The COVID-19 Pandemic has resulted the change in every sector of life. Education institutions transform their learning methods from face-to-face learning to online-based distance learning to keep the learning process running during the pandemic era. The purpose of this study is to obtain the description and analysis results regarding learning profile and evaluation system used in the lecture at Biology Education Study Program during the Pandemic. This survey study was conducted in August 2020 until August 2021, even semester of 2019/2020, odd semester of 2019/2020, even semester of 2020/2021, and odd semester of 2021/2022. The population of this study was the students of Biology Education of UMM and the students of private universities in Malang City. Purposive sampling was employed for sample selection. The instruments used were survey and questionnaire forms. The data was analyzed descriptively and quantitatively. The results of the study show that online learning is apparently not optimal in Biology Education and other private universities in Malang due to limitations in discussions, assignments, and assessments. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct training session, planning, and implementation of innovative online learning to optimize learning process. To make the learning process more accurate and effective, evaluations are also needed.


10 Hong Kong, as one of the densely populated metropolises in East Asia, has been suffering 11 from severe photochemical smog in the past decades, though the observed nitrogen oxides 12 (NOx) and total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs) were significantly reduced. This study, 13 based on the observation data in the autumns of 2007, 2013 and 2016, investigated the 14 photochemical ozone (O3) formation and radical chemistry during the three sampling periods 15 in Hong Kong with the aid of a Photochemical Box Model incorporating the Master 16 Chemical Mechanism (PBM-MCM). Neither the observed O3 nor the simulated locally 17 produced O3 changed significantly (p=0.11 and 0.99, respectively) from 2007 to 2013; 18 however, both of which decreased (p<0.05) from the VOC sampling days in 2013 to those in 19 2016 at a rate of -5.04±0.05 and -4.35±0.10 ppbv yr -1 , respectively. The regionally 20 transported O3 showed an increase (rate = 1.62±0.39 ppbv yr -1 , p<0.05) during 2007-2013, 21 but slight decrease (p=0.09) from 2013 to 2016. The mitigation of autumn O3 pollution in this 22 region was further confirmed by the continuous monitoring data, which has never been 23 reported in previous studies. Benefited from the air pollution control measures taken in Hong 24 Kong, the local O3 production rate decreased remarkably (p<0.05) from 2007 to 2016, along 25 Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2018-1148 Manuscript under review for journal Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discussion started: 11 December 2018 c © Author(s) 2018. CC BY 4.0 License.


With emerging technologies and products in power semiconductors and ultrafast mechanical switches, direct-current circuit breakers (DCCBs) have been developing rapidly. Yet the metal-oxide varistors (MOVs), being the indispensable DCCB components, are less analyzed and tested so far. Generally, MOVs in DCCBs are used to dissipate energy and limit overvoltage surges during switching events. This emerging application of MOVs calls for new design procedures and evaluation tests to ensure MOV performance under non-standard stresses and repetitive energy pulses. In this paper, online-monitored stress endurance tests are performed on MOVs that are employed in a 12 kV DCCB. Most MOVs have endured the DCCB-derived stresses for about 3500 pulses with little variation in their voltage-current characteristics, while only one fails after 1000 pulse tests and gets damaged by a shunt conductive channel. Different from conventional operating points of MOVs in their voltage-current characteristics, the MOVs in DCCB applications are found to work routinely in the temporary overvoltage (TOV) region with a decreasing TOV current over time. As these behaviors of MOVs are scarcely reported in the literature or covered by their datasheets, this study presents one of the first publicly available endurance test data that address the knowledge gaps about energy-dissipating MOVs in switchgear applications.


Professionalism in nursing has long been steeped in controversy. For many years some argued nurses were only semi-professional due to a lack of university education and qualifications and a knowledge base and skillset that were not distinctly unique (Adams & Miller, 2001). Nurses are now an established profession with clear and robust educational frameworks, codes of professional conduct and standards of practice (Sills, 1998), regulated by an independent agency or governing body.


The Hwasong City Wall was built for three years(1794-1796), but the real construction term was taken only 28 months. The wall and the buildings on the wall were built simultaneously, and the esttimated construction cost was highly restricted. These conditions were main factors for considering the high efficiency of construction productivity. This study examines these factors that are reflected in the operating system of the architectural standard scale of length, the architectural composition system in the Hwasong City Wall to reduce the construction cost. Through the study, following factors are found. 1.The rule of multiple proportion is found in the relationship between the partition distance, that is, span and the height of the girder which is related to the productivity of ready-made building members. 2.The ruling grade system of scale in the component members is found in the chang-bang(창방, penetration members)


Wireless Mesh Network (WMN) is a technology that is gaining importance among traditional wireless networks. WMN is considered as a suitable solution for providing Internet access in an inexpensive, and rapid manner. One of the main challenges in the design of these networks is their vulnerability to security attacks. Our approach is to classify existing contemporary wireless intrusion detection system (IDS) techniques based on target wireless network, detection technique. An Intrusion Detection System (IDS) detects malicious nodes in a network.


The first catalytic formal [5+4] cycloaddition to prepare nine-membered heterocycles is presented. Under palladium catalysis, the reaction of N-tosyl azadienes and substituted vinylethylene carbonates (VECs) proceeds smoothly to produce benzofuran-fused heterocycles in uniformly high efficiency. Highly diastereoselective functionalization of the nine-membered heterocycles through peripheral attack is also demonstrated.


When Shakespeare wrote that sentence 400 years ago,' he was referring to non-descriptive (or, at least predescriptive) proper and common nouns, a large number of the latter of which he ingeniously created. However, Shakespeare, as all great writers, surely strove for high accuracy in his use of language. When he continued: "that which we call a rose by any other name would smell as sweet",' he was not giving us leave to label some other object also as a rose. This is so even though he was beautifully showing us that, when used initially, the word rose had absolutely no descriptive quality. In our endeavours in science, we are sometimes also privileged with the opportunity to create words or phrases. However, the complexity of the subject we are considering almost always demands that the words be as descriptive as possible, and the facilitation of its development requires that phrases comprising words with pre-endowed descriptivity be as accurate as possible. Some modern examples serve to illustrate these ideas. The recent great interest in the time-dependence of in uiuo NMR spectra has led to the formation of a Study Group of the Society of Magnetic Resonance (SMR, see below) entitled 'Dynamic NMR Spectroscopy'. Unfortunately, there is already a longestablished (and quite honourable) area of NMR research, referred to as 'Dynamic NMR (DNMR) Spectroscopy', which is rather orthogonal to the above in that its subject NMR spectra are most definitely not time-dependent. This term, which has served as the title for at least two is well understood to signify the study of the effects on NMR parameters of equilibrium (exchange) dynamics at the molecular level. For instance, the principles of classical DNMR are invoked each time the resonance frequency of 3'Pi is used to measure intracellular pH, in uivo. Though the initial choice of 'Dynamic NMR Spectroscopy' was not particularly good English,? and was surely not as descriptive as it could have been, it is now very widely agreed upon. It is especially the orthogonality of meaning that makes the subsequent choice of 'Dynamic NMR Spectroscopy' as the name of the Study Group so poor. 'MRS of Dynamic Processes', albeit not quite as catchy, would be a much more descriptive name. The name adopted by another SMR Study Group, 'MR Engineering', does not have the same problem. However, 'The Engineering of MR Practice' would be considerably more accurate. A similar observation can be made of the extremely popular term 'genetic engineering'.


Project Title: ELIXIR-EXCELERATE: Fast-track ELIXIR implementation  and drive early user exploitation across the life sciences Project Acronym: ELIXIR-EXCELERATE Grant agreement no.: 676559 H2020-INFRADEV-2014-2015/H2020-INFRADEV-1-2015-1 Deliverable title: Registry release with comprehensive coverage of ELIXIR  Node resources, including resource data format curation and  analysis WP No. WP1 Lead Beneficiary: 38 DTU WP Title Tools Interoperability and Service Registry Contractual delivery date: 30 September 2018 Actual delivery date: 11 October 2018 WP leader: Søren Brunak and Alfonso Valencia 38 DTU; 12 BSC Partner(s) contributing to  this deliverable: DTU, IP, UiB , UTARTU, MU, CNRS, BSC


This paper is oriented to the experimental research of the mechanics of the CFRP sandwich plates, glass and carbon fiber sample panels with a large-cell honeycomb core. The method for testing polymer composite sample plates in compression after impact (CAI) tests with joint use of a testing machine and a video system for deformation field registration was tested. Analysis of the experimental data obtained highlighted the impactive sensitivity zone for the test specimens. A quantitative assessment of the load-bearing capacity of glass and carbon fiber sample panels in CAI tests with the different levels of the drop weight impact energy was performed. Photos of samples after impact have been provided. Vic-3D non-contact three-dimensional digital optical system was used to register the displacement and deformation fields on the surface of the samples. The video system was used to evaluate various damage mechanisms, including matrix cracking, delaminations, and rupture of the damaged fibers. The paper studied the evolution of non-homogeneous deformation fields on the surface of the composite samples during the post-impact compression tests and analyzed the configuration of non-homogeneous deformation fields.


Our work from the five past years has significantly contributed to the advancement of knowledge in the field of carbon ion radiobiology. We demonstrated their superior relative biological effectiveness (RBE) at different levels:
- Gene and chromosomal damage induced by carbon irradiation are so complex that they cannot be transmitted in the progeny of irradiated tumor cells, thus limiting genomic instability and improving local control. Chromosome/chromatid loss appears as a specific signature of carbon ion exposure in sensitive and resistant head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) cells (Hanot et al. Plos One, 2012). We also demonstrated that the response to carbon ions is independent of the telomeres' size. The presence of long telomeres in tumor cells of patients with glioblastoma is a well-known factor of poor prognosis as they become more resistant to oxidative stress induced by conventional radiotherapy. Thus, our data first underlines that patients with long telomeres can advantageously benefit from carbon-therapy (Ferrandon et al., Mol Neurobiol, 2013).
- Cell death is triggered earlier and more significantly by carbon ions in HNSCC or glioblastoma cellular models. It involves either early apoptosis in radiosensitive cells or mitotic catastrophe followed by late apoptosis in radioresistant ones. Apoptosis is activated through a pathway independent of p53, but dependent on ceramide (a lipid signaling mediator) (Alphonse et al, BMC Cancer, 2013; Ferrandon et al., Cancer Letters, 2015), giving carbon ions a significant advantage since 50% of tumors have a mutated p53 gene.
 - Carbon ions are more effective than photons in killing cancer stem cells (CSCs) in HNSCC. Their association with cell cycle arrest inhibitors or gadolinium-based nanoparticles also increases the efficiency of therapeutic response (Bertrand et al., Stem Cell Rev, 2014; in preparation). Furthermore, molecular connections between the stem-cell state and epithelio-mesenchymal transition (EMT) program have recently emerged, pointing out a double danger for cancer patients since CSCs have the ability to renew indefinitely and are resistant to apoptosis. Our last investigations point out a significant decrease in the migration and invasion of both parental and CSC populations irradiated with carbon ions, thus highlighting the great interest of carbon-therapy in the prevention of recurrences and metastases.

Supported by LabEx PRIMES ANR-11-LABX-0063/ANR-11-IDEX-0007, France Hadron ANR-11-INBS-0007, Lyric and CPER ETOILE


Abstract:  The objective of the study was to investigate the influence of the blood concentrations of hydroxychloroquine ([HCQ]) and its derivative desethylhydroxychloroquine ([DHCQ]) on lymphocyte activation or differentiation in HCQ‐treated lupus patients. We studied the correlations between [HCQ], [DHCQ], and the frequency of various lymphocyte subsets in 58 HCQ‐treated lupus patients (mean HCQ dose: 4.93 ± 1.58 mg/kg/day; mean duration of the disease: 122 ± 64 months). [HCQ] and [DHCQ] were determined by high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Lymphocyte markers were studied by flow cytometry using monoclonal anti‐CD3, ‐CD4, ‐CD8, ‐CD25, ‐DR, ‐CD45RA,‐CD45RO, ‐CD19, ‐CD38, and ‐CD86 antibodies. sIL2‐R serum concentrations were measured by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). [HCQ] and [DHCQ] were 599.9 ng/mL (median: 529.5; range: 55–1935) and 353.43 (median: 286 ng/mL; range: 118–1090). In a multiple regression analysis, [HCQ] and [DHCQ] were associated with the HCQ prescribed dose in mg/kg/day (P= 0.0002 and P= 0.03) and with compliance to the treatment (P= 0.004 and P= 0.03). We found a negative correlation between [HCQ], [DHCQ], and the CD45RO+ cell frequency among CD3+CD4+ cells (P= 0.03 and P= 0.007, respectively). Other lymphocyte subset markers (LSMs) and sIL2‐R concentrations were not significantly associated with [HCQ] or [DHCQ]. In the multiple regression analysis, CD45RO+ expression was negatively influenced by [HCQ] (P= 0.005), and positively influenced by smoking habits (P= 0.005) and age (P= 0.005). Similar results were found in the multivariate model including [DHCQ]. Disease activity and taking more than 10 mg/day of corticosteroids or an immunosuppressive drug did not influence CD45RO+ expression. Lupus patients had less CD3+CD4+CD45RO+ cells than controls (P= 0.03). In lupus patients, HCQ and DHCQ may alter the generation or the blood circulation of CD4+CD45RO+ lymphocytes in a concentration‐dependent pattern.


In 2015, drought was at the worst stage of devastation in Soyanggang Dam watershed. The purpose of this study is to trace the drought area around Soyanggang dam watershed by using Terra MODIS image because it has the ability of spatio-temporal dynamics. The MODIS indices, which included the enhanced vegetation index (NDVI), were extracted from MODIS product MOD13 16-day composite datasets with a spatial resolution of 250m from 2010.01.01 to 2015.06.30. We found that application of Vegetation Condition Index (VCI) and Standardized Vegetation Index (SVI) was suitable for monitoring the drought area. The result can be used to acquire the drought data scattered and demonstrate the potential for the use of MODIS data for temporal and spatial detection of drought effects.


. Pseudochthonius lubueno sp. nov. , a new obligatory cave-dwelling pseudoscorpion species is described from Gruna da Altina cave, the fifth species of the genus in the region of Serra do Ramalho karst area, southwestern Bahia, Brazil. This genus occurs in South and Central America, sub-Saharan central Africa, and in the Arabian Peninsula. The new species can be identified by the following combination of characters: eyes or eyespots absent, coxa I with two and coxa II with 4–5 coxal spines, without microdenticles on the fixed pedipalpal finger, rallum with five blades, ratio ist–est/ist–esb = 1.9. With this new description, the genus now includes 15 species from Brazil: P. biseriatus Mahnert, 2001, P. brasiliensis Beier, 1970, P. diamachi Prado & Ferreira, 2023, P. gracilimanus Mahnert


In light beam deflection technique achieved by mechanical means, the line image produced, as the polygon rotates, is not straight. A compromise between curvature, working f/number, radius of curvature, and angular deflection has been found.


We study adaptive critic designs for a class of failure avoidance control problems. We categorize such problems by the choice of local cost function as zero throughout a trial except at the last time step when a failure occurs. We derive an analytical form of its overall cost function defined as the infinite summation of the local cost function over time. We demonstrate that the outputs of the critic network after learning resemble well the analytically derived cost function.


An important task in hyperspectral data processing is to reduce the redundancy of the spectral and spatial information without losing any valuable details that are needed for the subsequent detection, discrimination and classification processes. Band selection and combination not only serves as the first step of hyperspectral data processing that leads to a significant decrease in computational complexity in the successive procedures, but also a research tool for determining optimal spectra requirements for different online applications. In order to uniquely characterize the materials of interest, band selection criteria for optimal band was defined. An integrated PCA and Fisher linear discriminant (FLD) method has been developed based on the criteria that used for hyperspectral feature band selection and combination. This method has been compared with other feature extraction and selection methods when applied to detect apple defects, and the performance of each method was evaluated and compared based on the detection results.


The advantages and benefits of observing the dynamics of structures for purposes of either structural integrity monitoring or product quality control are both well known and established in the marketplace. However the cost of deployment and infrastructure requirements of traditional structural dynamics measurement systems in a production environment have been cost prohibitive. This paper will explore the architectural characteristics and features of a Smart Sensor Signal Conditioner family. Readily deployable signal conditioners can greatly facilitate production deployment of dynamics measurements for purposes of part quality indicators and machine tool wear. This paper will also present a case history and examples of actual deployment within the industrial plant-manufacturing environment, along with actual field data.


Low delay performance in VANT need to an intensive study. In this article, we proposed a novel priority method to reduce transmission delay of one-hop in VANET. A priority was marked to each message based on static factors, dynamic factors and size of the message. Messages scheduling was implemented based on the priority of messages. The performance of proposed method was analysed in highway scenario on the average delay and waiting delay in queue. Simulation results are consistent with theoretical deriving. Therefore, by using the novel method, low delay and more reliable communication scenarios can be provided in Vehicular Ad-hoc Network.


Background:  Sore throat is not an uncommon complaint following general anaesthesia (GA) with endotracheal intubation. It has been a source of considerable discomfort particularly in those patients who had thyroid surgery. Driven by the increased number of patients with post‐intubation sore throat following thyroid surgery, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the contributing factors of sore throat in patients who had thyroid surgery under general anaesthesia.


N-doped graphite has been reported to provide enhanced catalytic properties as a support material for Pt catalysts in fuel cell applications. With use of a combined experimental and modeling approach, this work identifies the potential fundamental mechanisms for this enhancement effect. To ensure a well-defined experimental system, this work employs highly oriented pyrolitic graphite (HOPG) as a model analogue of the graphite support commonly used in fuel cell applications. Undoped, Ar-doped, and N-doped HOPG substrates have been investigated via electrochemical capacitance and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements. The results indicate that doping, especially N-doping, induces significant modification to the electronic structure of the HOPG surface. A simplified model of the doping effects and band structures for the doped graphite surfaces are proposed to explain these results. When Pt nanoparticles are grown on top of these dopant-modified HOPG surfaces, the resulting Pt/surface-defect interactions significantly impact the Pt nanoparticle nucleation, growth, and catalytic activity.


This paper covers the seismic behaviour modelling and numerical analysis of two church structures on Pico Island, Azores, affected by the Faial earthquake on July 9, 1998. The observed damages are first described and some modelling options for the analysis are discussed, particularly in what concerns the way of including the roof as a means of bracing the bearing walls. Frequencies and vibration modes are analysed and discussed for the different types of modelling. Seismic calculations are performed considering the actually recorded accelerograms of that earthquake, and the obtained results are compared with the observed structural damages, in order to propose suitable strengthening techniques based on a better understanding of the structural aspects most directly responsible for the damages. In this context, analysis and discussion are included concerning the influence of modelling type on the peak principal stresses and their zones of occurrence. By comparing those results with the actual damages, it is possible to assess the realism of the modelling hypotheses and then infer which one is most suitable. Based on those conclusions, some strategies are proposed to rehabilitate and strengthen the two churches' structures.


A modified nuero fuzzy based conditional shortest path routing protocol for wireless mesh network is simulated and studied. In wireless mesh networks many routing protocols used for conditional shortest path routing like AODV, by considering only the shortest route to destination .The data transfer in wireless mesh networks is to and from the AP. These protocol congested the routes and overloaded AP's to reduce the congestion by avoiding a traffic aware process and to improving the network performance on the system. However, major problem based on routing, such as traffic, delay and low network performance. To make a efficient routing based on CSPR for wireless mesh network, a Neuro fuzzy logic routing is proposed in this paper. Neuro fuzzy logic to perform high level data to reach the destination, this one to choose the path from distance and time efficiency, network throughput, reduce delay on the network. Simulation results in ns-2 verify that they perform better than the existing fuzzy logic routing protocol.


Background The earthquake in January 2010 killed more than 250,000 Haitians and caused traumatic injury to tens of thousands of survivors. In the aftermath of the earthquake, Haitian civilians assisted in various medical roles. Many of the civilians requested training, and 8 months after the earthquake, a team of American clinicians, EMTs and health educators returned to Haiti to teach a course in basic lifesaving and emergency care. Methods Using a modified French-language EMS training curriculum, 60 community members with no previous medical experience were trained during an intense 2-month period. Trainings were held to teach basic lifesaving and stabilization skills. The Gwoup Ayisyen pou Ijans was formed and is preparing to take the French-language EMS exam. A follow-up study is being conducted to assess the capabilities of the students. Discussion Preliminary challenges included securing safe places for training and teaching in both French and Kreyol. Successes were the willingness of trainers to volunteer time and equipment, and the high motivation of the students, despite the inability of the government to promise consistent work for an EMT force.


Tolerance of the chest-to-back accelerations (+Gx) at the peak value of 6.7 g was evaluated in two Soyuz crew members after the ballistic landing following the off-nominal launch. G-tolerance of CM-1 was evaluated as good based on analysis of reported subjective sensations and results of objective physiological investigations. CM-2 tolerance was also evaluated as good though using the available results of objective investigations only. CM-1 appreciated highly the ground-based emergency training, including centrifuge sessions.


Human skin segmentation in colored images is closely related to face detection and face recognition systems as a preliminary critical required step where it is necessary to search for the precise face location. An important challenge for any image segmentation approach is to accommodate varying illumination conditions and different ethnic groups. We present a general approach for modeling, segmentation, and color correction of human skin that suppress false negatives errors in face detection problem. The proposed approach shifted from mono-skin model to multi-skin models using HSV color space. We use the color information explicitly to segment skin-like regions by transforming the 3-D color space to 2-D without losing of color information. Four skin color clustering models were used, namely: standard-skin model, shadow-skin model, light-skin model, and rednessskin model. Our approach combines pixel-based segmentation and region-based segmentation approach using the four skin-map layers and iterative merge process. To improve the detection rate, adequate attention was paid to automatic skin color correction. We present experimental results of our implementation and demonstrate the feasibility of our approach to be general framework which does not depend on additional preconditions and assumptions.


Nucleation and growth of Si nanowires by laser ablation and thermal evaporation of Si powder sources mixed with ${\mathrm{SiO}}_{2}$ have been investigated by means of transmission electron microscopy. At the initial nucleation stage, Si oxide vapor condensed on the substrate and formed Si nanoparticles (the nuclei of nanowires). Each Si nanowire nucleus consisted of a polycrystalline Si core containing a high density of defects and a Si oxide shell. A growth mechanism was proposed based on the microstructure and different morphologies of the Si nanowires observed.


Problem. Obesity-related conditions are the second leading cause of death in America and they require pharmacological, educational and supportive approaches, according to the American Dietetic Association. Supportive approaches such as group processes, formal behavioral training and brief individual medical counseling are more successful than physiological interventions alone for long-term weight management. Health promotion research favors working with obese patients in the context of home, where they are faced with difficult health choices and this has typically been done by telephone or home nursing visits. Telephone care has been effective in clinical trials for cardiac symptom monitoring, diabetes treatment counseling, emotional symptom management and emergency department follow-up, and telephone interviews are as reliable as face-to-face interviews. Portable videophones can now be used with analog telephone lines, and videophones have been satisfactory for home health care to frail elderly patients. However, there is no evidence that videophones are superior to audiophones for care delivery. This study is evaluating whether wellness coaching delivered to obese patients by videophone is any more effective than wellness coaching delivered by audiophone. Outcome comparisons include: 1) improved self-care; 2) improved self-concept; 3) improved health-promoting behaviors; 4) wellness-care satisfaction; and 5) weight loss. Results will also describe usability and barrier factors associated with videophone use.


The purpose of this thesis was to create an educational environment in the field of virtualization and cloud computing. The need for this comes from the growth of the mentioned technologies in the modern computing world, and therefore the subjects must be taught to the future engineers. The ultimate goal was to provide a sand-box environment for the usage of virtualization and cloud computing courses taught in Mikkeli University of Applied Sciences. The environment fits into the infrastructure as a service model. The project was carried out by first examining different technical alternatives in virtualization and combining the cloud. Appropriate tools were selected from these, and then applied in practice to a test server dedicated for this purpose. At certain stages the initial solutions had to be abandoned and alternative methods were taken into use, keeping the original goal in sight. In the end the environment was created successfully. The system was tested by creating 25 virtual machines generated from a pre-installed image. During the deployment of the virtual machines the total execution time and the responsiveness of the system was constantly monitored, and the environment behaviour was at an acceptable level. As further research the storage performance of the system could be improved, along with the development of the environment to a complex cloud environment. These improvements could include features such as external monitoring, additional host nodes and automated error recovery. Subject headings, (keywords) Linux, virtualization, cloud computing, IaaS, OpenNebula Pages Language URN 37 p. + 5 p. appendices English URN:NBN:fi:amk2013113019167 Remarks, notes on appendices Tutor Matti Juutilainen Employer of the bachelor's thesis Mikkeli University of Applied Sciences KUVAILULEHTI Opinnäytetyön päivämäärä


The Max Planck Institute's research on international judicial institutions as lawmakers, which was published in May as a special issue of the German Law Journal, is an important contribution to the analysis of one of the most complex and controversial legal issues in our epoch. In the last two decades, international adjudication has become a recurrent source of legal concern, and sometimes even a source of public concern.


The aim of this paper established priority level determines method of manufacturing system functional objective based QFD theory, priority sequence presented and the functional objective priority weights, advised manufacturing system functional objective decisions, provides technology support and application reference for system functional objective decisions.


Unlike conventional hydrothennal geothermal technology that utilizes hot water as the energy conversion resources tapped from natural hydrothermal reservoir located at {approx}10 km below the ground surface, Enhanced Geothermal System (EGS) must create a hydrothermal reservoir in a hot rock stratum at temperatures {ge}200 C, present in {approx}5 km deep underground by employing hydraulic fracturing. This is the process of initiating and propagating a fracture as well as opening pre-existing fractures in a rock layer. In this operation, a considerable attention is paid to the pre-existing fractures and pressure-generated ones made in the underground foundation during drilling and logging. These fractures in terms of lost circulation zones often cause the wastage of a substantial amount of the circulated water-based drilling fluid or mud. Thus, such lost circulation zones must be plugged by sealing materials, so that the drilling operation can resume and continue. Next, one important consideration is the fact that the sealers must be disintegrated by highly pressured water to reopen the plugged fractures and to promote the propagation of reopened fractures. In response to this need, the objective of this phase I project in FYs 2009-2011 was to develop temporary cementitious fracture sealing materials possessing self-degradable properties generating more » when {ge} 200 C-heated scalers came in contact with water. At BNL, we formulated two types of non-Portland cementitious systems using inexpensive industrial by-products with pozzolanic properties, such as granulated blast-furnace slag from the steel industries, and fly ashes from coal-combustion power plants. These byproducts were activated by sodium silicate to initiate their pozzolanic reactions, and to create a cemetitious structure. One developed system was sodium silicate alkali-activated slag/Class C fly ash (AASC); the other was sodium silicate alkali-activated slag/Class F fly ash (AASF) as the binder of temper-try sealers. Two specific additives without sodium silicate as alkaline additive were developed in this project: One additive was the sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) as self-degradation promoting additive; the other was the hard-burned magnesium oxide (MgO) made from calcinating at 1,000-1,500 C as an expansive additive. The AASC and AASF cementitious sealers made by incorporating an appropriate amount of these additives met the following six criteria: 1) One dry mix component product; 2) plastic viscosity, 20 to 70 cp at 300 rpm; 3) maintenance of pumpability for at least 1 hour at 85 C; 4) compressive strength >2000 psi; 5) self-degradable by injection with water at a certain pressure; and 6) expandable and swelling properties; {ge}0.5% of total volume of the sealer. « less


Summary. This paper looks at how the process of acculturation can be detected in the archaeological record. It considers the specific case of acculturation in the Upper Rhine during the early Roman period and attempts to demonstrate how archaeological material can be used to evaluate social changes. Various aspects of the pottery assemblage, which relate to different aspects of pottery production and use, are considered such as production technology, style, and form. Many of the changes result from cultural changes which occurred as a result of interaction between the Roman and local peoples. Other works concerning acculturation are reviewed to determine what types of factors are involved in the process. These factors are considered, in relation to the Upper Rhine, in a discussion of the changes in the pottery and how they relate to social changes. Various explanatory models are proposed.


The present study was carried out in a Brazilian Semi-Evergreen Forest, exposed to selective logging of tree species, in the "estreito de Augusto Cesar" , RS. The survey of floristic composition of vascular epiphytes was performed in riparian forest. The species registered were classified into categories based on the relationship with the host tree and its position. Seventy species belonging to 30 genera and eight families were registered. The majority of species was classified as characteristic holoepiphyte. The highest number of species was registered on the primary branches.


Abstract: Enzymes are a major tool in the production of modern food. In this chapter enzymes used in the food industry are discussed. Production of enzymes by microorganisms in an industrial setup is discussed in more detail. Here production of the milk clotting enzyme chymosin is used as an example, since chymosin production systems in yeast, fungi and bacteria have been described in some detail in the literature. Although enzyme properties and enzyme production levels are important for the industry, an important hurdle for application of enzymes in the food industry is the approval of these enzymes. This is discussed briefly in the last part of the chapter.


Studies on the technology of producing hot-dip coatings can be considered fully successful when a mechanism responsible for the growth of these coatings is fully clarified. The research conducted for many years [1÷13] have proved that hot-dip coatings are composed of two main layers. The first layer directly contacting the substrate is an alloyed layer, usually composed of a few sublayers of the intermetallic phases. The second layer – the external layer – is solidifying on the surface of an alloyed layer when the galvanized product emerges from bath and is being cooled [3, 4]. It shows beyond doubt that in every case an analysis of the zinc coating structure should be based on the equilibrium diagram of Fe-Zn alloys, what is shown in Figure 1 and has been the subject of numerous investigations [10÷13]. The broken line in Figure 1 denotes the process temperature TR of the zinc bath used for hotdip galvanizing. The value of this temperature is used to estimate the required degree of undercooling ΔT related to an equilibrium temperature of the peritectic reaction responsible for the formation of phases Γδ and ζSo, the expected sequence of formation of the intermetallic phases in a zinc coating growing on the surface of iron will be directly related to the equilibrium diagram of Fe-Zn alloys. Further part of this study is devoted to a detailed description of stage II, during which the intermetallic phases are growing in a certain sequence on iron surface during the process of hot-dip galvanizing lasting from several to several hundred seconds.


Objective To investigate the allele frequencies of 5-HTTLPR, 5-HTTStin2 in Han Chinese, compare them with other populations, and find an association between the polymorphisms with anxiety-related personality traits in Han Chinese. Methods DNA were extracted from peripheral blood samples of 222 unrelated healthy Han Chinese individuals and 148 from college students. Genotypes were determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The association between two-polymorphism and personality traits was studied in samples of 148 Chinese college students. Results Polymorphism information content (PIC) of the polymorphisms, for 5-HTTLPR, was 0.352; for 5-HTTStin2, was 0.153. Significant differences in the allele frequency between Han Chinese and the African-American, European-American, wests European, Turkish populations were found. But there is no significant difference from Japanese population. No significant association was observed between the polymorphisms and neuroticism in these 148 college students. Conclusion The frequences of 5-HTTLPR polymorphism and 5-HTTStin2 polymorphism in different populations are different. The 5-HTTLPR and 5-HTTStin2 polymorphisms may not be associated with anxiety-related personality traits in Chinese college students.


Although the question of whether and how bilingualism affects executive functions has been extensively debated,
 less attention has been paid to the cognitive abilities of speakers of different varieties of the same language, in linguistic
 situations such as bidialectalism and diglossia. Similarly to the bilingual situation, in bidialectalism and diglossia speakers
 have two language varieties that are active at the same time. However, these situations have been argued to potentially provide
 varied, and possibly fewer, opportunities for mixing or switching between the varieties, which may in turn lead to different
 cognitive outcomes than those reported in bilingualism. Here we review the available evidence on the effects of bidialectalism and
 diglossia on cognition, and evaluate it in relation to theories of the effects of bilingualism on cognition. We conclude that
 investigations of bilingualism, bidialectalism and diglossia must take into account the conversational context and, in particular,
 the opportunities for language switching that this affords.


The paper mainly studied the electrocardiogram wave cluster of dynamic electrocardiogram,the clustering result will find the basic wave.The study used quardratic spline wavelet to detect R wave in cardiogram,and confimed the wave of an whole heart period.At same time the maximum and minimum points,related slopes were obtained as the features extractioin vectors.These vectors were clustered by self-organization map(SOM) neural netowrk.Through the experiment,the R wave detection rate was up to 99.5%,which is better than those on artificial neural network and linear filter.The basic recognition rate of 24 hours dynamic electrocardiogram,which includes 100,000 cadiogram waves,reaches 91.4%.The results reduce the cardiogram data 5~10%,which is helpful to doctor's diagnosis.


As a good biorenewable energy,microalgae biodiesel may play an strategic role in resolving the energy crisis and global warming.The development of microalgae biodiesel was summarised from the following aspects:the technology process for producing microalgae biodiesel,the oil-rich microalgae species,the key bottle-neck of microalgae biodiesel(inconsistency between growth rate and oil content),the methods promoting oil-accumulation in microalgae,the large-scale culture(mass culture),the harvest of microalgae and the acquisition methods of microalgae biodiesel,etc.The future core research direction and prospect of microalgae biodiesel are also mentioned.


This paper discusses human resource management from an education quality perspective. This study aims to find out the description of human resources in building the quality of education. This study applies descriptive qualitative. Data source from Madrasah principals, heads of administration, head of curriculum and evaluation, and educators. Data collection method by interviewing the participants. The instrument of this study uses interview guidelines. Data analysis were carried out through three stages, namely data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion. The results showed that human resources in the Madrasah Aliyah IMMIM Makassar Modern Islamic Boarding School were in the good category. The reality of the quality of education shows very satisfying results, it is categorized in very good. The implication of this study is that it is hoped that it can become information and reference about the need to review the activities of human resource management in developing the quality of education, primarily from the perspective of internal customers consisting of educators and education personnel as "motor" all activities of madrasah and not just factors of production but also assets that need attention. The reality of the implementation of human resource management in several schools and madrasah needs to be evaluated more intensively to find out more about the potential advantages and disadvantages and limitations of each school or madrasah.


The aim of the research was to examine the changes in multi-cellular tumor spheroid growth, adhesion properties and gamma-glutamintranspeptidasic activity in model systems of human breast cancer multicellular spheroid MCF-7 under the influence of Pt(ІІ) and Pd(ІІ) π-complexes with allyl-containing thioureas. Comparing with cisplatin, Pt(II) and Pd(II) complexes reduce gamma-glutamintranspeptidasic activity, increase adhesive properties in model system of solid tumor and inhibit the multicellular spheroids' growth. All changes prove the importance of further investigation and analysis of these compounds as potential analogues of anticancer drugs that possibly do not cause resistance and reduce the level of metastasis in breast cancer.


Part I. Methods for Virus Isolation and Detection Enhanced Culture Assay for Detection and Quantitation of Latently Infected, Resting CD4+ T-Cells Carrying Replication-Competent Virus in HIV-1-Infected Individuals Janet D. Siliciano and Robert F. Siliciano Isolation, Propagation, and Titration of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 From Peripheral Blood of Infected Individuals Hanneke Schuitemaker and Neeltje A. Kootstra Isolation of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 From Peripheral Blood Monocytes Paul R. Gorry, Secondo Sonza, Katherine Kedzierska, and Suzanne M. Crowe Isolation, Propagation, and HIV-1 Infection of Monocyte-Derived Macrophages and Recovery of Virus From Brain and Cerebrospinal Fluid Santhi Gorantla, Myhanh Che, and Howard E. Gendelman Isolation and HIV-1 Infection of Primary Human Microglia From Fetal and Adult Tissue Kathleen Borgmann, Howard E. Gendelman, and Anuja Ghorpade Isolation of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 From Semen and Vaginal Fluids Ann A. Kiessling Isolation and Quantification of HIV From Lymph Nodes Catherine Tamalet Isolation of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 2 Biological Clones From Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes Hetty Blaak Isolation and Confirmation of Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Type 2 From Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells Michael D. Lairmore and Andy Montgomery Isolation of Foamy Viruses From Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes Joelle Tobaly-Tapiero, Patricia Bittoun, and Ali Saib Alu-LTR Real-Time Nested PCR Assay for Quantifying Integrated HIV-1 DNA Audrey Brussel, Olivier Delelis, and Pierre Sonigo Quantification of HFV-Integrated DNA in Human Cells by Alu-LTR Real-Time PCR Olivier Delelis, Audrey Brussel, and Pierre Sonigo Detection of HIV-1 Provirus and RNA by In Situ Amplification Alcina Nicol and Gerard J.Nuovo Detection of HTLV-1 Gene on Cytologic Smear Slides Kenji Kashima, Tsutomu Daa, and Shigeo Yokoyama Detection of HIV-2 by PCR Feng Gao Quantitation of HIV-1 Viral RNA in Blood Plasma and Genital Secretions Susan A. Fiscus Quantification of Proviral DNA Load of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 2 Subtypes A and B Using Real-Time PCR Marie Gueudin, Florence Damond, and Francois Simon Plasma RNA Viral Load in HIV-1 Group O Infection by Real-Time PCR Marie Gueudin and Francois Simon A New Combined HIV p24 Antigen and Anti-HIV-1/2/O Screening Assay Susanne Polywka, Hedwig Duttmann, Frank Lubben, Rainer Laufs, and Jurgen Feldner A New Automated Fourth-Generation HIV Screening Assay With Sensitive Antigen Detection Module and High Specificity Bernard Weber Detection of Antiviral Antibodies Using Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Ingrid G. Winkler Plaque-Reduction Assays for Human and Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Neutralization Anna Nordqvist and Eva Maria Fenyo Detection of Drug-Resistant HIV-1 Strains Ann A. Kiessling, S. J. Eyre, and B. D. Desmarais Part II. Molecular Biology Methods Determination of Cell Tropism of HIV-1 Neeltje A. Kootstra and Hanneke Schuitemaker Determination of Co-Receptor Usage of HIV-1 Hanneke Schuitemaker and Neeltje A. Kootstra Quantitative Evaluation of HIV and SIV Co-Receptor Use With GHOST(3) Cell Assay Dalma Vodros and Eva Maria Fenyo Phenotypic Characterization of Blood Monocytes From HIV-Infected Individuals Philip J. Ellery and Suzanne M. Crowe Methods to Determine HIV-1 Ex Vivo Fitness Awet Abraha, Ryan M. Troyer, Miguel E. Quinones-Mateu, and Eric J. Arts A Yeast Recombination-Based Cloning System to Produce Chimeric HIV-1 Viruses and Express HIV-1 Genes Dawn


The considerable amount of research in recent years on New Keynesian, open-economy models -- models with nominal price rigidities and intertemporally maximizing agents -- has yielded fresh insights for what Alan Blinder has called the "dark art" of making monetary policy. The literature has made its greatest contributions in understanding the transmission of shocks across countries, exchange rate pass-through and the effects of different pricing rules, and how these impact optimal monetary policy rules and international policy coordination. While the literature has by no means solved the great mysteries of open-economy macroeconomics, it has laid out a framework where we can ask normative questions of monetary policy, such as how much a central bank should react to movements in the exchange rate. However, monetary policy remains an empirical endeavour, and would be helped by further work which empirically estimates or calibrates these new models.


Clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential (CHIP) is a state in which somatic mutations in hematopoietic stem cells lead to clonal expansion of blood cells in individuals without hematologic malignancy. The mutated genes, including TET2, DNMT3A, ASXL1, TP53, JAK2, and SF3B1, are also recurrently mutated in myeloid malignancies. Individuals with CHIP have an increased risk of developing a hematologic cancer. Moreover, individuals with CHIP have an elevated risk of all-cause mortality that is significantly attributable to cardiovascular disease, independent of traditional risk factors. The mechanism for this increased risk is likely linked to increased inflammation driven by mutated macrophages, in part through inflammasome activation. This has broadened our understanding of how chronic diseases are influenced by CHIP and of the mechanistic role of inflammation in these disorders. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Cancer Biology, Volume 6 is April 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.


Dear Editor, in Phlebologie 3/2014, in the article "Complex compression therapy under difficult circumstances", C. Hampel-Kalthoff presents a female patient with decompensated combined lipoedema/lymphoedema and obesity. The possible presence of post-thrombotic syndrome is mentioned but not described in detail. It would have been interesting to learn the closure capacity of the popliteal vein. But this is of secondary importance in terms of treatment. A treatment duration of almost 1.5 years is mentioned! Initially, the compression bandages were applied daily, using "super-absorbents". In the second stage, wound cleaning was intensified and various wound dressings were mentioned. Several different wound dressings are named throughout the article. It was also mentioned that manual lymphatic drainage was performed 5 times weekly for 60 minutes at the beginning of the treatment. Question: Was compression also performed at weekends? The article stated "After a further 3 months, the patient was only treated 3 times weekly." In the acknowledgement to the statutory health insurance, in this case the DAK [Deutsche Allgemeine Krankenkasse – German General Health Insurance Scheme], it was stated that the costs in this case amounted to 90,000 euros and were also met by the statutory health insurance. Costs of one million euros had previously arisen. It would have been interesting if both the 90,000 euros and the one million euros had been specified in more detail. The result is undoubtedly welcome! But the road was very long – and apparently arduous for the patient. If wrapping is only performed once a day in such decompensated lymphoedemas with erysipelas, stasis eczema and extensive secretion, the compression bandage has probably stopped working after one hour! Swelling recurs together with extensive moisture penetration into all tissues. In cases with such a degree of decompensation, inpatient therapy would probably be both more advisable and more promising. Assuming good compliance, it would probably have been possible to fully recompensate and heal such a decompensated condition within four to eight weeks. Why did the patient have to suffer for 18 months, when intensive inpatient treatment lasting a few weeks would have been more promising? After all, the patient had previously had to endure outpatient treatment "costing 1 million euros". Not everything can be treated on an ambulatory basis, nor is it advisable, and the question arises as to whether it is humane. Particularly problematical in this case, however, is that a whole collection of wound dressings was mentioned. In my opinion, this was completely unnecessary. Wound dressings are certainly not as important as presented here. An absorbent gauze bandage, a muslin bandage, a foam bandage (we use Autosana®), a short-stretch bandage, and all applied several times daily. As a wound dressing, we (!) would use a small quantity of Iruxol® and Dermatop®. This wound cleans itself spontaneously within a few days to weeks. In this case, it would also be advisable to apply compression bandages that extend up to the thigh. The bandage on the right leg depicted in the photos is completely inappropriate! The feet must always be bandaged too, precisely in order to prevent severe secondary lymphoedema. Otherwise, the patient will have the same condition on the right leg as on the left leg. The wound dressings used here are entirely of secondary importance! Appropriate compression therapy means re-applying a compression bandage after it has ceased to be effective, which, with this degree of swelling, is likely to be the case after only a few hours. Otherwise, the patient is walking around untreated and the treatment then lasts for 18 months! Performing "exudate management" with absorbent wound dressings, as in this case, continues to macerate the skin and underlying tissue. The portals of entry for recurrent erysipelas, even chronic erysipelas, are open! And this is where outpatient treatment reaches its limits – unless the patient has to accept that 18 months of therapy are appropriate, when cure could have been achieved within a few weeks of intensive inpatient compression therapy. It would have been extremely interesting to have had some explanation of the therapy costs, which I consider to be exorbitantly high for outpatient treatment: one million euros for an inadequate outpatient therapy. Unfortunately, this situation is encountered all too often in many phlebology practices. Just apply yet another wound dressing, completely inadequate compression and ulcers will persist for years to decades. We had one male patient with a squamous cell carcinoma who had had consecutive ulcers for 40 years. Wound dressings costing approximately 1.6 million euros had been prescribed in this case. I congratulate Mr Hampel-Kalthoff on the result but the route to achieving it was far too long. Of course, the patient is glad having previously undergone years of completely unsuccessful treatment. We would have performed inpatient therapy.


We found the effects of transient ultrasonic switch due to optical absorption in periodic compositional amorphous semiconductor superlattice a-Si:H/a-SiN/sub x/:H films (samples). The effects were observed from the amplitude drop of surface acoustic wave (SAW) while the optic light illuminated the surface of the samples. For the samples, the thickness of the a-Si:H sublayer is varied from 10 /spl Aring/ to 200 /spl Aring/, and that of the a-SiN/sub x/:H sublayer is fixed at 30 /spl Aring/. Respectively. Two interdigital transducers with center frequency of 136 MHz are used as exciting and receiving transducers for SAW. The results show that, the influence of optical radiation on decreasing SAW amplitude is transient, but on the velocity change of SAW often has some delay. The effects of transient ultrasonic switch depend on the thickness of a-Si:H sublayer and the power of optic light. The optimum thickness is equal to 60 /spl Aring/.


This article defines fluxomics as a biomedical science and an area of metabolic research, which is used as a methodological tool for the design of medicinal substances, including for veterinary use.The scientific novelty of the publication lies in the complexity of the ongoing review of existing research in the field of the latest methods of designing pharmaceutical substances (including those based on digital transformation), such as the study of cell flux, with a description of the main methodological approaches and principles. The main author's hypothesis of this study is the possibility of identifying the most promising approaches in terms of veterinary pharmacology for their further possible introduction into industry practice.The purpose of the review is to substantiate the priority use of the Fluxomics methodology as a stage in the development of new drugs for veterinary use with the study of the main methodological approaches.The information retrieval methodology was based on such general scientific methods of cognition as: a review of specialized search engines and databases of scientific and research data (Scopus, WoS, PubMed) over the past 10 years, of which the most informative ones were selected, analysis of the identified results, and their comparison by relevance.As a result of the analysis, the role of fluxomics in the structure of "ohmic" sciences was revealed, the main concepts that determine the development of fluxomics as a set of algorithms for the study of metabolic networks, analytical and instrumental methods for implementing fluxomic models were considered, the main problems and prospects for using this methodological apparatus in the context of designing and further validation of drug candidate substances.


The utility model relates to a motorcycle frame combined welding jig, which comprises a bottom plate, a first base, a second base, a front pipe support seat, an upper main pipe support seat, a lower main pipe support seat, a first support column and a second support column, wherein a vertical pipe positioning column is fixed on the first base, two rear pipe support seats are symmetrically arranged on the second base, a rear pipe transverse positioning seat is fixed between the two rear pipe support seats, a third support column is fixed on the second base, and is fixed with a rear handrail rear support positioning column, and a fourth support column is fixed on the second base. The motorcycle frame combined welding jig can accurately clamp and position a front split assembly and a rear split assembly of a motorcycle frame, and controls bending deformation and transverse and vertical errors of the front split assembly and the rear split assembly of the motorcycle frame, thereby improving welding precision and strength of the motorcycle frame, and improving degree of symmetry of the motorcycle frame.


Luciana Duque Mental Health of Expatriates in Finnish Enterprises in Brazil Expatriation has become increasingly common due to the global trade expansion. Many large companies base their production facilities in far-flung countries, where experts are sent from their own countries to launch the operations. Working in a foreign environment demands from so-called expatriates considerable adaptability. This study aimed to investigate if following expatriation mental health difficulties were experienced by the employees themselves or their family members. This study investigated by a questionnaire and interviews how expatriate employees in Finnish companies operating in different regions of Brazil and their families adjusted. Investigated employees were required to be at least 6 months in expatriation. Data were collected in Brazil during their stay at least 3 months after the arrival. The survey covered 121 expatriate employees, that operated in 17 different companies, from which 71 employees from 10 different companies responded to the questionnaire. All the employees from the two largest enterprises and their spouses were invited to focus groups; in total 43 persons (22 employees and 21 employees' spouses) participated in a group or individual interviews. No significant mental health difficulties were found among the expatriate employees. Only a tenth of the expatriate employees reported strain. The experience of strain symptoms was found to be related to long working days, intense working rhythm and lack of friends. Work satisfaction seemed to be an important mediator in the coping process. While abroad, the expatriate employees were highly recognized for their work. Due to the immature organization of work they could often use their creative capacities to improve the work flow. The opportunity to see the effects of their own contribution with their own eyes to the development of the enterprise made them feel good. The association between the expatriate employees' adjustment and that of their spouses' was evident. The spouses' situation was markedly different than that of the expatriate employees' themselves. Expatriation changed the family members' previous division of tasks considerably. The expatriate spouses had to change their roles more than the expatriate employees themselves; since most of them were highly educated women, who were leaded through an identity crisis due to at least temporary renunciation of own work and career.


The history of school buildings is commonly written as a history of architecture, focusing on outstanding architects and buildings. However, the connection between pedagogical-administrative prescriptions and educational architecture has been studied less, particularly in the nineteenth century. This article highlights the often-overlooked agency of school technicians and proposes to interpret the nineteenth-century history of building schools as a history of implementing pedagogical-administrative objectives. The design of schools followed the inner differentiation of school curricula, at the same time being affected by the growth of school sizes prompted by school management structures and their efficiency aims. We will show how in larger cities the initial one-classroom schools developed into multiple-classroom buildings, taking on their final form in "grand school buildings". The organizational developments tried and tested here would later become the national standard, with rural schools following with a certain delay. In order to grasp the emergence of the phenomena of these "grand school buildings" we combine the Prussian and US-American cases in their transatlantic connection Historia y Memoria de la Educación 13 (2021): 375-423 Sociedad Española de Historia de la Educación ISSN: 2444-0043 DOI: 10.5944/hme.13.2021.27537 ■  Daniel Töpper anD Fanny isensee Historia y Memoria de la Educación, 13 (2021): 375-423 376 in order to comprehend the transnational dimension of school building norms. Being closely connected through mutual observation, the US and Prussian contexts established two decisive aspects: in the Prussian case, the division into separate classrooms as functional units of school construction was implemented, while in the United States additional school rooms such as the assembly hall and specific subject-related rooms were introduced. "Grand school buildings" initiated the interest of the architectural profession, leading to negotiations between school technicians and architects.


A 0.4 kb cDNA fragment was isolated from mRNA of UV or mechanical wound damaged Pleurotus sajor-caju by the differential display method. Expression of the gene corresponding to this cDNA fragment was highly induced by mechanical wound damage or UV treatment. This gene showed only basal level expression in mycelia, stipe, and cap under normal growth conditions. Sequencing analysis showed that this cDNA fragment contains partial open reading frame. Homology search using genbank database revealed that although this gene do not have homology with already reported wound induced genes, it has a significant sequence homology in defined region with the cdc2-related protein kinase gene which is known to be involved in negative regulation of meiotic maturation in Xenopus oocytes.


Visual attention estimation is an active field of research at the crossroads of different disciplines: computer vision, deep learning, and medicine. One of the most common approaches to estimate a saliency map representing attention is based on the observed images. In this paper, we show that visual attention can be retrieved from EEG acquisition. The results are comparable to traditional predictions from observed images, which is of great interest. Image-based saliency estimation being participant independent, the estimation from EEG could take into account the subject specificity. For this purpose, a set of signals has been recorded, and different models have been developed to study the relationship between visual attention and brain activity. The results are encouraging and comparable with other approaches estimating attention with other modalities. Being able to predict a visual saliency map from EEG could help in research studying the relationship between brain activity and visual attention. It could also help in various applications: vigilance assessment during driving, neuromarketing, and also in the help for the diagnosis and treatment of visual attention-related diseases. For the sake of reproducibility, the codes and dataset considered in this paper have been made publicly available to promote research in the field.


Increasing yields of soybean is possible with the use of growth regulators "Albite, "Bios", "Obereg", "Appin-extra". This process allows you to get additional production of grain within 0,7-3,8 t/ha at low cost.


In order to determine the development order of the main low-permeability oilfields in China,the evaluation model of the low-permeability oilfields is established using fuzzy mathematics.Firstly,the evaluation index system is presented,and then fuzzy membership-degree matrix is established.Using the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation,a comprehensive evaluation index of each low-permeability oilfield can be obtained based on the evaluation of all the single indexes.The order of the comprehensive evaluation indexes of the all the evaluated oilfields from great to little is their development order.Finally,as an example,8 low-permeability oilfields in our country are evaluated,and their development order is determined.The result shows that the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method is effective.


This review systematizes the currently known data on intracardiac thrombosis. The main nosology leading to left atrial thrombosis is atrial fibrillation, with up to 90% of all trombi forming in the left atrial appendage. The optimal method to diagnose thrombosis is the transesophageal echocardiography. The detection rate of left atrial appendage thrombosis in early studies ranged from 2.5 to 74.7% and dropped to 1-15.2% in the era of oral anticoagulants. However, there is no basis for performing transesophageal echocardiography as a screening examination for all patients with atrial fibrillation, and the CHA2DS2-VASc clinical scale is the guideline for prescribing and selecting antithrombotic therapy. The article presents data on the possibility of lysis of the left atrial appendage thrombosis against the background of oral anticoagulants therapy, which is of practical importance for patients before cardioversion and pulmonary vein ablation. The results of published studies and observations of patients receiving vitamin К antagonists show that 46.3-85% of thrombi are dissolved. The only prospective study to investigate the possibility of left atrial thrombosis lysis in patients with atrial fibrillation or fluttering while taking direct oral anticoagulants was X-TRA, which studied rivaroxaban therapy and showed thrombi dissolution in 41.5% of patients. The frequency of left ventricular thrombosis in patients with acute coronary syndrome with ST segment elevation in the age of reperfusion therapy is about 6-7%, reaching 19.2% in patients with anterior myocardial infarction and reduction of left ventricular ejection fraction. These recommendations indicate that only vitamin К antagonists may be prescribed in patients with left ventricular thrombosis. However, the results of the COMMANDER HF study showing the potential of rivaroxaban to prevent thromboembolic complications in patients with chronic heart failure have laid the foundation for the use of direct oral anticoagulants in left ventricular thrombosis. At present the study of efficacy and safety of apixaban and rivaroxaban in this category of patients is ongoing, but there are no results at present. In most cases, right ventricular thrombosis is part of the development of a pulmonary embolism, and much less often it accompanies right ventricular arrhythmogenic dysplasia or is associated with implantable devices. Anticoagulants are the basis for the treatment of these patients, and the present guidelines allow for moderate and low risk thromboembolism in patients with pulmonary artery thromboembolism, along with parenteral anticoagulants, prescribing immediate oral anticoagulants, giving preference to Xa-factor antagonists or direct thrombin inhibitors.


Ethnic, inter-cultural, ideological and religious conflicts cause identity crises. On identity crises, those who have deep conflicts can not choose own "social prototype(Erikson,1959)". Erikson pointed that social prototype tells people what they are, who they are, how they live and their identity. Social prototype as to race, culture, ideology, and religion affects them to achieve their prominent identity. However, these social prototypes bring them to discrimination, war and so on. This study discusses that possibility that they achieve their own identity, not by using that social prototype, but by finding their own 'Place' in society.


While the topic of Christian nurture is certainly not lacking in literature, this robust text uniquely draws upon a rich resource of interdisciplinary scholarship, highlighting the contributions of seminal educational scholars, biblical and theological insights, and rich socio-cultural analysis from the social sciences with particular application to the contemporary postmodern context. Engaging core theological themes and educational concepts from a diversity of scholarly perspectives, and replete with extensive endnotes, the text offers a fresh approach to the study of Christian nurture with relevant application to today ' s world.


We link optimal filtering for hidden Markov models to the notion of duality for Markov processes. We show that when the signal is dual to a process that has two components, one deterministic and one a pure death process, and with respect to functions that define changes of measure conjugate to the emission density, the filtering distributions evolve in the family of finite mixtures of such measures and the filter can be computed at a cost that is polynomial in the number of observations. Special cases of our framework include the Kalman filter, and computable filters for the Cox-Ingersoll-Ross process and the one-dimensional Wright-Fisher process, which have been investigated before. The dual we obtain for the Cox-Ingersoll-Ross process appears to be new in the literature.


EDITOR—That the United Kingdom considers clinical trial patients to be covered by consumer contract law puts it at odds with the United States.1 2 Because the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) does not consider the informed consent process to be a contract between researchers and subjects, US subjects are not protected by consumer laws.

Standard consent form language tells US subjects that "By signing this consent form you do not waive any of your legal rights" but does not describe those rights. In 11 years on …


The present article reviews the research on writing Self-Assessment (SA) conducted in the period of 2000 - 2020. The article discusses the theoretical foundation for SA following the review of conceptualization of SA by various researchers. We were particularly interested in (i) examining whether the concept of SA has witnessed an expansion during the two decades in English as a foreign/second language (EFL/ESL) writing and (ii) determining the components that were found interconnected to the concept of SA in the writing context. The findings related to the first objective indicate that the SA has expanded in its conceptualization; however, its definition and application are expected to broaden. As a result of analyzing the studies, based on the second objective, the following themes emerged: SA and training students, SA and the dialogue between students and teachers, SA and teacher training, SA and affective variables, SA and cultural components, SA and age, SA and instrumentation, SA and exemplars, SA and teacher feedback, SA and prior experience, SA and conducive environments, SA and contextualizing SA items. The review shows an important role of the components in the concept of SA in the EFL/ESL writing context; however, studies in this regard are scarce. Another group of studies that emerged was those that examined perceptions towards SA. We conclude with a critical reflection on the reviewed literature and recommend new directions for further studies.


We present general properties and useful formulas of hybrid modes in a Bragg fiber by using an asymptotic expansion method. Electromagnetic fields, eigenvalue equations, mode designation, and cutoff are shown. Eigenvalue equations reduce to greatly simplified forms under the quarter-wave stack (QWS) condition. Results are helpful not only for analyzing various properties of the Bragg fiber but also for relating its properties to those in the usual step-index fiber, the circular metallic waveguide, and fundamental optics. It is shown that eigenvalue equations and electromagnetic fields for the Bragg fiber have a formal equivalence to those for the usual step-index fiber. Under the QWS condition the Bragg fiber is nearly the same as the circular metallic waveguide in several characteristics. Hybrid modes change their properties depending on the operation condition in the Bragg fiber. The HE11 mode is the fundamental mode.


One of the problems faced by agri producing farmer is to sell his final produce to maximize his profits. While he has a number of options, in terms of the markets where he can sell his produce, he is faced with a dilemma as to where to sell his produce. There are several factors that influence the choice of the market. Some of the parameters that determine the choice of market are the distance of the market from the farmers location, the type of produce, the transportation cost, the time taken to transport. The main contribution of this paper is (a) the formulation of the problem to identifying the best sell market as an optimization problem and (b) demonstrating the usefulness of the formulation on real data.


In the conceptual framework underlying the Future Earth (FE) program, "Scale" is to be positioned as one of keyword. In the final report (released in 2013), it has been emphasized that changes in human activities and global system of cross-scale (cs) and multi-scale (ms) has an important meaning in the sustainability of society. "The cross-scale interactions between human activities, large scale changes in the Earth system, and local impacts have important implications for human development and create many of the sustainability challenges facing society." (FE final report: 17). However, in FE, it cannot be said that discussion about the range to be assumed by the scale and scale itself has been made sufficiently. In this report, the term "cs" used there four times in the text (page 17, 28, 32, 35), twice in the figure (1, 3), and "ms" once (37). In particular, "cs" (in fig.1 and 3) has been used as a key concept. Although "cs" is understood it is widely important as a research guideline, which is not explicitly about what there is a specific research theme. In this study, based on the results of the past my research projects, I would like to try to arrange the various issues related to "cs" in FE. More specifically, I will deal with the issues related to the Protected Areas (PAs) in India, depending on the scales, which include the expansion of PAs network, its acceptance process in India, and the PAs problems in the regional context.


Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) has become one of the hot topics in today's research. A drone's short life has always been one of the main drawbacks, and fluid mechanics is related to the development of computer technology. CFD was used to simulate the aerodynamic parameters of UAVs and has become a more economical choice, which can greatly save the cost of materials. Solid-liquid coupling calculation generally chooses the SST k - Ω model to calculate and will also include an energy equation in the calculation. Then, according to the precision needs to choose a different order of upwind format. Choose either steady state or transient simulation according to different needs. CFD is widely used in research on the overall stability and reliability of UAVs and the experiment on the aerodynamic characteristics of UAV components.


Abstract The biophilia hypothesis states that human beings have an innate tendency to connect with nature. The current study aimed to examine the psychometric properties of the full and short versions of both the Environmental Identity Scale (EID) and the Nature Relatedness Scale (NR). Participants were 209 Singaporean undergraduate students (67.9% females) from a medium-sized university in Singapore. Exploratory factor analyses revealed a unidimensional structure for the Full EID and the Short EID. Acceptable internal consistency coefficients of .96 and .92 were found for the two instruments, respectively. Exploratory factor analyses revealed a three-factor structure for the Full NR: (a) NR-Self; (b) NR-Experience; and (c) NR-Perspective. However, two items were removed, and there are differences in the items that load on each factor. In addition, the NR-Perspective is unreliable, with an internal consistency coefficient of .62. Exploratory factor analyses revealed a unidimensional structure for the Short NR. An acceptable internal consistency coefficient of .82 was found. Taken together, the current study provided support for the use of the Full and Short EID and the Short NR as psychometrically valid instruments among Singapore undergraduate students.


Objectives: This study aimed to illustrate the response time of pregnant women with fetal distress undergoing caesarean section at dr. Soetomo Hospital and Universitas Airlangga Hospital during 2015-2017. Material s and Method s : This was a non-experimental descriptive observational study using medical records at dr. Soetomo Hospital and Universitas Airlangga Hospital during 2015-2017. Samples of the study were enrolled using total sampling. Results: Data at dr. Soetomo Hospital revealed 103 patients: the age characteristics of >30 year were 48 patients (38%), underlying diseases with hypertension 68 cases (66%), use of general anesthesia with 65 cases (63%). Caesarean section response time >30 minutes was in 85 cases (83%), from which 58 babies (56.3%) had severe asphyxia. At Universitas Airlangga Hospital there were 5 patients, from whom those of 20-30 years were 4 (80%), and those with underlying diseases of hypertension were 3 patients (60%), and those using general anesthesia were 4 (80%). caesarean section response time of >30 minutes were in 3 cases (60%) where all 5 babies (100%) had moderate asphyxia. Age data processing with Chi-square test revealed p = 0.534 (p>0.05), indicating no significant relationship between age group with fetal outcome. Response time of the caesarean section showed p = 0.027 (p<0.05), indicating significant relationship between caesarean section response time and fetal outcome. Conclusion: Response time of pregnant women with fetal distress performed caesarean section at dr. Soetomo Hospital and Universitas Airlangga Hospital period 2015-2017 was still more than 30 minutes and the baby's was found to  have moderate-severe asphyxia. These were due to delayed informed consent, patient stabilization, as well as anesthesia, operating room and pediatrics preparation.


Abstract In the winter of 1863-64, a group of emancipated slave children from New Orleans was taken to Philadelphia and New York to be photographed, as part of a fund-raising campaign to support the first programme of free public education for blacks in the Department of the Gulf, which was under the control of the Union at the time. These 'emancipated slaves', whose apparently white skins seem to belie the captions on their carte-de-visite portraits, have been something of a puzzle to photographic collectors and historians. Their story begins in 1862, more than a year before their tour of Northern photographic studios.


ABSTRACT This article seeks to determine the accuracy of predictions made by researchers of Israeli politics regarding the disappearance of the consociational model in state‒religion relations, to be replaced by the emergence of a crisis model, which threatens the stability of Israeli democracy. Using a unique methodological tool, based on the relative importance assigned to the issue in the platforms of the parties, we followed the positioning of the issue on the agenda over the years, and investigated whether it was becoming more prominent since the 1990s as an indication of the crumbling of the consociational model. The findings revealed, indeed, that in the late 1990s the tension around religion‒state relations reached its peak and was reflected in a higher rank order on the agenda. However, during the twenty-first century, the tension has not been rising, while the 2015 elections show a dramatic decline in the issue's positioning on the agenda, which refutes the researchers' forecast.


Aiming at the current problems of water resource management in Yangtze River Basin,the necessity of establishing an integrated water resources management and decision-making and supporting system is discussed.It is proposed that the core and basis of this system is establishing water resources model suited to Yangtze River Basin.Meanwhile,it is pointed out that in the system establishment,the dynamic hydrological cycle,water demand prediction,water resource optimal allocation and emergency water diversion and different climate modes,etc.should be taken into consideration.The pilot system is developed for Hanjiang River,and the functions of water resources simulation,prediction,allocation and optimization are introduced.It provides theoretical foundation for the establishment of water resources model in Yangtze River.


Ciqikou town is taken an example,based on the of theory and methods the previous studies tourism shopping,combined with the actual characteristics of Ciqikou,tourism product development,management of travel goods market and travel shopping are surveyed and interviewed.Based on a large number of cases the literaturet,he development of tourism and shopping of Ciqikou is analyzed,and then some appropriate approaches are proposed.


Egypt and Palestine are two important parts in the near east district.They had close relationship of each other by Sinai or by sea in the process of the civilization of Near East,and their relationship is the main clue among relationships of various nations and states.The relationship of Egypt and Palestine can cast back to predynastical period.However only up to Egyptian New Kingdom the essential changes occurred in their relationship,namely numerous campaigns and active diplomatic activities replaced the previous peace,furthermore the international age of Near East has come into being.


Based on statistical investigation,this paper concludes that"capital to the countryside"can not only be conducive to the increase of farmer's income and employment,but also do harm to farmers.From farmer's perspective,"capital to the countryside"is good and they are willing to lease their land to the enterprises going to the countryside and work for these enterprises.If their decision-making rights and profit rights are ensured,farmers highly praise "capital to the countryside"and they have strong willingness to lease their land.Therefore,"capital to the countryside"itself is not awful and it is awful only because farmer's rights and interests are not guaranteed.The "capital to the countryside"should begin with establishing the mechanism for sharing and increasing revenue,improving the degree of organization and political participation of farmers,perfecting the social security system and strengthening regulatory aspects.Most importantly,the protection of farmers' rights and interests should be set as the starting point and foothold to push forward"capital to the countryside".


Dip Pen Nanolithography® (DPN®) is a direct write scanning probe-based technique which operates under ambient conditions, making it suitable to deposit a wide range of biological and inorganic materials. Precision nanoscale deposition is a fundamental requirement to advance nanoscale technology in commercial applications, and tailoring chemical composition and surface structure on the sub-100 nm scale benefits researchers in areas ranging from cell adhesion to cell-signaling and biomimetic membranes. These capabilities naturally suggest a "Desktop Nanofab" concept - a turnkey system that allows a non-expert user to rapidly create high resolution, scalable nanostructures drawing upon well-characterized ink and substrate pairings. In turn, this system is fundamentally supported by a portfolio of MEMS devices tailored for microfluidic ink delivery, directed placement of nanoscale materials, and cm2 tip arrays for high-throughput nanofabrication. Massively parallel two-dimensional nanopatterning is now commercially available via NanoInk's 2D nano PrintArray™, making DPN a high-throughput (>3×107 μm2 per hour), flexible and versatile method for precision nanoscale pattern formation. However, cm2 arrays of nanoscopic tips introduce the nontrivial problem of getting them all evenly touching the surface to ensure homogeneous deposition; this requires extremely precise leveling of the array. Herein, we describe how we have made the process simple by way of a selfleveling gimbal attachment, coupled with semi-automated software leveling routines which bring the cm^2 chip to within 0.002 degrees of co-planarity. This excellent co-planarity yields highly homogeneous features across a square centimeter, with <6% feature size standard deviation. We have engineered the devices to be easy to use, wire-free, and fully integrated with both of our patterning tools: the DPN 5000, and the NLP 2000.


In his presidential address at the opening of this session Dr. G. W. Watson called attention to the large number of laboratory tests that patients are very frequently submitted to nowadays; he considered that many of them were superfluous, and, what was worse, there was a great tendency to allow these tests to take the place of sound, intelligent clinical examination of the patient. I agree with much that he said, but-I should like to point out, in the strongest possibhrterms, that it is not the clinical pathologist who is responsible' for this state of affairs, but rather that type of clinician who believes he sees in the clinical laboratory an instrument which can relieve him of much of the work of examination of his patient, and can be made to bear the labour and responsibility of making his diagnosis for him. In this connexion let me quote what I wrote in a little book published in 1928.' Other clinical pathologists have written in the same strain. " The clinical laboratory should never be regarded as an institution which of itself is capable of supplying a diagnosis. It is a means of obtaining additional information about a patient, where it is felt that further information is needed, to add to that already obtained by careful and complete clinical examination. A diagnosis must then be made in the light of all the evidence available. But sound clinical observation is, and must remain, the principal means of arriving at a correct diagnosis. "The correct att"ttude of the clinician to laboratory work is that if in any case, after using all the available clinical means at his disposal, he is not thoroughly satisfied concerning the matter in hand, whether it be one of diagnosis, prognosis, or treatment, then he should consider in what way laboratory information may help him, whether to throw further light on a doubtful case, to confirm or negative a probable diagnosis, to decide between alternative views, or in any way to make more certain his knowledge of the matter in hand. This procedure involves the intelligent consideration of the relation of laboratory work to each individual case, and is the reverse of the method of routine application of numerous laboratory tests before a serious attempt is made to consider a case from the clinical standpoint."


This article explores the decline of democracy in contemporary Indonesia during the Jokowi years. Jokowi's lukewarm commitment to democratic norms and illiberal attitude in running the government have made him an essentially conditional democrat, who is heavily influenced by the old political elite within a transitional political framework. As the result, Indonesia under the Jokowi's administration is entrapped with the old political practices, particularly oligarchic rules and political manipulation which awaken a new autocratization episode in its contemporary political history. This article is based on  interviews with eight key informants and supported with numerous secondary data from various sources. The article highlights three important points: first, the decline of democracy was caused by the old oligarchic, and cartelism practices. Second, Jokowi's superficial commitment to democracy essentially makes him a conditional democrat, rather than a progressive liberal. Third, Jokowi's leadership led to a new style of autocratization and authoritarianism in Indonesia which was influenced by the manoeuvring of the old political elite.


Magnesium-based hydrogen storage materials are considered to be one of the most promising solid-state hydrogen storage materials due to their large hydrogen storage capacity and low cost. However, slow hydrogen absorption/desorption rate and excessive hydrogen absorption/desorption temperature limit the application of magnesium-based hydrogen storage materials. The present paper reviews recent progress in improving the hydrogen storage properties by element substitution and additives. Ball milling is the promising technology for preparing magnesium-based hydrogen storage materials. The research and development of approaches for modifying magnesium-based hydrogen storage materials prepared by ball milling is systematically expounded. It is concluded that ball milling can significantly improve the kinetic and electrochemical properties of magnesium-based hydrogen storage materials and increase the hydrogen storage capacity. In the future, the research of magnesium-based hydrogen storage materials should be developed in terms of hydrogen storage mechanism, computer design of materials and development of a more optimized catalytic system.


By implementing a scanning near-field optical microscope into the analysis chamber of a scanning electron microscope, the light emitted due to cathodoluminescence can be locally detected in the near-field using tapered, coated optical fibers. In addition to the ability to perform contactless measurements of local diffusion lengths, the achievable spatial resolution can be increased to about 50 nanometers.


In this research, migration of bisphenol A from epoxy resin into 64 food simulants including tuna fish cans, eggplant cans and cherries cans have been measured. The effective of storage time in the range 0–180 days and storage temperature at 25 and 45°C were investigated. Microwave‐assisted extraction and low‐density solvent based on microextraction followed by high‐performance liquid chromatography has been applied to analyze migrated‐BPA. The limit of detection 2.7 ng ml−1 and limit of quantification 9.33 ng ml−1 were obtained for the proposed method. The results confirmed that the migration of BPA has been increased with raising the storage time and temperature. Also, the migration of BPA in oily simulant was higher than acidic simulant. The migrated‐BPA concentration range has been measured in the range 3.42–4165 ng ml−1. The highest amount of migrated‐BPA has been found for simulant of tuna fish cans at 45°C and the lowest amount of migrated‐BPA has been detected for simulant of cherries cans at 25°C.


The period 1866-1920 saw the rise and ruin of imperial Germany, and Hans Delbruck (1848-1929) reported on the events of those years from a uniquely privileged position. A professor of history at the University of Berlin, editor of the "Prussian Annals" - the most famous journal of political commentary of his day - and a delegate to the Paris Peace Conference, he also moved among political, cultural, and military elites. Delbruck pioneered the techniques of modern military history, studying tactics and technology as well as the social, political, and economic context of military operations. His four-volume "History of the Art of War" is a classic of German and military history. This volume reveals the tension between Delbruck's patriotism and his scholarship, which helped him to recognize German military failings. The twenty-four readings, comprising letters written to his mother while he served in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870 and essays, reviews, commentaries, and speeches on military figures, historians, and events through World War I, show his talents as a historian and political commentator. Arden Bucholz's introduction and headnotes illuminate the context of Delbruck's life and work. Arden Bucholz is State University of New York Board of Trustees and Distinguished Professor of History at SUNY Brockport and the author of "Hans Delbruck and the German Military Establishment", "Moltke", "Schlieffen and Prussian War Planning", and "Moltke and the German Wars, 1864-1871".


Owing to its very good utilisation properties, cast iron remains the alloy most popular and subject to continuous development. Because of growing demand from the users of this material, the research until now has been focussed mainly on finding new grades of cast iron, always offering better mechanical and utilisation properties. The parameters that are most often changed and optimised are: physical and chemical properties in the liquid state, heat treatment of cast iron, and various alloying additives introduced to cast iron. The first trend in the research has brought a development of high-quality cast iron grades, like inoculated cast iron, cast iron with nodular graphite, and cast iron with vermicular graphite. The second trend has resulted in fabrication of cast iron with ausferritic matrix. The third trend is an attempt to solve the problem of various alloying additives that, while introduced to cast iron, can change its matrix or graphite morphology, or affect in some way the crystallisation of different carbides. The final outcome is always changing of the mechanical and utilisation properties of cast iron. One of the alloying elements that can serve this purpose is vanadium. There are only some works on the Fe–C–V systems, nucleation of vanadium carbides and structure of Fe–C–V alloys. Until now, however, the effect of this element on the utilisation properties of cast iron has remained unclear. This fact sets the goal of the present work, which is fabrication of Fe–C–V alloys characterised by different chemical composition, analysis of their structure, and testing of their mechanical and wear resistance properties.


The author discusses experience gained from the construction of an open-area test site (OATS) in an urban area with high ambient radiofrequency wave levels. It is shown that a high-quality site (as determined by site attenuation measurements) can be achieved by adhering to basic design practices and using conservative design practices when uncertain. The design approach taken to minimize site anomalies while minimizing OATS cost is discussed. Site attenuation performance as measured by the method given in ANSI Standard C63.4 is given for measurement setups with 3- and 10-m separation distances. Construction details are given.<<ETX>>


Do judge this book by its attractive cover. Keeping its promise, the contents are varied, colourful and enlightening.George Dutton has brought together 24 voices of Southeast Asia and of Southeast ...


This report includes the proposal of the Netherland National Committee and the balance of the first 25 years of ICOMOS.


Summary Aprospective trial toassess theeffect ofsuction inanabdominal drain following cholecystectomy wascarried out.Three types ofclosed drainage system werecompared: asimple tube drain, alownegative pressure drain, andahigh negative pressure drain: 120consecutive patients undergoing cholecystectomy wererandomly allocated tooneof thethree drainage groups. There wasnosignificant difference in postoperative pyrexia, wound infection, chest infection, orhospital stay. Thisstudy failed todemonstrate anyclinically useful difference between highnegative pressure, lownegative pressure, andstatic drainage system werecompared: asimple tube drain, alownegative used, suction isnotnecessary andasimple tube drain (greater than 6mminternal diameter) isthemosteffective formofdrainage.


The relative risk of adverse drug reactions of ionic versus non-ionic contrast media injected i.v. were compared for different types of trials using odds-ratio. The absolute and relative risk found in large post-marketing trials were compared with that found in the iohexol pre-registration trials. The absolute risks were 2 to 10 times higher in the pre-registration trials compared to the post-marketing surveillances. The relative risk for all adverse drug reactions was 3 to 6 times higher for ionic vs. non-ionic media and independent of pre- or post-registration studies. The odds-ratio seems to be a feasible method of comparing the relative risk of adverse reactions in various trials.


During the coronavirus 19 disease (COVID-19) pandemic, older patients are disproportionately affected with a higher death rate compared to younger patients because of the presence of co-morbidity. The likelihood of dying is even higher among older cancer patients who get infected [1]. As COVID-19 patients may be asymptomatic, inadvertent surgery for cancer has been reported [2]. Thus, it raises a serious issue whether older cancer patients should be tested for COVID-19 before any type of treatment such as chemotherapy or radiotherapy which may further depress their immune system and may accelerate their demise. This issue is particularly important as resources of most countries are limited. Older cancer