Individuals live in society, and many of their consumption decisions are observed by others. This may affect consumers' behavior, as they both observe other consumers and are aware of being observed by them. We detail the theoretical foundation and the construction of a new survey designed to quantify the relative "cultural" visibility of different consumer expenditures. We report and analyze the survey results, placing different consumption categories along a visibility scale. We apply our findings to explore the extent to which a simple 'signaling by consuming' model à la Veblen can explain estimated total expenditure elasticities of demand in a cross-section of U.S. households. We find that our visibility survey could predict up to one third of the observed variation in elasticities across consumption categories. JEL Classification: D12, Z13 ∗This paper is based on the first chapter of my Ph.D. dissertation, "Conspicuous Consumption and the Visibility of Consumer Expenditures" (Heffetz 2004). This updated (and substantially shorter) version focuses on the empirical findings. For more detailed discussions see the original chapter. I thank my thesis advisors at Princeton—Anne Case, Angus Deaton and Jeffrey Kling—and Guy Hoffman, Norman Ireland, Justin Johnson, Alan Krueger, Moses Shayo, Dror Weitz, and Wesley Yin, as well as seminar participants at Princeton, Cornell, NYU, Queen's, Tel Aviv University, Hebrew University, University of Geneva, and Max Planck Institute of Economics for helpful discussions and comments. For help with framing the survey questions I am grateful to Udi Pladott, Jaime Kirzner-Roberts, LeighAnne Olsen, and Philippa Townsend. Financial support from the Center for Health and Wellbeing and from the Industrial Relations Section, both at Princeton University, is gratefully acknowledged.


NASA's Geospace Dynamics Constellation (GDC) mission is a six satellite constellation to make in situ measurements of important ionospheric and thermospheric variables to better understand the processes that govern Earth's near space environment. Scheduled for a 2029 launch into high inclination orbits ∼82° at ∼380 km, the satellite orbit planes will separate over time to provide almost continuous local solar time coverage every day towards the end of the 3 year baseline GDC mission. As such, the neutral temperature and neutral wind measurements of GDC will likely allow the heliophysics community to make significant progress towards resolving the tidal weather of the thermosphere, that is, day-to-day tidal variability, and how it is driven by meteorological processes near the surface and in situ forcing in the ionosphere-thermosphere system. To assess the GDC ability to accurately resolve the tides each day and when in the mission this can be achieved, we conduct an Observational Simulation System Experiment (OSSE) using SD-WACCM-X and the predicted GDC orbits. Our results show that GDC can provide closure on the tidal variability (mean, diurnal and semidiurnal, migrating and nonmigrating) at orbit height in mission phase 4 and throughout most parts of mission phase 3. We also perform Hough Mode Extension fitting of relevant tidal components to study possible connections between the GDC observations and the tides at 200 km, to assess synergies between GDC and the forthcoming DYNAMIC mission (scheduled to be co-launched with GDC) that will measure altitude-resolved winds and temperatures in the ∼100–200 km height range.


The authors present results from the processing of data obtained from the reflection of broadbeam ultrasonic pulses from a selection of surfaces. The main aim is to produce height distribution curves of these surfaces. Surfaces tested include specially designed grooved surfaces, a paint layer and a hidden stepped surface. The effects of tilt are also investigated. Two signal processing methods are compared: the maximum entropy method and the Wiener-Hopf filter. It is demonstrated that maximum entropy produces not only more visually pleasing output, but also output that shows very close correspondence with the desired result. Comparison with a conventional stylus instrument is provided, and although resolution capabilities are different, a method of comparison is given. Future aims and problems to be overcome in producing a practical instrument are discussed.


One of the major finishing projects in Slovenia is to link the country via modern expressways. Almost half of Slo-venia is karst and more than half of its supply of water comes from karst aquifers. Slovenia is the home of the Classical Karst region, which gave name to numerous world languages for the type of landscape that develops on carbonate rock and where the science of karstology began to develop. Comprising an important part of our natural and cultural heritage, the sensitive karst landscape demands from us good knowledge and serious effort for its preservation. This paper describes the value regular research of karst features revealed during the construction of expressways for spatial planning in karst regions of Slovenia


The present invention adopts acrylic ester monomer as main raw material, utilizes the processes of seed emulsion polymerization by adopting semi-continuous changing mode, agglomeration or organic agglomerating agent and addition of nano-grade inorganic particles to obtain composite particle latex; in the pressure of the above-mentioned latex it is grafted with polyethylene to obtain the invented composite polyvinyl chloride emulsion resin with high notch impact strength, weatherability and good low-temp. impact property at normal temp. It can be extensively used in the fields of indoor decoration material, electric equipmkent and meter, tog and others.


A hemiparasitic alga, Sorellocotax stellaris sp. nov. is described growing on plants of Sorella repens collected from Onagawa, Miyagi Prefecture, east coast of Honshu, Japan. The thallus is small, up to 2 mm high, once or twice branched from the margin. The growing apex has a transversely dividing apical cell, and intercalary cell divisions occur in the cells of first‐order rows. Tetrasporangia are cut off from the cells of the inner cortex, The procarp is composed of a supporting cell, one group of sterile cells and two carpogonial branches. Carposporangia are borne in short chains.


Adjoint Navier–Stokes methods are presented for incompressible flow. The sensitivity derivative of scalar hydrodynamic objective functionals with respect to the shape is obtained at the cost of one flow-field computation, so that the numerical effort is practically independent of the number of shape parameters. The adjoint Navier–Stokes problem was derived on the level of partial differential equations (PDE) first. According to the frozen-turbulence assumption, variations of the turbulence field with respect to the shape control were neglected in the adjoint analysis. Second, consistent discretisation schemes were derived for the individual terms of the adjoint PDE on the basis of the primal, unstructured finite-volume discretisation. A unified, discrete formulation for the adjoint wall boundary condition and the sensitivity equation is presented that supports both lowand high-Reynolds number boundary treatments. The segregated pressure-correction scheme used to solve the primal problem was also pursued in the adjoint code. Reusing huge portions of the flow code led to a compact adjoint module, reduced coding effort and yielded a consistent implementation. Analytical adjoint solutions were tailored to validate the adjoint approach. Moreover, the adjoint-based sensitivity derivative was verified against the direct-differentiation method for both internal and external flow cases. The adjoint method was used for ship-hydrodynamic design optimisation to compute the sensitivity derivative of a wake objective functional with respect to the hull shape. The sensitivity map yields considerable insight into the design problem from the objective point of view. The adjoint-based sensitivity analysis was carried out at model scale to support a manual redesign of the hull and led to an improved wake field. An explicit, filteringbased preconditioning of the sensitivity derivative is first-order equivalent to the concept of "Sobolev-smoothing". Particularly the sensitivity derivative obtained in conjunction with the low-Reynolds number treatment of boundary walls needed to be filtered before applied to the design surfaces. Guided by the adjoint-based sensitivity derivative, automatic shape optimisation runs were performed for 2D and 3D internal flow problems to reduce the power loss.


Mutagenicities and spectra of mutants of human chromosome 11 in the human hamster hybrid (A L cells) induced by exogenetic and endogenetic reactive oxygen species (ROS) were investigated. Hydroxyl radicals (·OH) were generated by hydrogen peroxides (H 2O 2) reacting with ferrous chloride in vitro, and quantitatively determinated by chemiluminescence (CL). Endogenetic ROS were produced by phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) stimulating human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN), detected by CL and identified with specific antioxidants. A L cells were used for assaying ROS induced mutagenicities of Hchr 11 through screening mutants in presence of anti CD 59 surface antigen antibody (S1) and complement. Spectra of mutants were drawn through multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of DNA extracted from S1 mutants. Results showed that mutagenicities of Hchr 11 induced by ·OH were greater than H 2O 2, and their spectra of mutants were obviously different. PMA could stimulate PMN to produce a great deal of ROS, and caused mutagenicities of Hchr 11, and its spectra of mutants showed both features of spectra of mutants induced by ·OH and H 2O 2. Some antioxidants such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase and mannitol had remarkably inhibition to ROS induced mutagenicities. It is indicated that exogenetic and endogenetic ROS could cause mutagenisities of Hchr 11, and various ROS was likely to induce different types of gene mutation.


: The paradigm of "bhineka tunggal ika" (unity in diversity) has been internalized to all Indonesian citizens, yet the antithesis paradigms also spread among societies. Evidence shows that violence, intolerance, radicalism still threatens the nature of bhineka tunggal ika and democracy. The objectives of this research were to develop textbook based on multicultural setting to enhance the social awareness of the students of higher education. Method of research was Research and Development. The subjects of the research are students of universities. The research was conducted in 2013. The results of the research were: (1) the establishment of Indonesian Language textbook based on multicultural setting, (2) Indonesian language textbook based on multicultural informs and teaches the wellbeing of all ethnics, the honor of all religion, and the high value of the ancestors' tradition which perceive unity, nationalism, and diversity. (3) The textbook was able to inspire the youth's paradigm of diversity and patriotism to avoid intolerance, radicalism and disintegration.


This article investigates the cold resistence of biodiesel. Using biodiesel at low ambient temperatures, many problems arise due to insufficient fuel supply. This phenomenon was investigated with regard to the fatty acid profile and the structure of the alkyl groups of the fatty acid alkyl esters. In order to improve the cold resistance of biodiesel, branched-chain fatty acid alkyl esters were synthesized using different feedstocks, and CFPP-values were measured for the individual esters. The derived mathematical-statistical dependence between the CFPP-value and the composition of biodiesel (determined by GC analysis) are discussed.


The redox-assisted C(sp)–C(sp3) bond activation of alkylnitriles coordinated to osmium(II) dihydride fragments has been performed with an osmium(VI) polyhydride to liberate alkanes and generate dinuclear complexes formed by two osmium(IV) polyhydride moieties linked by only one CN bridge. In addition, the bonding situation in these novel dinuclear species has been computationally studied.


The Logo computer language was developed to serve as a conceptual framework for teaching problem-solving skills and subject-matter content. As such, its effects may not be immediate and direct, but delayed and diffusive. This study investigated the delayed effects of Logo programming on the cognitive abilities and achievement of primary grade children. Eighteen first grade children were pretested, randomly assigned to Logo computer programming or computer-assisted instruction treatments (3 months duration), and tested on achievement and cognitive abilities eighteen months following the end of the training (i.e., near the beginning of their third grade year). After the tests had been commercially scored, children's responses were analyzed item by item. Based on these analyses, questions were planned and the children were interviewed five months after the administration of the tests. Results indicated that Logo programming affected certain areas of cognitive functioning and achievement; however, the analyses and interviews demonstrated that these effects were not simple or straightforward.


The invention belongs to a building material and particularly relates to an algae calcium compound material, a decorative panel and a production method. Kieselguhr and a calcium-containing inorganic building material substrate are hydrated, gelled and compounded, thereby forming the algae calcium compound material, wherein the calcium-containing inorganic building material substrate is selected from one or more of hemihydrate calcium sulfate, calcium phosphate and calcium aluminate; preferably, the components are mixed at a weight ratio of the calcium-containing inorganic building material substrate to kieselguhr to enhanced fiber chopped strand to water-based gel solution to chemical auxiliaries being 100:(10-50): (1.2-2.0): (50-65): (5-10); and the raw materials are subjected to raw material pretreatment, mixing and stirring, filling and molding, maintaining and drying, and surface treatment, thereby forming a decorative material product. The excellent plasticity and environmental friendliness of the novel compound material are fully excited while the microporosity of the kieselguhr is utilized to endow the material with excellent functions of humidifying and absorbing harmful gas, such as, formaldehyde, and the like, and the environmental protecting functions, such as sterilization, and the like.


Lumbar degenerative disorders are the most common cause of low back pain with or without radicular pain(1) .Lumbar decompression and discectomy are two major and commonly performed surgeries for patients not responding to conservative management. Microscopic lumbar discectomy and decompression are gold standard to treat these diseases(2). Endoscopic lumbar spine surgeries are being done at more and more centers since last decade(3). Dural tears are common but troublesome complication of Endoscopic Spine surgeries. Management of the same is well dened in Microscopic lumbar discectomy but not clearly dened for tears during endoscopic surgeries. Therefore, this study is an attempt to establish management principles after extensive reviewing of studies on management principles of iatrogenic dural tears during endoscopic spine surgeries till date. PRISMA (Preferred Methodology: reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses) guideline was used. A search of articles in PubMed, MEDLINE, Embase published between were included in the screening process. For identication of studies included detailed computerized literature search strategies were carried out in these databases. Total of 1569 studies on 'Dural tear Study selection: s ' were identied from electronic database from year 1947 to 2023 searching. Out of those 1569 studies, 180 studies were regarding Dural tears in endoscopic spine surgeries. After exclusion, 7 studies qualied the inclusion criteria and were included as per eligibility criteria for further analysis. Objective of this study is to do a systematic review on present guid Objective: elines for management of dural tears in endoscopic spine surgery


From the perspective of basic resources,this paper elaborates competitive advantage of China's tourism industry,constructs extensive resources set of tourism industry,uses Delphi method to reveal 21 relative success factors of China's tourism industry operation management,builds six-layer ISM model such as the first basic layer including government management policy,service and management innovation capacity,natural condition and geographic condition,which has the most key influence on the realization of operation management objective of tourism industry,the exploitation rate of infrastructure and facilities,price level,the strategic matching of organization agencies,supply chain management capacity,financial management capacity,and new market development capacity belong to the other five layers,which have direct influence on the realization of operation strategy objective of tourism industry but which are not key influence factors.By using method-objective chain method,this paper distinguishes five key success factors of operation management of tourism industry such as governmental management policy,service and management innovation capacity,natural geographic condition,human resources exploitation and management capacity,service capacity and service quality.China should grasp the five key factors,realize the path optimization of operation management of China's tourism industry,raise tourism industry operation efficiency,attain the strategic objective of the operation,and push forward the restructure and upgrading of China's tourism industry.


To provide the right (required) number of the right (qualified) personnel at the right (specified) time at the minimum cost is the goal for any workforce planning, or military training more specifically system. This paper gives an outline of the areas of Operational Research where the work in the defence domain has been successful and it brings out the role it can play in decision making. This paper looks into the strategies and developments made in Military, Navy and Air Force using operations research since World War II where it was first used to enhance the effectiveness of weapons and other limited resources available.


The creation of CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing technology, which opened up possibilities for human physical and cognitive enhancement, sharply updated the problem of providing global legal guarantees for safe technological development in this area. Currently, the international regulation of genomic research and technology is mainly carried out through recommendations and declarations that express the consensus reached in the ethical discourse. Difficulties in transferring the regulation of this sphere to the legal level are clearly demonstrated by the experience of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Dignity of the Human Being with regard to the Application of Biology and Medicine. The underlying the Convention ius naturale doctrine, which is characterized by the identification of law and morality (in secular versions of ius naturale) or law, morality and religion (in religious teachings), significantly affects its insufficient regulatory potential. Meanwhile, these are essentially different regulators with their specific principles, which compete in the space of relations in the field of biomedicine. The necessity to find the optimal balance between them requires appropriate philosophical and law support. In relation for the modification to the inherited human genome as the most controversial issue, such a balance can be built on the synthesis of Russian religious and philosophical concept of all-unity and the idea of the future generations rights, expressing the law principle of formal equality between generations as links in the human race progressive development, which is united in its socio-biological basis


Optical reflectance spectra were measured in the temperature range 70–295 K, and in the energy range of 0.006–6 eV for single crystals of La 12xCaxMnO3 (x50.1, 0.265) before and after annealing. The conductivity spectrum of the unannealed La 0.735Ca0.265MnO3 in its low-temperature metallic phase features a Drudelike peak, the spectral weight of which is dramatically increased by annealing the sample. Annealing also repairs a negative anomaly in the conductivity, which is thought to be associated with a surface layer damaged by polishing. A secondary ion mass spectrometry measurement shows, however, that the surface valence becomes depth dependent upon annealing. On the basis that the skin depth is far greater than the extent of annealing damages in the low-energy spectral region, analysis of the temperature dependence of the effective number of carriers Ne f f below 0.5 eV is presented.


An organic light emitting display includes a plurality of pixels, at least one of the pixels having: an organic light emitting diode; a driving transistor adapted to supply a driving current to the organic light emitting diode; a first switching transistor adapted to selectively supply a data signal to the driving transistor; a second switching transistor adapted to selectively supply an initialization signal; a third switching transistor adapted to selectively allow the driving transistor to be connected as a diode and to selectively supply the initialization sought; a storage capacitor adapted to store a first voltage corresponding to the initialization signal received from the third switching transistor and then to store a second voltage corresponding to the data signal applied at a gate electrode of the driving transistor; and an interrupter adapted to selectively supply a pixel power to the driving transistor and to selectively allow the driving current to flow into the organic light emitting diode. In this display, the amount of current leaking out through a switching transistor is decreased, and thus a voltage variance applied to a gate electrode of a driving transistor is decreased, thereby enhancing a contrast of an image.


Magnetic robots have shown great potential in small-scale applications due to their wireless control mode. However, the existing efforts only deal with solid magnetic materials that could not deform. In this article, we focus on integrated locomotion and deformation of a class of magnetic soft robot made of ferrofluid. To this end, the magnetic model and dynamics model that takes the nonlinearity into account are first established. Then, the corresponding motion controllers are proposed, based on the results of feedback linearization and frequency-domain test results. Furthermore, an extended state observer is designed to reduce the perturbation due to model uncertainties. By integrating the control strategies of locomotion and active deformation, we demonstrate that the soft robot possesses the capability of conducting complex tasks such as passing through narrow environment and transporting multiple objects. Various experiments are also performed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control methods.


In order to evaluate the feasibility of 9SiCr alloy tool steel produced by thin slab casting, the high temperature mechanical properties of 9SiCr alloy tool steel were investigated by Gleeb-1500 thermal simulator. The morphologies of the tensile fracture at different temperatures were observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM), together with analysis of fracture mechanisms in different regions. The results showed that there were two brittle zones in the temperature range from 600 °C to 1200 °C. A melting fracture was characterized in the high temperature brittle zone of above 1170 °C, whereas a typical cleavage fracture was exhibited in the low temperature brittle zone from 820 °C to 600 °C, Meanwhile, a good hot ductility behavior characterized by typical dimple fracture was demonstrate at the temperature range from 1170 °C to 820 °C.Thus, the 9SiCr alloy tool steel with the final gauge of 1.5mm was produced by CSP, based on the optimal process parameters.


Bitter melon fruit contains compounds that act as antihyperglycemic. Secondary metabolites in bitter melon fruit has a range of properties so that the necessary polarity solvent such as ethanol 96%. This study was conducted to determine the antidiabetic activity of 96% ethanol extract of bitter melon fruit (Momordica charantia L.) on Wistar rats induced alloxan and determine classes of compounds contained therein.The design of this study is experimental with pre and post test with control group design. Wistar rats of 15 were divided into 5 groups, group 1 was gived distilled water, group 2 was gived metformin 45 mg/kgBW, group 3, 4 and 5 were gived ethanol extract 96% of the dose of 150 mg/kgBW, 300 mg/kgBW and 600 mg/kgBW. Previous rats induced by alloxan 150 mg/kgBW, 4 days later the rat blood glucose levels> 200 mg/dL is used for research. Data were analyzed with MANOVA followed by LSD. TLC test was used to determine the compound.The average result reduction in blood sugar levels after the 14-day administration of the extracts on the positive control (94.33 ± 19.55 mg/dL), a dose of 150 mg/kgBW, 300 mg/kgBW and 600 mg/kgBW respectively (102 ± 13.23 mg/dL), (114.33 ± 7.23 mg/dL) and (147.33 ± 9.61 mg/dL). Dose that effectively lower blood sugar levels is a dose of 150 mg/kgBW equivalent to metformin. TLC test results showed 96% ethanol extract of bitter melon fruit contains steroidal saponins, alkaloids, flavonoids and phenolic.


In 2005 and 2006 the remains of great armed vessels dated from the 16th century were discovered within an archaeological survey framework led by the Société d'Etudes en Archéologie Subaquatique (SEAS) in Saint‐Florent Bay (north Corsica, France). The preliminary study of the two archaeological sites located, named Mortella II and Mortella III, sheds light on these highly interesting shipwrecks and the contribution their excavation—programmed for 2010—will be able to provide to the maritime archaeology of this period, about which relatively little is known. © 2010 The Author


Diffuse Optical Tomography (DOT) is a non-invasive medical imaging technique that utilizes near-infrared light to study the optical properties of tissues. Recently, deep learning has gained popularity as a reconstruction method to solve DOT. However, despite its success, previous studies only reconstructed semi-homogeneous breasts with an absorption coefficient resolution of 2e-3 1/mm. In this paper, we propose a novel preprocessing method that considers the spatial correlations between different measurements to improve the reconstruction accuracy. Our algorithm is applied on a non-homogeneous breast phantom with absorption coefficient resolution of 5e-7 1/mm to reconstruct its optical properties. We compare our algorithm performance with and without the preprocessing step and to a SOTA analytical inversion technique. The proposed method is able to reduce the RMSE by more than 70% (0.44 to 0.11) and increase the contrast ratio by almost an order of magnitude (0.09 to 0.79).


pro-British, monarchical Federalist policies by exposing them to the people. Caught in a dilemma, one party could not develop a popular ideology; the other did develop such an ideology in the process of mobilizing public opinion to save republican government. The Republicans won power and retained it; their opponents suffered defeat and oblivion. As interesting as this theme is, the book unfortunately contains flaws in conception, assumption, and research that are so basic as to make the conclusions unconvincing. Buel sees only Federalists and Republicans, when in fact both parties contained several ideological, geographic, and socioeconomic factions, and the rigidity of viewing politics solely in twoparty terms obscures the complexity of the period. For example, Buel is unable to deal effectively with the Federalist split in the late 1790s. Second, several of his assumptions are questionable: that parties did not grow out of the battle over the Constitution; that both were ideological parties rather than coalitions bent on securing power or rewarding the personal ambitions of their leaders; and that "public opinion was the single most important ingredient in the politics of the first party system" (p. x). Much surviving evidence and recent scholarship (some in dissertations unpublished but available) contradict these assumptions. Scholars agree that society in the 1790s was deferential and that politics was often personalized. The Federalists relied on Washington and on patronage—and built an effective party; Republicans created elaborate party machinery precisely to create a "public opinion," and it could be argued that both parties manipulated the public far more than they were influenced by "public opinion."


[1] We have developed a technique to diagnose the stratospheric age spectrum and estimate the mean age of air using the distributions of at least four constituents with different photochemical lifetimes. We demonstrate the technique using a 3-D CTM and then apply the technique to OMS tropical balloon observations, UARS CLAES January 1993, and ACE February–March 2005 observations of CFC11, CFC12, CH4, and N2O. Our results using the ACE and OMS data are generally in agreement with mean age of air estimates from the chemical model and from observations of SF6 and CO2; however, the UARS-derived mean age estimates show an intrusion of very young tropical air into the midlatitude stratosphere. The UARS CLAES values of F11 and F12 appear to be significantly higher than ACE and model values and bias our lower-stratospheric estimates of the age derived from UARS data toward younger values.


A torquer/thruster with a hydrostatically actuated chuck assembly having an elastomeric bladder that is fitted about a cylindrical collet into which a flexible roof drill is received. The collet is formed with a series of spaced slits that are disposed in helical paths, portions of the collet between the slits drivingly engage the drill shaft when the bladder is urged against the collet. The collet and bladder are mounted for rotational movement within a piston assembly that is constrained for limited longitudinal movement and fixed against rotational movement. The collet and bladder are moved longitudinally by the piston assembly for applying thrust to the roof drill and are rotatably driven by a rotary driver for applying torque to the roof drill. A pair of driven biased members engage the shaft and provide thrust assistance and retraction of the roof drill.


Surfaces containing reactive ester polymer brushes were functionalized with cyclopropenone-masked dibenzocyclooctynes for the light activated immobilization of azides using catalyst-free click chemistry. The photodecarbonylation reaction in the amorphous brush layer is first order for the first 45 s with a rate constant of 0.022 s(-1). The catalyst-free cycloaddition of surface bound dibeznocyclooctynes proceeds rapidly in the presence of azides under ambient conditions. Photolithography using a shadow mask was used to demonstrate patterning with multiple azide containing molecules. This surface immobilization strategy provides a general and facile platform for the generation of multicomponent surfaces with spatially resolved chemical functionality.


A methed was elaborated to determine arsenic amount in skin samples by neutron activation analysis and high-resolution gamma spectrometry including sample preparation after mineralization by sorption on silicagel saturated with phosphoantimonic acid. The samples were irradiated in the VVR-S reactor core in a flux of 1013 neutrons · cm−2 · s−1, mineralized with a mixture of nitric and sulphuric acids, the gamma spectrum was measured after passing through an ion-exchanger containing 0.5 mol P2O5 to 1 mol Sb2O5 (SP-2) by a gamma-spectroscopy system PLURIMAT 20 with a Ge(Li) detector, and the 76As photopeak of Eγ = 0.559 MeV was measured. The values of the results obtained varied in the range of (4−5 )× 10−1 ppm arsenic. The sensitivity of the proposed determination method is l×10−3 μg arsenic.


A 49 years old woman, diagnosed with Neuro-Behçet, was admitted with complains of numbness, aching and periods of electric shocklike pain in right side of the face. Associated with painful oral ulcers, anorexia, nausea and gait instability. Neurological examination revealed dysesthesia on right trigeminal nerve territory, horizontalrotatory nistagmus on horizontal gaze bilateral with fast phase to the right and tandem instability. Brain MRI revealed new lesions. It was assumed a rhombencephalitis in the context of Neuro-Behçet relapse. Started on cyclophosphamide and methylprednisolone with symptoms resolution. Although brainstem involvement in Behçet disease is common, relapses with trigeminal neuropathy are very rare.


A fiber-optic system capable of measuring deformations, impacts and modes of vibration of a composite panel is presented. Wavelength-division signal de-multiplexing allows for the simultaneous interrogation of 8 strain sensors.


During the past two decades, Robert Allen's researches into English agriculture have fundamentally reshaped our understanding of the nature and pace of rising agricultural productivity between the late middle ages and the 19th century. More recently, Allen has turned his attention to the study of real wages as a measure of economic development and begun investigating the progress of wages in other parts of the globe. These different strands have come together in this book, the British Industrial Revolution in Global Perspective. The book is neatly divided into two parts, the first looking at the British economy prior to industrialisation, and the second looking at the industrial revolution itself. Whilst parts of the book recapitulate research previously published, there is much that is new and Allen presents us with a clear yet many-layered argument about the nature and causes of the industrial revolution, and about why it occurred in Britain, as opposed to anywhere else, when it did. These of course are questions that have already received substantial attention, yet there can be no doubting that this book makes an important contribution to the existing literature. Though by training an economic historian, Allen manages to present complex economic analysis in a clear and intelligible style, and the book largely succeeds in the series' remit of writing guides accessible to undergraduates. This is more than a student textbook, however. The British Industrial Revolution in Global Perspective provides a novel interpretation of the industrial revolution that will be important to experts in the field. So without further hesitation let us start to unpack Allen's account of the world's first industrial revolution.


In order to facilitate the non-linear identification of aircraft structures using the multi-degree of freedom restoring force surface method, a research study has been conducted to investigate the results accuracy of non-linear identification of multi-degree of freedom systems. This paper reviews the theoretical background of the restoring force method and explains its advantages and disadvantages together with practical consideration for its application. Focus is put on some practical aspects of the realization of non-linear identification, e.g. the type of excitation force signals, the required sampling rates, signal processing issues, etc. The validation of the approach is pursued by processing simulated response data of multi-degree of freedom system with known non-linearity.


A computerized Blood Bank Management system is described. Features include product oriented data input, inventory control reports, product utilization reports, rapid retrieval of individual patient reports. Relative benefits of the system are discussed.


Background: Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) is a devastating inflammatory disorder of the central nervous system. Relapsing NMOSD (RNMOSD) is being reported frequently, leading to severe and permanent relapse related disability. Aims and Objectives: To study the clinical profile and imaging features of the NMOSD cases at the index time and addressing the long-term clinical spectrum of relapsing type of NMOSD who presented to the tertiary care hospital. Materials and Methods: All patients who attended the King George Hospital, Visakhapatnam and fulfilled the diagnostic criteria of NMOSD were studied for the epidemiological details, type of clinical spectrum on relapses, imaging features and treatment prescribed, and were studied between April, 2011 and March, 2018. Results: Total diagnosed cases were 28, out of which relapsing type were seen in 11 patients and all tested positive for antibodies. Female to male ratio is 3:1, and in RNMOSD group all were females. Most common clinical presentation was myelitis followed by optic neuritis. Noted clinical spectrum in the RNMOSD was unusual presentations like one each patient of Area-Postrema syndrome, diencephalic syndrome, cerebral syndrome, acute brainstem syndrome, and frequent relapses within a month in two. Five cases had also associated systemic autoimmune disorders. Conclusion: RNMOSD is very rapidly evolving disease, affecting primarily young women with wide spectrum of neurological presentations and also other non-neurological systemic features. Early diagnosis and aggressive immune therapy in the early phase might be warranted in NMOSD for relapse prevention and improving the quality of life.


A small college wanted at minimum cost to modify its field house (100 ft×200 ft×40 ft) into a multipurpose auditorium. Projected uses included symphony, choral groups, dance recitals, solo performers, drama, individual speakers, and religious conventions where persons could speak from any point on the floor. At the same time, the building still had to serve as a single and dual gymnasium, and as an area for athletic contests. By use of (1) a dropped ceiling to reduce the volume and provide the proper ratio of sound‐absorbing and reflective surfaces, (2) a demountable and adjustable stage shell with overhead surfaces, (3) a demountable stage, (4) side‐wing movable barriers to cut off excess volume, (5) a versatile audio system, and (6) movable retractable bleacher seating, the goal was accomplished. Ten years of acceptable use prove that it is possible to modify such a large athletic enclosure at reasonable cost to provide fair‐to‐good acoustics for a large variety of uses.


Under a shared savings plan an energy company installs an energy efficient system with no cost to the user, then receives all tax benefits, and a percent of the savings generated by the system. A range of options in which the user can ''have his cake and eat it too'' are detailed. Shared savings reduces technological risk, provides ''off-credit, off-balance sheet'' financing, and gives the user a competitive advantage. A shared saving project begins with an audit. Savings are measured against this base year average of energy consumption before the system was installed. Finally, the contract is outlined, and considerations for selecting an energy services company are given.


Abstract Reduction of total acid number (TAN) of crude oil and distillate was investigated. Organic amines and aqueous ammonia were evaluated. Among organic amines, diethylamine and diethylenetriamine can effectively reduce the TAN. Superior alkalinity can improve acid removal while steric hindrance may weaken acid removal. The result showed that aqueous ammonia can acquire ideal results when the molecule ratio of ammonia to naphthenic acid reaches 3:1, the dosage of demulsifiers is 40 mg/l, the weight ratio of LA42 to LGA is 1:1 and electric strength reaches 1500 V/cm. The heat stability of the treated crude oil was tested.


. We generalize Shannon-Someya's sampling theorem by using the theory of Sato's Hyperfunctions. Moreover we will clarify the relationship between Shannon-Someya's sampling theorem and Ramanujan's integral formula.


.................................................................................................................................................. iv Sammendrag .......................................................................................................................................... vii Abbreviations .......................................................................................................................................... xi Papers and declaration of authorship ................................................................................................... xiii Table of contents .................................................................................................................................... xv


We present a study of emission properties and correlations of 3191 type 1 AGN at z < 0.35, selected from Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data Release 12. We supplement the data with ultraviolet spectra from Hubble Space Telescope and International Ultraviolet Explorer along with X-ray properties from Chandra Source Catalog and XMM-Newton Serendipitous Source Catalog and radio measurements from FIRST. We find that the observed spectral diversity of type 1 AGN can be unified by Eddington ratio (L/LEdd). Objects with higher L/LEdd tend to have narrower broad Hβ component, strong Ee II emission, systematic blueshift of C IV λ1549, soft X-ray excess, and lower ionization parameter compared to those of the lower L/LEdd.


difficulty of clean dissections of these grafts. Comparative studies on isologous thymus graft growth in different sites have shown that intrarenal thymus graft growth was six times as rapid as in subcutaneous sites, and such thymuses were found to grow at a rate equal to that of the normal thymus in situ (7). The experiments to be reported in this paper were designed on the assumption that intrarenal thymus grafting, with more adequate blood vascularization and easy recovery when compared to subcutaneous grafting, would permit more precise studies on the effects of ionizing radiation on thymus graft growth and regeneration patterns. The work deals with the growth behavior and regeneration of intrarenal isologous normal and irradiated thymus grafts in normal and irradiated mice.


Two isostructural lanthanide-based 3D coordination networks [Ln = Gd(3+) (1), Dy(3+)(2)] with densely packed distorted cuboid nanoscopic cages are reported for the first time. Magnetic characterization reveals that complex 1 shows a significant cryogenic magnetocaloric effect (-ΔSm = 44 J kg(-1) K(-1)), whereas 2 shows slow relaxation of magnetization.


Metal halide perovskite materials have emerged as a unique class of solution process compatible semiconductors and alluring candidates for high-performance optoelectronic applications, especially light-emitting diodes (LEDs), owing to high quantum efficiency, facile color tunability, narrow emission line widths, as well as costeffectiveness. Despite of the great successes on green and red perovskite LEDs (PeLEDs), the advancement of external quantum efficiency (EQE) of blue PeLEDs still lags far behind those of green and red PeLEDs. Here, we demonstrate color-tunable blue PeLEDs devices with high EQE of 16.1% and 10% for emission wavelengths of 472 nm and 461 nm, respectively. The efficient tunable wavelength electroluminescence (EL) and


The Boundary Value Problem of Physical Geodesy is usually treated as the problem of finding reliable corrections to be applied to an accepted ellipsoidal model of the Earth in order to get the true values of the gravitational force and the shape of its level surfaces in external space. The accuracy in determining these corrections corresponds, as a rule, to neglecting errors of the order of the flattening of the Earth (3‰, of obtained values). This first approximation identifies the Earth's topography with the so-called Telluroid (see Fig. 1 and below), and uses as only boundary values s.c. true free air anomalies (see not:s). To study the solvability of this problem, integral equations are well suited. For numerical work, they are now-a-days not difficult to handle, because of the availability of powerful high-speed computers. As to my opinion, there is not yet any fully satisfactory solution obtained, which fulfills all boundary conditions. If it should turn out, that no available harmonic models can satisfy the surface-condition and the infinity-conditions (see below) with sufficient accuracy (see above), we have to admit, that we need additional information along the Earth's surface to be able to solve this important problem, by reducing it to the level case of Stokes (see Appendix 1). The paper describes a direct use of a double-layer approach for the s.c. Malkin's function Hy (see below), from which all wanted corrections in space may be deduced. This approach is suggested, because the solvability condition of the resulting singular Fredholm-equation can be used for defining, beforehand, the correct model gravity y . The solution, by definition of the double layer potential, satisfies the weaker infinity condition. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1969.tb00465.x


Oil palm is the biggest commodity crop while banana is the second largest fruit crop planted in Malaysia. Both are highly nutrient-demanding crops that requires a large amount of fertilizer. This present an opportunity to find alternative source of nutrient that is much cheaper than the imported inorganic fertilizer for oil palm and banana plantation. Hence, the objective of this study was to develop a newly formulated biofertilizer incorporating locally isolated indigenous nitrogen fixing bacteria (NFB) and phosphate solubilising bacteria (PSB) into oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) compost as alternative nutrient source for banana and oil palm to improve their growth and nutrient uptake. Three NFB and PSB strains (Enterobacter cloacae, Burkholderia cepacia and Serratia marcescens) were successfully isolated from the root of oil palm and banana to be formulated as biofertilizer for evaluation on oil palm and banana seedlings. The formulated biofertilizer showed high viable cell count of NFB and PSB inoculants in the carrier (fine EFB compost) i.e 2.45 x 108 cfu/g to 4.31 x 109 cfu (colony forming unit)/g carrier was recorded at the second day after inoculation. Biofertilizer formulation containing Enterobacter cloacae showed promising and consistent effect on the growth of oil palm and banana seedlings including increased plant height (13.7% for oil palm and 15.6% for banana), improved total dry biomass production (27.4% and 33.8% respectively) and high total nutrient uptake (nitrogen (N) 30.6-48.1%, phosphorous (P) 27.2-33.1%, potassium (K) 30.5-37.7%, magnesium (Mg) 48.8%, sulfur (S) 18.1-28.5% and boron (B) 24.5%). Enterobacter cloaceae also showed good root colonization ability as shown from the Field emission scanning electron microscopy analysis. The use of nutrient-rich EFB compost (3.06% N, 0.37% P, 4.74% K, 3.32% calcium (Ca), 0.79% Mg, 0.07% S, 70.3 mg/kg B, 102.1 mg/kg copper (Cu), 6600.9 mg/kg iron (Fe), 160.2 mg/kg zinc (Zn), 455.2 mg/kg manganese (Mn) and 41.4% total carbon, C) as carrier for biofertilizer was able to improve the soil properties notably soil pH, organic C, total N, total P, available P and exchangeable Mg. As a conclusion, the application of locally isolated NFB and PSB together with EFB as carrier (as well as source of nutrient) was successful to improve the growth of oil palm and banana seedlings together with the soil properties. Biofertilizer formulation containing Enterobacter cloacae showed higher performance relative to the other formulations, hence recommended to be applied as soil mixture or directly applied into the planting hole of oil palm and banana seedlings during transplanting to the field to encourage the growth and nutrient uptake during early planting phase.


The cavity-mode method for deriving Planck's law (the method pioneered by Lord Rayleigh in 1900 for the regime hv << kT) is known to lack internal consistency. Past attempts at bypassing the incons...


considering a) that supervision of digital radio-relay systems is necessary; b) that stand-by switching arrangements to increase the availability of digital radio-relay systems and to facilitate maintenance, are under study; c) that supervision and protection techniques may extend across international borders; d) that the principles of supervision of digital radio-relay systems should take account of overall maintenance considerations for digital networks, as outlined in ITU-T Recommendations M.20 and M.30; e) that overall performance and availability are affected by the methods used for supervision and protection; f) that digital radio-relay systems forming part of a synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH) network should take into account ITU-T Recommendations G.784 and G.773 and Recommendations ITU-R F.750 and ITU-R F.751,


Based on the classification of landscape types, in the light of the characteristics of different landscape, the idea that the different measures should be taken according to types is expounded.


Small delay defects caused by resistive opens are very common in nanometer technologies due to the rising number of vias and metal levels. The detection of this kind of defects is a major concern in modern circuits. These defects are hard to detect and are an important source of test escapes, and hence they represent a reliability risk. Furthermore, the detection of these defects aggravates in the presence of process variations and gets worse as the technology scales-down. In this paper, a Design-for-Test (DFT) methodology to magnify the defect-size of resistive-open defects is presented. The DFT methodology allows to increase the probability of detection of the defect, and hence the circuit fault coverage. A statistical timing analysis framework (STAF) is used to obtain the timing information of the circuit with and without defect. Process variations, spatial correlation and random dopant fluctuations are considered. Using the timing information given by the STAF, the statistical fault coverage of the circuit is obtained. Simulation results on ISCAS-85 benchmark circuits show promising results of the proposed DFT methodology.


An interlayer soil identified in the French conventional rail track corresponded to a mixture of fine soil and coarse grains. To investigate the role of fines in the soil-water retention property o...


ABSTRACT The 'Lobi' region in what is today southern Burkina Faso is frequently mentioned in historical accounts of gold mining in West Africa. However, little is known about the actual location of the gold mines or about the way gold mining and trade were organized in precolonial times. This article points out that some previous hypotheses about precolonial gold mining, trade and the sociopolitical organization of this region are flawed, partly because 'Lobi', as the name for both the region and its inhabitants, is misleading. In fact, the references to 'Lobi' merge two distinct gold-producing zones along the Mouhoun river, about 200 km from each other. The present-day populations of southern Burkina who have settled there since the eighteenth century do not know who was mining gold prior to their arrival, and many of them have not been involved in gold mining at all due to conceptions of gold as a dangerous substance.


steady state, the followig MIMO linear state A non-isothermal continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) described by a multivariable state space model, with significant uncertainty in the value of some matrix entries, is given. Also given are the time domain tracking performance specifications, to be achieved over the entire range of parametric uncertainty. Starting with a two-matrix-degree-of-freedom feedback structure, a multivariable controller and prefilter are synthesized, using multivariable quantitative feedback theory techniques. The obtained design is verified through extensive simulations, both In frequency and time space model is obtained for the reactor data


Taking the typical refractory high nickel copper anode slime as the raw material,the effects of temperature,time and liquid-solid ratio etc.factors on the removal of the metals selenium,copper and nickel were studied.The results showed that,after roasting-leaching twice,99.5% of selenium,99.7% of copper,93.35% of nickel were removed.98.76% silver was in the leaching solution,and the amount of gold reached 1 820 g · t-1 from 193 g · t-1.The best conditions of the first roasting-leaching process were as follows,the roasting temperature of 650 ℃,the roasting time of 1 h,m(H2SO4)/m(anode slime) of 1.2,the leaching temperature of 55 ℃,the leaching time of 1 h,and the liquid-solid ratio of 6.The best conditions of the second roasting-leaching process were as follows,the roasting temperature of 500 ℃,m(H2SO4)/m(anode slime) of 1.2,the roasting time of 3 h,the leaching temperature of 55 ℃,the leaching time of 1 h and the liquid-solid ratio of 6.The weight of the anode slime decreased to 11.26% that of the original after the pretreatment,which greatly enhanced the handling capacity of the equipment during the subsequent recovery process.


In 2013, Henry Louis Gates lamented the tradition of whitewashing and the passing over of slave stories which has become commonplace throughout cinematic history: "there have been all too few films that have captured, or even attempted to convey, the truth of the experience of slavery, from the slave's point of view" and even fewer "worthy of recognition." While it is true that there have been some high-profile films produced in the last decade – 12 Years a Slave, Django Unchained, and Birth of a Nation, among others – that have endeavored to represent slavery from the "slave's point of view," Gates' assessment remains largely apposite within the contexts of Hollywood and English-language productions. However, Afro-Latinx cinema and the history of post-revolutionary Cuban cinema in particular tells a very different story. To evidence this difference, this article will explore El otro Francisco, which was originally released in 1975, and is the first in a searing trilogy of films focused on slavery in Cuba in which perspectives of the enslaved are foregrounded and the traditional representation of slavery – which has to a great extent elided the rich history of slave resistance – is rigorously undermined.


The invention relates to a device for producing a temperature gradient, especially in gaseous media (1). Said device comprises at least one ohmic resistor (2) and at least two non-conducting insulators and at least one housing (3) and at least one elastic element (4) interposed between the non-conducting insulator and the housing.


FORMULATION OF LIQUID SOAP FORMING OF GREEN SIRIH LEAF EXTRACT (Piper betle L.) AS ANTIFUNGI CAUSE OF CANDIDIASIS ON SKIN Zuhroul Fauziatul Umri Departement of Pharmacy, Faculty of Mathematic and Science Sebelas Maret University ABSTRACT Candida sp. is the most cause of onychomycosis infection including Candida albicans which causes candidiasis. The use of synthetic antimicroba can cause serious side effects so the community started looking for natural medicines that are believed to have less side effects. This study aim to know the existence of antimicroba activity against the growth of Candida albicans of green sirih leaf extract and how the diferences between both the formula and between the results of physical properties. This study was conducted with cup-plate technique by doing the measurement of the diameter of inhibition area (DDH) the grouwth of Candida albicansi by concentration of 15%, 20% and 25% extract of green sirih leafe with positive control nystatin. The DDH data were analyzed using One Way ANOVA. Liquid soap forming of green sirih leaf extract can formed inhibition diameter with a maximum DDH in sequence 20 mm at concentration 20%. The results of the statistical analysis of difference concentration on the liquid soap formingshows the results value og Sig. < 0,050 which indicates there is significants differences antimicroba activity between extract. The difference between DDH with viscosity, analyzed shows that the significant differences in all the formulas. Keywords : Candida albicans, liquid soap forming, cup-plate technique, nystatin


The optics and thermodynamics of rectennas for solar power conversion will be explored, including the theory and first experimental results for sunlight's spatial coherence, along with newly established bounds for rectifying broadband solar signals.


This paper gives a survey of the recent development of path delay testing,introduces the classification of single path delay faults according to testability,and analyses three approaches to reducing the number of paths to be tested during path delay testing


Summer immersive experiences provide students the opportunity to explore the limits of their engineering education and develop a depth in a field of study. For institutions that centrally manage these experiences, ranging from experiments conducted at other academic locations to research and development with industry partners, to procurement and development with government laboratories and program offices, it can be difficult to ensure that all participants are receiving quality experiences. A survey had previously been administered to capture the value of student's summer immersive experience based on ABET Student Outcomes. Much of the data proved inconclusive due to the structure of the questions. However the data was used as a baseline for follow on research and guided the development of future surveys. Following the summer of 2013, a new survey was administered to students majoring in aeronautical, electrical, and mechanical engineering at three different colleges who had participated in institution-sponsored immersive experiences. The goal of the survey was to determine why students chose their summer experiences, what made these experiences successful, and how to improve experiences in the future to maximize return on investment. Success was measured not just in whether they experienced the ABET Student Outcomes (a)-(k) but to what level they were challenged in those domains. The results of the survey will be used next summer to influence which experiences are offered and refine how students are paired with a summer experience. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------The field of engineering education is constantly being refined. It is no longer enough to just be able to solve equations and apply principles of engineering. Engineers need to be able to work in multidisciplinary teams; delve into their specialty while also understanding how their focused work integrates into the overall system; and communicate ideas to both technical audiences and product consumers [1,2]. These goals can be difficult to accomplish within the confines of a classroom. Often this is left to industry to complete after the student has graduated, while academia focuses on the technical skills and fundamental knowledge. However, if students have the opportunity to participate in out-of-class experiences such as cooperative education programs, internships, and externships, they develop better analytical and group skills and become a more rounded engineering graduate [3]. Many internships and externships fall to the responsibility of the student to coordinate. This provides the student personal responsibility for their education and relieves workload from the faculty. Unfortunately this scenario does not work for some institutions where students have additional summer requirements for graduation that interfere with designated durations for internships. This is why externships – shorter summer employment experiences that normally P ge 24960.3 last only a few weeks – are more practical for these institutions than internships which often last a few months. This requires more direct involvement from faculty in the process by establishing relationships, coordinating the financial and logistical administration of the summer immersive experience, and assigning students to the experiences. While this adds to faculty workload, there are some benefits to an engineering program being directly involved in the internship/externship process. First, it creates an opportunity for students that would not normally have a chance to do a summer internship or externship. With limited time during summers due to requirements that are not finalized until mid-spring, there is not enough time for students to coordinate their own internship or externship. It also allows the faculty to influence which internships and externships the students participate in. While sponsoring agencies have a good idea of which intern would best support their organization, faculty from the student's engineering program have a better idea of which summer experience would best support and enhance the student's education. Finally, it allows faculty to apply academic credit to a student's summer work by creating a structure and means to evaluate performance [4]. Research has been conducted through numerous sources as to the educational benefits afforded an engineering student participating in some out-of-class work experience, be it a cooperative education program [5,6], internship [4,7], or advanced undergraduate research in engineering [8,9]. Some utilize the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET) Student Outcomes to assess performance of individuals during internships [10,11] while others use interviews to gather perceptions of a sample of students' experience with internships [12]. This paper attempts to identify the keys to a successful externship experience and how to best match the right student with the right externship. Survey data was gathered from four different ABET accredited engineering programs (one aerospace, one electrical and two mechanical) from three service academies (the United States Military Academy, the United States Naval Academy, and the United States Air Force Academy). The three colleges have a small student body with only about 4,500 students per academy, but they have strong reputations for developing outstanding engineering programs. The information from the surveys was broken down statistically to ascertain correlations in order to identify what led to successful experiences and how the engineering programs can focus efforts to improve success in the future.


Recently, digital coding metasurfaces have attracted significant attention due to their capability to dynamically control electromagnetic waves in programmable ways. When the digital bit of a metasurface is higher, its controlling capability will be stronger. However, it is extremely difficult to realize 3-bit and higher digital coding metasurfaces since an $n$ -bit digital element will require many active devices (e.g., p-i-n diodes) to achieve $2^{n}$ digital states. Here, we propose to realize arbitrary multi-bit programmable phases using 2-bit time-domain digital coding metasurface at the central frequency or harmonic frequencies. We introduce the method of vector synthesis to design the phase coverages, from which 4-bit and arbitrarily higher-bit coding phases are synthesized by a physical coding metasurface with only 2-bit phases, simply by manipulating the time-coding sequences. A prototype controlled by a field-programmable gate array is used to validate this methodology. The experimental results are in good agreement with the theoretical analysis, which demonstrate good performance of the proposed method in dynamically realizing arbitrary multi-bit programmable phases. This time-varying coding strategy provides a new way to design higher bit programmable metasurface and simplify the structural design and control system, which will find many potential applications such as high-resolution imaging and high-capacity wireless communications.


Future NASA missions aimed at exploring Mars and the outer planets require rechargeable batteries that can operate at low temperatures to satisfy the requirements of such applications as landers, rovers, and penetrators. A number of terrestrial applications, such as hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) and electric vehicles (EVs) also require energy storage devices that can operate over a wide temperature range (i.e., -40 to +70 C), while still providing high power capability and long life. Currently, the state-of-the-art lithium-ion system has been demonstrated to operate over a wide range of temperatures (-30 to +40 C); however, the rate capability at the lower temperatures is very poor. These limitations at very low temperatures are due to poor electrolyte conductivity, poor lithium intercalation kinetics over the electrode surface layers, and poor ionic diffusion in the electrode bulk. Two wide-operating-temperature-range electrolytes have been developed based on advances involving lithium hexafluorophosphate-based solutions in carbonate and carbonate + ester solvent blends, which have been further optimized in the context of the technology and targeted applications. The approaches employed include further optimization of electrolytes containing methyl propionate (MP) and ethyl butyrate (EB), which are effective co-solvents, to widen the operating temperature range beyond the baseline systems. Attention was focused on further optimizing ester-based electrolyte formulations that have exhibited the best performance at temperatures ranging from -60 to +60 C, with an emphasis upon improving the rate capability at -20 to -40 C. This was accomplished by increasing electrolyte salt concentration to 1.20M and increasing the ester content to 60 percent by volume to increase the ionic conductivity at low temperatures. Two JPL-developed electrolytes 1.20M LiPF6 in EC+EMC+MP (20:20:60 v/v %) and 1.20M LiPF6 in EC+EMC+EB (20:20:60 v/v %) operate effectively over a wide temperature range in MCMB-LiNiCoAlO2 and Li4Ti5O12-LiNi-CoAlO2 prototype cells. These electrolytes have enabled high rate performance at low temperature (i.e., up to 2.0C rates at -50 C and 5.0C rates at -40 C), and good cycling performance over a wide temperature range (i.e., from -40 to +70 C). Current efforts are focused upon improving the high temperature resilience of the methyl propionatebased system through the use of electrolyte additives, which are envisioned to improve the nature of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layers.


iii Chapter 1: Introduction 1 1.1 Research question 2 1.2 Method 3 1.3 Structure of argument 3 Chapter 2: A general overview of mediation 6 2.


Rangiatea Church (Otaki) and cemetery during the centennial celebrations in 1950. Photograph taken by Sudney Charles Smith.
Quantity: 1 b&w original negative(s).


The solar photovoltaic (PV) as a renewable energy source is gaining popularity as it is free, clean and abundantly available. However, it main hindrance are low efficiency and high capital cost. To address the problem, the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) techniques are proposed to track the optimum voltage and current at the maximum power point. A DC-DC converter can be used to vary the duty ratio according to the control signal to force the load line to intersect with the I-V curve at the maximum power point. Therefore, the problem statement here is to design a MPPT algorithm that can track the optimum voltage and current corresponding to the maximum power point. Various MPPT techniques had been discussed in the literature and all have their advantages and disadvantages. Moreover, the I-V or P-V characteristics is highly non-linear with the left hand side of MPP have low process gain while at the right hand side of MPP, the process gain is significantly greater. Consequently using constant PI parameters will result in slow response or oscillations around MPP. Finally, the design of a DC-DC converter will require careful selection of component ratings, such as inductor and MOSFET to minimize power loss. Therefore, this project is aimed at designing and developing a software and hardware to implement the Incremental Conductance algorithm, evaluating the performance of MPPT under various light irradiation level and comparing its performance with the maximum power calculated from theoretical methods. In the research methodology, MPPT technique (Incremental Conductance), non-linear PI control using Luyben control technique and Amigo tuning rules for PI parameters are used. The control signal is converted to PWM output at PIC16F877A. The hardware of the microcontroller, IR-2117 and buck-boost converter circuit are designed and fabricated. This hardware was tested. The program is written in C language in MPLAB IDE v8.60 environment. Successful compilation generates hex file (machine code) that was downloaded into the mirco-controller through PICKIT2 and hardware In-Circuit Serial Programming (ICSP). The maximum power point values calculated by theoretical methods, solar output voltage and current, reference voltage and current tracked by MPPT, duty ratio were displayed and recorded. The test was repeated for different sunlight radiation levels. The result demonstrated that the reference voltage and current tracked by the MPPT deviates from the actual maximum power point by less than 5% under different radiation conditions, Additionally, the maximum power calculated by the MPPT algorithm developed also performed better than the maximum power calculated by theoretical manner.


Cajanus cajan is an important pulse crop of India and Parthenium hysterophorus is an invasive weed of agroecosystem. The main aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of leaf extract of Parthenium hysterophorus of different concentrations on the rate of seed germination and seedling growth of Cajanus cajan, and to know the allelopathic effect is the main cause of success of P.hysterophorus in the fallowland which supports novel weapons hypothesis. In petridishes in three replicates the effect of different concentrations were evaluated on seed germination and seedling growth compared to control condition. The experiment was conducted in the laboratory of Department of Botany, J.P.University, Chapra, Bihar, India during the month of April 2016. Laboratory temperature during the study period varied from 35 to 40C. Fresh leaves of Parthenium hysterophorus were collected, dried in laboratory and crushed to prepare powder. Different concentrations (15%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%) of leaf extract were prepared. In petridishes 10 seeds in triplicate were maintained with control condition of Cajanus cajan. After seven days per cent seed germination, length of root and shoot, R: S ratio, fresh weight of seedlings and seed vigour index (SVI), per cent inhibition in germination, root and shoot relation elongation ratios were determined. Standard errors were calculated, t-test and linear as well as multiple regression analyses were done. The effects on different parameters studied were more inhibitory for 100% treatment than the other treatments. The rate of seed germination in control was 96.67% whereas this value was 0.01% in 100% of leaf extract. However in other treatments these values ranged from 60% to 86.67%. The range of seed germination reduced from -10.34 to -62.07% in different concentrations of leaf extract of Parthenium hysterophorus. The effect of different concentrations of leaf extract of Parthenium hysterophorus on root length of Cajanus cajan was more than the shoot length in the present study. In case of shoot length the values ranged from 9.05 to 4.41cm compared to control condition (8.26 cm) whereas in case of root length the values ranged from 5.11 to 1.16 cm in different treatments compared to control condition (3.92 cm). T-test and regression analysis indicated negative impacts of leaf extract of P.hysterophorus on C.cajan.This study indicated that the higher concentration of leaf extract of Parthenium hysterophorus was more inhibitory than other treatments for Cajanus cajan. The allelopathy is the main cause of invasion of P.hysterophorus that supports the novel weapons hypothesis.


High fidelity signage prototyping for public buildings is impractical to teach in Wayshowing classes with many students. To achieve high fidelity, the creation of signs that look like the final pro ...


One of the most frequently employed enzyme assays for assessing drug metabolising capacity in vitro involves the 0-deethylation of ethoxycoumarin (EC) to yield hydroxycoumarin (HC) (Prough et a1 1978). This reaction has been extensively studied in microsomes and isolated cells from several animal species under a variety of perturbed states, EC deethylation limits the interpretation of the in vitro data. The present investigations are concerned with delineating the pharmacokinetics of EC and HC using a newly developed analytical method.


In this paper, we study a cross-layer optimization problem for a network that consists of one wireline core network and multiple wireless access networks. We consider four layers among five layers in the network layering architecture: application characteristics through the utility function and quality of service requirements in the application layer; end-to-end flow control in the transport layer; opportunistic scheduling in the data link layer; adaptive modulation and coding in the physical layer. We formulate a stochastic optimization problem considering above four layers and both wireline and wireless parts of the network jointly that results in a utility-based joint end-to-end flow control and opportunistic scheduling problem for the integrated wireless and wireline network. We solve the problem by using a dual approach and a stochastic sub-gradient algorithm. The developed algorithm can be implemented in a distributed way: vertically among four layers and horizontally among all entities in the network, clearly showing what should be done in each layer and each entity and what parameters should be exchanged between layers vertically and between network entities horizontally.


Abstract: Within the framework of the functionalist or "scopos" theory, the (intended) scope or function of the target text is the most important criterion for the translator's decisions. However, this is a general theory of translation, which is not concerned with the culture-specific conventions valid in a particular culture. Since conventions determine what readers expect of a translation, the translator has the responsibility not to deceive the users of his translation by acting contrary to the conventions without telling them what he is doing, and why. This responsibility is what I will refer to as loyalty. Loyalty is a moral principle guiding the relationships between human beings.Resume: Dans le cadre de la theorie fonctionnaliste dite "scopos", la cible (visee) par le texte traduit constitue le critere majeur des decisions traductives. Cette theorie generale neglige toutefois les conventions specifiques d'une culture donnee. Or, ce sont des conventions qui predisposent l'attente des lecteurs d'une traduction. Le traducteur ne peut tromper cette attente en agissant a l'encontre des conventions sans expliquer au lecteur ce qu'il fait et pourquoi. Une telle forme de responsabilite repond a ce que j'appelle loyaute. La loyaute est un principe moral qui regle les rapports entre les etres humains.


Five patients with end‐stage kidney disease received combined kidney and bone marrow transplants from HLA haploidentical donors following nonmyeloablative conditioning to induce renal allograft tolerance. Immunosuppressive therapy was successfully discontinued in four patients with subsequent follow‐up of 3 to more than 6 years. This allograft acceptance was accompanied by specific T‐cell unresponsiveness to donor antigens. However, two of these four patients showed evidence of de novo antibodies reactive to donor antigens between 1 and 2 years posttransplant. These humoral responses were characterized by the presence of donor HLA‐specific antibodies in the serum with or without the deposition of the complement molecule C4d in the graft. Immunofluorescence staining, ELISA assays and antibody profiling using protein microarrays demonstrated the co‐development of auto‐ and alloantibodies in these two patients. These responses were preceded by elevated serum BAFF levels and coincided with B‐cell reconstitution as revealed by a high frequency of transitional B cells in the periphery. To date, these B cell responses have not been associated with evidence of humoral rejection and their clinical significance is still unclear. Overall, our findings showed the development of B‐cell allo‐ and autoimmunity in patients with T‐cell tolerance to the donor graft.


A new method of determining trace Pb in water by spectrometry after cloud point extraction with dithizone was proposed.The effect of experimental conditions was discussed.The chemical variables affecting the separation phase and extraction recovery were optimized.Under the optimum conditions,the detection of Pb was 3.430 μg/L.The regression equation was A=0.010 1 C +0.008,the correlation coefficient was 0.990 3,and the linear range was from 20 μg/L to 100 μg/L.The proposed method had been applied to the determination of Pb in water samples and the satisfactory result was obtained.


(Citrus hassaku Hort. ex Tanaka) and tangor 'Kiyomi' (Citrus sinensis •~ C. tangerina) fruits were investigated. Flavedo tissue (colored portion of peel) discs that were prepared from Hassaku and 'Kiyomi' fruits were incubated in phosphate buffer (pH 6.4) containing different types of phenolic compounds (10-2 M) at 20•Ž for 25 and 20 h, respectively. Brown discoloration was noted most severely with flavedo tissue discs incubated with pyrogallol in both Hassaku and 'Kiyomi' fruits. AsA and dehydroascorbic acid (DHA) contents in the flavedo tissue decreased markedly during incubation. Flavedo tissue discs treated with 1% and 1.5% AsA solution showed no browning when incubated with pyrogallol.


In this paper, we introduce the concept of generalized complex fuzzy subhypergroup ($H_{v}$-subgroup) as well as the generalized concept of complex anti-fuzzy subhypergroup ($H_{v}$-subgroup). We investigate their properties and their relations with the generalized traditional fuzzy (anti-fuzzy) subhypergroup ($H_{v}$-subgroup).


A method for forming a release material was peeled layered materials, for a time sufficient to form a release material, discloses a method of sonicating a layered material in a solution of surfactant herein to. The concentration of the surfactant in the solution is always during sonication, to agglutinate or layered and release material which is sufficient to form a complete monolayer on the surface of the layered material and the release material in the solution it is maintained to be sufficient to sterically stabilized Te.


While good community engagement is considered fundamental to successful field-based conservation projects, it is still too often centered on those individuals with high-levels of public decision-making power such as chiefs and male household members, and is not necessarily representative of less-powerful voices whose lives and livelihoods are impacted by conservation initiatives – such as indigenous women. This case study examines the extent to which gender dynamics were identified and programmed for within the first 5 years of the Mt. Mantalingahan Protected Landscape in the Philippines, home to nearly 3,000 indigenous households. We find that gender was not systematically considered during Landscape development or implementation, with most community engagement focused on male indigenous chiefs. Through interviews with local men and women, as well as the decision-making board, we found that there is great interest in addressing this gap and collaboratively developed a set of gender-responsive recommendations for the new management plan. All recommendations have subsequently been approved and incorporated into the 2016-2020 management plan.


Activated carbon was prepared from hazelnut shell with chemical carbonization using concentrated sulphuric acid. The adsorption tests were carried out in an agitated batch system with a fixed initial Cr(VI) ion concentration and varying adsorbent particle sizes and doses. The adsorption of Cr(VI) ions correlated strongly with these two variables. Two simple empirical models were examined for predicting the percentage of Cr(VI) ion adsorbed. Both models exhibited good correlation coefficients. The best model was selected on the basis of the standard deviation between the calculated and experimental values. The Freundlich adsorption isotherm provided the best correlation for the adsorption of Cr(VI) ions onto the carbon. This isotherm was used to fit the experimental adsorption capacity data and allowed the model parameters to be calculated and correlated with the particle size.


The lung is continuously exposed to the external environment and its mixtures of complex antigens through the air we breathe. It is estimated that the resting human adult inhales 12,000 liters of air each day, while even mild physical activity can double or triple this amount (85). In addition to anatomical barriers, such as airway angulation, mucociliary clearance, and coughing, both humoral and cellular defense mechanisms play an important role in maintaining the viability of the host. One of the first lines of defense against particulate matter is mucociliary clearance and phagocytic activity of alveolar macrophages. Antigen entering the pulmonary tract encounters antigen-presenting cells comprised of alveolar and interstitial macrophages and effector T lymphocytes (reviewed in reference 1). This encounter leads to a complex sequence of events that results in cell migration and activation at a site of inflammation, with the subsequent development of lymphocyte functional effector activity. After many years of study there is still a paucity of information on the origin, half-life, fate, and specific function of pulmonary lymphocytes in health and disease (80).

Protective immunity against inhaled antigens is mediated by the lymphocytes that are localized to the surface of the respiratory tract. The compartments in the lung where lymphocytes are present are (i) the epithelium and lamina propria of the air-conducting regions, (ii) the bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT), which is found commonly in certain animals, i.e., rabbit and rats, (iii) the pulmonary interstitium and vascular beds, and (iv) the bronchoalveolar space. Lymphocytes present in the mucociliary epithelium of the trachea and bronchi are mainly CD8+ T cells. In the bronchial epithelium Fournier et al. (34) found 18 T cells per 100 epithelial cells but essentially no B cells. About 1% of these T cells express the γδ T-cell receptor (31). In contrast to the epithelium, the bronchial lamina propria contains more CD4+ than CD8+ T cells. The majority of these T cells express the memory marker of CD45RO (25). Also, this area shows more surface immunoglobulin-bearing lymphocytes (54). In the human, in contrast to rabbits and rats, BALT is present at birth but disappears in the adult lung. However, after certain stimuli such as cigarette smoking, BALT can develop in adults (90). In the whole human lung interstitium Holt et al. (51) calculated 10 × 109 lymphocytes, a number equivalent to the number of lymphocytes present in human circulating blood.

Lymphocytes in the bronchoalveolar space are the most easily accessible of the lymphocytes in the human lung. It has been estimated that the total number of these lymphocytes on the air side of the epithelium is between 2 × 108 and 4 × 108 (22, 54). This number represents about 5% of the total circulating lymphocyte pool in humans or about 5% of the size of the interstitial lung pool.


This paper presents a complex type common-source active clamp converter. By adding a second winding to the transformer, and using two active-clamp switches connected in common-source type, the switching loss and switching noise can be reduced by means of the soft switching techniques. Furthermore, the complex type common source active clamp converter is constructed with the connection of a main switch to the boost inductor, can achieve corresponding to wide input range. The operation and characteristic of complex type common-source active converter is introduced.


A framework for an active learning summer program for middle school students is presented along with survey instruments and pre and post program data regarding student attitudes and awareness of sustainable design issues and career motivation in the field. This summer program was designed to attract students, especially from underrepresented groups, into early motivating experiences in the engineering fields and to increase their awareness of concepts and careers in renewable energy, and green engineering design principles and technologies. Twenty-four middle school students from a low social economic school district were provided the opportunity to experience many state-of-the-art engineering technologies at the university's school of engineering and to learn from a diverse group of knowledgeable mentoring faculty. In the week long program, students were involved in hands-on engineering and renewable energy activities appropriate to their age and knowledge. Topics covered included: the engineering design process, CAD solid modeling, 3D printing and water jet cutting, hands-on assembly, renewable energy resources for homes, sustainable site selection, and water efficiency principles. Using projectbased learning, student teams participated as designers of their own green home models by integrating their learning of renewable energy use, conservation practices, and appropriate design and material selection. Pre and post surveys revealed increases in student awareness of general engineering and renewable energy concepts as well as increased interest in pursuing engineering careers. Introduction This study revolves around the topics of sustainability education as well as green design. It is therefore appropriate to first begin with definitions of each term. According to UNESCO, Education for Sustainable Development (sustainability education) involves the inclusion of "key sustainable development issues into teaching and learning such as climate change, disaster risk reduction, biodiversity, poverty reduction, and sustainable consumption." Education about green design and building is defined by the US Environmental Protection Agency as "the practice of creating structures and using processes that are environmentally responsible and resourceefficient throughout a building's life-cycle from siting to design, construction, operation, maintenance, renovation and deconstruction." 2 Therefore, sustainability education has to do with teaching about using less energy and fewer resources, recycling, about buying locally and organically, designing and building with environmentally mindful or "green" approaches. Further, it is about guiding students of all ages to what Smith calls "changes in attitudes, beliefs, and dispositions related to what may be necessary to forge more sustainable societies." 3 Organizations such as the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) have indicated the importance of environmental and sustainability education to overcome our global community's alarming environmental problems. In a related movement in environmental education, in 1972, the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment proclaimed environmental education P ge 26608.2 as essential for citizens of all ages in order to provide a basis for both enlightenment and "responsible conduct by individuals, enterprises and communities in protecting and improving the environment in its full human dimension". Research in K-12 sustainability education in engineering In the last few decades, there has been a renewed interest and value recognition of environmental and sustainable learning. Particularly relevant to this discussion is Pavlova's call for policy formulation, teaching and learning for sustainability education and teacher training as three essential areas of challenge in the inclusion of sustainability education in technology. Education researchers find that K-12 sustainability education is not only about increasing content knowledge but that results are influenced by instructional practices that are dynamic and actionoriented and affect engagement not only in science courses but also in social sciences and even in art. 7, 8, 9 Church and Skelton report on a survey study involving more than one thousand K-12 teachers and report that over 66% have employed a particular kind of sustainability curriculum in which sustainability was used as an interdisciplinary unit, a context for teaching core subjects, or as a stand alone subject. In a related sub-study involving 55 high school teachers, Church and Skelton found that "almost all (96%) of the teachers reported that the lessons taught using the contextual framework of climate change increased their students' critical thinking skills. Most (82%) saw increased engagement in the classroom with this context, and 79% said the units "increased students' belief that they can make a difference on global issues". 10 It is clear that the benefits of carrying out sustainable education are considerable and integrating it with other content areas can result in powerful learning. Green engineering design in sustainability education and in this study Green engineering design can be defined as a combination of engineering, science and technology practices with environmentally acceptable methods and principles. Some green engineering design focuses on designing around environmental changes and adopting these environmental changes. Sustainability education can be implemented along with green engineer design with very young students. As stated above, it is important to provide environmental awareness and learning opportunities to younger generations and have them actively involved with green engineering activities. Implementing environmental learning and green engineering together in early stages such as at the middle school level can be crucial for understanding the importance of environmental issues as well as the concepts and possibilities for environmentally friendly design. 13 This study aims to understand how an intervention program that is based on the integration of sustainability education and green engineering design can impact student learning and career awareness. A summer camp is described as the setting where students learn about potential negative technological impacts upon our environment and how to prevent some of them by applying important green engineering design principles. The culminating design activity encourages the students to utilize green engineering design principles directly 14 by creating a small house model that: • Is designed using system analysis and integrated environmental impact assessment tools. Students learned system design and implementation around environmental issues. • Uses materials that improve natural ecosystems while protecting human health and wellbeing. P ge 26608.3 • Uses materials that have a long lifecycle and less impact on environmental issues. • Uses materials and energy that are considered safe. • Uses reusable materials to minimize depletion of natural resources. • Uses a design methodology to minimize waste. • Uses a design based on local geography, aspirations and cultures. The garden and outside of the house is designed with consideration for local culture and matching local vegetation. • Uses sustainable technology such as solar panels, wind turbines and LEED certified building materials. • Is designed using a group of students not only to learn about green engineering and environmental issues, but also to actively engage and create their own solutions to some of these problems. Different water collection systems as well as roof designs were innovated by students. As described above, these middle school students learn green engineering design and new technologies using sustainability education to create a learning structure that will benefit not only them, but will also benefit future engineers and the environment. These activities and result from these activities will be presented in the next sections. Background The Ingram School of Engineering (ISOE) at Texas State University was founded in 2007. The undergraduate program offers three ABET accredited engineering degrees in electrical, industrial and manufacturing engineering. ISOE provides a strong educational experience via theory combined with practice in a class/lab atmosphere. Dedicated faculty and staff are directly involved in classes and labs, and each degree program culminates with a senior design or "Capstone" project, which is required for graduation. Capstone projects emphasize project management, technical deliverables, and multidisciplinary effort in team-oriented, long-term projects. As a result of the heavy emphasis on practical, applied, and experiential learning, students who graduate from ISOE are well prepared for careers in all aspects of engineering. The school has more than 800 engineering students. In addition to modern classrooms and computer labs, ISOE has fully equipped labs including a class 1000 Cleanroom, System Modeling and Renewable Technology (SMART) lab, the Center for High Performance Systems (CHiPS), Additive Manufacturing facilities, and Rapid Product Development (RPD) lab. The school of engineering keeps strong ties with the local community. One form of these ties is strong outreach program that is essential for the school and for Texas State University. Outreach programs are deployed in different forms from summer camps to on-campus high school recruitment events and school tours. The team of faculty involved in the green design summer camp presented in this paper has extensive experience designing successful Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM)-related short and long-term camps for K-16 students. Examples are two National Science Foundation-funded Summer Research Experiences for Undergraduates (REU); these ten-week long residential summer pro


WISC short forms that entail the differential weighting of subtest scores may be expected to afford something of an advantage over those that require only simple summation. Finley and Thompson (195s) have constructed such a short form especially for use with the mentally retarded, but in another context, these same investigators observed that if the correlations with the Full Scale are comparable and the standard errors of estimate not greatly different, it is easier to calculate one weighted score rather than five individual weighted scores (Thompson & Finley, 1963). The purpose of the analysis reported here was to assess the advantage of differential weighcing. Finley and Thompson used the Wherry-Doolittle method to select the "best" short form and found that a combination of Information, Picture Arrangement, Picnire Completion, Coding, and Block Design had a m~iltiple correlation of .896 with the Full Scale, with a standard error of 3.12 IQ points. The corresponding simple correlation, calculated by the present writer from their data, is .883, with a standard error of 3.31 IQ points. Moreover, the correlation between the short form entailing differential weighting and the one requiring only simple summation is ,983. The weighting problem is actually quite complex, and the potential advantage of differential weighting depends on a number of factors, e.g., the number of subtescs that comprise the short form, their average intercorrelation, and the range of their standard deviations, which serve as weights in simple summation. In a previous study, based on portions of the WISC standardization data, Silverstein (1967) concl~~ded that the advantage of differential weighting was minimal. This conclusion appears to hold for the Finley-Thompson short form as well.


In this paper, the electromagnetic scattering from an arbitrarily shaped 3-D conducting object located above a lossy half space is analyzed using the multilevel fast multipole algorithm (MLFMA). In order to use the MLFMA, a higher order approximation method is used for evaluation of the spatial domain half-space Greenpsilas functions for the far interactions, with the resulting construction applicable to the addition theorem expansion. The purposed method can yield highly accurate results with small group size of the MLFMA and can be easily operated. Numerical results are presented to demonstrate the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed method.