Control and consciousness are two very different areas, but recent developments in the theory of consciousness show that they may be linked through the role played in both by internal self-models. This paper first reviews the likely nature and structure of self-models and world models used for decision and control in natural and artificial agents, and makes parallels with some aspects of Metzinger's self-modelling theory of consciousness. It then describes some work undertaken within the CRONOS project, an attempt to create the infrastructure for machine consciousness by building a complex humanoid robot equipped with an internal model of itself and an internal model of the world. In the realms of decision and control, the robot can manipulate and use these models to discover and select actions for achieving particular goals in the world, although its competence is currently limited by technical factors. The paper concludes with a discussion of how, even at the present stage of development, the system can be used to investigate aspects of machine consciousness.


The general objective of the present study was to assess the views of pre-school teachers on their professional work.Since the research aimed to describe the current status of professional work, it was designed with the survey model.The study group included 105 pre-school teachers determined with the single-stage sampling method. The data werecollected with Views on Professional Work Questionnaire for teachers (MEB, 2006). The data obtained in the studywere analyzed using the SPSS 21.0 software. The Mann-Whitney U-Test and the Independent Samples t-Test wereused to compare the differences between the quantitative data when there are two groups, and one-way ANOVA wasused to compare the group parameters between more than two groups. The study results demonstrated that the viewsof pre-school teachers on professional work were at a good level in terms of both the beginning and the end of theyear professional work and the fulfillment of teachers' needs by the professional work. However, the views ofpre-school teachers on the beginning and the end of the year professional work and the fulfillment of teachers' needsby the professional work did not demonstrate a significant difference based on gender, seniority in the teachingprofession, place of employment and participation in activities on vocational studies during the previous three yearsvariables.


The present invention relates to a device for fastening a adapter plate to a wheel of a vehicle for a vehicle wheel. The seat is secured using fasteners applied by squeezing into the receiving threads of the wheel studs of a wheel to be mounted the necessary clamping forces. It is further a lifting plate is provided which is so mounted on a threaded rod, that the lifting plate is moved in the axial direction via a rotational movement of the threaded rod relative to the rotationally held lifting plate. Thus, the fasteners can be compressed or relaxed. In addition, the lifting plate can be fixed so that it rotates along with the threaded rod. This driving forces are transmitted simultaneously on the threaded rod on the wheel. By the control of coupling elements of the lifting plate, it is thus possible to effect with a drive unit, both the coupling and uncoupling of a vehicle as well as to transfer during operation of the test rig drive or braking moments, as well as rotate and the coupled unit in the idle mode with the wheel allow.


Abstract : A graphic computer simulation was developed for a pilot experiment designed to examine decision making in a no-risk situation. This experiment was a precursor of a detailed investigation of suppression. Male and female soldiers viewed a CRT display showing a series of minefield patterns of varying density. In Phase I, they estimated the probability that a tank image could pass through the minefield patterns. In Phase II, they decided whether or not to send the tank image across the minefields. Subjects' estimates of probabilities of success in Phase I closely matched the actual probabilities of success. However, the proportion of 'go' decisions made in Phase II did not parallel subjects' estimates of probabilities of mission success. Female subjects took more time to make decisions in Phase II than males, but there were no differences in predictive ability between males and females. A methodology to examine the effect of risk on decision making is discussed and additional studies are recommended. (Author)


Sorghum plants were allowed to assimilate known relative amounts of 14C in the two periods: (i) from full expansion of the third uppermost leaf to anthesis; and (ii) from anthesis to grain maturity. By comparing relative 14C activity in the mature grain, the relative partitioning of photosynthate between grain production and other uses in the two periods was calculated. Plant and grain dry weight data from another experiment showed the amounts of net photosynthesis in the two periods. It was then possible to calculate the maximum amount of the material assimilated in the pre-anthesis period that could have gone to grain production, and thus the percentage of grain material derived from this earlier period. The estimate was 12%.


We propose new ESD design concept using power clamps distributed outside I/O cell ring, which enables the reduction of chip area by the removal of dead space in the chip core area with no degradation of ESD robustness. Our effective design was demonstrated with 40nm MCU test-chip.


Electron paramagnetic resonance studies on single crystals of hexaimidazole cobalt(II) sulphate doped with VO(II) are carried in the temperature range 77–300 K at X‐band frequencies. Single crystal EPR spectra indicate the presence of vanadyl impurity positioned in four sites with intensity ratios of 45:36:6:1. Angular variation studies in all the three orthogonal planes confirm that both the intense vanadyl sites have occupied interstitial positions in the lattice. The spin Hamiltonian parameters, calculated for the two sites, indicate orthorhombic nature for the impurity. However, the analysis of powder spectrum reveals the presence of only one site. The spin‐lattice relaxation parameters have been calculated at various temperatures from line width measurements. The admixture coefficients have also been calculated. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)


Objective To analyze quantitatively the dead dorsal root ganglion neurons following peripheral nerve injury in adult rats. Methods The bilateral number of L4-L6 dorsal root ganglion neurons in normal adult SD rat was counted up. Then the right sciatic nerve of SD rat was cut and anastomo-sized. At different time points after operation, the L4-L6 dorsal root ganglia stained with HE was removed and the number of dorsal root ganglion neurons was counted. Results The bilateral number of L4-L6 dorsal root ganglion neurons in normal adult SD rat were symmetry, but the number of right dorsal root ganglion neurons following peripheral nerve injury was reduced. 30 days later, the rate of dead ganglion neurons was 30% .The dead ganglion neurons peaked during the second week of peripheral nerve injury. Conclusion Peripheral nerve injury could induce ganglion neuron death and the neuron death demonstrated itself character.


The European Union's Falsified Medicines Directive, which came into force on 9 February, has laid down rigorous rules for pharmaceutical companies and pharmacists to follow in a bid to eradicate the pernicious impact of fake drugs infiltrating the legal supply chain. Joy Ogden reports on the progress so far.


An electronic transaction becomes more attractive to draw attention of business actors and consumers. Efficiency, speed and width coverage of the electronic transaction are prime appealing factors of this media. However in term of technical security, the electronic transaction is weak, even in Indonesia just begin to straighten up. Besides the weak of technical security, there is still uncertain legal warrant of an electronic transaction. Until now an electronic evidence tool has not firmly been accepted yet by legal authentication under our civil law. Aware of the weak of legal protection against an electronic transaction, the involving parties of electronic transaction based on the freedom of contract make an agreement concerning of authentication known as convention sur la prevue (France).


Optimum strategies to elicit and maintain antibodies at mucosal portals of virus entry are critical for the development of vaccines against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Here we show in non-human primates that a novel regimen of repeated intravaginal delivery of a non-adjuvanted, soluble recombinant trimeric HIV-1 clade C envelope glycoprotein (gp140) administered in Carbopol gel can prime ccepted 13 December 2010 vailable online 25 December 2010


Flexible manipulators have received wide attention being more realistic than their rigid counterparts in many practical conditions. The control of the motion and vibration of an elastic model has inspired many studies in the past decades. A modified genetic algorithm (MGA) is proposed to optimize the feedback gains of a proportional derivative (PD) controller used for the control of the position and vibration of a flexible arm. It has been shown that the new algorithm results in faster convergence and higher accuracy over the simple genetic algorithm (SGA). Also, MGA solves the problem of premature convergence and stagnation that is caused by SGA. Three different objective functions based on minimizing the error function were tested and compared. Multi-objective error fitness function combined with the proposed GA has given the best system response which encourages for further research into various control applications. Index Terms — Modified genetic algorithm, multi-objective optimization, PD controller, single-link flexible manipulator, simple genetic algorithm.


What is happening in Catalonia? This is a commonly asked question, abroad and in Spain. Even Catalans are often bewildered by the fast tide of events surrounding the pro-independence movement and its contradictions. Local answers not only tend to be partial, and loaded with special-pleading, but present a complexity of intricate detail that is hard to follow for anyone not in living in Catalonia and very attentive to the flow of politics in the media. Spanish observers, as a rule threatened by ongoing events and therefore hostile, simplify to an extreme that can be obtuse. The author, not a native Catalan, is an historian specialized in the study of Catalan nationalism. He has taught in Barcelona universities for more than forty years, usually in the Catalan language. Contrarian by nature, he has tried hard to remain outside the partisan trenches, to avoid both the pressure of the often heavy-handed nationalist lobby and the counter-pressure that marks the discourse of persecution of the most outraged Spanish opposition. In his contribution here, Enric Ucelay-Da Cal presents a narrative in terms of party politics and the social trends that political organizations try to channel and represent.


Experimental and simulation studies for carbon dioxide (CO2) adsorption on porous silica glass were performed to reveal how surface heterogeneity can affect the adsorption mechanism of CO2. In performing the simulation, the structure of porous silica glass was modeled as a slit pore consisting of parallel walls of connected SiO4 units. The adsorption isotherms of CO2 at 283 K were generated for a series of pore widths using a Monte Carlo ensemble. The defective surfaces created by random removal of surface atoms and the surfaces containing hydroxyl functional groups were chosen to represent the surface heterogeneity for the simulation tasks. The isotherms derived for the defective surfaces showed a rapid adsorption at low pressures because of the stronger interaction between the rough nonuniform surfaces and CO2 molecules. For the role of surface functional groups, the adsorption isotherms dramatically increased with an increasing number of functional groups. The amount of CO2 adsorbed for randomly placed functional groups was greater than that for the presence of functional groups at the pore edges. The proper control of surface heterogeneity by manipulating both the amounts of hydroxyl surface groups and surface defects should help enhance the efficient capture of CO2 in porous silica glass.


: A study was conducted to make a relationship between different forms of inorganic and organic N with some important physical and chemical properties of dominant soil series of West Bengal. Results revealed that in gene•·al, alluvial soil contains higher amount of different forms of N than that of soils of Red and Laterite zone. Amongst different forms, exchangeable NH4 + and hydrolysable NH 4 + and amino acid fractions contributed more to the total pool of total N. Correlation studies pointed out a significant relationship between finer fractions of soils with fixed NH 4 +, total hydrolysable organic N and total N. Total hydrolysable NH 4 + is also significantly correlated with C.E.C. of the soils.


On 19 June 2019, the UK Government released their response to a recent call for evidence on late payments, primarily being another consultation. Whilst it is encouraging that the Government remains committed to discussing and acknowledging the key issue of late payment, we feel this was a missed opportunity to make a substantive impact. A consultation on payment "enforcement mechanisms" will be published in due course.


This column provides brief summaries of transition-related articles published in 2007 in 23 other professional journals. The 49 articles included descriptive, experimental, and qualitative research as well as program descriptions, conceptual papers, and practitioner pieces. All areas of Kohler's taxonomy for transition programming were addressed: family involvement, interagency collaboration, program structure, student development, and student-focused planning.


women. The aspect of the patient is pallid or pale, and the lips have little or no colour. There is a total absence, diminution, or unhealthy condition of the menstrual secretion; and ofteni leucorrheoa. The pulse is feeble, and the tongue clean andl flabby. There is palpitation of the heart upon the slightest excitemnent; and on placing the stethoscope over the right internal jugular vein, a little above thie clavicle, a peculiar hurmminug sound is heard. The respiration is embarrassed by the least exertion, especially on going quickly up stairs. The digestive organs are disordered; there is pain of the chest under the sternum, or of the left hypochondriac region; and there is sometimues giddiness, at other timnes severe neuralgia of the head or f;ace. There "suay be also a depraved appetite; but I have not found this a frequent association. The bowels are costive or relaxed; and the urinc either high coloured and scanty, or pale adl colious. There is weariniess anid coldness of the lower extremities, and perhaps oedema of the ankles, great iniactivity, depression of the spirits, and a disposition to shed tears. With regard to the patholog of chiorosis, it would appear that the imisufficiency of the Inenstrual secretion, the want of colour of the skin, and, in short, the languor of the vascular anidl nervous system, are the results of a low condition of the Wlood, caused by a deficiency of iron in its globules, whicih is probably necessary to their normal colour and invigoration. That iron is a constituent part of the blood-globulcs, is shown by Berzelius, in the third volume of the.VJed.-(Clir. Transactions. At page 215, he writes: " I iimcineriatedf 20 graunes (4-00 grains) of colouring matter (enissainentun) till the charcoal was completely destroyed, antd obtained 0,25 grammes (5 grains) of ashes, having a yellowish red colour. By an accurate analysis, I found it compose(l of


Both the 1996 Interstate School Leadership Licensure Consortium (ISLLC) standards and the 2002 Educational Leadership Constituent Council (ELCC) standards, adopted by preparation programs nationwide have a strong emphasis on democratic ideals. By aligning their programs with these standards education administration faculty have taken a step in the right direction. This paper, as part of a larger mixed method study examines the degree to which faculty's perception of the change environment, the attitudes and dispositions they exhibited during the implementation process, and their choice of programstandard alignment strategies re ected the democratic ideals they wish to instill in graduates of their programs. The ndings of this study con rm that a collaborative, collegial atmosphere prevailed. While the attitudes and dispositions that faculty exhibited demonstrated democratic ideals, this was not always evident from their choice of strategies. Much of the work was done by faculty, or by committees comprised primarily by faculty. Group di erences were observed in strategies used and found to be bene cial, when compared across accreditation and Carnegie classi cation status. To ensure that the program modi cation process is both democratic and inclusive, faculty should adopt a more proactive approach in engaging graduates of the program, current graduate students, superintendents, principals, and teachers in the actual process of program review, evaluation, and development.


Objective To explore the role of TNF-αin the development of diabetic myopathy of skeletal muscle in diabetes mellitus rats.Methods 64 Wistar rats were assigned randomly to two groups:experimental group(STZ-modeled diabetes group,n=32);normal control group(n=32).At the end of twelve weeks of the experiment,the morphological changes of samples of skeletal muscles were evaluated by light and electron microscopy,skeletal muscle expression of TNF-αin musculature were measured by immunohistochemistry.Results Compared with the normal control group,the TNF-αin serum level and the expression in skeletal muscle tissue were increased(P0.01).The TNF-αmay play an important role in the pathogenesy of diabetic myopathy of skeletal muscle.Conclusion The abnormal TNF-α in serum level is an important factor of diabetic myopathy of skeletal muscle.


This paper empirically analyzes the influence of national culture on the comprehensiveness to which
companies in different countries make use of corporate web site recruiting. Based on Hofstede's 4-Dimensions
model of culture, four hypotheses are developed and tested against data from 420 companies in 14 countries. The
results indicate that cultural effects are relevant even though a management technique is provided on the World
WideWeb. Particularly, individualism has a strong influence on the use of corporateweb site recruiting in different
countries. Thus, the results lend support for the divergence approach in international management research.


We present a new security technology called the Multilayer Firewall. We argue that it is useful in some situations for which other approaches, such as cryptographically protected communications, present operational or economic difficulties. In other circumstances a Multilayer Firewall can compliment such security technology by providing additional protection against intruder attacks. We first present the operational theory behind the Multilayer Firewall and then describe a prototype that we designed and


This research is intently to examines the effects of performance measurement Stern Stewart, Sharpe, Treynor, and Conventional model on the stock price of the go-public enterprises at JSX. The purposive sampling which based on several judgement criterion or judgement sampling produces 86 samples on data period 1999 – 2003. This choice of data period is to make a best model as representative of good ecomonic condition where the economic condition of Indonesia on the past year (1996 – 1998) is not normal as an excess of economics crisist, and eliminating bias analysis as a concequences of nonnormal economic condition. For example on that periode, the risk free rate (SBI) on 20,00% - 70,81%, and average ROIs of the firms were negative until the end of 2000.
Multiple regression analysis is used for final testing of hypotesises, produces conclusion that three models of performance measurement statistically and significantly correlate to the stock price, and the change variability of the stock price can be explained by the change variablity of these independent variables. With the results that alteration of financial performance significantly can be used to predict the alteration of the price of stock. The result of this research also describe partial conclusion that measurement model of performance (Stern Stewart, Sharpe, and Conventional) are used by investor as a strategic information, except the Treynor model is not significant.


Objective: Assess the performance of a computer aided diagnosis (CAD) system for automatic detection of pulmonary nodules at CT scans compared to single and double reading by radiologists. Material and methods: A nodule detection CAD system (Siemens LungCare NEV VB10) was applied to low-dose-CT (LDCT) scans of nine patients with pulmonary metastases and compared to findings of three radiologists; standard-dose-CT (SDCT) was acquired simultaneously to establish ground truth. Study design was approved by the Institutional Review Board and the appropriate German authorities. Ground truth was established by fusion of sets of detected nodules from independent reading by three radiologists at LDCT and SDCT scans and CAD results. Special focus was taken on the size of nodules detected only by CAD compared to the size of all detected nodules. Results: Average sensitivity of 54% (range 51-55%) was observed for single reading by one radiologist. Application of the CAD system demonstrated a similar sensitivity of 55%. Double reading by two radiologists increased sensitivity to an average of 67% (range 67-68%). The difference to single reading was significant (p<0.001). Use of CAD as second opinion after single reading increased the sensitivity to 79% (range 77-81%) which proved to be significantly better than double reading (p<0.001). 11% of nodules with a size of more than 4 mm were detected only by CAD. Conclusion: CAD as second reader offered a significant increase in sensitivity compared to conventional double reading. Therefore, CAD is a valuable second opinion for the detection of pulmonary nodules.


v;(6) A. small uncovered area appears at "y" (Fig. 3). A stitch from the adjacent conjunctiva biting firmly into flap "x," serves! to obliterate this area and at the same time to prevent encroachment bf the flap "xx on to the raw,corneal area. This operation has been found easy to perform, the appearance at the end of the operation satisfies one's sense of surgical . aestheticism, and ulp to the time of this report-a period of six m:onths-no recurrence has yet reported back to hospital.


Assume that there are two identical remote objects and we want to estimate the distance to the closest of them and the distance between objects. For that purpose, some device (like a radar) is used, and the observed signal is the sum of signals reflected by each object. Moreover, the observed signal is corrupted by white Gaussian noise. Singularity (i.e., very poor estimation accuracy) occurs in this problem if objects are very close to each other. Our aim is to demonstrate this inevitable singularity by the example of the maximum likelihood estimate and also to show that it takes place for any other estimate.


For the recruitment information in Web pages, a novel unified model for named entity recognition is proposed in this study. The models provide a simple statistical framework to incorporate a wide variety of linguistic knowledge and statistical models in a unified way. In our approach, firstly, Multi-Rules are built for a better representation of the named entity, in order to emphasize the specific semantics and term space in the named entity. Then an optimal algorithm of the hierarchically structured DSTCRFs is performed, in order to pick out the structure attributes of the named entity from the recruitment knowledge and optimize the efficiency of the training. The experimental results showed that the accuracy rate has been significantly improved and the complexity of sample training has been decreased.


High Performance Computing (HPC) clouds are becoming an alternative to on-premise clusters for executing scientific applications and business analytics services. Most research efforts in HPC cloud aim to understand the cost-benefit of moving resource-intensive applications from on-premise environments to public cloud platforms. Industry trends show hybrid environments are the natural path to get the best of the on-premise and cloud resources—steady (and sensitive) workloads can run on on-premise resources and peak demand can leverage remote resources in a pay-as-you-go manner. Nevertheless, there are plenty of questions to be answered in HPC cloud, which range from how to extract the best performance of an unknown underlying platform to what services are essential to make its usage easier. Moreover, the discussion on the right pricing and contractual models to fit small and large users is relevant for the sustainability of HPC clouds. This paper brings a survey and taxonomy of efforts in HPC cloud and a vision on what we believe is ahead of us, including a set of research challenges that, once tackled, can help advance businesses and scientific discoveries. This becomes particularly relevant due to the fast increasing wave of new HPC applications coming from big data and artificial intelligence. CCS Concepts: rComputing methodologies → Massively parallel and high-performance simulations; rComputer systems organization → Cloud computing; rNetworks → Cloud computing; rSoftware and its engineering→Massively parallel systems;


Leak testing of battery packs, cells and cooling circuits against ingress or egress is a vital process to improve and optimize performance, safety and lifespan


The squamous cell skin cancer is the most frequent cancer type in solid organ transplant recipients in the post-transplant setting. A 67 years old male patient who underwent heart transplantation, referred to an oncology clinic with a tumor on the left side of the neck in 2015. The patient underwent surgery includes parotidectomy and functional neck dissection. After the recurrence and two lines of treatment failure, as a third line chemotherapy regimen weekly Cetuximab and Fluorouracil (CF) was started. After three cycles of CF treatment visual and radiological partial response was observed. Metastatic or recurrent head and neck squamous cell carcinoma of the skin is an insistent disease especially in specific conditions like immunosuppression and solid organ transplantation. After the failure of surgery, radiotherapy and platinum-based treatment in our patient; cetuximab plus 5-FU was given as the third line treatment. Our current knowledge, our case is the first cardiac transplant patient who is treated for squamous cell skin cancer with cetuximab. In this specific heart transplanted patient population, cetuximab must be considered as an effective and safe treatment.


The importance of eco-efficiency has been gaining momentum for the last years. This concept crystalized in the 1990s as a result of multi-layer and multi-aspect tendencies that were taking place in different parts of the world since the beginning of the 1960s. The major step which has been done is reaching the point of wide societal consensus that if quality of life and economic output is to continue to grow, ways need to be found that the economies produce more with less. This is the kernel of the eco-efficiency concept. In order progress to be made towards it, however, pertinent indicators need to be identified and supported both at organizational and at county level. The current paper aims at presenting the concept of eco-efficiency and some of the widely used indicators to date – those defined during the Round Table on Eco-efficiency organized by the Government of Canada, the ones proposed by the UNESCAP and the ones put forward by Muller and Strum. After that their applicability is being discussed in view of their practical usage.


We have prepared nanoparticles of titania using the sol-gel technique. The samples were characterized by FTIR, DTA, TGA, EPR and XRD. The properties observed with these techniques are correlated in the temperature region between 200 and 800°C. The Ti-OH bonds are basic to interpret this correlation.


It is well appreciated that traditional analgesic delivery routes used to treat pain associated with temporomandibular disorder (TMD) often have harmful unintended side effects as a consequence of systemic distribution. Further, localized delivery of analgesic medication via intra‐articular injections involves a different set of issues limiting their clinical viability. As an option, transdermal analgesic delivery provides for prolonged pain relief and flexibility in dose administration, while limiting systemic exposure and minimizing adverse events. Incorporation of a novel electroporation technique may further increase transdermal drug penetration into synovial tissue/fluid and enhance pain reduction. The present feasibility study compares the effectiveness of an electroporation‐enhanced transdermal application of diclofenac sodium to a conventional intra‐articular injection of triamcinolone acetonide suspension (corticosteroids) to treat patients with TMD associated pain.


Several parts of automobile aluminum heat-exchangers are joined by brazing technique. Generally, brazing sheet has Al-Si alloy filler clad onto the Al-Mn alloy core. After brazing procedure, the texture of brazed area has primary alpha phase and eutectic phase. Brazed area is known to severe selective leaching of eutectic phase. In this study, to investigate the selective leaching of eutectic phase, electrochemically active site in the brazed area was specified by scanning electrochemical micro spectroscopy , SECM. The procedure to prepare the specimens is shown in Fig.1. Optical micrographs of cross section specimens for SECM are shown in Fig.2. The brazed area is at the center of the specimens. SECM was carried so that tip crosses the brazed area in the solution of 0.5%NaCl-10mM K4[Fe(CN)6]. A set of line scans of SECM is shown in Fig.3. Current peak was observed at the brazed area and the peak value was increased with Cu concentration. Upon this observation, the brazed area is supposed to have higher activation for the reduction of Fe to Fe than the neighboring area. And the activation of reductive reaction was still more increased with increase in the Cu concentration of the core. Cathodic polarization curves for the brazed surface and corrosion potential for the cross section in 0.5%NaCl + 10mM K4[Fe(CN)6] are shown in Fig.3. The cathodic current density at the corrosion potential was increased with increase in the Cu concentration. The results obtained by SECM and cathodic polarization curves were corresponding each other.


This paper discusses our work on novel, high-accuracy, high-frequency-response air-data systems for UAVs for measuring the vehicle's speed, angle of attack, sideslip angle, and the local static pressure. The systems utilize multi-hole probe technology with the pressure sensors embedded inside the probe. New steady and unsteady probe calibrations and real-time data-reduction techniques are introduced. These techniques, along with embedding the pressure transducers near the probe tip, result in unprecedented frequency response, accuracy and measurement range. The new air-data system's frequency response can be as high as 5 kHz, it's measurement range covers almost the entire subsonic regime (Ma < 0.9), angles- of-attack and sideslip angles as high as 70° with measurement accuracies better than 0.5° in the angles and 1% in the speed magnitude. Moreover, by streamlining and partially automating the fabrication and system assembly processes and fully automating the system calibration procedures we have dramatically reduced the system cost, which in turn has resulted in a very affordable system.


C. Chiodi Filho; A.C. Artur; E. de P. Rodrigues – Slates from Minas Gerais, Brazil: geological, petrographic and chemical. Slates constitute a world-renowned mineral resource with wide applications as dimension stone. Brazilian production is in the order of 500,000 tonnes per year or 15% of the world production. In only 25 years of activity in the slate sector, Brazil is already placed as second producer, second consumer and third larger world exporter. The Minas Gerais State is responsible for 90% of the brazilian production, processing 15 million square meters per year and almost all of the exports. The Minas Gerais Slate Province takes in nearly 7,000 square kilometers and encompasses the commercial deposits. The slates of the Province are true slates and rival the quality of the best products of any deposit world-wide. The Minas Gerais Slate Province has the most important high quality exploitable reserves world-wide.


Jean-Pierre Serre has conjectured, in the context of abelian varieties, that there are infinitely primes of good ordinary reduction for a smooth, projective variety over a number field. We consider this conjecture and its natural variants. In particular we have conjectured (with C. S. Rajan) the existence of infinitely many primes of Hodge-Witt reduction (any prime of ordinary reduction is also a prime of Hodge-Witt reduction). The two conjectures are not equivalent but are related. We prove a precise relationship between the two; we prove several results which provide some evidence for these conjectures; we show that primes of ordinary and Hodge-Witt reduction can have different densities. We prove our conjecture on Hodge- Witt and ordinary reduction for abelian varieties with complex multiplication. We include here an unpublished joint result with C. S. Rajan (also independently established by Fedor Bogomolov and Yuri Zarhin by a different method) on the existence of primes of ordinary reductions for K3 surfaces; our proof also shows that for an abelian threefold over a number field there is a set of primes of positive density at which it has Hodge-Witt reduction (this is also a joint result with C. S. Rajan). We give a number of examples including those of Fermat hypersurfaces for which all the conjectures we make hold.


Spatial and temporal variations of sea surface (SST) in the Banda Sea are studied for the period of June 2002 – May 2008. An empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis has been applied to an optimum interpolation SST (OISST) having spatial resolution of 0.25° and temporal resolution of 1 day. The results revealed that the four EOF modes account for 53.1% of the total SST variance. The first EOF mode, which accounts for 33.2% of the total variance, revealed the east-west SST pattern in the Banda Sea. This indicates 180° out of phase temporal variability between the eastern and the western parts of the Banda Sea. The second and the fourth modes explain 9.6% and 4.6% of the total variance respectively. Both two modes show the southeast-northwest spatial pattern. Meanwhile, the third mode accounting for 5.4% of the total variance indicates that the high SST variation is concentrated in the central Banda Sea. In addition, the corresponding principal component time series of the first mode revealed robust sea...


Herein, we demonstrate a facile one pot synthesis of graphene nanosheets by electrochemical exfoliation of graphite. In the present study, we report a significant increase in the yield of graphene by electrolyte heating assisted electrochemical exfoliation method. The obtained results of heating assisted electrochemically exfoliated graphene (utilizing H2SO4 + KOH + DW) synthesis clearly exhibit that the yield increases ∼4.5 times i.e. from ∼17% (room temperature) to ∼77% (at 80 °C). A plausible mechanism for the enhanced yield based on lattice expansion and vibration of intercalated ions has been put forward and discussed in details. The quality of graphene was examined by Raman, XPS, FTIR, AFM, SEM, TEM/HRTEM and TGA techniques. The Raman as well as morphogenesis results confirm the quality of the graphene nanosheets. We have used this graphene as electromagnetic interference shielding material where a comparatively large quantity of graphene is required. This graphene exhibits enhanced shielding effectiveness (46 dB at 1 mm thickness of stacked graphene sheets in frequency region 12.4 to 18 GHz) as compared to conventional electromagnetic interference shielding materials, which is greater than the recommended limit (∼30 dB) for techno-commercial applications. Thus the present work is suggestive for future studies on enhancement of yield of high quality graphene by proposed method and the use of synthesized graphene in electromagnetic interference shielding and other possible applications.


The present invention provides a lacquer, which comprises the following raw material components parts by weight: 90-130 parts by weight of water, 2-5 parts by weight of hydroxyethyl cellulose, 2-5 parts by weight of a dispersing agent, a wetting agent -3 parts by weight, 4-8 parts by weight of an antifoaming agent, 2-3 parts by weight of a preservative, 100-150 parts by weight of the emulsion, 5-12 parts by weight of film-forming aid, pH adjusting agent, 1-3 parts by weight of antifreeze 5-20 parts by weight, 400-900 parts by weight of component sand, the sand component comprises two or more colors close to natural stone powder. The present invention further provides a method for preparing the above-described lacquer. As a result of the above technical solution, embodiments of the present invention by compounding a color similar to natural stone powder in the feed may be the color Ping Heng of natural stone powder, even if some change in the color of a natural stone powder occurrence in other natural stone similar color under powder contrast, color lacquer products between batches is very small, good control of the color change lacquer products.


SUMMArY : Follow up of congenital cystic Adenomatoid Mal formation cases that surgery could not be perfor med Aim: The aim of this study is to attract attention to the possible importance of conservative treatment in cystic adenomatoid malformation


Privacy is a general requirement that needs to be studied in di↵erent contexts. We identify some applications for wich privacy plays an important role, and with significant interest in terms of societal impact. Since each application leads to several definitions of privacy, and raise some particular modelling issues, we concentrate our e↵orts on the three following applications: electronic voting protocols, RFID tags, and routing protocols in mobile ad hoc networks. For each application, we show how to formalise di↵erent notions of privacy in the applied pi calculus (or extension of it).


In the context of $N =1$ four-dimensional type IIB supergravity theories, the U-dual completion arguments suggest to include four S-dual pairs of fluxes in the holomorphic superpotential, namely the so-called $(F, \, H), \, (Q, \, P), \, (P^\prime, Q^\prime)$ and $(H^\prime, \, F^\prime)$. These can generically induce cubic polynomials for the complex-structure moduli as well as the K\"ahler-moduli in the flux superpotential. In this article, we explore the insights of the four-dimensional non-geometric scalar potential in the presence of such generalized U-dual fluxes by considering an explicit type IIB toroidal compactification model based on an orientifold of ${\mathbb T}^6/({\mathbb Z}_2 \times {\mathbb Z}_2)$ orbifold. First, we observe that the flux superpotential induces a huge scalar potential having a total of 76276 terms involving 128 flux parameters and 14 real scalars. Subsequently, we invoke a new set of (the so-called)"axionic fluxes"comprising combinations of the standard fluxes and the RR axions, and it turns out that these axionic fluxes can be very useful in rewriting the scalar potential in a relatively compact form. In this regard, using the metric of the compactifying toroidal sixfold, we present a new formulation of the effective scalar potential, which might be useful for understanding the higher-dimensional origin of the various pieces via the so-called"dimensional oxidation"process. We also discuss the generalized Bianchi identities and the tadpole cancellation conditions, which can be important while seeking the physical (AdS/dS) vacua in such models.


Objective To evaluate the applied value of bedside chest radiography in the intensive care unit ( ICU ) . Methods One hundred and ninety-three cases with 507 chest radiographs (CXRs) in the ICU were analysed retrospectively. The appearances of cardiopulmonary abnormalities were analysed.Results 97.4% of the CXRs were satisfied for diagnosis. 83.9% of the CXRs showed cardiopulmonary abnormalities, including atelectasis, pneumonia, pulmonary edema, ARDS, pneumothorax, mediastinal and subcataneous emphysema,pleural effusion,pericardial effusion and pulmonary thromboembolism, and 6.2% out of these positive cases was discovered accidentally. The chest radiograph has moderate accuracy (77.9%) in visualizing cardiopulmonary abnormalities at the initial CXR including atelectasis,pneumonia,pulmonary edema and pleural effusion. Misdiagnosis occurred mainly on the patients with a small quantity of pneumothorax and pulmonary thromboembolism. About one-third cases of cardiogenic edema and ARDS were indistinguishable.Conclusion Bedside chest radiographs are of significant value for the patients in the ICU.


In the dynamics of rotors, the Campbell diagram is a very powerful tool for presenting the natural frequencies and finding critical speeds of rotating machinery. However, a conventional Campbell diagram can not explain exactly why there is no backward critical speed in isotropic systems but there is in anisotropic systems. This paper reviews the existing methodologies used to solve the eigenvalue problem and discusses the advantages and limitations that they have in describing the rotordynamics behaviour. It also attempts to provide a relation between the strength of the mode and the degree of anisotropy, using a combination of real and complex modal analysis.


The Nervous Child. By HECTOR CHARLES CAMERON, M.A., M.D., F.R.C.P., Consulting Physician to the Children's Department, Guy's Hospital. London, Oxford Medical Publications. Fifth edition, 1946. Pp. 252. (Price 10s. 6d.) As this has long been a classic, little more need be said than that the fifth edition differs only slightly from the last. The author has added particulars relating to umbilical colic, depth of sleep in enuresis, night terrors, and habitual vomiting of infancy. It must be rare indeed for a medical monograph to contain so much that is as true in 1947 as when it was written in 1919. Like Tristram Shandy, The Nervous Child should be read regularly; appetite will increase with eating.


On the one hand, nonlinear discrete systems are natural generalization of linear discrete systems. On the other hand, various economic and, especially, technical systems have, basically, a nonlinear nature. Therefore, research of mathematical models of these systems is a relevant issue for implementing various procedures of systems analysis and decision making. Clusters of trajectories of the considered systems can be generated both by the parameters interpreted as control circuits, and by the parameters interpreted as perturbations. Quite general results of reachability sets estimation of nonlinear discrete systems, including a number of well-known achievements in this field as a consequence, are offered. As specification of these approaches, quadratic estimators of the reachability set of nonlinear discrete systems are received.


The Journal of Studies in Langauge 28.2, 199-217. It is traditionally prescribed in English grammar that object relative pronouns are optionally omitted while subject relative pronouns are not. This research addresses the issue: why the two relative pronouns behave differently. For this purpose, this research employs the key concept of clausal boundary marking. Subject and objects occupy different positions in English: subjects are positioned before verbs and objects are after verbs. This paper shows that the fixed word order in English has to do with a different degree in the omission of relative pronouns. What is more, it is suggested in this research that the key factor is not whether relative pronouns are a subject or an object. This paper demonstrates that relative pronoun omission depends on whether the clausal boundary is maintained or not, even after relative pronoun omission.


The use of a dynamic switching matrix for future communication satellites will significantly increase the communication channel capacity and improve the system capability and flexibility. This paper describes the design and development of a unique coupler crossbar 20 x 20 microwave switch matrix. This paper also presents the test results of the proof-of-concept model that meets the requirements for a high-speed satellite switched, time division multiple access (SS-TDMA) system.


An online reprint request (ORR) uses the correspondence author s e-mail (CAE) to obtain non-open-access literature. Expiration of the CAE from its usage is called e-mail decay (ED), a barrier to ORR. I have previously proposed measures to overcome ED, and this study examined the feasibility of these measures. In total, 480 ORRs were sent to the authors of interesting articles published during January 2003–August 2006 in six non-open-access dermatology journals (Table 1) that provided a CAE. Open-access journals were excluded, as they were readily available. To eliminate bias on the part of the corresponding author for the requestor s academic background, each ORR was sent only once, without reminders, and only one paper was requested from each author. In each case, the corresponding author was not known to me, the e-mail did not mention my academic institution, academic position or any of my publications, and I used my personal e-mail and residential address. The suggested ORR protocol was followed (Table 2). Compliance, type of response (electronic or hard copy) and time to receipt were documented (Table 1) and analysed using the v test. There was ED in 26 cases (6%). Where this happened, step 1 was followed in 2 cases (8%), step 2 in 5 (19%) and step 3 in 19 (73%). Almost two-thirds of corresponding authors (63%) responded positively and rapidly, providing mainly (90%) electronic copies, which usually arrived in < 2 days. Compliance for reprints received was highly significant (v = 7.01, n = 454), P < 0.005. The total number of reprints received in cases of ED was 19 ⁄ 26 (77%), P < 0.005. Following steps 1, 2 and 3 resulted in receipt of 2, 5 and 12 reprints, respectively. Time to receive an electronic copy was < 2 days (72%) and hard copy was < 15 days (82%). An electronic copy received within 2 days was highly significant v= 24.9, n = 282, P < 0.001). In cases of ED, the time taken to receive electronic copy after steps 1 and 2 was an average of 2 days, and if step 3 was used, it took an average of 2 and 3.5 weeks to receive electronic and hard copies, respectively. In total, 63% of authors replied without reminders being sent. However, a previous study documented a response of 79% with reminders, which emphasizes the importance of periodic reminders, and it is likely that with reminders the response rate in this study could have increased. This study attempted to reduce bias based on the requestor s academic background. The incidence of ED was low (6%) in this study. In a previous study, Wren et al. found an incidence of 25%, which increased with duration. In the present study, a high positive response rate (77%) in cases of ED was documented. The ORR protocol proposed (Table 2) is feasible in cases of ED or in cases of journals not providing the CAE and it aids in the exchange of scientific information. In tele-education, a correspondence e-mail address is a cardinal link that provides the required literature and Table 2 Steps involved in online reprint request protocol to obtain the non-open access literature.


Recently reported work by Oster et al. [1] demonstrates the power of using HIV surveillance data to gain insight into community-specific HIV transmission dynamics that can then be used to tailor HIV prevention initiatives. In their work, they used HIV pol sequences obtained from a Center for Disease Control's (CDC) project surveying for transmitted drug resistance to compare characteristics of HIV transmission clusters occurring among those newly diagnosed with HIV in Mississippi between January 2005 and April 2008. By comparing HIV pol sequences, with transmission clusters composed of patients whose sequences diverged by less than 1%, they ascertained that clusters inclusive of young ( 25 years) black MSM. Despite the demographic homogeneity of clusters with young, black MSM, these clusters did show striking geographic diversity, with nearly half of these clusters containing residents of two or more of the state's five geographic regions. These data show that transmission cluster analyses done with available HIV surveillance data can enhance community-specific tailoring of HIV prevention efforts.

Although transmission cluster analyses had more often been used to investigate specific, more contained HIV outbreaks, other groups have also performed transmission cluster analyses using drug resistance surveillance [2–4]. For instance, researchers used Canadian HIV Strain and Drug Resistance Program data to perform a longitudinal analysis of transmission clusters in British Columbia, Canada and observed that clusters enriched with recently infected patients showed the most growth in cluster size over time [3]. Other groups have used research cohort data, or combined cohort data with public health surveillance, to perform similar analyses [5,6].

Given the potential knowledge on region and community-specific HIV transmission dynamics provided by such analyses, and given the wide availability of HIV genotype data – a clinically indicated diagnostic test performed on nearly all newly diagnosed HIV patients – we are disconcerted that efforts such as these have been mostly restricted to use of data from research cohorts or limited public health surveillance projects.

At John H. Stroger Jr Hospital (JSH) of Cook County, Chicago's primary safety-net provider of medical care, between June and September of 2010, we conducted a pilot program that attempted to integrate both diagnosis of acute HIV as well as the identification of HIV transmission clusters, with our routine HIV testing program in our emergency department (ED), which sees over 80 000 unique patients annually, and in our sexually transmitted diseases (STD) clinic. We performed baseline HIV genotyping, as per standard clinical practice, for all newly diagnosed patients. To assess for transmission clustering, we compared HIV pol sequences from each newly diagnosed patient via progressive pairwise alignment for multiple sequences. We used the neighbor-joining method to estimate genetic distance (Geneious version 5.3.3, Biomatter, Auckland, New Zealand). We considered sequence divergence of less than 1% as evidence of membership in a transmission pair/cluster.

During the 3-month pilot program, we tested 3879 (2446 ED and 1433 STD clinic) patients, newly diagnosing HIV in 28 (72% black, 17% Hispanic, 11% white), while also identifying one additional patient with acute HIV via pooled nucleic acid testing. We obtained baseline genotypes on all 25 of 29 (86%) patients successfully linked to outpatient HIV care. We identified one transmission pair, whose sequences had 99% homology and a genetic distance of 0.008 nucleotide substitutions per site (group's mean interpatient genetic distance=0.06).

Although we identified only one transmission cluster in the 3 months of testing, we demonstrated that assessments for transmission clustering can be integrated with a routine HIV testing program. By including data from more clinical sites, or from community-based organizations that serve higher risk patient populations, the utility of such analysis could be significantly increased.

Transmission cluster analyses with relevance to prevention efforts, such as the one done in Mississippi by Oster et al. [1], have been largely limited to areas engaged in specialized public health surveillance (i.e. transmitted drug resistance surveillance) or longitudinal research cohorts. Adding baseline HIV genotype to the battery of data routinely collected by public health entities could significantly expand the power, and widen the applicability of such transmission cluster analyses, thereby advancing efforts to tailor demographic and region-specific prevention initiatives.


This paper proposes a method of information security situation assessment based on conditional evidential network, which is for the problem of false positives, omissions, inability to produce network security situation maps and the large number of uncertain information in network security assessment. Conditional reliability function is used to describe the conditional dependency of the attack state between nodes, while disjunctive rule of combination is used to implement evidential network reasoning, evaluating the security situation of the whole network. Experimental results show the proposed method can solve the adverse e ects of false positives, omissions on the assessment of network security situation with less prior knowledge and network data, and deal with a variety of uncertain information such as probability and fuzzy knowledge.


Computerized dynamic assessment has been proposed as a solution to the practicality issues involved   in ordinary dynamic assessment procedures. However, most of computerized dynamic assessment studies have addressed receptive skills (i.e., reading and listening). Responding to the scarcity of CDA studies of productive skills, the present study was an attempt to design and implement a computerized dynamic test of writing (CDTW) for 93 Iranian EFL university students. Moreover, this study investigated if learners' willingness to communicate might have a facilitating role in their level of responsiveness to mediation. CDTW was designed following a sandwich-format interventionist approach. 93 Iranian EFL learners took part in a six-week procedure that consisted of a pretest; a mediation procedure; a posttest; and a delayed posttest. Running paired sample t-test revealed that there was a significant difference between learners' non-dynamic (pretest) and dynamic (posttest) scores indicating the fact that providing learners with Zone of Proximal Development based mediations brings about significant changes in their performance. Moreover, learners' learning potential score (LPS) proved useful in differentiating among learners with the same non-dynamic (independent) performance. In addition, comparing the posttest and delayed posttest scores revealed that learners could transfer their learning to situations outside CDTW. Finally, comparing learners' performance through ANOVA at three levels of L2 WTC (i.e., low, mid, high) showed that L2 WTC could have significant role in learners' level of responsiveness to mediation in CDTW. This could be indicative of the fact that learners with high L2 WTC lend themselves better to the mediation provided in dynamic assessment procedures.


This paper presents an analytically determined general optimal policy for operating a multipurpose reservoir and depicts it in graphical form. Piecewise linear cost functions are used to describe downstream flow costs, reservoir level costs, and costs incurred in meeting and not meeting power demands, the cost parameters involved in these functions being left arbitrary to allow wide applicability. The paper assumes random inflows into the reservoir, known power demands, and the availability of a finite-capacity auxiliary power source. It uses dynamic programming as an analytical, as opposed to numerical, tool in determining the general form of an optimal operating policy for this model.


The medical records of 16 patients (9 female and 7 male; age range, 5–66 years) with 24 lesions that had a histologic diagnosis of desmoid tumors were reviewed at our institution. Six cases were extra‐abdominal, 4 intra‐abdominal, and 6 in the abdominal wall. Lesions ranged from 1.5 to 18.0 cm in diameter (mean, 6.8 cm). All lesions were solid masses, which appeared hypoechoic, isoechoic, or hyperechoic with homogeneous or heterogeneous echogenicity. Posterior acoustic enhancement was seen in 18 lesions. No lesions showed central necrosis. Most lesions had substantial flow and high resistive index values (>0.70). Sonography can show a desmoid tumor's site, size, contour, margin, echogenicity, homogeneity, vascularity, and resistive index value in detail.


Gastrinomas are gastrin-producing neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) located in the gastroenteropancreatic system. Gastrinomas are often small, multifocal, and found at late stages. Their unpredictable behavior and metastatic potential make it extremely challenging to develop therapeutic strategies. Surgery is the only potentially curative treatment for gastrinoma, but current tumor localization techniques such as intraoperative ultrasound and manual palpitation have poor sensitivity for small tumors, resulting in higher rates of recurrence and metastasis. Therefore, there is a strong clinical need for developing advanced intraoperative imaging technologies for tumor localization in treating gastrinoma. Polarized light imaging (PLI) is a promising method for label-free tissue characterization due to its sensitivity to micro and nanoscale structures, which are often influenced with the onset of cancer, but no works have yet investigated the application of PLI for gastrinoma localization. To assess the suitability of PLI for gastrinoma localization, we imaged 11 formalin-fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) specimens of gastrinoma using a five-wavelength Mueller Matrix Polarization Microscope. The Lu-Chipman decomposition was applied to spatial maps of the sixteen Mueller matrix parameters. Values for depolarization, diattenuation, and retardance were compared for regions of interest corresponding to tumor and adjacent tissues. There was significant difference between the average depolarization of the Brunner's gland and tumors when imaged with light at 442, 543, and 632 nm (p<0.05), and the average diattenuation values of the two at 405 nm (p<0.05), suggesting that these properties could be used for label-free localization. These results motivate further study of the use of PLI for NET localization. Future steps include broadening the sample pool to other NETs and validating results in fresh tissue studies.


The high temperature Raman spectra of KTN crystal and melt were studied. The structures of KTN crystal and melt were analyzed. The rule of structure change of KTN crystal with increasing temperature was analyzed. The results show that the peaks of spectra move to the lower wavelength and broaden by different degrees. The intensities of spectra peaks decrease, too. Raman peaks at 538, 585, 835, 868 and 875cm -1 were analyzed in detail. Phase transition from tetragonal to cubic was observed and explained. In high temperalure KTN melt, the [Ta/NbO 6 ] octahedron entities disappeared. Meanwhile, there were many Ta/Nb O double bonds in the [Ta/NbO 3 ] - entities. It showed that there were [Ta/NbO 3 ] - growth unities in KTN melts.


A mixed graph is, informally, an object obtained from a simple undirected graph by choosing an orientation for a subset of its edges. A mixed graph is $(m, n)$-coloured if each edge is assigned one of $m \geq 0$ colours, and each arc is assigned one of $n \geq 0$ colours. Oriented graphs are $(0, 1)$-coloured mixed graphs, and 2-edge-coloured graphs are $(2, 0)$-coloured mixed graphs. We show that results of Sopena for vertex colourings of oriented graphs, and of Kostochka, Sopena and Zhu for vertex colourings oriented graphs and 2-edge-coloured graphs, are special cases of results about vertex colourings of $(m, n)$-coloured mixed graphs. Both of these can be regarded as a version of Brooks' Theorem.


We study the complexity of computing the permanent on random inputs. We consider matrices drawn randomly from the space of n by n matrices with integer values between 0 and p –1, for any large enough prime p . We show that any polynomial time algorithm which computes the permanent correctly on even an exponentially small fraction of these matrices, implies the collapse of the polynomial-time hierarchy to its second level. We also show that it is hard to get partial information about the value of the permanent modulo p . We show that any balanced polynomial-time 0/1 predicate (e.g., the least significant bit, the parity of all the bits, the quadratic residuosity character) cannot be guessed with probability significantly greater than 1/2 (unless the polynomial hierarchy collapses). This result can be extended to showing simultaneous hardness for linear size groups of bits.


This research aims to describe nationalism and value form in Daun-daun Rindu novel by Dul Abdul Rahman. The writter used theory syested by Elfiondri (2007) about literature of nationalism, and by Taufik (2010) and Wuryandari (2010) about nationalism. This research used qualitative approach with descriptive method. This data are collecting any underline the form and value of nationalism in the novel. The data of this research is analyzed based on form and nationalism value. The result of this research show that it has fourty of nationalism data, consist of value (1), believe of the Almighty God 6 data, (2 ) loyalty 3 data, (3) holding hands  1 data, (4) social balance 10 data, (5) keep of suffering 2 data, (6) good attitude 12 data, (7) the glory of the older 4 data, (8) character 2 data. Based on nationalism form found (1) nationality of nationalism 19 data, (2) ethnic of nationalism 5 data, (3) romantic of nationalism 2 data, (9) culture of nationalism 5 data, (5) national matter of nationalism 2 data, (6) the religion of nationalism 2 data, meanwhile value of holding hand and used Indonesia with good grammar and pronounciation did not found. In generally, the writer has a conclution that the dominant form of nationalism than the aspect of value is social balance and good attitude. Meanwhile form aspect are nationality of nationalism, and national matter.  Keywords: nationalism, the value of nationalism, nationalism


Seeds of five cultivars of subterranean clover, together with one of white clover, were sown in a wide range of temperature regimes under both controlled environment and field conditions. Results were consistent across temperature regimes and showed that the first trifoliate leaf emerged after 230 °Cd for all subterranean clover cultivars and 309 °Cd for the white clover cultivar. For subterranean clover, exponential leaf appearance commenced after 434 °Cd at the six total leaf stage. At this time, subterranean clover can be defoliated without causing permanent physical damage to seedlings. The field study at Lincoln University showed that subterranean clover that germinated in March produced 44 kg DM/ha/day for 158 days to yield approximately 7 000 kg DM/ha by mid-September. Subterranean clover that germinated in May produced 15 kg DM/ha/day for 120 days to yield only 1 800 kg DM/ha by mid September. These results are discussed in relation to the time of autumn grazing management for subterranean clover, including extrapolation to other climatic areas of New Zealand.


In the late 1960s, a group of eight marine scientists from the Smithsonian National Museum of
Natural History, Washington (USA) established a long-tenn Caribbean coral-reef field program that is
now known as Caribbean Coral Reef Ecosystems (CCRE). The core group consisted of specialists in the
fields of Botany, Zoology, Paleobiofogy, and Geology, who were looking for a field location of high
geological and biological diversity and with ·minimal anthropogenic disturbance, suitable for long-tenn
research on biodiversity, ecological processes, historical development, and change over time. The tiny «1
acre) sand island, Carrie Bow Cay, on the Mesoamerican Barrier Reef off Dangriga in Southern Belize
was chosen as the base for a field station to enhance the CCRE Program's scientific focus and operational
economy; it was established in February 1972.


The situation in the South China Sea——where sovereignty and oil and natural gas interests are converging——creates a flashpoint with significant policy implications for the U.S., Japan, and other Asian nations. Only the U.S.-Japan security alliance, operating in conjunction with the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, can safely foster a long-term solution.


Based on the Guanzhuang interchange project continuous box griber.This paper introduces the construction methods and content of support design for continual box girder bridge using bracket.


We present a single-stage electronic ballast with a high power factor feature for driving high-intensity discharge (HID) lamps. A new frequency-modulation technique is proposed to eliminate the acoustic resonance problem in HID lamps under high-frequency operation. The proposed method has the merits of simple circuit and low cost; thus, it is suitable for use in commercial applications. The conducted emission caused by the high-frequency electronic ballast can be also effectively reduced. The operating principles and design considerations of the proposed electronic ballast are analyzed and discussed in detail. A 35-W laboratory prototype is designed and implemented. Simulation and experimental waveforms are given to verify the feasibility of the proposed method. The results are satisfactory.


Tuberculosis was diagnosed in a person who had stayed in a shelter after the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake. A contact investigation showed that the prevalence of latent tuberculosis infection among other evacuees at the shelter was 20%. Our report underscores the importance of tuberculosis prevention and control after natural disasters.


The effects of humidity (water-vapor) in nitrogen on the friction and deformation behavior of magnetic tape in contact with a Ni-Zn ferrite spherical pin were studied. The coefficient of friction is markedly dependent on the ambient relative humidity. In elastic contacts the coefficient of friction increased linearly with increasing humidity; it decreased linearly when humidity was lowered. This effect is the result of changes in the chemistry and interaction of tape materials such as degradation of the lubricant. In plastic contacts there was no effect of humidity on friction below 40 percent relative humidity. There is no effect on friction associated with the breakthrough of the adsorbed water-vapor film at the interface of the tape and Ni-Zn ferrite. The coefficient of friction, however, increased rapidly with increasing relative humidity above 40 percent in plastic contacts.


The long-term mass balance, daily runoff and internal water storage of the Bering Glacier, Alaska is determined with the PTAA model using meteorological observations at Cordova and Yakutat, plus the area-altitude distribution of the glacier. Precipitation and temperature observations collected daily at these low altitude stations are converted to snow accumulation and rain, and snow and ice ablation at each of the 93 area-altitude intervals that make up the total glacier. The transformation from meteorological observations to glacier precipitation and ablation is accomplished with algorithms in a deterministic computer program using 14 variable coefficients. The model is calibrated by the regression of one simulated balance variable with another, each day throughout the summer ablation season. Eighteen different combinations of balance variables are regressed using two-degree polynomials (for a total of 2196 regressions). The 14 coefficients are simultaneously adjusted with a simplex optimizing program until the average regression error is a minimum. The glacier has lost mass at the rate of one meter per year since 1950. The average snow accumulation (winter balance) is 1.7 m and average ablation (summer balance) is -2.7 m. Runoff (the sum of precipitation as rain plus total ablation) is 4.5 m per year; 22 percent of this is derived from the loss in glacier mass. Discharge from the glacier averages 3000 m 3 per second in August and has reached a daily peak of 9000 m 3 per second (which corresponds to an instantaneous peak approximately two times this value). There is strong evidence that Bering Glacier surges are triggered by several consecutive years of above-normal winter balances. There is also some indication that high discharges of water from the glacier and an increase in internal water storage may also be instrumental. Independent balance measurements made at points on the Bering Glacier and over the nearby Seward-Malaspina Glacier show fair to excellent agreement with the simulated balance.


Copyright © 2015 The Korean Society of Phycology 281 http://e-algae.kr pISSN: 1226-2617 eISSN: 2093-0860 Ingestion of the unicellular cyanobacterium Synechococcus by the mixotrophic red tide ciliate Mesodinium rubrum Yeong Du Yoo, Kyeong Ah Seong, Geumog Myung, Hyung Seop Kim, Hae Jin Jeong, Brian Palenik and Wonho Yih* Department of Marine Biotechnology, College of Ocean Science and Technology, Kunsan National University, Kunsan 54150, Korea Converging Research Division, National Marine Biodiversity Institute of Korea, Chungnam 33662, Korea School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0202, USA


To the Editor: —Hugh Cabot and O. R. T. L'Esperance in an article entitled "The Excretion of Formaldehyd by the Kidneys of Patients Taking Hexamethylenamin, a Study of Burnam's Test" ( Boston Med. and Surg. Jour. , Oct. 24, 1912, p. 577), and later B. F. Jeness in an article entitled "Burnam's Test for Formaldehyd in the Urine" (The Journal, March 1, 1913, p. 662) described in detail a method for determining small quantities of formaldehyd in the urine, calling this method, both in the title and in the text, "Burnam's test." This test consists in the use of dilute solutions of phenylhydrazin hydrochlorid, sodium nitroprussid and sodium hydroxid. It is a delicate color reaction, for all practical purposes specific for formaldehyd and very sensitive, revealing the presence of minute quantities of formaldehyd, even in albuminous fluids, such as milk, nephritic urine, etc. This so-called "Burnam's test" was discovered by Rimini ( Ann.


In my role as respiratory educator in a family practice I made several follow up visits to a patient discharged from hospital with his first exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). These visits were to ensure that the patient, John, was recovering, had appropriate support, and understood his COPD self management plan.

On the first visit my arrival was heralded by an ageing, puffing, wheezing, snappy, arthritic chihuahua, which refused to leave me alone despite a volley of colourful language from his owner. The cluttered living area of John's home, where most of his time was spent, had an old cardboard box that the dog slept in, another for the cat, and a large cage for the cockatiel. The outside temperature was 30°C and it was hotter inside. The television set was …


Additive manufacturing technologies allow the production of highly complex parts. The surface topography of such parts often presents micro-scale and freeform-shaped re-entrant features. These features cannot be measured completely using optical or tactile techniques, without sectioning the sample. Therefore, X-ray computed tomography has recently started to be used for topographical measurement of additively manufactured surfaces, as it is capable of acquiring also re-entrant features of the surface when a sufficiently high spatial resolution is achieved. However, profile texture parameters described in the standard ISO 4287 are not suited to characterise the aforementioned profiles, due to the possible re-entrant features. This paper proposes a new definition of texture parameters optimised for additively manufactured surface profiles with the presence of re-entrant features, measured by means of X-ray computed tomography.


Near infrared (NIR) spectra of a sample can be treated as a signature, allowing samples to be grouped on basis of their spectral similarities. Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) combined with probabilistic neural networks (PNN) have been used to discriminate producing area and variety of loquats. Two varieties of loquats ('Dahongpao' and 'Jiajiaozhong') picked from two producing areas ('Tangxi' and 'Cunan' in Zhejiang province) were analyzed in this study. Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied and the results indicated that the dimension of the vast spectral data can be effectively reduced and remaining as much information as possible. For each model, half of the samples were used to training the network and the remaining half were used to validate the network. The results of the PC-PNN models for discriminating the variety of samples from the same producing area or for discriminating the producing area of same variety samples are much better than those of the PC-PNN models for discriminating the variety or the producing area of all loquat samples. The results of this study show that NIRS combined with PC-PNN is a feasible way for qualitative analysis of discriminating fruit producing areas and varieties.


Computer simulations of ion-bombardment events which recrystallize the target demonstrate pit formation at 1.0 keV. Atoms are ejected from the first two target layers in the pit region. The remainder of the pit is created by replacement-collision sequences. Linear-cascade and spike-regime events are dynamically indistinguishable. © 1983 The American Physical Society.


Subjective tort liability, or subjective non-contractual liability, presupposes damage, causation, and fault. All three conditions are to be proven by the injured party, because fault for damage is not presumed – the system of proven fault. Certain legal systems include a rebuttable presumption of fault, which transfers the burden of proof to the tortfeasor – the system of presumed fault. While the system of proven fault certainly prevails, the system of presumed fault is accepted in fewer legislations.

The paper gives a historical overview of the application of the system of proven fault as well as an exposition of the solutions in Yugoslav law before and after the adoption of the 1978 Law on Contracts and Torts, followed by a critical analysis of the systems of proven and presumed fault. After summing up their distinct features, in the concluison the author emphasizes the advantages of the system where fault is presumed.


The main trends in the world market are presented, in comparison with the palm sector has a great growth potential in its agricultural development. Among the trends, the maintenance of subsidies and distortions, the substantial growth in the demand for some products such as fruits, vegetables, meats, raw materials for animal feed and vegetable oils in the Asiatic countries with high growth and huge populations (China, Indonesia, India, Malaysia, Thailand and Vietnam) are mentioned, since, although some of them presently have important cultivated areas, in approximately 10 years their local production will not be enough to satisfy their internal necessities and they will have to import more than 50% of the total projected internal consumption; the trend towards the rise in prices and lower inventories; the increase in exportations of processed products, the increment in the production scales and the greater integration of the productive chains and the increasing demand for quality in healthy and ecological goods. All of the above mentioned aspects become a potential opportunity for the country's palm sector, since the present percentage of land destined for permanent pastures and forest uses is high. Due to its climatic and soil conditions, Colombia has all the conditions given to increase its agricultural area and raise its agricultural, cattle, forest and fishing production.


The North China Plain is an important area for food production, and the underground water resources constitute the main water-supply source of this region. The increasing production quantity and climate change have restricted the development of water resources. With the trend of decreasing precipitation and ascending air temperature in recent years, the originally insufficient water resources have continuously reduced the water supply. On the basis of an analysis of precipitation, evaporation, surface runoff, changes of underground water flow field and a series of changes of underground water resources, it is thought that such factors as decreasing precipitation, ascending air temperature, human river-taming work and exploitation of underground water seem to be the most important factors responsible for the decrease of water resources in this region.


The paper investigates the pricing strategy for consumers and the retailers in platform of social commerce such as Facebook. We use the two-sided market theory to model the platform pricing strategy and concluded that the single-homing pricing strategy under asymmetrical externality. Results show that both the same side externality and cross-side externality have a negative effect on the optimal pricing, but the demand elasticity in one side has only a positive effect on the pricing strategy in himself. The same side externality can obtain more consumer welfares. The social commerce is still in infant stage, there are a lot of research opportunities waiting for exploring both in theoretical study and practical applications.


Distinguishing the lentigo maligna (LM) type of melanoma in situ from excessively sun-damaged skin with increased numbers of melanocytes is often very


We demonstrate a tiny optical module which integrates an ultra-compact wavelength tunable laser, InP-based transmitter and PLC-based receiver. The optical module exhibits low-insertion loss (<13.6 dB) and high bandwidth (>45 GHz) for ≥400-Gb/s coherent-optical links.


We report on the merger-induced generation of a shock-heate d g s wind and formation of a remnant gas halo in simulations of colliding disk galaxies. The simulations use cosmologically motivated initial conditions and include the effects of radiative cooling, star formation, s tellar feedback and the non-adiabatic heating of gas. The non-adiabatic heating, i.e. shocks, generated in the fin al merger forces gas out of the central region of the merger remnant and into the dark-matter halo. We demonstrat e th the amount of heating depends on the size of the progenitor disk galaxy as well as the initial orbit the ga laxies are placed on. Based upon these dependencies, we motivate a possible recipe for including this effect in se mi-analytic models of galaxy formation. Subject headings: galaxies:evolution — formation — interactions — ISM — metho ds:N-body simulations


The size of molecules, be it their volume, surface area or linear extent, is an important quantity in many fields of chemistry. Molecules are often tacitly or explicitly treated as if they were spheres, so that a diameter can be assigned to them. However, the molecules of many kinds of substances are rather cylindrical, being rod- or disk-shaped, so that two linear dimensions are needed for their description. The collision diameters obtainable from experimental data on gases and vapors or diameters obtained from the molar volume or the application of an expression for the interaction potential in liquids, e.g. the Lennard–Jones potential, are explored as ways to yield information on molecular sizes. The ratio of the van der Waals volume and surface area is related to a simple expression derived solely from the composition of the molecules for various types of molecular shapes. These approaches were applied to a database of 350 mainly liquid (but also some gaseous and solid) organic (and a few inorganic) substances. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Objectives To appraise the causal effect of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) for risk of Coronary heart disease (CHD). Methods We selected single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with SLE as instrumental variables (IVs) from three independent genome-wide association studies (GWAS), the three largest to date for SLE of European ancestry. Then we conducted two-sample Mendelian randomization (2SMR) analyses to estimate the effects of IVs on the odds of CHD and traditional coronary risk factors (including high LDL cholesterol levels, low HDL cholesterol levels, Apolipoprotein A-I, Apolipoprotein B, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension). Additionally, we searched for common risk loci between SLE and premature coronary atherosclerosis. Furthermore, we retrospectively reviewed the lipid profile of treatment-naive SLE patients and age-matched healthy controls. Results Genetically predicted SLE did not increase the odds of CHD. Nevertheless, we found mild causal relationships between SLE and decreased HDL cholesterol levels, and between SLE and decreased apolipoprotein A-I. There was one common risk locus (rs597808) between SLE and premature coronary atherosclerosis at a genome-wide significance level (P<5 x10-8). Retrospective analysis showed decreased HDL-cholesterol (0.98{+/-}0.516mmol/L vs. 1.46{+/-}0.307mmol/L in female, 0.76{+/-}0.199mmol/L vs. 1.19{+/-}0.257mmol/L in male; both P<0.001) and apolipoprotein A-I (1.06{+/-}0.314g/L vs. 1.37{+/-}0.205g/L in female, 0.87{+/-}0.174g/L vs. 1.24{+/-}0.200g/L in male; both P<0.001) in naive SLE patients. Conclusion SLE may accelerate coronary atherosclerosis in young patients by reducing HDL cholesterol and apolipoprotein A-I intrinsically, but it seems not to play a predominant role in CHD development in old patients.


Cultural heritage sites throughout China have been affected and threatened by a lot of risk factors,most of which have combined to result in many kinds of deterioration that threaten the permanent Perdervation of these sites. Since the 1990 s, cultural heritage risk management theory has been applied to the conservation research of cultural heritage against natural disasters. The theory can be used to identify all the risks effecting cultural heritage maintenance, assess the severity of each risk, and propose appropriate risk mitigation strategies.Based on this risk management theory, this paper first reviews the conservation history of the Mogao Grottoes,then points out that the risk monitoring and precaution system should be built to achieve various conservation and management goals, including monitoring changes at cultural heritage sites, forecasting risks, pre-controlling emergency dangers and conserving in advance, and then discusses how to build a risk monitoring and precaution system at the grottoes and what should be done or resolved first. The guidance of the risk monitoring and precaution system indicates that the only way to realize preventive conservation of the Mogao Grottoes is to carry out research on risk precaution and mitigate damages caused by various risk factors.


The bias‐enhanced nucleation (BEN) technique has been applied to TiC(111) substrates and resulted in deposition of oriented diamond particles. The orientation was observed via scanning electron microscopy. A dense region of oriented particles was not observed on the samples, presumably due to the excessive twinning of the diamond. However, micrographs taken throughout the substrate showed diamond particles having similar orientation with respect to each other. Some of the diamond particles showed evidence of azimuthal twist and tilting, resulting most likely from the ∼21% lattice mismatch. Raman spectra of the diamond crystals show a strong feature at 1332 cm−1, which is indicative of diamond, and smaller features at 1480 and 1602 cm−1 due to sp2‐bonded carbon.


About 35,000 to 70,000 plants species has been used as medicaments. Nearly 70 percent of the world's population relies on plants for their primary health care. Different concentrations from some medicinal plant oils (Eucalyptus citratus, Rosmarinus officinalis and Allium sativum) at different contact times were separately applied to cysts and trophozoites of Naegleria sp. (accession Number: KU312284) isolated from Egyptian swimming pool. Naegleria sp. viability was tested by culturing on non-nutrient agar and incubation at 45oC and by staining with trypan blue vital stain. The results of the present study showed that the minimum amoebicidal concentrations of essential oils from Eucalyptus citratus, Rosmarinus officinalis and Allium sativum that produced complete death of Naegleria sp. trophozoites reached 15% with contact time 90 min, 25% with contact time 60 min, 15% with contact time 60 min, respectively. The minimum amoebicidal concentrations of oils from Eucalyptus citratus, Rosmarinus officinalis and Allium sativum that produced complete death of Naegleria sp. cysts reached 50% with contact time 6 days, 100% with contact time 3 days, 75% with contact time 3 days, respectively. In conclusion, Eucalyptus citratus showed the best concentration for inactivation of Naegleria sp. cysts and trophozoites.


T t HE Notarial Archives of Amsterdam and Rotterdam, which form a part of those cities' Municipal Archives, contain valuable information on the early commercial relations of Holland and Virginia-information that has so far been little used by historians of North America. It is the intent of this note to call attention to the utility and availability, for scholarly purposes, of those notarial acts-a small proportion of the original total-that have survived the ravages of fire and water, and damage resulting from poor storage. The Dutch notary of the seventeenth century performed most of the minor functions of the modern lawyer. He drew up wills, contracts, testimonies, and a variety of other legal documents. Some of the more important Dutch cities possessed a dozen or more notaries whose clerks drew up many documents every day, sometimes employing the services of interpreters when a language other than Dutch was desired, as it often was for transactions relating to Holland's international trade. An important element in Holland's remarkable economic expansion, beginning in the late sixteenth century, was the tobacco trade with the New World. Before i6io Dutch merchants were buying tobacco in the West Indies, Brazil, and the Orinoco region, as a profitable addition to the trade in sugar, indigo, slaves, and other commodities. When Virginia began growing tobacco in sizable quantities for export, these merchants were quick to take advantage of this new market for European goods. The first contacts between Holland and Virginia were made by the Company of Merchant Adventurers of Middelburg before i620. (The Middelburg notarial archives were destroyed during the bombing of that city in May I940.) When the Middelburg merchants moved to Rotterdam in the i630s, the latter city became the center of Holland's trade not only with Virginia but with the "West Indies" generally, that term covering in Dutch usage-the imprecision of which is reflected in the notarial actsall the New World lands and islands lying south of Newfoundland.


Abstract Recognition measures are commonly used to test the memory effects of advertisements. Unfortunately, there is a significant amount of response bias (particularly false claiming) involved with the simple "yes"/"no" type recognition tests currently being used by the advertising researchers. Recently a different procedure, called forced-choice recognition test, has been suggested as a means of removing the response bias. The present paper briefly reviews the past attempts made by the advertising researchers to secure a valid measure of recognition memory and then evaluates the efficacy of forced-choice recognition tests as a means of eliminating response bias in an advertising context.


In this paper, I share my thoughts as a teacher in the form of conscious and spontaneous reflections that have guided my actions and decisions on my professional journey for more than two decades. I will begin with a typical scenario when the results of the public examinations are released. Students who obtain straight As will be feted by all parties and will be glorified. As a teacher, I feel happy but not elated when students excel and their hard work has paid off. Is it because in another corner of the hall, there are students crying their hearts out as they did not excel as expected and no amount of consoling can make them get rid of the notion that


In the interference region of two electron waves the current density oscillates in time, but no photons are emitted. Therefore these "beats" cannot be used to operate a free-electron laser, contrary to a recent claim.


The digital computation of 3D fields poses problems on two levels: there is a large quantity of data and many results to store; difficulties in representing 3D objects on a graphic terminal. The Boundary Integral Equation Method (BIEM) allows us to solve certain fields problems from fictitious source densities uniquely situated over the modelized objects surface: this practically means the gain of one dimension. The numerical discretization of the integral equations is achieved by classical finite element techniques. However, this method is original, so it was necessary to develop a specific graphic interactive package which is presented in this publication.


The utility model aims to provide a packaging device and a protector. Products in the packaging device can be easily taken out from the packaging device. The packaging device is characterized in that two edge cutting parts which are parallel to the taking-out direction are arranged close to the edge, which is provided with a right baffle (1RF), of a baseplate (1V). When a balance scale is taken out, a taking-out side of the scale is upward, a tongue piece (1T) is pulled out, a right-side plate (1R) and the right baffle (1RF) are opened, and the baseplate (1V) is bent along a bend line (11).


If the church decides to seize the wheel, to speak the directly political word, Bonhoeffer writes, then the church will find itself in statu confessionis. This chapter examines the phrase status confessionis to shed further light on Bonhoeffer's idea of the church's directly political word (the concern of Chapter 7). The phrase originates in a sixteenth-century episode where the emperor, with help from accommodating religious leaders, forced changes in order and rites on the Lutheran churches. The phrase status confessionis came to be seen as the battle cry of those who resisted these changes, the gnesio-Lutherans. In adopting this language, Bonhoeffer identifies a parallel between the sixteenth century and 1933, when Hitler and the Nazi regime threatened to force changes in church order (especially concerning church members of Jewish ancestry) on the church with accommodation from church leaders.


It is well known that a first impression may indeed set the tone for an entire relationship. In politics that first impression is likely to be the announcement speech. Hillary Clinton had a more complicated relationship with that first political impression than most politicians because she had been in the eye of the international public long before she ran for President of the United States. This article compares her two presidential announcement speeches – from 2008 and 2016 – in an effort to gauge what impressions she was trying to make in the hearts and minds of the United States voters, even though they no doubt had already formed an impression of her from her many years as the First Lady, the Senator from New York, and after the 2008 election as the Secretary of State.


Purpose
The aim of this study is to investigate whether activity-based workspaces (ABWs) are able to solve the privacy-communication trade-off known from fixed-desk offices. In fixed-desk offices, employees work in private or open-plan offices (or in combi-offices) with fixed workstations, which support either privacy or communication, respectively. However, both dimensions are essential to effective employee performance, which creates the dilemma known as the privacy-communication trade-off. In activity-based workspaces, flexible workstations and the availability of different spaces may solve this dilemma, but clear empirical evidence on the matter is unavailable.

Design/methodology/approach
To address this knowledge gap, the authors surveyed knowledge workers (N = 363) at a medium-sized German company at three time points (T1–T3) over a one-year period during the company's move from a fixed-desk combi-office (a combination of private and open-plan offices with fixed workplaces) to an ABW. Using a quantitative survey, the authors evaluated the employees' perceived privacy and perceived communication in the old (T1) and the new work environments (T2 and T3).

Findings
The longitudinal study revealed a significant increase in employees' perceived privacy and perceived communication in the ABW. These increases remained stable in the long term, which implies that ABWs have a lasting positive impact on employees.

Originality/value
As the privacy and communication dimensions were previously considered mutually exclusive in a single workplace, the results confirm that ABWs can balance privacy and communication, providing optimal conditions for enhanced employee performance.


with the increasing global demand for cobalt copper and cobalt copper resources increasingly depleted, and efficient development of cobalt white metal processing, to meet the requirements of the growth of cobalt and copper and cobalt has important significance for the development of copper industry, was introduced in this paper to extract cobalt white metal cobalt, copper production of typical process, and the advantages and disadvantages of each technology are analyzed in detail.


Non-conductive film (NCF) with Zn nano-particles is an effective solution for fine-pitch Cu-pillar/Sn-Ag hybrid bump interconnection in terms of manufacturing process and interfacial reliability. In this study, NCFs with Zn nano-particles of different acidity, viscosity, and curing speed were formulated, and diffused Zn contents in the Cu pillar/Sn-Ag hybrid bumps were measured after 3D TSV chip-stack bonding. Amount of Zn diffusion into the Cu pillar/Sn-Ag bumps increased as the acidity of resin increased, as the viscosity of resin decreased, as the curing speed of resin decreased, and as the bonding temperature increased. Diffusion of Zn nano-particles into the Cu pillar/Sn-Ag bumps are maximized when the resin viscosity became lowered and the solder oxide layer was removed. To analyze the effect of Zn on IMC reduction, NCFs with 0 wt%, 1 wt%, 5 wt%, and 10 wt% of Zn nano-particles were bonded on the test vehicles, and aged at 150°C up to 500 hours. NCF with 10wt% Zn nano-particle showed remarkable suppression in Cu6Sn5 and (Cu, Ni)6Sn5 IMC compared to NCFs with 0 wt%, 1 wt%, and 5 wt% of Zn nano-particles. However, in terms of Cu3Sn IMC suppression, which is the most critical goal of this experiment NCFs with 1 wt%, 5wt%, and 10wt% showed an equal amount of IMC suppression. As a result, it was successfully demonstrated that the suppression of Cu-Sn IMCs was achieved by the addition of Zn nano-particles in the NCFs resulting an enhanced reliability performance in the Cu/Sn-Ag hybrid bumps bonding in 3D TSV interconnection.


The invention applies to the technical field of wireless communication, and provides wireless access point scanning method and device and a terminal device. The method comprises the steps of scanning part of wireless communication channels by priority; displaying a wireless access point scanned from the part of the wireless communication channel; traversing the rest wireless communication channels while displaying the wireless access point scanned from the part of the wireless communication channels; displaying the wireless access points scanned from the rest wireless communication channels. With the adoption of the method, the wireless access points can be scanned and outputted within the shortest time.


Hot caves are important refuges for the endemic West Indian bat fauna, comprising altogether more than 60% of the native mammal fauna of the region. Nonetheless, our knowledge of the distribution of such caves and the diversity of their resident bat communities is very incomplete as a result of infrequent and largely limited bat surveys. The limited knowledge of the distribution of hot-cave bats and their patterns of community assemblage is an obstacle for efforts of threat assessment and conservation of endemic West Indian mammals. Here, we summarize new records of endemic Caribbean bats from five hot caves in Cuba and the Dominican Republic, and provide the first bat inventories for two of these caves. We report consistent increases in the number of species found in several of these caves between our work and previous inventories, and discuss two possible causes of such discrepancy. In addition, we provide guidelines for the visual identification of bats within caves and offer suggestions for the standardization of cave-bat surveys based on hand-net


Properties of Spider Silk were introduced,several methods and ways of man-made by trans-gene technology in the home and abroad were expounded,application and prospect were pointed out in the end of this paper.


The second novel of Theodora Bauer (b. 1990) demonstrates the importance of historical awareness in contemporary Austrian literature and the significance of the 'temporal turn' in literary studies, time studies, and memory studies. Chikago is a Zeitroman in a double sense, referencing historical time and reflecting on time as such. Predicated on Nietzsche's concept of 'ewige Wiederkunft', it turns a story of emigration and re-migration in the 1920s and 30s, the rise of Fascism, and of precarious lives into a parable for our own day.