The textile industry, which uses hundreds of chemicals in production, from raw material to disposal, is generally regarded among the most polluting industries. Some 72 toxic chemicals have been identified in water solely from textile dyeing, 30 of which cannot be removed. Increasing demand for sustainable dyeing processes is evident due to such environmental concerns, opening the door for exploitation of various new techniques of coloration with the help of modern scientific inputs so that modified naturally available dyes and colourants can offer themselves as effective ecologically benefiting alternative in various traditional and advanced application disciplines. In this review, we discuss various such advancements taken to adopt a greener step in the ladder of textile coloration and dyeing along with some newly discovered applications of natural dyes.


The invention relates to compositions comprising extracts from Red Sea Sponge Amorphinopsis species, and their use in the treatment of various disorders. Exemplified is the use of the extract in the treatment of strychnine poisoning or disorders associated with glycine-receptor-regulated ligand gated ion channels. The extracts are obtained by extraction with methanol, and dried under pressure, or obtained by methanol/ dichloromethane extraction. Once the solvent has evaporated the extracted is diluted in an aqueous buffer or water.


AbstractThe bacteriological study of anorectal sepsis showed that most cultures produced mixed organisms which were either aerobic or anaerobic or both. The most common organisms of perianal abscessess and low fistula were Staph. aureus and B. fragilis while in cases of ischiarectal abscesses and high fistulae, the most common organisms were E. coli and diphtheroids. There was no difference in the bowel derived organism and bacterial species isolated from anorectal sepsis. The organisms causing anorectal sepsis were very sensitive to neomycin sulphate followed by rifampicin. Emulsifying wax ointment base was found to be the best, among the different bases tested, for preparing antiseptic anorectal neomycin sulphate ointment. The bacteriological study of the specimen obtained from 30 patients, before and after preparation showed that the administration of oral and topical neomycin sulphate alone followed by colonic wash was the best while use of oral antibiotics only proved to be of low value. Also, it was...


A hydrogen sensor is reported in which a small piezoelectric-sound-resonance-cavity (PSRC) is used as the sensing element. Detection utilizes sound resonance and acoustic property differences between H2 and air as a sensing mechanism. Changes in H2 concentration result in a shift of the sound-resonance state of the PSRC. Preliminary experiments have demonstrated a sensitivity limit of 8 ppm, a fast response time ∼1.5 second, and detection capabilities over a broad concentration range 10−5


This paper presents a new six-degree-of-freedom robotic spacecraft simulator, the Multi-Spacecraft Testbed for Autonomy Research (M-STAR), for testing formation
guidance, relative navigation, and control algorithms. The simulator dynamics are governed by five degrees of frictionless translational and rotational air-bearing
motion and one degree of kinematic motion in the gravity direction with flight-like actuators, in a 1-g environment. M-STAR is designed to be modular and accommodates
3-DOF, 4-DOF, 5-DOF, and 6-DOF operation with minimal mechanical modifications. The simulator is modelled as a 3-D pendulum on a floating platform with sixteen thrusters and four reaction wheels as on-board actuators. Based
on this plant model, a nonlinear hierarchical control law is proposed for position and attitude trajectory tracking. A weighted generalized pseudo-inverse strategy
for control allocation to map control inputs to actuator inputs is discussed. The thruster actuation model for mapping smooth allocated input to non-smooth actuator
input that achieves equivalent performance is derived. The control law, allocation scheme, and thruster model are tested on the simulator for real-time position tracking control using a Robot Operating System (ROS) based software
framework.


This paper analyses the impact of trade reforms on plant level markups using a panel data for the period 1998-99 to 2007-08. Accounting for plant level heterogeneity in terms of productivity levels and pricing behaviour, this paper finds evidence of fall in markups due reduction in input and output tariffs. Rise in imported input variety and export variety are found to have exerted a positive impact on markups.


Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) of hypoxanthine (HX) molecule on silver colloid confirms that the molecule in the surface adsorbed state exists as [keto–N9 H9] form at acidic and normal pH but as [enol–O6 H1, N9 H9] form at alkaline pH. It is substantiated by the appearance of an intense carbonyl stretching mode at 1690 cm−1, a medium-intense in-plane CO bending mode at 655 cm−1 and disappearance of the C6–O6 H1 stretching mode in SER spectra in acidic and normal pH. Strongly intense Raman band at 1166 cm−1 assigned as C6–O6 H1 stretching mode confirms [enol–O6 H1, N9 H9] form in alkaline pH. The presence of Ag–N and Ag–O stretching modes in SER spectra further infer two modes of orientation of the HX molecule on the silver surface. At acidic pH (pH 2) the HX molecule is adsorbed on the metal surface through the N3 atom with the molecular plane lying almost perpendicular on the silver substrate, while at alkaline pH the molecule is oriented nearly parallel to the silver surface via nonbonding electrons of N1, N3, N7 and O6. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


The emergence of a brand is a consequence of the idea of identifying a particular product. Its beginnings are related to craftsmanship and the desire of every master to make his work recognizable and memorable. The brand can be perceived as the distinctive feature of the subject that will make the audience choose it for others in the same field. The brand can be a megabrand, an international brand, a national and a local brand. From the level of his development stems also the specifics of his elements - name, visual, verbal and sound symbols, etc. The smart management of the brand gives a number of advantages to the company, assists in building a positive image of the brand that they associate with the company and its production. Branding helps consumers orient themselves in the huge flow of information, discover the products and services of companies that have built up their preferences. Companies are given the opportunity to launch new products / services at lower costs and thus increase revenue ratios. A tourist brand is a slogan and a logo of a city, region, or country for the exit of that territory into the tourist services market. The territory or region is seen as a product that, like others, has its significant elements.The tourist destination brand has its own specificity. It can not be created in "green" and is associated with the main assets of the destination: landscape, people, culture and history. The brand must be consistent with a complex set of factors and elements that determine the quality of the tourist product, its accessibility and consumer interests. Its features are the creation of an experience like the product being sold, and the experience is hard to sell. Branding has to wrap up the experience as something that can be easier on the market. The destination brand is capturing the distinctive elements of the destination within the brand and transmitting these elements through the brand's components: identity, personality, image, character and culture.


The accelerator called RAON which will be built in Korea has four kinds of superconducting cavities such as QWR, HWR, SSR1 and SSR2, operating at 2 K and 4.5 K. The current status of design for the QWR, HWR, SSR1 and SSR2 cryomodules are reported. The issues included in the paper are thermal and structural design results of the components such as support and thermal shield in the cryomodules. The cryomodule hosts the superconducting cavities in high vacuum and thermally insulated environment in order to maintain the operating temperature of superconducting cavities. It also keeps the cavities in a good alignment to the beam line. It has an interface for supplying RF power to cavities between cold and warm components. The whole configuration of the integrated system is also presented. This paper presents the detailed design of the cryomodule. INTRODUCTION The superconducting driver linac accelerates the beam up to 200 MeV/u [1]. The driver linac hosts low energy superconducting linac (SCL1) and high energy superconducting linac (SCL2). The SCL1 accelerates beam up to 18 MeV/u. The SCL1 uses the two different cryomodules such as QWR and HWR which have superconducting cavity. The SCL2 has SSR1 and SSR2 cryomodule, which accelerates beam up to 200 MeV/u In this report, we show the cryomodule design for QWR, HWR, SSR1, and SSR2. The deformation simulation for SSR1 and SSR2 is performed. CRYOMODULE DESIGN The parameters and requirement for the superconducting driver linac are shown in Table 1. Table 1 summarizes the design parameter of cryomodules. In order to construct SCL1 and SCL2, we need to make 22 QWR, 13 HWR1, 19 HWR2, 23 SSR1, and 23 SSR2. The drive frequencies for cavity in QWR, HWR, and SSR are 81.25 MHz, 162.5 MHz, and 325 MHz, respectively. Fig. 1 represents the components of SSR2 cryomodule. The SSR2 cryomodule consists of vacuum chamber, magnetic shield, thermal shield, cryogenic pipe lines, and support. The cryogenic pipe lines are located inside of the thermal shield. The thermal shield is installed inside of magnetic shield. The magnetic shield is installed in the vacuum chamber. Table 1: Design parameters of cryomodules


Abstract The article presents the methodology and the results of the project "Digitalization of the repertoire of books from the Bulgarian Revival (1801-1878)" funded by the Bulgarian National Science Fund and coordinated by the University of Library Studies and Information Technologies. During Bulgaria's national Revival in the 19th century, printed books were published in Bulgarian language for the first time since the beginning of the occupation by the Ottoman Empire. As printing presses were forbidden in the Bulgarian speaking areas at that time, the books were printed in a huge geographical area: from Moscow to New York. With the implementation of the project the books of this period are compiled in one comprehensive online bibliography for the first time. The new information retrieval system applies innovative methodology of Geographic Information Systems which visualizes bibliographic information and allows its utilization by means of topographic indexes. The entries are also linked with the existing digitized full-texts of Bulgarian libraries and museums. The project's final product (http://books.unibit.bg/) will stimulate the interest of international humanitarian scientists on Bulgarian history, culture, and literature and will significantly improve the conditions for the preparation and conduct of research in the field of the Bulgarian Revival literature, literary and cultural history. At the same time, the information retrieval system will assist librarians in their daily work. With the project "Digitalization of the repertoire of books from the Bulgarian Revival (1801-1878)" a solid ground was built for future collaborations in this very special field, the digitization of rare printed books, which requires a high level of specialized knowledge and skills.


A social system will be defined as a set of interacting social units, where the units in general may be either organisms (human or animal) or sets of organisms, or sets of sets of organisms, etc. However, in the present context the units will be persons. The state of the system at any time will be assumed to be described by means of a limited number of state variables. Since we shall introduce so few state variables it follows that our description of a social system will be highly abstract. However, if the variables are well chosen, their distribution, interrelation, and change should prove predictive over a wide field of behavior. Our state variables are: 1. Size: Number of members. 2. Energy: Amount expended or controlled. 3. Differentiation: Division of labor. 4. Permeability: Relative openness of a system or subsystem. We apply them first to the total system and then to a subsystem, termed elite, consisting of persons occupying the highest ranking positions in terms of one or more dimensions of ratings as follows:


Rice bran oil (RBO) contains naturally occurring antioxidants such as carotenoids, tocopherol, and γ-oryzanol. The aim of this research was to formulate and evaluate the characteristics of nanoemulsion which was prepared using RBO containing naturally occurring antioxidants. The RBO-in-water nanoemulsion was prepared by the emulsion phase inversion method. The oil phase of the nanoemulsion was prepared by either virgin coconut oil (VCO) or palm oil (PO) combined with RBO with the ratio of 5:5; 4:6, 3:7, 2:8 and 0:10. Tween 80 was used as a surfactant. The surfactant to oil ratios was predetermined at 2.5:1.0 and 3.0:1.0. The aqueous phase (80% w/w) was titrated into an organic phase that consisted of Tween 80 and oil phase (approximately 20% w/w). Droplet size, zeta-potential and polydispersity index of the nanoemulsion were used as the main parameters. The results showed that the smallest droplet (<100 nm) of the nanoemulsion was obtained when the ratio of VCO: RBO at 3:7 and the ratio of PO: RBO at 4:6 with the surfactant to oil ratio (SOR) was 2.5. Nanoemulsion with a relatively small polydispersity index of 0.3 was achieved when the ratio of PO: RBO was 3:7 and SOR at 3. All of the freshly prepared RBO containing nanoemulsion have good stability with zetapotential values of < -30 mV. Nanoemulsions were stable against centrifugation at 2300 rpm for 15 mins, but they were not stable against heating at 105°C for 5 hrs. The RBO-inwater nanoemulsion could be successfully prepared by phase inversion method, by combining RBO with either VCO or PO at different ratios.


&This case study consists of a survey of 530 students at university in Japan and was carried out with the same tools as used in the main UNESCO survey reported in this volume. The survey, which finds a fairly low level of English language use on the Internet, is discussed within a short review of Japanese history and with reference in particular to the legacy that current foreign language learners inherit in terms of attitude towards foreign language competence. The survey is supplemented by further research on the pen-pal phenomenon, an activity which has grown exponentially in the recent past and which may be countering some of the other variables in the Japanese equation. he case study in Japan was carried out with a sample of 530 students at one university in Japan. The students were asked to report on their last ten sessions on the Internet, recounting what the purpose of the session and the language used for it. The survey found a fairly low level of English language use on the Internet. To account for the possible reasons for this it seemed necessary to us to present a short review of Japanese history. We felt that an understanding of the legacy that current foreign language learners inherit in terms of attitude towards foreign language competence might help explain the language behaviour observed which runs counter to that of some of the other populations in the other surveys. T


Problem statement: increasing the security of the system actualizes issues related to the confirmation of the user's identity by various methods. Known ways to increase security, continuous authentication by biometric parameters, such as the movement of a computer mouse, the speed of clicking mouse buttons is complex and does not give one hundred percent accuracy. The purpose of the work: is to study the existing solutions in the field of anomaly detection and continuous authentication systems. It is proposed to develop parameters for removing data from a computer mouse, requirements for creating a DataSet, the effectiveness of analysis and extraction of the main features from the raw data. Consider the DL models for CA and AD, allowing to verify the user, to make their qualitative comparison. Methods used: the study uses a comparative analysis of technologies. Such as differentiated machine learning (ML), including the decision tree classifier (DT), the k-nearest neighbor method (k-NN), the random forests algorithm (RF) and ultra-precise neural networks (CNN). Result: based on a comparative analysis of continuous online authentication tools and anomaly detection systems for permanent confirmation of the user's identity. As a result of the work, it was determined that the existing methods related to CA and AD describe mainly laboratory studies, and are in the nature of confirming hypotheses. The considered studies describe the parameters used to develop software for taking data about mouse actions. Studies show that the collection tools have little effect on the quality of the data obtained, provided that the data is preprocessed using algorithms for identifying key features. Most studies consider data sets obtained either from free sources or from groups of volunteers ranging from 10 to 60 people. It should be noted that the number exceeding 10 can be considered sufficient to determine a representative sample. It was determined that the greatest value on the result was given by signs describing the movement of the mouse between two locations of the screen. The DL models for CA and AD that allow user verification are considered, and their qualitative comparison is made. Practical significance: the conducted research makes it possible to judge the possibility of implementing a solution for continuous online authentication and anomaly detection systems for permanent confirmation of the user's identity within the framework of the RemoteTopology remote championship system developed earlier.


The concept of industrial symbiosis network (ISN) has progressed in recent years and has become a hot issue in the field of industrial ecology. There are lots of stability problems in the eco-industrial practices. A major challenge in stability analysis is to effectively deal with different kinds of exogenous and endogenous attributes, especially their quantification problems and their effect on the design and operation of the industrial ecosystem. To promote and manage stability of ISN, this work focuses on the methodology of integrated stability analysis based on information fusion technology. This work provides an introduction of classification and characterization for stability attributes. We focus on knowledge, organization, and production process dimensions. Then, we classified into a total of 18 kinds of attributes according to the exogenous and endogenous contribution. An integrated analysis method based on information fusion is proposed to deal with the acquisition, transmission and processing of stability information. This method attempts to use the data from multi-sources under various spatial-temporal conditions. Two-level information fusion model is proposed to obtain the holistic result. In the first level (data level), the data filter and estimation based on modular neural network model is developed to obtain the characteristic value. The in the second one (decision level), the characteristic value processing and fusion is implemented based on the approximate reasoning algorithm. This proposed methodology will facilitate the representation, the inner relation and working mechanism of multi-sources information among the member entities in the ISN. To demonstrate the applicability of the proposed methodology, A real-world eco-industrial park as a case study is presented. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org) PRES17 conference


Environmental and political factors determine long-term development for renewable generation around the world. The rapid growth of renewable generation requires timely changes in power systems oper ...


Object of the present invention is to provide a current collector made of an aluminum substrate excellent in cycle characteristics of the secondary battery, and the current collector was prepared using each of the aluminum substrate, a positive electrode, a negative electrode and a secondary battery. Overlap each other at least two configurations having a surface which is selected from the group consisting of aluminum base material of the current collector: average opening size of more than 5μm and 100μm or less large wave structure, the average opening size exceeds 0.5μm and is wave configuration 5μm or less and an average opening size of more than 0.01μm and below 0.5μm wavelet configuration, wherein the maximum cross-sectional height (Pt) in the cross-sectional profile of the surface is 10μm or less.


Multifunctional display and operator control device for a motor vehicle with a display field (2) for displaying information of at least one to be selected and / or a selected menu and / or function allocation and control elements (3) for menu and / or function selection, wherein in the display field (2 ) (depending on the currently selected menu and / or function allocation of the display and control unit 1) an information panel (4) is shown, which is smaller than the entire display field (2), and (in the remaining display panel 2a, 2b) function - and / or status displays (6) are generated which are spatially assigned to the operating elements (3), characterized in that one of the displayed in the remaining display panel and assigned to one of the operating function is a return function in the parent menu, wherein a bi-directional knob (7) for the operation of control functions, which are selectable with existing controls, is is prevented.


What is the central question of this study? Is the suprachiasmatic nucleus the structure that generates the neural circadian signals that occur during every stage of the oestrous cycle, not only pro‐oestrus, and are these signals essential for proper regulation of ovulation? What is the main finding and its importance? Transient inhibition of Na+‐dependent action potentials in the suprachiasmatic nucleus by tetrodotoxin microinjection at 14.00 h inhibits ovulation irrespective of the stage of the oestrous cycle at which the procedure is performed. Microinjection of saline solution into the suprachiasmatic nucleus has a disruptive effect on ovulation that depends on the stage of the cycle at which it is administered.


Kenaf fiber that is known as Hibiscus cannabinus, L. family Malvaceae is an herbaceous plant that can be grown under a wide range of weather conditions. The usage of kenaf fibers as a reinforcement material in the polymeric matrix has been widely investigated. In this research, liquid epoxidized natural rubber (LENR) was introduced to the epoxy to increase its toughness. Hybrid kenaf/carbon fibers, with different kenaf/carbon ratio weight, were used to reinforce the epoxy resins (with and without addition of epoxidized natural rubber) as the matrices. The flexural strength, flexural modulus and fracture toughness of the rubber toughened epoxy reinforced hybrid kenaf/carbon fiber composites were investigated. The results showed that the addition of liquid epoxidized natural rubber (LENR) had improved the flexural strength, flexural modulus and fracture toughness by 9.6%, 13.7%, and less 2% respectively at the ratio of 16:4 wt% fibre loading


On the basis of the international experience the effectiveness of franchising as a way of business is grounded. The effective functioning of franchise retail organizations, franchisers and independent operators are compared. It is established the regularity between trade area of the business in format «convenience store» and its efficiency. The reasons of retail franchising success are ascertained.


A model is developed to determine the rate of electron transfer between high n molecular Rydberg states and ions of the same species under zero kinetic energy pulsed field ionization (ZEKE‐PFI) experimental conditions. A simple hydrogenic model is used considering the two particles to be at rest with respect to each other. The results of accurate calculations for the u–g splitting in H+2 at low principal quantum numbers (separated atom) as a function of radius are extrapolated to large values of n relevant to typical ZEKE‐PFI experimental conditions and used to determine the rate of electron transfer. Radius ≊5n2 is arrived at as a simple expression to estimate the radius for a charge transfer rate of ≊108 s−1 for lowest energy members of the Stark manifold (the fastest). Expressions are derived for other members of the manifold. Results are compared with the recent observation of 3% charge transfer in a ZEKE‐PFI experiment by Alt et al.


Anti-Bullying Week 2013 has shone a spotlight on the endemic problems we face with cyber-bullying and keeping pupils safe online. Dr Hilary Emery argues that if we do not act, we face the issue taking epidemic proportions and calls for a national debate on the topic.


Abstract : During the Vietnam war, the United States expended considerable resources to implement and maintain a comprehensive military currency control program. Unfortunately, very little has ever been written about these unusual 'military' activities, and very few people understand the broad aspects of the efforts. Worse yet, no attempt has ever been made to officially document the entire effort from a historical perspective. This paper reviews the general nature of exchange control, explains the role of military currency control and provides a historical overview of military currency control as a foundation for the ensuing study of the Vietnam experiences. It then examines the economic and black market problems which existed in Vietnam, and explains the specifics of the U.S. military currency control program which was adopted to counter those problems. (Author)


Research on the development of marine renewable energy is actively in progress. Various studies are being conducted on the development of wave energy converters. In this study, a numerical analysis of wave-energy extraction performance was performed according to the body shape and scale of the sloped oscillating water column (OWC) wave energy converter (WEC), which can be connected with the breakwater. The sloped OWC WEC was modeled in the time domain using a two-dimensional fully nonlinear numerical wave tank. The nonlinear free surface condition in the chamber was derived to represent the pneumatic pressure owing to the wave column motion and viscous energy loss at the chamber entrance. The free surface elevations in the sloped chamber were calculated at various incident wave periods. For verification, the results were compared with the 1:20 scaled model test. The maximum wave energy extraction was estimated with a pneumatic damping coefficient. To calculate the energy extraction of the actual size WEC, OWC models approximately 20 times larger than the scale model were calculated, and the viscous damping coefficient according to each size was predicted and applied. It was verified that the energy, owing to the airflow in the chamber, increased as the incident wave period increased, and the maximum efficiency of energy extraction was approximately 40% of the incident wave energy. Under the given incident wave conditions, the maximum extractable wave power at a chamber length of 5 m and a skirt draft of 2 m was approximately 4.59 kW/m.


Solution‐processed quasi‐2D perovskites are promising for stable and efficient solar cells because of their superior environmental stability compared to 3D perovskites and tunable optoelectronic properties. Changing the number of inorganic layers (n) sandwiched between the organic spacers allows for tuning of the bandgap. However, narrowing the phase distribution around a specific n‐value is a challenge. In‐situ UV–vis–NIR absorption spectroscopy is used to time‐resolve the crystallization dynamics of quasi‐2D butylammonium‐based (BA) perovskites with = 4, processed from N,N‐dimethylformamide (DMF) in the presence of different co‐solvents. By combining with photoluminescence, transient absorption, and grazing‐incidence wide‐angle X‐ray scattering, the crystallization is correlated to the distribution of phases with different n‐values. Infrared spectroscopy and density functional theory reveal that the phase distribution correlates with perovskite precursor—co‐solvent interaction energies and that stronger interactions shift the phase distribution towards smaller n‐values. Careful tuning of the solvent/co‐solvent ratio provides a more homogeneous phase distribution, with highly oriented perovskite crystals and suppressed formation of n = 1–2 phases, providing a power conversion efficiency for BA2MA3Pb4I13 solar cells that increases from 3.5% when processed from DMF to over 11% and 10% when processed from DMF/dimethyl sulfoxide and DMF/N‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidone mixtures, respectively.


Korean activities on fusion safety have been going through three phases. The first phase started with the licensing of the Korean Superconductor Tokamak Advanced Research (KSTAR) classified to a radiation generating device on the basis of the existing nuclear regulations. To accommodate the specific characteristics of a tokamak device that was designed to use deuterium to study the fusion plasma physics, a set of instructions to examine the safety of KSTAR and to approve an operating permit were developed and issued by the regulatory body, Korean Institute of Nuclear Safety. The second phase is being done for the ITER. To verify the design of the test blanket module that will be installed and tested in the ITER, safety studies were carried out using the experimental results and computational codes. To minimize occupational irradiation damages, a study on the tritium behaviors is being carried out as Korea will provide a part of the tritium systems of ITER. The last phase has initiated to secure the safety and license for a fusion DEMO plant. Relevant studies have been being carried out in collaboration with the academies funded by the National Fusion Research Institute of Korea. These front-end studies includes the conceptual analysis on the safety and radiological consequences, preliminary studies on the layout research on the future regulatory requirements of the fusion DEMO plant. This paper summarizes these activities on fusion safety with the findings of the front-end studies. It also proposes a pathway for the licensing process of a fusion DEMO plant with the tokamak concept.


Recently, the second edition has been published as Number 6 of the series 'Journalism Monographs', under the auspices of the Council on Communications Research. For authors like Nafziger and White to call their work a monograph is far too modest and an understatement which might easily lead to a misunderstanding, since this volume contains a number of essays written by as many experts, each of which alone deserves to be called a


Purpose: Obesity is recognized as worldwide health problem by W.H.O. Every third person in the world is suffering from this health problem. The objective of this paper is to find a cure for obesity through Yoga. Design Methodology Approach: A group of 20 people was undertaken as experimental group. The experimental group practiced Yoga for six days in a week for three months. Findings: Weight loss was noticed in the experimental group. It was revealed that Yoga positively helped obese people in weight loss. Problems emerging due to obesity were also getting cured through Yoga automatically. Paper Type: Empirical Research Study.


This paper summarized application and research advancement of the microwave-assisted extraction in the agriculture, food industry,environmental analytical chemistry,traditional Chinese medicine industry,and so on.The microwave-assisted extraction was manifested to be a simple device,wide area of application,high extraction efficiency,good reproducibility and low consumption of agent and time as well as low environmental pollution.At present,industrialization question of the microwave-assisted extraction technology has been attached importance,which will impel the microwave-assisted extraction technology to more development in the future.


Tidal breathing indices have been used to assess histamine‐induced airway obstruction in adults and children. The aim of this study was to see whether they could be used to assess histamine challenge in infants. Tidal flow during quiet breathing was measured using a face mask and pneumotachograph and maximum flow at functional residual capacity (VmaxFRC) was measured from partial forced expirations in 18 sleeping, sedated infants who responded to histamine challenge and in 18 nonresponders. The tidal indices calculated were inspiratory and expiratory time (t1, and te), tidal peak expiratory flow (PEF), mean tidal expiratory flow rate (VT/te) and the expiratory time constant of the respiratory system (trs). The time to maximal expiration divided by expiratory time (tme/te) and 2 revised forms of this index (tme(a)te and tme(b)( tme(b) /te) were also calculated. Recordings of tme(a) and tme(b) were taken at 95% of peak tidal expiratory flow, before and after the peak, respectively. In nonresponders, there was an insignificant mean rise in VmaxFRC of 11.8% but no change in any tidal index. In responders, the mean percentage fall in VmaxFRC was 43.3% (range, −31 to −81%); trs fell from 0.61 s to 0.51 s (P < 0.05) and breathing frequency and mean tidal expiratory flow rate increased from 34.0 to 37.5 min−1 (P < 0.01) and from 66.6 to 72.6 mL.s−1 (P < 0.05), respectively, suggesting that infants had adopted a strategy of active expiration in response to bronchial challenge. There was no change either in tme/te, or in the revised indices after challenge., It is therefore concluded that tme/te is an insensitive index of airflow obstruction compared to VmaxFRC and cannot be used to assess the response to bronchial challenge. Changes in other indices were small and related to a presumed pattern of active expiration after challenge. Pediatr Pulmonol. 1994; 17:225–230. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.


Object identification is an important task of military Intelligence Surveillance and Reconnaissance (ISR) systems. It plays an integral role during threat detection and situation assessment in the monitored area. This paper considers a ground ISR system comprising distributed Unmanned Ground Sensors (UGS), which perform military vehicle identification based on acoustic signal analysis. Each UGS operates autonomously and transmits its identification estimates through a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) to data aggregation and fusion nodes, where situation assessment is performed. The vehicles are identified by applying a multistage decision-making approach comprising time and frequency domain feature analysis and classification procedures. System operation is validated in a field experiment, during which several moving military vehicles are identified by UGS prototypes implemented on the BeagleBone Black platform. Identification accuracy reaches 89% for the chosen vehicles.


Purpose – Using data from online guest ratings, the purpose of this paper is to explore how the performance of hotels in terms of various criteria influences loyalty behavior of customers.Design/methodology/approach – Ratings of 333 hotels in the UK were collected from the web site www.laterooms.com and statistical analysis performed.Findings – The criterion related to marketing management (Value for money) was found to be the most important criterion influencing loyalty behavior of customers in UK hotels. Further, it was found that good performance of hotels in terms of physical‐product management can significantly influence the intentions of business guests to stay again, whereas leisure guests expect good performance both in terms of physical‐product management and people and process management. While guests of independent hotels value performance in terms of people and process management, guests of chain hotels value both physical‐product management and people and process management. Finally, it was f...


In this study, a high-performance electrocatalyst derived from aniline and iron was synthesized. The catalyst was prepared by pyrolyzing iron-impregnated polyaniline in an NH3 atmosphere at high temperature. Pyrolyzing in NH3 significantly increases the micropores, and the pyridinic nitrogen on the surface of the catalyst, leading to the excellent performance towards oxygen reduction. The electrocatalytic activity of this catalyst towards the oxygen reduction reaction was evaluated using a rotating ring disk electrode (RRDE). This catalyst exhibits a high onset potential of about 0.92 V (vs. reversible hydrogen electrode, RHE) and the half-wave potential difference between this catalyst and the benchmark Pt/C catalyst is only about 70 mV. The RRDE study also demonstrated that this catalyst for the four-electron reduction of oxygen has a very high selectivity. Applied as air cathodes in microbial fuel cells, the catalyst exhibits an excellent catalytic activity. The MFC with this catalyst achieves a maximum power density of 12.56 W m−3, higher than the 9.92 W m−3 of the MFC with a Pt/C catalyst and the 1.34 W m−3 of the MFC with bare graphite felt. These results demonstrate that this catalyst is an excellent alternative to the prohibitive Pt/C catalyst for practical applications.


This chapter examines recent developments, unresolved issues, and research priorities in the field of human stress. Before discussing these topics it is important to be clear about our uses of the terms stress and stressor. The term mess refers here to a state of imbalance within an organism that (a) is elicited by an actual or perceived disparity between environmental demands and the organism's capacity to cope with these demands and (b) is manifested through a variety of physiological, emotional, and behavioral responses. This response syndrome occurs as a result of the organism's exposure t o excessive environmental demands, or srressors. Conditions of the social and physical environment operate as stressors to the extent that they tax or exceed an organism's adaptive resources (cf. Lazarus, 1966; Selye, 1956). These definitions are sufficiently broad t o subsume several more detailed conceptualizations of stress that have been proposed from medical, psychological, and sociologic perspectives. From a medical perspective, stress is typically construed as a defensive bodily response t o environmental demands (e.g., toxins, extreme temperature, emotionally charged situations) involving specific physiological components, such as adrenal stimulation, gastrointestinal disturbances, and the shrinkage of lymphatic structures (cf. Selye, 1956, 1976). Psychological analyses (Appley & Trumbull, 1967; Lazarus, 1966; McCrath, 1970) place a greater emphasis on the individual's cognitive appraisal of threatening environmental conditions and personal coping resources than d o medical models of stress. Sociologic analyses focus on societal conditions (e.g., economic change, lack of social support resources) that adversely affect the well-being of specific groups within the community (cf. Brenner, 1973; Cassel, 1964; Levine & Scotch, 1970). The preceding discussion provides a glimpse of the diverse, yet complementary, conceptualizations of human stress. Recent attempts t o integrate and refine these perspectives have spawned several focused areas of research. The first section of the chapter examines recent developments in three of the most active


Under the background of the strategy of Central Rising,the author gives research to economic and social development situation in Anhui province,comparing the development difference with other provinces in central region,exploring the comparative dvantages in Anhui,then gives countermeasure to promote the economic and social development of Anhui province.


We report a case of bilateral chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH) operated with a single burr-hole on the more symptomatic side (left) followed by a symptomatic expansion of the contralateral (right) hematoma 7 days after the surgery treated again with a burr-hole on the other side. A week later the patient presented again a bilateral CSDH that was re-operated on both side with a good outcome at 6 months follow-up. Relevant literature was reviewed, and we believe that the multiple recurrence of these hematomas in the opposite hemisphere resulted from the rapid drainage of the hematoma, which caused the rupture of weak bridging veins during drainage. Slow decompression is recommended to avoid rapid intracranial changes during drainage of a subdural hematoma.


This book provides a comparative and global analysis of the regulation of disclosure in financial (securities) markets. It is written by two authors who represent both the new world (Australia) and the old world (Germany). The authors present their research in the global business context, with legal and regulatory perspectives including some references from Africa, Asia, the Middle East and South America.


Governments often seek influence beyond their borders. One way is through what Thomas Schelling (1960, 1966) calls "brute force," taking direct physical control. Less extreme methods are to promise rewards for taking desired actions, or to threaten punishments for not carrying them out-"sanctions." Sanctions involve two parties, the sender and the target. (To help identify pronouns' antecedents, we consider a feminine sender and masculine target.) The sender's objective is to influence the target by threatening to impose some measure against him for acting contrary to her interest. Sanctions have long been important in international relations. Athens imposed a trade embargo against Megara, ultimately setting off the Peloponnesian War (431-404 BC). Sanctions are central to such international agreements as the United Nations Charter, the World Trade Organization, and the Montreal Protocol governing chlorofluorocarbons. U.S. law prescribes the use of sanctions in circumstances related, for example, to national security, human rights, intellectual property, and international trade.' Do sanctions actually achieve senders' objectives? A common claim is that they usually fail and are costly to senders. Recent U.S. legislation proposes to limit unilateral U.S. sanctions (except trade-related ones), on the grounds that they cost more than they are worth. History provides examples of sanctions that were costly and ineffectual, such as the League of Nations sanctions against the Italian occupation of Abyssinia, or U.S. sanctions against Cuba. United Nations sanctions against Iraq remain in place, having achieved less than full success, to say the least (see Gary Hufbauer et al., 1990). More systematic studies suggest that sanctions often do succeed, particularly when objectives are modest. Hufbauer et al. (1990) examine 116 episodes of sanctions with military or political objectives, deeming about one-third successful. Sanctions imposed under U.S. trade law have worked even better, about three-fourths of the time (see e.g., Sykes, 1992; Thomas Bayard and Kimberly A. Elliott, 1994; Elliott and J. David Richardson, 1997). Here we develop a simple framework to explain how sanctions can worl, and what is required for them to succeed. Our framework exploits advances in the theory of repeated games and bargaining under incomplete information. While a game-theorist would recognize the flavor of our results, the setting here is a fresh one.2 We find success more likely when the threatened measure costs the sender little relative to the gain from modifying the target's behavior, while the damage to the target is large relative to his cost of complying with the sender's will-results consistent with both intuition and empirical evidence (as well as with Adam Smith [1776 Book IV, Ch. I]). Moreover, a more patient sender is more likely to succeed, while the target's patience can work to the sender's disadvantage.3


Background Older‐generation anticonvulsants that highly induce cytochrome P450 enzyme system activity produce metabolic abnormalities that may increase cardiovascular risk. The objective of this study was to evaluate the risk of ischemic cerebrovascular and coronary events in adult new users of anticonvulsants that highly induce cytochrome P450 activity compared with other anticonvulsant agents, as observed in a routine care setting. Methods and Results This was a cohort study of patients 40 to 64 years old from the HealthCore Integrated Research Database who had initiated an anticonvulsant medication between 2001 and 2006 and had no recorded major coronary or cerebrovascular condition in the 6 months before treatment initiation. Propensity score (PS) matching was used to evaluate ischemic cerebrovascular and coronary risk among anticonvulsant new users. High‐dimensional propensity score (hdPS)–matched analyses were used to confirm adjusted findings. The study identified 913 events in 166 031 unmatched new treatment episodes with anticonvulsant drugs. In a PS‐matched population of 22 864 treatment episodes, the rate ratio (RR) for ischemic coronary or cerebrovascular events associated with highly inducing agents versus other agents was 1.22 (95% CI, 0.90‐1.65). The RR moved to 0.99 (95% CI, 0.73‐1.33) with adjustment for hdPS matching (RR, 1.47; 95% CI, 0.95‐2.28 for cerebrovascular events; RR, 0.70; 95% CI, 0.47‐1.05 for coronary events). Conclusions In this exploratory analysis, there was no evidence of a consistent and statistically significant effect of initiating anticonvulsants that highly induce cytochrome P450 activity on ischemic coronary or cerebrovascular outcomes compared with other agents, given routine care utilization patterns.


In three articles in the London Review of Books (LRB), Marxist historian Perry Anderson presented a sweeping, synoptic polemic on modern India. Re-cast as extensively footnoted chapters entitled 'Independence', 'Partition' and 'Republic', with a new introduction framing the work as part of a longer ongoing project on 'the emergent inter-state system of the leading powers of the time', these now comprise The Indian Ideology (2012, 2013). Anderson notes that his title echoes Karl Marx's term for the Hegelian-nationalist form of mid-nineteenth-century German idealism – the 'German Ideology'. As with Marx and Engels's work of this name, Anderson's book is motivated by a deep concern for the shape of the future, articulated through the interweaving of historiography and politics. The Indian Ideology seeks to unmask the roots of India's failings. Anderson collates a dismal record for this sixty-five-year-old state. Pakistan's compromised conditions of birth resulted from Indian nationalists' collusion with British imperialists. Human rights abuses and extra-judicial killings plague India's north-east, and Kashmir. Genocidal violence terrorizes Muslim citizens. Upper-caste Hindu violence assails Dalits. And a dynastic party at the centre exercises an illegitimate hegemony over the world's largest democracy. Anderson attributes these dysfunctional aspects of post-independence Indian modernity to an ideological nationalism that grips the nation's politicians and intellectuals. India, like Ireland, he believes, erroneously failed to separate religion from politics; the resulting religious violence marks its modernity with a founding contradiction (4). This historical failure is exacerbated by India's mainstream public


An advantage of microwave lenses over reflector antennas resides in their capability of wide-angle scanning by feed displacement. This feature is achieved by designing the lens (so-called bootlace aerial) to have several foci, in order to reduce or even eliminate coma aberrations on a focal spherical surface. Fast surveillance can be achieved by using for example a cluster of four beams instead of one over the coverage zone and including phase-shifters within the lens to steer electronically the phase progression over the aperture. It is shown in fact that a wide-angle microwave lens with planar collector and emitter can be designed to have 4 perfect foci. The newest feature in this investigation is the fact that beam spacing can be modified by changing the collector-emitter spacing ratio. On the other hand wide element array spacing on the planar emitter has advantages if a narrow beam configuration is desired. It is achieved by a statistical distribution of the array elements. The design procedures for the two type of lenses is demonstrated using realistic mathematical models of the antenna. Ein Vorteil einer Mikrowellenlinse gegenüber einer Reflektorantenne besteht in der Fähigkeit, den Strahl über einem großen Winkelbereich durch eine Bewegung des Speisestrahls zu schwenken. Die Linsen, die diese Eigenschaft besitzen, haben mehrere Brennpunkte und eine breite kaustische kugelförmige Brennfläche. Eine schnelle Kaumüberwachung wird erreicht, wenn z. B. vier voneinander unabhängige Strahlen statt einem Strahl erzeugt werden, und wenn Phasenschieber innerhalb der Linse die Phasenprogression über die Apertur elektronisch steuern. Es wird gezeigt, daß eine Weitwinkellinse mit ebener Kollektorund Emitterantenne und mit vier exakten Brennpunkten konzipiert werden kann. Die neue Erkenntnis, die dabei gewonnen wird, ist, daß der Winkelabstand der Strahlen durch eine Änderung des Verhältnisses der Kollektor-Emitter-Gitterperiode modifiziert wird. Andererseits, wenn z. B. vier Strahlen mit kleinem Winkelabstand erzeugt werden müssen, ist eine große Emitterund eine kleine Kollektor-Gitterperiode von Vorteil. In diesem Fall bietet eine statistisch verdünnte Emitterantenne die effektivste Lösung. Die Methode der Konzipierung der zwei Antennentypen wird vorgeführt, wobei realistische mathematische Antennenmodelle verwendet werden. Für die Dokumentation: Ebene Mikrowellenlinse / phasengesteuerte Antenne / "Bootlace"-Typ-Antennc / verdünnte Emitterantenne In a microwave lens a collector array array antenna, absorbs the incident radiation from the feed horns and leads it by means of cables or waveguides to an emitter array antenna. Its advantages, besides the absence of aperture blockage, are twofold — the lens may be designed to have several foci or a wide focal surface (wide angle lens) to scan the beam by feed displacement or feed switching — electronic beam steering may be achieved by inserting phase shifters between collector and emitter. A multi-beam space-fed array would combine these two features. A N-beam cluster is excited by locating N feed horns on the focal surface of the lens. The radiated energy is collected, phase-shifted and reradiated by an electronically controlled microwave lens, made for example of many receiving-emitting phase-shifting modules. It is shown in the present study how the desired multi-beam radar operation leads to the design of the array antenna and its feed. 1. Multi-beam operation For a planar array in a horizontal plane, the zone of coverage is assumed to be inside a cone centered around the vertical axis. To simplify both the analysis and the representation of the beam directions in space, the usual spherical set of coordinate ( . ft) is replaced by the set (u, v) (Fig. 1) where u = sin (1) = sin sin According to the new scale the 3-dB beamwidth does not change size when the array scans, and a linear phase progression corresponds to a linear beam movement. The beam distribution being the mirror image of the feed horns geometrical outlay, the beam spacing is invariant with scanning in the plane (u, v). Dual beam operation can be realized with the help of two orthogonal polarizations for a phased array. For 212 Considerations on the design of wideand narrow-angle planar "Bootlace" microwave lenses F R E Q U E N Z 28 (1074) 8 I IT conical coverage 3 dB beamwidth arc cos [1y )=beam spacing Fig. 1: Angular coordinates transformation beam duster scanning stripes Fig. 2: Tight beam formation a space-fed array, collector and emitter would be made of turnstile antennas for example, backed by two distinct phase shifting channels with separate steering. The feed horn would be realized in compact form according to [1]. However,' the present study assumes that only one polarization is used for simultaneous multi-beam scanning. (If desired, the results can be applied to two orthogonally polarized signals). Two basic beam distributions are proposed A) Tight beam formation The horns are located as close as possible from each other. In this way the field of view is scanned in wide "stripes" (Kg. 2). This feed configuration is well suited to target acquisition, and minimizes focusing errors for an array with identical collector and emitter. B) Wide spacing of the beams It might be found desirable to divide the field of coverage in sectors, and to allocate one beam to each sector. However, it is then important that each sector be covered by one beam only to avoid coverage redundancy. This is not compatible with the requirement of a fully conical coverage region, as illustrated in Fig. 3 for several (and not exhaustive) possible feed configurations. Proposal A) und B) may of course be combined for multi-beam target acquisition. The 4-horn feed appears to be the most efficient in terms of coverage. Two possible array designs are now proposed, respectively suited to wide beam spacing and tight beam formation: the wide angle microwave lens and the statistically thinned emitter design. 2. Wide angle microwave lens It is not possible to obtain simultaneously widely spaced beams from a space-fed array with uniformly spaced collector and emitter without the penalty of high sidelobes and distorted main beams, due mostly to focusing phase errors. A wide-angle microwave lens may have on the other hand a non-planar collector and emitter and/or non-uniform array spacing. The wideangle denomination comes from the fact that the antenna has a focal surface on which are located several true foci and on which a feed antenna may move to scan a wide angular sector without marked pattern degradation. Buze [2] has first shown that microwave lenses may be designed for wide angle scan in one dimension. His work was extended by several authors [3—5] to two dimensional surfaces with up to four foci. In short it has been found that a microwave lens offers more freedom than the classical optical lens when several foci are required, in the sense that it is possible to constrain energy to follow a given path (cable) from collector to emitter. Several parameters, such as the shape of the collecting and emitting surfaces, the element spacing and the cable length are at disposal. A case of practical importance, which has not been treated by the previous authors, is when the collector array is plane and uniformly spaced, and the emitter array is plane and spaced in such a way that the resulting microwave lens has four foci (Fig. 4). This case is treated in the following way: Let the coordinates of the collector array element D be (XD, i/o) and let the coordinates of the emitter array element E be (XE, y^)· The phase of -the wave incident a) 3 Beams bl 4 Beams Fig. 3: Examples of multibeam distributions with non-redundant scanning cells F R E Q U E N Z 28(1974)8 Considerations on the design of wideand narrow-angle planar "Bootlace" microwave lenses 213


In this paper, we introduce and discuss an algorithm for the numerical solution of some kinds of fractional integral and fractional integrodifferential equations. The algorithm for the numerical solution of thes e equations is based on iterative approach. The stability and convergence of the fractional order numerical method are described. Finally, some numerical examples are provided to show that the numerical method for solving the fractional integral and fractional integrodifferential equations is an effective solution method.


Young children are capable of engaging with ratio, measurement and operator meanings of fractions earlier than many national curriculum standards indicate, yet current trends in children's understanding of fractions in Australia, remain weak. Research suggests that spatial reasoning can positively influence mathematical knowledge; however, the connection between spatial reasoning and fraction understanding remains under-researched. This paper will present qualitative data from a Design Based Research study that examined a spatialised approach for teaching fractions to 6-and 7-year-old children. Findings indicate that spatial reasoning played an important role in helping children develop early fraction knowledge.


A highly sensitive and specific pregnancy test, based on a radio-ligand assay system, is described; it was developed out of a need for more precision in pregnancy testing in a country which advocates menstrual regulation for pregnancy termination. The assay is based on identification of human chorionic gonadotropin by a plasma receptor and labeled antigen, and can be performed in about 60 minutes. Results of 428 serum samples collected from various clinical conditions were presented; these showed that the test had an accuracy of 99.7% in positive samples. Confirmation of these results was made by clinical follow-up, bioassays, histopathology, and radioimmunoassays. The only disadvantage to this test is the necessity for a radio-labeled isotope, and hence it can only be performed in areas and laboratories so equipped. The test's usefulness in cases of ectopic pregnancy, menstrual regulation, and threatened abortions is emphasized.


I will discuss recent experimental studies of nonlinear optical properties of electron spins in semiconductors. Differences and similarities between atomic and semiconductor spin systems as well as effects of manybody Coulomb correlations will be emphasized.


The article provides with the description and substantiation of the structural and functional model of forming students' natural science thinking in teachers' training college which is created by the author. Theoretical and practical aspects of applying the elaborated model consequence are revealed in the article. The essence of primary school teacher's competence in the field of natural sciences is reviewed. Keywords: natural science thinking, forming of natural science thinking, structural and functional model, professional competence in the field of natural sciences.


The potential energy surfaces of neutral methanol oxide and dimethyl ether oxide and their anion and cation radicals have been calculated at the Becke3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) level of theory. Both neutral singlet methanol and dimethyl ether oxides are predicted to correspond to local minima on their potential energy surfaces. Natural bonding orbital (NBO) population analysis reveals a distinct ylidic character for these species. Upon increasing methyl substitution, the R2O+O- ylide structure is stabilized energetically because of the better charge distribution of the formally positive central oxygen atom; thus, the energy differences relative to the R2O + 3O exit channel decrease significantly. The barrier for the 1,2-hydrogen migration in methanol oxide to yield methyl hydroperoxide amounts to only 5 kcal/mol, whereas the methyl shift in dimethyl ether oxide to afford dimethyl peroxide demands >40 kcal/mol and can proceed by retention or inversion of the configuration at the migrating carbon. The kinetic stabi...


Extreme weather events and natural disasters provide rich opportunities for valuable practical contributions from the discipline of risk analysis. Analytic modelsof risks and decisions can help reveal how and why people prepare in advance (or fail to), seek and use (or ignore) relevant information, decide whether to evacuate, manage the disaster as it unfolds and afterward (e.g., by deploying emergency crews to restore power and communications), recover from regional economic losses and infrastructure damage, and use insurance and support government policies to mitigate future disasters (e.g., by restricting land uses in flood zones). The first eight papers in this issue examine all of these and related aspects of risk assessment, perception, communication, and management for hurricanes. Chatterjee and Mozumder examine drivers of household preferences (or tolerance) for home inspections to obtain information about how to mitigate hurricane risks, as part of the State of Florida's My Safe Florida Home program. They develop a random utility model for the probability that a household will choose to allow inspection, and then use the model to relate choice probabilities to drivers of perceived opportunity costs and benefits of inspection. Households that have prior experience with damage, that feel vulnerable, and that maintain home insurance, are more likely to welcome inspections to obtain information; while households with more members, and mobile home owners, are less likely to do so. Greenberg et al. analyzed data from a telephone survey of New Jersey respondents (taken four months after Hurricane Sandy and less than two years after Irene) to understand determinants of public support for government-led programs to restrict land uses in flood zones, require storm-resistant housing standards, and otherwise mitigate the consequences of future hurricanes and storms. Correlations and principal component analysis (PCA) of responses showed that supporters of resilience and mitigation policies tended to have collectivist and egalitarian worldviews, with trust in climate scientists and the federal government, concern about global climate change, and willingness to contribute to a redevelopment program via taxes, fees, and bonds. These results generally supported prior expectations, as did the finding that, overall, there was strong public support in New Jersey for mitigation and resilience policies. However, this support is tempered by widespread distrust of the federal government and suspicion that state and local governments do not understand the regional implications of global climate change and that local media cannot be trusted to keep residents well informed. The authors note that extreme weather events create a limited time window to enact policy changes before the public disengages from the issue and attention shifts elsewhere. Trumbo et al. further examine the dynamics of risk perceptions, using causal analysis of mail survey panel data collected from Gulf coast residents following two major hurricanes, Katrina and Rita. They determine that, as time passes after such a severe natural disaster, perceived risk declines and optimistic bias increases (e.g., the belief that one's self has lower risk than most other people of having to evacuate during the next hurricane season). The data suggest (but do not prove) a causal influence from perceived risk to subsequent optimism bias as time since the last hurricane increases; and also the intriguing possibility that only respondents at lower income levels experience marked reductions in perceived risks of hurricanes as time since the most recent one increases. Wu et al. wonder how elected officials might use projected hurricane tracks and accompanying uncertainty cones in deciding whether to require an evacuation. They showed alternative displays of hurricane path information to psychology students: track only, uncertainty cone only, or both. The different displays


A multi-unit coal-fired power station where both dry and wet bottom ash handling systems are employed provides an opportunity for detailed comparison of the two approaches.


According to the actual situation of the rural power grid,an energy meter reading system is drawn on for the rural energy meter reading.The entire system design is raised based on the analysis of the overall demand meter reading system.The economical handheld meter reading instrument is designed,and the hardware circuit and peripheral interface circuit is presented,and a brief part of the design of its software is also introduced.The meter reading instrument investment has low cost,is easy to operate,is simple and practical,and has a positive practical significance and application value for improving the rural electricity data acquisition efficiency.


Objective To observe the effect of Fangshi capsule with Auricular-plaster therapy on experimental gallstone guinea pigs. Method Seventy five female guinea pigs were randomly divided into five groups blank group, model group, UDCA group, Fangshi group and Auricular plaster group. All animals were fed with corresponding feeds for two months. Results There were significant difference of gallstone rate and Ca2+ of bile of five groups: model grouptherapy group (Auricular-plaster group, UDCA group, Fangshi group) blank group. Conclusion Fangshi capsule combining with Auricular-plaster therapy could prevent the formation of cholesterol gallstone possibly by reducing the calcium ion concentration in the bile.


This is an examination of the lives of prominent 12th-century French women as well as popular female literary figures of the time. Focusing on medieval notions of women and love, the author studies women's biographies and analyzes how female characters were treated in fable and legend, pointing to the social and political forces at work in these representations. The historical personages include Eleanor of Aquitane, whose several marriages brought her wealth and autonomy; the virtuous Heloise; and the visionary Juette. The book also considers the literary figures of St Marie-Madeleine, a composite figure who personified the essential female traits of frailty, ardent love and evangelicism; Iseult, literary beloved of Tristan; and two other emblematic figures, Doree d'Amour and Phenix - women who became ladies through chivalrous love. The book seeks to offer new insights on courtly love and the representations of women under medieval patriarchy.


Abstract Life Plan Communities, also known as Continuing Care Retirement Communities, typically offer a wide range of wellness programs and services, including fitness classes, educational lectures, volunteer opportunities, and social events. Despite the convenience of onsite wellness resources, some residents choose not to participate in wellness offerings available at the community. One factor that may influence engagement in wellness behaviors is older adults' attitudes toward aging, which has been associated with differences in health and well-being over time. The purpose of this research was to examine the relationship between attitudes toward aging and wellness engagement among residents of Life Plan Communities. A total of 447 residents (ages 59 to 97; M = 81.82, SD = 6.55; 65% female) of 10 communities completed surveys that measured their attitudes toward aging, self-reported wellness, interest in improving wellness, participation in wellness programs, and barriers to wellness participation. Multiple regression analyses revealed that more positive attitudes toward aging were associated with better wellness, higher interest, more frequent participation, and fewer barriers, controlling for age, gender health, education, and marital status. Follow-up analyses revealed that these effects could be accounted for by specific types of aging attitudes (i.e., psychological growth, psychosocial loss, and physical change). For example, greater psychological growth was associated with greater wellness, interest in improving wellness, and wellness participation, whereas greater psychosocial losses was associated with greater perceived barriers and lower wellness. These findings have implications for the development, implementation, and promotion of wellness programs for older adults.


We consider three randomized schemes for load balancing among a xed number, N , of resources, and analyze them in the heavy tra c limit. The rst is join the shortest queue, where arrivals are routed to the shortest among d randomly chosen queues, where d ∈ {2, . . . , N}. The second is redundancy routing, where jobs are replicated d times, routed simultaneously to d randomly chosen queues, and all but the rst copy to be admitted into service are canceled. The third model, that we refer to as replicate to the shortest queues, combines the rst two policies, by replicating d times but sending the copies to the shortest d out of the N queues. We show that under the rst two policies, randomized load balancing dramatically a ects the heavy tra c asymptotics. Namely, it gives rise to di usion scale perturbations of the queue length away from zero, where otherwise (i.e., when d = 1) these perturbations are at the uid scale. For all three models, su cient conditions for state space collapse are provided, and di usion limits are established. AMS subject classi cation: 60F170, 60J60, 60K25, 93E20


The decreasing geometries and increasing die sizes of today's VLSI circuits are demanding ever more stringent controls over particle contamination on semiconductor wafers during their processing. Consequently, there is a need for objective inspection techniques to monitor defects and contaminants on the surface of semiconductor devices. The goals of such an inspection are:


The aim of this article is to describe national referendum initiatives launched in Venezuela during the government of Nicolas Maduro, which were linked, separately, to a series of constitutional reform initiatives and to presidential impeachment projects. The theoretical framework is the theory of veto players and, specifically, its thesis about competitive or monopolizing logics that control the referendum agenda. The research hypothesis is that the control level held by promoters on the agenda of political reform initiatives was one the main causes for the cancellation of the referendums that were mandatory. By means of an inductive-empirical method, it is shown that the rejection of referendums by pro-government political forces has been due, mainly, to the potential transformative effect that the use of this participation mechanism could have on the political system, given the current circumstances.


T to Robert Slavin for "Design Competitions: A Proposal for a New Federal Role in Educational Research and Development" (1997a). This response is intended to show how the U.S. Department of Education (ED) and its Office of Educational Research and Improvement (OERI) are starting to develop a consumer-oriented evaluation system that is based on many of the same premises as the design competitions and that would complement and optimize the substantial federal investment needed for each design competition. In brief, Robert Slavin proposed that the federal government fund the development, refinement, and evaluation of a winning group of instructional programs that are most likely to meet predetermined specifications related to "significantly raising student achievement" (p. 22). In his proposal, he also mentioned that "the U.S. Department of Education's FINDBEST system might help identify programs ready for third-party evaluation" (p. 25). This article discusses these and many other similarities and differences in the premises and potential strategies for these two approaches to provide more systematic leadership in federal education development, evaluation, and dissemination. It also will describe some key aspects of the evolving System of Expert Panels including a name change from its initial working title of the Findbest System. The System of Expert Panels can be viewed as an emerging consumeroriented evaluation component of the National Education Dissemination System (NEDS). The development of this system is already benefitting from the New American Schools Design Competition as well as from ideas in Dr. Slavin's proposal. After providing an overview of the evolving System of Expert Panels, I will discuss similarities and differences in these two approaches to improve federal R&D management and conclude with recommendations on how to coordinate them.


SDS-PAGE analysis of storage protein (SP) accumulation was conducted with trailing type (Y09) and erection type (Y06) of kidney beans as materials during seed development stage.The results indicated that the trends of protein accumulation of cotyledon and embryo of two types of kidney bean was basically identical after flowering,but their differences of change ranges were big,the accumulation amount of seed protein of trailing type was faster than that of erection type during seed early development stage (within 20 days after flowering);while the reversed trend was observed in 25~40 days after flowering.The cotyledon and embryo of two types of kidney bean had abundant storage proteins (SP) (14.4~97.4 kD);proteins with molecular mass of 41.0,43.9,39.4 kD were present in relatively high content,making up 50% of cotyledon proteins according to optical density,and subunits of embryo protein was well distributed.There was little difference in subunits of cotyledon and embryo proteins between trailing type and erection type.


Abstract Human activities have created high nutrient surpluses in agricultural lands due to the increasing rate of chemical fertilizer application and the increase in livestock production. To analyse the nutrient characteristics and estimate the nutrient load in streams, we conducted extensive field survey and water quality experiments from 2007 to 2008 in Koise River, a major river of the Lake Kasumigaura watershed, Japan. Water quality indicators of total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP) and total organic carbon (TOC) were investigated. The nutrient loads of TN, TP and TOC, as well as dissolved total nitrogen, dissolved inorganic nitrogen, dissolved organic nitrogen, particle organic nitrogen, dissolved total phosphorus, dissolved organic carbon and particle organic carbon were also estimated for the Koise River. Seasonal variation of the nutrient concentration from 2007 to 2008 was analysed considering the river discharge variation and agricultural activities. The results showed that the irrigation water from Lake Kasumigaura has the potential ability to decrease the TN concentration and increase the TOC concentration in the Koise River. Significant correlation coefficients between nutrient load and river discharge were found. The monthly pollution loads from different sources were then evaluated based on land cover classification generated from high-resolution Quick Bird remote sensing imagery. This study presents a useful interpretation of water quality data sets with a view to obtaining better information about water quality for more effective management of water resources in river basins. Editor Z.W. Kundzewicz Citation He, B., Oki, K., Wang, Y., Oki, T., Yamashiki, Y., Takara, K., Miura, S., Imai, A., Komatsu, K. and Kawasaki, N., 2012. Analysis of stream water quality and estimation of nutrient load with the aid of Quick Bird remote sensing imagery. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 57 (5), 850–860.


Alfalfa seed weight and number of seeds per pod are important characteristics which have been associated with seed yield and seed quality. The objective of this research was to investigate the relative influence of seed and pollen parents and temperature during pollination on individual seed weight and number of seeds per pod. The relative influence of seed position in the pod on seed weight was also investigated. Twelve diverse clones were designated as seed (4) and pollen (8) parents. They were grown in the greenhouse at 24/18 day/night temperature and then transferred to growth chambers which were maintained at either 18 or 27 °C during and 24 h after pollination. Seed weight and number of seeds per pod were influenced by temperature during pollination, and also by both seed and pollen parents. The position of the seed in the pod influenced seed weight. The largest seed occurred at the base of the pod, which may have resulted from a differential nutrient supply from the base to the top of the pod. The ...


The invention discloses a catalyst for preparing butadiene by oxidative dehydrogenation of butene, a preparation method and an application thereof. The catalyst has the following structural general formula, wherein M is selected from V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu or a mixture of two or more of V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni and Cu in any proportion; N is selected from Na, K, Cs or a mixture of two or more of Na, K and Cs in any proportion; x is equal to 0.5-20; y is equal to 0.05-20; z is equal to 0.01-5; and a is a number meeting the valence state of each atom; the catalyst is prepared by the following steps: (1) separately dissolving precursor compounds of the elements Mo, Bi, M and N metal according to the component proportion of the general formula, adding the precursor solution of the Bi, M and N metal into the precursor solution of the Mo, and then aging the pulp; (2) adding an urea solution into the aged pulp, wherein in terms of mole, the ratio of the amount of the urea to the sum of the amounts of Bi and M in the pulp is 0.2-10; and conducting aging again: (3) adding graphite, and conducting granulating, tabletting and roasting to obtain the catalyst, BiMoxMyNzOa.


Taking a licensed 300 MW,domestic manufactured,as an example,variable load calculations of the steam turbine have been made and the effect on turbine performance,under gliding pressure operating condition,of opening different numbers of governing valves,investigated,including the governing(stage's) relative efficiency and effective enthalpy drop,the H.P.cylinder's exit steam temperature,the feed water pump's power consumption etc.By a comparative analysis of all the mentioned indices,the optimal mode of gliding pressure operation of the set is found.It is pointed out that,for inproving operational economy,different number of governing valves should be opened for different types of turbine sets.


The root canal contents of 14 necrotic pulps with periapical radiolucent areas were examined bacteriologically. In a previous report, the ratio of positive cultures from cases of necrotic pulps without radiolucent areas was 72.7 %. In this present experiment, however, microorganisms were isolated from all the cases. These results indicate that the bacteria are closely related to bone resorption in the periapical region. Almost all isolates were obligate anaerobes (in 9 cases, all isolates were anaerobes). Among the anaerobes, Peptostreptococcus, Eubacterium and Bacteroides were predominant and these were rarely isolated from the root canals of necrotic teeth without radiolucent area. Eubacterium alactolyticum and Peptostreptococcus micros were most prevalent species. These bacteria were also isolated from root canal filled teeth with acute periapical pathosis. Therefore, it was concluded that the above bacteria may exert an important influence on the progress of periapical pathological conditions with bone destruction.


Some materials will be hydrogenated to corrosion, such as metal materials, organic materials, polymer materials and so on, when the concentration of hydrogen in a mixed gas is greater than 4% in a closed space of micro environment. Their performances will be seriously affected. So removing or reducing the concentration of hydrogen in a micro environment can fundamentally solve the problem of hydrogenation corrosion. Metallic hydrogen removing agent and organic hydrogen removing agent are the main research directions of controlling materials of hydrogen concentration in micro environment. Current research status in the world are comprehensively reviewed from these two aspects. Features and application scopes of these two kinds of materials are pointed out separately, which provide a theoretical reference for the prevention of accidents caused by hydrogenation corrosion.


In this work, we present an approach to understand the computational methods and decision-making involved in the identification of emotions in spontaneous speech. The selected task consists of Spanish TV debates, which entail a high level of complexity as well as additional subjectivity in the human perception-based annotation procedure. A simple convolutional neural model is proposed, and its behaviour is analysed to explain its decision-making. The proposed model slightly outperforms commonly used CNN architectures such as VGG16, while being much lighter. Internal layer-by-layer transformations of the input spectrogram are visualised and analysed. Finally, a class model visualisation is proposed as a simple interpretation approach whose usefulness is assessed in the work.


This article aims to discuss the role of kiai in building voter participation. The method used is a qualitative approach. Data collection using observation, interviews, and observations. Analysis uses an interactive model. The results of the study show that scholars have 3 (three) roles in politics, namely as political political patrons, political elites, and political mediators. Kiai as political patrons become a reference in making political choices. Kiai are active political elites in the management of political parties and mass mobilization. Kiai as political mediators mediate in political conflicts.


The present invention relates to a hydraulic driving magnetic suspension permanent magnet power generator system, said system is comprised of 1. motive power driving system; 2. hydraulic and pneumatic, lifting, shifting and support system; 3. magnetic transmission speed-regulating system; 4. magnetic suspension permanent magnet generator; 5. compressed air production and storage system; 6. gas and liquid combined type energy-storing system; 7. power generation and starting dual-purpose electric machine and 8 battery pack. It said inventio, hydraulic and pneumatic transmission technique, magnetic transmission technique, magnetic syspension technique and hydraulic power generation technique is adopted.


The heavy ion radiations (HIR)-induced mutations may lead to either lethality or survival; depending on irradiation dose, type of species, physiological status and DNA breaks and their repairibility. In present study, the effects of 7Li3+ ion irradiation exposure on seeds were studied to elucidate the change in total oil that contains important fatty acid including glucosinolate in seeds of Brassica juncea cv RH-30 grown in field for three years. The total seed oil and fatty acid content varied in oil seeds of crop depending on irradiation dose and crop cycle. The palmitic acid, a saturated and cholesterol raising fatty acid decreased at two lower dosage up to M2 generation, but little increased in M3 generation seeds. The unsaturated fatty acids (Oleic, Linoleic, Linolenic and Eicosenoic acid) increased 10-18% depending on dosages over control. There was considerable increase in glucosinolates due to irradiation only in M1 cycle, but thereafter decreased up to M3 cycle. Erucic acid level also varied with dose and crop cycle. The study suggests that mustard could be good potential model system for desirable change in fatty acid composition might be implicated in neutraceutical and HIR specific dose may be exploited for improvement


The present invention monitors the gas composition, to an apparatus and method for controlling and / or regulation. The apparatus comprises at least a sensor unit having a training and / or rehabilitation unit, an electrochemical solid electrolyte sensor which can further heating for heatable electrochemical solid electrolyte sensor and carbon dioxide concentration determination for oxygen concentration determination a control unit for the sensor, for holding a constant sensor temperature, and the microcontroller in the control unit for controlling the heating power of the heating element of the sensor depends on the respiration volume, predeterminable target value determines, and / or, depending on the respiration volume is breathing gas composition and detecting the detection by the sensor unit, for reducing and / or increasing the amount of components of the air to produce a gas composition comprising of a system, the. .BACKGROUND


In this study, we developed a methodology to guide neurite outgrowth by chemical guidance cue for studying the growth and development of neuronal systems. We reported a real-time manipulation system by penetrating a 4 μm thin-glass sheet embedded in a microfluidic device using a femtosecond laser. This system allowed controlled release of the growth factor that induced directional neurite outgrowth at a designated time point.


The Taiwan problem is the most enduring and dangerous of the East Asian flashpoints. Conflicting notions of sovereignty, deeply rooted in Taipei and Beijing, preclude a diplomatic breakthrough under present conditions. With cross-Strait tensions likely to persist well into the twenty-first century, Taiwan faces the daunting challenge of maintaining its de facto autonomy in the shadow of growing Chinese economic and military power. The threat of the People's Republic of China (PRC) conquering Taiwan through military invasion or economic coercion is often overstated, but the PRC's determination and capability to bring extreme pressure on Taiwan through military means other than invasion should be respected. Instead of focusing on short-term solutions to the impasse, the best course is a careful management of the status quo, with Taiwan refraining from undue provocation of Beijing, allowing time for a future generation of Chinese to re-evaluate the relationship between formal Taiwanese independence and China's security.


Most of Shakespeare's plays embody Katharsis's balance and harmony theory.His tragedies display the balance between fear and mercy,comedies show the balance between laugh and solemnity,historical plays reflect the balance between historical verity and art verity and melodrama reveals the balance between fantasy and reality.


Objective To discuss the effect of electric ice blanket on the treatment of centralhyperthermia and the clinical nursing experience.Methods 42 patients with centralhyperthermia were selected and randomly divided into two groups.In control group,20 patients were treated by traditional cooling method and nursing.In observation group,22 patients were treated by electric ice-blanket cooling method and nursing.The effects of the two groups were compared.Results The cooling effects of observation group were better than control group.Conclusions Electric ice-blanket treatment is the effective method for centralhyperthermia patients.It is worth generalization.


Citrate‐stabilized CdSe nanocrystals in an aqueous solution were transferred into various organic solvents using thiol as phase transfer reagent. Disappearance of band‐edge emission from thiol‐capped CdSe nanocrystals was observed in organic solvents. By UV light irradiation, the band‐edge emission was activated. The aggregates of CdSe nanocrystals were observed by TEM. The mechanism of formation for the CdSe aggregates is discussed.


The improved KF model is based on KF model and Gay model,and the component activity expression of ternary system is also deduced.The improved KF model is applied into the ternary SiO2-CaO-MnO molten slag system,and through the study on binary system,the model parameters can be obtained,so the component activity of ternary system can be calculated.The result shows the relative deviation between calculation result and experimental result of MnO at 1 823 K and 1 773 K are: S*MnO 1 823 K=19.3%,S8MnO 1 773 K=28.1%,respectively.It indicates that it is feasible to apply this theory in SiO2-CaO-MnO molten slag system.


With growing importance of microchannel in notable fields like medical, aerospace, food industry, it is necessary to improve the accuracy of pre-determining the mean droplet size to its maximum. We have analysed the various parameters that can influence the bubble size formed. Our main objective is to derive a relationship between diameter of microchannel, length of the junction, emulsion flow rate, and mean droplet diameter so that we would be able to determine the emulsion properties beforehand. It was found that bubble size increases as flowrate of continuous phase decreases.


We consider fluid flow in thin films of molten metal resulting from irradiation by a Gaussian laser beam. Surface tension gradients due to nonuniform heating induce a flow of the molten liquid away from the center of the irradiated area, leading to formation of dry areas on the substrate. We develop a mathematical model of the flow under the assumption of the large ratio of laser beam radius to film thickness. The model extends the standard lubrication-type analysis to include the highly nonlinear dependence of evaporative flux on local interfacial temperature, unsteady heat conduction in the substrate, and positive disjoining pressure due to unbalanced contributions from the kinetic energy of free electrons in the metal. The latter is proportional to the inverse square of the film thickness. We identify thermocapillary stresses as the main mechanism of rapid removal of liquid metal from the irradiated area. Characteristic times of the process, as well as shapes of the molten region surface, agree with ex...


Typically, an individual in Genetic Programming (GP) can not make the most of its genetic inheritance. Once it is mapped, its fitness is immediately evaluated and it survives only until the genetic operators and its competitors eliminate it. Thus, the key to survival is to be born strong.
 This paper proposes a simple alternative to this powerlessness by allowing an individual to tune its internal nodes and going through several evaluations before it has to compete with other individuals.
 We demonstrate that this system, Chameleon, outperforms standard GP over a selection of symbolic regression type problems on both training and test sets; that the system works harmoniously with two other well known extensions to GP, that is, linear scaling and a diversity promoting tournament selection method; that it can benefit dramatically from a simple cache; that adding to functions set does not always add to the tuning expense; and that tuning alone can be enough to promote smaller trees in the population. Finally, we touch upon the consequences of ignoring the effects of complexity when focusing on just the tree sizes to induce parsimony pressure in GP populations.


A cavity-backed annular slot-ring antenna with reconfigurable VO2 shorts is designed to take advantage of the insulator-to-metal transition of the material. By selectively activating the shorts, the antenna presents a change in resonant frequencies from 6.3 GHz, when no shorts are active, to 8.25 GHz, when the short located at 80 degrees from the feed point is active. The antenna gain varies from 1 to 5.5 dBi for the different operating states.


How useful to historians are letters written by aristocratic and gentle women in the early modern period? The essay argues that women's correspondence was concerned with issues that were not normally central to male letters and that, as a consequence, they provide historians with unique information and insights about women, men and family and about the 'private' and its active and continuing relationship with the 'public'.The essay provides a critique of letters as evidence and contrasts them with, for example, diaries and autobiographies. The work concentrates on the Bagot, Bacon and Townshend and Ferrar letters and suggests that, to be most valuable, they have to be studied in context.


Master's Dissertation Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Elétrica Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, RS, Brasil ANALYSIS AND CONTROL OF PERMANENT MAGNET SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR APPLIED TO WIND ENERGY CONVERSION SYSTEM Author: Thiago Araújo Bernardes Advisor: Humberto Pinheiro Place and Date: Santa Maria, June 26, 2009. This dissertation addresses the analysis and control of permanent magnet synchronous generators (PMSG) found in wind energy conversion system. The operation modes of the wind turbine the current and voltage constraints of a PWM rectifier are defined and a methodology to determine the generator current is presented. The generator currents obtained guarantee the maximization of wind energy extraction as well as the minimization of the PMSG and rectifier losses. In addition, a space-vector modulation technique in overmodulation region is reviewed in detail and applied aiming: (i) to maximize the generator power; (ii) to utilize the entire PWM rectifier DC link voltage resource, and (iii) to obtain a smooth transition to six-step operation. Furthermore, a single current controller is designed for all operating modes being capable to avoid the controller states overload as well as the undesired effects due to the operation in the overmodulation region. The stability analysis of the closed loop system is investigated by means of linear matrix inequality conditions to estimate a region of operation with guaranteed stability. Simulation results are presented to demonstrate the performance of the proposed system.


Mitochondrial fatty acid -oxidation disorders are relatively common causes of acute metabolic crises and sudden death in infants. Most of these disorders can be treated effectively, provided, fasting is avoided and there is an early start of a high-carbohydrate low-fat diet therapy. Two disorders, long-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (LCHAD) and complete mitochondrial trifunctional protein (MTP) deficiencies, have pathogenetically interesting and therapeutically challenging manifestations, which are atypical of -oxidation defects. In addition to the classical manifestations of disorders affecting -oxidation of long-chain fatty acids (hypoketotic hypoglycaemia, hepatopathy, cardiomyopathy and rhabdomyolysis), patients with LCHAD and MTP defects have pigmentary retinopathy, which causes visual handicap, progressive peripheral neuropathy and hypoparathyreosis. Furthermore, female carriers may have devastating pre-eclampsia-related complications and in particular acute fatty liver during pregnancy. Pathogenesis research of the important characteristic features of LCHAD and MTP deficiencies would not only improve opportunities for new therapeutic strategies but could increase our understanding of tissue metabolism affected by these disorders.


Extensions and improvements to a deflated preconditioned conjugate gradient technique are considered. In particular, the use of the technique for embedded grids, for cases where volume of fluid (VOF) or level set (LS) schemes are required, its implementation on parallel machines and its extension to the elasticity equations are considered. Several examples are included that demonstate a considerable reduction in the number of iterations and a remarkable insensitivity to the number of groups/regions chosen and/or to the way the groups are formed.


The IEEE P4001 group is developing a new standard for hyperspectral imaging. A central part of the work is to define a standardized way to specify hyperspectral cameras. P4001 aims to define a complete description of the camera as a "black box", i.e. without referencing camera internals such as f-number. The aim is to use characteristics that are welldefined physical quantities, and which capture all important aspects of performance, in some cases with a tradeoff to avoid the need for excessive testing equipment or effort. The characteristics apply to the most widely used camera architectures based on dispersive spectrometers or tunable filters.


Background: The Global burden of HBV related HCC is still a major challenge for public health in the 21 st century, especially in the endemic regions due to unavailability of early diagnostic techniques and treatment. Worldwide 450 million individuals are reported to be chronic carriers of HBV, accounting for 55% of global cases of HCC 80% 0f which are found in the sub-saharan Africa. Despite, high magnitude of HBV related HCC in Africa and the world at large, no data from Tanzania is available to address magnitude of HBV among patients with HCC. Objective: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of Hepatitis B viral infection among patients with hepatocellular carcinoma attending Muhimbili national hospital in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Methods: A descriptive cross sectional study was done for a period of 9 months, June 2012 through February 2013. During this period patients attending inpatients and outpatients gastroenterology department with the diagnosis of HCC were enrolled and screened for Hepatitis B virus. The evaluation included risk factor assessment, clinical assessment, Abdominal ultra-sound, FNAC of the liver, determination of serology for Hepatitis B (HBsAg) by ELISA. Results: In this study the prevalence of HBV among 90 patients with HCC was 68.9%, observed most commonly among age group 30-60 years, with male to female ratio of 2.7:1. Majority of the participant with HCC the most frequent reported clinical features included Generalize body malaise (98.9%), sweat (97.8%), weight loss (97.8%), loss of appetite (80%), yellowish discolouration of the eyes (63.3%) and abdominal pains (52.2%). Conclusion: This study revealed high prevalence of HBV among patients with HCC and the highest prevalence of the disease was found among patients aged between 30-60 years suggesting early childhood exposure to HBV. Therefore early screening and treatment of chronic active HBV infection is recommended in order to reduce the magnitude of HCC in our setting.


Techniques and process of construction of large-scale Chinese-English and English-Chinese parallel translation corpus were discussed and explored utilising the combination of linguistics, translation and computer science theories. The construction process was analyzed from perspectives of overall design, design of sub-corpus and database construction. The design can be organized into: setting the objective, determining the scale of the translation task creating the sub-corpus for Chinese to English or vice versa and setting rules for selecting context related words as well as discussing the principles of database design, development and implementation for the repository corpus.


Abstract Accounts of San (Bushman) shamanistic rock art have concentrated on the role of the trance dance in the generation of the paintings. This paper considers the role of dreaming to achieve ends similar to those served by the dance. Animal behaviour was depicted to suggest trance‐dreaming, as it was to suggest other shamanistic experiences. Sleeping eland probably represent San shamans in trance‐dreaming.


Mucins are high molecular weight glycoproteins that are produced by various epithelial cells including those found in the pancreas. MUC1 and MUC2 are two well characterized mucin antigens. The objective of the current study was to examine the pattern of phenotypic expression of MUC1 and MUC2 in pancreatic lesions obtained by fine‐needle aspiration biopsy (FNA) and to determine the utility of MUC1 and MUC2 as markers for pancreatic ductal carcinoma.