The invention discloses an air sample online enrichment and separation device for automatically monitoring organics of a pollution source, which comprises a sampler, a ten-way valve, an absorption column, a sampling pump, a first flow control valve, a second flow control valve, a third flow control valve, a fourth flow control valve, a three-way valve, a pre-separation column, a separation column, an air carrying pipe and an escape pipe, wherein the ten-way valve is connected with an outlet of the absorption column, a C valve opening of the three-way valve, the sampler, an inlet of the absorption column, the inlet of the pre-separation column, the escape pipe, the second flow control valve, the outlet of the pre-separation column, the inlet of the separation column and the third flow control valve respectively; the two ends of the fourth flow control valve are connected with the sampling pump and the three-way valve respectively; the two ends of the first flow control valve are connected with the air carrying pipe and the three-way valve respectively; one end of the third flow control valve is connected with the air carrying pipe through a second air valve and a pipeline; and one end of the second flow control valve is connected with the air carrying pipe through a first air valve and the pipeline. The air sample online enrichment and separation device can realize the online enrichment and separation of an air sample.


Sylvia Plath is a kind of poet whose personal experience enlarges to the larger historical one. We can find it in her invocation of historical tragedies such as the Holocaust and Hiroshima.  Plath uses these tragedies to reveal her anxieties under the pressure of the Cold War. In this paper, I write about her reference to the Holocaust in light of the specter of nuclear war. Plath produced a variety of poems in the last quarter of 1962. In October especially, in the month of the Cuban Missile Crisis which occurred at the height of the Cold War, she created 25 poems, which were later called the "October Poems". It seems that her dominated anxieties triggered her to write a host of poems. This time I focus on Plath's mother-child related poems. Her anxieties about the effects of nuclear bombs were directly connected to her children.


This paper surveys the optimum currency area (OCA) literature. It is organised into four phases: the 'pioneering phase' which put forward the OCA theory and its properties, the 'reconciliation phase' when its diverse facets were combined, the 'reassessment phase' that led to the 'new OCA theory' and the 'empirical phase' during which the theory was subject to due empirical scrutiny. We make systematic reference to the European economic and monetary union (EMU) to which the OCA theory has been most frequently applied. All pioneering contributions are still relevant. Several early weaknesses have now been amended. Meanwhile, the balance of judgements has shifted in favour of currency unions. They are now deemed to generate fewer costs in terms of the loss of autonomy of domestic macroeconomic policies, and there is greater emphasis on the benefits. Looking ahead we are confronted with two distinct paradigms -- specialisation versus endogeneity of OCA. JEL Classification: E42, F15, F33, F41


A lympyangioma is rare benign tumor of the lymphatic tissue, most common in the neck and head, which clinically manifests itself mainly in childhood. Lymphangiomas are self-limited disorders that usually resolve spontaneously. However, a pelvic lymphangioma may require surgical treatment if it becomes symptomatic. We present a very rare case of cystic lymphangioma in the pelvic cavith with a discussion of its natural history and treatment.


Danielle Paisley, Director Jennifer Bollerman, Assistant Director ****ECRWSS**** RESIDENTIAL CUSTOMER PATCHOGUE-MEDFORD LIBRARY DISTRICT Non-Profit Organization U.S. Postage PAID Patchogue, NY 11772 Permit No. 186 PATCHOGUE-MEDFORD LIBRARY 54-60 East Main Street | Patchogue, NY 11772 (631) 654-4700 | www.pmlib.org Hours: Monday-Friday 9:30 am-9 pm Saturday 9:30 am-5:30 pm Sunday (October-May) 1-5 pm


Due to differences in the aetiology, diagnosis, therapy, and prognosis, it is necessary to delimitate the clinic picture of stomatitis prothetica against the syndromes of glossalgia and stomatodynia.


We assume that an immersed constant mean curvature surface Σ Mk × R satisfies a relation involving the mean curvature, the Gaussian curvature and the angle that the unit vector of the factor R makes with the normal to the surface. This relation, although given initially in its pointwise form, can be shown to be equivalent to an integral relation. From the assumed relation, it follows that Σ is invariant under a one-parameter group of isometries of M 2 k × R which are induced by the isometries of M 2 k . An application is made to describe qualitatively those surfaces for which the Abresch-Rosenberg complex quadratic form vanishes.


In Hengelo (Overijssel, NL) a street (Castorweg) will be paved with air purifying pavement. The top
layer of this pavement contains TiO2, which serves as a catalyst for the degradation process of the car
emission gases NO and NO2, under the influence of UV light. A 2‐dimensional simulation model is
made that describes the distributions of pollutant concentrations and the effect of the air purifying
pavement on these concentrations throughout a cross‐section of this street canyon. The simulation
model assumes a wind direction perpendicular to the street, and takes the effects of wind speed,
relative humidity, UV irradiance, traffic density, background concentrations and atmospheric
reactions into account. The atmospheric reactions under the influence of UV irradiance generally
account for a large reduction of NO and NO2 during the day. For a relatively quiet street like the
Castorweg, simulations show that the air purifying pavement can reduce the NO and O3 levels in the
street at a height of 1.50m with 2% and the NO2 levels with 10%, for an average late winter day. In
more favourable winter conditions the NO and NO2 reduction can reach 3 and 17% respectively. For
lower heights the NOx reduction increases significantly. A higher temperature could cause an
increase in the NOx levels, consequently further increasing the reduction by the air purifying
pavement. For streets with higher buildings, or with a wind direction parallel to the street the
residence time of NOx near the air purifying pavement would be longer, yielding a higher NOx
reduction.


Cardiac autonomic nervous system (ANS) dysregulation is a hallmark of cardiovascular diseases such as heart failure, arrhythmias and myocardial infarction. To understand the role of ANS in cardiomyocyte cohesion, we have previously identified that adrenergic signaling enhances cardiomyocyte cohesion via PKA‐mediated plakoglobin phosphorylation at serine 665, which we termed as positive adhesiotropy. In this study, we investigated the role of parasympathetic nervous system in cardiomyocyte cohesion, using carbachol (CCH) as a cholinergic agonist that binds to the muscarinic receptors. Dissociation assays performed in HL‐1 cells, grown in norepinephrine (NE) containing medium for baseline adrenergic stimulation, and in murine cardiac slice cultures from wild type (wt) and plakoglobin (Pg) knockout (Jup‐/‐) mice revealed an impaired cardiomyocyte cohesion after CCH treatment. Electron microscopy revealed that CCH reduced intercalated disc plaque thickness in both wt and Jup‐/‐mice. Immunostaining and atomic force microscopy in HL‐1 cells demonstrated that CCH reduced desmoglein 2 (Dsg2) localization and binding at cell borders. Immunoprecipitation showed no alterations in the interaction of Dsg2, desmoplakin, plakophilin 2 and Pg after CCH treatment. Nevertheless, knockdown of any of the above genes abrogated the loss of cardiomyocyte cohesion in response to CCH. In HL‐1 cells, CCH inhibited ERK phosphorylation but not Pg phosphorylation at serine 665 induced by forskolin/rolipram (FR) combination used for adrenergic stimulation. In addition, CCH activated the AKT/GSK‐3β axis in the presence of NE. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that cholinergic signaling antagonizes the positive effect of adrenergic signaling on cardiomyocyte cohesion and thus causes negative adhesiotropy, which is independent of Pg phosphorylation.


ABSTRACT A first application of a multiplexed, bead-based method is described for determining the abundances of target sequences in an environmental PCR product. Target sequences as little as 0.3% of the total amount of DNA can be quantified. Tests were conducted on 16S ribosomal DNA sequences from microorganisms collected from contaminated groundwater.


The rural land share-holding cooperative system is an important innovation in the farmland management system, and it is also an innovative reform of the rural land transfer method. This article takes the rural land share cooperative system as the research object, and introduces in detail the connotation, classification and historical evolution of the rural land share cooperative system. We select Anda Land Cooperative in Dongping City and Yaozhen Village Land Cooperative in Changshu City as typical cases. It analyzes the problems of the cooperative's operation and puts forward specific countermeasures and suggestions in order to make contribution to the development of the ru-


The successful applicant (m/f/d) is expected to represent the field of history didactics in its entirety in research and teaching, to strengthen the research priorities of the Faculty of History by establishing and developing this field of research at the Faculty of History and Cultural Sciences. In cooperation with lecturers the successful applicant will be responsible for the teacher training programmes at secondary level (Gymnasium) and supervision of the teaching practices of students. The successful applicant will conduct research in the methodology of teaching and history mediation and is expected to concentrate part of his/her research on the expanding field of research in "History didactics and digital change".


Chordee is a condition in which the penile head has a curvature. It can be towards ventral or dorsal aspect. Dorsal chordee is very rare. In many normal males mild degrees of curvature can exist. Causes of dorsal chordee can be diverse but urethral duplication as its etiology is even rarer. We report a case of six year old boy who presented with severe dorsal chordee with associated double urethra and cleft of the glans dorsally without hypospadia.


The body height,body length,chest girth,cannon circumference,estimated bodyweight and milk composition of Qaidam yellow were measured in Wutu Meiren town,Gelemu,Qinghai province in June of 2006.The results showed that in the last 20 years the body height and body length increased, while chest girth and cannon circumference remain unchanged,the slight bodyweight increase was noticed as well.The water,dry matter,protein,fat and lactose content in the milk of Qaidam yellow cattle were 86.725%,13.275%,2.5625%,2.4375(g/100 g),3.3688(g/100 g),respectively.


In this work we present an analysis of CDO pricing models with a focus on "correlation skew models". These models are extensions of the classic single factor Gaussian copula and may generate a skew. We consider examples with fat tailed distributions, stochastic and local correlation which generally provide a closer fit to market quotes. We present an additional variation of the stochastic correlation framework using normal inverse Gaussian distributions. The numerical analysis is carried out using a large homogeneous portfolio approximation.


Marine disasters are harmful to the development of economy and society of coastal zone.Fujian province has long coastline and broad coastal zone,where marine resources development and marine economy have been blocked by marine disasters and incalculable loss was caused.The article analyses the characteristics of geology and climate of coastal zone in Fujian province,by virtue of the data from correlative research,the main kinds of marine disasters in Fujian coastal zone expounded,there are three kinds disasters: the first kind is marine geological disaster,including earthquake in the sea,seacoast collapse,beach erosion,sea level rise and so on,the second is caused by climate which mainly includes typhoon,storm surge,and the third kind includes red tide,biological invasions,reclamation of coastal wetlands etc.At the end of the article,some suggestions are brought forward: the study of the marine disaster is first important;strictly control the discharge of pollutants discharge;establishment of coastal eco-protection.


Objective To explore the hemolytic characteristics of a self-made implantable axial flow blood pump in vitro and in vivo. Methods Blood pumps were connected with the pump in a mock circulatory loop,filled with fresh sheep blood,and the pump generated 5 L/min flow against a head pressure of 100 mmHg.The vitro hemolytic properties were evaluated by determining the level of plasma free hemoglobin(FHb)at defined intervals.Blood pump was implanted in 3 healthy sheep for in vivo test.After pumping,FHb,lactate dehydrogenase(LDH)and hemoglobin(Hb)were detected continuously during the first 24 h. Results The mean index of haematolysis(NIH)in vitro was(0.016 44±0.000 18)g/100 L.Vivo experiment results showed that the levels of FHb and LDH increased gradually,and the maximal mean values were(79.3±7.1)g/100 L and(622.3±22.5)U/L,respectively. Conclusion The vitro and vivo hemolytic properties of the blood pump are satisfactory,which are comparable to that of some third generation pumps.Therefore,long-term circulation assist experiment of the new blood pump could be carried on to evaluate its hemodynamics and end-organ effect in the future.


Abstract The edge test is a partial algorithm for the Graph Isomorphism Problem based on comparison the number of edges. We perform a probabilistic analysis of the efficiency of the edge test. With the binomial distribution B(n,p) on the set of inputs, we estimate the asymptotic failure probability of the edge test depending on the rate of decay of parameter p. In particular, if p ≤ 1/2, np → λ > 0, then the asymptotic failure probability is nonzero, so that the edge test does not solve generically the Graph Isomorphism Problem. On the other hand, if p ≤ 1/2, np → ∞, then the failure set is negligible and the edge test generically solves the Graph Isomorphism Problem in polynomial time.


Alzheimer's Society take a look at the various risk factors associated with developing dementia, find out what we mean by risk and risk factors.


Heart disease due to valvular anomaly has increased prevalence along with increasing age. Rheumatic heart disease is a condition in which the heart valves have been permanently damaged post rheumatic fever. We report a patient with Aortic valve replacement using TTK CH 25 prosthetic valve who underwent post-operative physiotherapy which comprises 2 weeks of phase I cardiac rehabilitation, a home exercise program after discharge, and follow-up after 2 weeks. During follow up patient has a high level of independence, improvement in quality of life, lung function, and symptoms. This case report aims to highlight the significance of prompt diagnosis; treatment and most importantly rehabilitation incorporating early mobilization to get the patient back to his functional state. A scheduled exercise program benefits the patient and also minimizes complications after surgery.


The contemporary petroleum industry in the north of Shanxi province,like other national industries was hard to escape its historical fate.Though in a slow step and with poor effect,the industry had made great changes in material life,social conception,social customs of the habitants in the north of Shanxi province.


Quaternary International 300: 182–194. Kleindienst, M.R. 2001. "What is the Aterian? The view from Dakleh Oasis and the Western Desert, Egypt." In The Oasis Papers 1: Proceedings of the First International Symposium of the Dakleh Oasis Project, edited by C. A. Marlow and A.J. Mills, 1–14. Oxford: Oxbow Books. Scerri, E.M.L. 2013. "The Aterian and its place in the North African Middle Stone Age." Quaternary International 300: 111–130. Scerri, E.M.L., Drake, N.A., Jennings, R. and Groucutt, H.S. 2014. "Earliest evidence for the structure of Homo sapiens populations in Africa." Quaternary Science Reviews 101: 207–216. Van Peer, P. and Vermeersch, P.M. 2007. "The place of northeast Africa in the early history of modern humans: new data and interpretations on the Middle Stone Age." In Rethinking the Human Revolution: New Behavioural and Biological Perspectives on the Origin and Dispersal of Modern Humans, edited by P. Mellars, K. Boyle, O. Bar-Yosef and C. Stringer, 187–198. Cambridge: McDonald Institute. Wendorf, F. (ed.). 1965. Contributions to the Prehistory of Nubia. Dallas: Fort Burgwin Research Center and Southern Methodist University Press. Wendorf, F. (ed.). 1968. The Prehistory of Nubia. Dallas: Fort Burgwin Research Center and Southern Methodist University Press.


The inarticulated brachiopod Novocrania anomala (Muller) is recorded for the first time from Madeira Island, bringing the total of living species for that area to six. Updated comparisons of Recent brachiopod diversities between the Macaronesian archipelagos show similar values for Madeira, the Cape Verde Islands and the Azores but higher values for the Canary Islands. Comparisons are also made between shallow-water cave and crevice communities in Madeira, the Canary Islands and the Cape Verde Islands, where dense populations of one or two brachiopod species are thriving in cryptic habitats where competition for space and resources is presumably reduced. No such occurrences have yet been found in the Azores.


The pseudomorphic properties of doped‐channel field‐effect transistors have been thoroughly investigated based on AlGaAs/InxGa1−xAs (0≤x≤0.25) heterostructures with different In contents. Through various analytical schemes and device characterization, we observed that by introducing a 150 A strained In0.15Ga0.85As channel we can enhance device performance; however, this strained channel is not stable after high‐temperature heat treatment. By further increasing the In content up to x=0.25, the device performance started to degrade, which is associated with strain relaxation in this highly strained channel.


The economic and financial specialized texts of the European Union context are characterized, among other aspects, by the multilingual fact. This phenomenon, which recognises a total of 24 official languages, requires of the translation and the terminology in order to make it possible. This paper aims to discuss about issues related to the economic and financial framework of the European Union from a theoretical proposal where some of the main economic and financial agents are studied in the Spanish> English, French and German language combination.


A previous working paper argued, that, to understand basic skills education, it is necessary to observe classrooms to see what the "instructional triangle" involving the instructor, students, and content —is like. This working paper presents the results of observing classes in 13 community colleges. It starts with a conceptualization of instruction, distinguishing behaviorist teaching, constructivist teaching, and hybrid teaching that combines the two (as well as several other dimension of quality), and provides various reasons why hybrid or constructivist teaching is likely to be more effective than behaviorist teaching.


This article is on the textuality of handwritten marginal inscriptions, and the often acute difficulty of interpreting them. No poet was more profoundly influenced by the agonistics of this interpretative work than Charles Olson (1910–1970). One way to tell the story of his authorship would be to draw a categorical distinction between his life as a scholar of Herman Melville, and his life as a poet associated with the legacy of modernism and with Black Mountain College. However, the marginalia that Olson wrote in his copy of Ace of Pentacles (one of two he owned), by his former student and protégé, John Wieners, tell another story. At one point Olson seems to compare his marginalia in "John's book" (as he calls it) to those Melville wrote "on the leaf of Shakespeare". The annotated "leaf" he has in mind figures in Call Me Ishmael as decisively formative in the making of Moby-Dick. Evidence indicates that Olson used his copy of Ace of Pentacles to devise strategies of writing his way through a major tragedy—the loss of his wife in a car accident in March, 1964. It is amid his annotations that we find the probable starting place of several poems that he wrote to her memory, all controversially excluded from the posthumously published third volume of The Maximus Poems. Yet the marginalia are every bit as resistant to interpretation as those he had himself confronted in the marked pages of Melville's books, and we will need to think carefully about this analogy and its implications. I argue that his marked-up copy of Ace of Pentacles is part of a textual continuum of uncertain extent, raising questions about how we should read the last volume of The Maximus Poems.


Principle, parameters and selected applications of the optical profilometer MicroProf FRT (Fries Research & Technology GmbH) in determining surface quality are presented in this contribution.


The determination of inorganic ions in solution is a commonplace and classical analytical problem. There was a time, not so long ago, when the determination of ions such as sulfate, nitrate, phosphate, chloride, sodium, ammonium, etc. meant laborious and time-consuming wet chemistry—titrations, precipitations, gravimetric analysis, and colorimetry—and a myriad of methods, many of them not very sensitive or selective. The past 10 years have seen a dramatic change in inorganic analysis. Now we have a broad and ever-increasing array of chromatographic methods supplanting these older chemical methods. Significantly there has appeared an accompanying new crop of entrepreneurs to develop and market up-todate instrumentation to exploit these fundamental developments in analytical science. As a result, we now have commercially available instruments that can determine as many as 10 inorganic ions in a single measurement at better than an ion per minute (Figure 1). Thus one method supplants many. These gains in speed have been accompanied by equally impressive improvements in sensitivity. For example, precise measurement at the ppm level for many common inorganic anions has become routine for these new chromatographic methods, and comparable analysis at the ppb level is on the way. Two major objectives of this REPORT will be to outline some of these new approaches and to offer critical comments on their relative merits. While the present pace of inorganic chromatography is rapid indeed, it was for many years placid compared to the activity in the area of organic chromatography—first in the gas and later in the liquid mode. So as an additional objective and as a starting point, we will examine a probable reason for this lag time, for we believe it has a strong bearing on subsequent technical developments that are presently revolutionizing important aspects of inorganic analysis. History Inorganic chromatography as practiced today has deep roots in the pioneering work of the forties and fifties, especially in the area of ion exchange. That period was a time of great advances in the synthesis of ion exchangers and in the understanding of their physical behavior. In this same era we witnessed great accomplishments in separations using these new materials. F. Spedding in the U.S. had spectacular success in separating species as chemically similar as rare earths, not to mention isotopic ion separations achieved by the Spedding group and E. Glueckauf in England. Much fundamental chromatographic theory was based on the behavior of ion exchange columns used in that early work. But separation is only part of the chromatographic problem. Detection of the eluted species is the other, and the acceptance and widespread adoption of any new chromatographic method today depends on these two problems being solved in a


It is argued that the epistemological foundations of organization design can be built on a dual theoretical base: design-as-practice and design-as-meaning. The first is founded upon practice as part of current sociological theory applied to organizations (Schatzki, 2001; Nicolini, 2012) and the second is based on design theory (Krippendorff, 2006). If designing is defined as 'to create meaning' and if the symbolic action of managers plays a central role in the social construction of organizational reality, then meaning becomes a central concern for organization designing. On the other hand, while asserting that practice provides an ontological foundation for the artefacts which constitute the organization's design, practice theory does not contain the mechanisms of intentionality and direction required by managerial action. The chapter ends with a broad interpretation of Davidson's (2001) three types of knowledge—subjective, objective, and intersubjective—in terms of three broad groups of meanings found in organizations: managerially generated intended meanings, organizationally generated emergent meanings, and stakeholder generated perceived meanings.


There has always been a felt difference in the ready made shade guides available and the porcelain fired for metal ceramic crowns after selecting the shade from the guide. Most brands of porcelain are labeled to match shades of the Vita shade guide, but produce slightly different colors from this guide upon firing. The objective of this study was to quantify in CIE AE* units the color differences between the Vita shade guide colors and two commercial porcelains for metal ceramic crowns. Two operators prepared shadeguide teeth from four shades of two brands of porcelain. Opaque, body, and incisal layers were applied and fired in the form of shade-guide teeth on Vita ceramic carriers used for making custom shade-guide teeth. The colors of these teeth were measured with a Beckman spectrophotometer with an integrating sphere. The average AE* values for the differences between the colors of the Vita shade guide and the fired porcelains for each of the brands were 2.9, and 2.0 respectively, for the first operator and 2.6 and 2.8 respectively, for the second operator. The color difference between the custom shade-guide teeth and the Vita master shade guide were significantly affected by both brands and shades. The overall average error resulting from the differences in colors between the Vita shade guide and fired porcelains was 2.4 for the first operator and 2.7 for the second operator. The mean AE*between the teeth prepared by the two operators was 3.6. The color difference between the teeth made by the two operators was not ignificantly affected by brands or shades.


Aim: This study aimed to describe the use of fluorometholone eye drops in a public healthcare organization in Riyadh Province
Methodology: This is a retrospective study that includes reviewing the electronic prescriptions of fluorometholone eye drops among outpatients in a public healthcare organization in Riyadh Province
Results: During the study period, only 42 patients received fluorometholone eye drops. More than 64% of them were females and the age of 28.57% of them was between 20 and 29 years. More than 73% of the patients received fluorometholone eye drops for 1 week. Most of the prescriptions were prescribed by residents. More than 95% of the prescriptions were written by ophthalmology department.
Conclusion: The present study showed that fluorometholone eye drops was uncommonly prescribed in Al-Kharj. More studies are needed to describe the frequency of using and the pattern of prescribing fluorometholone eye drops.


Al/sub 0.11/Ga/sub 0.89/As in the base, adjacent to the collector has been used to eliminate the conduction band spike and demonstrate double HBTs with high breakdown voltages, BV/sub CEO/ and BV/sub BCO/, of 44 V (current gain of 20) and 54 V respectively with a 1 /spl mu/m thick GaInP collector doped to 2/spl times/10/sup 16/cm/sup -3/ without any voltage dependence on the gain. The inferred electron lifetime in the AlGaAs base was found to be approximately ten times smaller than the equivalently doped GaAs. Analysis of the Kirk effect yielded an estimate of the effective velocity in the GaInP collector of 4.3/spl times/10/sup 6/ cms/sup -1/ at room temperature. A graded AlGaAs base and graded transition from GaInP at the base/collector junction to AlInP demonstrated a record breakdown voltage, BV/sub BCO/=74 V, for the same collector doping and thickness. Electron impact ionisation coefficients were measured for use in an Ebers-Moll model to predict breakdown voltage.


Editor—The most recent edition of the British National Formulary reviews the emergency treatment of patients exposed to 2-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile (CS) spray. 1 It is important to note that as used in the United Kingdom CS is not a gas but a particulate spray formulated for use against a violent individual. Law enforcement agencies have expressed concern about the use of CS spray.2,3 The Department of Health has issued a comprehensive report on CS spray, concluding that there are no health concerns about the effects of CS when used appropriately.4

In the context of law enforcement, using chemical restraints is safer than hands-on contact or using other weapons that have a higher probability of causing death.5 CS has been used in the United States and has a long history of safe and effective use. No consistent adverse effects from acute exposure have been documented, nor has excessive or unfounded use been a problem. In Memphis, Tennessee, the introduction of chemical restraints in the police department dramatically decreased the number of injuries to police officers and to prisoners as well as decreasing the number of complaints of excessive force made against officers.5 In Tennessee all officers undergo training in which they are exposed to both CS and oleum capsicum, and no significant injuries from exposure have been reported.

The most important aspect of managing a patient who has been exposed to CS is to practise good hygiene by removing any contaminated clothing and to ensure that the individual is exposed to air and is not placed in a confined space before decontamination. Special attention should be paid to limiting secondary exposure by using protective clothing such as gloves and by putting contaminated clothing into bags. In most cases this is all the treatment that is needed. Left untreated, most symptoms will resolve within minutes of exposure.

Washing with soap and water is not recommended unless symptoms persist. The particulate form of CS can dissolve in the irrigant and exacerbate irritation or contaminate other surfaces, such as the eyes. In the rare instances when irrigation is required, normal saline, not water, is the best choice. If symptoms persist then evaluation by a physician is warranted. The most common persistent complaint is ocular irritation, and this is usually the result of a particle of CS becoming embedded in the ocular surface. In this instance, copious irrigation with saline and a thorough slit lamp examination should be carried out.


The Ars Veterinaria of the fourth-century writer Pelagonius has hitherto been known only from the MS. Florence, Bibl. Riccardiana 1179 (R), a codex copied in 1485 for Politian from an early (lost) manuscript. Apart from this there have only been some palimpsest fragments from Bobbio.


Introduction: The role of nephrological nursing in the humanizing care and attention of patients on hemodialysis is essential. Objectives: To analyse the perceived satisfaction of patients and healthcare professionals in hemodialysis units after the implementation of a humanizing program. Material and Method: Quasi-experimental prospective longitudinal analytical study with a historical control group. Data collection was carried out during 13 months in 16 dialysis units of the Fundacion Renal Inigo Alvarez de Toledo with a total of 667 patients and 180 workers. Two self-administered Likert-type questionnaires were used, one for patients and another for professionals. Results: After the implementation of the programme, the number of patients who consider that the staff always informs them about the procedures increased significantly (p=0.043) and 62.4% of the patients valued the fact that a family member or close person can enter during the session as something valuable. After the implementation of the project, 49.2% of the healthcare professionals considered that training in the field of humanisation was always necessary and thought that it would be advisable to improve it (p>0.005). Conclusions: There has been a significant increase in patient satisfaction about the information provided by the professionals and their proximity. Very positive values have been verified regarding the humanising care received by patients and their comfort during hemodialysis sessions. On the other hand, the professionals consider training in the field of humanisation to be necessary and believe that it would be advisable to improve it in the units.


Abstract The formation of axonal connections in the nervous system involves cell-specific decisions of the growth cone. In this article we examine the contribution of early fate decisions to axonal pathfinding. Evidence is accumulating that different neuronal cell types in the cerebral cortex are specified during their final mitosis. It would seem that cortical projection neurons are pre-specified to choose particular pathways, since the newly generated neurons send out their axons in the correct direction from the onset of outgrowth. Pathfinding decisions that are made much later during development, such as the recognition of specific target-derived chemoattractants and the retraction of inappropriate axon collaterals, also seem to be at least partially pre-specified at much earlier developmental stages. Hence, the early determination of a neuron's phenotype includes the specification of axonal growth occuring over a protracted phase of development. Understanding more about the regulative events targeted to the growth cone should help us to unravel the decisions made by this specialized neuronal organelle.


Copper wire ball bonding has gained popularity in the last few years due to its economic advantage and superior electrical performance. However, because of copper's reactive nature to oxygen, free air ball formation for copper bonding is more crucial than in the gold wire process. To create a free air ball (FAB), the wire bonder uses an electronic flame-off (EFO) unit. During operation, a high voltage is generated across the EFO gap, causing a high current (spark) to discharge and melts the tail of the copper wire to form a spherical ball. Unlike gold FAB, copper FAB must be formed in an inert gas environment as copper oxidizes readily, especially at elevated temperatures. If oxidization of copper FAB occurs during formation, the FAB does not form a spherical shape, which could result in poor first bond. Oxidization occurs if the flow rate is not sufficiently high to provide a complete inert gas envelope during the melting of the copper FAB. On the other hand, if the flow rate is too high, it could have a significant convection cooling effect, depending on the wire diameter, which could also result in a pointed FAB. The type of cover gas used during bonding also plays an important role in FAB size. When inert gas such as 100% purified nitrogen, is used, the effect is a total inert blanket and cooling effect. If standard forming gas (5%H2/95%N2) is used, it will deplete the oxygen to remove any oxide that is present at the copper wire surface. In addition, the hydrogen gas in the mixture also raises the heat energy to provide additional heat thermal energy for melting the copper wire. Therefore, both cover gas types, and their respective flow rates, affects the copper FAB size and characteristics. This paper describes a general method to model the copper FAB diameter at various conditions with different interactions of current setting, fire time, EFO wand feature, type of cover gas and corresponding flow rate. The model used is based on a partially enclosed glass tube gas delivery design. As a general method, it can be applied to different gas delivery designs


Acupuncture is mentioned for the first time more than two thousand years ago, and the interest in it is still prevailing. Thanks to this, it is no longer defined only as a theory of Traditional Chinese medicine, but is accepted as applicable and effective. In other words, "if something has worked well for more than two millennia, then there is something useful in it". Acupuncture is included in the curriculum of many of the prestigious veterinary universities and clinics around the world. Thousands of veterinary and humane specialists apply acupuncture every day in their practice as an additional or alternative therapy. The aim of this publication is to summarize the main achievements, methods of application and effec-tiveness of acupuncture in veterinary medicine by providing independent clinical trials and the results thereof.


Recent advances in information filtering have resulted in effective recommender systems that are able to provide online personalized recommendations to millions of users from all over the world. However, most of these systems ignore the explanation purpose while producing recommendations with high-quality results. Moreover, the classification of reviews given to users as explanations is not fully exploited in previous studies. In this paper, we develop a convolutional neural network-based reviews classification method for explainable recommendation systems. The convolutional neural network is used to extract the reviews features for predicting whether the reviews provided as explanations are positive or negative. Based on such additional information, users can understand not only why certain items are recommended for them but also get support to know the nature of such explanations. We conduct experiments on a dataset from Amazon. The experimental results show that our method outperforms state-of-the-art methods.


Keywords: Cultures et diversite ; Going East ; Sections IN, PH Reference EPFL-STUDENT-180850 Record created on 2012-08-17, modified on 2017-05-12


The storage properties of fuels are critical in regard to the introduction of a new fuel into markets. The fuel must be homogeneous, and the properties of the fuel should not change significantly during the storage at the customer's facility. In this research, the storage stability of wood-based pyrolysis liquids was followed by analysis of the changes in the physical properties and chemical composition during storage. The main physicochemical changes took place during the first six months. The high-molecular-mass (HMM) fraction of water-insolubles, which were originally lignin-derived material, increased, because of polymerization and condensation reactions of carbohydrate constituents, aldehydes, and ketones. Therefore, the average molecular mass of pyrolysis liquids increased, which was also observed as an increase in viscosity. There was a clear correlation of the average molecular mass with the viscosity, water-insolubles, and the HMM fraction of water-insolubles. The chemical changes in the aging we...


Silicon ( Si ) has attracted considerable interest as a negative electrode material for next – generation lithium ( Li ) – ion batteries because of its high capacity density. In this study, ex situ electron microscopy was applied to observe Si negative electrodes under di ff erent charge states within an actual battery structure to reveal the Li intrusion direction and the e ff ects of Li concentration on the electrode structure. All of the processes from disassembly of the charged battery and preparation of specimens for use in electron microscopy observation to specimen transport to the electron microscopes were performed under non – atmospheric exposure conditions. The orientation of the single – crystal Si powder in the charged state was observed by electron backscatter di ff raction, indicating that lithiation occurred preferentially along the ( 110 ) plane of Si. The initial stage of amorphization was observed by high – angle annular dark fi eld – scanning transmission electron microscopy, demonstrating that the Li atoms occupied the tetrahedral sites of Si crystals, and that the crystal structure was destroyed via the severing of Si – Si bonds between the { 111 } planes. During the charge reaction, Li occupied the tetrahedral sites via intrusion along the <110> direction of Si, and amorphization proceeded as the Li concentration increased. Thus, the amorphous region grew preferentially in the <110> direction of Si.


The concept of linguistic innovation in English has so far mainly been limited to the description of native and indigenized varieties (ESL). In foreign varieties of English (EFL), on the other hand, non-standard forms are typically considered as errors. Such a treatment, however, (i) fails to acknowledge those cases when foreign learners intend to be creative, as underlined by Rimmer (2008), and (ii) misses commonalities between ESL and EFL. Recent corpus-based studies have provided preliminary evidence that some non-standard forms are shared by indigenized and foreign varieties of English. Nesselhauf (2009) has brought to light similarities in the way of new prepositional verbs like comprise of or emphasise on, while Gilquin (2011) has drawn parallels between phrasal verbs in ESL and EFL (see also Gotz & Schilk 2011, Davydova 2012, Laporte 2012 and Deshors 2014, among others). Such commonalities challenge the idea of a clear dichotomy between innovations and errors, and encourage us to look for more similarities between ESL and EFL. We present a data-driven method to detect potential innovations in EFL on a large scale, test it on verb-preposition structures, and describe similarities and differences between ESL and EFL. Relying on the whole of the International Corpus of Learner English (ICLE), which has been parsed with the probabilistic dependency parser Pro3Gres (Schneider 2008), we have automatically extracted potential innovations, defined here as patterns of overuse in ICLE compared to a reference corpus, for which we use the British National Corpus (BNC). We measure overuse by means of various collocation measures such as O/E or T-score (e.g. Evert 2009). Our approach is related to Schneider & Zipp (2013), which allows us to conduct a detailed comparison with novel combinations of verbs and prepositions found in Schneider & Zipp (2013) for ESL, based on the International Corpus of English (ICE). We find both striking similarities (e.g. discuss about) and dissimilarities (e.g. accuse for, only distinctive for EFL). The quantitative study is followed by a qualitative step, in which we aim to explain origins of non-native-like combinations in EFL (e.g. viewed upon as, probably built by analogy with looked upon as) and try to find criteria to determine what could be identified as actual innovations. We discuss total frequency, recurrence limited to learners from the same L1, which could point to L1 transfer innovations, and recurrence across different L1s, which could point to psycholinguistically based innovations that are the result of, e.g., processing load or semantic explicitness.


Euclidean Geometry and Vectors Vector Analysis and Classical and Relativistic Mechanics Vector Analysis and Classical Electromagnetic Theory Elements of Complex Analysis Elements of Fourier Analysis Partial Differential Equations of Mathematical Physics Further Developments and Special Topics.


Mental accounting is a concept in the field of behavioral finance. Behavioral finance shows how people think in matters of money and how Indian men and women segregate money in terms of household expenses and investment purpose. It also includes the successive effect on the markets. In context to Indian men and women they have a different mindset in savings, segregating and spending the money. Men are rational thinkers comparing to women. Psychology says in terms of men and women thinking is different in the matter's pf spending the money. It basically tells us where our money is going and keep our spending under control. Behavior finance is the better understanding of investment decisions that affect the market prices which are influenced by human. Prospect theory talks about risk and uncertainty in the stock market and how a person can overcome those losses in future. Heuristic approach is trial and error method where people take simple and easy decisions getting influenced by many people. In behavioral finance there are many errors and biases which leads to wrong decision making.


The magnetocaloric properties for the Eu-doped La0.65−xEuxSr0.35MnO3 samples with x = 0.05, 0.15, 0.20, and 0.30 upon 0.05T magnetic field have been investigated. It is found that the Eu doping in this system decreases the magnetocaloric properties lightly. Moreover, the results of Eu doping clearly indicate that the magnetocaloric effect in this system is tunable, which is beneficial for manipulating magnetocaloric refrigeration that occurs in various temperature ranges. This makes the La0.65−xEuxSr0.35MnO3 samples potential candidates for practical applications. A complete characterization of the magnetic properties of this material aids to the understanding required for the technological exploitation of such materials, and it suggests La0.65−xEuxSr0.35MnO3 perovskite as the promising magnetic refrigerant.


Recently, we have shown that a polycrystalline Ni–Mn–Ga magnetic shape-memory alloy, when containing two populations of pore sizes, shows very high magnetic-field-induced strain of up to 8.7%. Here, this double-porosity sample is imaged by x-ray microtomography, showing a homogenous distribution of both pore populations. The orientation of six large grains—four with 10M and two with 14M structure—is identified with neutron diffraction. In situ magnetomechanical experiments with a rotating magnetic field demonstrate that strain incompatibilities between misoriented grains are effectively screened by the pores which also stop the propagation of microcracks. During uniaxial compression performed with an orthogonal magnetic bias field, a strain as high as 1% is recovered on unloading by twinning, which is much larger than the elastic value of <0.1% measured without field. At the same time, repeated loading and unloading results in a reduction in the yield stress, which is a training effect similar to that in ...


Background and objectives Osteoporosis (OP) is a common disease of elderly, in which the immune system plays a critical role in the pathophysiology of postmenopausal OP. Estrogen deficiency induces mild increase in production of proinflammatory cytokines which promotes osteoclastogenesis in the bone marrow. Intermittent PTH treatment increases cancellous bone mass in OP patients. Molecular mechanisms for anabolic PTH actions are largely unknown. Because it regulates expression of osteopontin (OPN) in osteoblasts, OPN could be one targets of PTH in bone. Objectives We studied the genetic associations between bi-allelic polymorphism (-511C/T) of IL-1b, 86 bp VNTR polymorphism IL-1RN and (9250 C/T) polymorphism OPN and bone mineral (BMD) values in postmenopausal women. Methods OP was diagnosed by DXA method. The study included 175 women with a diagnosed BMD T-score lower than -2.5 SD (mean:-3.01±0.76) and 212 postmenopausal healthy controls (HC) with a BMD T-score greater -2.5 SD (mean: - 0.30±0.75). Gene polymorphisms were analyzed by PCR-RFLP. Results IL-1b (-511C/T) and OPN (9250 C/T) polymorphisms were significantly associated with OP. IL-1b (-511CT) and OPN (9250CC) were associated with high risk of OP [OR=1.62, CI (1.06-2.48), p=0,018 and OR=1.87, CI (1.10-3.18), p=0,014 Mantel-Haenzel, correspondingly]. Among the women with OP, the BMD values were significantly lower in the carriers of the IL-1b TT genotype compared with the CC genotype (0.679±0.048 vs.0.743±0.087 p=0.03) for the lumbar spine. The BMD values were significantly lower in the carriers of the OPN CT genotype compared with the TT genotype (0.703±0.069 vs. 0.740±0.088, p=0,04 Mantel-Haenzel). There were no statistically significant associations between the IL-1RN genotypes and BMD values in the OP women. Conclusions These results suggest that the pathogenesis of OP is associated with IL-1b (-511C/T) and OPN (9250C/T) polymorphisms in postmenopausal Russian women. Disclosure of Interest None Declared


Dear Editors, a 78-year-old white female patient presented to our department with burning and pruritic cutaneous lesions, which had occurred for the first time in 2013. At that time, erosive and slightly scaling plaques were found on the trunk while the mucosal membranes were not affected (Figure 1a). Otherwise, she was healthy. On histological examination, a slightly acanthotic epidermis with a mixed dermal inflammatory infiltrate was present. Direct immunofluorescence microscopy exhibited an intraepidermal intercellular deposition of IgG and C3. Further serological investigation revealed elevated IgG antibodies against desmoglein (Dsg)-1 (334 U/ml, positive ≥ 20 U/ml) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA),whereas antiDsg-3 antibodies as well as antinuclear antibodies were negative. Based on these findings, a diagnosis of pemphigus foliaceus was made.1 The patient received immunosuppressive treatment with intravenous dexamethasone pulses (100 mg per day on 3 consecutive days every 4 weeks) in combination with oral azathioprine (100 mg/d). Since liver enzymes increased upon azathioprine administration, the latter was replaced after 5 weeks by mycophenolate mofetil (2 g/d). Complete clinical remission was achieved after 4 months (anti-Dsg-1: 250 U/ml). Intermittent minor recurrences of pemphigus lesions during the further course were controlled by repetitive topical and systemic glucocorticoid treatment. Since 2017, however, the clinical morphology of the skin lesions changed fundamentally. The previous pathognomonic aspect of the skin with scaly erosive plaques, typical for pemphigus foliaceus, subsided. Instead, the patient developed annular, erythematous plaques, occasionally in a polycyclic arrangement and mainly located


Egg diapause and response of the froghopper Aeneolamia varia (F.) to dry conditions were studied in the laboratory. Eggs were obtained from adult females collected in the field in each of four A. varia generations. Three discrete groups of eggs were found: nondiapause, short-time diapause, and prolonged diapause eggs with an average time of development of 15.5, 79.2, and 196.2 d, respectively. In generation I, nondiapause eggs accounted for 76.0% of the hatch, but in generation 2, only 19.3%. Prolonged and short-time diapause eggs predominated in generations 3 and 4, constituting 76.7 and 72.0%, respectively. Most of the eggs produced by adult females of generations 2–4 strongly resisted dry conditions. In the field, most of the A. varia eggs were killed by natural enemies or high temperatures (or both) at the soil surface, and only a few survived to hatch between 15 and 123 d. The predominance of nondiapause eggs early in the rainy season allows for a rapid increase in population. Most short-time and prolonged diapause eggs are laid later. This suggests that for control of this pest in sugar cane, insecticide sprays should be applied from the time of the appearance of the first population of nymphs until the development of those that give rise to adults of the generation 2.


The cascading failure is accompanied by a sustained reduction in the topological connectivity of the network until the network is disconnected. From the perspective of the contingency analysis, the number of topological change trajectories of a cascading failure process is large, and the enumeration representation is cumbersome. In order to make full use of all the information of the topology variation trajectory space effectively and simply, the method of probability analysis is worth considering. First, this paper defines the probabilistic connectivity matrix of the network to describe the connectivity characteristics of the variation trajectory space. Second, the variation-connectivity sequence is defined according to the N −k connectivity expectation and the network disconnection probability. This sequence formulates the topological connectivity of the variable power network. Third, this paper gives a method to judge the strength of the variation of power network connectivity. Fourth, this paper defines the variation-connectivity sequence of the main grid. The results of the studies on several power network cases show that the variation-connectivity sequence can well describe the connectivity of the variable power network, and help to reveal the topological evolution characteristic of the power network in the cascading failure process.


Online content providers are constantly vying for customers' attention. Utilizing a dataset from a Chinese social media site for investors, we empirically examine the extent of readership competition among content providers in terms of both pricing and content strategies in a network of providers where we differentiate between followees, followers and non-connectors of a provider. We employ econometric modeling techniques in our empirical analysis. Preliminary results show that followees' and non-connectors' content and pricing serve as complements to a provider's content. We make several contributions. First, we advance the paid content literature by examining the influence of price competition on demand for content. Second, we extend the information goods pricing literature by investigating the interplay of pricing and content differentiation strategies. Third, we show how the network structure of content providers shapes the relationship between their products. Our results also help guide providers to strategically price and differentiate content.


S.Mohammed Irshad's essay describes the crumbling of a local sports club in Kerala that was once the heart of a vibrant sports culture and deliberates upon the reasons for the decay. Being a symbol of community ownership and sustaining political mobilization, the local sports club promoted a civic culture within the community through local training and competition. However, the newly-emerging stadium-based sports and emergent cultures of party politics have slowly replaced the community-based sports clubs of old representing sports commons in nurturing talent to new institutions like the gymnasium and sports associations.


The successful preparation of organized porous inorganic fluorides (OPIFs) with a high specific surface area is demonstrated for MgF 2. For the first time, macroporous MgF 2 OPIFs with a surface area of above 200 m 2 g −1 and mesoporous MgF 2 powder were prepared through the assembly of preformed MgF 2 nanoparticles and homemade polymer templates with a tunable size. These OPIF materials have been fully examined at different synthesis stages by means of powder X-ray diffraction, N 2 sorption, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy analyses and 19 F and 1 H solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance. The relation between the nature, the size, and the amount of polymer template on the porous structure was deeply investigated. The MgF 2 OPIFs present a higher thermal stability under air and F 2 calcination than MgF 2 NPs as the structuration of the OPIF composite considerably slows down the crystallite growth during thermal treatment under air. OPIF materials were evaluated for the first time as heterogeneous catalysts for the fluorination of 2-chloropyridine under HF gas as a fluorinating agent at 350°C. This study evidences catalytic sites with two Lewis acidity strengths (medium and low).


AbstractIn 1954 the centennial of George Eastman was celebrated in America and Europe by tributes to him as an inventor, industrialist and philanthropist. In the following article the Curator of the George Eastman House surveys the first ten years of his photographic career, which culminated in the invention of the Kodak camera.


A particle packing method was developed to prepare porous silica ceramics aggregated by sintering silica powder with methyl cellulose as binding agent at 1300℃ for 1 h.The result of electromagnetic wave absorption showed obvious electromagnetic wave absorption properties with a bandwidth of 9 GHz and-3 dB reflectivity.The electromagnetic wave absorption properties changed after graphene oxide(GO)layers were incorporated into the samples.When the mass fraction of graphene oxide impregnated samples was 0.004%,an increase of 75% in absorption was observed with the greatest reflectivity of-5 dB.The eddy current damping caused by these GO layers was responsible for the enhanced absorption efficiency.While excess GO made the porous sample to be a reflector for incident waves.


Twenty-three elderly males from nine Khoisan ethnic communities currently living in Botswana were interviewed in August 2012. The interviews concerned the audio (paralinguistic) and gestural means of communication that the men use during hunting. Hunters sometimes command attention through whistles, clicks and bird-like chatter, but communica- tion is mainly gestural. Deictic (pointing) gestures are used to indicate the location of game and are followed by iconic hand movements to direct hunting partners. Both types of gestures, as well as audio signals, function as imperatives. They are accompanied by nominal iconic hand gestures that communicate the identity of the game by reproducing salient features, such as horns, tusks, ears, and tails. !Xo hand shapes are frequently based on the contours of an animal's spoor and suggest reduced iconicity. In addition, kinesthetic adverbial features are sometimes used to portray the behavior of the game. There was also some evidence of adjectival modifica - tion of deictic (pointing) gestures. A taxonomic lexicon of nominal iconic gestures that depict animals was constructed. Analysis of the hunting communication system revealed the possibil- ity of a basic syntax.


AlGaAs/GaAs HBTs with collector launcher structure are developed for the low operation voltage power amplifier. We discuss the relationship between the HBT collector structure and its microwave power performance, demonstrating that the launcher structure suppresses the Kirk effect near the saturation region and increases the current handling capability. A fabricated HBT, which has an emitter size of 2 /spl mu/m/spl times/20 /spl mu/m/spl times/32 fingers, exhibits a power added efficiency, /spl eta/add, of 70% with an output power, Pout, of 30 dBm and a power gain, Ga, of 15.7 dB at a supply voltage of 3.5 V and a frequency of 900 MHz. At 2.5 V, Pout is 26.5 dBm, /spl eta/add is 70% and Ga is 14.7 dB. These results demonstrate that HBTs with a collector launcher structure are appropriate for power applications, especially at low voltage operation.<<ETX>>


Technologies that recognize short spoken words from a small, predefined vocabulary have been commercially available from many years. In this paper, Spoken Paired Word (SPW) as a whole word template has been explored for utility and suitability in real time system, which has several novel features and potentially valuable extensions. Performance of SPW has been evaluated using waveletprobabilistic neural network. Five hundred utterances of Hindi (Indian National Language) paired word have been used as database. The overall Correct Pattern Classification Rate (CPCR) of the speaker dependent Hindi paired word classification system is 99.80% on the considered database. KeywordsSpoken paired word, whole word template, wavelet transform, PNN, Correct pattern classification rate, Hindi language; speaker dependent Hindi paired word.


As the scale of larger enterprises continues to expand, the financial management work of various subsidiaries has also increased, which has brought certain benefits to the company, but there have also been some problems. These problems have had a great impact on the company's development and development. The paper first designs the structure of the shared financial system, analyzes its business requirements, and puts forward corresponding functional requirements on this basis. In view of the needs of the system, the thesis focuses on the design and implementation of various subsystems such as financial management, quality management, and work subsystems. Through analysis, it is concluded that organizational structure reform is the main financial management framework, financial management control is the system guarantee, PSO-based financial cloud technology support is the implementation tool, and financial business process optimization is the principle, and performance appraisal is used as a way of reward and punishment, and a financial sharing system is gradually established.


The Constitution's Takings Clause requires governments in this country to pay for any property they take from private owners.' The bounds of this requirement's coverage are disputed, within limits. Most agree that coverage extends beyond cases of express, formal appropriation and of total physical takeover by the government. No one, however, says it reaches every single instance of governmental incursion or restriction on private owners' preexisting deployments and enjoyments of what they own. Whether payment is constitutionally required for this or that partial incursion or restriction is always, therefore, a question for decision by responsible officers-judges, in the last resort. Decision requires a method for deriving the antecedent scope and content of a constitutionally safeguarded "property" interest, because if the governmentally discommoded deployment or enjoyment is not within that scope, then, in a constitutional sense, no "property" is taken. According to a so-called positivist view, a property holding's scope is always necessarily hostage to state lawmaking. "Property," in this view, consists of nothing but the law's confirmation of entitlements and prerogatives to possessors or other "owners." Property's content, therefore, can be nothing but the sum of whatever such confirmations a state's laws from time to time see fit to include.2 For example, if the laws deny landowners


Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) conducted a Tank Waste Remediation System (TWRS) Risk Management methodology development task. The objective of this task was to develop risk management methodology focused on (1) the use of programmatic risk information in making TWRS architecture selection decisions and (2) the identification/evaluation/selection of TWRS risk-handling actions. Methods for incorporating programmatic risk/uncertainty estimates into trade studies are provided for engineers/analysts. Methods for identifying, evaluating, and selecting risk-handling actions are provided for managers. The guidance provided in this report is designed to help decision-makers make difficult judgments. Current approaches to architecture selection decisions and identification/evaluation/selection of risk-handling actions are summarized. Three categories of sources of programmatic risk (parametric, external, and organizational) are examined. Multiple analytical approaches are presented to enhance the current alternative generation and analysis (AGA) and risk-handling procedures. Appendix A describes some commercially available risk management software tools and Appendix B provides a brief introduction to quantification of risk attitudes. The report provides three levels of analysis for enhancing the AGA Procedure: (1) qualitative discussion coupled with estimated uncertainty ranges for scores in the alternatives-by-criteria matrix; (2) formal elicitation of probability distributions for the alternative scores; and (3) a formal, more structured, comprehensive risk analysis. A framework is also presented for using the AGA programmatic risk analysis results in making better decisions. The report also presents two levels of analysis for evaluation and selection of risk-handling actions: (1) qualitative analysis and judgmental rankings of alternative actions, and (2) Simple Multi-Attribute Rating Technique (SMART).


Starting from the definitions, features and functions of the loan on many-sided commission, analyses on its benefits and risks, and puts forward the effective ways of promoting its development under the present conditions.


To conduct a systematic review of the evidence for the efficacy of β‐sitosterolin men with symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).


Hatchery programs involving the mass release of artificially propagated fishes have been implemented worldwide. However, few studies have assessed whether hatchery programs actually increase the net population growth of the target species after accounting for the effects of density dependence and climatic variation. We examined the combined effects of density dependence, climatic variation, and hatchery release on the population dynamics of Japanese pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) from 1969 to 2003. The population trends were more closely linked to climatic factors than to the intensity of the hatchery programs. The estimated contributions of hatchery-released fry to catches during the past decade are small. We concluded that the recent catch increases of Japanese pink salmon could be largely explained by climate change, with increased hatchery releases having little effect.


Phaeochromocytomas are tumours of the sympathetic nervous system which secrete excessive quantities of the catecholamines, adrenaline and noradrenaline, in varying proportion, into the blood stream. These tumours may arise in the adrenal medulla or in extra-adrenal chromaffin tissue elsewhere, for instance, along the sympathetic chain in the chest or abdomen, or in the organs of Kohn and Zuckerkandl which lie along the abdominal aorta. They have also been reported beneath the renal capsule and in the bladder wall. The widespread distribution may lead to difficulty in localization. Many of these tumours are nonsecreting. About 10% are bilateral or multiple. About 10% are malignant; in some the metastases are catecholamine-secreting, in others nonsecreting. Other tumours of the sympathetic nervous system, ganglioneuromas and neuroblastomas, occasionally secrete catecholamines. The abnormalities presented by the patient with a phwochromocytoma can be accounted for by the known physiological effects of adrenaline and noradrenaline. The most important of these is their pressor action. Very severe hypertensive cardiovascular disease can be produced by these tumours. Five of our 17 patients were in the malignant phase of hypertension; 2 had fits due to hypertensive encephalopathy. These pressor amiries also have characteristic effects on the pulse, noradrenaline causing slowing and adrenaline acceleration. Many of these patients have a conMeeting January 5 1962


In China the core of carrying out the strategy of sustainable development is to maintain long-term economic growth. The key point is to realize the transition of economic growth model. From the viewpoint of modern growth theory, the only way to sustainable growth is to stimulate economy by means of technological progress. Due to the externalities of knowledge, government must support the investment and development of human capital and technical progress by fiscal methods. Seen from all over the world, countries with high investment in human capital and RD have higher growth rate and contribution rate to economic growth. Some policy suggestions are proposed after the relationship between public fiscal mechanics and long-run economic growth is discussed.


We describe a time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay for the cardiac glycosidedigoxin.The assay depends on the competitive distributionof Eu3-labeIed anti-digoxinantibodies between solid-phase-bounddigoxin and the digoxin in the sample or standard. After this immunoreaction,the bound fractionof the Eu3-labeI is dissociatedfromthe solidphase, converted into a highly fluorescent/3-diketonechelate, and measured in a fluorometerwith time-resolution(1230 Arcus, LKB-WaIlac). Sample volume is 20 L, the incubationlasts 30 mm, and the concentrationrange of the assay for digoxmn isfrom0.25 to 4.0 ng/mL (0.32-5.1 nmolof digoxmn per liter). Correlationwith an in-house AlA was good (r = 0.97, n = 43). The sensitivitywas equivalentto that of most RIAs: 0.2 ng/mL (0.25 nmol/L).


To investigate the microstructural evolution of wrought-nickel-based superalloy GH4169 from the original ingot to the finished product of manufacturing processes, different kinds of etchants and etching methods were used to show the fine precipitates and their morphologies. The obtained microstructures can vary in size, type, distribution, location, formation, and interactions of multiple phases, which were observed and analyzed by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and an energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS). The dendrite segregation behavior of as-cast superalloy GH4169 was investigated. In addition, the microstructural evolution mechanism of second-phase particles during dynamic recrystallization was analyzed. This work sheds light on the evolution of the second-phase structure of nickel-based superalloys during the preparation process, providing guidance for process development and visual interpretation of the relationships between microstructure and properties.


An electrically heated foil glued on top of an acrylic wall is employed to measure convective heat transfer on turbine vane platforms . The use of a heater foil requires specific filtering techniques to obtain the searched quantities – heat transfer coefficients and the heat release from the foil. In this paper, limitations of the transient measurement technique are summarized and discussed. Moreover, a method is presented to assess the conditioning of a transient test for un-cooled configurations. This method can be extended to transient measurements involving advanced film cooling schemes. INTRODUCTION In the context of advanced film cooling studies on turbine blades, the well established transient Thermochromic Liquid Crystal (TLC) measurement technique has been successfully applied to obtain convective heat transfer and film cooling effectiveness on airfoil surfaces – see for example Drost and Bölcs (1999) and Wagner et al. (2007). Heat transfer is created by rapidly inserting a pre-cooled turbine blade model into a warmer gas flow. The use of acrylic wall material allows the assumption of one-dimensional heat conduction in a semi -infinitely thick wall. Without film cooling, assuming the heat transfer coefficient to be constant in time, the temperature at the wall surface has the following solution: ( ) ( ) 2 1 exp w i g i T T erfc T T β β − = − − (1) where erfc is the complementary error function and h t k c β ρ = . (2) The heat transfer coefficient is defined here for incompressible flow: ( ) ( ) h g w q t h T T t = − (3) The chosen wall material produces time lags of the temperature evolutions that can be conveniently measured with colour cameras in combination with TLC coatings. Narrow band type TLC mixtures indicate well defined temperatures (TLC) corresponding to a specific filtering of the colour spectrum as sketched in Figure 2 (left). Considering the relative ease to implement the technique, together with the affordability of paints and cameras, this technique is attractive for heat transfer and film cooling measurements. The assumption of a semi-infinitely thick wall is only valid until the heat pulse reaches the backside of the wall. Thus the maximum measurement duration is determined by the wall thickness. Schultz and Jones (1973) determined the maximum testing time to : 2


Overall Survival Trends of Pancreatic Cancer, a Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results Population-Based Data (2002–2016) Dina Elantably, MD1, Abdul Rahman Al Armashi, MD2, Faris Hammad, MD3, Anas Al Zubaidi, MD4, Akram Alkrekshi, MD1. MetroHealth Medical Center/Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; University Hospitals Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; St. Vincent Charity Medical Center, Cleveland, OH; Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD.


We propose a novel electronic dispersion compensation technique utilising a simple receiver configuration and a conventional transmitter that allows 10.7 Gbit/s transmission over 600 km of standard single-mode fibre. (6 pages)


This study investigated the real‐world safety and tolerability of solvent/detergent‐treated (S/D) plasma for pediatric patients requiring therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE).


The wide use of computers in all lives pushes software designers to implement a huge number of different applications in every field and the applied programs become immeasurable. Mobile dictionary application have moved to the world of multimedia and merged other services rather than classic translation. Even though millions guidelines booklets printed in different languages and distributed among pilgrims even before they depart their countries, however many pilgrims have lack of knowledge about valid procedures of pilgrimage practices. In this paper, mobile dictionary application for Hajj using three different languages is proposed to assist the pilgrim perform their Hajj easily.


In the article "Holocaust Experience and Mortality Patterns: 4-Decade Follow-up in a Population-Based Cohort" by Youssim et al. (1), there was an error in the corrected proof that was published online ahead of print on May 5, 2021. In the Acknowledgements section, the grant by Israel Science Foundation was incorrectly omitted. The original sentence read, "This work was supported by US National Institutes of Health grant R01-CA80197." The correct sentence is, "This work was supported by US National Institutes of Health grant R01-CA80197 and Israel Science Foundation grant 1065/16." This has been updated in the print and online versions. The authors regret this error.


Connecting with practical work, this paper introduces the design and implementation of university teaching and educational administration network management information system, and discusses the system's function and several key technologies of this system.


alter-ations in the composition of the gut microbiota (dysbiosis). Dysbiosis determines the production of metabolite derived from the gut microbiota. 1


Objective Detect plasma IL-8 expression in gravida induced labor by Misoprostol before induction, 3 hours after induction and different stages of labor process, and explore the change regular rule and clinical significance of IL-8 and the relativity between cervical secretion and it. Methods 60 cases of predelivery gravida in hospital whose gestational age were not less than 40 weeks were measured FFN and cervical Bishop mark, and they were divided into two groups: groupⅠ(n=20), FFN negative/Bishop7 mark; groupⅡ(n=40) FFN positive/Bishop 7 mark. Detected the level of IL-8 by ELISA, studied the change regular rule and clinical significance of IL-8 in induced gravida, compared the difference levels of IL-8 between the two groups and determined whether IL-8 was associated with FFN positive and induction effect. Result There was a significant positive correlation between IL-8 level and FFN positive. Along with the progress of birth process, they both showed close correlation with induction effect. Conclusion The level of IL-8 reflect the physiological change of low-segment of uterine late trimester of pregnancy and is a biochemical marker for the detection of labor initiation except for cervical Bishop mark and ultrasound test.


Specially protected natural areas within large cities provide not only their main nature protection function, but also have an important recreational and educational value for people. At the same time, these ecosystems are affected by different kinds of man-made impacts of the urban environment, the excessive pressure of which may disturb the balance in the ecosystems. In order to minimize such impacts and maintain sustainable existence of specially protected natural areas, it is necessary to perform regular monitoring that can help analyze the state of these ecosystems and predict future changes in them. There are four main types of anthropogenic impacts that are mostly associated with high visitor attendance of protected areas: trampling and littering, contamination of water bodies and animal disturbance. Usually, the natural environment has a response to the negative impact on it. Methods of environmental control are based on this principle and can help to identify such impacts more accurately. In this work, the state of the "Yauza River Valley" landscape reserve was analyzed using various environmental control methods. A particular attention was paid to methods related to bioindication of natural ecosystems and based on the study of recreational pressures in the area.


On closer inspection, the so-called iconic turn in recent media history is a multimodal turn. Media communication has not only been enriched by pictures but has turned from a text-medium into a multi-medium, i.e. into a complex system of different modes like design, colours, pictures, graphics, and typography. Along with the multimodal turn, the linear structure of media communication has become non-linear, which confronts the audience with the problems of selection and attention management. Each recipient has to decide what she wants to receive, in which order and with what intensity. From the perspective of the producer, media communication is no longer only concerned with selecting and creating content. Nowadays, it must also include a compositional and navigational structure for the readers who meet various kinds of content on screens and pages. Thus, audience research under these new conditions cannot not only focus on media effects like knowledge acquisition or attitude change. In addition, it has to take a closer look at the selection processes and attention management. In newspaper research and usability research, this can be done by eye tracking studies. In our presentation, we will evaluate the eye tracking methodology in regard to its functionality for investigating multimodal communication. We will show that the traditional eye tracking research follows the paradigm of a salience theory since it conceptualises reading as being controlled by salient elements of the design. In contrast, we will argue that an interactional theory, which integrates media features and audience factors, is more appropriate for explaining the reception of multimodal media discourse. (Less)


Young People's Theatre (YPT) is celebrating its 50th anniversary this season in 2015/2016. It is the oldest continuously operating theatre company in Toronto and is a national producer and presenter of theatre for young audiences (TYA). At YPT, learning is at the centre of everything we do. We foster learning through the professional theatrical work produced on our stages and the enriched experiences offered by the Education & Participation (E&P) Department. YPT produced Sergel's adaptation (1998) of Harper Lee's To Kill a Mockingbird in the 2014/2015 season, which required the theatre, especially E&P, to respond to the pedagogical implications of staging a 'classic' in a contemporary Canadian context. Our approach to the show was exemplified in a forum event that we held for teachers, parents and community stakeholders. The event was carefully planned to include multiple voices, including perspectives that raised difficult and uncomfortable questions about the text in relation to ongoing racism and inequality affecting young people in our audiences. Our preparation for the forum serves as a model of our best work. As soonas theplaywasprogrammed,we realised that nostalgiawouldbe thebiggest impediment to explaining to teachers and parents the need for preparing young audiences for the show. Many people remember To Kill a Mockingbird as a lovely coming-of-age story told through the eyes of an innocent young girl. What people don't always remember is that the central events of the story concern a black man who is accused and wrongfully convicted of raping a white woman. In addition, in the course of the play-adaptation, the word 'nigger' is said 11 times, there is the threat of lynching by a mob, an adult breaks a child's arm, and a man is murdered with a knife on stage. While there are many reasons to view To Kill a Mockingbird as a classic, for children, the very concept of a classic holds little meaning. For them, it is a new story. What is familiar to adult audiences is to young people surprising, even shocking. This is particularly true with regard to the guilty verdict. Therefore, staging this play for young people requires recognition that the audience doesn't already know the story.


Quality assessment and improvement of surgical procedures can be achieved by clinical audits that provide feedback with benchmarking of surgical outcomes. The Dutch Institute for Clinical Auditing has successfully initiated multiple audits with clear impact on quality of care. Presently, there is no Dutch national inguinal hernia (IH) registry. This survey aimed to investigate current opinions of all Dutch surgeons regarding registration, and to explore potential obstacles in the implementation of a Dutch Inguinal Hernia Audit (DIHA).

 A web-based survey was sent to all (> 2.000) members of the Dutch Surgical Society, including surgeons and residents in training.

 Two-hundred sixty-seven respondents replied (hospital distribution: 33% small peripheral, 45% large peripheral, 11% academic, 11% other). Two-thirds (67%) agreed that the quality of IH care should be improved. Similarly, 66% answered that improvement could be achieved by registration of surgical outcomes. Those opposed to registration mainly stated fear of administrative burden and that the quality of care is already adequate. The vast majority of respondents agreed that chronic pain (91%) and recurrence (91%) should be used as indicators of IH surgery, which can both be collected as patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs).

 A two-thirds majority of Dutch surgeons agree that the quality of inguinal care should be improved by implementing a Dutch national IH registry. Almost all agree that registration of chronic pain and recurrence as quality indicators can be registered as PROMs without increasing the administrative burden, which will facilitate successful implementation.


The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the technique of scanning photoacoustic microscopy (SPAM) for the detection of fatigue cracks in metal alloys, and to describe an experimental arrangement for SPAM measurements on the inner surface of a cylindrical bolt hole. The experimental technique is based upon the physical mechanism of thermal wave imaging and has been described in detail at previous1 ,2 Reviews of Progress in Quantitative NDE and elsewhere. 3 In this paper we will also present some results of theoretical calculations for thermal wave scattering from closed, slanted cracks which intersect the surface of an opaque solid, and compare these results with our experimental data.


This paper outlines a successful approach that was followed to evaluate grass and legume accessions for revegetation of low fertility and saline coal mine spoils. At the first stage, using seed collection records (passport data) of the Australian Tropical Forages Genetic Resource Centre, a range of grasses and legumes adapted to low rainfall, clay soils and saline areas were selected. At the second stage, legume seed was germinated in NaCl solutions of 0 to 0.2M and salinity tolerance was assessed based on germination percentage and seedling vigour. At the third stage, germination of legumes was assessed in pots filled with mine top-soil and spoils to be revegetated. Grasses were not included in stages 2 and 3 as adequate passport data was available to select a range of accessions for the 4th stage. The fourth stage of evaluation comprised field trials of 10 grass and 10 legume accessions, on two top-soils and two spoils. A stoloniferous form of Urochloa mosambicensis was the most promising grass providing up to 20% of ground cover 12 months after establishment. Legumes surviving at the end of the first season were Desmanthus subulatus, D. virgatus and Neptunia dimorphantha on top-soil and Clitoria ternatea, Leucaena leucocephala, and Rhynchosia sublobata on the spoil. Depending on long term survival, grass and legume accessions will be released as cultivars for minesite revegetation purposes.


We have experimentally investigated optical phase characteristics of Stokes and transmitted light in fiber Brillouin scattering. We observed abrupt phase changes for the Stokes light and the phase noise increase for the transmitted light.


This study aims to provide information and theoretical support for the development planning of facility agriculture in desert areas. Using sensor monitoring, USB cable, and computer connection record, we measured the temperature, humidity, and heat transfer distribution of ordinary brick wall greenhouse (G1), composite wall greenhouse (G2), and assembled solar greenhouse (G3) in the Aksu desert area of Xinjiang. The results showed that G3 had the highest average temperature among the three types of greenhouses in the cold season; no difference was detected between G1 and G2 in the night temperature, while G3 has the characteristics of fast heating and cooling. On a sunny day, the heating rate of G1, G2, and G3 is 3.62, 4.4, and 4.77 °C/h, respectively. The cooling rate for G1 is 2.66 °C/h; 2.96 °C/h for G2; and 3.93 °C/h for G3. The heating rate for each greenhouse is nearly identical when it is cloudy outside, and the cooling rate of G1, G2, and G3 is 2.71, 4.2, and 4.34 °C/h, respectively. Moreover, the G3 north wall's thermal insulation performance has clear advantages. Its wall surface can reach a temperature of 59.1 °C (G1 is 42.7 °C and G2 is 41.6 °C). This study showed that G3 possesses the virtues of effective thermal insulation; the rear wall has a small footprint and preserves the arable land; it also achieves the necessary environmental conditions for crop growth without the use of auxiliary heating.


El examen de los casos comprende una exposicion breve de los supuestos de hecho de la demanda de tutela, o la descripcion de las normas demandadas de inconstitucionalidad en cada ocasion, segun el caso, los argumentos de los demandantes, las consideraciones de la Corte Constitucional y la decision adoptada en cada oportunidad. This paper offers a synthesis of the overall set of judgments pronounced by the Colombian Constitutional Court up to this date, where the subject of conscientious objection has been addressed. This overall vision allows the introduction of findings and conclusions relating to the evolution of the constitutional jurisprudence in this respect. In addition, the close relationship between freedom of conscience and religious freedom can as well be appreciated, this relationship being, as it will be seen, the determinant reason in all the objection cases examined by this court. All the awards and decisions relating to this matter are analyzed, both those pronounced either in the exercise of the abstract control of the constitutionality of the laws or in terms of legal protection (" tutela ") of fundamental rights, and not only the ones involving bioethical topics. As per the theoretical frame emanating from these judgments, it can be summarized into the following conclusions: a) The freedom of thought is the power to profess or adhere to a given ideology, philosophy, or cosmic vision. b) Religious freedom involves not only a belief or act or faith, but basically a personal relationship of the individual with God, or divinity or higher spirit or superior being, as translated into supporting or following a given moral system. c) Freedom of conscience is the power to discern between what can be taken as good or bad in moral terms with relation to what we specifically think we must or must not do in a given situation. It is the subjective morality rule. d) The relationship existing between and among the freedoms of thought, conscience and religion consists in the fact that the first one is a consequence of the other two. e) Both freedom of thought and religious freedom involve the opportunity for individuals to achieve coherence between their personal life and the dogmas and beliefs of their own religion or the postulates of their philosophy, ideology or cosmic vision. f) Freedom of thought and freedom of religion can not be mistaken for freedom of conscience, since enrolling in a certain philosophy or religion is not necessary to become able to deliver practical judgments or opinions around what is right or wrong in a specific situation. g) Conscientious objection is the figure that enables any individuals to refuse to perform a given juridical obligations if the related activity implies the performance of actions, conducts or behaviors running contrary to their personal convictions or in any way conflicting with them. As it can be noticed, the conceptual framework established by the jurisprudence with regard to both the definition of the conscientious objection as an exercise of freedom of conscience, and the relationship between this right and the freedoms of thought and religion is clear. But not the application of this theoretical conceptual framework to the solution of particular cases where, as analyzed in this article, the jurisprudence seems to be quite restrictive in some cases and contradictory in others, although in general lines it has evolved towards a broader defense of religious freedom and the use of conscientious objection. The examination of cases includes a brief exposition of the assumptions of fact in the claim for legal protection (" tutela "), or the description of the rules of unconstitutionality demanded each time, as the case may be, as well as the arguments of the plaintiffs, the considerations of the Constitutional Court, and the decisions adopted in each case.


Future microelectronic circuits will need to dissipate more than 100 Watts per chip for high-performance applications, posing a thermal-management challenge for the next generation of electronic packages [1, 2]. To meet this challenge, it is imperative that all interfaces, such as those between the chip and the heat spreader and between the heat spreader and the heat sink, introduce minimal thermal resistance. We propose the use of carbon nanotube–epoxy composites to provide enhanced heat dissipation at these critical junctions. Purified single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) are considered, and the matrix selected is a typical underfill epoxy used in flip-chip packaging. Three techniques were explored to embed the carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in the epoxy matrix, namely mechanical separation, mechanical dispersion in alcohol, and ultrasonic dispersion. The distribution of the nanotubes in the epoxy as the result of each technique was qualitatively determined by field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). Combining ultrasonic dispersion with mechanical mixing produced the most uniform distribution among the three approaches tested. As anticipated, the resulting composites showed enhanced thermal, electrical, and mechanical properties with increased nanotube content in the matrix. However, the increase in thermal conductivity was not as significant as the changes in electrical and mechanical behavior. To enable further improvements in heat dissipation, alignment of the nanotubes in the epoxy may be required. Development of such aligned composites may enable the use of lower CNT concentrations, allowing polymer ductility and electrical isolation to be preserved while reducing additive costs.


A militia is an organization that operates like an army but whose members are not professional soldiers. The functions of a militia vary in different periods, particularly during a war, when the militia not only plays a special role in national defense but also plays a unique role in economic production, which has a vital impact on a war scenario. This paper is about the militia in the Shandong Province of China during the Second World War. It explores archival materials to examine the unique economic functions of the militia during this period, and it shows how the militia's economic role affected the Pacific War.


The advent of the "Internet plus" era has brought a new round of major opportunities for the development of innovation and entrepreneurship. College students, as the youngest subject of innovation and entrepreneurship under the new situation, face many opportunities and challenges as well as opportunities. Firstly, this paper analyzes the current situation of college students' innovation and entrepreneurship from the aspects of policy orientation, college education and social environment. Secondly, it points out the main difficulties faced by college students' innovation and entrepreneurship. That is, the policy guarantee is insufficient, the innovation and entrepreneurship education system needs to be improved, and the social level lacks support. Finally, it puts forward corresponding optimization suggestions for the above three aspects, which provides a valuable reference for the development of college students' innovation and entrepreneurship.


Abstract
 Noturus munitus (Frecklebelly Madtom) is a diminutive catfish with a disjunct distribution across the southeastern United States in large rivers and tributaries of the Mobile Basin and Pearl River drainage. Its distribution has contracted since extensive river modification began throughout its range in the 1960s, and it is likely extirpated from the Alabama River. We collected 242 specimens of N. munitus from a gravel island in the Cahaba River on the Coastal Plain in Alabama from May 2005 to March 2007 to examine life-history characteristics. Adults were associated with fast flow over large gravel at depths of 0.5–1.0 m. Young (<23 mm) were found at water depths of 0.4–0.5 m. Gonad development indicated a reproductive season from May to August, with collection of young-of-the-year in June and July supporting a mid- to late-summer spawn. Stomach content analysis revealed a diet similar to other Noturus species and dominated in volume by Baetidae nymphs (31.2%), Hydropsychidae larvae (20.3%), and Simuliidae larvae (19.7%). Some seasonal and sex differences in diet were apparent. Relative fecundity data indicate that N. munitus is one of the most fecund madtoms of the subgenus Rabida (mean of 30.6 mature oocytes) studied thus far. Few males were found in riffles during summer, and no young were found in riffles outside summer, indicating potential sex and size differences in seasonal habitat use. This knowledge is important for conservation of the species.


Objective:To optimize the best β-cyclodextrin including technology conditions of volatile oil from Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae Viride by orthogonal design.Method:The saturated aqueous solution-ultrasound method was used.Result:The optimum preparation conditions were established as follows:the proportion of volatile oil to β-cyclodextrin was 1∶ 8(mL.g-1),The concentration of alcohol was 90%,The ultrasonic time was 30 min,The water temperature was at 40 ℃ ~ 45 ℃.Conclusion:The different usage of β-cyclodextrin is the principal factor that influence the inclusion effect of volatile oil from Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae Viride,the method of this technology is simple,and the technological process is short,it is suitable for commercial process.


10554 In breast cancer as well as in other solid tumors all "tumor markers" actually available are not tumor specific but can be measured in different extent also in all healthy individuals. By consequence any fixed cut off value used must lead to false positive and negative test results for the individual patient. In a retrospective analysis we investigated the diagnostic capacity of CEA and CA 15-3 for the early detection of metastatic breast cancer comparing the use of fixed cut off values with kinetics. After complete removal of the tumor (R0 resection) breast cancer patients reach 4 weeks after the end of adjuvant radio/chemotherapy their individual "normal" values: these median values for CEA (Abbott, AxSYM) and CA 15-3 (Roche, Elecsys) are comparable to the medians of healthy individuals (CEA: 1 ng/ml; CA 15-3: 13 U/ml). A reproducible increase of 100% of at least one of these markers was postulated as indication for metastatic disease. A total of 899 breast cancer patients with a non metastatic primary tumor and available individual baseline values after primary treatment was included. Of these 717 remained disease-free and served as control group, whereas 182 patients developed metastatic disease during follow-up. On this basis we reached a specificity of more than 98% for both biomarkers and a sensitivity of 16% for CEA alone, 24% for CA 15-3 alone and another 25% for both markers resulting in 66% true positives or 34% false negatives. Using fixed cut off values (CEA: 4 ng/ml and CA 15-3: 30 U/ml) we ended up with 19% false positives (specificity 81%) and a sensitivity of 9% for CEA, 30% for CA 15-3 and another 27% for both resulting also in 34% false negatives. Using higher cut off values where the probability of metastatic breast cancer is increased (CEA: 6 ng/ml and CA 15-3: 60 U/ml) we reached a specificity of 96% and a sensitivity of 10% for CEA and 19% for CA 15-3, another 14% for both, resulting in 57% false negatives. We conclude that the interpretation of these markers in follow-up care using individual baseline values and kinetics leads to a significant superior profile of specificity and sensitivity. No significant financial relationships to disclose.