Global climate change, especially global warming, is the most pressing environmental issue facing our planet and human being today. This upper division undergraduate course is designed to give students an overview of this issue by bringing together the science, impacts, abatement technologies, and policy solutions. From an interdisciplinary perspective with geographical emphasis, the course will lead students to examine several important questions. What is the scientific basis for our understanding of climate change? What is the current scientific understanding of current situation of climate change? What changes in climate might we expect in the next few decades?


The first report of synovectomy in rheumatoid arthritis appeared as early as 1887. Until 1940 the operation was performed for many and varied conditions with few analyses ofresults. After a 50 per cent. failure rate had been reported in rheumatoid arthritis (Ghormley and Cameron, 1941) the operation was performed only rarely for a further 20 years. More evidence against the value of the operation was provided in a detailed statistical analysis by London (1955), which showed a significant recurrence rate after a few years. In the past 10 years interest in surgery for rheumatoid arthritis has been renewed and many good retrospective studies of knee synovectomy have been published. These were critically analysed by Paradies (1969) and Geens (1969). No firm conclusions


Many video ads are designed to go 'viral', so that the total number of views they receive depends on customers sharing the ads with their friends. This paper explores the relationship between 'earning' this reach and how persuasive the ad is at convincing consumers to purchase or adopt a favorable attitude towards the product. The analysis combines data on the total views of 400 video ads, and crowd-sourced measurement of advertising persuasiveness among 24,000 consumers. We measure persuasiveness by randomly exposing half of these consumers to a video ad and half to a similar placebo video ad, and then surveying their attitudes towards the focal product. Relative ad persuasiveness is on average 10% lower for every one million views an ad achieves. Ads that generated both views and online engagement in the form of comments did not suffer from the same negative relationship. We show that such ads retained their efficacy because they attracted views due to humor or visual appeal rather than because they were provocative or outrageous.


Diffusion coefficients have been measured polarographically in media with a wide range of viscosities. The range covers five orders of magnitude up to the limits of high viscosity possible by norma...


Measurements of the effective thermal conductance of a /sup 4/He film on a Mylar substrate are reported in the vicinity of the transition to superfluid behavior. Experiments have been conducted as a function of film thickness and are consistent with the expected exponential behavior of the free vortex number density as the transition is approached from the normal-fluid side. On the superfluid side of the transition the effective conductance is observed to be a power law in the applied thermal power. The connection between the exponent of the power law and the superfluid density is examined. The experiments reveal an apparent upper limit to the number density of velocity-induced free vortices. Preliminary results for /sup 3/He-/sup 4/He mixtures are reported as are nonlinear effects in the /sup 4/He-vapor conductance.


Carbon monoxide binding to a myoglobin mutant with distal arginine in place of histidine has been examined. The mutant is derived from a cDNA clone for Mb mRNA from fetal bovine skeletal muscle. The mutation only slightly perturbs visible/Soret spectra whereas the infrared spectrum of liganded CO is greatly modified to become nearly identical to Hb Zurich beta-subunit spectrum. The mutant IR spectra differ substantially from spectra of wild-type MbCO and normal HbCO beta-subunit. For both the Mb and the Hb the distal His----Arg mutation increases the affinity for CO and reduces the number of observed conformers. These results demonstrate that this mutation greatly reduces the differences between Mb and Hb in the structure and properties of its ligand binding sites.


The recent study of Kontos et al1 (article #114900; May 2001) is entitled "Can Myocardial Infarction Be Rapidly Identified in Emergency Department Patients Who Have Left Bundle-Branch Block?" However, throughout the paper, the patient population being studied is referred to as emergency department patients who are being evaluated for myocardial ischemia. By blurring the distinction between ischemia and infarction and, furthermore, by failing to distinguish between non–ST-segment elevation infarction and acute ST-segment elevation infarction, the evaluation of the ECG criteria of Sgarbossa et al2 is fatally flawed. The Sgarbossa criteria were derived from patients enrolled in the Global Utilization of Streptokinase and Tissue Plasminogen Activator for Occluded Coronary Arteries (GUSTO-I) study. All patients in that study received thrombolytic therapy and, therefore, had symptoms that were thought to be strongly suggestive of acute transmural infarction, or what would be called ST-segment elevation infarction if left bundle-branch block (LBBB) were not present. This presumably means that such patients had ongoing chest pain or equivalent symptoms not easily relieved by conservative treatment. Therefore, it is likely that the ST-segment changes described by Sgarbossa et al are markers for transmural 3. Fibrinolytic Therapy Trialists' (FTT) Collaborative Group. Indications for fibrinolytic therapy in suspected acute myocardial infarction: collaborative overview of early mortality and major morbidity results from all randomized trials of more than 1,000 patients. Lancet. 1994;343:311-322.


In this paper the ancient «Lives» of the following poets, Lucanus (Vacca), Vergilius (Suetonius, Phocas), Terentius (Suetonius), Horatius (Suetonius), Persius (Probus) and Tibullus (Suetonius) are studied. The prodigies, the erotic elements and the physical portrait appear systematically among other narrative resources proper of the biographical genre. The main object of those resources is to achieve the moral characterization of the poet whose life they describe. The above mentioned resources are depending on rhetorical theory.


In this paper, we describe a wide-angle laser beam scanner and the rigorous result of the wide-angle laser beam scanner was obtained with the help of the vector refraction theory. Using the rigorous results, the distortion of the beam shape was discussed. The distortion of the beam shape is varying with the different relative angles of the double prisms. According to the conservation of the energy, the distribution of the laser intensity is changed too. (c) 2005 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.


The Adventurers: A Farce. in Two Acts. is a English book written by Edward Morris. This book falls under Language Arts & Disciplines genre.Buy The


Abstract Anthocyanidin reductase (ANR) from Vitis vinifera catalyzes an NADPH-dependent double reduction of anthocyanidins producing a mixture of (2S,3R)- and (2S,3S)-flavan-3-ols. At pH 7.5 and 30°C, the first hydride transfer to anthocyanidin is irreversible, and no intermediate is released during catalysis. ANR reverse activity was assessed in the presence of excess NADP+. Analysis of products by reverse phase and chiral phase HPLC demonstrates that ANR acts as a flavan-3-ol C3-epimerase under such conditions, but this is only observed with 2R-flavan-3-ols, not with 2S-flavan-3-ols produced by the enzyme in the forward reaction. In the presence of deuterated coenzyme 4S-NADPD, ANR transforms anthocyanidins into dideuterated flavan-3-ols. The regiospecificity of deuterium incorporation into catechin and afzelechin – derived from cyanidin and pelargonidin, respectively – was analyzed by liquid chromatography coupled with electro- spray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-MS/MS), and it was found that deuterium was always incorporated at C2 and C4. We conclude that C3-epimerization should be achieved by tautomerization between the two hydride transfers and that this produces a quinone methide intermediate which serves as C4 target of the second hydride transfer, thereby avoiding any stereospecific modification of carbon 3. The inversion of C2 stereochemistry required for 'reverse epimerization' suggests that the 2S configuration induces an irreversible product dissociation.


Objective: Determine the effect of drinker number (1, 2, or 3 drinkers/pen) on the frequency and duration for drinker visits, aggressive interactions in the drinker vicinity, drinker location preference, and water disappearance for 7-week-old nursery pigs. Materials and methods: Two hundred twenty-five, 7-week-old gilts identified with unique numbers were commercially housed (25 gilts/pen). Three treatments were compared with 3 pens/treatment: 1 drinker (treatment 1), 2 drinkers (treatment 2), and 3 drinkers (treatment 3). One camera was positioned over each drinker to record behavior between 7:00 am and 12:59 pm over 2 consecutive days. In addition, 1 water meter was installed on each water line to record water disappearance. Results: Pigs in treatment 3 visited and spent more time at the drinkers compared to the other 2 treatments (P = .02). Pigs in treatment 1 had more and longer duration of aggressive interactions in the drinker vicinity compared to the other 2 treatments between 7:00 am to 7:59 am (P = .02). When offered 3 drinkers, pigs spent the least amount of time at the drinker across from the feeder near the alleyway (P < .001). Total water disappearance was greatest for treatment 1 and least for treatment 2. Implications: Under study conditions, 3 drinkers increased visits and time at drinkers without increasing aggressive interactions. Pigs exhibited location preference when offered 3 drinkers. Results can inform producers on water placement in pens.


The objective of this project is to explore a proposal to provide seamless file transferring between mobile device and remote servers, while the mobile device is moving among local stations based on IP network. At first, three proposals are presented. One of the best proposals (the third one) is selected for implementation. The implementation is done by taking advantage of several prevailing software techniques: J2ME, RMI and Java Servlet. J2ME is a platform to simulate the mobile devices (PDA). RMI is a Java package to construct a distributed system, which is an interpreter among the mobile device, local stations and remote server. The protocol used in the communication between mobile device and local station is HTTP, which is supported by Java Servlet. There are two challenges in the implementation of the proposal. The first one is how to choose the techniques to connect mobile devices and the fixed IP stations and server. J2ME and RMI work perfectly with each other, in the simulation of the mobile connectivity among a distributed system. The second challenge is how to design the system in order to guarantee the file transferring seamlessly. Making three separate classes, MobileAgent, Placeholder and Requestholder, successfully solves this problem. By using the above three java based techniques, the result of the implementation of the proposal shows a good performance in simulating mobile file transfer between mobile devices and file servers.


FIELD: measurement equipment. SUBSTANCE: invention relates to measurement equipment and represents an assembly unit of radio frequency coils for use in a magnetic resonance system. The unit comprises a radio frequency coil and circuits of detune, locking, displacement, multiplexing. The specified circuits comprise resistive memory elements, for every one of which one may select a resistive condition, and which preserve selected resistive conditions after disconnection of a control signal. The detune circuit comprises a resistive memory element that switches the radio frequency coil between the tuned and detuned conditions. The locking circuit connected between the radio frequency coil and the pre-amplifier comprises a resistive memory element to shorten the inlet of the pre-amplifier. The displacement circuit develops a control signal in order to set resistive memory elements of detune and locking circuits into the first resistive condition in process of the transmission mode and into the second resistive condition in process of the reception mode of the magnetic resonance system. EFFECT: multiplexing circuit comprises multiple resistive memory elements to selectively connect selected outlets of radio frequency coils with a receiver. 15 cl, 2 dwg


It analyses the basic component and characters of power plant air system,puts forward the problems that is necessary to research and sum up in the design and operating of direct air system in the develop after,and points out that it has very good superiority of not need supplying water of power plant air system,and so to prompt the cooling system.


Thank you for submitting your manuscript on UBL5 in the Fanconi Anemia pathway to The EMBO Journal. We have now received the reports from four expert referees, which you will find copied below. All four referees find the study interesting and potentially important, and we would therefore be interested in considering a revised version further for publication. As you will see, the reviewers do however raise a number of overlapping, well-taken concerns with the conclusiveness of some of the data, which would have to be satisfactorily addressed before eventual acceptance of the paper. Since these issues are clearly explained in the referee reports, I will not repeat them in detail here but would be happy to discuss specific points further with you if needed.


Despite the critical role of peers in the socialization of doctoral students, relatively few researchers have studied types of peer relationships and information exchanged between doctoral students. This study aims to explore doctoral students' perceptions of their peer relationships and informal peer mentoring within a library and information science program. The authors applied Kram and Isabella's peer relationship framework developed in organizational settings to examine peer relationship types of library and information science doctoral students. Interviews with 12 doctoral students reveal the existence of cohort, social/academic peer, and other peer groups, which can be mapped onto Kram and Isabella's continuum of peer relationships, categorized as special, collegial, and information peers; however, this framework suffers from a limitation in explaining dysfunctional peer relationships identified in the study. In regard to differences between peer relationships and peer mentoring, respondents tend to perceive mentoring as a developmental function that takes place in peer relationships. Moreover, the authors propose five types of information exchanged between doctoral students, which are (a) basic, (b) administrative, (c) professional, (d) social, and (e) personal information, and they suggest that peer relationships influence the topical diversity and degree of disclosure in information exchange.


To incorporate the desirable traits of 'Alphonso' into its hybrids, a new breeding programme of back crossing the developed hybrids such as 'Sonpari' ('Alphonso × Baneshan') and 'Neelphonso' ('Neelam × Alphonso') with 'Alphonso' as pollen donor parent was undertaken to find out the compatibility of 'Alphonso' with its hybrids, 'Sonpari' and 'Neelphonso'. The results revealed that fruit set was 88.91% in cross 'Sonpari' × 'Alphonso' and 78.43% in cross 'Neelphonso' × 'Alphonso'. Fruit retention (%) was reduced drastically from fruit set stage till 14 days after pea stage (DAPS) but attained almost steady value from 35 DAPS onwards till harvest. The fruit retention (%) at harvest was higher in the crossed fruits of 'Sonpari' × 'Alphonso' (3.13%) compared to 'Neelphonso' × 'Alphonso' (0.94%). The crossed fruits of 'Sonpari' × 'Alphonso' produced fruit length of 13.4 cm, which was at par with Sonpari (13.5 cm), however lesser fruit width (9.9 cm) than Sonpari (11.1 cm). Crossed fruits of 'Neelphonso' × 'Alphonso' with fruit length (10.8 cm) and fruit width (5.7 cm) were higher than fruit length and width of Neelphonso. Similarly, fruit weight of hybrid fruits derived from crossed 'Sonpari' × 'Alphonso' (512.4 g) was significantly less than its female parent (527.2 g) but superior over Alphonso (331.4 g). Hybrids fruits of 'Neelphonso' × 'Alphonso' (235.2 g) was significantly higher than its female parent (216 g) but less than Alphonso. Based on this experiment, pollens of 'Alphonso' showed good compatibility with both 'Sonpari' and 'Neelphonso', which may be utilized as pollen parent for pollination in these two newly developed hybrid varieties for their further improvement.


Race‐based survival in children and adolescents with hematologic malignancies has been a national challenge for decades. Large‐scale investigations of age‐ and race‐based survival trends over time in these patients have not previously been reported. The objective of this study was to investigate whether race‐ and age‐related differences in pediatric and adolescent and young adult (AYA) leukemia and lymphoma survival persist and to what extent these differences have changed over time.


The widespread availability of analytical tools for Big Data offers enormous opportunities and challenges for communication researchers. In contrast to user-generated texts, digital trace data (evidence of online user activities such as hyperlinks and retweets) represent a new methodological frontier for the field. However, interpretive strategies remain scattered and ad hoc with few best practices to guide them. To help remedy this situation, this article reviews recent scholarship in both communication and social computing research that has incorporated three common types of trace data: hyperlinks, Twitter followers, and retweets. It finds that while researchers in both fields have interpreted each trace in a variety of ways, they have largely declined to explain the validity of their interpretations.


The cosmic first-order phase transition from quarks to hadrons, occurring a few microseconds after the big bang, would lead to the formation of quark nuggets which would be stable on a cosmological timescale if the associated baryon number was larger than a critical value. We examine the possibility that these surviving quark nuggets may not only be viable candidates for cold dark matter but could even close the universe.


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Lithography based IC manufacturing is approaching its physical limits in terms of feature size. In this scenario, nanotechnology based manufacturing, relying on self-assembly of nanotubes or nanowires, has been predicted as an alternative to CMOS technology. However, such processes are expected to have high defect density and therefore must be handled through effective defect tolerant techniques. In this paper, an innovative technique is proposed, which for a given circuit size utilizes different combinations of defect-free crossbars to build the desired circuit with improved yield. The goal of the proposed approach is to increase the number of defect free crossbars and the total yield, by connecting defect free subsets together. The reliability of the resulting circuits has been estimated, and the results have shown that the application of the proposed approach provides significant yield improvement, but also may decrease the reliability due to the growing number of interconnections. To overcome this drawback, a guideline to optimize the architecture by exploring an optimal trade-off between yield and reliability is proposed.


The seasonal balance of moisture has a significant effect on natural ecosystems and culture in southwestern North America (SWNA), and it thus is necessary to understand the cause of this moisture variability in order to better predict the scope of potential future changes. Studies of modern SWNA climate indicate that most of the annual moisture at this site comes from monsoonal summer precipitation and a lesser amount of Pacific winter moisture. The climate of the Holocene is of particular interest for constraining natural variability of interglacial climates prior to any anthropogenic influence. An overall transition to a wetter Late Holocene climate in SWNA has been established by different climate proxies, and a definable shift in climate around 4.2 ka is observed in records from various locations around the world. However, the lack of highly resolved records in SWNA limits our ability to determine the mechanisms and timing of this climate shift in this region. In this study we present a high-resolution U-Th dated speleothem record from ~6500 to ~1000 yr BP of oxygen and carbon stable isotopes, Sr and Ba trace elements, grayscale, and U/U isotope ratios from two caves in southeastern New Mexico. Our data suggests the climate of the Middle Holocene was warmer and dominated by monsoonal precipitation, and the Late Holocene was cooler


This work represents an entry to the 2020 PhysioNET Computing in Cardiology Challenge for the team named "Whitaker's Lab." The algorithm we developed can be divided into three main components: feature extraction, dimensionality reduction, and classification. In the feature extraction stage, we process the provided 12-lead ECG signals to determine various features. We consider 12 time-domain statistical features per lead, as well as sparse coding features obtained from frequency information that is extracted from each ECG lead. After computing the features, we reduce the dimensionality of the statistical features using principal component analysis in an attempt to ease the computational requirements of the classifier. After feature extraction and dimensionality reduction, we classify each 12-lead ECG signal using a random forest classifier. The classifier is trained using a cross-validated grid search algorithm to help select hyperparameters. In an attempt to avoid overfitting, the classifier and unsupervised feature extraction algorithms are trained on disjoint subsets of the Challenge data. We were unable to rank and score in the test set, but using a holdout portion of the training set we achieved a validation score of − 0.744. This result is likely to be over-optimistic.


Abstract Smartphones, whose product lifespan is relatively short, still call for a better understanding of the role played by the brands when it comes to the customer's buying decision. The objective of the present investigation is to test, in terms of validity, an extension of the Brand Love Model by Caroll and Ahuvia (2006); more specifically for the smartphone category, with the inclusion of the constructs Brand Switching Cost and Operational System Switching costs. In this direction, a survey was carried out and 453 users of smartphones responded. The analysis or the result was done by means of structural equation modeling and the results indicated that most of the relations predicted in the model proposed were confirmed, with an emphasis placed on significant influences of Brand Switching Cost on Loyalty. Other findings and their theoretical and general contributions of the investigation were discussed.


The alcoholic liver disease model rats were treated by feeding alcohol. To study the preventive effects of Flos Puerariae Lobatae on alcoholic liver disease of rats, 110 Wistar rats were randomly divided into 6 groups: normal group, model group, low, middle, high dosage of Flos Puerariae Lobatae groups and Compound Methionine and Choline Bitartrate Tablets group. Administration began at the same time of feeding alcohol for model group. Samples were taken at the end of 8th week. The followings were detected: the activities of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP); the contents of total protein (TP) and ALBumin (ALB); the activities of liver superoxide dismutase (SOD); the contents of liver maleic dialdehyde (MDA) and (GSH); and the liver pathology. Results in the experiment show that there were serious hepatic steatosis and inflammation in the model group. Activities of serum ALT, AST and ALP of the model group were significantly increased compared with the normal group. The contents of TP and ALB were significantly decreased compared with the normal group. There were significant decrease in SOD and significant increase in MDA. Ethyl alcohol extraction of Flos Puerariae Lobatae can obviously alleviate hepatic steatosis and inflammation in the model group. Ethyl alcohol extraction of Flos Puerariae Lobatae can significantly decrease serum ALT, AST activity, liver MDA content and increase the contents of TP and ALB. And it can also increase liver SOD activity, the content of GSH. Flos Puerariae Lobatae has good experimentally preventive effect on the Alcoholic Liver Disease.


Current understanding of the relationship between nitrate (NO3−) uptake and energy cycling in lotic environments comes from studies conducted in low‐nutrient (NO3− < 1 mg‐N L−1), small (discharge <1 m3 s−1) systems. Recent advances in sensor technology have allowed for continuous estimates of whole‐river NO3− uptake, allowing us to address how the relationship between nutrient uptake and metabolism changes over time and space in larger rivers. We used a six‐month, controlled nitrogen (N) waste release into the eighth order Kansas River (USA) as an ecosystem level nutrient addition experiment. We deployed four NO3− and dissolved oxygen sensors along a 33 km study reach, from February to May 2018, to assess the spatiotemporal relationship between nutrient uptake and stream metabolism during the waste addition. Contrary to our prediction, we did not find evidence of uptake saturation despite an extreme increase in nutrient supply during winter, a period of generally lower biological activity. Although high uptake rates were observed across the study reach, they were uncorrelated to gross primary production. Overall, despite winter temperatures, NO3− uptake rates were high compared to small streams and rivers. We provide evidence that large rivers can be effective ecosystems for retaining and transforming nutrients, while showing that the fine‐scale mechanisms that regulate nutrient retention in large rivers are still largely unknown.


Anaerobic organisms are thought to be an important source of wound infection in head and neck oncologic surgery. Antibiotic prophylaxis consisting of agents specific for anaerobes combined with broad‐spectrum agents that provide coverage for other well‐recognized pathogens should be an effective combination regimen for this group of patients.


This book is a collection of the incomplete memoirs of late V.K.R.V. Rao, an outstanding economist and well-known institution builder in the country. V.K.R.V Rao died before he could finish writing this volume. It contains chapters by him about his education, his tenure as the Vice Chancellor, and his ministerial days. The annexe consisting of pieces by other economists sketch Rao's contributions to several fields-building the Delhi School of Economics, the Institute of Economic Growth, his contribution to taxation, national income measurement, agriculture, and population research.


Design of hybrid materials has emerged as one of the most exciting areas of scientific effort in this decade. Among various research fields aimed at constructing nanomaterials, organic– inorganic hybrid materials have opened a new horizon in the field of material science. Hybrid materials show unique properties compared with micro-scale composites when different materials are hybridized at the nano-meter or molecular scale. The introduction of covalent bonds or physical interactions between the organic and the inorganic constituents are essential to obtaining hybrid materials. The field of the organic–inorganic hybrid materials has been initiated by using sol–gel chemistry. One of the most important advantages of the sol–gel process for the preparation of the hybrids is the mild process compared with normal glass preparation method, which allows the introduction of organic components inside the inorganic network. Now, organic–inorganic hybrids have been elaborated with various inorganic hosts such as metal nanoparticles, inorganic nanosheets, and nanocarbon materials. These special issues concern with recent advances in organic–inorganic hybrid materials. The works contained in these special issues consist of papers from majority of the invited speakers in The Second Japan–Korea Joint Symposium on Polymer Nanohybrid Materials held in Kyoto, Japan in August, 2012. The first Korea–Japan Workshop on Nanostructured Hybrid Materials was in Busan, Korea in May 2007 organized by Prof. Chang-Sik Ha (Pusan National University, Korea) and Prof. Yoshiki Chujo (Kyoto University, Japan). These are the workshops on the organic–inorganic hybrid materials. The papers appeared in these issues represent state-of-the-art in hybrid materials design, synthesis, characterization and application. As guest editors of these special issues, we hope that this collection of papers will stimulate further progress in this field. Finally, the editors thank all authors and referees for their contribution to these issues.


The effect of import tariff reduction on unemployment can be vary not only across sectors but also across regions, yet the empirical studies on regional analysis are still limited. This study investigates the effect of tariff reduction on unemployment in districts level in Indonesia spanning period 2000-2013. We follow the strategy of Topalova to construct regional tariff exposure in districts level. Our empirical analysis use individual data approach to measure unemployment. By controlling the shifting in labor demand due to input tariff reduction, we find that impor tariff reduction leads to an increase in unemployment and the increase is higher in district with larger employment share in net importer sectors.


Love has been present in several manifestations in that Islamic thought has been expressed. Avicena wrote a Treatise on Love that has been considered as a mystic writing. An attentive reading of this work shows that its content is not mystic neither gnostic, but it rather agrees with the Avicenna's philosophical doctrines exposed on other of his most important works. The content of that Treatise is described on this paper.


The Philippines is one of very few countries in the world where schools have continuously remained closed since the coronavirus pandemic began in 2019. There is little known about how school principals face the challenges that arise from the pandemic, and the future goals for the new normal. The purpose of this article is to explore the school principals' management practices, leadership styles, challenges encountered, and future goals in response to the pandemic in the context of Philippine schools. This study employed a qualitative research approach using an open-ended online survey with 52 school principals. Findings rendered a contextualisation of their school management practices, leadership styles, challenges encountered during the pandemic, and future goals for the new normal. This study contributes to the knowledge base on school leadership during the pandemic by providing unique insights into the Philippines.


In this paper, the two crucial trade equations, viz exports and imports are estimated for Fiji using alternative time series approaches of LSEHendry's General to Specific (GETS), Johansen Maximum Likelihood (JML) and Phillips-Hansen's Ordinary Least Squares (FMOLS). The results with proper specification of relative price indicate that income and price elasticity of exports are around unity and -1.25, respectively and those for imports are 1.20 and 0.50. Therefore, exports could be considered as an engine of growth and devaluation can be useful in improving trade performance. However, we suggest that devaluation would be costly due to the lack of productivity in export sector. Consequently, alternative policies are needed to boost supply of exports.


Objective Method comparison of Wako vanadate oxidation with improved J-G method for determination of bilirubin.Methods We use the Wako vanadate oxidation reagent of bilirubin to determinate serum total bilirubin and direct bilirubin simultaneously,take a comparison with the method of improved J-G and also take run-in-run test,linear test,recovery test,interfere test of vanadate oxidation.Results Vanadate oxidation( Y )has good correlation with improved J-G (total bilirubin Y =0.992 6 X +2.234 4, r =0.999 1;direct bilirubin Y =0.996 8 X +1 169 4, r =0.998 2).Linear range of total bilirubin can attach to 684 μmol/L and direct bilirubin can attach to 342 μmol/L.The inter day CV for total bilirubin is 1.17% and direct bilirubin is 1.88%.The intra day CV for total bilirubin is 1.88% and direct bilirubin is 2.76%.Hemolyte,lipidemia and vitamin C have rarely interfere.The average recovery rate of total bilirubin is 98.7%,direct bilirubin is 102%.Conclusion Vanadate oxidate method is accurate and sensitive and it can be used in the routine determination of bilirubin.


Lactococcus lactis is a well-characterized, food-grade lactic acid bacterium (LAB) with generally recognized as safe (GRAS) status. Better understanding of this bacterium at a molecular level has led to the development of unprecedented genetic tools that enable the expression of heterologous proteins. Subsequently, the ability of L. lactis to express and deliver these proteins to eukaryotic hosts presents a promising approach to achieve potent treatments for various diseases. Here, we have reviewed the characteristics of L. lactis and the expression systems established for this LAB model organism. We also described the experimental applications of L. lactis in disease therapy, especially its role as a vector in vaccination strategies.


BACKGROUND
The aim of this paper was to develop a scoring system to grade the risk of rupture of an abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) in individual patients.

METHODS
Computed tomography angiography of an AAA were coupled with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) evaluation performed using open source software (ElmerSolver, Institute of Technology, Espoo, Finland). CFD criteria studied were: Oscillatory Shear Index (OSI), time averaged wall shear stress (TAWSS) and residence relative time (RRT) on both two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) models. AAA rupture predictors were analyzed and a scoring system was generated using Arabic numerals for all significant variables in order to grade the individual patient risk of rupture.

RESULTS
There were 143 patients examined. Ninety-one AAAs (18 ruptured AAAs), and 52 had a non-aneurysmal aorta. The 2D OSI was the best CFD criterion following multivariate analysis and ROC curves evaluation. An AAA was deemed respectively at low, moderate, or high risk of rupture, according to whether the risk score was defined as AAA I (total score <2.3), AAA II (2.3-6.5) or AAA III (>6.5). The only protective factor was found in diabetes (OR=0.775; CI: 0.665-0.902).

CONCLUSIONS
The Florence Risk Score for AAA rupture based on this report may be a useful tool to predict AAA rupture. A prospective multicenter registry will need to confirm its validity.


The present ethno-botanical explorations conducted in forest areas of Nizamabad resulted in the information about traditional plant uses of 77 plants species belonging to 39 Angiospermic families. Of these, maximum species belongs to Euphorbiaceae with 7 species, 6 species to Asclepiadaceae and Fabaceae each. Information gathered from Nizamabad district indicates that the tribals, and other village people of this region possess good knowledge of herbal drugs, but their continuous and progressive exposure to modernization may result in extinction of the such rich heritage of knowledge in the course of time. Diseases / ailments found prevalent in the area are skin diseases, kidney stone, tooth ache, fever and wounds. Majority of preparation are from leaves and some are of underground parts (like root, rhizome, tuber, etc). Following data includes botanical name of species, vernacular name family, plant part used method of medicine and details about its application. Among the plant parts used in different formulations, leaves are abundantly used which is followed by stem and roots.


This paper sets out a series of alternative projections of population growth and urbanization for five Southeast Asian Pacific nations. Fundamental to the development of these projections are alternative assumptions regarding the number of years remaining until replacement level fertility is achieved and the pace of rural-to-urban migration.


The scientific community is witnessing a significant increase in the availability of different global satellite derived biophysical data sets. However, the use of such data is currently not supported by accurate in-situ biophysical measurement (e.g. canopy structure) in both a research and operational context for the monitoring of forest and land dynamics. Consequently, there is an urgent need for methods to measure in-situ canopy structure accurately and better integrate with improved and innovative remote sensing approaches. This paper explores the use of a ground-based, upward looking LiDAR instrument, combined with a fully automated analysis method to retrieve the gap fraction distribution. Traditional inventory methods for the assessment of forest structure are less objective or based on a 2D approach. We compare the seasonal dynamics of gap fraction distribution from hemispherical photographs and terrestrial LiDAR measurement during bud break. Preliminary analysis shows that gap fraction distributions derived from terrestrial LiDAR were consistently lower than the values obtained from hemispherical photography. This might indicate that the LiDAR scans at the centre position of the plot are not representing the plot scale variation. However, the LiDAR based methodology is fully automated, requires no operator interference and is more objective, whereas the analysis of hemispherical photographs requires a large number of operator decisions (e.g. thresholding). Further improvements of this LiDAR-based method can still be achieved by (i) a better understanding of scanner settings and data resolution on the derived gap fraction and (ii) integration of target intensity in the analysis. This paper highlighted the high potential and need for a robust method to derive gap fraction distributions to monitor seasonal dynamics in forests.


ABSTRACT Introduction: Supervising the development of occlusion, managing problems during the transition from mixed to permanent dentition, as well as controlling environmental factors that contribute to establishing malocclusion, are important actions to achieve a Class I occlusion with facial balance. Among these problems, the malocclusions associated with dysfunctions such as mouth breathing or obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS), atypical swallowing and abnormal tongue position, open bites, crossbites and maxillomandibular discrepancies, and especially the Class III malocclusion can be listed. Objective: The purpose of this article is to present and discuss the main aspects relevant to the benefits of performing the treatment of Class III malocclusion in patients with growth.


In this paper we analyze a model for the dynamics of the immune system interacting with a target population. The model consists in a set of two-dimensional delayed differential equations. The model is effectively infinite dimensional due to the presence of the delay and chaotic regimes can be supported. We show that a delayed response induces sustained oscillations and larger delay times implies in a series of bifurcations leading to chaos. The characteristic exponent of the critical power law relaxation towards the stationary state is obtained as well as the critical exponent governing the vanishing of the order parameter in the vicinity of the chaotic transition.


We demonstrate touch sensor application of spray coated Zinc Oxide (ZnO) thin-films with submicron thickness (50–200 nm). The prepared ZnO films are characteristic with a wide optical transmittance window (80% ∼ 97%) and a sheet resistance over 1500 ohm/square. The touch sensor was formed using a ZnO thin-film as an electrode attached to an oscillator circuit. The prepared touch sensors produce a significant change of the oscillation frequency in response to touch by human figure to ZnO electrodes. Thus feasibility of touch sensor application of spray deposited ZnO films is demonstrated. Thus, ZnO films may have an advantage over the conventional ITO electrodes due to a low cost and large area manufacturing by spray-coating technique.


The cylindrical gear in power window motor assembly is important to doors of automobile. This study is performed for the purpose of getting a manufacturing technique instead of large quantities import and six-cavity mold production. This multi-cavity cylindrical gear is produced under five procedures. The first, mold design of mass-production, the second, making a CAE model for mass-production, the third, manufacturing of sample mold, the fourth, trying-out and measuring of 3 dimensional design, the fifth, acquisition of data analysis and mold modification. Among them, analysis of mass-production using CAE, designing and manufacturing of multi-cavity are successfully performed. In the results, it is concluded that the mold for one gate and eight-cavity based on hot-runner is suitable for making a cylindrical gear.


Troy, because of its mythic past, became an essential point of reference for Greek and non-Greek conquerors, who had a desire to re-enact Homeric deeds and to establish a comparison with the heroes. Moreover, from Xerxes to Antiochos III, the sacrifice to Athena Ilias was a rite considered obligatory for those who wanted to conquer Asia from Europe or vice-versa.1 Although the origins of this ritual could be related to the location of the city at the edge of both continents, it was thought that the goddess might give her approval to any military expedition that aimed to rule over the two parts of the world.2 The two sides in the Mithridatic Wars were not oblivious to the value of repeating the efforts of the mythic heroes. Both Mithridates and his Roman enemies strove to be regarded as favoured by the goddess of Ilion. As in the case of Alexander and Pyrrhos, Mithridates and the Romans had an ambivalent perspective regarding their own relationships to Troy.3 The king of Pontos aspired to be a new Alexander and a sincere friend of the Greeks.4 However, Mithridates ruled over peoples that, according to the legend, had helped the house of Priamos: Paphlagones, Enetoi, Chalybes, Syrians and Amazons.5 In fact, Appianos (Mith. 67) mentions the Achaians that Mithridates fought in the Caucasus, referring to them as the descendants of Troy's enemies. The Romans had a similar situation: they proclaimed their Trojan origin, while at the same time, the Mithridatic War looked like a great crusade against the Asian peoples ruled by the Pontic king.6 The Romans admired Achilleus' valour to such an extent that Virgil described Aeneas as a sort of "super-Achilleus".7 Furthermore, Achilleus was very important because of the use of him as an example by Alexander, whom several Romans sought to imitate. Additionally, we must bear in mind that Troy's remote past involved a Greek heritage.8 Therefore, Aeneas' Trojan stock should have been compatible with a strongly Hellenized Rome, that wanted to be seen as a new Athens. In the same way, Mithridates, a descendant of Kyros, wanted to be considered as a defender of the Hellenic cause.9 Like other cities of the province of Asia, Ilion fell into Mithridates' hands during his first war with Rome.10 Afterwards, when the Romans had forced the withdrawal of the Pontic troops, the course of the war led two armies of the Republic to the city of Priamos: that of Fimbria and that of Sulla. After having murdered the consul Valerius Flaccus, Fimbria entered the province and fought with the Pontic armies.11 In the course of events he reached Ilion, where the citizens had demanded Sulla's help. There are two versions of the


Sulfur is one of the hazardous elements in coal. The concentrations of sulfur are rela tively high in coal. The major forms of sulfur in coal are pyritic, organic and sulfate. Pyritic and organic sulfur generally account for the bulk of sulfur in coal. Elemental sulfur also occurs in coal, but only in trace to minor amounts. When coals are burned, leached and washed, sul fur will be released in the form of sulfide and H2S, which then react with O2, waterand other substances to change into vitriol, and in some places it may form acid rain. And they will im pact water environment, acidify the soil and do great harm to plants and human health. In this paper, on the basis of the data from the Yanzhou mining district, the distribution and concen trations of sulfur are analyzed and the existing forms of sulfur are studied. The variation of sul fur and its impact on the environments also are described when coal is used.


In this article we consider the problem of locating path‐shaped facilities on a tree network, minimizing the variance objective function. This type of objective is generally adopted in location problems arising in public sector applications, such as the location of evacuation or mass transit routes. We consider a weighted tree, in which a positive weight is assigned to each vertex of the tree, and positive real lengths are associated with its edges. We study the general case in which the path is continuous, that is, the end points of the optimal path can be either vertices, or points along an edge, and there is an upper bound on the length of the path. Given a tree with n vertices, for this problem we provide an O(n2) algorithm, and we show how it can be applied, with the same complexity, to the discrete case, that is, when the end points of the optimal path are vertices of the tree. We improve the previous best complexity bound in (Cáceres et al., Discr Appl Math 145 (2004), 72–79), for the unrestricted length continuous path‐variance problem, by a factor of log n. We also show that the optimal point for the variance objective function does not satisfy any nestedness property with respect to the optimal path in the unconstrained (discrete or continuous) version of the problem. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. NETWORKS, 2009


The seismic behavior of concrete-filled circular steel bridge piers was studied by testing four large scale models which were subjected to a constant axial load in addition to a cyclic lateral load. It was found that concrete-filled circular steel bridge piers had high ductility and energy dissipation capacity. Based on the hysteretic force-displacement, the hysteretic behavior of strength reduction was analyzed. Based on the axial strain and the circumferential strain, the plastic area and the strain feature of steel tube were analyzed. According to two different constitutive models of concrete-filled steel tube, the skeleton curve of moment-curvature and force-displacement were calculated and compared with testing data.


Based on the programmable phase modulation technique with a multi-channel optical wave-guide array, a novel method used for collimated laser precision scanning was presented. Optical system and control circuit have been designed for the multi-channel optical wave-guide array. Theoretical analysis and experimental result shows that the method can be used for small angle adjusting and big angle scanning of collimated laser in free space light communication.


ABSTRACT Consumer behavior regarding sustainable products has been a complex concept. There is a discrepancy between consumer's espoused concern towards environment and their purchase of environment friendly products. Past literature suggests greenwashing being a possible reason for this discrepancy. With greenwashing being caused by mismatch between communication and perceived performance, this article focuses on assessment of simultaneous impact of both communication and performance elements on brand attitude. A quantitative study was undertaken to test the hypotheses. This was followed by a qualitative study to understand alternative explanation of hypotheses that was not accepted. The research revealed that a consumer's attitude toward a green brand is impacted both by his or her general skepticism towards green ads and the credibility that she assigns to the firm's green message. Perceived value of product also had a positive impact on brand attitude. Findings advance academic literature and support managerial community by highlighting factors for building a positive green brand attitude and resultantly avoiding the trap of being equated with greenwashing.


Powder x-ray diffraction, electrical resistance, and 5 7 Fe Mossbauer spectroscopy at pressures to at least 40 GPa in diamond anvil cells have been employed to investigate the pressure evolution of the structural. electrical-transport, and magnetic properties of the antiferromagnetic insulator FeI 2 . Up to 18 GPa, the volume decreases by 25%, the resistivity decreases by eight orders of magnitude, T N increases 16-fold to 150 K, and the Fe 2 + moments remain parallel to the c axis. The change in the isomer shift (IS), which is negatively proportional to the change in the s-electron density at the Fe nucleus, follows the volume reduction by continuously decreasing from 1.0 to 0.8 mm/s, the quadrupole splitting (QS) increases monotonically from 0.6 6 mm, peaking at 0.85 mm/s by 12 GPa, and decreases to 0.75 at 18 GPa, and the magnetic hyperfine field H h f composed of spin and orbital terms with opposite signs increases from 8 to 12 T. At ∼18 GPa the orbital term quenches, as is evident from a Mossbauer component characterized by H h f =32 T and e 2 q z z Q( 3 cos 2 θ-1) =0, where the moments tilt to 55°, and T N increases to 260 K. At 20 GPa an isostructural first-order phase transition occurs, accompanied by a discontinuous ∼5% decrease in volume and a considerably lower QS and IS. The c axis decreases by 5% with no decrease in the a axis, suggesting a considerable contraction of the Fe-I bond lengths. The high-pressure phase (HP) is diamagnetic, as characterized by a pure quadrupole-split spectrum to the lowest temperature of 5 K. The abundance of this diamagnetic phase increases with rising pressure reaching 100% by ∼38 GPa. The HP phase is also metallic, as shown by R(P,T) data. The observation of diamagnetism, metallic behavior, and the considerable reduction in volume distances establishes that-a Mott or charge-transfer transition has occurred, resulting in the total collapse of any electron correlation. The coexistence of several phases and their respective abundances were determined from the Mossbauer data.


The urban's surficial flow development model is built by the temporal distribution analysis of storm and excess rainfall calculation based on Keiefr and Chu.Then,the data of the representative storms in Nanjing are used to simulate the storm runoff in Nanjing urban district and verify the model,at last,obtaining the surficial net rainfall's process line of Nanjing.


In the last decades, the use of renewable energy solutions (RES) has considerably increased in various fields, including the industrial, commercial, and public sectors as well as the domestic ones. Since the RES relies on natural resources for energy generation, which are generally unpredictable and strongly dependent on weather, season and year, the choice of the more effective energy storage system (ESS) plays a significant role in the application of domestic renewable energy technologies. On this basis, the impact of the ESS on the optimal use of domestic RES is widely studied in the literature in terms of technologies, mathematical models and energy markets, aiming to find the optimal battery size and chemical composition and the more efficient home energy management (HEM). The lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries are considered one of the most promising electrochemical energy storage approaches. In this context, we have developed an automated system for the characterization of lithium-ion cells, simulating versatile protocols for cell cycle usage, with a real-time acquisition and elaboration of the battery voltage and current. In this study, we focused on the metrological characterization of the system in terms of the accuracy of the more critical parameters mostly involved in the charge and discharge basic characterization tests. Then, we conducted an experimental test to simulate a real scenario of home solar-based storage in 24h. Results showed that our system was able to achieve the desired critical parameters during both charging and discharging cycles, with relative errors between the measured and imposed parameters always lower than 0.21%.


Abstract : Fatigue crack propagation studies were conducted on three high- strength structural steels; 9Ni-4Co-0.25C, 12Ni maraging, and 18Ni maraging. Each of the steels was heat treated to a yield strength of 180 ksi. Tests were performed in two environments, a 'dry' environment consisting of ambient room air and a 'wet' environment consisting of 3.5-percent-NaCl salt water. Relationships for fatigue crack growth rates as a function of the fracture mechanics, stress-intensity factor (K) are developed for each steel, in both environments. The engineering significance of these relationships are then presented in terms of stress levels and flaw sizes relevant to the steels under investigation.


This work is concerned with the study of the existing solution for the fractional $ (p, q) $-difference equation under first order $ (p, q) $-difference boundary conditions in generalized metric space. To achieve the solution, we combine some contraction techniques in fixed point theory with the numerical techniques of the Lipschitz matrix and vector norms. To do this, we first associate a matrix to a desired boundary value problem. Then we present sufficient conditions for the convergence of this matrix to zero. Also, we design some algorithms to use the computer for calculate the eigenvalues of such matrices and different values of $ (p, q) $-Gamma function. Finally, by presenting two numerical examples, we examine the performance and correctness of the proposed method. Some tables and figures are provided to better understand the issues.


In this paper a large input swing integrated interface circuit for MEMS microphones is presented. It consists of an high impedance input buffer followed by a multi-bit (12-levels) analog second order ΣΔ modulator and a fully-digital single-bit fourth-order ΣΔ modulator. The circuit, supplied with 3.3V, exhibits a current consumption of 215 µA for the analog part and 95 µA for the digital part. The measured signal-to-noise and distortion ratio (SNDR) is 71 dB, with an input signal amplitude as large as −1.8 dB with respect to full-scale, obtained thanks to the use of a feed-forward technique, which relaxes the voltage swing requirements of the operational amplifiers. The test chip fabricated in a 0.35 µm CMOS occupies an area of 3 mm2 including pads.


A multiparameter survey consisting of physical, chemical, and biological measurements was performed to map the copper distribution in Kings Bay and Cumberland Sound, Georgia. The results of this study suggest (1) Kings Bay was probably not a source of elevated copper levels during the study interval, (2) dewatering of the dredge spoil containment area does not appear to be a souce of cooper pollution, and (3) concentrations in the Lower Turning Basin of Kings Bay were slightly higher than levels in the Upper Basin or in Cumberland Sound, suggesting possible input from copper antifouling coatings.


A new computational approach for simulating the blood flow-induced sound generation and propagation in a stenosed artery with one-sided constriction was investigated. This computational hemoacoustic method is based on mapping the transient pressure (force) fluctuations on the vessel wall and solving for the structural vibrations in frequency domain. These vibrations were detected as sound on the epidermal surface. The current hydro-vibroacoustic method employs a two-step, one-way coupled approach for the sound generation in the flow domain and its propagation through the tissue layers. The results were validated by comparing with previous analytical and computational solutions. It was found that the bruits (generated from the flow around the stenosis) are related primarily to the time-derivative of the integrated pressure force on the arterial wall downstream of the stenosis. Advantages of the methods used in the current study include: (a) capability of providing accurate solution with a faster solution time; (b) accurately capturing the break frequency of the velocity fluctuation measured on epidermal surface; (c) inclusion of the fluid-structure interaction between blood flow and the arterial wall.


Compared with conventional ferromagnetic fuselage cores, superconducting solenoid cores appear to offer significant reductions in the projected cost of a large wind tunnel magnetic suspension and balance system. The provision of sufficient magnetic roll torque capability has been a long-standing problem with all magnetic suspension and balance systems; and the spanwise iron magnet scheme appears to be the most powerful system available. This scheme utilizes iron cores which are installed in the wings of the model. It was anticipated that the magnetization of these cores, and hence the roll torque generated, would be affected by the powerful external magnetic field of the superconducting solenoid. A preliminary study has been made of the effect of the superconducting solenoid fuselage model core concept on the spanwise iron magnet roll torque generation schemes. Computed data for one representative configuration indicate that reductions in available roll torque occur over a range of applied magnetic field levels. These results indicate that a 30-percent increase in roll electromagnet capacity over that previously determined will be required for a representative 8-foot wind tunnel magnetic suspension and balance system design.


There is a continuous race for improving efficiency of photovoltaic systems through strategies like optical concentration and sun tracking, even with the constant decline in photovoltaic panels prices. For such complex systems, simulation is a mandatory design tool even though few simulators are available on the market for the two methods mentioned above. This work aims to outline an algorithm and simulation models for every computation step of a simulator for sun tracking and low concentration applied to commercial photovoltaic panels and flat mirrors, prioritizing short development cycle and low computational effort. As a proof of concept a simulator has been implemented presenting encouraging results.


In order to improve the heat deflection temperature and ability of crystallization of poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) based materials, Poly (D-lactic acid) (PDLA) was used to complex with PLLA to form a stereocomplex. The effects of annealed time and different amounts of poly(D-lactic acid) (PDLA) on the crystallization, thermal behavior and mechanical properties of poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) were investigated by differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD), polarized optical microscopy (POM) ,et al. The results indicated that the PDLA was an effective nucleating agent for PLLA. A higher density of the stereocomplex crystallites was consistent with the increased content of the PDLA and annealed time. Samples that PLLA complexed with PDLA have the fastest crystallization rate at 393 K. The complexed materials have high heat deflection temperature (HDT), high Tm, high crystallinity and crystallization rate. With the annealed time and PDLA content in PLLA matrix increased, the tensile strength, modulus and elongation-at-break of the PLLA increased.


ABOUT June i, 1900, we began to receive reports of dogs dying of a strange disease, which had not before come under the observation of most of the veterinarians. The symptoms in these animals were briefly, change in temperament, loss of appetite, posterior paralysis, mouth drop, convulsions and death. An investigation was begun in each of these cases by inoculating portions of the medulla beneath the dura of rabbits, which almost uniformity produced death represented as characteristic of paralytic rabies in from two to eight weeks. After a number of these examinations had been made, and after the observation of a number of cases of dogs dying with typical symptoms of furious rabies, it was unhesitatingly announced by the health department that there was an epidemic of disease in dogs, which upon examination verified by the highest authorities in the country, was determined to be rabies. The announcement on the part of the health department was received, as such announcements usually are, with jeers, and thenceforth more than six months was required to enlighten the public so that the necessary precautions might be taken to prevent the extension of the disease. From the beginning of cold weather, or about


Based on four observational station's data of monthly maximum temperature,minimum temperature,precipitation,wind speed,relative humidity and sunshine duration in the central Tibet from 1971 to 2005,the evapotranspiration (ET0) is computed from Penman-Monteith Model. The inter-annual change,inter-decadal variation and the seasonal ET0 and water balance are analyzed;also the impactive climatic factors for the change trend of ET0 are discussed through studying the relationship between ET0 and climatic elements such as sunshine duration,mean wind speed and diurnal temperature range. The main results are as follows: 1) In terms of inter-annual variation,there is a decreasing trend of annual ET0 in central Tibet in the last 35 years,with a decreasing rate of 16^5~71^6 mm5(10a)-1,especially in Zetang. A significantly decreasing trend of seasonal ET0 takes place,especially in winter. Annual water deficiency of soil moisture is decreasing,with a decreasing rate of is about 59^6 mm5(10a)-1,especially in the last 25 years (1981—2005);2) In terms of inter-decadal variations,the annual and seasonal ET0 decreased apparently from 1971 to 2000. Compared with that in the 1980s,the seasonal water deficiency of soil moisture decreased to different degree in the 1990s,specifically in summer,when the deficit became surplus;3) It is thus obvious that the decrease of the ET0 is mainly caused by the significant decrease of the sunshine duration and wind speed,as well as the obviously increase of mean relative humidity. In addition,the decreasing daily temperature range and increasing precipitation may also play an important role to the decrease of the ET0.


Aujeszky's disease (AD) or pseudorabies is an important viral disease of swine and has significant economic impact on the pig industry worldwide. The infection produces direct and indirect economic losses, mainly due to restrictions to international trade of swine products. Since the beginning of the 20th century, AD had been notified in several Brazilian regions, yet the state of Rio Grande do Sul (RS) remained as a "provisionally free" area under the International Organization of Epizooties (OIE) guidelines. In 2003, two outbreaks were notified in swine herds located in northern RS, boundary with Santa Catarina, a state where the infection is endemic. Control/eradication measures consisted in tracing back all swine movements, quarantine and eradication of the affected herds by sanitary slaughter under official inspection. In outbreak # 1 (Pinheirinho do Vale, January/2003) six herds were affected, one of which presented animals with clinical signs. Starting from this outbreak, 146 herds and 42.399 pigs were traced back, six herds (7.822 animals) being depopulated - the herd where the index outbreak plus five other herds with positive serology. The outbreak # 2 (Aratiba, September/2003) resulted in a wider spread of the infection, involving another three counties and 77 herds (9 with clinical signs, 68 with positive serology). From the index case, 109.316 pigs in 630 herds were traced back; 28.443 animals from positive herds were slaughtered. Total numbers reached 151.715 traced back animals in 776 herds; 71 herds were found serologically positive. The adopted measures were efficient to eliminate the outbreaks and to stop the disease spread to neighboring areas, reestablishing the sanitary status previous to the outbreaks.


In this paper, test results obtained from six trial sections, where improvements in construction control procedures involving a number of properties had successively been introduced, are analysed and discussed. Particular emphasis was given to the cost of these improvements and the resulting reductions in variabilities and in characteristic deflection values. The paper also provides some estimates of pavement 'life' extensions based on the measured reductions in deflections and estimates of the degree of dependence of deflections on the underlying pavement and material properties. The results showed that significant reductions in characteristic deflections, which indicate substantial increases in pavement 'life', can be achieved, at a small addition to the total cost of construction, when improvements in construction control procedures of one or more of the investigated properties, namely levels, moisture content, grading and compaction, are implemented. The results also showed that basecourse deflections were found to depend, to a large extent, on sub-base deflections and sub-base relative compaction while sub-base deflections largely depended on subgrade deflections. This finding suggests that similar compaction standards should be specified for all pavement layers. (a) For the covering entry of this conference, please see IRRD abstract no. 878228.


Any regular quantum mechanical system may be cast into an abelian gauge theory by simply reformulating it as a reparametrization invariant theory. We present a detailed study of the BRST quantization of such reparametrization invariant theories within a precise operator version of BRST. The treatment elucidates several intricate aspects of the BRST quantization of reparametrization invariant theories like the appearance of physical time. We propose general rules for how physical wave functions and physical propagators are to be projected from the BRST singlets and propagators in the ghost extended BRST theory. These projections are performed by boundary conditions which are precisely specified by the operator BRST. We demonstrate explicitly the validity of these rules for the considered class of models. The corresponding path integrals are worked out explicitly and compared with the conventional BFV path integral formulation.


1. Definitions. Let F{Xa:a£:A} be a family of sets. A set B is called a 5-set for this family if Br\Xa5 0, all aE^4, and B^Xay all « G i . A family F need not have a B-set. Observe that if B is a .B-set for Ft then so is the complement of B. Consider a map covering 52, the two-dimensional sphere. We shall assume that it is regular, tha t is, each vertex is of degree three. Each region of the map is a topological cell. Two regions are adjacent if they share a t least one edge. A sequence of distinct regions J?i, i?2, • • • » Rn, w è 3, is a cycle of length n if Ri is adjacent to JR*+I, l g i g w — 1 , and Rn is adjacent to R\. The cycle is odd or even according as n is odd or even.


Many studies of L2 reading have used the learner's native 1anguage as the measurement language to estimate the learner's text understanding. in order to examine the effect of the measurement language, the present study used the recognition task with both native and target language and compared EFL leamers' responses to the explicit and implicit information of a text. The results revealed that recognition rates are different between the nadve language (Japanese) and the target language (English). In addition, the extent of these recognition rate differences between laiiguages varies according to recognition sentence types. These results suggested that the difficulty in recognizing inference sentences may be caused by readers' dependence on literal English expressions, irnplying that learners tend to pay attention to the words and phrases that appeared in a text when they recogrrized the inference sentences, even if they understood the implicit infbrmation.


Architecture search is the automatic process of designing the model or cell structure that is optimal for the given dataset or task. Recently, this approach has shown good improvements in terms of performance (tested on language modeling and image classification) with reasonable training speed using a weight sharing-based approach called Efficient Neural Architecture Search (ENAS). In this work, we propose a novel architecture search algorithm called Flexible and Expressible Neural Architecture Search (FENAS), with more flexible and expressible search space than ENAS, in terms of more activation functions, input edges, and atomic operations. Also, our FENAS approach is able to reproduce the well-known LSTM and GRU architectures (unlike ENAS), and is also able to initialize with them for finding architectures more efficiently. We explore this extended search space via evolutionary search and show that FENAS performs significantly better on several popular text classification tasks and performs similar to ENAS on standard language model benchmark. Further, we present ablations and analyses on our FENAS approach.


Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore the extent to which the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), and personal characteristics such as threat and challenge, self-efficacy and openness to experience, explain information professionals' and educational technology experts' perspectives about cloud computing. In addition, the study will investigate any differences between these two tech-savvy groups concerning cloud computing adoption. Design/methodology/approach – The research was conducted in Israel during the second semester of the 2013 academic year. Researchers used seven questionnaires to gather the data. Findings – The current study found that the behavioral intention to use cloud computing was impacted by perceived ease of use and personal innovativeness. Further, the study demonstrated that respondents' intentions to use cloud computing are affected by personal characteristics such as threat and challenge, self-efficacy, and openness to experience. In addition, it seems that each group has ...


The present invention relates to the assembling of the conventional hair on a bow of a stringed instrument, particularly a violin, wherein a cavity is made in the nut in which is fixed a moulded piece comprising an internal housing of such section as to ensure that the twisted end of the hair is retained by a stop, itself made by moulding. The opposite end of the hair is fixed to the head of the bow, in the same manner. The invention is applicable in the musical instruments industry.


Momordica grosvenorii saponin (MGS), as a promising dietary supplement with remarkable biological properties, has poor stability under acidic conditions and thus hinders its application in functional foods. In this study, capsules of chitosan and sodium alginate were successfully prepared to enhance the stability of MGS. The optimized parameters for preparing MGS capsules were established. Sodium alginate of 20.8 mg/mL and triplication of MGS powder were added to chitosan of 4 mg/mL and calcium chloride of 10 mg/mL at a volume ratio of 3:1, stirring at 1000 r/min for 30 min to form the capsules. In this case, the fresh particles averaged 1687 μm with an encapsulation efficiency (EE) of 80.25% MGS. The capsule tolerated acidic environments better, and in vitro MGS could be controlled to release in a stimulated gastrointestinal tract system. The antioxidant activity and delayed release of MGS could be achieved by microencapsulation of chitosan/sodium alginate. Moreover, one drink containing 19 mg/mL MGS was successfully developed for the fruit.


A hydraulic experimental monitor system for electric submersible pump (ESP) was designed, which contains data acquisition and monitor interface. Data acquisition applied Advantech Data Acquisition and Siemens Programmable Logic Controller (PLC). Monitor interface applied Monitor and Control Generated System (MCGS). The results prove that the system can control the speed of ESP and display and record many signals, such as flow-rate, pressure, torque, rotation speed, liquid level, etc. The ways of converting analog signals, processing pulse signal and controlling speed are introduced.


background: There is a lack of studies examining the meanings attributed to disability in Eastern contexts. This is especially true in the case of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Studies – accessible for non-Farsi readers – dealing with the existence and position of persons with disabilities in contemporary Iran are rare. Purpose: The present study is part of an investigative journalistic project submitted to and approved by the Fund Pascal Decroos for Investigative Journalism. The aim of the project was to discover if and how progressive Iranian artists were able to work and express critical ideas in contemporary Iran. Method: Based on a journalistic stay of five weeks in the cities of Tehran, Isfahan, Shiraz and Yazd, the authors attempt to present a particular and up till now neglected perspective on disability in Iranian society. Interviews were conducted with contemporary Iranian artists, including painters, photographers and film directors to see how the bodily reality of disability was transformed into a meaningful, effective and efficient metaphorical instrument. results: Some of the Iranian painters, directors and photographers considered the artistic representations of disability as a powerful means to engage in present-day political and religious public debate. For the artists the symbolic representations of disability enabled them to express their particular worldviews and give voice to their creative insights. For some, war-related disabilities mirrored the cruelty of military hostilities; for others it symbolized the struggle for freedom in Iranian society since the very beginnings of the Twentieth century. One of the results that came out of this journalistic investigation is that some


Tamburlaine the Great, Parts I and II Staged Readings presented at the Globe Education Centre Theatre, London. March 14 (Part I) and 28 (Part II), 2004. Coordinated by Ellie Jones (Part I) and Joyce Branagh (Part II). With Adrian Schiller (Tamburlaine, Part I), Aden Gillet (Tamburlaine, Part II), Lucy Black (Zenocrate, Prologue to Part II, concubine), Jeffery Kissoon (Bajazeth), Sarah Paul (Zabina), Anthony Kernan (Techelles), Paul Mohan (Usumcasane), Alisdair Simpson (Theridamas, Part I), Conrad Nelson (Theridamas, Part II), Paul Bentall (Mycetes), Orlando Wells (Cosroe and others), Timothy West (Soldan of Egypt), Edward Hogg (Calyphas and others), Smart McLaughlin (Celebinus), Christopher Kinread (Amyras), David Burke (Orcanes), David Fielder (Sigismund and others), Sean Francis (Callapine), and Noni Lewis (Olympia, concubine). The Globe readings of Marlowe's Tamburlaine plays formed part of the theatre's annual "Read not Dead" series. They were chosen along with William Rowley's All's Lost by Lust (1619) and George Peele's The Battle of Alcazar (1598) as plays rarely performed and relevant to the educational theme for Spring 2004: "Shakespeare and Islam." The performances were interesting both as staged readings and interpretations of Tamburlaine. Although minimal use was made of props and the actors performed in their own clothes, the coordinators were sensitive to Marlowe's use of visual symbolism. Hence, although Adrian Schiller's Tamburlaine sported jeans and a leather jacket, rather than a shepherd's garb, in Part I, he did unveil himself, as in the text, first appearing wrapped in a brown woolen blanket. Likewise, he wore a red and then a black blanket over his clothes during the three-day siege of Damascus, following the costume changes called for textually. Marlowe's color symbolism was extended too, the coordinators distinguishing the play's competing factions through the use of different colored ribbon sashes (light blue for the Scythians, yellow for the Egyptians, royal blue for the Persians, purple for the Turks, and so on). Changes of allegiance could thus be indicated visually. Theridamas's forsaking of Mycetes in favor of Tamburlaine was matched by his swapping of his Persian sash for a light blue one; and Zenocrate's conversion from unhappy captive to loyal follower of Tamburlaine was suggested when she appeared in 3.2 wearing a blue Scythian sash rather than her yellow Egyptian one. Both coordinators picked up on the symbolic qualities of Marlowe's dramaturgy. Hence, rival factions entered through opposing doors and occupied different halves of the stage; this polarized use of the space providing a way of symbolically reflecting and suggesting the antagonism between the various opponents. In Part I the effect was especially striking during the scene of Tamburlaine's confrontation with Bajazeth, Tamburlaine and his followers occupying stage left, while the Turk and his men occupied stage right. Bajazeth is Tamburlaine's most serious opponent in Part I and the stage directions for the scene make it clear that the two factions are to be seen as evenly matched. …


The global significance of energy consumption of video communication renders research on the energy need of video coding an important task. To do so, usually, a dedicated setup is needed that measures the energy of the encoding and decoding system. However, such measurements are costly and complex. To this end, this paper presents the results of an exhaustive measurement series using the x265 encoder implementation of HEVC and analyzes the relation between encoding time and encoding energy. Finally, we introduce a simple encoding energy estimation model which employs the encoding time of a lightweight encoding process to estimate the encoding energy of complex encoding configurations. The proposed model reaches a mean estimation error of 11.35% when averaged over all presets. The results from this work are useful when the encoding energy estimate is required to develop new energy-efficient video compression algorithms.


The 170 million Eklutna Water Project will furnish water to Anchorage, Alaska by the summer of 1988. The project consists of an 8,500-foot long diversion tunnel, 6 miles of 54 to 60-inch raw water pipeline, 35 million gallon per day water treatment facility, 15 million gallon clearwell, 24 miles of large diameter treated water pipeline, and two energy recovery stations. Permits, easements, property transfers, and water rights have been obtained. Designs were completed at the end of 1985. Construction of the treated water pipeline is well along and construction of the remaining project elements will start in 1986. A program management approach has been used to successfully keep the project on schedule and within budget.


The concept of industrial clusters has rapidly taken root and it enables us to better understand the structural evolution and expansion of industry and to identify future growth areas. Clusters are formed either through the flow of information or products between companies and industries which are functionally linked with each other. The agglomeration of producers, customers and competitors, whether based on geographical proximity or know-how, promotes efficiency and increases specialisation. Agglomeration creates positive externalities through increasing innovation, and especially through technological spillovers. Tire core idea here is that a cluster is better equipped to succeed than individual companies and industries acting separately without the benefit of resources that complement each other. The broad and metaphorical nature of the cluster concept has both strength and weakness; it can be used to signal an enormous range of both supply-side and demand- side processes as well as different institutional links. Concentration, or clustering, gives businesses an advantage over isolated competitors. It provides access to more suppliers and customised support services, to experienced and skilled labour pools, and to the inevitable transfer of knowledge that occurs where people casually meet and talk business.Clustering enables industrial companies to focus on what they know and do best; they need not do things they do not do well. Clustering gives firms quicker information about advances in technologies and changes in customer or consumer preferences. Cities can be said to be agglomerations of economic activities, but these activities need not contain any clusters. On the other hand, a well developed cluster can be viewed as a specialised agglomeration: in this case of firms between which mutually supporting interactions - both traded and untraded - derive from and reproduce the particular specialisation of the firms involved. Such interactions depend in large part on spatial proximity -i.e., agglomeration. Thus, every cluster is in a sense an agglomeration, but not every agglomeration is a cluster.


The article presents the main stages of formation of the multicultural position of a person, ways of effective cooperation with parents, and organization of effective cooperation between family and school. The author reveals the conditions of organization and the content of activities which are necessary for effective cooperation with the parents. It is noted that in the work with parents it is necessary to use all kinds of educational influence in unity open and implicit, direct and indirect and use them creatively with the help of diverse specific techniques. The article argues that what is necessary is not just sincere interest in each child and each parent, but direct inclusion of each parent in active joint activity that develops all three aspects of personality: cognitive-philosophical, emotional-volitional and effective; this will ensure increase of pedagogical culture of parents, increase of motivation to conscious responsible parenthood and conscious relationship with the school.


merited punishment as a convict at Port Arthur. The writer of the diatribe publishes a letter from one "J.S.", who contemplated proceeding to England, where it was hoped that he personally and publicly would expose in his true colours the "selfstyled doctor" to those upon whom he was .practising his impositions. "J.S." stated that the Reverend Mr. Kendall had lent the manuscript of the New Zealand grammar to Lhotzky, who had borrowed it under a pledge to return it in a few days. To this manuscript was appended a long list of names of gentlemen who proposed being subscribers to its publication, the amount of their subscriptions being about £200. Lhotzky refused to return the manuscript, even when offered a share in the profits of its publication, and also when threatened with an action for its detention. He was impervious to representations as to the necessity for its restoration to the family. Lhotzky admitted that it had been lent to him, but said that it had been lost and that in any case it was useless for any purpose. "J.S." added that on Lhotzky's arrival in Tasmania he showed the writer a manuscript history of the colony by Governor Collins, which, he said, he had "purchased from a prisoner" when staying at Port Arthur-another example of his perfidy. In spite of all these vicissitudes Lhotzky did some very good scientific work. In botany the myrtaceous genus Lhotzkya was established by J. K. Schauer in 1835. It was named after Lhotzky, and specimens were introduced into England in 1843. Additional species were recorded in 1839, 1844 and subsequently. Some are dwarf shrubs with pale yellow or violet flowers; one is termed the Snow Myrtle of Victoria. There are at least ten species from the Swan River and elsewhere in Western Australia, South Australia and Victoria. Here we may take our leave of the turbulent doctor. He was a man of many attainments, and an indefatigable naturalist; but his perpetual lack of financial resources made him unscrupulous in his monetary dealings. Everywhere admiration for his accomplishments eventually was replaced by anger and hostility on account of his financial dishonesty.


The results of experimental studies of the effect of shungite powder additives with particle sizes 30-35 µm on the threshold characteristics of the breakdown voltage in ammonium perchlorate are presented. A comparison of the influence of additives of powder of shungite and graphene. Key words: shungite, ammonium perchlorate, ignition, spark discharge, electric discharge plasma, breakdown voltage.


Rapid development in area of network technologies and the bandwidth increase to 1Gbps or 10Gbps puts more and more requirements to devices, that have to process or analyze a network traffic. The results from numerous research works show that the performance of conventional processors is not sufficient for many applications. As an reasonable alternative the splitting of computation task between a processor and an acceleration card with FPGA chips is proposed. This paper describes the basic scope of system architecture for rapid development of network applications based on the connection of a processor and an acceleration card-NetCOPE. The proposed platform implements the parts common for most of applications such as I/O blocks, connection of an application acceleration core to a system bus and fast DMA transfers. Using the platform a designer is concentrated on realization of the target application only and can easily move its designs to different development boards.


AbsractGeorge B. Hogenson, "Distinguishing the Forest from the Trees," The San Fran-cisco Jung Institute Library Journal, 2005, 24:1, 29-41. Review of Deirdre Bair, Jung: A Biography, Boston, Little Brown, 2003. Deirdre Bair has written an exceptionally detailed life of Jung. In that degree, it will likely be the standard reference for the foreseeable future, regardless of the quibbles that may be addressed to it. Nevertheless, the author's attention to detail in this biography, valuable though it is, is judged to miss the mark in terms of capturing the depths of the subject-C. G. Jung-or the motivations for his life and work. The project as a whole is considered in the context of the role of biography in the establishment of a science, with some reference to other works on the life of Jung.


CO2 laser-plasma interaction provides a unique parameter space for particle acceleration in a gas jet plasma taking place at a critical plasma density ncr ~ 10 cm and even at higher densities (3~10 ncr) of 10μm radiation. Here we report the latest results of our study of electron acceleration in a wide range of plasma densities 1~10 ncr using a multi-TW CO2 laser system at the UCLA Neptune Laboratory. To gain insight into plasma density profile evolution during ~120 ps long CO2 laser-plasma interaction, we used laser interferometry with two 1 ps, 532 nm probe pulses with variable delay of 5~120 ps. The knowledge of spatial distribution of accelerated electron beam transported through the overdense gas plasma is critically important for minimizing laser beam filamentation and for understanding influence of other laser-plasma instabilities. This should allow for optimization of CO2 laser driven shock wave acceleration of low-divergence monoenergetic ion beams [1].


Based on the differentia of comprehension on the concept of power,the typical organizational theories can be divided into four frames of reference,the organizational outlook of hard power,that of soft one,that of disseminating one and that of anti-power.Combing and trimming each frame of reference will make for a survey of organizational theories' multiple dimensions in the age of"management bush" and some questions that it faces to,thereby will facilitate the profound comprehension of organizational verity.


We investigate the spin-lattice relaxation of the dipolar order in $^{1}\mathrm{H}$ NMR in hydrogenated amorphous silicon $(a\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{Si}:\mathrm{H})$. We find that the relaxation is dominated by the cross relaxation between the hydrogen nuclei and the paramagnetic states. The relaxation is inhomogeneous, and can be described as a stretched exponential function. We proposed a possible mechanism for this relaxation. This mechanism applies to a rather broad range of paramagnetic states, including the deep neutral defects (dangling bonds), the light-induced metastable defects, the defects created by doping, and the singly occupied, localized band-tail states populated by light at low temperatures. The cross relaxation is only sensitive to the bulk spin density, and the surface spins have a negligible effect on the relaxation.


This article seeks to analyze the setup of the New Public Management in the educational field in Angola and Brazil between 1988 and 2017. The study that grounds this paper was carried out through bibliographic and archival research. Aiming to understand the phenomenon researched beyond a unilateral perceptive, we decided to ground this analysis on the comparative paradigm. We understood that the guidelines and prescriptions of the economic field, and the political changes are environments to be taken into account in the current educational reforms in Brazil and Angola, since those environments have a straightforward impact on the public spheres management patterns. Abstracting from this reality dimension in the context of both lusophones countries; enables us to identify the closeness and distances between them, as well as, uncover the convergences and divergences of the political, social and economical context, which reality claims more research.


The present invention relates to a method and apparatus for cooling aircraft galley. This patent application describes a novel method and apparatus for providing aircraft galley cooling. The aircraft galley is cooled by a central cooling passage aircraft, aircraft central cooling passage comprises a cooling unit and a phase change impact air heat exchanger.


Abstract : A cloud, illuminated by the rays of the sun, shines as a result of res nance fl orescence by which it can be observed from the earth's surface. In this experiment, the sodium vapors were released at 430 m above the earth's surface. During the experiment, the height of the earth's shadow was 300 km. The bservations lasted 15 minutes, and abo t 50 cloud photographs were obtained. At this time, the cloud reached dimensions of hundreds of ilometers. Since each sodium atom experiences a great number of collisions with atmospheric atoms, a diffusion distribution is established in the cloud for a short time interval after the sodium vapor is released (we can show that t is time is 1 0 sec nds). (Author 0


Functional coverage plays a pivotal role in assuring the quality of input stimuli used in the verification of modern digital designs. For an out-of-order multi-processor design, simulation of a detailed model of the design is often required to observe relevant design behaviors for functional coverage. However, since such a model is not available during the early phases of test development, verification teams are forced to wait until much later in the verification process to evaluate the quality of their test cases. Even then, the quality of the tests can be assured only on one specific design implementation - an undesirable characteristic for test and regression suites that are meant to be used across multiple generations and/or implementations of an architecture. This work addresses this issue by presenting a novel, implementation-independent, execution trace-based, coverage collection solution. Our solution enables the early evaluation of multi-processor tests using a high-level model of a design. In addition, it can be deployed with detailed design models, if desired, for further analysis alongside implementation-specific coverage models.


Background & objectives: Oxidative stress, lifestyle factors as also exposure to certain environmental factors are known to affect the fertility status in human beings. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of OS and lifestyle and environmental factors affecting IVF outcome. Methods: A total of 253 couples were included, and biological samples such as blood, follicular fluid (FF), cumulus cells and semen were collected. Relevant biochemical parameters and metals namely lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) were determined in the biological samples. β-human chorionic gonadotropin levels ≥100 IU/l were considered to predict viable pregnancy on the 15th day of embryo transfer (ET). Results: The mean body mass index (BMI) was significantly lower in females with positive IVF outcome compared to those with negative outcome. Couples residing in the residential area showed more percentage of positive IVF outcomes as compared to couples residing in industrial/agricultural area. FF Zn level was significantly higher (P<0.001) among the females' participants who have undergone ET as compared to those who have not undergone ET. FF MDA and serum Cu levels were significantly higher (P<0.05) in the female participants with negative IVF outcome as compared to positive IVF outcome. Logistic regression revealed that maternal BMI (P=0.034) and FF MDA level (P=0.047) were significantly associated with the IVF outcome. Interpretation & conclusions: The success rate of IVF was about 31.8 per cent, and BMI was significantly lower in females with positive outcome. The higher levels of MDA in FF and SP might have a negative impact on IVF outcome, higher Zn level in SP, FF and serum might have a positive role in embryo transfer as well as IVF outcome. The role of stress management and nutrition supplementation during the IVF treatment may be explored.


Effects of shortening containing 5 different emulsifier gels (sodium stearoyl-2 lactylate (SSL), distilled glycerol monostearate (DGMS), propylene glycol monostearate (PGMS), polysorbate-60 (PS-60) or sorbitan monostearate (SMS)) on the physical properties of cake batter and cake quality were studied. Both storage modulus (G') and loss modulus (G'') of batters containing emulsifiers increased compared with the control. Evaluation of cake batter density indicated that the emulsifier gels decreased batter density from 0.95 g/cm3 (control) to 0.85 g/cm3. Photomicrographs of cake batters with different emulsifier gels showed an increase in the number of air bubbles, which were evenly distributed, indicating a light batter with good air incorporation. Among the emulsifier gels, cakes with PS-60 gel showed max. increase in specific vol. followed by cakes with SSL, DGMS, PGMS and SMS gels.


This case looks at the design and implementation of a risk management strategy. It reviews the early moves by Great Plains Energy (GPE) to establish a corporate-wide Enterprise Risk Management program. The corporate Chief Risk Officer is Andrea Bielsker. Andrea appointed Jana Utter to take charge of coordinating the design and implementation of the ERM program. Utter faces a number of challenges. She has had to first conceptualize the program given the charge by the Board of Directors, then design a process by which she identifies the risks that the corporation faces, assist in designing measures for the risks, and work with the various divisions and functional areas to put processes in place to mitigate the identified risks.


In the reaction of 2-chloro-1,5-dimethyl-3-phenyl-1,3,5-triaza-2λ3-phosphorinane-4,6- dione (1) and 2-chloro-1,3,5-triphenyl-1,3,5-triaza-2λ3-phosphorinane-4,6-dione (2) with (2-chloroethyl)amine hydrochloride or bis(2-chloroethyl)amine hydrochloride in the presence of triethylamine the corresponding (2-chloroethyl)amino- and bis(2-chloroethyl)amino-substituted 2λ3-phosphorinane-4,6-diones (3-6) are formed. Oxidation with the hydrogen peroxide- urea-1: 1-adduct gives the corresponding 2-oxo-2λ4-phosphorinane-4,6-diones (7-10), in the same manner as described in the literature for the 1,3,5-trimethyl-1,3,5-triaza-2λ4-phosphorinane- 4,6-diones [6]. Hydrolysis of 1 leads to 2-hydro-1,5-dimethyl-3-phenyl-1,3,5-triaza- 2λ4-phosphorinane-4,6-dione (11). Compounds 3 -11 have been characterized via their 1H, 13C and 31P NMR spectra, mass spectra, and, with the exception of 9, through elemental analyses.