In the hands of bowlers, a traumatic neuroma of the digital nerve on the web side of the thumb may develop in association with fibrosis of the regional tissue. This condition may cause permanent disability if it is not diagnosed and treated early. Surgery can be of assistance when the symptoms are severe and intractable. However, if the condition is severe, surgery will probably never completely restore the thumb to normal. Therefore, early recognition and the prompt use of appropriate protective measures are important. The condition may be aggravated by changes in the local tissues, including tumors adjacent to the nerve. Presently, neither bowlers nor physicians are sufficiently aware of this serious problem, and its incidence is unknown.


Measurements of induced conductivity were made on samples of boron nitride, quartz, mica compositions, polystyrene, and glass which were electron irradiated at 10/sup 4/ rads/hr. Natural mica and Corning 1723 borosilicate glass exhibited the lowest induced conductivities of the materials tested. (C.J.G.)


In this paper,with multi flow mesh 3D Eulerian method and ourselves exploitation the code MMIC3D, we simulated the initial cases of the explosive field in the explosive center with or without the wall we discussed the protective effect of the wall on the explosion the air by the JWL's state equations Numerical results accorded with physical laws It showed that this numerical method and the mathematical model in the paper are reasonable And this code MMIC3D can be used to simulate ulteriorly the distant field explosive effect It provides some useful result for engineering design


The mantle peridotites of the Lizard Complex, south-west England, preserve direct and indirect evidence for several deformation episodes : 1) Extensional uplift of mantle prior to the formation of oceanic crust in an incipient ocean basin; 2) Their subsequent emplacement by thrusting in an intra-oceanic setting at the onset of obduction; 3) Extensional reactivation of the intra-oceanic thrust contacts in response to late stage collapse of a nappe pile (Jones, 1997). An early fabric is characterised by a sub-vertical foliation and a steeply plunging mineral lineation. This fabric pre-dates the formation of oceanic crust as it is cross-cut by MORB-type gabbro intrusions and dykes. Among the least deformed peridotites are spineland plagioclaselherzolites with a coarse to medium-grained porphyroclastic texture. With increasing deformation, these pass transitionally into mylonitic plagioclase-bearing peridotites and mylonitic amphibole-bearing peridotites which have a medium to fine-grained porphyroclastic textures. The presence of 'fertile' spinel lherzolite and the orientation of the peridotite fabric is not typical of emplacement of peridotites at an oceanic spreading centre. Alternatively it is proposed that systematic changes in microstructure, mineral chemistry and geothermometry of the different peridotite types are related to changing conditions of P and T during tectonically controlled uplift of mantle. Changes in the wholerock compositions of the deformed peridotites are thought to be related to syntectonic metasomatism by hydrous melts. The subsolidus trajectory of the peridotites suggests deformation in the footwall of an extensional shear zone or in the margins of a upwelling mantle diapir.


We study a strongly coupled system consisting of a parabolic equation and a singular Hamilton–Jacobi equation in one space dimension. This system describes the dynamics of dislocation densities in a material submitted to an exterior applied stress. Our system is a natural extension of that studied in [16] where the applied stress was set to be zero. The equations are written on a bounded interval with Dirichlet boundary conditions and require special attention to the boundary. We prove a result of global existence of a solution. The method of the proof consists in considering first a parabolic regularization of the full system, and then passing to the limit. For this regularized system, a result of global existence and uniqueness of a solution has been given in [17]. We show some uniform bounds on this solution which uses in particular an entropy estimate for the densities.


Post-harvest is an activity processed from harvesting to becoming a product. Post-harvest handling aims to maintain the quality and minimize the loss of the agricultural product. Post-harvest loss of okra is the reduction of the okra harvest amount from picking up to transporting process. Many factors can cause the post-harvest loss of okra. This study aimed to determine the causal sources of the okra loss. This study used FMEA and fishbone diagram. Fishbone diagram was used to identify the causes of the okra loss in a fishbone skeleton. FMEA was used to give the value on the causes of the okra loss by assessing the severity, occurrence and detection to get the RPN value. The RPN value was used to rank the potential causes of the loss. From the result of the study, it was found that there were 4 main factors causing the okra loss which had the RPN value above the RPN critical value. It were lack of picker accuracy and training or counseling, handling pets and diseases, and age factor of picker.
Keywords: fishbone diagram, FMEA, okra, post-harvest loss


With the large-scale renewable energy integrated into power system, the optimization of coordinated control system (CCS) is increasingly crucial. The dynamics of subcritical boiler-turbine system have been studied through kinds of modeling methods. But the ordinary differential equations (ODEs) are used in previous studies mainly, which can not reflect the uncertainties in this system. In this work, the uncertainties in subcritical boiler-turbine system had been analyzed and the dynamics had been described with stochastic differential equations (SDEs). Great improvements of boiler- turbine system model can be seen in the simulations. This model can be the platform to study stochastic model predictive control in CCS.


The institution of exemption from criminal liability with the imposition of a court fine, introduced in 2016 into the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation, has become widespread in investigative and judicial practice. The relatively short period of its application shows the need to eliminate conflicts and gaps in the norms governing these criminal procedural relations. The author uses the scientific and practical approach to analyze the judicial practice of considering cases related to the exemption of the accused (suspected) from criminal liability on the specified basis and proposes ways to eliminate the identified defects of the criminal procedure law in the following way: (1) the procedure for considering a criminal case in case of non-payment of a court fine can be optimized by the legislator: if the suspect (accused) fails to pay the court fine, the latter can be replaced with compulsory work, which, within under Chapter 51.1 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation, should be considered as a measure of a criminal law nature; (2) the possibility of imposing a court fine after re-sending a criminal case to the court after fulfilling the requirements of Art. 446.5 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation may be legally limited; (3) the assessment of compensation for damage caused by the accused (suspect) should be objective, that is, it should be determined by the court on the basis of the investigated evidence and the factual circumstances of the case, not be solely related to the subjective position of the victim about partially compensating for damage; (4) the period for consideration of this type of cases should be increased to 20 days; (5) there are a number of other defects in the norms of the institution in question.


This paper utilizes various proposed improved versions of the Symbiotic Organisms Search (SOS) algorithm to optimally allocate DSTACOMs in an electric distribution network to minimize power loss and to improve the voltage profiles. The performances of the three improved Symbiotic Organisms Search algorithms and the original Symbiotic Organism Search algorithm are compared applying these for a 69-bus test distribution system to optimally select one, two and three numbers of DSTATCOMs. Statistical analysis of the results establishes the robustness of the proposed improved SOS.


For iwenty years Professor Michael Roberts' work on the »Military Revolution« of the period 1560 — 1660 enjoyed undisputed pre-eminence as the accepted interpretation of military developments in early modern Europe^. In 1976, an article by Geoffrey Parker made the first — and to my knowledge, only — general criticisms of Roberts' thesis that a series of tactical changes had a revolutionary impact upon European warfare^. Professor Parker expressed reasoned doubts about whether these changes could be described as revolutionary, since serious inconsistencies emerge in any attempt to assess their practical impact. Why, in 1634, did the tactically conservative Spanish army wipe out the »new model« Swedish at Nördlingen^? Why were the developments in tactics and strategy unable to bring the European conflict to any decisive conclusion? Parker's suggestion is that Roberts greatly over-emphasized inflexibility and traditionalism in the »conservative« armies, particularly the Spanish. H e proposes that it is possible to trace a receptiveness to similar tactical developments back at least to the condottiere of the fifteenth Century, and that a willingness to approach common military problems was not confined to the Dutch and the Swedes. In matters of developing firepower, the quality of cavalry, the deployment of small units and in effective training, the Spanish army was quite as progressive as its rivals Yet the effect of this is to confirm by implication the importance of the tactical changes commonly ascribed to the Nassau and to Gustavus Adolphus. The value and relevance of these developments in explaining military success in the first half of the seventeenth Century are not questioned; neither is the assumption of the importance of tactical change explored in any general way. Some further re-evaluation of the way in which battles were won and lost during the period may therefore be possible and valuable even though, in the absence of entirely accurate accounts of the conduct of specific engagements, some of the proposals must remain conjectural. Professor Roberts moves from the tactical changes which were the essential dement in the »Military Revolution«, towards their main consequence, the development of a new concept of strategy, which envisaged war upon a much broader scale, fought by incomparably larger armies'. This, once again, is supported largely by reference to Sweden. Professor Parker's modification — that strategy had always been determined by geography, and above all by the presence or absence of modern fortresses — is equally clearly a reflection of his concentration upon the Low Countries and the territories of the Spanish Crown' . My research into the administration and Organisation of the French army in the second quarter of the seventeenth Century leads me to propose an alternative argument; while it would not be reasonable to maintain that military art actually regressed after 1560, a case will be made that the characteristic of the period was not revolution, but an almost complete failure to meet the challenges posed by the administration and deployment of contemporary armies. Batties were won and lost largely incidentally of the tactical changes of the period. Moreover, battles themselves were rendered almost irrelevant by the failure of a broader concept of strategy to come to terms with the real determinants of warfare in this period.


We propose a novel ultra wideband (UWB) planar adaptive antenna. It consists of multiple radially arrayed taper-slot antenna (TSA) elements. For its ginkgo-leaf-like shape of the TSA fins, we name the antenna the radially-arrayed ginkgo antenna (RAGA). We use p.i.n diodes to switch the TSA fins electronically. In the case of switched wire discone antenna we proposed previously, the element wires cooperate with one another to realize the adaptive directivity. Instead, in the present proposal, we intend to make the TSA elements isolated from others as much as possible so that they radiate independently in respective directions. The new antenna realizes a forward/backward (FB) ratio of 6dB at 7GHz in numerical analysis. Though the directivity is not so sharp, the RAGA will solve the local fading in severe multiple-path environment in indoor communications.


For many endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) including Bisphenol A (BPA), animal studies show that environmentally relevant exposures cause harm; human studies are consistent with these findings. Yet, regulatory agencies charged with protecting public health continue to conclude that human exposures to these EDCs pose no risk. One reason for the disconnect between the scientific consensus on EDCs in the endocrinology community and the failure to act in the regulatory community is the dependence of the latter on so-called "guideline studies" to evaluate hazards, and the inability to incorporate independent scientific studies in risk assessment. The CLARITY study was intended to bridge this gap, combining a "guideline" study with independent hypothesis-driven studies designed to be more appropriate to evaluate EDCs. Here, we examined an aspect of "guideline" studies, the use of so-called "historical controls", which are essentially control data borrowed from prior studies to aid in the interpretation of current findings. The FDA authors used historical controls to question the plausibility of statistically significant BPA-related effects in the CLARITY study. We examined the use of historical controls on five outcomes in the CLARITY "guideline" study: mammary neoplasms, pituitary neoplasms, kidney nephropathy, prostate inflammation and adenomas, and body weight. Using FDA-proposed historical control data, our evaluation revealed that endpoints used in "guideline" studies are not as reproducible as previously held. Combined with other data comparing the effects of ethinyl estradiol in two "guideline" studies including CLARITY-BPA, we conclude that near exclusive reliance on "guideline" studies can result in scientifically invalid conclusions.


This article is to present the concept of the electronic prescription model, taking into account legal regulations and technical solutions. Nowadays important changes have happened. In 2018, a law package regarding e-prescriptions was introduced in Poland that creates a new tool (electronic prescription) in the Polish market. Homogeneous tools enabling the security and integrity of e-documents and the approval of electronic signatures and seals are particularly important for the operation of the e-prescription. To enable the transmission of e-prescriptions it is required to join basic information and communications technology (ICT) system that supports e-prescribing to the main electronic identification system called Identification Electronic Node. In order to implement the e-prescription model, the lanuching of electronic medical records is indispensable. In most EU countries the e-prescription is implemented with the interchange standard of medical records called Health Level Seven (HL7). In terms of identification and authentication in e-prescribing, the eIDAS regulation plays a significant role. The electronic prescription has long been used in many countries, among which Sweden was one of the earliest (Sjunet system). Patients, physicians, pharmacies and the state will all benefit from the implementation. Ultimately, prescribers would have to use tools that will make it possible to ensure the confidentiality, integrity and credibility of transactions.


f we want to see an end to the Occupation, it's time to put our privileged Jewish bodies on the line. That's why hundreds of Jews from around the world will join with the Center for Jewish Nonviolence in the summer of 2017 to engage in civil disobedience and noncooperation with the unjust laws of 50 years of Occupation. After living in Jerusalem for seven years and seeing the daily discrimination against Palestinians in the occupied West Bank while Jewish Israeli life went on largely unperturbed, I knew something more than another educational forum or another policy paper was called for. The majority of the global Jewish world does not see the discrimination, segregation, and humiliation facing Palestinians living under the Occupation. But when Jews from America, Jews from Europe, Jews from Australia, and Jews from Israel stand together in solidarity with Palestinians, we will make the realities of the Occupation visible. When Israeli soldiers and settlers treat Jews from around the globe the same way they treat Palestinians—with arrest and suppression of nonviolent activism—the realities of the Occupation will be impossible to ignore. Why? Because while the global Jewish community is unable or unwilling to identify with Palestinians, they identify with us—because we are Jews. As we mark the shameful anniversary of 50 years of occupation of the West Bank, East Jerusalem, and Gaza, the Center for Jewish Nonviolence has been invited by our Palestinian partners to join them on Freedom Summeresque projects. Building a community cinema in the segregated city of Hebron—not because a bunch of Jews from L.A. are expert builders but because our presence deters Israeli security forces from coming down overly harshly on the Palestinians who are otherwise prevented from building. We're invited to till the soil in the South Hebron Hills—not because a bunch of Jews from New York City are expert farmers, but because our presence deters the neighboring Israeli settlers from harassing the Palestinians and intimidating them from planting their fields. Just as it took the presence of white civil rights activists to step into the segregated South in the 1960s to shake the rest of America out of its complacency around segregation, so too will it take the presence of Jewish civil rights activists in the Palestinian Occupied Territories to open the eyes of the international Jewish community. As a practitioner of nonviolent direct action, I agree with Rabbi Lerner that diaspora Jews must free ourselves from our deference to a moribund diplomatic process. However, there is a second, equally important habit of thinking that we must confront and reconsider: our preoccupation with Jewish views to the exclusion of Palestinians who are actually living under Occupation. Any theory of change that centers only Jewish concerns and leadership is doomed to fail. Fifty years on, we must learn this lesson. Of course Palestinians are entitled to the right to vote for the government that controls their lives. The Israeli government must immediately recognize this right. At the same time, Jewish activists who hope to end the Occupation must stop trying to call the shots, and begin listening and deferring to the vibrant, nonviolent, grassroots movement for equality that already exists among Palestinians. If and when this movement calls for a one person, one vote campaign, the Center for Jewish Nonviolence will be there to provide every resource at our disposal. If the Palestinian nonviolent movement instead decides now is not the time for such a campaign, we will defer to their strategic choices. All Jewish activists hoping to participate meaningfully in ending the occupation should do the same. ■


The Bukowy stream is the right-bank tributary of the Brennica river, and the river catchment is situated within the administrative borders of Brenna commune. In the stream's 2.76 square kilometer catchment 15 springs have been identified, in which several series of discharge measurements were made in 2014. The results allowed the springs to be classified according to their discharge capacity in relation to the values existing in scientific literature. Moreover, thanks to the results, it was possible to define numerous parameters such as: variability of spring discharge, degree of springs occurrence in a given area, capacity of springs according to Meinzer's classification; and basing on the monitoring of the water discharge in the cross-section closing the catchment its draining rate was determined. The simultaneous measurements of electrical conductivity and temperature of water allowed to separate maintenance tanks for given springs.


It is proposed a haptic accelerator pedal (3) with control unit system for a motor vehicle. It includes a pedal lever (7), a pedal with the lever (7) can be coupled actuator (9), a position sensor (19) and an accelerator pedal control device (5). The pedal lever (7) is displaceable along a travel path (13). The actuator (9) is adapted to a force controlled on the pedal lever (7) apply. The position sensor (19) is adapted to a position of the pedal lever (7) along the traverse path (13) to recognize and then to output a position signal. The accelerator pedal control unit (5) is adapted to drive the actuator (9) such that a predetermined force on the pedal lever (7) is exerted. The accelerator pedal (3) is characterized in that the accelerator control device (5) picks up the position signal of the position sensor (19), but by the position sensor (19) is galvanically isolated. For example, the position signal can be tapped by means of a buffer amplifier (27). Due to the galvanic separation between the position sensor (19) and the accelerator control device (5), electrical interference can be avoided with an engine control unit (29) which is directly connected electrically to the position sensor (19).


A quantum analog of the fundamental classical NOT gate is a quantum gate that would transform any input qubit state onto an orthogonal state. Intriguingly, this universal NOT gate is forbidden by the laws of quantum physics. This striking phenomenon has far-reaching implications concerning quantum information processing and encoding information about directions and reference frames into quantum states. It also triggers the question under what conditions the preparation of quantum states orthogonal to input states becomes possible. Here we report on experimental demonstration of orthogonalization of partly unknown single- and two-qubit quantum states. A state orthogonal to an input state is conditionally prepared by quantum filtering, and the only required information about the input state is a mean value of a single arbitrary operator. We show that perfect orthogonalization of partly unknown two-qubit entangled states can be performed by applying the quantum filter to one of the qubits only.


Power systems are highly-complex, large-scale engineering systems subject to many uncertainties, which makes accurate mathematical modeling challenging. This paper proposes a novel, centralized dynamic state estimator for power systems that lack models of some components. Including the available dynamic evolution equations, algebraic network equations, and phasor measurements, we apply the least squares criterion to estimate all dynamic and algebraic states recursively. This approach results in an algorithm that generalizes the iterated extended Kalman filter and does not require static network observability. We further derive a graph theoretic condition to guarantee estimability for the proposed approach. A numerical study evaluates the performance under short circuits in the network and load changes for three different discretization schemes. The results show superior tracking performance compared to robust two-stage procedures within computational times that are feasible for real-time application.


:  Through an examination of anarchist organizing and policing and security tactics at the 2008 Republican National Convention, this paper argues that the emotional connections between radical activists have become the targets of both social movement strategies for growth and police strategies for social control. As such, the emotions of activists are a site of intense political contestation. I introduce the concept of affective structures to develop an account of the relations between affect, emotion, and radical politics, and present these structures as both the means and the ends of contemporary anarchist organizing and state strategies for social control.


An improvement of photoelectric autocollimator is proposed. Periodical structures of light source grating and photodetector array form an additional combination signal of Vernier type. The solution promises to exceed the limits of accuracy, angular range and speed imposed by finite number of photodetector elements. Calculation of a lens for trial version of the device with specified characteristics necessary to ensure measurement accuracy shows attainability of F-theta distortion within 10–6% - tenths of nanometres, without taking manufacturing tolerances into consideration. It is significantly less than value of light spot within diffraction limit (3 microns) and typical pixel pitch of the linear or matrix sensor. The transverse aberrations also seem hard attainable lower than the diffraction limit. The processing speed of designed trial version of autocollimator is about 30 measurements per second and if needed it can be increased in case of using digital camera with higher frame rate in the device construction.


The invention discloses a vehicle crowd animation oriented method and a vehicle crowd animation oriented system for semantically modeling road networks. The vehicle crowd animation oriented method includes steps of acquiring vector data of lane lines; performing curve fitting on the lane lines to obtain curves of the lane lines; performing data discretization compression on the curves of the lane lines to obtain discrete broken lines of the lane lines; breaking and merging the discrete broken lines of the lane lines according to breaking rules of the discrete broken lines of the lane lines; assigning values for semantic information of joints of the discrete broken lines of the lane lines to obtain semantic data of the lane lines; computing and storing relations of connection, adjacency and the like between the various lane lines according to atomic-layer data, generating hierarchically structured data of road sections, road junctions, roads and the like and acquiring information of signal lamp distribution and the like according to the hierarchically structured data. The semantic data of the lane lines are used as the atomic-layer data.


UV irradiation method is expected to be one of the remediation technology for the trichloroethylene (TCE) gas extracted from contaminated soil. TCE in gas phase has been known to be decomposed by UV irradiation and acid gas which includes some toxic compounds e.g. dichloroacetyl chloride (DCAC), phosgene, chlorine and hydrogen chloride is produced after irradiation. Therefore they have to be rejected before being released in the air. These components were found to be removed by using absorption tower packed with marbles which were wetted by showering water. DCAC was more easily removed than phosgene and chlorine. Since the pH of the waste water from the tower was almost neutral and calcium cation was dissolved at approximately equivalent amount with chloride and dichloroacetate anions, the acid gas components would be removed by hydrolysis and neutralization reactions.


OBJECTIVE To investigate the synergistic effect on dilating blood vessels and anti-hypertension of GYS combined with metoprolol.METHODS ① Spontaneously hypertensive rats(SHR)were administered orally with the vehicle,GSY,metoprolol or GSY combined with metoprolol for 4weeks.Blood pressure,which included SBP,DBP and MBP was measured by a noninvasive method every week.At the end of4 weeks,blood was drawn from the ophthalmic venous plexus to determine blood fat levels(serum TC,TG,LDL-c,HDL-c),liver function(serum ALT,AST),and kidney function(serum BUN,UA and Cr)by the ACCUTE(TBA-40FR)automatic.② The aortae of normal SD rats were prepared and cleaned from periadventitial fat and surrounding connective tissue and cut transversely into 4-mm width rings.To observe different concentration of GYS,metoprolol or GSY combined with metoprolol causing relaxation of the isolated aortic rings precontracted until a stable plateau by noradrenaline(NA)directly or in the presence of eNOS inhibitor L-NAME and cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin(INDO)respectively.③ The concentrations of plasma GSY was determined by the HPLC after rats administered orally with GSY or GSY combined with metoprolol for single-dose.DAS data processing software calculated the pharmacokinetic parameters of GSY.RESULTS There was a significant synergism between GYS and metoprolol in lowering blood pressure and the concentrations of serum TC and LDL-c of SHR.The relaxant effect of GYS combined with metoprolol on the aortic rings precontracted by NA could be attenuated by L-NAME or INDO.The AUC0-tof GSY significantly increased after in conjunction with metoprolol.CONCLUSION GYS combined with metoprolol increases the concentrations of plasma GSY and synergistically lowers blood pressure based on endothelium-dependent vasodilatation function(EDVF).


We analyze from a theoretical perspective to what extend the implementation of an additional bank capital regulation in form of a leverage ratio can meet the expectations the Basel Committee for Bank Supervision puts in it. The model shows that an affected bank, which maximizes profits under an existing value-at-risk capital charge, is forced by the implementation to specialize and has a tendency to choose the same allocation of its risk portfolio as other affected banks. Contrary to the aims of the Basel Committee, the banking market would be more prone to crisis, because the diversity of business models decreases. en


This is the first record of invasion of the Dendrocephalus brasiliensis in Sao Paulo State, Brazil. It also is a review of previous studies of this species and discusses the importance of this microcrustacean as feed for aquaculture, as well as the risks of its invasion in new habitats.


The use of honey provides considerable benefit in wound care as a stimulus for tissue growth, increased epithelialization, and reduced scar formation. These effects are due to its acidity, the presence of hydrogen peroxide, osmotic effect, and antioxidant content. A four-year-old canine Labrador showed an extensive wound around the left thoracoabdominal area as the result of a third-degree burn due to the use of an electrical thermal mattress. After debridement of the necrotic tissue and ten days of antibiotic therapy, the use of a topical dressing with organic honey was begun, twice a day, with pure honey applied with surgical gauze and protected with a dressing. The injury progressed with good healing, with epithelialization and formation of granulation tissue after 15 days of treatment, and no need for surgical skin reconstruction. Thus, honey is a low-cost and easy-to-use option for the animal's owner, after debridement and antibiotic therapy established by the veterinarian.


Skyline queries compute the set of Pareto-optimal tuples in a relation, ie those tuples that are not dominated by any other tuple in the same relation. Although several algorithms have been proposed for efficiently evaluating skyline queries, they either require to extend the relational server with specialized access methods (which is not always feasible) or have to perform the dominance tests on all the tuples in order to determine the result. In this paper we introduce SaLSa (Sort and Limit Skyline algorithm), which exploits the sorting machinery of a relational engine to order tuples so that only a subset of them needs to be examined for computing the skyline result. This makes SaLSa particularly attractive when skyline queries are executed on top of systems that do not understand skyline semantics or when the skyline logic runs on clients with limited power and/or bandwidth.


Abstract This paper reconsiders a much-discussed passage in de Anima 3.2. In that passage, Aristotle discusses the dilemma whether we perceive that we see by sight or by some other sense. The paper focuses on a problem that arises from the received understanding of the second horn of the dilemma. The problem is why Aristotle takes the hypothetical other sense to perceive not only seeing but also colour even if he claims elsewhere that sight is the only sense that can perceive colour. This problem is particularly severe for those interpreters who understand the dilemma in the way just given, that is, in terms of sensory capacities rather than sense activities. By proposing an alternative understanding of the structure of the dilemma, the aim of the paper is to resolve the problem and hence place the capacity reading on a firmer footing.


The optimal control problem of the motion planning for a wheeled mobile robot (WMR) is discussed in this paper. Based on the nonholonomic constraints, the motion planning problem of the wheeled mobile robot is transformed into an optimal control problem of the nonlinear system. A particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm of wheeled mobile robot's motion planning is proposed by using Fourier basis and spline approximation respectively. The results of numerical simulation show that this approach is effective for the motion planning.


(57) Abstract: The present invention is a system for monitoring and controlling a sterilization cycle parameters in real time in the load simulating device for simulating the same conditions to be sterilized within acceptable standards challenge load and Methods it is. By incorporating this device sterilant control system, to achieve the critical sterilization parameter levels within the load that is simulated, it becomes possible to maintain throughout the sterilization cycle, the number of failed cycles are significantly reduced that. In the devices include redundant parameter monitoring system. When the acceptable sterilization parameters level is met is shown, sterile cargo, as soon as the cycle ends, used it is automatically released. This eliminates the need to use a biological indicator and chemical integrators.


Historical sites and monuments have witnessed different periods from the past to the present, providing evidence to their users about the social life of the past. These spaces are both influence and influenced by environmental and social identity and are important factors that ensure continuity between generations. Despite their great importance, historical environments are perceived as disadvantages rather than advantages as a result of rapid and distorted urbanization, economic developments in urban life and different usage technological expectations of change periods. Under these influences, the destruction of historical environments and the preference of a new type of construction is an important problem. In this context, it is assumed that the most important step towards the protection of historical environments will be provided by incorporating these environments into urban life and taking their space in the economic and usage cycle. For this purpose, it is of great importance to establish a balance of use and protection in historical environments. Within the aim of the study, the historical sites and monuments of İzmir, which were determined by the Ministry of Culture and Tourism are researched. While all the historical sites listed by the Ministry are examined; Among the historical monuments identified, those who can create an urban open space with their surroundings were included in the research areas in terms of the scope of the study. On-site observations were conducted for 14 research sub-areas, and data on "visual interaction, physical interaction, effective use of space, maintenance – management, status in urban life, contribution to urban identity" of areas were obtained. The data obtained for each sub-area were evaluated as a whole in the context of the historical sites and monuments of the city of Izmir and suggestions have been given to improve historical urban heritage.


Avermectins are a class of macrocyclic lactones that is widely used in crop protection and to treat helminth infections in man and animals. Two complementary DNAs (GluClα and GluClβ) encoding chloride channels that are gated by avermectin and glutamate, respectively, were isolated from Caenorhabditis elegans. To study the role of these subunits in conferring avermectin sensitivity we isolated a mutant C. elegansstrain with a Tc1 transposable element insertion that functionally inactivated the GluClα gene (GluClα::Tc1). GluClα::Tc1 animals exhibit a normal phenotype including typical avermectin sensitivity. Xenopus oocytes expressing GluClα::Tc1 strain mRNA elicited reduced amplitude avermectin and glutamate-dependent chloride currents. Avermectin binding assays in GluClα::Tc1 strain membranes showed the presence of high affinity binding sites, with a reducedB max. These experiments suggest that GluClα is a target for avermectin and that additional glutamate-gated and avermectin-sensitive chloride channel subunits exist in C. elegans. We isolated a cDNA (GluClα2) encoding a chloride channel that shares 75% amino acid identity with GluClα. This subunit forms homomeric channels that are gated irreversibly by avermectin and reversibly by glutamate. GluClα2 coassembles with GluClβ to form heteromeric channels that are gated by both ligands. The presence of subunits related to GluClα may explain the low level and rarity of target site involvement in resistance to the avermectin class of compounds.


During a postulated severe accident of a light water reactor, the temperature of core component materials is elevated due to a loss of cooling capability, resulting in formation of a degraded core. Fission products (FPs) are released from the degraded core during a process of the accident progression. Most of FPs could be transported within a reactor coolant system with a high temperature gaseous flow as a form of aerosol. Deposition of FP aerosols onto the inner surface of the reactor piping could be realized by several physical and chemical mechanisms. A thermal load caused by decay heat emission from the deposited aerosols is imposed on the piping structure. Additional thermal load onto the piping is thought to be resulted from a convective flow of high temperature gases form the degraded core region. The integrity of the reactor piping system, therefore, is challenged by these thermal loads, in addition to a pressure load in some accident sequences. A computer code, WINDFLOW, for a three-dimensional thermo-fluiddynamic analysis of a single phase gaseous flow in a reactor coolant piping has been developed at JAERI. A hybrid grid system composed of triangular and quadrangular cross-sectional cells was introduced in WINDFLOW to enhance themore » modeling flexibility. WINDFLOW was applied to an analysis of tests on thermo-fluiddynamics within a piping performed in WIND project. Formation of a cross-sectional secondary flow resulted from the natural convection was predicted. Appearance of a sharp cross-sectional temperature gradient at the vicinity of the piping wall was confirmed in the analysis. The predictions on the gaseous temperature distribution were compared with the test results. It was found that WINDFLOW tended to underestimate the axial temperature decrease and could qualitatively well reproduce radial temperature distribution observed in the tests.« less


Most of practical engineering problems can be described by multi-degree of freedom nonlinear systems.The mathematical model of such systems is given by many second order coupled differential equations. In general,it is extremely difficult to find their exact solutions.Therefore,the efforts have been mainly concentrated on approximate analytical solutions.The homotopy analysis method is the useful analytic tool for solving nonlinear systems.The method was applied to obtain the analytical approximation solution for multi-degree of freedom system.The periodic solutions for the coupled van del Pol oscillators of two degree of freedom were applied to illustrate the validity and great potential of the method.Comparisons were made between results of present method and Runge-Kutta method.The results demonstrate that the homotopy analysis method is an attractive and effective technique for nonlinear multi-degree of freedom systems.


This paper chooses rational interpolation algorithm through three dimensional overlay analysis of the four major DEM interpolation algorithms including dual-linear,bi-quadratic,inverse distance weighted,and moving fitting interpolation algorithm in four different landforms including plains,tablelands,hills and mountains,and through accuracy analysis of the different DEM interpolation algorithm of different DEM landform.


Embryogenic callus cultures were initiated from immature embryos of the apomictic Paspalum dilatatum cultivar 'Grasslands Raki'. Embryogenic callus was transferred to a regeneration medium at four different times from 121 to 206 d after culture initiation and a total of 231 somaclones were obtained. Phenotypic variation in the somaclones increased as the length of the callus phase and the length of the regeneration period were increased. Phenotypic changes ranged from floral abnormalities, reduced vigour (including dwarfism) and smaller tillers (narrow leaves) to loss of cold tolerance (leaf chlorosis). There was no useful variation in leaf dry matter digestibility and none of the plants showed any resistance to ergot. Seed was collected from 60 somaclones but viability was very low. Sufficient seedlings (SC2 generation) for progeny studies were obtained from only 18 somaclones. Fifteen of these somaclones produced offspring which showed variations including dwarfism, reversion to a coarser plant type and...


(ABSTRACT) The increasing demand for high data rate services necessitates the adoption of very wideband waveforms. In this case, the channel is frequency-selective, that is, a large number of resolvable multipaths are present in this environment and fading is not highly correlated across the band. Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is well-known to be effective against multipath distortion. It is a multicarrier communication scheme, in which the bandwidth of the channel is divided into subcarriers and data symbols are modulated and transmitted on each subcarrier simultaneously. By inserting guard time that is longer than the delay spread of the channel, an OFDM system is able to mitigate intersymbol interference (ISI). Deploying an adaptive antenna array at the receiver can help separate the desired signal from interfering signals which originate from different spatial locations. This enhancement of signal integrity increases system capacity. In this research, we apply adaptive array algorithms to OFDM systems and study their performance in a multipath environment with the presence of interference. A novel adaptive beamforming algorithm based on the minimum mean-squared error (MMSE) criterion, which is referred to as frequency-domain beamforming, is proposed that exploits the characteristics of OFDM signals. The computational complexity of frequency-domain beamforming is also studied. Simulation results show employing an adaptive antenna array with an OFDM system significantly improves system performance when interference is present. Simulations also show that the computational complexity of the algorithm can be reduced by half without significant performance degradation. Adaptive array algorithms based on the maximum signal-to-noise ratio (MSNR) and the maximum signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (MSINR) criteria are also applied to adaptive vector OFDM systems (AV-OFDM). Simulation results show that the adaptive algorithm based on the MSNR criterion has superior performance in the multipath environment but performs worse than the one based on the MSINR criterion under the flat fading channel. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my sincerely gratitude to my academic advisor, Dr. Jeffrey H. Reed, for the invaluable support, guidance and encouragement to my research work in the Mobile and Portable Radio Research Group (MPRG) at Virginia Tech. I would also like to express my appreciation to my committee members, Dr. their advice and comments on this work. I wish to thank Fakhrul Alam for his guidance and fruitful discussion during the course of this research. I would like to thank him for sharing his expertise in adaptive array algorithms and provide his valuable …


Thermal behavior of the natural and chemically modified wool fibers (treated with sodium hydroxide and formic acid and reduced with sodium bisulfite and thioglycollic acid) and of the graft copolymers of natural and modified wool with methyl nethacrylate (MMA) monomer was studied using dynamic thermogravimetry in air at a heating rate of 6°C/min to 600°C. The thermograms showed three distinct regions of weight loss for all the cases. A comparison of the temperatures of various percentage decompositions reveals that the thermal stability increased slightly with chemical modification of wool as compared to natural wool. Caustic soda and sodium bisulfite probably forms more stable lanthionine linkages, whereas formic acid improves the thermal stability perphas by modifying the noncrystalline region of the fiber. In the case of natural wool after graft copolymerization with MMA, thermal stability improves up to 325°C probably owing to the formation of new crosslinks, but after 325°C the thermal stability decreases owing to early decomposition of the polymer as compared to wool fiber. Similar effects are observed in all the chemically modified fibers except in wool reduced with sodium bisulfite, where thermal stability is found to increase after grafting even at higher temperature. The thermal stability was also computed from the primary thermograms by calculating the integral procedural decomposition temperature; the results show that thermal stability increases slightly with chemical modification of wool as compared to natural wool. In the case of natural wool with graft copolymerization with MMA, the overall thermal stability decreases, because the decrease of thermal stability after 325°C seems to be more prominent than the increase in thermal stability before 325°C. The same effects are observed in all the chemically modified fibers, except for fibers reduced with sodium bisulfite, where the overall thermal stability increases slightly with increase in graft-on.


3D printing, one of the hottest cutting-edge interdisciplinary technologies, is projected to have revenue of $8.4 billion in 2020. #D printing technology will implement the concept of personalized medicine in medical healthcare industry and pharmaceutical fabrication. Organ printing, which it is defined as computer-aided, jet based 3D tissue-engineering of living human organs, is an interesting and challengeable field for 3D printing. Customized implants and prostheses can be produced in any imaginable geometry through the translation of radiological images of patients into digital.stl 3D print files. The creation of anatomical models based on the patient's pathological conditions using 3D printing technologies would provide good models for training and to design surgical approaches. Hence, 3D printing not only will transform medical healthcare industry but also promises new converging technologies in the field of regenerative medicine.


The use of local soil materials for alternative pavement material has environmental friendly and saves on transportation costs for road materials. Soil-cement has been used as an alternative pavement material in Indonesia with various degree of successful. The challenge of implementing soil-cement stabilization for pavement material in Indonesia is finding additives to improve performance while achieves strength according to specifications and increasing soil-cement flexibility / ductility especially in fine grained soil. This paper presents the results of a laboratory study of the effect of adding Matos soil stabilizer additives to unconfined compressive strength and soil-cement CBR. A series of unconfined compression and California bearing ratio test according to Indonesian National Standard was carried out on soil-cement and soil-cement + matos samples, to determine the potential of Matos soil stabilizer additives to reduce cement content to achieve the required shear strength and increase ductility of soil-cement. Cement content used are 150 kg / m3 and 300 kg / m3 while Additive matos content is 1 kg / m3.  The results of the study showed that the addition of Matos 1 kg / m3 in clay (A-6) stabilized by 150 kg/m³ of cement increased the value of UCS soaked , CBR soaked , and durability, while the value of sensitivity to water decrease. UCS values of clay stabilized by 150 kg / m³ and matos 1.0 kg / m³ are equivalent to UC values of stabilized clay by 262 kg / m³ cement.


Now a days with the arrival of technology, communication became the backbone of ICT. Present paper reflects the long run of Communication (LI-FI) which can have an effect on all lives. Li-Fi stands for lightweight Fidelity. Li-Fi technology, projected by the German man of science Harald Haas, provides transmission information of knowledge of information} through illumination by causation data through associate degree junction rectifier light-weight bulb that varies in intensity quicker than the human eye will follow. This paper focuses on developing a Li-Fi based mostly system and analyzes its performance with relevance existing technology. WI-Fi is nice for general wireless coverage among buildings, whereas Li-Fi is good for top density wireless knowledge coverage in confined space and for relieving radio interference problems. Li-Fi provides higher information measure, efficiency, availableness and security than Wi-Fi and has already achieved blisteringly high speed within the work. By investment the cheap nature of LEDs and lighting units there are a unit several opportunities to use this medium, from public web access through street lamps to auto-piloted cars that communicate through their headlights. Haas envisions a future wherever knowledge for laptops, sensible phones, and tablets are transmitted through the sunshine in an exceedingly area.


This paper analyzes on the calculation of the elongation of the prestressed stretching construction, and introduces the selection of the measures results of the elongation based on the construction experiences.


We give some restricted sum formulas for double zeta values whose arguments satisfy certain congruence conditions modulo 2 or 6, and also give an application to identities showed by Ramanujan for sums of products of Bernoulli numbers with a gap of 6.


TaON and Ta 3 N 5 thin films of different thicknesses were prepared by pulsed laser deposition of tantalum oxide followed by ex situ thermal nitridation under ammonia. The nitridation was carried out in flowing moist or dry gas at 800°C. Structural and microstructural characteristics were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Preliminary gas detection experiments performed with propanal showed promising results.


This research paper aims to explore opportunities for weight and cost reduction in the design and development of connecting rods. Two phases are involved in the analysis. The first part i s t o analyze the loads (compressive and tensile loads) acting on the connecting rod as a function of time to optimize its weight and manufacturing cost using generative design. The generative design is an iterative design process that produces a certain number of outputs based on the power, stress and other constraints applied. The primary considerations are weight, material, and cost for the connecting rod design, we generate which in turn, provides sufficient strength, stiffness, and fatigue resistance. The second part involves the analysis of finite elements that was performed at several crank angles and examined whether the generated designs withstand loads ranging from the tensile load, corresponding to 3600 crank angle as one extreme load at the maximum engine speed and compressive load corresponding to the peak gas pressure as the other extreme load. Thus, a wide variety of materials are analyzed to obtain the cost-effective and optimum design of the connecting rod that can be manufactured by additive manufacturing.


Pacific Northwest Laboratory (PNL) has been developing the synthetic aperture focusing technique for ultrasonic testing (SAFT-UT) for the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC). Objectives are to make a real-time field system for performing all required inservice inpsections on nuclear power plants. The NRC funded the laboratory phase of the work at the University of Michigan. The PNL role is to transfer the technology to the field. This paper reports on the experience gained during 1984 involving the inspection of two boiling water reactor (BWR) plants in the United States. These field trials were very successful and demonstrated the advantages of using a flexible, high resolution imaging system to aid in detecting and interpreting ultrasonic reflectors.


Many state departments of transportation, including the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT), use vehicular barriers at the edges of highway bridge decks. This paper reports on a recent TxDOT study to develop designs for retrofit barriers connected to bridge decks using post-installed mechanical anchors. These barriers could be used to replace highway barriers damaged by vehicular collisions. Two retrofit barrier designs were developed: one an intermittent barrier with through anchors, and the other a continuous barrier with undercut anchors. The undercut-anchor design involved groups of inclined anchors, whose capacity was governed by concrete breakout, and for which current design provisions were not directly applicable. The barriers were tested under impact loading using a specially designed pendulum. Results show that the capacities of the barriers under impact loading exceeded the dynamic capacities predicting using the provisions of ACI 318-05, Appendix D. The response of the barriers was predicted well by nonlinear finite element analyses. However, the tensile breakout provisions of ACI 318-05, Appendix D need to be refined for application to inclined anchors because the capacity of the barrier in one case was largely unpredicted.


This series is produced by the Health, Nutrition, and Population family (HNP) of the World Bank's Human Development Network (HDN). The papers in this series aim to provide a vehicle for publishing preliminary and unpolished results on HNP topics to encourage discussion and debate. The cost of a health insurance program will largely be determined by the size and composition of the covered population, the benefit package, cost sharing arrangements, the current and future supply of health care providers and facilities, and the provider payment mechanisms used. This note summarizes in broad strokes the subset of the possible Universal Coverage (UC) transition scenarios and their related costs in Indonesia. These scenarios were selected based on initial discussions with key stakeholders, and further broad-based discussion with stakeholders will be needed to finalize the design, financing and transition options. This note shows how decisions regarding the transition steps, benefit package and the choice of eligible population affect public Health Insurance (HI) expenditures as Indonesia transitions to UC. This work follows closely the earlier World Bank report health financing in Indonesia; a road map for reform.


In this article organization culture is regarded as on control and system retributions in organization. The author shows that in most Russian companies prevail administrative constraint over group pressure and internal employees control.


The specification of network connectivity model or topology is the beginning of design and analysis in Computer Network researches. Wireless Mesh Networks is an autonomic network that is dynamically self-organised, self-configured while the mesh nodes establish automatic connectivity with the adjacent nodes in the relay network of wireless backbone routers. Researches in Wireless Mesh Networks range from node deployment to internetworking issues with sensor, Internet and cellular networks. These researches require modelling of relationships and interactions among nodes including technical characteristics of the links while satisfying the architectural requirements of the physical network. However, the existing topology generators model geographic topologies which constitute different architectures, thus may not be suitable in Wireless Mesh Networks scenarios. The existing methods of topology generation are explored, analysed and parameters for their characterisation are identified. Furthermore, an algorithm for the design of Wireless Mesh Networks topology based on square grid model is proposed in this paper. The performance of the topology generated is also evaluated. This research is particularly important in the generation of a close-to-real topology for ensuring relevance of design to the intended network and validity of results obtained in Wireless Mesh Networks researches.


Research on RTIs/STIs in the country has so far concentrated only on estimating the prevalence among women and their health seeking behaviour. Little is known about mens awareness regarding causation transmission and prevention of RTIs/STIs treatment seeking behaviour--their perceptions about quality cost privacy and client satisfaction perceptions related to HIV/AIDS and gender dimensions and vulnerability perceptions. Such information was collected from six different representative regions in 2006 by a team of public healthcare personnel and social workers using qualitative tool--focus group discussions (FGDs). A total of 12 FGDs were conducted among randomly selected married men aged 20-45 years residing in rural areas. The findings reveal that men consider sex within marriage to be safe and free of risk but sex with bad women (sex workers or promiscuous women) as risky that makes one vulnerable to RTIs/STIs. Awareness of HIV/AIDS is more than that of RTIs/STIs. Treatment seeking behaviour and partner notification is influenced by social stigma that is associated with RTIs/STIs. Knowledge about condoms has not necessarily led to its use with many male participants. Triangulation of these findings with the information obtained from in-depth interviews of service providers and programme managers along with facility surveys justifies the need for improving overall awareness and knowledge both of the service providers and community and improving the overall RTI/STI service delivery.


The current network environment to learn the system most of the focus only on single aspects of collaborative learning,few take into account the learner's autonomy,but there are other obvious defects.This article relies on a computer network to P2P technology as a means,first of all established autonomous collaborative learning network model,then study the model-based collaborative learning system self-realization of three key algorithms: similarity groups interested in learning algorithm,based on key words
learning information search and contribution to value-based resource allocation algorithm,and finally as a basis for the design and implementation of a P2P-based collaborative learning system independent.This system overcomes the shortcomings network collaborative learning systems,theory and applications of high reference value.


OBJECTIVE
To develop a new method, DNA chip, which can be used for rapid detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis resistance to RFP.

METHODS
Designing probe according to the sequence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis rpoB gene and fabricating DNA chip. The DNA fragment which contains hot mutation sites of rpoB gene was labelled with cy5 fluorescence and amplified by PCR technique. Then it was hybridized with DNA chip. DNA sequence was used as the control.

RESULTS
14 strains were detected out of 17 randomly selected Mycobacterium tuberculosis resistant to RFP using DNA chip. The efficiency was 83%. A little bit DNA in the sick sputa was sufficient for drug resistance detection without being incubated.

CONCLUSION
It showed higher specialty and sensitivity using DNA chip to detect Mycobacterium tuberculosis resistance to RFP. This method was rapid and accurate and could be used for clinical detection of RFP-resistant strains.


A salbutamol-bovine serum albumin and a salbutamol-ovalbumin coating antigen were synthesized, and six New Zealand white rabbits were treated with the immunogen to obtain polyclonal antibodies to develop a rapid, sensitive, and indirect chemiluminescent enzyme immunoassay (ciCLEIA) for the analysis of swine and bovine urine. The prepared antibodies showed high cross-reactivities with clenbuterol (139.6%) and brombuterol (225%). Under the optimized conditions, the linear dynamic range and the limit of detection (LOD) for salbutamol were from 0.007 to 0.17 µg L−1 and 0.003 µg L−1, with a correlation coefficient of 0.9965 and a half maximum inhibition concentration of 0.028 µg L−1. Recoveries for salbutamol, clenbuterol, and brombuterol were from 78.8% to 119.0% with intra-assay and inter-assay coefficients of variation less than 13.9% and 19.7%, respectively. The reported ciCLEIA was about 10-fold more sensitive for salbutamol and 20-fold more sensitive for clenbuterol compared to conventional methods. This study showed that ciCLEIA was a reliable, convenient, and sensitive method for the simultaneous determination of salbutamol, clenbuterol, and brombuterol in swine and bovine urine.


A series of analyses are presented which describe the familial and social surroundings of persons with physical limitation who have managed to function in the mainstream population. Data of the National Survey of Families and Households (NSFH) of 1987-88 comprising noninstitutional United States population aged 19 and older were used. Personal interviews were administered to 9643 primary respondents (Rs). An additional oversample contained 13017 primary respondents. The 41-55 age groups were 52% male vs. 48% female compared to 47% male vs. 52% female among the able-bodied and 71% of the handicapped population. 33% of the physically limited males vs. 14% of the able-bodied males had less than high school education. 22% of the physically limited females had a bachelors degree or higher vs. 18% of the able-bodied females. 61% of the able-bodied females vs. 53% of the physically limited females were married. Among the physically limited 46% of males and 45% of females were employed; 87% of able-bodied males and 69% of able-bodied females were employed. 79% of physically limited vs. 70% of able-bodied respondents had no children in the 19-40 age group; 18% vs. 21% had 1 child. Among respondents aged 19-40 the physically limited were more likely to have 1 or 2 children aged 5-18 than the able-bodied. 78% of the sample population was employed the sample mean for R Currently Working was 0.78. The disability variables R Needs Help Inside HH and R Needs Help Outside HH were associated with employment status by the coefficients -0.169 and -0.175 respectively equivalent to a 21.7% downward shift in employment status. R Needs Help Outside HH was somewhat stronger as measured by the -0.175 coefficient. Both were strongly significant at the .0001 level. Even though the disabled were less likely to be employed than the able-bodied they did not allow this to interfere with their marriages and their relationships with their children. They obtained more help from their private support networks than the able-bodied population.


Mycorrhiza is a symbiotic fungus with plant roots that is useful for transferring nutrients to plant roots. Potato ( Solanum tuberosum L.) is a good host for mycorrhizal growth. Intensive cultivation of potatoes can result in land degradation due to land clearing that does not follow conservation rules, which may lead to a decrease in productivity of potato. This study focused on management of cultivation by occurrence erosion affecting potato cultivation system, and its effect on diversity of mycorrhiza for potato production in an Andisol of Batu. This study usea a completely randomized design factorial with 2 factors: (1) geotextile (2) organic mulch, obtained 24 treatment combinations and 3 replications. Organic mulch doses administered at each treatment were equivalent to 10 t ha -1 . The results showed that biogeotextile application had a significant effect on population diversity of mycorrhiza that increased diversity and root infection 10% more compared without application that had no significant effect. The existence of biogeotextile affected soil chemical properties in the form of soil organic matter that increased 2-fold compared with no application. Biogeotextile could increase tuber diameter by 43%, number of tubers by 67%, and potato tuber weight 2 times than without application. The treatment of elephant grass gave the best influence on potato production.


An efficient click synthesis of 1,2,3-triazole derivatives from benzyl halides or alkyl halides, epoxides, terminal alkynes, and sodium azides in the presence of copper salts and relative benzimidazole salts have been developed. This procedure eliminates the need to handle potentially organic azides, which are generated insitu. A broad spectrum of substrates can participate in the process effectively to produce the desired products in good yields.


Textile wastewater is notoriously known to contain strong colour, a highly fluctuating pH and significant COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) values. Because of these characteristics, treatment of these effluents has been rather difficult. Traditional methods for dealing with textile wastewater consist of various combinations of biological, physical and chemical methods. Because of the large variability of the composition of textile wastewaters, most of these traditional methods are becoming inadequate. The aim of this work was to use an electrochemical procedure to treat used dyebaths and cyclic voltammetry (CV) technique for dye degradation study. Electrolysis can be an adequate process for colour removal as well organics pollutants and CV is an important tool for redox reactions interpretation. Electrochemical treatment results show significant decrease on COD values, for the different values of dye concentration and several applied potentials. Progressive colour removal and dye degradation can be achieved for different values of dye concentration. Depending on electrolysis time and applied potential, total decolouration can be attained.


In this paper, dynamic performance of wind farm comprising of three Squirrel Cage Induction Generators (SCIG) is analyzed for grid connected operation. Wind integration causes power imbalances and power system dynamics leading to system instability. The SCIG based wind turbine requires reactive power for magnetization which causes shortage of reactive power in distribution system and hence causes losses that lead to instability of power system. The behavior of the system is analyzed with variation in wind speed, unbalanced and nonlinear loads and three phase fault. The DSTATCOM is being used to improve the performance of wind farm as per the standard of grid code. The grid code demands that power plant of any kind should support electricity network throughout their operation. The performance enhancement mainly involves the power quality issues and grid stability and fault ride through (FRT) capability. A complete power balance analysis of the proposed system is presented under different operating conditions.


Two studies investigated perceived threat and perceived neglect, which are two types of underlying adaptive concern that couples often experience during relationship conflicts. Presumably, underlying concerns provide a useful framework for understanding several aspects of conflict interaction. It was expected that these concerns would predict each partner's desired resolutions, that is, the things that partners wanted from each other to resolve conflicts. Results are reported from two studies of married or cohabitating people (total N = 953). All participants completed Internet-based assessments that included an established measure of underlying concerns. In addition, six types of desired resolution were identified from an open-response item in Study 1, and these desires were later assessed using a 28-item questionnaire that demonstrated acceptable factor validity in Study 2. Perceived threat predicted types of desired resolution that involved wanting a partner to passively disengage (stop adversarial beh...


The results of the straw brick research were carried out with normal material, which constantly shows low compressive strength, in that sense the viscocrete additives were used to improve the quality of straw brick. The objective of this research is to investigate the mechanical properties of concrete brick, namely: the compressive strength, specific gravity, and water absorption power. This research implemented experimental research method, which was conducted by using concrete bricks characteristically with 40 cm of width, 20 cm of height, and 10 cm of thickness, made from rice straws, cement, sand, water and viscocrete as the test sample. The mortars used in this research were basically made from cement, sand, water and viscocrete with the ratio of 1: 7: 0.8: 0.015. The concrete bricks were created by pressing the straws mixed with glue into straw, and then cut them according to the variants of the volume. The variations of straw volume were 0 m3; 0.000625 m3; 0.00075 m3; 0.00125 m3; 0.0015 m3; 0.001875 m3; and 0.00225 m3. There were five samples for each volume of straw. The test results obtained maximal compressive strength, density, and absorption in concrete bricks straw of 3.0852 MPa, 1749 kg/cm3, and 13,9828%, respectively. The results confirmed the Indonesia National Standard quality of concrete brick, acknowledged with SNI 03-0349-1989.The results of the straw brick research were carried out with normal material, which constantly shows low compressive strength, in that sense the viscocrete additives were used to improve the quality of straw brick. The objective of this research is to investigate the mechanical properties of concrete brick, namely: the compressive strength, specific gravity, and water absorption power. This research implemented experimental research method, which was conducted by using concrete bricks characteristically with 40 cm of width, 20 cm of height, and 10 cm of thickness, made from rice straws, cement, sand, water and viscocrete as the test sample. The mortars used in this research were basically made from cement, sand, water and viscocrete with the ratio of 1: 7: 0.8: 0.015. The concrete bricks were created by pressing the straws mixed with glue into straw, and then cut them according to the variants of the volume. The variations of straw volume were 0 m3; 0.000625 m3; 0.00075 m3; 0.00125 m3; 0.0015 m3; 0.00187...


ABSTRACT This study argues the state power and social efforts shaped and reshaped the contour of the 'imagined community' of post-war Taiwan from mainland China to the island with a focus on how the history of Japanese rule has been represented. By conducting a content analysis of officially published junior high school history textbooks (1949–2015) and interviewing history teachers, this study discusses how they present national past. The transformative presentation of the 'Japanese era in Taiwan' suggested the self-reinventing of the statehood of the Republic of China; the bottom-up forces even went beyond the demands of the state and facilitated nation-building.


To a special 20-item rating instrument, constructed to evaluate the performance of teaching assistants in the classroom, responses of 2258 undergraduate students in social science and humanities courses were intercorrelated and factored. Three oblique factors were identified: Relational Impact, Classroom Organization, and Learning Outcomes. The instrument may be used to assess instructional impact and/or diagnose areas of strength and weakness in apprenticeship teaching.


This paper presents the experimental study of electrical explosion of wire method. The sample was prepared by exploding copper wire of 0.26mm diameter in the nitrogen environment. In each time of explosion overheating factor was varied. Prepared samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscope. The result reveals the presence of copper nanoparticles and decrease of the percentage of higher size particles with increase of overheating factor.


To evaluate the clinical, angiographic, and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (cMRI) results in patients with and without diabetes mellitus (DM) undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for ST‐elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI).


Genetic competence in S. mutans is regulated by a quorum-sensing system mediated by a competence-stimulating peptide (CSP). CSP encoded by the comC gene is involved in competence for genetic transformation and biofilm formation. The quorum-sensing system in S. mutans involves four gene products encoded by comC, comD, comE and comX. The comC, comD and comE genes encode a CSP precursor, its histidine kinase sensor protein, and a cognate response regulator, respectively. The loci of comC and comDE lie adjacent on the chromosome. comX encodes a sigma factor, however little is known about the influence that the quorum-sensing system has on the pathogenicity of S. mutans. It is of interest to verify the roles of the quorum-sensing system in S. mutans for its ability to form a biofilm. To test this hypothesis, S. mutans wild-type strain UA159 and its knockout mutants, which were defective in comC, comD, comE and comX mutant, were examined for their ability for initial adhesion, glucan synthesis and invasion into dentinal tubles. The initial adhesion ability of S. mutans cells to saliva-coated hydroxyapatite was decreased in comD and comE mutant strains. This result shows that the quorum-sensing system already has an influence on initial biofilm formation to be adherent or the early phase of carious formation. The proportions of water-insoluble glucan synthesis in all mutant strains were less than the wild type. The proportions of water-soluble glucan adhering to dentin slices in all mutant strains were also less than in the wild type. The total dose of three kinds of glucan composition decreased in all mutant strains. The expansion rates of dentinal tubules by comC, comD, comE and comX mutant increased more than by the wild type when cultured in brain heart infusion for 24 days. This study demonstrated that the quorum-sensing system may play a crucial role in initial adhesion, glucan synthesis, biofilm formation and invasion to dentinal tubules of S. mutans.


Fault prognosis of wind turbine gearbox has received considerable attention as it predicts the remaining useful life which further allows the scheduling of maintenance strategies. However, the studies related towards the RUL prediction of wind turbine gearbox are limited, because of the complexity of gearbox, acute changes in the operating conditions and non-linear nature of the acquired vibration signals. In this study, a health indicator is constructed in order to predict the remaining useful life of the wind turbine gearbox. Run to fail experiments are performed on a laboratory scaled wind turbine gearbox of overall gear ratio 1:100. Vibration signals are acquired and decomposed through continuous wavelet transform to obtain the wavelet coefficients. Various statistical features are computed from the wavelet coefficients which return form high-dimensional input feature set. Principal component analysis is performed to reduce the dimensionality and principal components (PCs) are computed from the input feature set. PC1 is considered as the health indicator and subjected to further smoothening by linear rectification technique. Exponential degradation model is fit to the considered health indicator and the model is able to predict the RUL of the gearbox with an error percentage of 2.73 %.


Though modern higher education in Zhejiang had been continuously developed since the end of the Qing Dynasty,it still lagged behind comparing to the basic education then.In 1927,Cai Yuanpei,who acted as the dean of University Bureau,made Zhejiang become a province of executing university district system,and established the National Zhejiang University,so the Higher School which had been closed for many years was restored and upgraded and at the same time higher arts education was promoted,then National Arts Institute was also founded in Hangzhou.The establishment and recovery of the two national higher institutions tamped the foundation of Zhejiang modern higher education.


Abstract: The lack of high spatial resolution precipitation data, which are crucial for the modeling and managing of hydrological systems, has triggered many attempts at spatial downscaling. The essence of downscaling lies in extracting extra information from a dataset through some scale-invariant characteristics related to the process of interest. While most studies utilize only one source of information, here we propose an approach that integrates two independent information sources, which are characterized by self-similar and relationship with other geo-referenced factors, respectively. This approach is applied to 16 years (1998–2013) of TRMM 3B43 monthly precipitation data in an orographic and monsoon influenced region in South China. Elevation, latitude, and longitude are used as predictive variables in the regression model, while self-similarity is characterized by multifractals and modeled by a log-normal multiplicative random cascade. The original 0.25° precipitation field was downscaled to the 0.01° scale. The result was validated with rain gauge data. Good consistency was achieved on coefficient of determination, bias, and root mean square error. This study contributes to the current precipitation downscaling


The invention relates to the field of medicines, and in particular relates to amorphous zafirlukast and a preparation method thereof. The DSC (Differential Scanning Calorimetry) atlas of the amorphous zafirlukast has endothermic peaks from 190 DEG C to 210 DEG C. According to the preparation method provided by the invention, the content of single maximum impurities in related substances of zafirlukast raw materials is smaller than 0.1%, so that the quality of zafirlukast medicines is improved.


Brain-computer interfaces (BCI) present new communication alternatives for severely disabled people. Although these BCI systems exist in many flavors, the system we focus on is based on the imagination of hand and/or foot movements. The interface then tries to detect the correct imagined movement from the subject's brain signals. These kind of systems commonly use the common spatial pattern filter (CSP) as preprocessing step before features are extracted from the EEG signals and classified as one of the mental movement tasks (also referred to as classes). The CSP method is a supervised algorithm and therefore needs subject specific training data for calibration, which is very time consuming to collect. Instead of letting all that data and effort go to waste, we could use the data of other subjects to further improve the BCI performance for new subjects. This problem setting is often encountered in multitask learning, from which we borrow some ideas and apply it to the preprocessing phase.


This paper explores the decision-making and coordination mechanism of pricing and collection rate in a closed-loop supply chain with capacity constraint in recycling channels, which consists of one manufacturer and one retailer. On the basis of game theory, the equilibriums of decisions and profits in the centralized and decentralized scenarios are obtained and compared. Through the performance analysis of a different scenario, a higher saving production cost and lower competition intensity trigger the members to engage in remanufacturing. Furthermore, we try to propose a two-part tariff contract through bargaining to coordinate supply chain and achieve a Pareto improvement. The results show that when the capacity constraints in recycling channels exceed a threshold, the decisions and profit will change. Additionally, for closed-loop supply chain, the selling price is more susceptible to the influence of capacity constraint in recycling channel than the members' profit.


We often measure a variety of features when attempting to perform classification. Principal component analysis (PCA) can assist the multivariate investigation by reducing dimensionality and by maximizing feature space variance. For demonstration, this paper shows the techniques for finding the improved feature space and it shows how to project data into this space, using the native commands of the TI-86 calculator.


The lower back is a major factor in the patient's health as well as in his/her economic and social conditions. Many of the diagnostic and therapeutic decisions regarding the lower back are subjective in nature. Complimentary objective and quantitative data will be of great help in clinic and hospital. Some data of this kind evolving from 3-D (3 dimensional) dynamometry is described here and compared to the existing normal, non-symptomatic database published elsewhere. This is an important step toward the objective definition of the abnormal function of the lower back and the use of 3D dynamometry in the clinic. The range of motion (RoM), maximal isometric torque (MIT), maximal and average speed of motion (MV and AV) and the maximal torques applied in secondary planes while moving in a primary plane (MST) are reported in 54 non-symptomatic volunteers. The men and the women had a similar RoM in all planes (80–90 degrees) but all other results are sex-dependent. The men demonstrated nearly twice the women's torques around all axes, isometrically, and moved much faster in all directions.


This study aims to determine students' science process skills after using the guided discovery model assisted by the virtual PhET lab on vibration and wave materials and the effectiveness of applying the guided discovery learning model assisted by the virtual PhET lab. This research was conducted at a junior high school, SMPN 2 Siak. The research method used is quasi-experimental with a posttest-only control group design. The sample of this study is the experimental class and the control class. Each class has 33 students. The research data was obtained by using a science process skill test instrument. The results showed that the average process skills of the experimental class = 76.76 and the control class = 57.23. The results of the t-test using SPSS software were obtained with (sig) 0.000 < 0.05 . It was concluded that the guided discovery learning model assisted by the virtual lab PhET was more effectively used to improve students' process skills.


Different valence states of chromium ions possess huge differences in toxicity. Hence, it is an innovative idea to design a reasonable probe to detect Cr according to the toxicity characteristics of different valence states. We report a novel, rapid, simple and accurate probe for the detection of Cr3+ and Cr6+ ions. As a probe, gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) are successfully modified using tartaric acid (TA) and 2-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazinyl] ethanesulfonic acid (HEPES) via a two-step modification; the probe shows an increase in the sensitivity towards Cr6+ and decreases towards Cr3+, which is consistent with their toxicity characteristics, benefiting the assessment of total Cr toxicity. The proposed probe achieves considerable two-channel (ultraviolet absorption spectrum and naked eye vision) detection of Cr3+ and Cr6+ providing wide linearity regions and low detection limits. Meanwhile, the results of the interference experiments and analysis of the real samples showed high selectivity and accuracy of the proposed method. With popularization, this method possesses great potential in environmental monitoring and control.


The purpose of this study is to identify social network types in older Korean Americans and to examine their direct associations, as well as interactions with living arrangement, on mental distress. Drawn from the Study of Older Korean Americans (SOKA), participants were aged 60 or over and lived in five states. Analyses included 2,140 cases surveyed during 2017−2018. To identify social network types, latent profile analyses were conducted using 10 network-related criterion variables. A model with five social network types was identified as best fit. The groups were labeled as diverse, moderately diverse, family deficit, friend deficit, and restricted. As hypothesized, greater mental distress was associated with belonging to more deprived networks such as family deficit and restricted groups. Interaction effects also suggest that members of the restricted group were more distressed when they lived alone than when they lived with others. Implications based on the results are discussed.


Practical training teaching is important means for improving the basic professional technique,professional comprehensive technique,and employment capability of students in higher vocational institutes,and also an important one of the three key practical teaching links of higher vocational education.Reinforcing practical training teaching and attaching importance to the cultivation of students' skills are the keys for high vocational institutes to clearly show their features and cultivate high-quality technical talents,and also the difference between professional education and popular education.


This article attempts to assess the importance of the environmental dimension of the concept of corporate social responsibility (Social Corporate Responsibility - CSR) in small and medium-sized enterprises. The first part describes the essence of corporate social responsibility. The second part is the basic pillar of CSR, which is an ecological area. The third part presents the environmental efforts undertaken by small and medium-sized enterprises in the field of CSR. The analysis was based on the literature available and data obtained from empirical research conducted by the writer. The results show that companies, however in different extent undertake ecological activities willingly. Furthermore, those activities benefit not only in terms of the environmental dimension of CSR, but also in other areas of the organization.


With the prosperity of 3D technology, Free Viewpoint Television (FTV) becomes a popular research topic. "View Synthesis" is a key step in FTV. There are some important and to-be-solved issues such as real-time operation and complexity reduction. NVIDIA Compute Unified Device Architecture (CUDA) is an effective platform in handling data-intensive applications. To implement the MPEG view synthesis reference software (VSRS) on CUDA, we parallelize the VSRS structure. In the meanwhile, our proposed parallel scheme improves the picture quality. We first propose an intra hole filling scheme to replace the original median filter. Then, to avoid data dependence we properly partition the data so that they can be processed by the parallel GPU threads. Also, we rearrange the data processing order in the threads to reduce branching instructions. Combining these techniques together, we save more than 94% computing time and achieve a similar image quality.


Are the capital markets of leading industrialized nations rational and efficient? This powerful hypothesis was badly dented by the work of De Bondt and Thaler (1985) on stock market overreaction and by subsequent research on momentum and reversals in prices and earnings.,Human psychology, at times predictably irrational, drives the markets. This paper investigates this issue.,The author reviews the origins of the idea of overreaction, how behavioral insights modify standard asset pricing theory and how they contribute to our understanding of the world of finance.,The paper reveals the origins of the idea of overreaction, how behavioral insights modify standard asset pricing theory and how they contribute to our understanding of the world of finance.


The present research is about The Form and Content of Modern English Music and its Application as a Teaching Tool in the Classroom. It was carried out in Loja, in La Pradera and Yahuarcuna neighbourhoods. The sample population was young people from 15 to 21 years old. To achieve the proposed goals was necessary to make a bibliographical research in books and in internet and a field research using surveys in order to obtain information about popular music and its uses as a teaching tool in class.


The hair and beauty shops around the Peckham Rye station square are set to move to a specially designed, palm-tree themed, beauty boulevard.


A price stability implementation in a proposed collateral backed cryptocurrency was assessed in order to identify which factors increased its robustness and improve on the design. The dynamics of t ...


In the recent years, Majority of population suffers with cardiovascular heart disease worldwide. Prediction of Cardiac disease at an early stage supports to avoid death rates. Early detection of Cardiac disease helps to provide proper treatments and reduce the mortality rates drastically. Medical field has focused to create a model for diagnosing the disease at an early stage to avoid critical situation. Machine Learning plays a vital role in this area nowadays. This research has proposed a model to diagnose cardiac disease in early stage with an effective manner. Many researchers have designed various Machine Learning model to predict accuracy of identifying cardio vascular disease which has considered more features. Researchers have been examined the accuracy with minimum number of training sets. The proposed method trained with 7000 records and predicts the accuracy based on the designed model. RFE and Feature Importance techniques have been applied for identifying the important parameters based on the ranking as well as Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) value in this study. The proposed model was evaluated with various machine learning algorithms like SVM, GaussianNB, KNN and K-Means. The performance of these algorithms could be evaluated using the following measures such as precision, recall, f1-score and accuracy. Based on these measures, KNN Classifier achieved better accuracy 62% for larger datasets than others and SVM achieved 64% accuracy for smaller dataset in Supervised method and K-Means Clustering algorithm achieved the better accuracy 50% in unsupervised method. Time Complexity also measured for each algorithm and compared with each other. It has clearly proven that KNN classifier algorithm achieved better accuracy with minimum computation time.


This paper suggests a new way to appraise audit quality of CPA firms by dividing it into four levels according to relevant levels of audit goals.The method of appraising audit quality will be a feasible one when a precise and quantitative appraisal is not available.Furthermore,the way of appraisal in various levels will benefit the promotion of audit quality in CPA industry.


The one-pot synthesis of the fragrance 4-(p-methoxyphenyl)butan-2-one, with raspberry scent, has been carried out using palladium on different supports such as magnesium oxide (MgO), hydrotalcite, hydroxyapatite (HA), aluminium oxide (y-Al 2 O 3 ) and titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ). The first pathway consists of a Heck coupling between 4-methoxy-iodoanisole and methyl vinyl ketone followed by hydrogenation. Palladium supported on titanium dioxide showed the best performance for carrying out both consecutive steps giving 4-(p-methoxyphenyl)-butan-2-one with high yields and selectivity. The Pd-TiO 2 catalyst is more active than a homogeneous palladium complex that is well accepted in the literature as being highly active for performing Heck reactions.


Abstract In this article, the objective is to characterize the influence of a continuous stratification on wake-induced vibrations of a circular cylinder. Experimental results are obtained by towing a horizontal cylinder in a horizontal direction perpendicular to its axes, at a constant speed in a linearly stratified fluid made of salty water. The cylinder can move vertically since it is fixed to free-to-rotate arms. The diameter of the cylinder, the length of the arms and the translating speed are varied. Two flow-induced vibrations modes are observed. The first one is analogous to a vortex-induced vibration (VIV) mode: it is associated with a resonance between the vortex shedding frequency and its frequency is proportional to the natural frequency of the mechanical system, as can be predicted by the VIV theory generalized to low mass ratios. Large amplitude oscillations of the cylinder are found to occur in a large range of velocities also in agreement with the low-mass-ratio VIV theory. The second mode is interpreted as a galloping mode. It has a low frequency and a large amplitude, and occurs for low Froude numbers and long arms. It corresponds to the regimes when the buoyancy forces are larger than the inertial and vertical drag forces. By computing the forces on the cylinder, it is shown that stratification is the source of a destabilizing lift when the cylinder departs from its horizontal motion. Only a weak effect of the Reynolds number on the stability characteristics has been observed in the considered range ($500 < Re < 15\,000$).


Family physicians deliver a range of services within preventive patient care. Preventive care is provided on an individual basis, generally in an oppor tunistic manner. However, it is widely accepted that applying a population-based approach would result in more effective and measurable preventive outcomes, and the communitybased approach in primary care is central to the principles of family medicine. Public health units and family physicians working together could provide a spectrum of primary health care services and health promotion interventions. This paper describes the development of a collaborative working initiative between the two groups and two new programs that have developed. The collaboration should be fur ther explored in primary care reform in Canada.


Macrovascular disease is the number one killer in type 2 diabetes patients. The cluster of risk factors in the insulin resistance syndrome (IRS) partly explains this notion. Insulin action in muscle, liver or adipose tissue has been thoroughly described in the literature, whilst this has been less described for the endothelium. Insulin stimulates nitric oxide (NO) production in the endothelium and reduced bioavailability of NO is usually defined as endothelial dysfunction. This impairment might be related to defective insulin signalling in the endothelial cell. Therefore, insulin resistance mechanisms in the endothelial cell will be emphasized in this review.


Introduction: Population ageing is being recognised worldwide as a reality but still the quality of life (QOL) among elderly seems to be a neglected issue in developing countries like India. Therefore the present study was conducted to measure health related QOL among elderly and to ascertain some of the determinant factors.
Methods: This was a community based cross-sectional survey, conducted among 782 elderly subject in rural population of Barabanki, Uttar Pradesh. WHO QOL-BREF was used to assess the data on QOL of elderly. A pre-designed, pre-tested semi structured questionnaire was used to collect socio-demographic information and a complete clinical examination was performed among the study subjects to assess chronic morbid conditions.
Results: Mean scores of quality of life domains were higher among elderly of 70-79 years age group in physical, psychological, social relationship and environmental domains from other age groups. The mean quality of life scores were found to be higher among elderly without psychosocial and health related problems. Relation between physical health domain and marital status were statistically significant (p


Hospitalists are attending physicians who serve as general medical providers for hospitalised patients, whereas fellows are trainees in a medical subspecialty. Both hospitalists and fellows have completed a residency, which is the training period that physicians enter following the completion of medical school. Several barriers seem to make hospitalists a learner group that is distinct from residents. As attending physicians, hospitalists are a step above fellows in the hierarchical hospital structure, which could limit fellows' confidence in their role as teachers and hospitalists' confidence in their role as learners. Secondly, the primary team structure and familiarity between residents and fellows were identified as barriers to fellows teaching residents in the study by Miloslavsky et al., and these challenges are even more profound in the hospitalist‒fellow dynamic. Although many fellows completed residency at the same institution and are likely to know the location of resident workrooms and the structure of resident schedules, they are less likely to have access to this data for hospitalists, making face-to-face encounters more challenging. In addition, many hospitalists care for a given patient for only a few days at a time before rotating off service, so there are fewer opportunities for interaction than there are with residents, who often spend several weeks on a service. Finally, fellows have a limited ability to identify with hospitalists as learners because few fellows have worked as a hospitalist; by contrast, having recently undergone the transition from resident to subspecialist, fellows can relate to residents' desire to learn a subspecialty. By addressing these barriers, we can improve teaching and learning on the medical wards. On a practical level, encouraging fellows to meet the hospitalists and understand their schedules and time constraints could improve hospitalist‒fellow communication. Cultural change is also necessary in order to move away from a medical hierarchy toward a collaborative effort to learn as we take care of patients. We should strive to create a learning environment in which fellows are encouraged to teach both residents and hospitalists during consultations.


A fundamental theory on the behavior and properties of trivializers of 2-complexes is set up which can be applied to deal with homotopy problems of group presentations and monoid presentations.