Direct spectrophotometry over the range 250-400 nm enables rapid assessment of juice fractions from commercial juice preparation systems. Attention is focused on spectral estimates of the total flavonoids which increase during skin contact, with increasing must temperature, and particularly during recovery of heavy pressings. Spectral data from many sets of commercial juice fractions, concerning eight grape varieties in several districts, were collated over three seasons, 1987-88-89. Such observations have indicated the prime importance of grape variety in relation to phenolic extract in the juice fractions. The data have suggested the notion of 'spectral recognition profiles' arising from intrinsic varietal differences in the distribution of phenolic constituents within wine grapes. Thus the flavonoid concentration appears to be a significant variable of varietal dry white wine style. Qualitative differences in phenolic composition have also been demonstrated by differential spectrophotometry of model skin extracts at 250-300 nm. Fining treatments with various commercial fining agents had only minor effect on flavonoid levels in juice pressings and in press wines.


The conventional stochastic resonance recovery techniques are facing some troubles,such as the complex process,too many parameters,wrong estimated amplitudes,and especially the difficulty for processing the multifrequency signals with frequencies staying far away from one another.A new strategy is proposed,where frequency-shifted and re-scaling stochastic resonance are adopted to detect frequencies,the input signals are least square fitted with cosines designed based on the acquired frequencies,and no special postprocessing is required for the distorted points,the waveform distortion has no influence on the amplitude quantization.Almost all the multifrequency signals can be processed.The effectiveness is validated by a simulation and a fault quantitative diagnostic case of electric locomotive running parts.The amplitude of periodic signals can be reduced by non-periodic sampling,the accuracy is thus developed by involving the spectrum correction technology,and more accurate signal frequencies and amplitudes can be detected.


In my PHD work I explored the links between the physical properties of interstellar dust and other components of nearby spiral galaxies especially their stellar content. I worked on 46 disk galaxies from KINGFISH with IRAC/MIPS/PACS/SPIRE maps (3.6 - 500 microns). A bias is usually introduced in estimating disk orientations by using only a single surface brightness isophote. Thus I devised different surface brightness levels separated by constant steps in surface brightness and extracted isophotes at these levels in all FIR maps as well as in all IRAC 4.5 microns maps. To further assess the coherence of the shapes of isophotes across galactic disks, I built a quantitative indicator of the difference in shape between two ellipses with same center and same semi-major axis.I defined an acceptable level of difference between isophote shapes, by comparing disk orientations found in litterature. Using this level, I found regions inside the galactic disks where the isophotal shapes are similar. From these, I extracted one disk orientation per wavelength band. I found in the vast majority of the disk galaxy maps, be it dominated by stellar or dust emission, that a large fraction of the isophotes I extracted are coherent with the idea of an underlying disk. Comparing, for each galaxy, disk orientations extracted at all wavelengths, I found evidence in 20 galaxies out of 46, that on radial ranges as large as 1/3 of the visible disk (as measured by R25), the shapes of isophotes are morphologically similar. Thus for these 20 galaxies I devised consistent disk orientations both for the stellar and dust content. These 20 galaxies are less luminous, less emitting in the IR w.r.t. the optical, less barred, and characterized by later stage types than average. I also found that the disk orientations devised by my photometric method yield results more similar to H-alpha kinematic orientations than other photometric studies based on a single isophote level.Using the orientations I found and H-alpha dynamics disk orientations, I averaged azimuthally surface brightnesses to produce radial spectral energy distributions (SED) profiles. Once fitted with a cosmic dust emission model, they resulted in radial profiles of dust and stellar content properties. I found the dust intercepted power to be proportionnal to the product of the total dust mass and the average ISRF shining on dust. This former quantity is better correlated with the bolometric stellar luminosity than any of the dust mass or the dust heating ISRF separately. Thus the old stellar populations may be an important heating source for dust. The power intercepted by dust is also very well correlated with the total infrared power. The dust intercepts a larger quantity of power coming from stars in more actively star forming galaxies.Dust exhibit radial mass surface density profiles less well described by Sersic functions than stellar ones. When both profiles are well fitted by Sersic functions, stellar density profiles have smaller half mass radii than the isophotal optical radius (R25) separately in later type galaxies, but also in more quiescent galaxies. Sersic index and half mass radius distributions have larger widths for dust than for stellar surface density profiles.I also found that the ratio of dust over stellar surface density is an important factor to explain the variations with galactic morphological type of the ratio of dust intercepted power over the power emitted by old stellar populations. This later link could be intertwined with spiral structure strength in stage types later than 2.


"The ogre who proved to be a pigmy" - the reception of foreign films in America, 1920-1927 "in the Lubitsch manner" FW Murnau - "the German genius of the films" Victor Sjostrom - "the greatest director in the world" Mauritz Stiller and others - "they are a sad-looking people, these Swedes". Conclusion: "the conclusion must be arrived at that it is not for us". Appendices: "master of the motion picture", Matthew Josephson "film imagery" - "seastrom", Robert Herring biographical summaries.


The stone sculptures in Gyeongbokgung Royal Palace are mainly composed of granite (884 sculptures, 96.7%) and marble (25 sculptures, 2.7%) that originated in several different quarries. Main deterioration forms are crack (24%), break-out (21%), exfoliation (36%), granular disintegration (9%) and blackening (20%). Crack and break-out are dominant contributors to high physical deterioration degree, and blackening is major weathering form of intensive discoloration. The Gyeonghoeru, Geunjeongjeon and Pumgyeseok areas require urgent and high conservation maintenance with short-term periodic monitoring since proportions of 3-grade deterioration were calculated higher than others as 55% for Gyeonghoeru, 29% for Geunjeongjeon, 11% for Pumgyeseok area. The Pumgyeseok (officials' rank stone), especially, needs intervention for protective facility due to its material vulnerability to weathering in outdoor environment.


Aims Local hospital Paediatricians often rely on updates from retrieval services for information about their patients transferred to Paediatric intensive care units (PICU). This quality improvement project aimed to increase local hospital knowledge about their PICU transfers and identify areas for improvement to enhance patient safety and clinical care. Methods In November 2016 a new incident log was implemented to collect data on PICU transfers from the Emergency Department and Paediatric ward of one district general hospital. Between January and September 2017, a multi-disciplinary team met monthly to review the Electronic Document and Records Management (EDRM) system of all patients transferred to PICU in the previous month(s). The multidisciplinary team included medical and nursing representation from Paediatric, Emergency and Anaesthetic departments and the outreach resuscitation team. EDRM was reviewed using an adapted RECALL (Rapid Evaluation Cardiorespiratory Arrest with Lessons for Learning) tool. The RECALL tool provided a structured template for retrospective case note review of patient management, including monitoring, escalation and medical reviews, in addition to staffing issues, debriefs and parental feedback. Areas for improvement were shared across services by monthly newsletters and updates at teaching sessions and departmental risk meetings. Results Between November 2016 and September 2017, 26 children aged 2 days to 15 years were transferred to PICU, of which 69% were from the Emergency Department. The primary problem was respiratory failure in 50% of cases. In the first 6 months many cases had incomplete Paediatric Early Warning Score (PEWS) monitoring and/or poor escalation of care documentation. Shared learning and teaching on PEWS resulted in recent cases of exemplary practice. Initially EDRM was incomplete for patients moved to theatre from the emergency department for intubation. Recommendation to scan notes prior to moving resulted in complete EDRM records in all subsequent reviews. The multidisciplinary team recognised that parental views remained unheard and so initiated parents being offered the Friends and Family feedback card post-PICU repatriation. Conclusion Shared learning from regular structured multidisciplinary case note reviews of PICU transfers results in improvements in the management, safety and documentation of children presenting with critical illness.


Ampulla of vater carcinomas (AVCs) are malignancies that occur in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. AVCs mainly remain asymptomatic until the more advanced stages of tumor, making it imperative to identify early diagnostic tools. In addition to this, it is pertinent to also understand the factors that may contribute to cancer progression. In this study, we have collected paraffin embedded tissues from 38 AVC patients and blood samples from 38 controls to study the mutational profile of NRAS in AVCs. In addition to this, general characteristics such as tumor size, stage, differentiation and tumor subtype were taken into account in this study. The lifestyle factors were obtained from the patients and the controls were matched accordingly. We observed no mutations in the NRAS gene in our cohort. Studies with a larger cohort are necessary to better understand the mutational profile of AVCs to provide better therapeutic and treatment options. More research is essential in this area to pinpoint the molecular landscape of AVCs


e17078Background: Management of patients with high-risk features after radical prostatectomy is controversial. Adjuvant radiation therapy (RT) improves survival when compared to no treatment and is...


This study aims at studying dual-earner couple's household work time and life satisfaction in modern times. To reach this goal, dual-earner couple's variable of society and population, income for working hours, attitude of sex's role and working hours time were classified as individual variable of study model. In the end of 2000, positive analysis was completed through dual-earner couples' frequencies, percentage, means, paired-samples T Test, one-way ANOVA, duncan test, multiple regression and path analysis to 112 Korean couples in "Research material for comparative analysis of family's time use in Korea and in the United States" performed by Lee, Ki-young, along with 3 person in the end of 2000. The time of household work performance at home at this stage is about 30 hours. 90% of 30 hours was given by housewife who was working for another job. In the aspect of dual-earner couple's life satisfaction, the life satisfaction is a little over the level of average. In variables couple's life satisfaction, wife's life satisfaction was additionally influenced by variable of wife's profession, age difference of couple, wife's household work time husband's household work time and wife's sex-role attitudes in oder. Husband's life satisfaction was perfectly influenced by his level of education, his household work time and wife's sex-role attitudes.


Engineering biosensors that sensitively recognize specific biomolecules and trigger functional cellular responses is a holy grail of diagnostics and synthetic cell biology. Biosensor design approaches have mostly focused on binding structurally well-defined molecules. Coupling the sensing of flexible compounds to complex cellular responses would considerably expand biosensor applications, but remains challenging. We developed a computational strategy for designing highly sensitive receptor biosensors of flexible peptides. Using the method, we created ultrasensitive chemotactic GPCR:peptide pairs capable of eliciting potent chemotaxis in human primary T cells. Through mutual induced fit, our flexible structure design approach enhanced peptide contacts with binding and allosteric sites in the ligand pocket to achieve unprecedented signaling efficacy and potency. The approach paves the road for designing peptide-sensing receptors and expanding the biosensor toolbox for basic and therapeutic applications. (vii) experimental validation of selected designs using a battery of cell-based functional assays; (viii) experimentally guided refinement of receptor:peptide conformational ensemble to improve modeling accuracy; (ix) design of highly sensitive receptor:peptide super-agonist pairs for


The feedback of performance appraisal information is a critical communication activity in organizations. Research on the topic, however, has generally been limited to (1) treating feedback as an undifferentiated construct, and (2) not examining the important moderating impact of trust of the receiver in the sender. Using a sample of 100 managers, this study explores the dimensionality of the feedback construct, the relationships of feedback to individual performance and satisfaction, and the moderating effects of trust on these associations. Results indicate that various aspects of feedback are differentially related to performance and satisfaction under conditions of high and low trut. Importantly, the communication of performance appraisal information is found to be a more important correlate of satisfaction and performance for subordinates who express low trust in their superiors.


This paper studies the cyclical pattern of banking system ex-post markups using annual aggregate bank data for a large set of countries for the period 1990-2001. Dynamic panel estimates show that markups are strongly countercyclical, even after controlling for financial development, banking concentration, operational costs, inflation, and simultaneity or reversed causation. The countercyclical pattern is explained by entry of foreign banks, that occurs mostly at wholesale level, and signals the intention to spread later to some of the retail niches. However, the pro-competitive effect of entry in the local banking system is short lasting and vanishes after one year. One possible explanation is that booming periods lead to an expansion of the financial system that attracts potential competitors working at an efficient scale even at the retail level. In this situation, contestable markets force incumbent banks to charge markups well below short-run profit maximizing levels so as to protect their retail niches in a highly segmented banking system. In the second part of the paper I develop a general equilibrium model that accounts for these features of the data. I find that this monopolistic behavior in the intermediary financial sector increases the volatility of real variables and amplifies the business cycle. I interpret this "bank lending channel" as an extension of the "credit channel" pioneered by Bernanke and Blinder (1988). 1E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com. I thank my advisors Fabio Ghironi, Peter Ireland and Fabio Schiantarelli for their guidance. Stephen Bond, Hideo Konishi, Todd Prono and seminar participants at R@BC and Boston College Dissertation Workshops provided very useful suggestions. The usual disclaimer applies.


In the last issue, we looked at electronic journals being made available over the world wide web. In this issue we survey indexing and abstracting services available over the web. This information is current during the Spring of 1997, but programs change frequently and we encourage you to check with the producers for the latest information.


The author, a working holographer, invites the reader into his laboratory, where he shares his working style and methods during the production of a multicolor shadowgram. The reader/visitor observes the holographer's physical and emotional involvement with the technical demands of holography. The author provides a detailed account of large-format film lamination, multicolor reflection procedures and his quest for suitable subject matter.


The high efficiency of supercritical pressure turbine generators of this size is a compelling reason to attain maximum availability factor, and this dictates a high degree of reliability of the electrical features. On the other hand, cost must be held to a minimum. It is believed that the optimum balance between these two basic requirements has been achieved by stressing simplicity. The unit system is used both for the main and for the auxiliary equipment. The auxiliaries are supplied by a simple radial system which is arranged to eliminate costly ties and promote proper operation. Double cooling of the main transformers provides emergency capacity at minimum cost. The use of welded aluminum supporting structures in the 132-kv substation reduces the cost of maintenance. The relay system is designed to assure system stability. Railroad rights of way and railroad structures are used extensively for transmission lines.


Calculations for {sup 154}Sm+{sup 154}Sm collisions that account for the deformed surfaces indicate that the threshold for nuclear reactions is about 50 MeV below the nominal Coulomb barrier. Some specific features of such low-energy collisions are discussed.


Contractual techniques have known a remarkable development in French administrative law. Contractual relations between different government agencies and individuals have reflected a change in the relationship between the State, central agencies and corporations on one side, and local authorities, associations and individuals on the other. « Inequality, Hierarchy and Government Supervision » have been partially replaced by « Equality, Participation and Autonomy ». In this article, the author describes some instances where contractual techniques were used to promote the participation of local interests in energy decisions. He points out the consequences of such a technique of participation and concludes that its main problem is the representativeness of the participants


A field experiment was conducted during the "Zaid" season 2016 at the Crop Research Farm Department of Agronomy, Naini Agriculture Institute, SHUATS, Allahabad (U.P.) This area is situated on the right side of the river Yamuna and by the opposite side of Allahabad cityThe soil of the experimental field was sandy loam in texture, slightly saline in reaction (pH 7.4), medium in available nitrogen (185.5 kg/ha) and phosphorus (36.0 kg/ha) potassium (98.0 kg/ha). The experiment consisted of 12 treatment combinations comprising one multi-cut forage sorghum genotype (CSH-20) and four nitrogen levels viz., 60, 80, 100 and120N kg/ha. To evaluate the effect of planting geometry and different levels of nitrogen on growth, yield and quality of multicut fodder sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Monech] laid out in Randomized Block Design with twelve treatments replicated thrice. The treatment combinations of spacing of 30cm×10cm with 120 kg nitrogen ha(T8) recorded maximum higher plant height, number of leaves, dry weight, green fodder yield, leaf: stem ratio, fodder quality net return and benefit cost ratio followed by that recorded treatment spacing of 30cm×10cm with 100 kg nitrogen ha(T7).


Abstract A summary is given of the published data of electrical resistivity of semiconductors which exhibit ordered spin arrangements below a Curie or Neol temperature. It is found generally that electrical anomalies accompany the advent of magnetic order only if the specific resistivity at the transformation temperature is less than a critical value. The implications of this rule discussed in the light of recent theories of electrical conduction in spontaneously magnetized materials.


Different kinds of vaccinations are lively discussed in media. This is not a new situation,
but has been intensified with break-outs of pandemics or unexpected side
effects of a vaccination, such a ...


Previous studies from our laboratory noted two populations of pluripotent stem cells in adult mammals, including humans: blastomere‐like stem cells (BLSCs) and epiblast‐like stem cells (ELSCs) [Minerva Biotech 17:55‐63, 2005]. These two populations of stem cells were determined to be different, based on unique characteristics. The current study was designed to test whether any additional populations of pluripotent stem cells existed within adult mammals, including humans. Adult rats were euthanized following the guidelines of MU‐IACUC. Adult humans had their blood withdrawn by venipuncture following the guidelines of MU / MCCG‐IRB. Potential stem cells were isolated, cultivated and characterized utilizing previously established procedures. Two additional populations of pluripotent stem cells were discovered. This was based on their inherent size, Trypan blue staining, contact inhibition at confluence, growth requirements, activity in serum‐free defined media, lifespan, cell surface markers, and differentiation potential. Because of shared and unique characteristics, we designated these two populations of pluripotent stem cells as Tr‐BLSCs and Tr‐ELSCs. A full characterization of the four populations of adult‐derived pluripotent stem cells will be given as well as proposals for their potential to heal and/or repair damaged tissues. Funding provided by LM & HO Young Estate Trust and Dragonfly Foundation.


Franchising is a new sector in transitioning and emerging Croatia. Those companies involved in retailing, distribution, and wholesaling operations are now becoming aware of the benefits (and costs) of franchising as an organizational method and are considering its adaptation to the local context. However, franchising is underdeveloped with only a handful of active firms, lack of regulatory structure, lack of support from institutions, disinterested banks and little experience in the marketplace. Our contribution is an assessment of the franchising model in the Croatian context.


The present invention provides a support capable of preventing the contact terminals of the contact terminals aging. A probe card for a semiconductor device formed on a semiconductor substrate is inspected (10) includes a housing supporting a plurality of probes (12) (13), the housing body (13) (15) a plurality of metal sheets (14) laminated is formed in the body (15) of each probe hole penetrating in the thickness direction (16) is inserted is embedded in each probe (12), each refrigerant passage incorporated in the body (15) (17) of the housing (13) is cooled.


The article reviews feminist approaches to the analysis of European Union (EU) law and the EU as a legal order. It suggests that feminist analysis can make a broader contribution than hitherto to the understanding of EU governance. It employs a method of 'importing gender' derived from social constructionist strands of feminist thinking in order to identify key areas of EU law for further empirical and conceptual analysis. These concern the reconceptualization of the 'state' in the EU context, where feminist problematization shares some concerns with constructivist analyses and the challenge of the EU as a reformist entity.


The invention relates to an omega-shaped corner pile and a continuous roll type cold bending formation method thereof. The omega-shaped corner pile is characterized by comprising a horizontal fore shaft, a vertical fore shaft and a dowel (D), wherein the horizontal fore shaft and the vertical fore shaft are respectively connected with both sides of the dowel (D) to form a structure with an omega-shaped cross section and respectively consist of a straight hook edge (C), a circular arc segment (B) and an oblique hook edge (A); the horizontal fore shaft is opened towards the dowel (D), the vertical fore shaft is opened downwards, the oblique hook edge (A) of the vertical fore shaft is located between the dowel (D) and the straight hook edge (C) of the vertical fore shaft, and the oblique hook edges (A) and the straight hook edges (C) of the horizontal fore shaft and the vertical fore shaft respectively form an included angle of 200 degrees. In the formation method, strip steels form a forming die through 16 rollers to obtain a steel sheet pile with continuous length. The invention has the advantages of high production efficiency, stable quality, arbitrary length, connecting with corresponding materials as design requirements, wide choice range of raw materials, and the like.


The Environmental Protection Agency is making fundamental changes to its Clean Water Act permit programs, including storm water permits for airports. In response to these changes and current inconsistencies in federal and state approaches to drafting permits, the American Association of Airport Executives is establishing a Clean Water Alliance to provide a forum for exchanging and providing information and resources that should lead to new permits that are reasonable and affordable. In the past, such cooperation has been rare, since each airport has traditionally believed that it has special circumstances not shared by most other airports. However, federal and state regulators have approached airport permitting activities holistically and share with other permit writers information regarding airport operations and permit conditions. By working collectively, members of the Clean Water Alliance can identify standards that are attainable through best management practices, treatment options that should not be considered due to a failure to provide sufficient pollutant removal relative to cost, and effective permit negotiation tactics.


Abstract : The relationship between water motion and ice motion is not so well understood. Over very large time and space scales in the Beaufort Sea gyre, the ice and water motions are obviously correlated; both perform a large clockwise rotation, and both are in geostrophic balance. The objective of this experiment was to examine this interrelationship on shorter time and space scales by a more detailed examination of the hydrographic and current structure.


ABSTRACT Place attachment has implications for older adults' well-being and psychological benefits such as belonging, enjoyment, connection, and privacy. The purpose of this study was to examine the presence of older adults' place attachment in comparison to urban and rural senior cohousing communities, highlighting similar and contrasting design features that assist place attachment. Both communities in this study are located in the Midwest of the United States. A total of 24 older adults participated in this study: 10 participants from the rural community and 14 from the urban community. Participants attended individual interviews where researchers asked questions related to place attachment and design features that affect their experiences in the senior cohousing community. Results show that when comparing the rural and urban communities, the design features that were more prevalent in the rural community focused more on community and guest aspects (Friend Bonding) and natural elements within the community (Nature Bonding). The urban location, however, had design features that were associated with functionality (Place Dependence), the relationship between residents (Friend Bonding), and the natural elements surrounding the community (Nature Bonding). This analysis could be used as evidence-based design for the development of future senior cohousing communities and other older adult facilities.


A method of direct charge accumulation is given. The maximum amount of charge accumulated is 99999 mQ. The accumulation time is 2778 hours.


This paper examines the information content of trading volume in terms of forecasting the conditional volatility and market risk of international stock markets. The performance of parametric Value at Risk (VaR) models including the traditional RiskMetrics model and a heavy-tailed EGARCH model with and without trading volume is investigated during crisis and post-crisis periods. Our empirical results provide compelling evidence that volatility forecasts based on volume-augmented models cannot be outperformed by their competitors. Furthermore, our findings indicate that including trading volume into the volatility specification greatly enhances the performance of the proposed VaR models, especially during the crisis period. However, the volume effect is fairly overshadowed by the sufficient accuracy of the heavy-tailed EGARCH model, during the post-crisis period.


Objective:By 6 minute walking test observe the therapentic effect of captopril on congestive heart failure (CHF)patient.Method:Give 46 CHF patients who have been given Digoxin and diuretics agents for a long time,Captopril of the maximum tolerant dose.Result:Before the patient took the captopril,the value of the 6 minute walking test was (326.80±65.85)m.After the patient took the captopril,the value of 6 minute walking test was (436.25±86.35)m(P0.01),the difference is significant. Conclusion:Captopril can distinctly improve the cardiac function.6 minute walking test can be not only a safe and effective way of evaluating the cardiac function but also a way to judge the CHF patient's rehabilitation.


The purpose of this paper is to show that Product Liability (PL) and Product Safety (PS) are relevant categories in terms of the Total Quality Management literature. From a societal point of view PL and PS are two sides of a coin. The effects of the PL and PS regulation on companies are described and linked to the TQM-concept. By presenting the highlights of literature the proposed managerial remedies in the field of PL and PS are reviewed. Risk Management is a useful tool to estimate the vulnerability of a company to PL. An example of a checklist that can be used to audit the actual corporate state of affairs on PL and PS is presented. An in-company multidisciplinary Task Force of Experts on Safety should be charged with a monitoring function with regard to PS and should develop and implement a PL prevention policy


Recently we have developed new technologies to synthesize and assay biological molecules in a highly miniaturized format. The method uses light to direct the combinatorial chemical synthesis of biopolymers on a solid support. The identity and location of each bio-polymer is known, and its interaction with a molecular binding agent can be measured. These miniature biological arrays, or chips, can then be used for a variety of multiplexed biochemical assays, including epitope mapping, the development of chemical analogues, genetic diagnostics and nucleic acid sequencing analysis.


Crayfish throughout North America, Europe, and Asia host assemblages of obligate ectosymbiotic annelid worms called branchiobdellidans. The work presented here is a detailed experimental and observational study of the ecological interactions between crayfish and their worms. In a comprehensive literature review, I show that branchiobdellidans have complex and context-dependent effects on their hosts, serving as both beneficial cleaners and tissueconsuming parasites. Using a field survey and laboratory experiments, I provide novel evidence for age-specific resistance as an adaptation to maximize life-long benefits of a mutualism. Specifically, I show that Cambarus crayfish display a consistent ontogenetic shift in resistance to the colonization of branchiobdellidans and this shift likely reflects underlying changes in the costs and benefits of symbiosis. I then show that this change in host resistance creates predictable patterns of symbiont diversity and composition throughout host ontogeny. Host resistance limits within-host symbiont communities to a few weakly interacting species, whereas relaxed resistance leads to more diverse symbiont communities that have strong interactions among symbiont taxa. Thus, host resistance has direct effects on within-host symbiont community structure by selectively filtering colonizing species, and indirect effects by moderating the strength of interactions among symbionts. Lastly, in a detailed study of the worm Cambarincola ingens, I depict a symbiont dispersal strategy that yields highly predictable transmission dynamics during pairwise host-host encounters and shows that variation in transmission dynamics can be explained by the fitness outcomes for dispersing symbionts. Field observations


The risk of COVID‐19 and related death in people with Parkinson's disease or parkinsonism is uncertain. The aim of the study was to assess the risk of hospitalization for COVID‐19 and death in a cohort of patients with Parkinson's disease or parkinsonism compared with a control population cohort, during the epidemic bout (March–May 2020) in Bologna, northern Italy.


Our country travel agencies were facing strong market competition,which made some travel agencies paid attention to create the brand,but the status quo caused us worried.This article analyzed the brand management status of Anhui travel agencies and pointed out some questions linking up with the facts of Anhui travel agencies industry,putting forward to some opinions and expecting to give travel (agencies) management supervisors some help.


By introducing frequency maximum Q heuristic learning algorithm,a hierarchical reinforcement learning method is improved,this method solves the problem of agent optimal strategy learning in a large scale state space and dynamic changing environment. Bringing attribute maintenance operator,the attribute of promise and layout into the classical belief,desire,intention(BDI) model,which is modified to increase the adaptability and in-line learning ability of agent,the rational maintenance process of consciousness attribute is given. A new agent system and architecture with initiative,autonomy,adaptability and sociality is proposed,and a new path planning agent (APP) is developed on the basis of this architecture. Through setting the configuration of drive environment,the complicated vehicle drive state is simulated,and through continuous learning of the drive state,the optimal path is obtained finally,and then the feasibility and effectiveness of the new architecture are verified.


This paper presents the comparison of the temperature distribution in modern nanosized electronics structures obtained using different heat transfer models and their parameters. The basic analyzed structure is Vertical-Slit Field Effect Transistor (VeSFET). The temperature rise inside investigated structure has been calculated based on two different heat transfer models. The first one is based on the classical Fourier-Kirchhoff approach, while the second one uses the modern Dual-Phase-Lag model.Then, the analysis of influence of Dual-Phase-Lag model parameters on the temperature distribution in analyzed structure has also been prepared. Firstly, the influence of the temperature time lag on the temperature rise has been investigated. Secondly, the dependence between the value of the heat flux time lag and the temperature rise values has been taken into consideration. Finally, the yielded results have been discussed and the research has been summarized.


This paper proposes an automatic foreground segmentation system based on Gaussian mixture models and dynamic graph cut algorithm. An adaptive per-pixel background model is developed to set the data cost of an image graph. Shadow detection which is important to the foreground segmentation is introduced in this paper. A boundary smoothing algorithm is presented so as to eliminate edge aliasing and composite a foreground object onto a new background seamlessly. We verify our algorithm in different video sequences including some public video sequences. Experimental results demonstrate the efficiency of our proposed method.


This article examines how young people in the Indian Himalayas understand, appreciate, and discuss their environment. Building on intensive ethnographic field research in Bemni, Uttarakhand, I point to the changing ways in which young people use the everyday practice of herding to acquire knowledge and engage in playful activity. I emphasize that age and gender shape the capacity for young people to interact creatively with their local environments. I will argue that studies of human/environment relations might usefully combine a focus on the movement of individuals through environments with a focus on the gendered ways in which they move through the life-course.


Introduction : In December 2019, the world was shocked by a respiratory infectious disease caused by the novel coronavirus which was later referred to as COVID-19. This virus is transmitted from human to human very quickly through droplets, aerosols, and direct contact with COVID-19 patients. One of the health services suspected of playing a role in the spread of this virus is surgery. Surgical procedures involve much medical personnel and direct contact withpatients causes surgery to be considered. In addition, surgery is also prone to causing nosocomial infections becausegenerally postoperative patients have an increased inflammatory process and decreased immune response. In contrast toelective surgery, emergency surgery has a higher risk of postoperative morbidity and mortality than elective surgerybecause of the limited time to prepare and assess the patient. To find out the number of reactive and positive cases of COVID-19 after emergency surgery at our institution.
Method : The type of research conducted is descriptive where this study uses secondary data in the form of medical records of postoperative emergency patients who meet the inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Results : A total of 741 medical records were obtained, with 691 of them being COVID-19 negative and 50 being COVID-19 positive.
Conclusion: We found 93.3% negative post-operative COVID-19 cases and 6.7% positive post-operative COVID-19 cases in patients underwent emergency surgery procedures.


We study the sum degrees of freedom (DoFs) of the K-user rank-deficient interference channel with feedback. For the two-user case, we characterize the sum DoF by developing an achievable scheme and deriving a matching upper bound. For the three-user case, we develop a new achievable scheme which employs interference alignment to efficiently utilize the dimension of the received signal space. In addition, we derive an upper bound for the general K-user case and show the tightness of the bound when the number of antennas at each node is sufficiently large. As a consequence of these results, we show that feedback can increase the DoF when the number of antennas at each node is large enough as compared with the ranks of channel matrices. This finding is in contrast to the full-rank interference channel where feedback provides no DoF gain. The gain comes from using feedback to provide alternative signal paths, thereby effectively increasing the ranks of desired channel matrices.


The discussed in the article issues of the significance of doctoral studies are becoming part of a wider economic, political and social international context. A particularly important factor here is the expectations of the labour market determined by contemporary developmental processes and a need to accommodate to challenges of the global competition, the growth in importance of new technologies, as well as growing classification and competence requirements. The purpose of the article is a reconstruction of the role of doctoral studies in Poland, both from the perspective of doctoral faculty advisors, and doctoral students. The authors are answering the question how much the value of doctoral studies is determined as autotelic, and how much as instrumental. Reconstructing the role and the significance of doctoral studies, the authors are using the results of their own research, including, among others, the analysis of motives for starting doctoral studies, as well as the evaluation of their usefulness. On the basis of this research a typology of doctoral students, in which attitudes towards doctoral studies were taken into account, was established. First, the authors are presenting the results of individual, deepened interviews, conducted with managers of doctoral studies at three leading Warsaw universities, next - with doctoral students. The comparison of statements of persons representing universities with views of doctoral students allowed to determine whether the visions of doctoral studies of these two groups representing the supply side (managers) and the demand side (doctoral students) are similar.


ABSTRACT The induction of hydroxyl radical (OH) production via quinone redox cycling in white-rot fungi was investigated to improve pollutant degradation. In particular, we examined the influence of 4-methoxybenzaldehyde (anisaldehyde), Mn2+, and oxalate on Pleurotus eryngii OH generation. Our standard quinone redox cycling conditions combined mycelium from laccase-producing cultures with 2,6-dimethoxy-1,4-benzoquinone (DBQ) and Fe3+-EDTA. The main reactions involved in OH production under these conditions have been shown to be (i) DBQ reduction to hydroquinone (DBQH2) by cell-bound dehydrogenase activities; (ii) DBQH2 oxidation to semiquinone (DBQ−) by laccase; (iii) DBQ− autoxidation, catalyzed by Fe3+-EDTA, producing superoxide (O2−) and Fe2+-EDTA; (iv) O2− dismutation, generating H2O2; and (v) the Fenton reaction. Compared to standard quinone redox cycling conditions, OH production was increased 1.2- and 3.0-fold by the presence of anisaldehyde and Mn2+, respectively, and 3.1-fold by substituting Fe3+-EDTA with Fe3+-oxalate. A 6.3-fold increase was obtained by combining Mn2+ and Fe3+-oxalate. These increases were due to enhanced production of H2O2 via anisaldehyde redox cycling and O2− reduction by Mn2+. They were also caused by the acceleration of the DBQ redox cycle as a consequence of DBQH2 oxidation by both Fe3+-oxalate and the Mn3+ generated during O2− reduction. Finally, induction of OH production through quinone redox cycling enabled P. eryngii to oxidize phenol and the dye reactive black 5, obtaining a high correlation between the rates of OH production and pollutant oxidation.


The invention relates to a 3-methyl-3-buten-1-ol production method and belongs to the technical field of water reducer synthesis. The method comprises that isoprene and hydrogen chloride as raw materials undergo an addition reaction to produce a mixture of 1-chloroisopentene and 3-chloroisopentene, the reaction product undergoes a hydrolysis reaction so that the chloroisopentene is transformed into methyl butenol and prenyl alcohol, and the hydrolysis products undergo an isomerization reaction to produce a finished product. The method is used for 3-methyl-3-buten-1-ol synthesis and has the advantages of simple processes, abundant raw material sources, low production cost and high reaction yield.


The protocols in underwater acoustic wireless sensor networks (UAWSNs) that address reliability in packets forwarding usually consider the connectivity of the routing paths up to one- or two-hops. Since senor nodes are connected with one another using other nodes in their neighborhood, such protocols have compromised reliability. It is because these protocols do not guarantee the presence of neighbors beyond the selected one- or two-hops for connectivity and path establishment. This is further worsened by the harshness and unpredictability of the underwater scenario. In addition, establishment of the routing paths usually requires the nodes' undersea geographical locations, which is infeasible because currents in water cause the nodes to move from one position to another. To overcome these challenges, this paper presents two routing schemes for UAWSNs: reliability-aware routing (RAR) and reliability-aware cooperative routing with adaptive amplification (RACAA). RAR considers complete path connectivity to advance packets to sea surface. This overcomes packets loss when connectivity is not established and forwarder nodes are not available for data routing. For all the established paths, the probability of successfully transmitting data packets is calculated. This avoids the adverse channel effects. However, sea channel is unpredictable and fluctuating and its properties may change after its computation and prior to information transmission. Therefore, cooperative routing is introduced to RAR with adaptive power control of relays, which makes the RACCA protocol. In RACAA, a relay node increases its transmit power than normal when the error in the data; it receives from the sender, is more than 50 % before transferring it further to destination. This further increases the reliability when such packets are forwarded. Unlike the conventional approach, the proposed protocols are independent of knowing the geographical locations of nodes in establishing the routes, which is computationally challenging due to nodes' movements with ocean currents and tides. Simulation results exhibit that RAR and RACAA outperform the counterpart scheme in delivering packets to the water surface.


Vertical structures of hydrodynamics under wave conditions were investigated using live plants in a large-scale wave flume. The effect of vegetation on hydrodynamics were analyzed for regular wave cases. The interaction of waves and emergent vegetation under regular waves significantly affect wave-induced motion and turbulence intensity. Coastal vegetation motion affected the water particle kinematics so that the vertical distribution of water particle velocity showed a large deviation from linear wave theory. Also, the vegetation motion increased turbulence intensity in the middle of water column and this caused a different vertical distribution of turbulent kinetic energy compard to the control case with no vegetation. In addition to the turbulence kinetic energy level, the vegetation changed the anisotropy characteristics of turbulence, decreasing vertical turbulent component.


The corrosion of steel reinforcement is the most significant factor responsible for the premature deterioration of the durability and seismic resistance of reinforced concrete structures. As such, the main objective of the present study is the investigation of the effect of fly ash (FA) as a corrosion inhibitor and pH on the electrochemical behavior of 316L and 304L concrete reinforcement in a simulating concrete pore solution exposed to aggressive environments, i.e., acid rain. The corrosion performance of 316L and 304L stainless steel rebars was examined by means of cyclic (reverse) polarization in order to evaluate the susceptibility of the rebars to localized corrosion. Two types of electrolyte were used. The first electrolyte was a highly alkaline solution simulating fresh concrete exposed to acid rain (pH ≈ 12), while the second electrolyte was a mildly alkaline solution simulating corroded concrete cover that exposed the reinforcement to direct acid rain attack (pH ≈ 8). Both solutions contained Ca(OH)2, an acid-rain-simulating solution, and FA (replacing 0–25 wt.% of Ca(OH)2) as a corrosion inhibitor. In both electrolytes, the beneficial effect of FA replacing up to 20 wt.% of Ca(OH)2 on the corrosion resistance of both 316L and 304L rebars was manifested. However, this trend was reversed at the 25 wt.% replacement of Ca(OH)2 due to the localized presence of agglomerates of FA on the surface of the steel. The above finding was confirmed by SEM/EDX examination of cross-sections after cyclic polarization. An important conclusion of this study was the feasibility of replacing 316L stainless steel with 304L (at pH ≈ 12) in critical applications, such as the restoration of ancient monuments, provided that FA is included in the concrete mixture, even at low contents (10 or 15 wt.% of cement).


The conversion coefficient measured by the weighing method is used to estimate and analyze the woodland evapotranspiration at the Mogao Grottoes.The results show that the annual evapotranspiration of woodland is 6091mm,in accord with nonlinear theory of the dissipative structure.It is the manifestation that there is a high level evapotranspiration dissipative structure.There is 75% water that is dissipated by transpiration manner,which transports deep soil water to ground through the plant root system.For that evapotranspiration is a concentrated expression of space time heterogeneity characteristics of all participation factors,it shows a broad nonlinearity with the soil moister,climate condition,vegetation type and the space of plant.Because the nonlinearity system dissatisfies linearity plus principle,the conversion coefficient is used to avoid the simple superposition of evaporation and transpiration,fully considering interaction effects of soil evaporation,vegetation transpiration and climate condition.It's found that the evapotranspiration at Mogao Grottoes is a representation of high water dissipative structure under the extremely dry climate condition.


A brief survey of studies devoted to the theory of difference schemes and carried out in the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of sciences is given.


The room temperature, liquid-phase oxidation of 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (CEES), an analogue of mustard gas, was investigated using vanadium-doped acid-prepared mesoporous silica ("V−APMS") as a solid catalyst. The V−APMS samples were prepared by wet impregnation with NH4VO3, followed by calcination. XRD, N2 physisorption, SEM, and EPR were used to characterize the solid products. Samples with lower V contents (0.1−10 wt %) were found to contain isolated vanadyl species and were highly effective for oxidation of CEES to the corresponding sulfoxide and sulfone using tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) as the oxidant. Surface area and pore volume decreased significantly at higher loadings of V due to formation of V2O5 within the pores of the solid. The mechanistic route involved V5+/V4+ redox cycles during the catalysis process, as revealed by EPR studies.


Objective To investigate the effects of storage conditions on the stability of Valproic Acid concentration of blood samples.Methods Samples of the patient's blood were collected and stored at room temperature(12℃) and 4℃ respectively.The stabilities of Valproic Acid concentration in blood were tested by HPLC method at 0,24,48 and 72 h.Results The concentration of Valproic Acid in blood at different environment had no significant difference within 72h(RSD 10%).Conclusion The concentration of Valproic Acid is stable in blood at room temperature(12℃) and 4℃ within 72 h.


Objective:To find the relationship between locus of control and time management disposition of middle school students.Methods:Using the Adolescence Time Management Disposition Scale and the Internal Versus External Locus of Control Inventory, we investigated 599 students. Results:Middle school students' locus of control was negatively correlated to time management disposition, including sense of time value, sense of time control and sense of time efficacy. The difference of locus of control between high time management disposition group and low time management disposition group was significant. Conclusion:Locus of control was negatively correlated with time management disposition in middle school students.


Phase composition and microstructure of O′-Sialon-ZrO_(2 )composite during the process of reaction sintering based on the formula of CaO stabilized ZrO_(2), zircon, Si_(3)N_(4) and Al_(2)O_(3,)as starting materials are investigated. The results show that, at 1550 ℃, the transient liquid is formed in the samples, which acceleratesthedecomposition ofzirconandthe"solution-diffusion-reprecipitation"processofO′-Sialon.When heated at 1 600 ℃ and up, zircon in the samples is completely decomposed and O′-Sialon crystals well develope and form a matrix texture,while coarse particles of stabilized ZrO_(2) are decomposed into small particles of m-ZrO_(2) due to the dissolution of Ca~(2+) from stabilized ZrO_(2).


Tourism, beneficial for some yet harmful to others to the point of being described as neo-colonialism, is the object of opposite representations. If the scandalized speeches against neo-colonialism are used to avoid tackling problems arising from the behavior of national political representatives, there are, among the geopolitical consequences of a rise in tourism, terrorist attacks and the establishment of the mafia in certain touristic regions. Nevertheless, the role of tourism as a means to promote a nation, with the promotion of historical sites and landscapes, is quite efficient. Furthermore, in certain regions, tourism contributes to the construction of the representation of an intangible regional identity, which becomes a real touristic product.


EDS syncrude derived from Texas Lignite (Big Brown) was refined in an extensive program which included pilot plant and laboratory studies. Then the cost of refining was estimated from engineering studies. It was demonstrated that advanced, commercial petroleum technology can be used to refine this syncrude to gasoline, jet, diesel, and heating fuels. The EDS syncrude contains less hydrogen than petroleum crudes. It also contains large amounts of heteroatom impurities. It differs from petroleum in that it contains almost no residua and over 90% boils in the gasoline and diesel ranges. With these properties, an appropriate way to refine is by hydroprocessing. Hydroprocessing yields a volume of finished products which is 88 to 97 LV% of the original volume of syncrude. In addition, the heteroatoms are ultimately removed as sulfur and salable ammonia. The engineering studies provided estimates of the refining costs for grass roots refineries which would produce 50,000 bbl per calendar day of products. The Second Quarter 1983 refining costs range from $12 to $17/bbl of product, depending upon the desired product slate. These costs do not include the cost of the EDS syncrude itself. 36 references, 17 figures, 116 tables.


Recent circumstantial and journalistic evidence suggests that the patriotism issue may have helped George Bush win the 1988 election. Yet there has been little systematic scholarly assessment of the role patriotism plays in U.S. electoral politics. While there is a small empirical literature on patriotic attitudes, researchers have not availed themselves of recent scholarly work that treats patriotism as a historical concept with contested meanings. Within the framework of a historical-conceptual understanding of patriotism, we used Q-methodology to collect data on patriotism perspectives from diverse groups of citizens and used the results of these studies to conduct an R-methodology survey of a representative sample from the community. Results of the survey show that people who understand patriotism symbolically, emotionally, or instinctively were particularly susceptible to George Bush's rhetorical appeals to patriotism and the flag. Indeed, these appeals had a strong influence on their vote choice, in favor of Bush. Voters who understood patriotism in alternative ways, however. were not induced by the Bush campaign's rhetorical strategy into voting for Bush for president.


Abstract The purpose of this study is to examine the incorporation of Google Earth Virtual Reality (VR) into English Learners' (ELs) expository writing experiences from a Funds of Knowledge perspective utilizing a mixed-methods explanatory sequential design. The participants were 22 ELs from a middle school in a rural Midwestern town. During the quantitative phase, the expository writing artifacts were collected through a multiple before-and-after non-experimental design and analyzed using ANOVA. A text-in-context coding approach was adopted to examine changes in students' writing. The results showed a statistically significant increase in expository writing skills, particularly in description, cause/effect, compare/contrast, and enumeration. A descriptive survey assessing the acceptance of Google Earth VR was distributed as well. During the qualitative phase, a follow-up focus group for the ELs and teacher interviews were conducted. Field notes/memos were used to triangulate the data. The qualitative findings indicated that the ELs were engaged in the virtual-assisted writing environment and showed positive attitudes toward Google Earth VR. Concerns about using Google Earth VR in writing (i.e. time-consuming as well as distracting and posing integration difficulties) were addressed. Future directions inspired from this study are discussed as well.


Legalisation of abortion is a necessary but insufficient step towards improving women's health, if it is not supported by a strong back-up of skilled providers, adequate facilities and easy access. We report a case of a 20-year old female, who presented with uterine, vaginal and rectal perforation with macerated fetus in the abdominal cavity with severe sepsis after an attempted unsafe abortion. NJOG 2011 Nov-Dec; 6 (2): 47-48 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njog.v6i2.6757


Soil pore structure and soil water content are critical regulators of microbial activity and associated carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. This study evaluated the impacts of soil bulk density and matric potential on carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions through modifications of total porosity, air-filled porosity, water retention, and gas diffusivity. Soil samples were manipulated into four bulk densities (1.0, 1.1, 1.2, and 1.3 Mg m−3) and ten matric potential levels (−1, −2, −3, −4, −5, −6, −7, −8, −9, and −10 kPa) in controlled soil cores. The results showed that lower bulk densities enhanced while higher densities suppressed CO2 emissions. Similarly, wetter matric potentials decreased fluxes, but emission increased with drying. Correlation and regression analyses revealed that total porosity (r = 0.28), and gravimetric water content (r = 0.29) were strongly positively related to CO2 emissions. In contrast, soil bulk density (r= −0.22) and matric potential (r= −0.30) were negatively correlated with emissions. The results highlight that compaction and excessive water content restrict microbial respiration and gas diffusion, reducing CO2 emissions. Proper management of soil structure and water content is therefore essential to support soil ecological functions and associated ecosystem services.


From the beginning of the last decade the private universities have been playing massive role at tertiary education in Bangladesh. It has almost changed the total scenario, story line of the education system of the last 200 years. Private universities started with a vision, goal and amid so many barriers and obstacles. It has also sound attainment and contribution to the nation. Quality education is a prerequisite for sustainable development. For finding the determinants of quality tertiary education, studies suggest inclusion of relevant variables, as the customers are well diversified with students, their parents and guardians, and academic and administrative staff- each having different needs and objectives. Thus, this paper tries to incorporate forty nine  "Quality Characteristics" which previously found significant by various studies with a few uniquely appropriate local characteristics. The results show that the quality of private university education mainly depends upon the competence of their academic and administrative staff, the content of their curriculum, reliability of the institution, and the attitude of their staff. Keywords: Quality Dimensions, Customers, Public Universities, Private Universities


The article is devoted to actual problems of phthisiology in Russia. It is presented the analysis of reasons for the slow regression of tuberculosis in Russia, as throughout the world, the most important of which are multi-drug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the increasing spread of HIV infection and the number of adverse social factors. Practical importance of application of modern methods of accelerated drug resistance testing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to its successful treatment is shown.


Issue addressed: Creating supportive environments is one of the goals for action in the Ottawa Charter. This qualitative study examines awareness and use of free and pay recreational physical activity facilities and factors that influence their use. Methods: Four focus groups were conducted. The groups were stratified by socioeconomic status (low and high) and exercise behaviour ( sedentary and low-to- moderate exercisers). Results: Group participants were aware of a wide range of physical facilities in their area. Use of facilities, especially pay facilities, was fluid and changed according to preferences, necessity, perceived ability, perceived age barriers, changing social circumstances and competing commitments. While proximity and accessibility were important, they interacted with other factors. The use of parks was influenced by aesthetic features, the presence of amenities and park size. Many people reported enjoying walking in their local neighbourhood. This was influenced by urban design features including the availability of footpaths, traffic control measures, walking paths and local shops. Deterrents included a fear for personal safety, especially at night, and fear of dogs. Conclusion: This small qualitative study suggests that the use of recreational physical activity facilities results from a complex interplay of personal and environmental factors. While proximity and accessibility are important, they alone do not explain patterns of use. So what? Different factors appear to influence the use of free and pay facilities. Some may be open to intervention through urban design and, to some extent, others through the recruitment and training of staff working at pay facilities. Intersectoral action is required to change these factors, however more quantitative research is needed that examines which aspects of the physical environment are most likely to influence physical activity participation. (author abstract)


We calculate the increment of Gibbs free energy(ΔG)and equilibrium constant(K)of the seven chemical reactions for dissolution of primary minerals of clasolite related to clastic diagenesis under different temperatures and pressures.The calculation result shows that these primary minerals(i.e. potash feldspar,soda feldspar,lime feldspar, pyroxene and hornblende)related to clastic diagenesis have comparatively weak stability to fight corrosions;The melane and neutral-basic plagioclase are much more easy to dissolute and even to produce more secondary interstices in acid solution than acid plagioclase and alkali feldspar,which can offer space and passageways for the movement and accumulation of oil and gas.


Objective. To examine the relationship between parenting styles (of mothers and fathers), children's self-concept, and subjective and objective measures of metacognition, and to investigate whether self-concept and parenting style predicted metacognition. Methodology. A convenience sample of 196 students who belong to an official educational institution was used; this study implemented a quantitative correlational design. The study also used a series of ordinary least squares (OLS) regression models to examine the extent to which mothers' and fathers' parenting styles as well as children's self-concept predicted children's subjective metacognitive awareness and objective metacognitive monitoring. Results. Parenting styles predicted metacognition in three learning domains (reading comprehension, mathematics, and similarities), although in different ways. Furthermore, children's self-concepts also predicted metacognition in all three domains. Conclusion. Education must extend beyond school and children to include family. These educational outreach efforts should incorporate more than just how family life affects learning outcomes, such as children's performance in academic domains, but also how family life affects children's metacognitive abilities.


The present work is based on a comparative study of the differences between the
Spanish and German phonetic-phonological systems. Our language demands a
continuous and growing demand at all levels, either for our own interest, our labor or
other needs. Therefore, this work focuses on the elaboration of a didactic proposal
that takes into account the difficulties of the German-speaking students in the
articulation, production and perception of liquid and fricative phonemes, and whose
objectives are broadly the improvement in the fluency as much as the pronunciation
of the sounds to be treated in the exercise of oral expression and interaction. Likewise,
a variety of didactic resources are used, among which the use of ICTs and the
predominance of activities within an approach in which the use of the language
prevails for a communicative purpose, inexorably linked to the context in which
students will be boosted considerably to express themselves in a real concrete
situation. The conclusions show that the objectives set have been achieved
satisfactorily and it is only necessary to take the proposal to the classroom to obtain
more precise results


many cases. Twenty per cent of scarlet fever cases develop a suppurative Qtitis media; and as the scarlet fever cases are noted for their bone destruction, they are the most apt to'become chronic. Measles is complicated similarly in five per cent of the cases and diphtheria shows about the same average. Cases of general streptococcus infection are very' apt to find a point of low resistance in the ear, and both whooping cough and influenza contribute cases. In measles, streptococcus infection and influenza, the complication occurs early. In measles the characteristic macules have been observed upon the drum coincidently with their appearance in the mouth and naso-pharynx, which points to the toxins being carried to the ear by the general hematogenous infection. In scarlet fever the ear infection is late, occurring about the time of a post scarlatinal nephritis, which may have a similar mode of origin. Coming now to the predisposing cause of the chronic cases we must first consider the tubercular cases, which might be described as chronic from the onset. These cases come on without any of the acute symptoms of pain, swelling or noticeable fever, so that the patient can scarcely give the history of the onset, and may properly be termed chronic throughout their course. Under the factors which tend to cause the acute cases to become chronic we must consider treatment, bone necrosis, cholesteatoma and -resistance. Proper treatment is important for two reasons: to secure as cleanly a field as is possible and to secure good drainage. It is a well known fact that the bacteria which are present at the onset of an acute suppurative otitis differ from those present in the chronic cases. In cultures made from acute cases at the time of the rupture of the mebrana tympani, or paracentesis, pure cultures are usually found: the pneumococcus most frequently, followed by the streptococcus and se'ldom the staphylococcus. Mixed infection takes place in the chronic cases; pure cultures are rare, and the primary bacteria give way to the secondary. The staphylococcus is the common microbe of the chronic cases, with diplococci, bacillus proteus vulgaris, gonococci, bacillus fetidus, coli, Klebs-Laeffler and leptothrix following about in frequency of the order named with the fungi aspergillus niger and yeast occasionally met with. With the advent of these hardier germs, the more virulent but less resistant pneumococci and streptococcidie out. Conditions which favor the mixed infection taking place through the external auditory canal or the Eustachian tube are predisposing causes of the chronic condition, and treatment which renders these pathways clean favors the healing of the acute cases. Likewise if good drainage through the external canal and the tube is not present conditions are set up which favor a protracted course for an acute condition. In those cases where the invading microbe is virile, resistance being low, and bone necrosis ensues, the character and extent of the lesion favors a more protracted course of the condition. Likewise if the suppurative discharge irritates the epithelium on the membrana tympani to the point of'exciting its growth through the perforation into the tympanic cavity, forming a cholesteatoma, we have another potent cause for the condition becoming chronic. And, finally, we have those cases where the treatment has been good, but which nevertheless pursue a chronic course, attributable only to the low resistance of the individual-a known lack of resistance which so frequently expresses itself in diabetes and syphilis; and an unknown lack of resistance, which has its counterpart in successive outbreaks of furunculosis in some ,patients, which is paralleled occasionally by the apparent inability of the body organism to overcome the middle ear infection.


A full-bridge zero voltage and zero current switching(ZVZCS) DC/DC converter is proposed in this paper.Two auxiliary circuits which consists of two small capacitors and five diodes is added in the secondary to provides ZCS conditions to the lagging switches as well as to clamp secondary rectifier voltage.For the sake of high out-voltage,the double-full-bridge rectifier is desiged to reduce the high voltage stress and solve the problem of the averge-voltage for the rectifier diodes.Many advantages including simple control,no additional active switches and snubber circuit makes the proposed converter efficient and cost effective.Theoretical analysis and experimental results both confirm the validity of the proposed design.


PURPOSE: A composition containing Ligustrum obtusifolium S. et Z. is provided to prevent and treat inflammatory disease or viral disease. CONSTITUTION: A composition for preventing or treating inflammatory disease or virus infectious disease contains Ligustrum obtusifolium S. et Z. extract. The virus is rhinovirus or HIV-1. The Ligustrum obtusifolium S. et Z. extract is ethanol soluble extract from leaves of Ligustrum obtusifolium S. et Z. The extract contains (4S,5E,6S)-4-[2-[2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethoxy]-2-oxoethyl]-5-ethylidene-6-[[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-2-tetrahydropyrane]oxy]-4H-pyrane-3-carboxylic acid and methyl aster, carboxylic acid, and methyl ester.


Since the birth of the first baby following in vitro fertilization (IVF), assisted reproductive technology (ART) has become one of the most revolutionary and significant medical developments over the past quarter century. The first confirmed IVF of human oocytes was reported in the late 1960s by Edwards, Steptoe, and Barrister in the United Kingdom, yet the first live-born child resulting from IVF did not occur until 1978.1 Since then, more than 1 million babies have been delivered worldwide after ART, and it has greatly improved the chance for childbearing in couples who would not have been able to conceive through ordinary means. Although IVF was developed for women with tubal factor infertility, progressive refinements in ovarian stimulation protocols, ultrasound-guided oocyte retrieval methods, micromanipulation techniques such as intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), and in vitro embryo culture systems have shaped the modern infertility evaluation and extended the use of ART to couples with infertility diagnoses other than tubal disease. Because of continuous improvements in pregnancy outcomes and the growing worldwide use of IVF, significant numbers of infertile couples have had successful pregnancies. Approximately 1% of babies born in the United States are conceived through IVF, with higher proportions for states, such as Massachusetts, where there is mandated insurance coverage of this therapy.2 According to 2003 statistics from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology, 91,032 nondonor fresh IVF cycles were initiated, resulting in 76,902 oocyte retrievals and 74,296 embryo transfers in that year. Approximately 31,348 pregnancies were conceived, and 25,775 live-birth deliveries were reported.3 Before they seek consultation from a fertility specialist, patients usually have been unsuccessful in attempts to conceive over a 12-month period of appropriately timed intercourse. Although the diagnosis of infertility implies the inability to conceive, many of these patients are actually subfertile and may be able to conceive without intervention over an extended period much greater than the 12 months ordinarily used to categorize a couple as infertile.2 Interestingly, treatment-independent pregnancy rates may vary according to the population studied. Specifically, cumulative (>12 months) treatment-independent pregnancy rates in a primary care population of infertile patients may be 27.4%, versus 12.3% in a population referred to specialists for non-ART evaluation and therapy, versus 2% to 6% in couples referred for IVF.4–6 Before they proceed with IVF, many subfertile patients may select one or more other less-costly and less-invasive fertility therapy options. These options may include natural cycle or clomiphene citrate (CC) ovulation induction with either timed intercourse or intrauterine insemination (IUI). If these options are not successful, many couples may choose superovulation with gonadotropins and IUI. Twin Gestation Following in Vitro Fertilization


In the realm of algorithmic economics, voting systems are evaluated and compared by examining the properties or axioms they satisfy. While this pursuit has yielded valuable insights, it has also led to seminal impossibility results such as Arrow's and Gibbard-Satterthwaite's Impossibility Theorems, which pose challenges in designing ideal voting systems. Enter the domain of quantum computing: recent advancements have introduced the concept of quantum voting systems, which have many potential applications including in security and blockchain. Building on recent works that bypass Arrow's Impossibility Theorem using quantum voting systems, our research extends Quantum Condorcet Voting (QCV) to counter the Gibbard-Satterthwaite Impossibility Theorem in a quantum setting. To show this, we introduce a quantum-specific notion of truthfulness, extend ideas like incentive compatibility and the purpose of onto to the quantum domain, and introduce new tools to map social welfare functions to social choice functions in this domain.


The present study was carried out to explore the production of antibiotics from soil microbes of medicinal Plant Curcuma longa (Turmeric). Soil samples of the Curcuma longa rhizosphere regions were collected from the different region in Akola City, Western Vidharbh region of Maharashtra. The bacterial culture from the soil samples were collected by the serial dilution and spread plate technique. The total 16 culture have been isolated from the soil samples and out of total 16 only 3 have been characterized which are potent isolates. These 3 isolates are active against the selected pathogens, E. coli, P. aeruginosa and S.aureus. These samples were labelled as S1,S2 and S3. The characterized 3 cultures were identified as Bacillus megatherium, Pseudomonas fluroscenes and Globicitella sulfidifacein by using Bergey's manual of systemic bacteriology. The Rhizospheric bacterial crude extract of Bacillus megatherium, Pseudomonas fluorescence, Globicatella sulfidifaciens were found to be more or less active against almost all tested pathogenic strains. Hence Curcuma longa can be employed as source of natural antimicrobials that can serve as an alternative to conventional medicines.It was concluded that the best activity have been shown by the Curcuma longa rhizospheric isolates (S2) which is of Pseudomonas fluorescens against all three human pathogenic organisms (E.coli , S.aureus , P.aeroginosa ). The activity of rhizospheric isolates was showing best results against S. aureus


Abstract. Agricultural land is strongly involved in the provision of ecosystem services given its spatial extent and impacts of agriculture on ecosystem functioning. Therefore, mapping ecosystem services require spatially explicit data on agricultural land uses. However, available data on agricultural land use usually have coarse spatial and temporal resolution, thus contributing significantly to uncertainties in ecosystem services quantification. Our goal is to develop an approach that produces high-resolution data on agricultural land uses. We propose a remote sensing approach using freely available MODIS images coupled with RapidEye images. Based on the phenological specificities of the different crops, we produced annual maps of agricultural land uses. We tested this approach over the spatially heterogeneous and mountainous region of Grenoble, France, where we mapped agricultural successions over 5 years. Maps produced at the scale of the agricultural parcel describe agricultural land uses through 17 classes. Our results suggest that coupling MODIS and RapidEye data can be used to map agricultural land use at high temporal and spatial resolution even in complex mountain landscapes. The comparison of the agricultural production service estimated by our method and from the Corine Land Cover database highlights the value of incorporating interannual variability in agricultural land use. This will also be facilitated in the future by the availability of new products from Sentinel 2.


As a case study of purple soil on typical slope lands in the Three Gorges Reservoir region,this paper primarily explores trace element contents in purple soil and their changes under the different grades as well as the different land-use types.The result shows that the contents of Fe,Mn,Ni,Zr,Sr and Ti in purple soil in the Three Gorges Reservoir region are higher than the background values of purple soil(A layer) in China and the average value of all the soil(A layer) in Sichuan,that of Mo is very rich,but those of Zn and Pb are lower relatively than the ones of Sichuan and China.Contents of Pb,Cu and Co are decreasing along with grade increase among some grades.By contraries,the contents of Zr and Cr are increasing.The contents of Cu,Pb,Co,Ti,Zr,Ni,Cr,Sr,etc.in purple soil have some correlations with the changes of slope grades.Difference of trace element contents is remarkable between cultivated land and uncultivated land.The man-made activities are primary factors leading to the changes of trace element contents of purple soil in the Three Gorges Reservoir region.


Abstract Membrane–transport properties of synthesized phosphorylated azapodands of a series of metals of I groups were studied. The investigation of the processes of passive membrane ion transport showed the phosphorylated azapodands 2 and 3 were the most selective with respect to the lithium ion. A monophosphorylated podand, which contain a heterocyclic nitrogen atom 8-(1-diamylphosphoryl-3,5-dioxapentane) quinoline 7 was synthesized. The molecular structure of the complex of a podande 7 with a copper ion was determined by the method of X-ray analysis. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT


Optimal placement of accelerographs in a high-rise building is the best way to know the real structural performance during earthquakes.The initial installing positions are obtained using QR decomposing the modal matrix,and then the optimal analysis for distributing accelerographs is done by adopting off-diagonal elements of the MAC matrix as the objective function.The numerical example results indicate that the proposed method is reliable and effective.


Mobile learning is an opportunity for libraries to develop new information services to enhance efficiencies and overcome the digital divide. The present study has found 1958 research papers in SCOPUS and Web of Science, published on mobile learning till January 1, 2013. They have received 6872 citations till December 31, 2013. These publications have originated from 157 institutes from 79 countries and were published in 64 journals. The paper has studied the global Research Trends in Mobile Learning from the analysis of the data. It uses different Bibliometric parameters in this context and it particular applied the transformative activity index (TAI). The journal entitled 'Lecture Notes in Computer Science' has produced the highest number of papers 106 (5.4 %). Taiwan has published 249 (12.7 %), the maximum literature on mobile learning. The number of publications in United Kingdom, Italy, Finland, and Hong Kong declined during 2007-12 compared to the first quarter 1984 to 2006. The literature on mobile learning is spread over 26 subjects. The highest number of publications 1290 (41.6 %) was in computer science. Average citations per publication were recorded ∼3.5. Top 15 prolific institutions have produced 366 (18.7 %) of the total publications and these publications have received 3374 (49.1 %) citations. The National Central University Taiwan (45; 2.3 %) is found to be the most productive institution. Ogata, H. from Showa University, Department of Internal Medicine, Tokyo, Japan is the most productive author with 25 (1.3 %) publications in the subject.


Improvements in patent application number P201230877 titled? Foundation ribbed superstructures and method of making the foundation ?, where the improvements introduced in the invention are related to the fact that the slab (1) above need not necessarily be formed by a single piece that completely covers the ribs (2) stiffeners from its inner end to its outer end, but said slab (1) above may be formed of multiple portions, a first portion covering at least the core (7) center.


Two distinct and perhaps contradictory trends distinguished the 1980s in much of the developing world. On the one hand, the 1980s were a decade of democratization. Military and authoritarian regimes around the globe succumbed to democratic oppositions. The poor and working classes, who often had no voice in authoritarian or military governments, acquired greater importance in democratic politics as a large and therefore attractive voting population. New legal spaces expanded opportunities for citizens to participate in policy formation, to organize openly, and to make demands on the state. At the same time, the range of policy choice and the state's ability to respond to demands seemed to shrink. In Latin America, for example, even as the continent moved toward democracy, neoliberal economic prescriptions for "free-market policies, wide-open trade and investment approaches, and total reliance on the private sector," replaced prescriptions that the state should play a determining role in any strategy for economic development., The neoliberal package generally included significant reductions in state budgets (fiscal restraint), privatization of state enterprises, and some degree of trade liberalization. Ironically, the costs of these adjustments fell heavily on the same groups whose electoral support had become more important in the newly democratic states. As a result, despite the neoliberal program's current popularity, many critics question its political viability. Economic programs premised on the preservation of economic inequality and the uneven allocation of the benefits of economic growth may be incompatible with the consolidation of stable democracy. According to this argument, the neoliberal coalition does not have a natural electoral majority.2 The big economic winners among elites need votes from a broad base to support a democratically elected coalition. If the governing coalition leaves the distribution of economic gains entirely to the market, it risks undermining its electoral support. It may resort to authoritarian measures to defend the integrity of the neoliberal program or lose power to a more populist party willing to promise satisfaction of popular demands. Even if in the long term economic growth satisfies many of those who do relatively less well in distributional terms, the costs of short to medium


The fundamental tradeoff in a WLAN with multiple video users is between the number of video users the WLAN can support and the perceptual quality each user experiences. Our previous work has investigated the delivered AVC/H.264 video quality over 802.11a WLANs with multipath fading. In this paper we study two extreme scenarios to formulate the upper and lower boundaries for video user capacity of an 802.11a WLAN operated under the contention based distributed coordination function (DCF): the worst scenario is when all users happen to be sending/receiving their intra-coded (I) frames at the same time and the best scenario is when all users happen to be coordinated in I frame refreshing. To calculate the video user capacity boundaries we study the dependence of coded video data rate on the properties of individual videos as well as the major video coding parameters: group of picture size (GOPS), quantization (QP) and video packet payload size (PS). Two heuristic formulas are proposed to calculate approximately the I frame and inter-coded (P) frame sizes respectively. The video user capacity boundaries are further explored in the context of the delivered video quality constraints investigated in our previous work.


The successful development of the livestock industry directly depends on veterinary and sanitary wellbeing. There are different types of disinfectants on the market, but their use in the same doses or overuse rates leads to increasing antimicrobial resistance of microorganisms. This fact can cause the appearance of more robust microorganisms, increase economic costs, and lead to an environmental disaster in the livestock sector. The disinfection efficiency depends on many factors, such as the concentration and temperature of the disinfectant, exposure time, room air temperature, the purity of the treated surface, and the sprayers' technical capabilities. A laboratory setup has been developed to simulate the disinfection process using a new sprayer under various operating conditions. A measuring unit was developed to conduct studies of the dispersion analysis of the spray. According to the experimental data, graphical dependencies are constructed showing the effect of the working pressure in the vortex device on heating of compressed air at the inlet to the sprayer, the degree of heating of the disinfectant liquid by compressed hot air, and the kinematic viscosity of the disinfectant liquid versus its temperature. The droplet sizes at different conditions of the sprayer operation are obtained. A thermomechanical (dispersion-condensation) method of applying the disinfectant liquid is proposed to increase veterinary and sanitary measure efficiency. The method's principle is based on breaking up the liquid into fine particles and heating them from a hot gas flow kinetic energy. Based on the obtained experimental data, the operating conditions of the developed vortex injector sprayer were determined to satisfy specific veterinary and sanitary requirements.


In the Republican Era of China,agricultural economics was spread and developed as a tool to save China's rural economy from going bankrupt against a historical background where rural China was going through a constant decline in rural areas ruralstorcial background where gningground where and a distorted development of commodity economy.In that period,agricultural economics spread very rapidly in China with a large scale;scholars engaging in this field had diverse research methods and subjects.However,scholars at that time focused much more on using modern agricultural economics as a cure for China's depressed rural economy than condcuting academic research that would contribute to the discipline development.This actually led to a fact that the modern Chinese agricultural economics in that era was far from being a subject with a complete and unified system.Instead,it was still in the stage of spreading and construction featured by complexity and fundamentality.


When making contact with an undercooled target, a drop freezes. The colder the target is, the more rapid the freezing is supposed to be. In this research, we explore the impact of droplets on cold granular material. As the undercooling degree increases, the bulk freezing of the droplet is delayed by at least an order of magnitude. The postponement of the bulk solidification is accompanied by variations in dynamics, including the spreading-retraction process, satellite drop generation, and cratering in the target. The solidification of the wetted pores in the granular target primarily causes these effects. Owing to the small size of pores, solidification there is sufficiently fast to match the characteristic timescales of the impact dynamics at moderate undercooling degrees. As a result, the hydrophilic impact appears `hydrophobic', and the dimension of the solidified droplet shrinks. Our study opens a path for controlling solidified morphology and sheds light on the impact scenario of strong coupling between the dynamics and solidification.


The introduction of electric mobility is one of the promising options to create a more sustainable mobility system for the future. Electric vehicles offer the promise of major reductions in local CO2, NOX and particulate emissions. In addition, electric vehicles are silent, easy to service and have high 'well-to-wheel' energy efficiency. However, the introduction of electric vehicles into society also poses several important challenges. Current electric vehicle technologies have limitations with respect to ease of use, driving range, and time-to-charge, and are relatively expensive. Moreover, the use of electric vehicles requires an adequate charging and electric grid infrastructure, as well as dedicated solutions for vehicle charging and storage that are optimally integrated into the built environment. In this paper the results are presented of a 'design inclusive research' project for the introduction of electric vehicles in the urban environment. Researchers & designers from architecture, industrial design, electrical engineering and technology assessment were involved. Amsterdam Airport Schiphol was a taken as a challenging case. The Schiphol Group has the ambition to develop its properties and business park areas in more sustainable a socially responsible way. Electric mobility is therefore one of the options to consider. The results show that it is possible to create a multifunctional, sustainable and comfortable urban area in which the electric mobility is very well integrated. It even can be stated that the sustainable urban development is becoming more feasible by the clever combination of renewableenergy, electricity grid design, inductive Park&Charge and customized electric vehicle services.


1. The challenge of organic growth Robert Kazanjian, Edward Hess and Robert Drazin 2. Profitable growth at Siemens Medical Solutions Eric Reinhart 3. UPS: Brown's organic growth Edward D. Hess 4. Execution: making growth happen at the home depot Tom Taylor 5. SYSCO: how SYSCO achieved 34 years of continued growth Edward D. Hess 6. Strategic position, organic growth, and financial performance William F. Joyce 7. Defining and measuring organic growth Edward D. Hess 8. The make or buy growth decision: strategic entrepreneurship versus acquisitions Michael Hitt, R. Duane Ireland and Christopher S. Tuggle 9. The misunderstood role of the middle manager in driving successful growth programs Rita McGrath 10. Organic growth through internal corporate ventures Philip Anderson 11. Linking customer management efforts to growth and profitability Doug Bowman and Das Narayandas 12. Harnessing knowledge resources for increasing returns: scalable structuration at Infosys Technologies Raghu Garud, Arun Kumaraswamy and V. Sambamurthy 13. Stay tuned: knowledge brokering via inter-firm collaboration in satellite radio Chad Navis and Mary Ann Glynn 14. New directions for the study of organizational group Robert Drazin and Robert Kazanjian.


Review(s) of: Taking god to school: The end of Australia's egalitarian education?, by Marion Maddox, (Sydney, Allen and Unwin, 2014), pp. 248, AU $29.99 paper.


The higher order Painlevé system of type was proposed by Y. Sasano as an extension of PVI for the affine Weyl group symmetry with the aid of algebraic geometry for Okamoto initial value space. In this article, we give it as the monodromy preserving deformation of a Fuchsian system.


Maillard reaction is a nonenzymatic reaction between reducing sugars and free amino acid moieties, which is known as one of the most important modifications in food science. It is essential to characterize the structure of Amadori rearrangement products (ARPs) formed in the early stage of Maillard reaction. In the present study, the Nα-acetyl-lysine-glucose model had been successfully set up to produce ARP, Nα-acetyl-lysine-glucose. After HPLC purification, ARP had been identified by ESI-MS with intense [M


Air pollution associated with wildfire smoke transport and heat wave in summer pose serious public health concerns in the populated New York City (NYC) area. In this study, we present a synergistic lidar, ceilometer and in-situ observation for wildfire smoke transport and planetary-boundary-layer (PBL) variation in the NYC urban and coastal area during the summer 2018 Long Island Sound Tropospheric Ozone (O3) Study (LISTOS). A dense smoke plume and mixing into PBL on August 15-17, 2018 was analyzed while the coincident enhancement of PM2.5, CO and O3 exceedance of NAAQS was demonstrated from both the observation and model. In addition, we show the temporal-spatial variation and difference of the PBL-height (PBLH) in the NYC urban and its coastal vicinity. We further evaluate the NAM-CMAQ model forecast of O3, PM2.5 and PBLH with the ground observations.


Combining expertise in primary and special education, the authors consider the potential of the NLS to prevent and alleviate learning difficulties of a dyslexic nature. They evaluate the usefulness of published teaching materials in terms of eight questions based on learning theory relevant to reading acquisition. They conclude that general schemes focusing on phonological development would provide an ideal basis for inclusive practices if they contained explicit guidance on 'assessing to teach' and the principles and practices of 'mastery learning', i.e. on planned repetition and revision that ensures retention of what has been learnt.


The article elaborates the area definition, valuation and disclosure of information about poor quality output. After the definition of poor quality output the article analyses especially poor quality tangible outputs. In this area it describes the process of its identification, accounting for poor quality outputs (with the main stress on work-in-progress) and consequences of poor quality outputs on corporation tax base.


A display device and a case for the display device are provided to join first and second joining portions to form a cover member and make a part or the other part of the cover member being contact with the side wall portion of a containing member, thereby joining the cover member and the containing member simply and reducing materials wasted unnecessarily in the production of the display device. A display device(100) includes a display panel(50), a cover member(60), and a containing member(75). The display panel forms an image. The cover member includes a front portion(601) and a side portion(602). The front portion has a display window(603) for exposing the front of the display panel. The side portion is bent and extended from the front portion. The containing member contains the display panel and is joined to the cover member. The cover member has at least one joining area(CD) that a pair of end portions are engaged with each other. The cover member includes a first joining portion(61) and a second joining portion(62) formed respectively in the pair of end portions. At least one of the first and second joining portions includes an area having a level difference from the surface of the cover member. At least a part of the first and second joining portions is overlapped with each other.


Shirato Sanpei began his manga epic The Legend of Kamui in 1964 beaming with faith in the figure of a rational individual who--with a careful technocratic intellect, a pure heart, and a most utopian vision of society--can perhaps overcome the contradictions of seventeenth century society. Most important to this figure will be the faculties of discourse. Shirato will pit this ideal against a totalitarian regime that rules by brute force and corruption. But by the closing chapters of The Legend of Kamui, published in 1971, it is clear that the ideal has had its day. It will not be enough to declare its failure. The ideal must be disfigured: the power of representation through language must be stripped. This paper will in part frame this development in the work of Shirato Sanpei within the contemporary discourse of so-called "discommunication." The term was used by a number of Japanese writers in the 1960s, and though specifics varied, each was concerned with the breakdown of private interpersonal exchange and of the practices of effective rational, transparent, and egalitarian deliberation promised by postwar democracy. Manga of the late 1960s was similarly concerned. But not all manga could handle the dissolution of this ideal of the speaking subject by displacing it, as did Shirato Sanpei, through historical allegory. This paper will close by looking at one short but famous work, Tsuge Yoshiharu's Nejishiki of 1968, a work more sensitive in registering the specifics of the limits of language as perceived in the latter 1960s and showing that discommunication concerned also the codes of narrative discourse in manga.