The development of scientific instruments was, only a few years ago, confined to universities and electronics companies having highly specialized human and/or technical resources. With the advent of open hardware initiatives, engineers, scientists, hobbyists, and even people with limited electronic skills have been able to tinker with complex electronic systems. Taking advantage of these inexpensive and widely available tools and in the context of an engineering project class for undergraduates, the authors set about building a working radiosonde prototype from the ground up, based on an open hardware platform and easily accessible components. As a result, a fully functional radiosonde has been built that measures, records, and transmits pressure, temperature, humidity, and wind, plus a small camera that stores images on a flash card. A release system was also developed so that the radiosonde can be detached from a balloon upon reaching a certain height, pressure level, or flight time. Once it is released...


Personal, job, as well as contract characteristics and workplace attitudes were related to frequency of absenteeism and intention to leave of call centre employees. Frequency of absenteeism and intention to leave were found to be mainly influenced by contract characteristics and workplace attitudes, while job characteristics and personal characteristics were less important.


Twenty loblolly pines, growing in International Paper's maximum growth experiment at Bainbridge GA, were destructively sampled at the end of the sixth growing season. Ten trees in the control and 10 in the maximum treatment were sampled. All trees were planted at a 2.4- by 3.6-m spacing and grown with complete competition control. The maximum trees also received irrigation, fertilization, and pest control. Tree measures were basal diameter, d.b.h., height of live crown, diameter at base of live crown, and total height. Each tree was sectioned at 1-m intervals and stem diameter determined at each end. Branches were removed and height, basal diameter, and length were measured on each branch. Branches were separated into foliated and unfoliated segments and weighed green. One branch from each meter was returned to the lab to determine dry weight and foliated branch to foliage ratios. The maximum treatment trees were considerably larger (17.2 cm- d.b.h., 9.57 m tall, 0.118 m 3 stem volume to 5-cm top) than the controls (13.5 cm- d.b.h., 7.72 m tall, 0.58 m 3 stem volume), but crown lengths were similar (6.7 m maximum, 6.6 m control). In the upper 5 m of crown, leaf biomass was highly corre- lated with branch basal area (r2 = 0.697 to 0.947), and there was a constant ratio of leaf biomass to branch basal area (50.4gm per cm 2 for maximum, 50.2 gm per cm 2 for control). In general, we found a constant ratio of bole basal area to cumulative branch basal area throughout the crowns (0.94 for controls, 1.06 for maximum).


There is much critical potential in bringing together the philosophy of emotion and the study of international law. Narratives about legitimate political and legal authority have tended to either assume that it is possible to extricate emotions from political judgement, or to rest upon uncomplicated (and wholly demystified) assumptions about the legibility of emotions over time and place. Philosophers interested in emotion have regularly grappled with questions concerning an emotion's reach and range (insofar that the emotion in question bears an intersubjective component), and recognition (comprehensibility) of emotions beyond one's own social and political communities (or even beyond one's self). Emotions contain evaluative judgments, and, as such, they strike as subjectively involved and image-laden "engagements with the world" (to quote Robert Solomon's memorable phrase). Where evaluative judgements are embedded within the structure of an emotion, we can expect it to be scripted, at least to an extent, by time and place, which raises, in turn, questions of all sorts pertaining to reach, range, and recognition.


The article gives account on an investigation that aimed to make visible the tensions that emerge in five educational institutions and nonprofit foundation Bogota and Cundinamarca, starting from the conception of the subject of rights and their formation through the pedagogical practices. For the analysis took into account the information obtained through interviews conducted on two questions related to the subject of rights and the contribution of pedagogical their training practices. It was found that teachers manage to handle the discourse of human rights; but do not mention the manner in which the students for the promotion and defense of their rights through the practices involved. Another finding was that there is a relationship and tension between knowledge and training and comprehensive training and curriculum structure. The results shows that teachers do not use terms like education based on human rights, but refer to the comprehensive training; teachers do not mention education stakeholders such as parents, and student ombudsman and others. This investigation and the present article arise from macro-project research entitled: Subject formation picture in pedagogical practices / os teachers: a view from the HRE. Because of this close relationship the reader will find that at different points in this article the macro project, its conceptual foundations, methodology and findings are mentioned. This investigation and the present article arise from macro-project research entitled: Subject formation of rights in pedagogical practices / os teachers: a view from the HRE. Because of this close relationship the reader will find that at different points in this article the macro project, its conceptual foundations, methodology and findings are mentioned.


This research looks to describe experienced stress in nursing teams working in primary health care. Recent changes and increased demands in primary health care may result in highly stressed teams, which have a subsequent impact on nursing care. Nurses' experienced stress has previously been identified at individual, team, organizational and cultural levels. Team related factors associated with stress have been identified as team climate, supportive colleagues and work environment. A descriptive study was conducted among nurses from 29 teams in 18 different primary health care centres, located in one Lithuanian county. The Expanded Nursing Stress Scale (ENSS) was used. A total of 187 nurses completed the questionnaire. The stress experienced by nurses depends on the team. The study results reveal both individual and team level stress. The effect of the team size is moderate, but the background factors of the teams had little association with the sub-categories of stress. Workload tended to cause more stress in larger teams. At the nurses' team level, a strong positive correlation was found between all of the stress subcategory areas investigated, except for that of "discrimination". Different teams followed different stress profiles, but based on their common features, various clusters were identified which should be noticed by management.


DNA Cryptography is used for secure end to end communication over a network by encrypting the messages. DNA is a well-known information carrier from one generation to another. DNA cryptography is preferred due to vast parallelism and information density that are inherent in any DNA molecule. In this paper, a new algorithm is proposed based on DNA cryptography, which enhances the security aspects of the data which is sent over a network. This is achieved by introducing feistel inspired structure and adding complex operations to it. Furthermore, this paper discusses DNA cryptosystem concepts based on the classic Vigenere cipher for substitution. A random function is used for generating One Time Password, which is unique for every transaction. This makes the algorithm complex and prevents the attackers to perform any brute force attacks. The results indicates that the confidentiality and integrity of the data is maintained and the feistel inspired structure for DNA cryptography using one time pad for key generation achieves a better encryption rate.


The invention discloses a preparation method of a long-acting hydrophilic polyvinyl chloride hollow fiber ultrafiltration membrane, belonging to the technical field of ultrafiltration membrane. By blending a hydrophilic high-molecular polymer with polyvinyl chloride, the purpose of long-acting hydrophilic modification in the membrane forming process by solution phase inversion is achieved. The preparation method comprises the following steps: mixing polyvinyl chloride, a long-acting hydrophilizing agent, a pore forming agent, a heat stabilizer and a solvent in proportion to obtain a hollow fiber ultrafiltration membrane casting solution with the mass concentration of polyvinyl chloride being 8-30%; simultaneously extruding the casting solution and an internal gelation medium into a tubular liquid membrane through a spinneret plate, letting the liquid membrane enter into an outer solidification medium through an air space of 0-30 cm for solidification, and rinsing to obtain the polyvinyl chloride hollow fiber ultrafiltration membrane which has the advantages of long action, hydrophilicity, high flux, low flux decline, high strength, and good interception effect.


Water-soluble CMC/PVDF binder systems were used to prepare graphite anodes and compared mechanically and electrochemically with CMC/SBR binder systems. The effect of crystallinity of PVDF binder on the mechanical and electrochemical performance of the anodes is studied. A contact free method easy to operate and equipped with high accuracy was developed by using capacitance measurement. The swelling of graphite electrodes was controlled and showed different results for different binder crystallinities (no swelling of binder with high crystallinity vs 12% for medium crystallinity and 17% for low crystallinity binder). The discharge capacity depends on the crystallinity of the binders and half-cells delivered a capacity in the range of 230–360 mAh g−1. The binder with medium crystallinity in particular exhibited the best mechanical and electrochemical performance and showed an excellent C-rate stability with specific capacities up to 10 C. Full cell tests showed good cycling stability over 180 cycles. The water-based PVDF binders seem to be a promising alternative to solvent-based binders.


An investigation was conducted in the Langley 16-Foot Transonic Tunnel to determine the effect of a boattail angle and wedge-size trade on the performance of nonaxisymmetric wedge nozzles installed on a generic twin-engine fighter aircraft model. Test data were obtained at static conditions and at Mach numbers from 0.60 to 1.25. Angle of attack was held constant at 0 deg. High-pressure air was used to simulate jet exhaust, and the nozzle pressure ratio was varied from 1.0 (jet off) to slightly over 15.0. For the configurations studied, the results indicate that wedge size can be reduced without affecting aeropropulsive performance.


A nonazeotropic multi-component composition which comprises: two or more volatile ingredients especially comprising HFC365mfc and a chlorine-free fluorine compound in which the molecule has a ratio of the number of fluorine atoms to that of hydrogen atoms of 2 or higher; and one or more high-boiling nonvolatile ingredients. The composition is excellent in detergency, volatility, safety, and environmental preservation. It is suitable for use as a detergent composition whose compositional fluctuations can be easily controlled over long-term use.


This paper proposes the creation of Anthropological Pedagogy as a distinct field of study within the framework of Anthropology, interfacing traditional Anthropology and Pedagogy with some pre-defined principles and objectives, chiefly designed to promote Anthropological goals and objectives through the medium of education. This paper proposes to lay the groundwork for what we believe will be an exciting and promising field, and we hope other researchers, scholars, Anthropologists and Pedagogists will take the concepts presented herein to their logical conclusion. This is based on the premise that there can be no quick fixes to complex and seemingly intractable issues, but that the ball must be set in motion nonetheless to replace superannuated axioms. This proposed field of study is distinct from the field of Educational psychology which deals with the psychology of learning, is much broader in scope than 'Anthropology of Education', and the relatively less-known field of Pedagogical Anthropology which was created over a century ago by Maria Montessori and others, even though there may be varying levels of overlap between them. This sub-discipline is proposed to be created with the fond hope that by combining the two crucial disciplines of Anthropology and Pedagogy, a new platform will be created for the wholesome furtherance of human welfare and interests, particularly long-term and global welfare through more scientifically structured education systems, which are designed to merge short-term local considerations with long-term global objectives. This approach includes within its ambit topics such as content fixation for societal benefit, long-term societal benefit, individual benefit and maximum psychological impact. Needless to say, it is integrated with the Theory of Mindspace, the Theory of Mind-orientation, Societal orientation and Cultural remediation. It also deals with the collection and analysis of meaningful metrics, consensus-building and mobilization of international opinion for the realization of the goals, and implementation of the principles of Anthropological Pedagogy. Overview of Anthropology Anthropology is a holistic science which investigates different aspects of man or Homo sapiens, possibly the single most successful species in the world till date, and integrates this study with a study of his forerunners and predecessors including hominins, hominoids and other primates to achieve a thorough understanding of the origins and culture of man. It is also the systematic study of humans as biological organisms, and of human culture, and encompasses the approaches of both the biological and social sciences for a wholesome synthesis between the two. It is an all-encompassing field of study and includes topics as far apart as the evolution of primates into humans (evolutionary anthropology), origin, classification and distribution of races, genetics, archaeology, anthropometry, paleoanthropology, ethnography, human ecology, cultural anthropology, economic anthropology, political anthropology, diachronic linguistics, synchronic linguistics and applied anthropology. Anthropology therefore deals with all aspects of human existence (Howard and Dunaif-Hattis, 1992), and its scope is so vast that it interfaces with a host of other sciences such as sociology, historiography, psychology, geography, social sciences and economics. However, the core fields of Anthropology are considered to be Physical Anthropology, Cultural Anthropology, Archaeology or Archaeological Anthropology and Linguistic Anthropology. The last of these in a strictly Anthropological context evolved in American universities, and is a sub-field with a lot of promise. The word anthropology is derived from the Greek word 'anthropos' which means human being and 'logos' which means science. Anthropology therefore refers to the science of human beings (Barnard, 2000; 1). However, the term anthropology did not exist at that time and the word came into use only in the past couple of centuries. Paul Broca defined Anthropology as "The natural history of man". According to Haviland, Prins, Walrath and McBride (2011; 2), "Anthropology is the study of humankind in all times and places". Langness (1974; 1) defines anthropology as "The scientific study of human beingsi.e., of the human creature viewed in the abstract: male, female, all colours and shapes, prehistoric, ancient, and modern." According to the University of North Texas, "Anthropology is the study of human diversity around the world with a view to identify commonalities and differences in social institutions, cultural beliefs and communication systems". According to Barrett (1996; 3), "Anthropology usually has been defined as the study of other cultures, employing the technique of participant observation, and collecting qualitative (not quantitative) data". Clyde Kluckhohn likened Anthropology to a great mirror which enabled man to look at his own diversity. The 1822 Encyclopaedia Britannica on the other hand, defined Anthropology as a discipline devoted to a discourse on human nature. Anthropology is also very closely related to sociology which may be defined as the "science of society". (L.F Ward and W.G Summer) August Comte, Herbert Spencer, Emile Durkheim, Max Weber and Karl Marx were the pioneers of sociology. Many Anthropologists also functioned as sociologists and the distinction between the two disciplines is often blurred. August Comte defined sociology as "The science of social phenomena subject to natural and invariable laws, the discovery of which is the object of investigation." According to Max Weber, "Sociology is the science which attempts the interpretive understanding of social action in order thereby to arrive at causal explanation of its course and effects." Morris Ginsberg states "In the broadest sense, sociology is the study of human interactions and inter-relations, their conditions and consequences." Sociology also forms a part of Social sciences which may be defined as "Disciplines which study social interaction, society or culture." (William P. Scott) Anthropology is a relatively new discipline whose theoretical framework developed only in the nineteenth and the twentieth centuries. However, an interest in studying human beings can be traced to the time of Heredotus in Ancient Greece in the fifth century BC, who developed a great interest in alien peoples and may have been the world's first anthropologist. Heredotus travelled amongst Greek colonies such as those forming a part of the Persian Empire, but wrote about other alien cultures mostly from second hand information. Other early contributors to Anthropology included Aristotle, Strabo, Lucretius (progenitor of the Three-age system of classification later refined by Christian Jurgensen Thomsen and Gustav Oscar August Montelius), Tacitus, Aquinas and Polo. Aristotle, arguably the world's first biologist, introduced philosophical anthropology, writing on human nature, and differentiating between man and animals. Strabo, a geographer, also wrote about distant places and far off lands just like Heredotus. He is known for his travels to Egypt, Ethiopia and Asia Minor. Some aspects of anthropology such as linguistics also evolved independently, in places like Ancient Egypt, Ancient India and Ancient China through the publication of notable works such as those of Panini. The voyages of early travelers and conquerors such as Hiuen Tsang, Fa Hien, Alexander the Great, Appolonius of Tyana and Megasthenes also stimulated interest in other cultures. Psammatichus of Egypt is regarded to be by some as the world's first linguist. Interest in cultural studies can also be traced to the renaissance period of the fourteenth and the fifteenth centuries. In the 14th century, Ibn Battuta also wrote about his travels to distant lands which included both Muslim and Non-Muslim worlds. Similarly, the age of exploration gave a boost to interest in exotic cultures, and travellers like Vasco da Gama, Magellan, Amerigo Vespucci, Vasco Nunez de Balboa, James Cook and Christopher Columbus wrote about their experiences and encounters with distant cultures. The dawn of the Age of Enlightenment, the French Revolution and the Industrial Revolution gave a major fillip to anthropology and sociology. The French philosopher Baron de Montesquieu wrote about several exotic cultures in his work "The spirit of the Laws" which was published in the year 1748. Henry Maine and Henri Lewis Morgan's famous works "Ancient Law" (1861) and "Ancient Society" (1877) were based on their own investigations and travels. Colonialists and missionaries also wrote about their encounters with other cultures, but their endeavours often had selfish, ulterior motives. Cultures were often labeled primitive, savage, barbaric, pre-literate etc, and not even the most eminent of Anthropologists were free from Eurocentric bias. In France and Germany, anthropology took off in the seventeenth and the eighteenth centuries, but other names such as ethnology, Volkskunde, Volkerkunde were usually employed. Early attempts to establish anthropology as a science can also be traced to the Italian philosopher Giambattista Vico, Montesquieu, French philosopher Denis Diderot, Jean le Rond d'Alembert, Marquis de Condorcet and Jean-Jacques Rousseau. The German Philosopher Immanuel Kant formally identified Anthropology as a field of study which traced the progress and cultural development of mankind in 1798. (Louden, 2006) In English, the word 'anthropology' can be traced to the year 1805 (McGee and Warms, 2012; 6). Anthropology eventually began to adapt to local interests and North American Anthropologists, for example, began to show a great deal of interest in the culture and customs of native North American people. Anthropology also owes a great deal to revolutions in the evolutionary sciences. Edward Tyson and Friedrich Blumenbach made many contributions to Biological Anthropology in the six


Abstract The effects of phosphorus containing inoculant identity/process history, addition level, addition temperature, and contact time on number density N A of primary silicon particles in small volumes of cast Al–20 wt-%Si are reported. Inoculation replaces the coarse, branched primary silicon otherwise obtained in the upper part of these castings with a uniform distribution of small polyhedral primary silicon particles. The inoculants tested increased in effectiveness in the sequence: die pressed and heat treated Al–Fe–P; die pressed Al–Fe–P; extruded Al–Cu–P; and Al–Fe–P prepared by a proprietary route. This last inoculant gave a maximum N A at 200 ppm addition level in this volume of melt for a contact time of 10 min at 800°C, and at 10 min contact time for an addition level of 100 ppm at this temperature. An addition temperature of 850°C produced a small reduction in N A, compared with 750 or 800°C. The significance of these findings is discussed in the context of previously published work and possible mechanisms leading to less effective inoculation at high addition levels and extended contact times.


Abstract We investigate ladder determinantal varieties defined by ideals of minors of possibly different sizes in the different regions (the steps) of one-sided ladders L . These varieties are an important generalization of the classical ladder determinantal varieties (i.e., with equal-size minors) since they are very closely related to Schubert varieties, this being the first main result of this paper. We show that they correspond to opposite cells in Schubert varieties in flag varieties of type A n . In consequence, one deduces the normality and the Cohen–Macaulayness of these one-sided ladder determinantal varieties with ideals of mixed-size minors, as well as the fact that they have rational singularities. Next we show that, up to products by affine spaces, each of these varieties is a basic open set in a classical ladder determinantal variety (i.e., with equal-size minors) and that it contains as a basic open set another classical ladder determinantal variety. This result, along with a general localisation lemma used to show it, enables us to compute the divisor class group and singular locus of the coordinate rings of these varieties, as well as to determine when they are Gorenstein.


Introduction Many intergovernmental and governmental organizations produce their own interfaces for statistical data. With the exception of the Common Database which combines select data from many of the United Nations' independent agencies, there is typically little cooperation for integrating data between agencies. Some universities have chosen to produce their own interface to merge data into a single source. One example is the Economic and Social Data Service from the United Kingdom. One may also rely on commercial sources. There are various questions to consider. Is a researcher likely to want to combine sources from various organizations? Is it logical to do so? Is the native interface good enough to use on its own and does it is easily allow the combining of data from various sources? Are the data from the original producer easily extractable? Does the original producer allow alteration of the data? Does your organization have the staff and expertise to design and maintain its own interface? Does your organization have the expertise to match changing data elements over time? Is there a commercial service, already in existence, that already does what you want? If so, how do the short-term and long-term costs compare? How would you treat documentation? How does the commercial vendor treat documentation?


Kete, Mary Louise. 2000. Sentimental Collaborations: Mourning and Middle-Class Identity in Nineteenth-Century America. Durham: Duke University Press. $54.95 hc. $18.95 sc. xx + 304 pp. Merish, Lori. 2000. Sentimental Materialism: Gender, Commodity Culture, and Nineteenth-- Century American Literature. Durham: Duke University Press. $64.95 hc. $21.95 sc. 400 pp. Noble, Marianne. 2000. The Masochistic Pleasures of Sentimental Literature. Princeton: Princeton University Press. $57.50 hc. $19.95 sc. 240 pp. In 1860, the writer of an article entitled "Sentimentalism" that appeared in Harper's New Monthly Magazine defined sentimentalism as "either a disease of the moral nature, or a perversion of imagination; either the illusive confounded with the actual, or fancy taken in preference to fact; either an emotional self-deception, or a pretentious unrealism" (204). This diction illustrates why many readers dislike sentimentalism, believing that it is inauthentic due to its emotional nature. Sentimental literature also has failed to receive consistent serious literary attention largely because of its direct and accessible style that privileges connection among the characters and between the reader and the writer. As Paula Bennett and Joanne Dobson both explain, this negative view gained momentum in the twentieth century as modernist standards emphasizing fragmentation, inaccessibility, and irony came into vogue, relegating the seemingly less complex sentimental works further into the marginal literary wastelands. Feminist critics challenged these assumptions when they began reevaluating sentimentalism in the 1970s. Joanne Dobson summarizes the diversity of the resulting criticism: "With the accelerating recovery of nineteenth-century women's writing, sentimentalism has been approached as a subliterature, as a moral philosophy, and as a hegemonic cultural discourse" (264). The three critical studies under consideration here focus largely on sentimentalism's cultural role, showing how it offered writers a means of depicting sexual expression, galvanizing political action, illustrating economic exchange, developing subjectivity, and maintaining community. Mary Louise Kete's Sentimental Collaborations: Mourning and Middle-Class Identity in Nineteenth- Century America investigates poetry found in an unpublished nineteenth-century personal manuscript entitled "Harriet Gould's Book." These poetic pieces reflect what Kete terms "sentimental collaboration," a way in which people combated loss and developed a sense of middle-class and national identity. Lori Merish similarly explores the connections that sentimentality had with class-related status. She shows how consumerism and a middle-class female subjectivity were intertwined. Merish also investigates how commodities both reflected and combated racial assumptions and symbolized imperialist attitudes. Marianne Noble in The Masochistic Pleasures of Sentimental Literature focuses on human relationships, specifically examining the elements of domination and submission so prevalent in sentimental writing. Drawing on psychoanalytic theory, Noble argues that this masochistic discourse stemmed from religious assumptions and discourse about "true womanhood" and was popular because it allowed women to focus on their bodies rather than their spirits. Each of these well-written books provides new insights into the significant role that sentimentality played in the cultural and aesthetic work produced during the nineteenth century. For readers unfamiliar with sentimentality, Kete's text offers a good starting point because its first section provides a clear over-view of the critical conversation. By examining the work of nonprofessional authors, Kete asserts that readers can observe "the raw elements of a complex cultural code" (16) in the daily lives of everyday, middle-class Americans. Influenced by anthropology and sociology, Kete's thesis argues that "literary sentimentality is just the written trace of a broad cultural discourse called `sentimental collaboration': the exchange of sympathy establishing the ground for participation in a common cultural or intellectual project" (xiv). …


Middleware is software that connects between hardware and application layer. Traditional middleware is limited in its ability to support adaptation while adaptive middleware enables modifying its behavior to conform to new situation. RFID applications grow widely and are used in many purposes such as supply chain management and ubiquitous computing enabled by pervasive, low cost sensing and identification. Implementing adaptive characteristic in RFID middleware will increase the capability of adaptation to specific environment such as different reader/tag, different application, and different platform. Adaptive middleware enables modifying the behavior of a distributed application after the application is developed in response to some changes in functional requirements or operating conditions. An extensive study has been carried out, and comparative analysis has been done on identifying the standard features that reflect the functionalities of RFID middleware and adaptive features that represent the non-functionalities of RFID middleware address to overcome the specific problems of application systems. This paper discusses the outcome of this study and adaptive middleware architecture for RFID applications is proposed that supports multi readers and multi applications.


In this paper, we propose and study a new method for increasing the power of a microfocus X-ray tube of transmission type. The proposed method is based on the idea of using a heat pipe as a tube anode. A theoretical expression is obtained for the maximum power dissipated at such an anode, depending on the diameter of the electron beam and the thickness of the tungsten target. It is shown that the power of the proposed tube can be many times higher than the power of tubes with standard composite anodes. An electron-optical scheme of a tube with electrostatic focusing is proposed and analyzed.


The core of this thesis is the study of microorganisms and plants of different sources with regard to their production of secondary metabolites.The first part deals with 35 actinomycete strains from soil samples of the Kilimanjaro region, which were studied in a chemical screening program with respect to their secondary metabolite production. It was important in this method to find out, if and in how far there are any analogies between chemical screening and a newly established LC-MS screening. The strains with attractive secondary metabolite pattern in chemical screening were up-scaled (1 - 10 L) Secondary metabolites were isolated by column chromatography (silica gel, Sephadex LH-20, HPLC) and their structures were elucidated (IR, UV, 1D/2D-NMR, MS). The biosynthetic capability of some producers were checked with the OSMAC method. Altogether, 29 metabolites were characterised. Seven of these have not been described in the literature so far. The benzisoxamide is one of these. It has a novel skeleton for a natural product.In cooperation with Prof. Dr.H.-P. Fiedler (Institute of Microbiology, University of Tubingen) isolated secondary metabolites from the actinomycete strain Micomonospora sp. Tu 6368, which were discovered by HPLC/DAD screening, were studied. Overall, ten substances were characterised, of which four were new. Among them are the largest angucycline (metabolite 6368C2, Mr = 1443) so far, and an angucyclinone (metabolite 6368A2), which is oxidized in the quinone ring.The third part is based on a cooperation with Prof Dr L. O. Demirezer (Institute of Pharmacology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey). The structures of 28 secondary metabolites which were derived from the Turkish medicinal plants Centranthus longiflorus, Vitex agnus-castus and Galium verum were elucidated. Five proved to be new iridoid derivatives.


Guangzhou Haining rubber fender front panel is studied.The basic process of finite element by ANSYS software is presented.Establishment of finite element model and assessment of the calculation results are pointed out which is an important factor in the process of analysis.Strength checking of structure improved is carried out by ANSYS software.The results showed that application of large-scale finite element analysis software for special steel structure analysis is feasible.


This paper is in the discussion the composition, operation principle, performance and driving ways of the H type piezoelectric car (HTPC). Which the main composition or components of the HTPC include an H type base, piezoelectric ceramic slices, rotators, O rings and shafts. In addition, the basic operation principle or vibration mode shape of the HTPC can through computer simulation analysis by ANSYS code to help understand. As for the performance include the rotational speed, movement speed and loading ability. Furthermore the driving ways include left wheels driving, right wheels driving and four wheels driving. According the experimental results, we found the best rotational speed, movement speed and loading ability is respectively 2, 031rpm, 962mm/sec and 289.3gw under conditions of 180Vp-p driving voltage and 22.9kHz driving frequency. And the rotational speed of the HTPC by right wheels driving is higher than the left and four wheels driving on average. However the movement speed of the HTPC by four wheels driving is higher than the left and right wheels driving on average. In the state of the rotation of the HTPC, its noise is 75.1dB on average. Finally, we found, the driving bandwidth of the HTPC is from 1.9kHz to 3.8kHz under conditions of different driving ways.


Relations between two different approaches to construct a composite beam theory are discussed. Namely, the approach that directly employs equilibrium equations is related to the asymptotic approach. First, numerical approaches that treat cross sections of general geometry, are considered. It is argued that the numerical implementations of both approaches lead to the Timoshenko beam models that are practically identical if the derivation is invoked consistently. Next, analytical approaches that treat thin-walled sections are addressed. Relative importance of the transverse shear in thin-walled beam is further discussed, and a "hybrid" Timoshenko beam theory for closed thinwalled sections is constructed. It employs first order ("classical")asymptotic approximation in combination with direct use of equilibrium equations to recover Timoshenko correction. Introduction While three-dimensional (3-D) Finite Element Analyses (FEA) are getting better, faster, and cheaper it is, perhaps too early to send all beam theories to the "dustbin of history". Yes, beam theories go back in history as far as Galileo and arguably predate any other developments in theory of structures. Despite this venerable past, there is still a great need for a compact yet precise description of elastic behavior of the bodies that can be qualified as effectively 1-D, or beam-like. The primary application of such theories would be in the multi-disciplinary fields, such as conceptual or preliminary design, as well as aeroelasticity and control. One of the obvious advantages is a beam theory is its "modularity": the 3-D elasticity problem splits into a two-dimensional 2-D cross-sectional analysis and 1-D beam problem. The results of the former can be reused again and again for various boundary conditions to solve multiple problems of the latter type. Trends be*Post Doctoral Fellow, School of Aerospace Engineering. Member,AHS. Copyright © 2001 by V.V.Volovoi. Published by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. with permission. come more transparent, and optimization as well as parametric studies that are so important in structural design become faster and cheaper without sacrificing the fidelity of the results. The advantages of going from 3-D to 2-D are dramatic: a relatively modern PC can solve such a problem in a few seconds. Still, all these benefits non withstanding, such analyses have yet to be widely accepted in the engineering community. One of the reasons for this may be exactly the overabundance of such theories; it is difficult at times to discern the differences between them. The intent of this paper is to bring a bit more clarity and order to the multitude of existing in the literature numerical theories for composite beams. More specifically, the intent is to unite an engineering approach with a more abstract mathematical derivation, and thus, hopefully, provide simultaneous comfort for practicing engineers while satisfying the rigorous demands of theoreticians. Numerical Methods For a general geometric and material distribution over the cross section, the 2-D problem cannot be resolved analytically, and thus some discretization is needed; therefore, 2-D FEA is employed. Several composite beam theories were developed in the past 20 years." In the present paper, two approaches are briefly reviewed: a direct use of equilibrium equations to obtain the stiffness matrix for a Timoshenko model'' and variational-asymptotic method.'' Equilibrium Equations Approach Below the following notations are used: GIJ and Cij 3-D stress and strain components, respectively; Di is a tensor of generally anisotropic material properties; i — 1... 3, i = 1 indicates the direction along the beam axis (note that in the papers where this method is employed'" i — 3 corresponds to the beam axis here i = 1 is chosen for consistency throughout the paper). The main idea of the method is to to express both warping and strain measures in terms of six beam


Inverse optimization is the problem of determining the values of missing input parameters for an associated forward problem that are closest to given estimates and that will make a given target vector optimal. This study is concerned with the relationship of a particular inverse mixed integer linear optimization problem (MILP) to both the forward problem and the separation problem associated with its feasible region. We show that a decision version of the inverse MILP in which a primal bound is verified is coNP-complete, whereas primal bound verification for the associated forward problem is NP-complete, and that the optimal value verification problems for both the inverse problem and the associated forward problem are complete for the complexity class D^P. We also describe a cutting-plane algorithm for solving inverse MILPs that illustrates the close relationship between the separation problem for the convex hull of solutions to a given MILP and the associated inverse problem. The inverse problem is shown to be equivalent to the separation problem for the radial cone defined by all inequalities that are both valid for the convex hull of solutions to the forward problem and binding at the target vector. Thus, the inverse, forward, and separation problems can be said to be equivalent.


Various chaos-based digital communications techniques have been proposed recently. Among them, differential chaos shift keying (DCSK) allows the receiving end to decode the signal using noncoherent detection. This paper proposes and analyses a multiple access scheme for DCSK. A simple 1-dimensional iterative map has been used to generate the chaotic signals for all users. Bit error probabilities have been derived numerically for different numbers of users and computer simulations have been performed to verify the results.


The present study aimed at investigating the underlying relationship between language and thought through the detailed qualitative analysis of interviews with 10 language teachers on issues pertaining to home culture attachment and world Englishes. As a result, being seriously challenged by the interviewer, significant alterations were noticed in the individual's thoughts even to the point of producing contradictory ideas which highlighted the fact that language is more likely to shape thoughts in constructing reality. Conducting in-depth interviews, the very participants who had believed to be culturally attached to their home culture proved not only to be detached but also to assume a negative attitude about the application of their culture and the principles of world Englishes in their teaching methodology. Thus, the findings of the study seem to have further major implications for researchers to make rigorous empirical analysis of the record of natural interactions in place of the widespread use of interviews and surveys due to the tentative and inconsistent results they might produce.


Basing on the analysis of cases, we made a judgment that doctors were the primary choosers of suitable technologies in clinical diagnosis and treatment.We demonstrated the feasibility of utilizing suitable technologies to realize the optimization of diagnosis and treatment,and found that it was difficult to choose and implement suitable technologies and the main reasons were beneficial relationship, weak responsibility and faulty management measures. We put forward strategies applicable for suitable technologies and they were policy guidance and financial support, strengthening the extent of supervision and administration, building favorable atmosphere, putting high emphasis on and strengthening the cultivation of doctor's moral diathesis.


As one of the most common defects induced by Automated Fiber Placement, in-plane fiber micro-buckling is characterized by a macroscopic value and its influence on composites tensile properties are studied in this article. The mathematical relationship between fiber microscopic distribution and geodesic curvature of non-geodesic fiber path is derived. Influences of in-plane fiber micro-buckling on tensile properties are analyzed by off-axis tensile theory and finite element analysis, and verified by experiments. Actual fiber microscopic distribution of in-plane fiber micro-buckling shows that it is reasonable to evaluate the scale of fiber micro-buckling by the geodesic curvature radius of curved fiber trajectory. Longitudinal tensile properties of lamina are dramatically influenced by in-plane fiber micro-buckling, while the influences of in-plane fiber micro-buckling on transversal tensile properties can be ignored. When A/L reaches 0.023, the longitudinal tensile modulus and strength of lamina decreased by 25.5% and 57.7%, respectively, compared with the lamina without any defects. Based on the conclusions made in this article, the scale of in-plane fiber micro-buckling can be predicted without metallographic observation. And the increase of structural efficiency and the loss of mechanical performance in consequence of non-geodesic fiber path could be evaluated for the optimization of fiber trajectory.


At 2∶28 p.m.on 12 May,2008,a devastating earthquake measuring 8.0 on the Richter scale hit Wenchuan County,Sichuan Province in southwest China,and resulted in death of thousands of people.The author went to An County that located close to Beichuan County as an emergency response team member of public health.Some geographic epidemiological methods were used to explore the geographic features and distribution of the diseases and high risk population in An County after Wenchuan earthquake.Thematic maps,curves and statistics tables were developed.The methods are tools to help public health workers to understand the sanitation situations after earthquakes visually,gradually and directly.According to the results mentioned above,the discussion on geographic epidemiology methods has been carried out from different aspects,such as their inherent advantages,key points and modes of their implementation,and the direction of further study in the field.The important conclusions obtained are:1)the successful usage of the geographic epidemiology is relied on the quality of epidemiology data with positioning accuracy,the frequency of updating and completeness of content;2)the targets of the study in the field must extend from the outbreak description to the forecasting of the outbreaks and decision making for their control and prevention as soon as possible;3) dynamic method will be used in future studies to demonstrate real in situ circumstances on time;4) decision support,early warning and forecasting will be the new outcome of the geographic epidemiology.It will be done in future studies.


This paper describes the design and modelling of a control system for a 130kV series-pass tetrode voltage regulator used to power a klystron as part of the Boeing, Free Electron Laser (FEL) experiment. This system is capable of supplying regulated voltage pulses to a klystron of up to 130kV, 65A, 8.5 MW peak, 10ms wide, and at 25Hz repetition rate with regulation better than +/- 0.2 percent. An analysis of the real-time feedback control system is provided, including the fiber optic control and feedback loop, tetrode grid driver characteristics and model, and tetrode control grid characteristics and model. These components as well as the entire loop were modelled using SPICE--a circuit simulation software package, and TUTSIM--a control system simulation package, to ensure system stability and regulation compliance. The feedback control system was designed as a type 1control system with zero steady-state error but with a fixed velocity error. The design and models predicted allowable rise and fall times as well as pulse overshoot. The final system control values were selected during test and system configuration. Typical rise and fall times are 120us each with a measured pulse regulation of better than 0.2 percent at 120kV.


In real world, a typical decision-making problem in the medical field can be seen as an uncertain hesitant fuzzy multiattribute decision-making problem when existing experiences of decision-makers are insufficient. A three-way decision model is an effective tool to deal with uncertain decision-making problems, which can realize the classification of objects. However, different psychological behaviors of decision-makers are likely to affect decision-making results in actual decision-making processes. In order to address this challenge, we first propose a regret-theory-based three-way decision model in hesitant fuzzy environments, which mainly combines regret theory with hesitant fuzzy sets to calculate the perceived utility value of objects. Second, since one of the core ingredients for regret theory is the regret–rejoice function, we put forward a new regret–rejoice function that preserves the original indecisive uncertainty in hesitant fuzzy environments. In addition, according to the inherent relationship of the used data, this article provides a three-way classification method based on the preference ranking organization method for enrichment evaluations I method. Finally, the practicability, rationality, and superiority of the proposed method are shown via the case analysis and comparative analysis in the medical field.


Purpose the value of service sales and the added value of service provision as distinctive parts of augmented customer lifetime value (ACLV). An additional purpose is to examine the effect of value facilitation on change in the financial value of customers within a customer portfolio as a result of service provision. Design/methodology/approach – The empirical study was performed by examining a large sample of high-volume customers belonging to the same customer segment of a retail bank. Findings – The added value of the service provision process is considerable. Value facilitation has a significant impact on change in the financial value of customers. Research limitations/implications – Possible avenues for further research would be to study multiple customer segments in a retail bank or in different industries. Practical implications – Customer profits resulting from the service sales process should be considered as only an initial indication of the financial value of customers. Managers should pay attention to the added value generated by the service provision process and the facilitation of customers' value-creation activities. Originality/value literature by conceptualising service from the service provider's perspective in terms of the service sales process and the service provision process. Thus, the focus is placed on the added value of service provision rather than on the consumption of a service.


This paper presents the classification of power quality (PQ) disturbances using modular probabilistic neural network (MPNN), support vector machines (SVMs) and least square support vector machines (LS-SVMs) in grid-connected wind energy systems. Different types of sag and swell disturbances due to the change in load and wind speed are created using MATLAB/Simulink. Classification scheme encompasses suitable features extracted by S-transform (ST) and is subsequently trained with MPNN, SVM and LS-SVM to effectively classify the PQ disturbances. The accuracy and reliability of the proposed classifier are also validated on signals with noise content. A comparative study is also carried out to determine the efficacy of the proposed techniques.


The challenge of the interaction of genotype × environment is one of the main issues in plant breeding. Various statistical methods to estimate the interaction of genotype × environment and choice the stable and productive genotype(s) have been introduced. In this study, 14 lentil genotypes along with two controls (Sepehr and Gachsaran cultivars) were evaluated during four growing seasons (2016-2020). The experiments were conducted in a randomized complete blocks design in three replications at Sarab Changai Agricultural Research Station, Khorammabad (Iran). The combined analysis of variance was used to investigate the interaction of genotype × environment, and results of the analysis showed significant effects for genotype, year, and genotype × environment interaction. Genotypes G5 (FLIP2014-032L) and G12 (ILL8006) were introduced based on S i(1) , S i(2), and NP i(1) statistics as stable and high-yielding genotypes. Based on various non-parametric statistics, genotypes G5 (FLIP2014-032L) with a mean grain yield of 1574.68 kg.ha -1 and G12 (ILL8006) with a mean grain yield of 1333.6 kg.ha -1 were introduced as stable genotypes. The heritability rate was estimated on the plot mean basis for yield trait in four years (0.61 ± 0.18) which indicated the capability of the studied genotypes to be selected and improved for grain yield. Based on the results of cluster analysis, the genotypes were divided into three main clusters. The highest distance was observed between the second and third groups. The first cluster included highly stable genotypes.


Objective To evaluate the value of electroselenium immuochromatographic test for detection of anti-HIV (1+2) antibodies. Methods National references of anti-HIV antibodies, positive samples verified by the provincial anti-epidemic department and negative samples verified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were detected with electroselenium immunochromatographic test. Results Electroselenium immunochromatographic test had high specificity and certain sensitivity for detection of anti-HIV (1+2) antibodies. Conclusion Electroselenium immnochromatographic test can be used in rapid diagnosis for detection of anti-HIV (1+2) antibodies, but it is to be used only in an emergency. The sensitivity of this test needs to increase. Therefore,the ELISA can't be replaced absolutely by this test, and this method is not suitable for screening normal blood donors before blood donation.


Research suggests that increasing employee commitment and satisfaction impacts on employee productivity and job performance, and has implications for job related behaviours such as absenteeism, turnover and tardiness. Moreover, literature also suggests that downsizing and cost-cutting negatively impacts on the satisfaction and commitment of employees and impacts on the effectiveness of organisations. The contention is that in order to reconcile the need to achieve high quality and organisational effectiveness in an environment of declining per capita resources and change, it will be necessary to secure a high level of commitment and satisfaction from all those employed in the higher education sector. This study therefore seeks to investigate the factors that produce commitment and satisfaction in academic and support staff respectively and to understand any important similarities and differences that may exist. The sample group consists of 111 support staff and 132 academic staff (N=243) at a higher education institution in the Western Cape. Two staff members did not indicate the category of staff they belonged to. A biographical questionnaire, the Job Descriptive Index (illI) questionnaire and the Organisational Commitment Questionnaire (OCQ) were administered to the respondents. Statistical analysis includes Pearson's Product Moment Correlation Coefficient, multiple regression analysis and analysis of variance. The results of the study demonstrate no significant difference in organisational commitment between academic and support staff, although job satisfaction is higher in academic staff than in support staff. Furthermore, academic staff in the sample are relatively satisfied with the nature of the work that they perform, as well as with their co-workers and opportunities for


The impact of this paper is twofold. First, we study convergence rates of the iteratively regularized Gauss–Newton (IRGN) algorithm with a linear penalty term under a generalized source assumption and show how the regularizing properties of new iterations depend on the solution smoothness. Secondly, we introduce an adaptive IRGN procedure, which is investigated under a relaxed smoothness condition. The introduction and analysis of a more general penalty term are of great importance since, apart from bringing stability to the numerical scheme designed for solving a large class of applied inverse problems, it allows us to incorporate various types of a priori information available on the model. Both a priori and a posteriori stopping rules are investigated. For the a priori stopping rule, optimal convergence rates are derived. A numerical example illustrating convergence rates is considered.


The authors present a self-adapting altitude-dependent regularization method applicable to iterative Gauss-Newton algorithms from the retrieval of vertical distribution profiles from atmospheric remote sounding measurements.This method aims at smoothing out artificial oscillations while preserving real small-scale structures in the retrieved profile whenever related information is detected in the observations. By applying it to the retrieval of O3 from simulated radiance spectra as recorded by MIPAS on Envisat, the authors demonstrate its good performance. The proposed regularization scheme is further tested by application to real MIPAS observations.


Leaf samples from the main citrus growing regions of Nepal were collected in December 1992 and April 1994, and the 52 samples were analyzed by DNA-DNA hybridization with probes In 2.6 and As 1.7 specific for Liberobacter asiaticum and L. africanum respectively, the causal agents of huanglongbing (HLB) (greening). Positive hybridization signals were obtained only with probe In 2.6, indicating that only L. asiaticum is present in Nepal. On the basis of these analyses, and also from the presence of leaf mottle and the occurrence of the psyllid vector, Diaphorina citri, we found that HLB and D. citri are present in many parts of Nepal, but only below 1,300 to 1,400 m elevation. Neither HLB nor D. citri were seen above this altitude, except in the Kathmandu area. Some areas or valleys a t lower altitudes (Dumre, 450 m; Syangja, 850 m) are still HLB-free, probably because trees are produced locally and not imported from the highly contaminated Pokhara area, and because it is likely that the movement of D. citri is hindered by the mountainous nature of the country. Exocortis, bark scaling, tristeza virus-induced vein clearing, citrus canker lesions, budunion crease and phytophthora gummosis were also found. Huanglongbing (HLB) (greening) was first seen in Nepal a t the Pokhara Horticultural Research Station in the 1960s and is believed to have been introduced with planting material from India (2, 3). The presence of the Asian HLB agent, "Candidatus Liberobacter asiaticum", in the major citrus growing areas of India has recently been documented (1, 6). In India and Nepal, L. asiaticum is transmitted by the Asian psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama. In the Pokhara valley (900 m altitude), the insect reaches high populations in May, June and July (5). To date, the presence of HLB in Nepal was based on syrnptomatology only. We have recently developed two DNA probes: Probe In 2.6 detects L. asiaticum (7, B), and probe As 1.7 detects "Candidatus L. africanum" strains (4). We have used these probes to determine the presence of HLB in Nepal and to identify the liberobacter species involved. MATERIALS AND METHODS Citrus leaf samples were collected in various regions of Nepal during two surveys (December 1992, and April to May, 1994). They were kept at 4°C before they were taken to Bordeaux for DNA extraction and hybridization with probes In 2.6 and As 1.7 as described earlier (4,7,8). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Twenty-three samples (1 to 23) were collected during the 1992 survey, and 29 samples (24 to 52) in 1994. Fig. 1 represents the dot-blot hybridizations obtained with probe In 2.6 and shows that the DNA from 25 leaf samples hybridized with probe In 2.6; no hybridization was obtained with probe As 1.7 (results not shown). These results indicate that the liberobacter present in Nepal is, as expected, L. asiaticum. Table 1 lists the samples that gave positive hybridization signals with probe In 2.6. Positive hybridization signals were weak (+ on Table I), strong (3+) or very strong (5+). The leaf samples that gave positive hybridization signals showed HLB associated mottle and, in general, leaves with pronounced mottle, give strong hybridization signals. D. citri was seen or has been reported in the areas where the liberobacter has Thirteenth ZOCV Conference, 1996Procaryotes and Blight Fig. 1. Autoradiography of dot-blot hybridizations between leaf DNA and SzP-labelled huanglongbing probe In 2.6. Each position represents a leaf sample from an individual citrus tree. Hybridization positive samples are identified in Table 1. been detected. The 1992 survey was carried out in December; the trees had mature leaves, with or without mottle, and had not yet produced a new flush of growth. In 1994, the survey was undertaken in April, a time when most mature leaves on symptomatic trees had dropped and new young leaves were appearing. Therefore, it was more difficult to collect suitable leaves in April for HLB detection. Of 22 leaf samples collected in December 1992, 16 gave a positive hybridization signal, and only 10 of 29 in April 1994. Table 1 shows that the citrus cultivars that were infected with the liberobacter, comprised Local and Kinnow mandarins, Local and Junar sweet oranges, Rangpur lime and lemon. Except for the Kathmandu area (1,300 to 1,400 m), Liberobacterinfected trees were not found a t an altitude above 1,300 to 1,400 m and, similarly, the psyllid vector, D. citri was not seen, nor has it been reported, above that altitude. Areas above 1,400 m where HLB and D. citri were not seen, were: 1) Lumle (1,750 m), west of Pokhara, 2) Paripatle horticultural station (1,450 m) near Dhankuta in the east of Nepal, 3) Bijayachap (1,300 m) above Sindhulimadi (which itself, is at 600 m and has both HLB and D. citri), and 4) Tansen horticultural farm (1,300 m), north of Butwal on the road to Pokhara. The areas above 1,300 to 1,400 m are probably free of HLB because the psyllid vector, D. citri, is absent, either because it has never been introduced in these areas or, more likely, because it does not complete its life cycle at these altitudes, although there is at present no evidence for this. There are also areas below 1,300 to 1,400 m where no HLB has been detected. Such areas include: 1) the Syangja district (850 m), 20 miles south of Pokhara, where D. citri is present. The apparent absence of HLB is probably due to the fact that the individual growers produce their own nursery trees and do not introduce trees from Pokhara. 2) At Thirteenth IOCV Conference, 1996-Procaryotes and Blight 269 TABLE 1 LIBEROBACTER ASIATICUM-INFECTED CITRUS CULTIVARS FROM VARIOUS REGIONS OF NEPAL, AS DETECTED BY DNA HYBRIDIZATION WITH PROBE IN 2.6 Position of Sample hybridization dot Dot Location (altitude) numberz on Fig. 1 intensity


This study compares the time-varying rotor thrust and shaft power characteristics of a yawed floating offshore wind turbine (FOWT) predicted by three different open-source aerodynamic models. These models involve the blade-element-momentum (BEM) and the general dynamic wake (GDW) methods implemented in the design code fast developed by NREL, and a higher fidelity free-wake vortex model (FWVM) that is capable of modeling the unsteady skewed helical wake development of the yawed rotor. The study is based on the NREL 5 MW baseline rotor installed on the MIT tension-leg platform (TLP) operating with different rotor yaw angles and under regular sea wave conditions. Both the undisturbed wind speed and rotor speed are maintained constant throughout the analysis, though different sea wave heights and periods are considered. Initially, the motions of the FOWT under both axial and yawed rotor conditions are estimated in a time domain using fast. These motions are then prescribed to winds, an open-source FWVM developed by the University of Massachusetts Amherst, to determine the aerodynamic rotor thrust and power as a function of time. Both TLP surge and pitch motions are noted to impact the rotor thrust and power characteristics considerably. The three models have consistently shown that the TLP motion exhibits a negligible impact on the time-averaged rotor shaft thrust and power of the yawed rotor. On the other hand, the cyclic component of rotor thrust and power are found to be significantly influenced by the wave state at all yaw angles. Significant discrepancies between the predictions for this cyclic component from the three models are observed, suggesting the need of further research through experimental validation to ensure more reliable aerodynamics models are developed for floating wind turbine design software packages.


The anticholinergic burden (ACB) quantifies the cumulative anticholinergic drug exposure. Although a high ACB is associated with a greater risk of functional/cognitive decline, its usage is frequent in clinical practice. We aim to quantify the ACB and polypharmacy in referrals to a dementia tertiary outpatient clinic.


There has been little research on reminiscence cues and their effectiveness. The purpose of the present study was to measure the effects of reminiscence practice using olfactory stimuli on the mental health and cognitive functions of community‐dwelling elderly individuals.


Emerging data suggest that the genetic regulation of the biological response to inflammatory stress may be fundamentally different to the genetic underpinning of the homeostatic control (resting state) of the same biological measures. In this paper, we interrogate this hypothesis using a single‐SNP score test and a novel class‐level testing strategy to characterize protein‐coding gene and regulatory element‐level associations with longitudinal biomarker trajectories in response to stimulus. Using the proposed class‐level association score statistic for longitudinal data, which accounts for correlations induced by linkage disequilibrium, the genetic underpinnings of evoked dynamic changes in repeatedly measured biomarkers are investigated. The proposed method is applied to data on two biomarkers arising from the Genetics of Evoked Responses to Niacin and Endotoxemia study, a National Institutes of Health‐sponsored investigation of the genomics of inflammatory and metabolic responses during low‐grade endotoxemia. Our results suggest that the genetic basis of evoked inflammatory response is different than the genetic contributors to resting state, and several potentially novel loci are identified. A simulation study demonstrates appropriate control of type‐1 error rates, relative computational efficiency, and power. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Nowadays,the development of environmental accounting in China runs slow and the study on it still lags behind.And the combination of theory with practice is still far from satisfaction.To greatly improve the current situation,we should strengthen the environmental management,establish the guarantee system,deepen theoretical research,enhance international communication and cooperation,amplify the accounting regulations and accounting standards,and speed up the process of accounting pilot work to further promote the development and perfection of environmental accounting.


Experimental data are reported for the persistent photocapacitance quenching observed at 77 K in GaAs. This effect, which arises on the so‐called oxygen (or EL2) center in gallium arsenide, is explained by the existence of two states of this center. The physical parameters of these stable and metastable states are given: optical cross section, annealing, and electrical deexcitation. Assuming a large lattice relaxation for the metastable one, a physical model is given with a possible microscopic origin. Other striking memory effects, and especially photoconductivity, are shown to be simply explained by our model.


The average annual profits before fees of the $10 billion plus Renaissance Technologies' hybrid Medallion "Leveraged, High Frequency, Artificial Intelligence (LHFAI)" trading hedge fund between 1988 and 2019 were about 66 percent. Total trading profits during this period were over $100 billion. The fund has never had a losing year. The fund is not open to the general public. First, distinctions among, in more or less historical order, the traditional market-maker trading model, the hedge fund trading model, the artificial intelligence trading model, and the hybrid LHFAI trading model are discussed. Second, the micro components of the LHFAI trading model are explained in the context of Renaissance Technologies' Medallion Fund. Third, key positive contributions of the model with respect to profitability, low annual volatility, market liquidity, and intellectual property development; negative ethical issues concerning exclusive access, tax fairness, financial transparency, shared responsibility for losses and systemic risk, and short vs. long-term capital allocation are discussed. Potential reforms that retain the positives, reduce the negatives, and that could positively transform the model are discussed. Fourth, potential impacts that the potential reforms might have on the macro LHFAI form of finance capitalism and the larger finance capitalism political-economic system are considered. Fifth, conclusions are offered and discussed.


Sixty normal and 60 retarded children were administered a series of block designs, half of which were interrupted prior to completion. The samples were divided among three instructional conditions. Instructions served to define interruption as success, failure, or neutral. Repetition choice was noted and subjects were asked why certain tasks had not been finished. Interruption was perceived differently by normals and retardates. Retardates perceived interruption as personal failure, normals did not. Although retardates exhibited a success orientation on repetition choice under the success condition, interruption was still seen as due to personal inadequacies. In a series of articles Zigler (1966, 1967, 1969) has proposed a two-group approach to mental retardation as being more meaningful than approaches which treat organic and cultural familial retardates as a single downward extension of the normal curve. Zigler contends that reported differences in performance between cultural familial retardates and normals, matched on MA, are attributable to motivational differences. He suggests that performances of cultural familial retardates are depressed by the effects of social deprivation and an expectancy for failure.


In connection with the latest works of B. Lynge and Einar Du Rietz, the necessity of subjecting all the material of the above mentioned species which is available in Leningrad to a critical revision became evident. This revision revealed that the conclusions of Th. Fries, G. Shell, P. Krylov, A. A. Elenkin, and O. Mattirolo, as well as mine, referring to Cetraria lacunosa in Eurasia are erroneous. My first opportunity of studying American specimens of this lichen was in 1925, through the kindness of Mr. G. K. Merrill and Prof. Bruce Fink, and established the fact that C. lacunosa has not yet been found in Eurasia. All specimens found in the territory of Russia up to 1925, that had been determined as C. lacunosa, proved upon the revision of the herbarium material to belong partly to the typical and partly to the sorediiferous C. chrysantha Tuck. (syn., C. septentrionale Nyl.). The first to determine these specimens as C. lacunosa was Th. Fries, who accordingly changed the diagnosis of Acharius, uniting the characters of C. lacunosa, C. chrysantha, and of the recently established C. norvegica (Lynge) DR. (vid. Lich. Arctoi, p. 38, and Lich. Scand. p. Io6). He thus, also determined the collections of Augustinovicz from Verkhojansk (Siberia, 1875), of Tilling from Ajan (Siberia, 1846-51), and of G. Shell from the Ural (prov. Ufa, 1883), which are in the Herbarium of the Cryptogamic Institute in Leningrad. Relying on the diagnoses and determinations by Fries, the above-mentioned authors also determined C. chrysantha and C. norvegica as C. lacunosa. The works of B. Lynge and Einar Du Rietz (Botaniska Notiser, 1924) established C. lacunosa Th. Fries, as a new species for Norway and also for Scotland and North America and gave it the name C. norvegica. Du Rietz is not quite exact, however, in identifying C. lacunosa Th. Fr. with C. norvegica. From the above statement, as well as from the diagnosis of Th. Fries, it follows that C. lacunosa Th. Fries equals C. norvegica, in part, and C. chrysantha, in part. When describing C. norvegica, E. Du Rietz noted the fact that in the exsiccatae of A. A. Elenkin, examined by him in Vienna, and in the Herbarium of Malmo, No. 57 was not C. lacunosa but C. chrysantha (1. c. 61); this circumstance, in connection with his work concerning the whole group, caused me to subject the whole of our Russian material to a critical revision. Having discovered that the whole of said material must be renamed C. chrysantha, and having studied it, I found that part of the specimens corresponded to the diagnoses of Tuckerman, Nylander, and Wainio, while a great part of the Siberian material displayed an inconsiderable number of peculiar soralia (the term being used in the sense of Darbishire). Owing to a paucity of material from America, I was not able to establish how far characteristic of the given species these soralia (sensu Darbishire) are in general, so I decided to single out the sorediiferous specimens as a special form. Further on, I am giving the description of the specimens of C. chrysantha revised by me and which are to be found in the Herbaria of the Botanical Garden and of the Russian Academy of Science in Leningrad.


Through extensive interviews and archival research, Joe Clark has uncovered the engaging details of Australian baseball's unique, and often turbulent, 125-year history, and for the first time the dynamic story of Australian baseball is told. Initially accepted only grudgingly in the late nineteenth century as an off-season substitute for cricket, baseball in Australia steadily rose in prominence. Starting with only a few neighbourhood games played between improvised teams, the sport grew to include state and national leagues and a spirited international competition. Both the shortcomings and the triumphs of Australian baseball are revealed in "A History of Australian Baseball: Time and Game", from an ill-fated late nineteenth century baseball tour of America and the political firestorm surrounding the formation of the Australian Baseball League in the 1990s, to the amazing defeat of the powerhouse Cuban team in the Intercontinental Cup of 1999. Joe Clark has taught in Sydney, Australia, private schools since 1981. He still plays baseball for the Baulkham Hills Club in Sydney.


There in front of me lay a thin, almost translucent looking person. Her hands were warped with the ravages of rheumatoid arthritis and her hair was so thin I could see the age spots on her delicate little head. She was sleeping, soundly from the looks of it. Her oxygen tubing was wrapped around her head and the machine made a strange whirring sound reminiscent of a swamp cooler I once had in my apartment in college. I touched her hand, softly at first, then squeezed a little harder. "Mrs. G., Hi Mrs. G., are you awake?" Her eyes opened and she cracked a huge smile. Uh oh, I thought, she thinks this is funny already? "Mrs. G., I'm the medical student who was going to see you today, did your nurse tell you I was coming?" Her eyes closed again. "Oh sure! Betty told me this morning," she said in a barely audible voice. "I even had them bring me an extra chair for you!" Wow, she is completely cognizant. Both a sigh of relief and a wave of terror struck me at once. Now I had to play the doctor.


Let f : S 2 → S 2 be an orientation-preserving branched covering map of degree d ≥ 2, and let Σ be an oriented Jordan curve passing through the critical values of f . Then Γ := f −1 (Σ) is an oriented graph on the sphere. In a group email discussion in Fall 2010, W. Thurston introduced balanced planar graphs and showed that they combinatorially characterize all such Γ, where f has 2d−2 distinct critical values. We give a detailed account of this discussion, along with some examples and an appendix about Hurwitz numbers.


The scientific and applied problems discussed in this paper are related to the development of a wireless charging station using an inductive power transfer (IPT) module power supply with energy dosing and dynamic matching. A computer simulation and an experimental study allowed the authors to define the ranges of the parameter variation of the equivalent load and to design the best matching so that maximum energy transfer is efficiency achieved. The proposed principle of energy control provides highly reliable and a flexible charging station even with a simplified system of automatic control and fault protection. A prototype charging station is developed and built to supply an inductive power transfer system that delivers 30–35 kW power over an air gap between transmitting and receiving parts measuring 50–200 mm and with a horizontal misalignment of ±200 mm. The results showed that the system can transfer the specified electrical power with about 82–92% efficiency and that the IPT module and its dynamic matching during charging exhibited a high degree of stability under a misaligned (x-y-z) condition and battery state of charge.


In this paper, we present an efficient 3D shape rejection algorithm for unlabeled 3D markers. The problem is important in domains such as rehabilitation and the performing arts. There are three key innovations in our approach-(a) a multi-resolution shape representation using Haar wavelets for unlabeled markers, (b) a multi-resolution shape metric and (c) a shape rejection algorithm that is predicated on the simple idea that we do not need to compute the entire distance to conclude that two shapes are dissimilar. We tested the approach on a real-world pose classification problem with excellent results. We achieved a classification accuracy of 98% with an order of magnitude improvement in terms of computational complexity over a baseline shape matching algorithm.


The magneto-optical Kerr effect (MOKE) is commonly used in time-resolved measurements of magnetization. A technique is presented to amplify this rotation and improve the signal-to-noise ratio in measurements of the very small polarization changes that are needed to measure magnetization reversal in single domain nanomagnets. The largest cavity-induced enhancement to date, a factor of 16.25, was observed. Enhancement of up to three orders of magnitude is possible with optimized structures.


Chest radiography (CXR) is one of the most frequent radiological exams ordered in Emergency Departments (ED). In the majority of ED, these CXR are interpreted in real time by the emergency physicians (EP). However, CXR is considered as one of the most complex exams to interpret [1]. Some studies mainly carried out in the USA have focused on discrepancies between the EP and radiologists' interpretations of CXR [2,3]. The results were highly variable, ranging from a high to very low discrepancy. We aimed to investigate discrepancies between EP and radiologists CXR's interpretation, with a focus on the clinical implications by carrying out a prospective observational study in a European ED located in a teaching hospital.


Ricotta, cheese of Italian origin, is produced by acid precipitation to separate the proteins from whey. The cheese can be consumed with or without salt, or flavored. The objective of this research was to develop ricotta cream with different spices in order to evaluate their physicochemical, microbiological and sensorial features after manufacturing (time zero), and after 7 days of storage (time 7). Thus, five types of ricotta seasoned with garlic, parsley, basil and herbs were produced. The physicochemical characteristics ranged from 76,13 to 77,38 for moisture, 03 to 6,09 Ph, and EST ranging from 22,61 to 23,87. Microbiological analyses of the product indicated the following results: <0,3 NMP / g of coliforms, both in time zero and time 7, <1,0x10 1 UFC/g of Staphylococcus positive coagulase the time zero and time 7, and the total count of aerobic mesophyll between 2,2x10 2 and 2,8x10 3 UFC/g for time zero and 3,2x10 3 to 3,8x10 4 UFC/g. The acceptance response for the different samples of seasoned ricotta was "liked it moderately." All ricotta produced for the experimen comply with current legislation.


Creatinine POC testing could facilitate primary care CKD screening, allowing rapid results, and immediate feedback to the patient; and up-to-date renal function testing would allow immediate dose reduction of medications excreted via the kidneys in patients with renal impairment1. POC creatinine testing allows patients to monitor their renal function at home, facilitating more frequent testing and earlier detection of deterioration.


Background. The IFM2009-02 study was launched in 2009, and randomized 84 patients (pts) with pomalidomide (oral 4 mg daily) and dexamethasone (oral 40 mg weekly) given either 21 days out of 28 or continuous. Whilst the overall median PFS was 4.6 months - this end stage very advanced RRMM population, we observed that 40% of the patients had a prolonged PFS and subsequently OS in the trial. We sought to analyze the characteristics of 58 pts that had more than 3 months of pomalidomide to study the effect of long exposure to Pomalidomide. Method. IFM 2009-02 was a multicentre phase 2 study of pts with RRMM who had at best a stable disease with the last course of bortezomib and of lenalidomide, or who were refractory to bortezomib and lenalidomide (IMWG). This analysis was performed on the ITT population combining data from the 2 study arms. We have analyzed the characteristics of pts according to duration of treatment with pomalidomide and dexamethasone 3 months to one year ( Results. 60% and 40% of pts were exposed to pomalidomide for We next sought to identify the characteristics of the 2 groups. Interestingly, the median number of prior lines was similar across groups, 5 (range 1-10), with 89% and 79% of the pts exposed to more than 3 lines and 17% and 22% exposed to more than 6 lines, for the However, serum beta 2m level was higher at diagnosis in the There was no clear difference in terms of safety management of pomalidomide and/or dexamethasone, with respect to the daily dose intensity of Pomalidomide (median, 3.0 and 2.9 mg/day), and the relative dose intensity of pomalidomide that was 89% and 84%, respectively; similar to the rate of dose reduction and dose interruption. Conclusion. Pomalidomide and dexamethasone is effective and well tolerated in these heavily pre-treated MM pts refractory to Bortezomib and Lenalidomide, with approximately 40% of the patients having a prolonged exposure to treatment, which translated into a significantly prolonged OS. Our study suggests that patients with more intrinsic adverse features of Myeloma tumor cells could not have prolonged exposure to pomalidomide as they progressed within a year from start of pomalidomide. Future studies should examine optimizing pomalidomide therapy in those patients, such as using multidrug pomalidomide-based combined regimens to prolong exposure to pomalidomide and improve the survival of these patients. Disclosures Karlin:Janssen: Honoraria; celgene: Consultancy, Honoraria; Sandoz: Consultancy. Stoppa:Celgene Jansen: Honoraria.


In a phosphate buffer of pH 6.0,the fluorescence intensity of eosin Y(EY) was significantly enhanced by the presence of definite amount of CTMAB when measured at the wavelengths of 316 nm(λex) and 550 nm(λem).Upon addition of an appropriate amount of organophosphorus pesticides(OPP′s),the fluorescence intensity of the EY-CTMAB system was decreased.Linear relationship between the magnitude of decrease in fluorescence intensity and mass concentration of OPP′s in the range of 0.024 to 0.56 mg·L-1,with detection limit(3S/N) of 0.03 mg·L-1.In the test for recovery by standard addition method using samples of rice and soil as matrixes,values of recovery in the range from 90.4% to 100.4% were found,with values of RSD′s(n=5) in the range of 2.61%-4.14%.


PurposeDespite the noticeable consequences of disruptive financial innovations, access to finance remains a major factor inhibiting the sustainable-growth potentials of young micro-entrepreneurs in informal settings. This study examines the determinants of financing options among micro-entrepreneurs in informal settings. Specifically, the study seeks to establish whether credit history, income, asset, gender, awareness and network capability have effects on formal and informal financing options among micro-entrepreneurs in informal settings.Design/methodology/approachThis article uses the survey research design and administers a structured questionnaire among 300 purposively selected micro-entrepreneurs within the University of Lagos, Nigeria. Only 291 completed questionnaires are retrieved. This article also uses the multiple regression analysis to estimate the empirical model and test the research hypotheses respectively.FindingsThis article establishes that: (1) credit history and assets-based financing are significant determinants of formal financing options among young micro-entrepreneurs in informal settings, (2) gender and network capability are significant determinants of informal financing options among young micro-entrepreneurs in informal settings and (3) awareness is significant of both formal and informal financing options among young micro-entrepreneurs in informal settings.Originality/valueThis article examines the determinants of financing option among young micro-entrepreneurs in informal settings. Specifically, the study seeks to establish whether credit history income asset gender awareness and network capability have effects on formal and informal financing options among micro-entrepreneurs in informal settings.


We developed a feature vector extraction chip for high speed character recognition. It is possible to process 12,OOO characters per SeCoILa with the proposed algorithm. Thus, it is about 25 times faster than the CANtXiCll system. The effectiveness is proved by developing a high speed OCR(0ptical Character Recoglition).


This research generates deeper understanding of just war theory principles pertaining to ethical and moral warfare with the objective of exploring the extent to which the theory could apply to the Syrian crisis. Legal and socio-political conceptual framework of going to war and intervention is presented since there are a set principles to consider war as legitimate featuring just cause, legitimate authority, right intention, last resort, and proportionality that includes reasonable hope of success. that The conflict nature defies the conventional moral principles and foundation of the just war theory. As such, the study concludes that there is still a window of opportunity to exert efforts in searching for a peaceful settlement of the crisis rather than looking for military intervention that could complicate the situation and endanger the country stability.


In order to determine the degree of trophoblastic development (according to the number of layers) and the amount of binucleate cells in single pregnancies during part of the embryonic implantation period in sheep, twelve crossbred ewes were studied at 20, 28 and 35 days of gestation (4 animals per age). Consecutive longitudinal sections covering the whole dorsal length of the allantochorion were analyzed by optical microscope, along an imaginary line drawn longitudinally along the mid dorsal part of the corioalantoid sack. A non developed trophoblast was considered to be a simple cuboidal epithelium, whereas a developed one, was represented by a two or three layered epithelium. The percentage of trophoblastic development increased with the age of gestation. Thus, it was 51,9; 67,4 and 84,9 at 20, 28, and 35 days of gestation, respectively. The binucleate cells represented 28,7; 25,9 and 53,5 % of the total number of trophoblastic cells, at 20, 28 and 35 days of gestation, respectively. Therefore, it is clear that trophoblastic development occurs in a gradual manner. It is also valid to postulate that there is not a defined pattern of cellular change during the period of implantation studied, particularly in regard to the number of binucleate cells. In contrast to previous results, trophoblastic development may occur up to the end of the embryonic period in sheep.


This study explored the engagement in occupations of Norwegian children with physical disabilities during a transitional phase between primary and secondary school. Fifteen children described their ordinary day, and we applied a life mode interview method. Three themes were identified: 1) occupations that symbolized the transition to becoming a teenager, 2) expanding possibilities by occupational engagement in social networks and media, and 3) particular challenges when adapting to participation in culturally valued occupations. The children in our study engaged in typical occupations associated with this transitional phase. Some occupations, such as shopping and putting on makeup, symbolized a transitional phase. Engagement in occupations such as using social media, the Internet, and gaming represented expanding possibilities, where children with disabilities could participate without limitations. However, adapting to culturally valued occupations such as sports, which can be particularly challenging, might require a change in how they engaged, for instance by becoming the leader of a cheer group rather than playing soccer. Knowledge of children with disabilities and their engagement in everyday occupations is essential for discussing how they can participate in occupations they find meaningful together with their peer group in their community.


Stack Filters define a class of filter that is used used widely in image and signal processing. The motivations for using an increa.,>ing filter instead of an unconstrained filter have been described as: 1) fast and efficient implementation, 2) the relationto mathematical morphology and 3) more precise estimation with finite sample data. This last motivation is related to methods devel oped in machine learning and the relationship was explored in [1J. In this paper we investigate this relationship by applying Stack Filters directly to classification problems. This provides a new perspective on how constraints can help control estimation and ap proximation errors, and also suggests several new learning algorithms for Boolean function classifiers when they are applied to real-valued


Abstract : The bibliography contains summaries of the articles published on triton induced reaction between 1961 and 1965. Also included is both an author and a subject index to increase the utility of the bibliography. (Author)


The condition, status and trend of populations of opossums (Trichosurus vulpecula Kerr) in the Hokitika River catchment and its tributaries were evaluated to assess the need for, and likely effect of, control campaigns. Records of the history of infestation were examined. Fat reserves of males and females, growth rates, theoretical asymptotic weight of adult females, percentages of breeding animals, second breeding cycle, start of the breeding season and density were determined. The opossums in the headwaters of Hokitika, Mungo and middle left of the Whitcombe catchment were in good condition; population density is high and is expected to increase further. Control operations in the Hokitika-Mungo headwaters are likely to be effective in reducing opossum numbers and protecting vegetation. In the headwaters and left bank of the Whitcombe, condition was very good and density very low, but expected to increase rapidly. In the rest of the area, animals were in fair condition, with moderate and generally declining densities.


In an extension of the work of Broad & Dawson (1975) on phospholipid biosynthesis in the anaerobic protozoon Entodinium caudatum we have characterized a number of aspects of phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis which, in this organism, is exclusively through the phosphorylcholine, CDP-choline pathway. Initial studies have centred on the subcellular distribution of the enzymes involved in the overall incorporation of choline into phosphatidylcholine and on the cofactors needed for the incorporation. As well, information on the site of action of an inhibitor of phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis (hemicholinium-3) has been obtained. These studies were seen as a necessary prerequisite to the examination of the role of phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis in membrane biogenesis in this organism. E. caudatum cells, suspended in ice-cold 100~-Tris-HC1 buffer (pH 8.3) were ultrasonicated for 6 0 s (KB80/1 ultrasonic bath; Kerry, Basildon, Essex, U.K.) and centrifuged brie5y (500g; 2min) to obtain a sediment from which the plasma membrane fraction was separated. The supernatant fraction was then centrifuged at various speeds (6OOOg for l0min; 144OOOg for 60min) to sediment three other membrane fractions of different particle sizes. In this way four membrane fractions and a soluble supernatant fraction were obtained. Each of the membrane fractions as well as the supernatant contained choline kinase (EC 126.96.36.199). CDP-cholinel ,2-diacylglycerol cholinephosphotransferase (EC 126.96.36.199) was confined to the membrane fractions and cholinephosphate cytidylyltransferase (EC 188.8.131.52 5 ) was located in the soluble fraction. No single cell fraction could incorporate choline into phosphatidylcholine; this could be achieved only by a reconstituted system consisting of any of the membrane fractions and the supernatant. However, the plasma membrane fraction (plus added supernatant) was by far the least active in synthesizing phosphatidylcholine. Cofactors known to be necessary for phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis de nouo in other cell systems were examined in detail in the reconstituted synthesizing system. In the absence of CTP and Mgz+ in particular, no synthesis could be observed; only very low concentrations were needed to induce a large stimulation of phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis. A requirement for ATP could also be shown. An examination of the intermediates of phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis accumulating during the reaction indicated that the conversion of phosphorylcholine into CDP-choline is probably the ratelimiting step in the overall incorporation of choline into phosphatidylcholine. Hemicholinium-3 has been shown to be a potent inhibitor of choline kinase (Spanner & Ansell, 1973; Broad & Dawson, 1974). The effect of this compound on various enzymes involved in phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis wasexamined. It could beshown that concentrations that produced almost complete inhibition of phosphorylcholine formation from choline, had no effect on the conversion of either phosphorylcholine into CDP-choline or of CDP-choline into phosphatidylcholine. These findings indicate that hemicholinium inhibits biosynthesis of phosphatidylcholine by preventing the phosphorylation of choline. Caz+ ions at low concentrations also inhibited the incorporation of choline into phosphatidylcholine in the reconstituted system in a similar way to its actions in the reconstituted liver system (Roberts & Bygrave, 1973) even in the presence of high concentrations of Mgz+.


A noted Western economist specializing in the transition economies of the former Soviet republics examines the role played by Russia's banking system in stimulating economic growth through the investment process. An initial section surveys the applicability of growth theory to the Russian economy, followed by discussion of the role of the financial system in economic growth. The author then proceeds to analyze the existing potential for investment-based growth in Russia, and assesses the extent to which the country's banking sector can serve as an effective intermediary in investment financing. The analysis of developments embraces 1997 and the early months of 1998. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: E22, G20, O16. 2 tables, 75 references.


The first part of this dissertation examines the pitch language of Charles Ives' song General William Booth Enters into Heaven, a work in which tonal and atonal elements are frequently juxtaposed and combined. It is the author's view that the music is neither tonal nor atonal, but rather that it lies on a continuum of tonal coherence, in which the sense of functional tonality appears and recedes. This continuum constitutes the actual pitch language of the work, rather than any traditional processes of tonal or atonal organization.

Chapter Two describes this continuum in general terms, identifying five types of music based upon the degree to which tonal elements audible. Chapter Three examines how Ives manipulates tonal elements such as dominants, certain melodic figures, and modulations, to create a sense of functional tonality, even when the music itself is not tonal. Chapter Four discusses how the composer employs elements typically associated with atonal music (atonal pitch-class sets, quartal and secundal harmony, and whole-tone or chromatic sets); it is shown that these elements were chosen so that they can easily combine with tonal elements, so that the continuum between tonality and atonality becomes seamless. Chapter Five examines Ives' use of voice-leading to create formal links between tonal and atonal sections, allowing the work to retain formal coherence despite its surface contrasts.

The second part of the dissertation is 'Chiaroscuro', a work for eleven musicians. The title refers to the contrast between light and shadow which is explored in the piece. In a similar manner to the Ives song discussed in the first part of the paper, light and shadow represent opposite ends of a continuum, which is manipulated primarily through changes in texture, timbre, and harmony.


This data is bathymetric depth contours for Narragansett Bay and Block Island Sound at twenty foot intervals as depicted on NOAA nautical charts.


The history of Literature has artistic and scientific aspect simultaneously when applying the History of Korean Literature of a racial or ethnic group to learners as well as simply introducing the Education of Literary History. Therefore teaching fhe History of Korean Literature is to inform about Korean Culture and the Korean way of thinking in Korean Literature. However, it is rather difficult for foreign students to fully comprehend the History of Korean Literature due to lack of knowledge in the Instruction Time in the History of Korean Literature and Korean textbook. This is one of the main reasons why foreign languages are difficult to master. This essay analyzed the problem and proposed solutions to it. The author believes that the essay will provide the teachers a better guideline to understand proper education of Literary History. Coming up with the proper educational plans and development of appropriate educational materials in line with the proposed education of Literary History are some of the tasks remaining in improving education of Literary History for foreign learners.