2012. Published by Oxford University Press. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/), which permits non-commercial reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact email@example.com. D ow naded rom http/academ ic.p.com /nar/artabstract/41/D /D 962052150 by gest on 18 Jauary 2019 gene is small enough to be relatively easy to analyse. Whole genome sequencing analysis of multiple types of cancer has confirmed these studies, as the mutation spectra were found to be similar for the TP53 gene and for the entire genome (3). TP53 mutation databases have also been a framework for many studies on the structure–function relationship of the TP53 protein and the design of novel drugs that can target specific mutant TP53 (4). The first issue of the Universal Mutation Database (UMD) TP53 mutation database was published in 1992 (5) with 360 mutations and has been regularly updated over the years (Supplementary Figure S1) (6–11). Since the last report published in the NAR Database Issue in 1998 (12), the UMD TP53 mutation database has been extended to include functional data of mutant TP53 (9–11). Several tools to analyse and assess TP53 mutation accuracy have also been developed. In 2012, a new website has been designed to host the latest release of the UMD TP53 database (http://p53.fr). Using specific statistical analysis, this database has been highly curated to remove artefactual data (13). It is available for download with several novel analytical tools that will allow the user to perform multiple types of analysis. The mutation database has been linked to a novel database of mutant TP53 activity comprising >100 000 entries related to the multiple characteristics of mutant TP53. Making all of these tools available at a single website provides a useful way to perform multiple analyses on mutant TP53. This integration of functional and structural data with cancer mutations will lead to a novel type of Locus-Specific DataBase (LSDB) that will be more versatile and more valuable than single mutation repositories. EVOLUTION OF THE TP53 MUTATION DATABASE The trend of publications describing TP53 mutation follows a biphasic curve (Figure 1A). After a decade of a regularly increasing number of publications, the number of reports has now slowed down (Figure 1A). This decrease is not owing to lack of interest in TP53, but to the difficulty of publishing TP53 mutations in peer-reviewed journals owing to their lack of novelty. In recent publications, TP53 mutations are not fully described owing to journal space considerations. They are either listed as supplementary materials or, increasingly frequently, not described at all. This problem is not specific to TP53 and applies to many other genes, raising an important issue related to the publication of somatic mutations and the future growth of LSDB. Since 2008, with the development of Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) and the various publications of tumour genome sequences, a new growth of reports describing TP53 mutations has been observed. The rate of description of novel TP53 mutants is also biphasic (Figure 1B) (In this review, we will make a clear distinction between TP53 mutations corresponding to entries in the database and TP53 mutants corresponding to the protein variants encoded by the mutations: e.g. the database contains 1530 mutations that encode for the R175H mutant). It increased exponentially for several years and, in 1995, >50% of TP53 mutations had already been discovered. The description rate subsequently slowed, to reach a plateau corresponding to a saturation limit, at which most TP53 mutants associated with loss of tumour protection activity have been identified. Compared with other tumour suppressor genes, the mode of inactivation of TP53 is unique. Most tumour suppressor genes are inactivated by frameshift or nonsense mutations leading to absence of protein synthesis (or production of a truncated product), whereas >80% of TP53 alterations are missense mutations that lead to the synthesis of a full-length protein that accumulates in the nucleus of the tumour cell (Figure 2). The latest issue of the database includes 1853 different TP53 variants derived from missense mutations (Figure 2). This selection to maintain mutant TP53 in tumour cells is necessary for both a dominant negative activity towards wild-type (wt) TP53 expressed by the remaining allele, and for a gain of function that transforms mutant TP53 into a dominant oncogene (see below). On the other hand, compared with other oncogenes that display mutations that are restricted in a few hot spots associated with a gain of function, TP53 missense mutations are scattered throughout the protein (human TP53: 393 aa). Each residue of the TP53 protein from codon 50 to 360 has been found to be mutated at least once in human tumours (human TP53: 393 aa). Although a few hot spots can be observed, they do not exceed 8–10% and vary considerably in different types of cancer (Figure 2 and Supplementary Table S2). In several common cancers, such as lung and breast cancer, no mutant represents >5% of all mutations (Supplementary Table S2). It has been assumed that the majority of TP53 mutations are localized in exons 5–8 that encode the TP53 DNAbinding domain. This assumption has led to a large bias in the strategy used for TP53 mutation analysis in tumours, as >80% of these studies have focused on this region. The UMD TP53 database comprises the strategy used by the authors for sequencing analysis. The latest release of the TP53 mutation database includes several novel studies that cover the entire TP53 gene using either conventional Sanger sequencing or NGS. Results obtained with both approaches display a similar distribution of TP53 mutations, with 15% localized in exons 4, 9 and 10, indicating that the entire TP53 gene must be screened to correctly assess the TP53 status of the tumour (Supplementary Figure S2A). Analysis of the latest release of the database also reveals that frameshift mutations are statistically more frequent in exons 4 and 9 than in exons 5–8 (P< 0.001), but the origin of this difference is unknown (Supplementary Figure S2B). It is interesting to note that all new TP53 mutants reported in 2012 are localized outside exons 5–8 in studies using whole genome sequencing via NGS. QUALITY OF THE DATABASE AND CURATION One of the most important features for any type of database is the quality of the data. Mutation databases Nucleic Acids Research, 2013, Vol. 41, Database issue D963 D ow naded rom http/academ ic.


Abstract : The rapid development and application of digital technology is creating new methodologies in the field of cartography. The Defense Mapping Agency (DMA), which primarily serves the branches of the Department of Defense, is modernizing nearly all aspects of its operation in response to the technology-driven changes in military communications and weaponry. This paper will describe and analyze the planning and procedural changes now being implemented, and the systems that will be installed before the turn of the century. Both problems and improvements in personnel productivity, training, intelligence gathering, communications, planning, and standardization are discussed and evaluated. Special emphasis is given to DMA's role as a crisis support agency, using three recent examples (operations Just Cause, Urgent Fury, and Desert Shield/Storm). Finally, an assessment is offered of the likely affect of economic, political and social changes on DMA's mission, focusing on issues such as the U.N.'s expanded peacekeeping role and the use of cartographic digital data in counternarcotics efforts and Low Intensity Conflicts. Information used in this paper was obtained from a variety of unclassified documents (as noted in the bibliography), personal and telephone interviews, a survey of military officers, and fourteen years of experience at DMA.


With the development of regular surveys of the uses of time over the last 30 years following the Szalai surveys of 1965, it has become feasible to develop national time accounts and household input-output tables to measure the structure and dynamic change of activity in the household economies of a number of developed countries. These accounts and tables provide the information necessary for the preparation of satellite accounts of the household economy within the framework of the United Nations System of National Accounts (SNA). In turn, as the satellite accounts become available, it will be feasible to estimate economic models of the dynamic functioning of the household economy and its interaction with the market economy. The paper reviews the progress with national time accounts and household input-output tables and examines some of the problems to be overcome in designing satellite household accounts to be used in modelling the household.


Since the US Supreme Court's 1992 Quill v. North Dakota decision, there is a moratorium on collecting taxes on e-business transactions across state borders. In that case, the North Dakota Tax Commissioner attempted to collect a use tax (a variety of the sales tax, generally filed voluntarily along with state tax returns) for sales in North Dakota from the Quill Corporation, a mail order based office-supply retailer based in a different state. The trial court ruled in favor of Quill, after which abStRaCt


This article investigates religious transformations in contemporary Turkey through the case of women's unveiling. Drawing on 10 in-depth interviews with university-educated urban women who have recently stopped wearing the veil, the article examines their experiences and their motivations for unveiling. It asks to what extent and in what ways Muslim women's decisions to unveil are a reaction against the ruling Justice and Development Party's (AKP) shift towards electoral authoritarianism and Islamic conservatism. Some practicing Muslims, particularly youth, have withdrawn their support from the government because of its political authoritarianism and its abandonment of Islamic ideals relating to justice. Since the 2013 Gezi Park protests, the AKP has come under critical scrutiny, both economically (e.g., increasing youth unemployment rates, widening income inequality, the shrinking middle class, clientelism) and sociopolitically (e.g., gendered social welfare policies, pro-natalist campaigns, the discourse on creating a pious generation). However, although the current political atmosphere plays a significant role in women's unveiling, the article also discusses women's personal and theological motives. The article elaborates on how ex-hijabi women contest both Islamist politics and Islamic orthodoxy regarding female religiosity and how these women reinterpret dominant gender norms.


The objective of the research is to explore the functions and roles of KPPU (Business Competition Supervisory Commission) in eradicating various monopolistic practices and unfair business competition which occurred in covid-19 case. Since this case has become a global pandemic, some people or business people whom aware about this pandemic deliberately hoard masks, hand sanitizers and resell them in unimaginable high prices, whereas, these two items are urgently needed only for those whose infected Covid-19. There is also information that some hospitals offer a package of rapid test for the public in expensive prices, which limits the ability of the community to testify themselves whether to isolate  independently at home or do the hospital treatment. Law Number 5 Year 1999 concerning monopolistic practices and unfair business competition is used in discussing this research. In this research, it is known that KPPU has not been able to carry out an investigation unless, information and evidence from the parties who feel disadvantaged by the existence of monopoly and unfair business competition were provided. In addition, if however fraud has been detected, the sentence which will be faced by monopolists or unfair business actors is mere an administrative sentence


In this report, we present Time-Correlated Photon Counting (TCPC) technique and its applications in time-correlated Raman spectroscopy. The main difference between TCPC and existing Time-Correlated Single Photon Counting (TCSPC) is that the TCPC employs a photon-number-resolving photodetector (SiPM, silicon photomultiplier) and measures exact photon number rather than counting single photon by reducing pulse light intensity, thus high measurement speed and efficiency can be expected. A home-made Raman spectrometer has demonstrated an Instrument Response Function (IRF) ~100ps (FWHM) based on TCPC with a strip SiPM (1mm×0.05mm, containing 500 micro cells), fast and weak Raman signals was separated from slow and strong fluorescence background of bulk trinitrotoluene(TNT)sample. The original Raman spectrum of bulk TNT, measured by TCPC technique, is compared with the result obtained by a commercial Micro-Raman Spectrometer.


It has been argued for many years whether the Taiwan Warm Current (TWC) exists in winter, though there is no question about its existence in summer. A regional CTD survey and anchored ADCP measurements were conducted off the mouth of the Changjiang on the western shelf of the East China Sea from 24 February to 10 March 2001. Both hydrographic and current data showed an evidence of the TWC, which flowed northeastward along the 50‐m isobath and intruded into the submerged river valley off the Changjiang. This current is sub‐surface intensified, with a maximum velocity of 30 cm/s occurring at a depth of 30 m below the surface. This finding was consistent with the satellite‐derived SST image received on 26–30 January 1986 and MODIS SST image received on 18 February 2001. It suggests that the TWC is at least an episodic feature in the East China Sea and its occurrence and duration might vary due to meandering of the Kuroshio around the Taiwan Strait.


A spate of new research suggests that the salience of a tax dramatically shapes taxpayer behavior: the more salient a tax — i.e., the more prominent a good's after-tax price — the more taxpayers respond. Policymakers make decisions about tax salience, whether they intend to or not, every time they impose a new tax, yet the normative implications of those decisions remain poorly understood. This note derives new guidelines for how policymakers can manipulate tax salience to promote efficiency. In particular, I show how levying a combination of high- and low-salience taxes can raise consumer welfare and further other social goals.


The invention relates to an LED display screen. Light-emitting tube arrays are formed on the LED display screen by taking red, blue, green and yellow light-emitting tubes or red, blue, green and indigo light-emitting tubes as display units, and space between columns is twice of space between rows, or vice versa; each 2x2 light-emitting tube array comprises red, blue, green and yellow light-emitting tubes or red, blue, green and indigo light-emitting tubes, four light-emitting tubes in different colors are combined into four primary-color pixel points, and a light-emitting tube is enabled to participate in the process of imaging of eight adjacent pixel points through virtual mapping,, so that resolution ratio of the display screen is guaranteed, color gamut of the display screen is increased, and manufacturing cost is lowered.


The authors study the electromagnetic wave scattering from rough surface of three different kinds. The scattering cross section is calculated exactly for each profile and the average scattering cross sections are compared. In the first method, they use real-life measured profiles of a natural surface. The first method gives the correct scattering result or bench mark result. In the second method, they use the measured profiles to calculate the averaged spectrum. They then use the averaged spectrum to generate many profiles. In the third method, the averaged spectrum obtained from the second method is fitted with a power-law spectrum. The fitted spectrum is then used to generate profiles. They find that the third method can give results which can be as much as 6 dB different than the correct result. The second method generally give reasonable results within 2 to 3 dB of the first method solution. Examples used in this paper include soil, snow, and rock surfaces.


Education and research activities are now oriented on groups to solve complex tasks and develop collaboration skills. Agile Software methodologies, psychology and spirituality elements, information technology developments offer possibilities to create dynamic and efficient groups. In education, classical grouping strategies can't be used in e-learning environments where there's little or no physical interaction between parties.
 We developed a web application that takes into account the alternative determined student - researcher typologies, according to the Enneagram methodology, and with a MBTI (Myers-Briggs Type Indicator) test. A simple and complex Enneagram test will determine the 9 base typologies. A psychological base test will determine the MBTI profiles. A correlation between enneagram and the MBTI typology is performed by the web application to generate and refine the grouping process in an automated manner. Case studies as Alternative1 and 2 described in the general algorithm show that groups created using this method have an increased communication among the members and better practical results. This is due to the members' compatibility, which facilitates better collaboration in education and research.


INTRODUCTION 1) The Tokai Power Station, a 166 MWe gas-cooled graphite-moderated reactor of advanced Calder-Hall type, ceased commercial operation in March 31, 1998 and at present spent fuels are being discharged. Meanwhile, a specific plan for the decommissioning scheduled to be performed after the fuel discharge is being studied.The vertical cross section of the reactor building is shown in Figure 1.Total electricity production from the begining of commercial operation to its permanent cessation was 29.0x10kWh and the cumulative run-time availability was 77.5%. A history of the reactor output during that period is shown in Figure 2.


THE INVENTION CONCERNS A DETECTOR SIGNAL LEVEL THROUGH SPECIALLY FOR WHETHER A SIGNAL CONSIDERING ALTERNATIVE IS MISSING OR PRESENT. EC DETECTOR USING A DIAL ANALOG 12 A DIGITAL COUNTER 16, AND CONVERTER 14 TO ESTABLISH AN ANALOG SIGNAL V3 COMPARE WITH SIGNAL WHEREAS RECTIFIED V2. THE CONTENT OF THE COUNTER hovered around VALUE AVERAGE RECTIFIED SIGNAL. THE METER IS USED DIGITAL INTEGRATOR OF THE SIGN OF THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE INPUT SIGNAL AND CONTENT OF COUNTER KIND THAT AVERAGE INPUT SIGNAL IS ALSO OFTEN THAN as less CONTENT METER. ANALOG DIGITAL CONVERSION MAY BE USING SWITCHED CAPACITY.


The history of Guangxi putting forword to build its own school can be traced back to 1960s and Yang Taiyang was the first Guangxi artist to advocate creating their own school.Then,Tu Ke,an oil painter proposed that Guangxi should make use of its geographical advantages to create "Subtropical School".Huang Dufeng brought forword the saying of Westward Movement of Lingnan Painting School after he came back to Guangxi.Guangxi Fine Arts Association proposed the style of Guangxi in 1986 and then put forword the formation of Lijiang Painting School in 2003.The proposal of Lijiang Painting School had great importance to produce high-level Guilin landscape paintings and a large number of landscape painters who had achieved a lot and exerted great influences on Guilin landscape paintings.


Background This study assessed the clinical impact of lifestyle change education on chronic disease risk factors within a community. Design Randomized clinical trial. Setting/Participants Participants included 337 volunteers age 43 to 81 years from the Rockford, IL, metropolitan area. Intervention The intervention group attended a 40-hour educational course delivered over a 4-week period. Participants learned the importance of making healthful lifestyle choices and how to make improvements in nutrition and physical activity. Main Outcome Measures Changes in health knowledge, nutrition, and physical activity behavior, and several chronic disease risk factors were assessed at baseline and 6 weeks. Results Beneficial mean changes in scores tended to be significant for the intervention group but not for the control group. Variables with improved scores included health knowledge, percent body fat, total steps per week, and most nutrition variables. Clinical improvements were seen in resting heart rate, total cholesterol, lowdensity lipoprotein cholesterol, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure. The control group experienced comparatively small but significant improvements in health knowledge, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, glucose, and in some nutrition variables. For almost all variables, the intervention group showed significantly greater improvements. Conclusions This lifestyle modification program is an efficacious nutrition and physical activity intervention in the short term and has the potential to dramatically reduce the risks associated with common chronic diseases in the long term. J Am Diet Assoc. 2005;105:371-381. Chronic diseases, such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, stroke, and diabetes, are responsible for most deaths in the United States (1). Approximately 70% to 90% of these deaths are estimated to be caused by poor nutrition, sedentary living, and tobacco use and are largely preventable (2-4). Despite remarkable pharmacological and technological advances, the greatest improvements in public health in the United States will be made by helping individuals adopt and maintain more healthful lifestyles. This would include avoidance of tobacco, healthful eating, and more consistent physical activity. Such lifestyles are causally linked to the prevention and arrest of cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and to certain adult cancers. Yet, within the United States, 23% of adults smoke, 77% fail to consume a healthful diet, and 78% are at elevated health risk because they do not get enough physical activity (5). In an effort to move beyond the treatment-centered medical care model, a progressive health care provider in Rockford, IL (SwedishAmerican Health System) has actively supported a variety of lifestyle intervention programs not traditionally found in health care settings. These include the Dr Dean Ornish Program for Reversing Heart Disease and the Coronary Health Improvement Project (CHIP). Findings from the Ornish program in Rockford have demonstrated that patients with coronary disease can markedly improve their nutritional and physical activity profiles for at least 1 year. This, in turn, dramatically reduced their coronary risk (6,7). CHIP is designed for adults in the community. Its intent is to reduce chronic disease incidence and to improve the overall health of the public by providing a lifestyle change program within a community setting. The program highlights the importance of making more healthful lifestyle choices for preventing, arresting, and reversing many diseases common among people of industrialized nations and teaches participants how to implement these S. G. Aldana and R. M. Merril are professors and C. Thomas is a doctoral student in the College of Health and Human Performance, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT. R. L. Greenlaw is the medical director and A. Salberg is a research manager with the Swedish American Center for Complementary Medicine, Rockford, IL. H. A. Diehl is the founder and director of the Lifestyle Medicine Institute, Loma Linda, CA. S. Ohmine is a master's student with the Department of Molecular and Microbiology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT. Address correspondence to: Steven G. Aldana, PhD, 276 SFH, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 846022214. E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com Copyright © 2005 by the American Dietetic Association. 0002-8223/05/10503-0004$30.00/0 doi: 10.1016/j.jada.2004.12.007 © 2005 by the American Dietetic Association Journal of the AMERICAN DIETETIC ASSOCIATION 371 choices through a change in diet, physical activity, and smoking cessation. Two evaluations of CHIP using onegroup pretest/posttest analysis showed that participants were able to significantly reduce blood pressure, body weight, and total and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol within 4 weeks (8,9). These descriptive studies have demonstrated that the program seemed to help reduce not only coronary risk factors, but also reduce the risks associated with cancer, diabetes, and the metabolic syndrome. Later, a videotaped version of the program was offered to 453 employees at six geographically different worksites. Research from SwedishAmerican Health System on the effect of the videos mirrored previous reports. Participants experienced significantly reduced chronic disease health risks (10). None of these published evaluations, however, used randomization or a control group. Despite remarkable pharmacological and technological advances, the greatest improvements in public health in the United States will be made by helping individuals adopt and maintain more healthful lifestyles. Using CHIP as the intervention, SwedishAmerican Health System initiated a large randomized clinical trial in March 2003 to answer the following questions: Do program participants improve their cognitive understanding of the importance of healthful lifestyles? Do participants improve their nutrition and physical activity behavior? Do participants experience significant improvements in a variety of factors associated with diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and cancer? The trial is scheduled to be completed in the fall of 2005. This paper reports on the initial short-term results of the trial as it relates to these questions. METHODS Subject Recruitment and Design The SwedishAmerican Center for Complementary Medicine recruited study subjects using targeted advertising, marketed through the Centers of Excellence, CHIP alumni groups, corporate client sites, and the SwedishAmerican Medical Group. Recruitment efforts targeted adults in the greater Rockford, IL, metropolitan area. The Figure shows the participant progress through the study. To be included, each participant had to be willing to begin the program starting in 1 month or in 7 months, and be at least 18 years of age. Eligible and interested participants provided informed consent. Potential participants were excluded if they had any significant systemic or major illnesses, including congestive heart failure, coronary artery disease, cerebrovascular disease, pulmonary disease with hypoxia, renal failure, organ transplantation, serious psychiatric disease, malignancy that (in the opinion of the investigators) would preclude adequate follow-up, or any other condition that, in the opinion of the investigators, would impede participation in regular physical activity. Participants were highly encouraged to participate with a spouse or partner. For couples who agreed to participate, the unit of randomization was the couple. For individuals who wished to participate, the unit of randomization was the individual. Final enrollment included 58 pairs evenly distributed across the treatment and control group. The unit of analysis in the statistical evaluation was individuals. By completing the 6-week data collection follow-up participants became eligible to receive a $50 incentive. The allocation sequence was created using a random number generator. Program sign-up and randomization to groups were made by the study coordinator. The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of SwedishAmerican Health System, and is in compliance with the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act guidelines. Intervention The intervention consisted of the live lecture version of CHIP (8,9). Participants met for 4 weeks—four times each week for 2 hours each time—when they received instruction. The curriculum topics covered modern medicine and health myths, atherosclerosis, coronary risk factors, obesity, dietary fiber, dietary fat, diabetes, hypertension, cholesterol, exercise, osteoporosis, cancer, lifestyle and health, the Optimal Diet, behavioral change (8), and self-worth. In conjunction with the lectures, participants received workbooks that closely follow the discussion topics and contain assignments with learning objectives for each topic. These assignments were designed to help in the understanding and integration of the concepts and information presented. In addition, dietetics professionals and medical professionals spoke to the group weekly about the prevention, arrest, and reversibility of chronic diseases. Participants had access to scheduled shopping tours at local supermarkets and cooking demonstrations given by a dietetics professional. The presenter of the educational sessions was available to answer questions regarding the presentations, workbook assignments, and the program, with assistance of program staff. Participants were encouraged to follow preset dietary and exercise goals. The dietary goal involved adopting a more plant-based diet that emphasizes largely unrefined "food-as-grown." These foods (such as grains, legumes, fresh fruits, and vegetables), usually high in unrefined complex carbohydrates, were encouraged. A whole-food diet—low in fat, animal protein, sugar, and salt; high in fiber, antioxidants, and micronutrients; and very low in cholesterol—is in contrast to the typical Western diet. Particip


Altering food web structure has been shown to influence mercury (Hg) concentrations in sport fish. Here, we describe a whole-system manipulation designed to assess the effectiveness of stocking relatively high quality, low Hg prey (rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss), as means of increasing northern pike (Esox lucius) growth to reduce Hg concentrations. A replicated pond experiment served as a reference for the lake experiment, and provided information to parameterize bioenergetics simulations. Results indicate that stocking relatively high quality, low Hg prey is a rapid and effective method to reduce sport fish Hg concentrations by up to 50% through an increase in individual northern pike biomass. Large northern pike, those fish that tend to be the most contaminated, were affected most by the manipulation. The observed declines in northern pike Hg concentrations indicate that stocking might be used to reduce Hg concentrations in sport fish prior to harvest. However, after one year, northern pike Hg concentrations rebounded, suggesting that reductions would be temporary without continuous stocking. Thus, perhaps the most effective method of perpetually reducing sport fish Hg concentrations would be to manage for the development of a naturally reproducing forage fish population with relatively high energy content and low Hg concentrations. For the full manuscript see: Lepak, J.M., Kinzli, K.D., Fetherman, E.R., Pate, W.M., Hansen, A.G., Gardunio, E.I., Cathcart, C.N., Stacy, W.L., Underwood, Z.E., Brandt, M.M., Myrick, C.M., and Johnson, B.M. 2012. Manipulation of growth to reduce sport fish mercury concentrations on a whole-lake scale. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 69:122-135. A manuscript related to the collaborative project listed above was also completed and published. ABSTRACT: The American Fisheries Society (AFS) student subunits have the potential to train fisheries biologists and to benefit participating faculty as well. In order for this potential to be realized, subunit student and faculty members must demonstrate strong leadership and enthusiasm to encourage and maintain the participation of those around them. Collaboration between student subunit members and fisheries professionals contributes to the core AFS mission of "advancing fisheries and aquatic science and promoting the development of fisheries professionals." Here we describe how a recent collaboration between the Colorado State University (CSU) subunit and natural resource management agencies from the state of Colorado is helping meet the AFS mission. With the guidance of CSU faculty and the determination of the subunit officers, the research project The American Fisheries Society (AFS) student subunits have the potential to train fisheries biologists and to benefit participating faculty as well. In order for this potential to be realized, subunit student and faculty members must demonstrate strong leadership and enthusiasm to encourage and maintain the participation of those around them. Collaboration between student subunit members and fisheries professionals contributes to the core AFS mission of "advancing fisheries and aquatic science and promoting the development of fisheries professionals." Here we describe how a recent collaboration between the Colorado State University (CSU) subunit and natural resource management agencies from the state of Colorado is helping meet the AFS mission. With the guidance of CSU faculty and the determination of the subunit officers, the research project


Wheat pre-harvest sprouting (PHS) is caused by high rainfall especially when the grain is in the filling stage. PHS decreases the grain yield, and is harmful to flour technological quality for baking, with a consequent decrease in economic value. However, the amylolytic activity promoted by germination can facilitate the production of cyclodextrin (CDs). The influence of germinated wheat starch concentration (1% and 10%) on the production of 𝜶 , 𝜷 , and 𝜸 -CD is verified. In addition, the thermal stability of the inclusion complex between CDs produced from germinated wheat starch and orange essential oil (CDs/OEO) is also evaluated. The germination promotes the highest conversion yield (54.4%) at the lowest starch concentration (1%) used. The CDs/OEO increase the orange essential oil thermal stability, promoting their protection at high temperatures. Therefore, this study shows that germinated wheat starch is a promising substrate for the cyclodextrin production, adding value to this product that is, normally, not used by the food industry, but for animal nutrition or discarded. supernatant was collected to determine the total OEO by spectrophotometric analysis at 231 nm. A standard curve of OEO was prepared with different concentrations (2–8 µg mL –1 ), followed by ex-amining the solution's absorbance. The EE was calculated according to Equation (1). Thermogravimetry/Derivative Thermogravimetry Analysis of CDs/OEO : The decomposition temperatures and weight loss (%) due to decomposition inclusion complex, OEO and CDs produced from germinated wheat starch were determined using a thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA, TA-60WS, Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan). Thermogravimetry/derivative ther- mogravimetry (TGA/DTA) curves were recorded under dynamic nitrogen atmosphere (50 mL min –1 ) by heating the samples ( ± 5 mg) from 30 to 600 °C with a heating rate of 10°C min –1 . Statistical Analysis : Analytical determinations for the samples were performed in triplicate, except for the concentrations of the CDs. A com-parison of the two groups was performed by a t -test at a 5% level. Federal University of Grande


In forensic soil science it is sometimes necessary to address a question of the form: 'what is the most likely place of origin of this soil material', where the possible provenances are in a large area. This 'intelligence' problem may be distinguished from the 'evidence' problem where we need to evaluate the grounds for believing that some soil material is derived from one site rather than another. There is interest in the use of soil databases to solve intelligence problems. This paper proposes a geostatistical method to tackle the intelligence problem. Given data on a sample of unknown provenance, and a database with the same information from known sites, it is possible to define a likelihood function, the argument of which is location in space, which is the likelihood that the sample is from that location. In this paper, we show how an approximation to this likelihood can be computed, using a principal component transformation of the data and disjunctive kriging. The proposed likelihood function is tested using a geochemical database on the soil of the Humber Trent region of north‐east England. This shows that the function is a useful way to make a statistical prediction of the provenance of a soil sample. The region can be stratified according to the value of the likelihood function. A validation data set showed that if we defined a stratum with the top 4.5% of values of the likelihood function, then there was a 50% probablity that it included the true provenance of the sample, and there is a 90% probability of finding the true provenance of the sample in a stratum with the top 30% of values of the likelihood function. Note also that the spatial likelihood function could be integrated with other sources of information on the likely provenance of the sample by means of Baye's law. We conclude that this approach has value for forensic problems. The main difficulty is how to define the geostatistical support of the forensic specimen, and the reliability of analytical data on relatively small forensic samples, but this is a generic problem for forensic geoscience.


Sugar cane production inevitably creates off-site environmental impacts. This thesis
addresses the joint production of an agricultural good and environmental externalities
and investigates options to manage transboundary effects. Sugar production activities
upstream of a marine protected area may alter the natural setting and impose costs on
individuals and society that are not offset by commensurate increases in benefits.
Expanding the Burdekin River Irrigation Area in North Queensland to supply the
Molongle Block would bring areas adjacent to Upstart Bay Dugong Protection Area
under cane production with the potential to create net social costs. Irrigated cane
production might introduce dry season flows and pollution carried by water, affecting
the ecological value of dugong (Dugong dugon) habitat. The thesis examines why
environmental damage might occur in the coastal region and explores some of the
mechanisms that might be used to better minimise problems. The original contribution
is an economic analysis of Dugong Protection Areas, identifying appropriate
mechanisms for intervention.
A case study of potential cane production adjacent to Upstart Bay is used to explore
agricultural pollution mitigation policy options. Constructed wetlands are one option,
employing biological processes to mitigate agricultural pollutants. The problem of
handling variable loading rates to avoid intertemporal ineffectiveness would lead to
high cost mitigation. Controlling the timing of pollutant loadings via retention ponds
may be a more cost effective alternative. Retarding dry season flows and first flush
events for release in subsequent high flow events is expected to provide reductions in
environmental impacts. Subregional retention ponds allow for effective coordination of
the timing of wastewater releases and may also have economies of scale advantages.
Integrating agricultural production and ecological criteria in economic analysis of policy
options revealed shortcomings in available datasets. Gaps in knowledge constrain a full
evaluation of mitigation policy, but reflect a situation commonly encountered in natural
resource management. Some existing planning tools could be used as a basis for
pollution mitigation. The Coastal Protection and Management Act 1995 might be used
to strengthen the environmental aspects of land and water management plans required
by the Queensland Water Act 2000. Property level drainage outflow points may allow
for effective monitoring of water quality. The strategic location of drainage outflow points in a new irrigation development could address measurement problems hindering
effective responses.
Instruments which might be worthwhile interventions include traditional regulatory
approaches and market based instruments. Instruments such as tradeable permits linked
to a regional mitigation infrastructure have the potential to further reduce the pollution
risk at the lowest social cost. The first challenge in establishing a marketable permit
system that creates an incentive to reduce pollution is the setting of limits for the
aggregate quantity of pollution permissible.
In considering the potential implications of the case study for the sugar growing
industry as a whole, more parameters become relevant for policy analysis. A whole of
catchment approach similar to the Productivity Commission investigation of policy
options for water quality and the Great Barrier Reef lagoon (2003) provides a
framework to address complex land use issues affecting the land-marine interface. It is
argued that policy options that inherently create incentives to reveal private information
aligning private interests with desired environmental outcomes and allow for site
variability must feature as part of the abatement policy mix. Finding ways to lever
community capacity to implement policy options and ensure desired environmental
outcomes through adopting some targeted regulatory options remains the challenge for
agricultural pollution mitigation policy.


The goals of prenatal testing remain controversial and reflect competing interests of public health, patient rights, disability activists, scholars, feminist critics, commercial laboratories, judiciary/legislative trends, and medical science. This paper reviews and critiques the most common justifications of prenatal testing for fetal aneuploidy that have been put forth over the half century of its existence: reducing the medical and economic burden to society of genetic disease through selective abortion, allowing parents to avoid raising a child with disabilities, preventing the suffering associated with chromosomal and genetic disorders, emotional reassurance about the health of the baby, and medical and emotional preparation for the birth of a baby with a disability. Each of these goals has problematic aspects, as do some of the criticisms of these goals. The most striking shortcoming of the justifications for prenatal testing is a dearth of research about potential medical, psychological, or adaptational benefits of prenatal testing, especially for aneuploidy, for babies and families, beyond the option of pregnancy termination.


Mucoceles are common salivary gland disorders which can be seen in the oral cavity. They occur most commonly in the lower lip region followed by the tongue, buccal mucosa, and the soft palate region. Two histological types are seen: extravasation and retention. Retentive types of mucoceles are found less commonly in children. Several treatment modalities have been put forth for excision of such cysts including the use of a scalpel, CO2laser, and cryosurgery. The present case report depicts a combination of surgical and laser-assisted approaches adapted for the excision of a small retentive type of mucocele in a 12-year-old female child.


This ANPR describes several options EPA is considering to make our regulations more flexible for generators of mixed low-level radioactive waste (MLLW) who are storing wastes that we and the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC or Commission) oversee. In this ANPR, we are requesting: comments on options for storing mixed waste; other suggestions on providing regulatory flexibility to manage mixed waste; and from generators of MLLW, information about generating such wastes and your operating procedures and costs for storing, treating, and disposing of these wastes. DATES: To make sure we consider your comments they must be received by April 15, 1999. ADDRESSES: You can send an original and two copies of your comments referencing Docket Number F–99– MLLP–FFFFF to (1) if using regular US Postal Service mail: RCRA Docket Information Center, Office of Solid Waste (5305W), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Headquarters (EPA, HQ), 401 M Street, SW., Washington, DC 20460, or (2) if using special delivery, such as overnight express service: RCRA Docket Information Center (RIC), Crystal Gateway One, 1235 Jefferson Davis Highway, First Floor, Arlington, VA 22202. To reduce paper, we are asking you to send one paper copy, and an electronic copy by diskette or Internet email. In this case, send your comments to the RCRA Information Center on labeled personal computer diskettes in ASCII (TEXT) format or a word processing format we can convert to ASCII (TEXT). Please include on the disk label the name, version, and edition of your word processing software as well as your name. Protect your diskette by putting it in a protective mailing envelope. To send a copy by Internet email, address it to: firstname.lastname@example.com. Make sure this copy is in ASCII format that doesn't use special characters on encryption. Cite the docket number F– 99–MLLP–FFFFF in your electronic file. The RCRA Information Center is at Crystal Gateway One, 1235 Jefferson Davis Highway, First Floor, Arlington Virginia. You may look at and copy supporting information for RCRA rules from 9 AM to 4 PM Monday through Friday, except for Federal holidays. But you must make an appointment to review docket materials by calling (703) 603–9230. You may copy up to 100 pages from any regulatory document at no cost. Additional copies cost $0.15 per page. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: For general information, call the RCRA Hotline at 1–800–424–9346 or TDD 1– 800–553–7672 (hearing impaired). Callers within the Washington Metropolitan Area must dial 703–412– 9810 or TDD 703–412–3323 (hearing impaired). The RCRA Hotline is open Monday-Friday, 9 a.m. to 6 p.m., Eastern Standard Time. For more information on specific aspects of this ANPR, telephone Nancy Hunt at (703) 308–8762, or Chris Rhyne at (703) 308– 8658, or write them at the Office of Solid Waste (5303W), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 401 M Street, SW, Washington, DC 20460. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The index and electronically obtainable supporting materials are available on the Internet. Follow these instructions to access the information electronically:


A novel ultra-wideband (UWB) pulse synthesizer is proposed, which uses a distributed amplifier to combine Gaussian pulses of different polarities, amplitudes and delays. The center frequency and bandwidth of the synthesized pulse can be adjusted by varying the number of the Gaussian pulses and the delays between them. Compared to other UWB pulse generators, the present synthesizer is capable of higher voltages and higher efficiencies. Using 0.25-μm pHEMTs, a prototype synthesizer has been designed and fabricated with a center frequency of 4.0 GHz and a bandwidth of 1.9GHz. Under a Gaussian input pulse of 1.5 V and 100 ps, the synthesizer outputs into 50 Ω a pulse of 4.5V and 1 ns. At a pulserepetition frequency of 10MHz, the synthesizer consumes 1 mA at 3 V with 17% efficiency. Approaches to maintain high efficiency by scaling the supply voltage for different input amplitudes and pulse-repetition frequencies have also been verified experimentally. Received 5 February 2011, Accepted 11 March 2011, Scheduled 17 March 2011 Corresponding author: Chao Fang (email@example.com).


Rifting processes leading to the formation of deep-water hyper-extended, magma-starved rifted margins are poorly constrained due to the lack of data from present-day rifted margins. In many present-day examples the classical models remain unable to predict the observed tectonic, sedimentary and subsidence history. Therefore, finding good field analogues, which preserve primary relationships between structures and syn-tectonic sediments is a key to understand the timing and evolution of these margins.


The Malay Dilemma Revisited is a critical and balanced analysis of Malaysia's preferential race policy and its impact on the nation's delicate race dynamics and economy. Unlike America's affirmative action, Malaysia's version is far more aggressive and pervasive and has been remarkably successful in creating a sizable and stable Bumiputra middle class.


Nutrition-element elimination studies on crops in soil with a high fixation capacity using pot experiments are usually problematic where the realistic and accurate application of nutrients is concerned. The possible use of agar gel in plant nutritional studies was investigated. Commercial agar-agar, used for microbiological purposes, was found to have low enough nutrient concentrations to be used. Furthermore, 1.5% agar blocks were found to be stable in soil during glasshouse pot trials and can be effectively used as a nutrient carrier as they will temporarily protect nutrients against sorption and precipitation due to phase difference.


A patient with amnesia was trained in route finding around a hospital rehabilitation unitusing a detailed computer-generated non-immersive 3D virtual environment based on the real unit. Prior to the training, she was unable to perform 10 simple routes around the real unit, all involving locations which she visited regularly. She was tested at weekly intervals on these same 10 routes around the real unit during the course of the study. Her first course of training involved practising two of the 10 routes in the virtual environment for 15 minutes each weekday. After three weeks' training, she successfully performed these two routes in the real unit and she retained her knowledge of these routes for the remainder of the study, despite not receiving any further training on these routes. For her second course of training, two more of the original 10 routes were chosen, one of which she practised in the virtual environment and one in the real unit. Within two weeks, she had learned the route practised in the vi...


This article aims to analyze the potential impact of forced internal displacement on international refugee migration, considering the relation between internal and international migration: Are today's IDPs tomorrow's refugees? It is likely that many refugees were forcibly displaced in their own countries before applying for asylum. Therefore, to develop this investigation, this article is divided into three sections. In the first section, it presents a general approach about internally displaced persons (IDPs) and refugees, including definitions and the bases of its protection under international law. Afterwards, it analyzes data on international migration and on internal displacement. At the end, these data are compared and possible link between internal and international forced migration is analyzed.


A retrospective study of the road traffic accident cases starting from July 2009 to June 2014 was done. The aim was to find out those cases where fatal internal injury occurred without visible or significant external trauma. 84 cases out of 362 cases were selected. These cases were analysed regarding parameters like age and sex of the victim, the type of vehicle involved, manner of production, period of survival, type of road, cause of death, wearing apparel of the victim and relationship between visible external and internal injuries. In all these cases, a fatal internal injury was present in the absence of corresponding external injury. Therefore, it is suggested that absence of visible external injury should not be taken lightly as it may be associated with a fatal wound inside. The first 6 hrs turned out to be the most crucial. Head should be properly investigated for any injury as this has turned out to be the most vulnerable part. Nevertheless, a complete bodily investigation is a must to avoid any unwanted incident as well as a safeguard from allegations of medical negligence.


A viewgraph presentation describing the effects of laser peening and shot peening on friction stir welding is shown. The topics include: 1) Background; 2) Friction Stir Welding (FSW); 3) Microstructure; 4) Laser & Shot Peening; 5) Residual Stresses; 6) Tensile Behavior; 7) Fatigue Life & Surface Roughness; 8) Crack Growth; and 9) Benefits.


Introduction: Medicinal plants are often used by community because of all natural, safe and relatively few side effects. Medicinal plants commonly used by Indonesian are swamp cabbage as it potentially generates hypnotic effect and in overcoming the problem of sleep disorders. Objectives: to assess whether the swamp cabbage, have a hypnotic effect with the parameter of time to sleep and sleep duration in the Swiss Webster male mice induced phenobarbital. Methods: This study was based on real experimental using comparatively Completely Randomized Design. Thirty male mice were divided into 5 the group which is given ethanol extract of swamp cabbage 2000 mg /kg bw, 4000 mg /kg bw, 8000 mg /kg bw, comparator (diazepam), and controls (CMC 1% suspension). The measured data is time to sleep and sleep duration in minutes. Analysis of data using one-way test ANOVA followed by Tukey HSD test with α = 0.05, significance based on p ≤ 0.05, using a computer program. Results: The fastest time to sleep is in the group given dose of 8000 mg /kg bw which was 17 minutes followed by the dose of 4000 mg /kg bw and the 2000 mg /kg bw are 24 minutes and 32.3 minutes, respectively. The sleep onset results is in the group given dose of 8000 mg/kg bw and 4000 mg/kg bw are differently significant compared to CMC 1% suspension group with p=0,001 and 0,032, respectively. The longest sleep duration is in the group given dose of 8000 mg /kg bw which is 211.5 minutes followed by the dose of 4000 mg /kg bw and 2000 mg /kg bw are 197 minutes and 157.2 minutes, respectively. The sleep duration results is in the group given dose of 8000 mg/kg bw is differently significant compared to CMC 1% suspension group with p=0,020. Conclusion: Swamp cabbage hasten time to sleep and prolong sleep duration.


In Austria, the apprenticeship system provides all citizens, including the less able among them, with a training option. Based on social security data, this article examines earnings and the stability of the occupational career of young workers with an apprenticeship diploma. As control groups, workers with a full‐time secondary school education and workers who did not receive any further education after completing their compulsory education were used. One of the main findings is that workers with an apprenticeship diploma are much better off than those without further education. The article finds the following ranking with respect to education: high‐school graduates, ex‐apprentices and unskilled workers, with more pronounced differences between ex‐apprentices and unskilled workers.


Nonstationary signals are not well suited for detection and classification by traditional Fourier methods. An alternate means of analysis needs to be used so that valuable time-frequency information is not lost. The wavelet packet transform is one such time-frequency analysis tool. The authors summarize efforts which examine the feasibility of applying the wavelet packet transform to automatic transient signal classification through the development of a classification algorithm for biologically generated underwater acoustic signals in ocean noise. The formulation of a wavelet-packet based feature set specific to the classification of snapping shrimp and whale clicks is given.<<ETX>>


Quartz-rich sandstones in the outer Banda Arc Islands are the equivalent of Mesozoic sandstones along the northern Australian margin and are important potential hydrocarbon reservoirs. They have been exposed by on-going collision of Australia and Asia, resulting in the opportunity to study their provenance. Previous studies suggest that rivers draining Australia will have provided most sedimentary input. There have been suggestions of a northern provenance for some Timor sediments. Conventional light mineral plots of sandstones from the samples of the various Banda Arc islands typically show recycled orogen and/or continental block as origin, consistent with an Australian source. However, many of the sandstones are texturally immature. Many samples also contain volcanic quartz and volcanic lithic fragments. Heavy mineral assemblages dominated by rounded ultra-stable minerals are typical for most samples. However these are commonly mixed with angular grains. Most samples predominantly contain heavy minerals from acidic igneous and metamorphic rocks. A few samples contain grains from mafic or ultramafic origin. Detrital zircon (LA-ICP-MS) U- Pb ages range from Archean to Mesozoic, but variations in age populations indicate differences in source areas along the Banda Arc in locality and time. In the Tanimbar Islands and Babar, sediment came from both Australian basement and acidic igneous rocks from the Bird's Head. Sandstones in Timor show a difference in provenance from east to west. The east contains a greater acidic igneous signature, whereas the west is more dominated by metamorphic sources in the Triassic and suggests better connectivity to continental Australia from the Jurassic to Cretaceous. Cretaceous zircon ages, heavy minerals and immature textures


Introduction: Deficient postural control is one of the key problems in cerebral palsy (CP). Little, however, is known about the specific nature of postural problems of children with CP, nor of the relation between abnormal posture and dysfunction of the visual system. Aim of the study: To provide additional information on the association of abnormalities in postural control and visual dysfunction of the anterior or posterior part of the visual system. Methods: Data resulting from ophthalmologic, orthoptic, neurological, neuro-radiological, and ethological investigations of more than 313 neurologically impaired children were retrospectively analyzed. Results: Abnormal postural control related to ocular and ocular motor disorders consisted of anomalous head control and subsequent abnormal head posture and torticollis. The abnormal postural control related to retrochiasmatical damage of the visual system consisted of a torticollis combined with adjustment of the upper part of the body, as if at the same time adapting to a combination of defects and optimizing residual visual functions. Conclusion: Visual dysfunctions play a distinct role in the postural control of children with CP.


The Chaohu Chuzhou region, Anhui Province, located in the southeast of Zhangbaling thrust belt, is characterized by highly structural deforming during Mesozonic Era. The main structural pattern is featured by NE to NNE trending folds and thrusts and was formed during early Indosinian orogene, while NWW to E W trending folds were formed during late Indosinian orogene. Yanshanian deformation of the region is characterized by brittle faulting and sedimentary basin formation, which is closely related to the Tanlu Fault activity.


In this paper, a new method of MUSIC algorithm is presented which can be applied in the antenna far-field measurement. This method can weaken the effect of multiple- path to the final result of actual experience of the antenna far- field measurement by which two purposes of improving the environment of the antenna far-field measurement and having a DOA estimation can be achieved.


Grasshopper populations were treated with bait formulations containing rubidium chloride as part of microbial control and dispersal studies conducted in 1989 and 1990. Bait feeding was compared in grasshoppers collected 4 d after bait application in 1989 and 2 d after application in 1990. Retention of Rb was studied from additional collections that were made during the 16 d after application in 1990. Rb concentrations in grasshopper tissues were estimated with atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Bait consumption increased with successive instars, but did not keep pace with increases in body weight. Consumption by adults was notably less than expected for their size. The migratory grasshopper, Melanoplus sanguinipes (F.), and the Packard grasshopper, M. packardii Scudder, consumed comparable amounts of RbCl for a given instar. Assimilation rates varied considerably within each stage and species group. Among those grasshoppers that assimilated the most Rb, concentrations decreased during the 1st 6 d after application, remained stable during the next 5 d, and decreased again by 16 d after application. These results can be used in future studies to optimize bait feeding and dispersal studies.


This study investigated whether an internet-based intervention aimed at enhancing the psychological well-being of female soccer players before the competitive season could be effective approach to meet the needs of the players. Players (n= 43; 17–26 years old)on the four separated teams in Finland'shighest league were assigned to either a guided six-week online Acceptance and Commitment Therapy intervention (ACTi) or to a control condition (CON). A between-groups pre–post (ACTi vs. CON) design was implemented before the competitive season. Players in the ACTi were offered three group sessions, performed internet-based tasks, and were individually supported by a guide. The results demonstrated that the ACTi players maintained their sports-related well-being (between-group, d = 0.72), while the sports-related well-being of the CON players, especially emotional and social well-being, had declined. In addition, ACTi players'perceived stress (d = 0.60) and depression (d = 0.88) declined, while their psychological flexibility in sports (d = 0.41) increased compared to the CON players. These results suggest that before the competitive season, players' sports-related well-being decreases. The ACT intervention seemed to prevent this decrease and provide players with the skills to cope with emotional and social stressors related to the competitive season.


Experimental studies of thin-walled carbon steel single shear bolted connections with end distance and plate thickness as main variables have been performed to investigate block shear fracture behavior and the influence of curling on ultimate strength. As a result, bolted connections with short end distance and thick plate failed by typical block shear fracture, whereas curling occurred in thin plate-connections with long end distance and resulted in the strength reduction. In this study, thin-walled carbon steel double shear bolted connections with the same dimension as pre-tested single shear bolted connections were planned and tested in order to investigate the fracture mode and ultimate strength. Since curling was restrained by the thick plate on both sides, out of plane deformation was not observed in double shear specimens. Ultimate strengths of test results are compared with those of single shear bolted connections. Also, design strength and strength reduction are estimated quantitatively.


Introduction The role of culture in foreign policy of states is a contested matter in International Relations (IR) theory. The advent of culture is neither a new phenomenon in IR, nor is its use monolithic. There are at least four areas where cultural explanations have made important contributions in recent times. These include the construction of world views, the issue of cultural diversity, culture as sources of conflict and cooperation, and the idea of cultural internationalism. Apart from these, there has been a veritable deluge of contributions on identity and norms that bear organic link with culture defined in a broad sense. Yosef Lapid's excellent metaphor, the Culture's Ship, captures the story in captivating finesse (Lapid and Kratochwil, 1996). The ship of culture comes, stays and leave's the shores of IR only to return again. The cargo it off-loads stays back and experiences a discriminative career. Some prosper, others perish, and still others undergo metamorphosis. The return of culture is therefore nothing spectacular or unprecedented in the history of the discipline. Yet, the culture's ship has found a far more hospitable port in recent times. The end of the Cold War undoubtedly set the ambience to this respectable greeting. The new world order could not be materially cast; it needed to be understood in ideational terms, but not in terms of the ideology of the familiar. The new discourse of identity and intersubjectivity pervading the social sciences did not spare IR theory. The language of the discourses of power and security thus had to be reconfigured accordingly. Culture became the catch-all label that united a disparate group of scholars, originating in diverse sources, and inspired by different considerations, who celebrated the onset of the new culturalist paradigm in the discipline. The role of culture in global conflict assumed a different dimension with the publication of the clash of civilizations thesis by Samuel Huntington. The more comfortable vision of culture offering an exciting opportunity to unite mankind suffered arude shock, for now the


This chapter presents an overview of domestic developments in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK North Korea). It starts with additional remarks on the programmatic New Year joint editorial. The editorial usually sets the pace and tone for the coming year and is studied, analyzed and discussed widely in North Korea. The chapter then covers the proceedings of the annual plenary session of the Supreme People's Assembly (SPA the DPRK parliament) that usually takes place in April. This is followed by an analysis of major ideological trends, of economic developments, and of other domestic issues including personnel changes. The question of succession and the 'great revolutionary upsurge' are then covered in detail. Finally, the chapter also presents an overview of other developments in ideology, politics and the economy. Keywords: Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK); domestic developments; economic developments; New Year joint editorial; North Korea; politics; Supreme People's Assembly (SPA)


The part played by the adrenals in histamine metabolism has been studied previously from many points of view. Animals are very much more sensitive to histamine after adrenalectomy (Dale, 1920; Kellaway & Cowell, 1922; Selye, 1937; and others). According to Karady, Rose & Browne (1940), adrenalectomized rats have less histaminase in the gut and the lung than intact animals, and this can be restored to normal by giving adrenocortical preparations. After removal of the adrenals in the cat, there is a striking rise in the histaminolytic power of thoracic duct lymph (Carlsten, 1950a). The histaminolytic activity of the lymph is considered to be due to the presence of the enzyme, histaminase. The active agent and histaminase are affected similarly by boiling and by dialysis and are both inhibited by 0-01 Mhydroxylamine (Carlsten, 1950b). The histaminolytic activity is unlikely to be due to an acetylation of added histamine because results calculated from estimates of residual histamine made directly and after acid hydrolysis agree well. Any acetylated histamine, apparently inactive on direct assay of diluted lymph samples, would be made 'free' on hydrolysis. The calculated histaminolytic activity would then always be zero, since all the histamine inactivated by acetylation would be recovered by hydrolysis. In a preliminary report (Carlsten & Wood, 1950 a), it was stated that this rise in the histaminase in the lymph after adrenalectomy could be restored to normal by infusion of adrenocortical extract but not by adrenaline. This paper is a more detailed report of those experiments.


Pr3+ has three excited manifolds with the right energy spacings for emission between 3.5 and 5.5 microns, and can be excited efficiently using laser diodes developed for telecommunications. In the potential laser crystal Pr:RbPb2Cl5, we have observed strikingly strong fluorescence in this wavelength range following 1.53-micron excitation. Careful analysis indicates this must be due to two cross-relaxation processes that, together, efficiently convert one Pr3+ initially excited to the 3F3 manifold into three ions excited to the 3H5 manifold. This newly discovered "three-for-one" crossrelaxation process in Pr3+ may greatly enhance its utility as a mid-infrared laser ion.


McDonnell Douglas DC-8-62 port side view of engine in "Flying Colors" with sun motive painted by Alexander Calder. Image displayed (72 dpi JPEG), Master image (300 dpi TIFF).


The invention discloses an enoki mushroom cultivation material containing xylitol residues and a preparation method of the enoki mushroom cultivation material. The enoki mushroom cultivation material is characterized by comprising the following raw materials in parts by weight: 35-40 parts of Chinese medicine residues, 30-32 parts of cotton seed hulls, 1-1.2 parts of urea, 22-25 parts of wheat bran, 0.5-0.7 part of potassium sulfate, 0.3-0.5 part of zinc sulfate, 0.7-0.8 part of magnesium sulfate, 4-6 parts of borax, 2-3 parts of inositol residues, 2.5-4 parts of amino acid residues, 1-2 parts of xylitol residues, 4-6 parts of calcined oyster shell, 1-1.5 parts of concha haliotidis, 2-2.5 parts of folium apocyni veneti, 1-2 parts of gardenia jasminoides, 4-5 parts of nutrition additives, 2-3 parts of white sugar and 1-2 parts of lime powder. The substances such as the Chinese medicine residues are used for preparing the enoki mushroom cultivation material, so that the waste is turned into wealth, the resource is sufficiently utilized, and the production cost is reduced; meanwhile, the raw materials are in scientific proportion so that the cultivation material is suitable for rapid growing of enoki mushrooms with high quality.


With high level and high standard, Japanese vocational education has advanced to the level of Specialized Professional Institute (SPI). The setup of Japanese SPI is not only to meet the needs of highly developed Japanese economic and society for high science and technology, high skilled professional people, but also to meet the needs of higher vocational college graduates for entering to a higher level of specialized education, and to meet the need of the national Japanese receiving lifelong education, especially the lifelong vocational education. And the setup of Japanese SPI has the strictness of formulation and the flexibility to perform in the aspects of professional settings, curriculum requirements, internship and practical training and educational system length of schooling. Moreover, the pattern of educational promotion proves to be constructive in the field of vocational education. In this circumstance, it is vital important to analyze the characteristics of SPI and the pattern of educational promotion, to find out its operating advantages and features, so as to offer enlightenment for the growth of Chinese vocational education.


The paper gives a brief historical overview of the role of library classification and indexing in the LIS curriculum, since the early beginnings of the library and information sciences department at the University of Zagreb. There is an obvious international need for re-establishing certain traditional librarians' professional skills in order to contribute to the re-affirmation of their broadly applicable expertise. However, this has to be done in a more sustainable way and also bearing in mind the objectives that are far broader than those which libraries as institutions might have. The context of the global information environment has changed the scope of application of knowledge organisation tools forever. The need for adaptation, rethinking, and re-use of bibliographic indexing systems in this environment can be satisfied only by building on a sound theoretical and widely applicable knowledge of classification structures and systems, and on a complete knowledge of information systems in which these have to be applied. Chair of Librarianship at the Department of Information Sciences in Zagreb strives to get closer to the more sustainable and more applicable model of professional expertise through three of its subject-indexing related courses, such as Theory of Classification, Classification and Classification Systems and Indexing and Retrieval Systems.


Combined with concrete engineering projects, this article provides an approach of a new idea of dynamic design based on various sectors of environmental design, functional arrangement, image creation, etc. It is a beneficial attempt for the study of deep connotation of architecture, pattern operation, etc.


Introduction. Having analyzed the process of teaching functional literacy to adults in Belgium, the authors can state that the problem has acquired a new status. In developed countries, illiteracy, that is, reading or writing disability, is no longer a total problem and concerns only very special groups of immigrants. However, functional illiteracy causing the disability of applying knowledge acquired at secondary school to everyday life is a feature of those who leaved school prematurely or graduated from it with very low basic skills. It still exists in a modern world and is a considerable social problem. Teaching functional literacy to adults is a constituent part of educational activities in general. It is directed not only towards acquiring basic skills like speaking, reading, writing or dealing with numbers, but also towards providing the full participation of adults in social life. The purpose of the article is to analyze the basic principles of the organization of teaching functional literacy to adults in Belgium and the possibility of their implementation in the field of adult education in Ukraine. The methods of analysis, synthesis and comparison are used in the article. Results. In Belgium adult education takes into account their abilities, needs and targets which are different to those of school children. These peculiarities of adult learning require applying specific techniques and developing special syllabi which promote the formation of conscience, motivation and personal development in general. Moreover, the life experience of adult learners should be used in the process of their acquiring new skills and knowledge which are well memorized in such a way. Syllabi for adults are based on the use of individual approach to the learners, begin from the determining the level of previously acquired knowledge, provide the opportunity for forming their own opinions and abstract notions. The main principle of developing the content of the syllabi consists in integration approach which means interdisciplinary integration, subject integration, test and media integration, integration of learner's and teacher's materials. Originality. This research has been done for the first time with the use of original literature sources. Conclusion. The process of teaching functional literacy to adults in Belgium is directed to forming the readiness to learning in every context and at every age; ability to accommodate their learning to different contexts according to individual needs and dispositions; readiness to acquiring new knowledge and to self-education, using the experience of others and with collaboration with them. For better achievements the knowledge and values of adult students of literacy courses are developed simultaneously, which means that students learn how to implement their new knowledge in the real life.


The mathematics behind processing phenomena, either we are taking about charge particle beam processing or laser processing is not trivial at all. We present in this book some outstanding "theoretical achievements" using the integral transform technique. It is a brief description of a work of about 15 years done at the National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics - Magurele, Romania . We present also some experimental data which fit very well with the theory.


Microhabitat selechon behavior and colonization rates were examined for 2 age classes and sexes of the nocturnally emergent, diurnally tubicolous amphipod Microdeutopus gryllotalpa. Three habitat variables were s tubed: food availability, sedlment thckness, and topograplc relief. Higher food concentration, deeper sedment , and greater topograplc relief were generally favored. Adult males and females made slmilar habitat choices, whereas juveniles were less discriminating. Both age classes colonized selected patches within 5 to 20 min of presentation to a cho~ce of habitats, and both generally sustained their choices for at least 72 h In the laboratory. Microhabitat selections m field experiments were similar to those in laboratory experiments. Field colonization rates of 0.06 and 0.17 amphlpods per day and night, respectively, were comparable to rates of larval and postlarval colonization reported in other studles. High rates of nocturnal rnobhty and colonization, and rapid discrimination of microhabitats observed in thls and other ben thc species suggest that contemporary models of benthic community structure need to incorporate these migratory and colonization behaviors as alternatives to mortality as responses to disturbance, competitors, or predators.