The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Baltimore District (NAB), is currently engaged in the Dyke Marsh Project for the National Park Service. Dyke Marsh is located along the Potomac River south of Alexandria, VA. The U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development, Coastal and Hydraulics Laboratory, conducted a numerical modeling study to compute differences in hydrodynamic conditions (water surface elevations, depth-averaged water velocities, and wave heights, periods, and directions) between existing conditions and seven alternative with-project conditions for Dyke Marsh. Modeling results suggested that several of the alternative withproject condition designs were viable in terms of the NAB goals to provide protection to the marsh from damaging waves and currents. All the designs decreased wave heights in the shadow zones of the structures, and none significantly altered water levels. The shorter-length project designs provided reasonable levels of protection to the marsh while not significantly increasing water velocities on the opposite (eastern) shoreline of the Potomac River. Detailed model results from each of the alternative with-project condition designs are presented herein. DISCLAIMER: The contents of this report are not to be used for advertising, publication, or promotional purposes. Citation of trade names does not constitute an official endorsement or approval of the use of such commercial products. All product names and trademarks cited are the property of their respective owners. The findings of this report are not to be construed as an official Department of the Army position unless so designated by other authorized documents. DESTROY THIS REPORT WHEN NO LONGER NEEDED. DO NOT RETURN IT TO THE ORIGINATOR. ERDC/CHL TR-18-15 iii


The article considers the problems of effective employment for youth forming in the municipal institutions. The necessity of institutional environment (rules, agreements, guarantors) creation, providing the conditions of productive interaction of youth labor market participants are revealed in the text.


Demand for gold was relatively resilient in the first quarter of 2012, with global demand falling five per cent on a year-over-year basis, according to the World Gold Council (WGC).


An electrical circuit based model for eddy current system has been developed using commercial electrical engineering software. The model allows incorporation of individual characteristics of the signal generator, the cable, the eddy current sensor and the sample under test. Computational results of the characteristics of the system, obtained by sweeping the frequency, under normal and varying test conditions are presented. The sensitivity of the eddy current system response due to changes in different parameters during test conditions is discussed.


This paper examines empirically the interaction between immigration and house prices in U.S. I employ panel VECM techniques to use a large annual dataset on U.S over the period 2000-2019. The VECM approach allows to address the cointegration between variables in VAR. Our results provide evidence of migration contribution to the increase of house price in U.S. (positive impact on GDP and negative impact on aggregate unemployment). We also find that migration is influenced by house price in U.S. (migration responds positively to host GDP and negatively to host total unemployment rate and house price).


Furu is one of the considerable types of classical fiqh books. However, these works are not recognized enough. There is no Furuk book which is recently published and this is an ordinary example of our opinion. In this subject, Turkish articles are almost negligible. Furu is an important issue in terms of fiqh education and comperative fiqh studies This article is discussing Furu in general terms, then presenting some information about two of the first examples of this area. After that, it is pointing out the topic by comparisons. When considering the interactions of the Works, the classical fiqh book's richness of the content are also introduced,


There is increasing evidence that men and women have different experiences of leisure, both in terms of their participation and in terms of needs fulfilled by leisure activities. Studies of leisure behaviour have in the past tended to neglect the effects of sex roles which may qualify and limit the results obtained from them. Growing impetus to study the constraints on women's leisure has come from the feminist movement. In order to understand leisure behaviour, however, study of the implications of both male and female sex roles for leisure choice is necessary.


The aim of the work was to study Pseudomonas aeruginosa ability to produce bacteriocins with low molecular weight, establishing their nature and belonging to a certain group of antimicrobial substances. Methods. The objects of the study were substances synthesized by six Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains – highly active bacteriocin producers. Isolation of substances with low molecular weight was carried out by dialysis through a semipermeable membrane with molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) 15 kDa. The belonging of the obtained substances to bacteriocins was checked by the influence on own producer strains, the treatment with trypsin (1 mg/ml), the detection of their absorption spectrum. The investigated substances were concentrated by ammonium sulphate, and the molecular weight was determined by SDS-PAGE. Results . The results of the dialysis of P. aeruginosa lysates for 3 and 10 days showed that the studied cultures are able to produce low-molecular substances that penetrate through the pores of dialysis membrane with MWCO 15 kDa. The duration of penetration and activity of these substances for each strain were different. But in all cases, dialysates of the 1 st day were characterized by the maximum activity, and then the tendency to decrease these parameters in subsequent periods of sampling was observed. The detected substances did not penetrate through the dialysis membrane with MWCO 6-8 kDa, did not affect their own producer strains, and lost activity after treatment with trypsin (1 mg/ml). The peaks of their absorption were 205-210 nm, which is characteristic of peptide bonds of proteins. The received data allowed characterizing the detected substances as low molecular weight bacteriocins. The results of SDS-PAGE revealed a single peptide with molecular weight of 9 kDa. Conclusions. The investigated P. aeruginosa strains were characterized by production of low molecular weight microcin II-like bacteriocins with molecular weight about 9 kDa. These substances may be associated with S-type pycins, which are also synthesized by the same strains.


1. Introduction Part I. The Mirror as Title-Metaphor: 2. History of the mirror-title in England 3. A typology of works bearing mirror-titles Part II. Mirror-Conventions in Literature and Art: 4. The multiplicity of mirrors Part III. Originality: general conclusions: 9. The concept of originality 10. The historical dimension of metaphor, aesthetics and ideas: the age of the mirror Appendix Notes Indexical bibliography of primary references General bibliography.


This research aimed to analyze the relationship between Brazilian companies carbon performance and monetary incentives granted to executives in order to reach environmental goals. The present research consists in two stages developed in two articles delineated for a better understanding of the matter. The first article focuses on the relationship timing between executive compensations and carbon performance, where the dependent variable is remuneration. Results show that carbon performance is not able statistically for explain executive compensations. Earnings are better explained by previous period remuneration, which agrees with previous results from several researches. It was used descriptive, multivariate statistics and data panel in order to analyze an original database based on secondary information extracted from the GHG emission inventories and executive remuneration data from the Company Reference Forms. The second article has the main objective to verify executive's motivational character from their monetary incentives through its effects on the companies' carbon performance. The research design includes descriptive statistics and data panel, to analyze information extracted from the GHG emissions inventories database the, the Business Reference Form, with respect to executive compensation data, and the Economatica ® database for Total Asset information and Market Value of companies. Results show that Brazilian companies are encouraging their executives to achieve emission reduction targets, mainly through non-fixed remuneration. Although it is not possible identify this in the way currently categorized by CVM. Therefore, results confirm that executives non-fixed remuneration induces greater motivation to hit carbon performance targets and this performance implies for firm's market value. Hence, it cannot be said that remuneration is also determined by carbon performance goals or objectives. However, remuneration has a relevant role in carbon performance of Brazilian companies, and this can contribute to better environmental incentive packages.


A solid-vapor interface is theoretically studied in the vicinity of the triple point, where the liquid phase coexists with the solid and the vapor. We find that surface melting also occurs if the solidvapor interface moves with constant velocity v as a result of slow evaporation of the crystal. In fact, the thickness of the liquidlike surface layer is found to increase with increasing u. For materials with a low vapor pressure such as Pb, this dynamically induced thickening of the liquidlike surface layer is, however, estimated to be very small. This implies that the interfacial structure observed in recent experiments should closely resemble the equilibrium structure.


The importance of shields for suppressing neutron-induced background in new classes of (gamma) -ray detectors such as CZT has been emphasized for a variety of reasons. These include high cross-sections for neutron interactions in detector materials and inefficient vetoing of neutrons in conventional active shields. We previously demonstrated through Monte-Carlo simulation how our new approach, supershields, is superior to the monolithic, biatomic neutron shields which have been developed in the past. Here we show the construction of several prototype models for supershields using B and H. We verify the performance of these supershields through lab experiments using radioactive sources and monoenergetic neutron beam at the Radiological Research Accelerator Facility, and compare the results with monolithic neutron shields. We also discuss the implications of this experiment for designs of supershields in general.


This paper provides an overview of the 3D-COFORM project which began in December 2008 and aims to advance the state-of-the-art in 3D-digitsation and make 3D-documentation an everyday practical choice for digital documentation campaigns in the cultural heritage sector.


This study examines the effectiveness of the Local Literacy Provider Training (LLPT) program in the Republic of Macedonia through customized application of Desimone's (2009) Core Conceptual Framework for Effectiveness Studies of Professional Development. Findings confirm the alignment of the LLPT design to research-based elements of effective professional development, as well as the challenges and importance of context in designing and conducting professional development in the Macedonian context. The conceptual frameworks and pragmatic measures used in the study have potential utility for the critical examination of the design of professional development, particularly as concerns its content, process, and context, and its assumptions and assessment tools.


One of the exdting aspects of teaching literature to medical students is the challenge to find new ways to discuss literature, ways that have connection to the immediate needs of the students as well as to their continuing intellectual and emotional development. Using literature to teach prindples of medical ethics is, I have found, particularly interesting. It is espedally so when one uses literature that, at first glance, has little to do with medidne per se. Using literature to expose students to a variety of value systems and to examine how characters function within those systems in a given work, and from there expanding discussion to prindples of medical ethics, seems a natural extension of an approach to literature I have used for years. One way to examine the themes of a work is first to explore the value system of the work and then to determine the relative placement of characters on a continuum determined by whether, or how well, they meet the criteria of that system. The value system might be a reflection of our sodety's system, or it might have its own codes of acceptable behavior, often at odds with the larger value system. Let me illustrate with an example or two from John Steinbeck's Of Mice and Men. At the core of this tale of two bindle stiffs (single-migrant workers) traveling together in California is their makeshift "fambly." George and Lennie have a unique relationship. Unlike the other bindle stiffs, they have companionship; they have someone who cares. They are different, as Lennie tells George, " 'because I got you to look after me, and you got me to look after you. ... "^ In the course of the novel, the dream


Solid Oxide Fuel Cell [SOFC]/Gas Turbine [GT] hybrid power systems can synergistically exploit the high operating temperature and high electrical generation efficiency of the solid oxide fuel cell and the high power density and simplicity of the gas turbine engine generator. Continued studies at Siemens Westinghouse seek practical system configurations with commercialization potential. Pressurized SOFC [PSOFC]/GT system concepts [directly heated Brayton cycles] can yield electrical power generation at the highest efficiency [circa 70%] {net ac/LHV} with concomitant complexity in configuration, operation and installation. Indirectly heated Brayton cycles utilizing an atmospheric pressure SOFC [ASOFC] can achieve a more modest electrical power generation efficiency [circa 55%] with considerably less complexity. Co-firing of the GT combustor to yield state-of-the-art [SOA] turbine inlet temperature [TIT] can most fully exploit the capability of SOA turbine technology yielding a hybrid system of lesser efficiency, but also of lesser cost ($/kWe). The ideal gas turbine and/or system configuration remains elusive however. Recent studies have focused on the indirectly heated cycle wherein the gas turbine exhaust serves directly as the SOFC oxidant. Consequently, the GT exhaust flow rate and temperature must be compatible with SOFC generator inlet requirements. This compatibility can be difficult to achieve with a state-of-the-art micro gas turbine generator [MTG] that typically operates with relatively low pressure ratio [3 to 4]. Alternatives ranging from the ideal GT to system level feature additions allowing SOA GTs have been analyzed. These alternatives are identified and discussed, and results of a comparative performance and cost evaluation are reviewed.Copyright © 2005 by ASME


Rugged land cover classification accuracies produced by an artificial neural network (ANN) using simulated moderate-resolution remote sensor data exceed overall accuracies produced using the maximum likelihood rule (MLR). Land cover in spatially-complex areas and at broad spatial scales may be difficult to monitor due to ambiguities in spectral reflectance information produced from cloud-related and topographic effects, or from sampling constraints. Such ambiguities may produce inconsistent estimates of changes in vegetation status, surface energy balance, run-off yields, or other land cover characteristics. By use of a 'back-classification' protocol, which uses the same pixels for testing as for training the classifier, tests of ANN versus MLR-based classifiers demonstrated the ANNbased classifier equalled or exceeded classification accuracies produced by the MLR-based classifier in five of six land cover classes evaluated.


The present research involves the opportunity of utilising the signal to noise (S/N) ratio analysis to set machining factors in the drilling of aluminium alloy LM6-Fly ash composites (AMCs). The purpose of this research is to understand, during drilling of AMCs, the consequences of variables, feed rate, spindle speed, drill material and amount of reinforcing material on surface roughness and burr height. AMCs are formed with LM6 (Al alloy) as continuous component via the stir casting process and fly ash as reinforced content. The Taguchi design strategy is a widely accepted method which is used to produce quality products that require minimum commitment. Likewise, the L27 orthogonal array is used for conducting experiments. The response table, response graphs and analysis of variance (ANOVA) illustrate the prospective atmosphere and the impacts of input process variables. Taguchi technique considerably enhances the drilling operation.


HORIZON System doesn't seem like support label printing function in the way of local practical requirement.This article introduce the way that how we use the batch exportation function of HORIZON System,developing our own interface program and setting up the printing parameters of datatrans-1000 system to solve this printing problem.


The claim that the equivalent width of the optical Fe II emission complexes and the soft X-ray slopes of quasars are related is examined. It is shown that among radio-loud quasars, flat radio spectrum objects have flatter soft X-ray slopes. This places steep radio spectrum quasars intermediate in their X-ray slopes between flat radio spectrum and radio-quiet objects. This information may be combined with the observation that steep radio spectrum quasars have weaker Fe II emission to suggest that no correlation between Fe II emission and X-ray spectral slope is expected. An analysis of 15 objects with homogeneously measured Fe II emission strengths and X-ray spectral slopes confirms this prediction. 13 refs.


Calcium signaling has been studied in astrocyte cell bodies using bulk loading of calcium indicator dyes, and astrocytes are known to displayintracellularcalciumtransients.Anassumptioninrecentdataontheneuronalimpactofsomaticastrocytecalciumtransientshas been that bulk loading reflects signaling in relevant astrocyte compartments such as processes. We assessed bulk loading using Sholl analysis(Sholl,1953)ofastrocytesloadedwithcommoncalciumindicatordyesandcomparedthesedatawithShollanalysisofastrocyte morphology. In the CA1 region of the hippocampus from rats, we found that bulk loading of calcium indicator dyes only reports on calciumsignalswithinthesomaandinthemostproximalprocesses,leaving90%oftheareaofanastrocyteanditsextensiveprocesses unsampled. By using morphological reconstructions as "maps" after the imaging session, we present simple procedures that remedy these shortfalls and permit reliable detection of calcium transients in distal astrocyte processes. The data thus reveal limitations in the interpretationofastrocytecalciumimagingdatagatheredwithbulkloadingandproviderefinementstominimizetheseshortcomings.


Modal identification performs one of the most important roles in structural dynamics analysis and structural health monitoring, especially when the input excitations are not measurable. Most of the traditional blind source separation approaches can only handle determined or overdetermined blind modal identification, where the number of observed sensors is equal to or greater than the number of active modes. When the number of observed sensors is less than the number of active modes, new methods to perform underdetermined blind modal identification should be considered. To tackle this issue, a novel operational modal identification method based on an enhanced sparse component analysis with optimized clustering is proposed. Firstly, a robust K-means clustering with differential evolution algorithm is put forward to estimate the mode shape matrix utilizing the sparse property of observed mixtures. Secondly, the modal responses are recovered by the least squares method from the incomplete knowledge of the mode shape matrix and the system outputs. Subsequently, the modal responses are transformed into a time domain through time-frequency transformation, where the modal parameters are extracted. Finally, numerical simulation and experimental verification demonstrate that in both the determined and underdetermined case, the proposed method can perform accurate and robust parameter identification of structural systems.


The total number of confined space accident cases from 1999 to 2007 in Korea were 220, causing 353 injuries and 212 casualties. Out of 220 cases, 44(20.0%) occurred in sewage treatment facilities and 40(18.2%) occurred in both manholes and containers. When the main causes of confined space accidents were classified, oxygen deficiency accounted for 69 cases(31.4%), carbon monoxide, 48(21.8%), hydrogen sulfide, 40(18.2%), and organic solvent, 32(14.5%). Improvement of occupational accident statistics is necessary in order to report accurate and precise data for confined space accidents. The structure of confined space must be considered when selecting gas to be measured.


A desired reflectance profile versus frequency (wavenumber) can be directly Fourier transformed into the index of refraction profile as a function of thickness which would produce the desired spectral reflectance profile. This tool has existed for some years now but does not seem to be in common use. This paper lays out some of the principles to aid in making the process more understandable, intuitive, and useful without recourse to higher mathematics. If nothing else, the Fourier transform technique can provide a good starting point for further design optimization with commonly used techniques. It can be very valuable for new and unusual thin film design problems for which previous experience is of little guidance. It can also add insight into underlying principles of common designs of longstanding.


The objective of our study was to develop dynamic collaboration between a human and a robot. Most conventional studies have created pre-designed rule-based collaboration systems to determine the timing and behavior of robots to participate in tasks. Our aim is to introduce the confidence of the task as a criterion for robots to determine their timing and behavior. In this paper, we report the effectiveness of applying reproduction accuracy as a measure for quantitatively evaluating confidence in an object arrangement task. Our method is comprised of three phases. First, we obtain human-robot interaction data through the Wizard of OZ method. Second, the obtained data are trained using a neuro-dynamical system, namely, the Multiple Time-scales Recurrent Neural Network (MTRNN). Finally, the prediction error in MTRNN is applied as a confidence measure to determine the robot's behavior. The robot participated in the task when its confidence was high, while it just observed when its confidence was low. Training data were acquired using an actual robot platform, Hiro. The method was evaluated using a robot simulator. The results revealed that motion trajectories could be precisely reproduced with a high degree of confidence, demonstrating the effectiveness of the method.


This paper reviews the results of thermal spraying on the magnesium alloy AZ 91. By plasma, arc and HVOF spraying various metal based alloys were used as coating materials. The layers were investigated with regard to microstructure, bonding and corrosion resistance. Paper text in German.


Based on the chemical composition of the manganese mineral, aluminum shaving and laminated rolled scale, a strategy is proposed to simultaneously produce ferromanganese and galaxite (abrasive material) through the application of aluminathermic reduction. The feasibility analysis of the aluminathermic process, bypassing the roasting stage of the pyrolusitic mineral, is carried out by assessing the enthalpies of the reaction of the pyrometallurgical mixtures. The feasibility evaluation of the technological process is completed both at lab scale and experimental pilot plant. Alloys for industrial use with over 60% manganese and less than 0,1% carbon were obtained in both cases. The chemical characterization of the slag will ensure that it can be used as abrasive material.


The world's population -- with today's 6.1 billion already more than twice the 1950 figure -- is likely to grow by another 3 billion in the next half-century, according to a recently released UN projection. Most of the population growth will occur in the less developed countries of Africa and Asia, despite the staggering death toll of the AIDS epidemic in these countries. In contrast, populations in all but a few industrialized countries will remain stable or even shrink. What's more, medical progress will allow people to live longer and thus steadily increase the percentage of retirees in the years to come. These are the conclusions of World Population Prospects: the 2000 Revision, the sixteenth round of global demographic estimates and projections made by the UN Population Division since 1950. Altogether, Mr Joseph Chamie, director of the UN Population Division that compiles the population projections, told the Bulletin "the world's population will be very different in 50 years. It will be substantially larger, especially in the developing countries, significantly older and much more urbanized." The world's population is currently growing at a rate of 1.2%, or 77 million people, per year with six countries accounting for half of the growth: India (21%), China (12%), Pakistan (5%), Nigeria (4%), Bangladesh (4%,), and Indonesia (3%). Although fertility rates are coming down in every region and in virtually every country of the world, Chamie points out, by 2050 the overall figure is anticipated to swell to 9.3 billion, and nearly nine of every ten people will be living in a developing country -- one out of six in India alone, which will replace China as the most populous nation. Taken together, the population of the world's less developed nations is expected to grow from 4.9 billion to 8.1 billion. In sub-Saharan Africa, the number of people could even triple. But this is only one side of the coin. For the more developed countries as a whole, population growth is likely soon to come to a standstill at the current 1.2 billion level, according to the UN projection. Notable exceptions, however, are several industrialized countries, such as Australia, Canada and the US, that are projected to be at least a third larger by 2050 than they are today. By mid-century the populations of 39 developed countries are likely to be even smaller than today, e.g. Japan and Germany by 14%, Italy and Hungary by 25%, and countries of the former Soviet Union by 30-40%, leading to a shift in balance. Fifty years ago, when Europe claimed about 20% of the world's population, Africa amounted to just 8%. In 50 years, however, Africa will have three times as many people as Europe, even though AIDS is anticipated to cut Africa's population growth by 15%. …


The general goal of this research has been to develop basic data and mathematical models in order to better understand information obtained from large scale field experimentation in underground gasification of Texas lignite. The chemical engineering research has focused on the topics of combustion tube studies of water influx, investigation of cavity growth mechanisms, cracking of pyrolysis products, and analysis of flow patterns in UCG. The petroleum engineering research has focused on subsidence analysis, creep testing and modeling, and effects of overburden drying. Good agreement between subsidence model predictions and data from the Hoe Creek No. 2 field experiment has been obtained. Environmental effects of UCG have been studied both for surface processing of wastewater as well as subsurface phenomena. Activated sludge processing of wastewater seems feasible and pertinent laboratory data have been acquired. Adsorption characteristics and microbial activity for different species in contaminated groundwater have been determined for the Tennessee Colony, Texas, field test site. 100 references, 95 figures, 10 tables.


This report describes the research that was conducted as background for the preparation of a manual of recommended procedures for control of erosion during highway construction based on existing information. The report includes adaptation of the universal soil loss equation, originally developed by the Agricultural Research Service of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, for estimating the water erosion potential and the effectiveness of erosion control measures on highway construction sites; experimental verification of the equation; and results of a limited erosion control product evaluation study. Also included is an equation developed by Chepil and associates for estimating wind erosion. A companion document (NCHRP Report 221) contains detailed procedurs for estimating water and wind soil loss from specific sites under various conditions. The manual describes many measures for control of both water and wind erosion and information that will aid in the selection of measures to meet specific site requirements. Appropriate tables, charts, and of the contiguous United States, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico are included to facilitate use of the procedures. (Author)


Ticehurst House Hospital East Sussex TN5 7HU vivo exposure, that "¿ where in vivo exposure was tried first, it was either ineffective or only partially effective― (p. 839). In a study of an implosion treatment with rape survivors, Foa et al (1995) also present findings showing that successful outcome was associated with changes in subjects' rape nar ratives suggestive of information processing of the event. In the same article Foa quotes other authors who conclude that for trauma survivors, the need to make sense of their traumatic experience is of vital importance. Much of the treatment literature in PTSD has a behavioural or cognitive-behavioural bias. Such approaches have proved valuable but other theor etical models may have the potential to enhance both the understanding of PTSD and therapeutic effectiveness.


Neurohypophysial hormone precursors are small proteins processed into several fragments during axonal transport from hypothalamus to neurohypophysis. From 3-month-old fetal bovine pituitaries the three fragments of vasopressin precursor, arginine vasopressin, MSEL-neurophysin and copeptin, and the two fragments of oxytocin precursor, oxytocin and VLDV-neurophysin, have been isolated and characterized. These polypeptides are identical to those previously identified in the late fetus (7-9 months old) and in the adult. It is concluded that the same genes are expressed during fetal and adult lives, the vasopressin gene appearing roughly four times more active than the oxytocin gene in the early fetus. Vasotocin, mesotocin and additional neurophysin have not been detected in the early fetus.


Multiple sclerosis is a complex neurological disease that results in motor impairment associated with muscle weakness and lack of motor coordination. Indeed, previous studies showed that, while activities in isolated arm muscles appeared generally similar to those of unimpaired subjects, shoulder muscle coordination with arm motions was affected by MS and there was a marked co-activation of the biceps and triceps in the extension movements. This inability to activate muscles independently has a significant impact in motor function therefore reducing the co-contraction could improve the overall arm function. In this pilot study, we developed a body-machine interface based on muscle activities with the goal of 'breaking' the abnormal triceps-biceps co-activation during planar flexion-extension movements of people with multiple sclerosis during a robot-based task. The task consisted in 2D center-out reaching movements with the assistance of a robotic manipulandum. When the subject was not exhibiting the abnormal triceps-biceps co-activation for three consecutive movements the robot was decreasing the assistance. Subjects trained for up to six 1-hour sessions in three weeks. Results showed that the assistance from the robot decreased within each session for most of the subjects, while the movement became faster and straighter. The comparison between muscle activity before and after the training with this body-machine interface demonstrated that subjects learned how to reduce the triceps-biceps co-activation.


Misinfodemics related to COVID-19 have negatively impacted people's lives, with adverse health and psycho-sociopolitical outcomes. As the scientific community seeks to communicate evidence-based information regarding misplaced preventive strategies and misinformed help-seeking behaviors on global multifaceted systems, a secondary risk has emerged: the effects of misinfodemics on the public. Published articles on PubMed, EMBASE, Google Scholar and Elsevier about COVID-related misinfodemics have been considered and reviewed in this article. This review examines the mechanisms, operational structure, prevalence, predictive factors, effects, responses and potential curtailing strategies of misinfodemics of COVID-19. The present article shows that the popular variants of COVID-19 misinfodemics could be the joint product of a psychological predisposition which is either to reject information from experts or perceive the crisis situation as a product of misinfodemics mechanisms and partisan ideological motivations. The psychological foundations and political disposition of misinfodemics have implications for the development of strategies designed to curtail the negative consequences on public health.


The present mixed‐methods study attempts to provide insights into the nature, idiosyncrasies, and inter‐ and intra‐individual patterns of academic self‐regulatory strategy use among two different populations of university students. Low‐achieving (n = 49) and high‐achieving students (n = 131) described their self‐regulatory strategy use in their academic work in postsecondary academic contexts. The "five top" strategies showed that there were differences as well as similarities in self‐regulatory strategy use among the two groups of students. Provocative findings revealed within‐ and between‐group differences in the patterns of self‐regulatory strategy use among low achievers and high achievers, with some of the patterns cutting across both groups of students. Implications for gifted education are discussed.


ions do not have color, shape, size, or other physical properties. Food is more likely to be of plant than of animal origin. The input &dquo;fire&dquo; should be followed by an output recommending fleeing to a safe place and then getting help to put out the fire. Commonsense is simply a very large collection of heuristics forming a rapidly applied and not very clever expert system. Commonsense responses need not be right. All that is required is that they be the same that a person would apply in the circumstances. To effectively apply commonsense on a large scale implies considerable parallel or effectively parallel processing. The system simply chooses the canned response which best matches the input pattern. Simulation and Public Policy As readers of our columns know, your Editors believe that simulation is a powerful tool which can be of great benefit to policy-makers, BUT results can be accidentally or purposely biased. Here we suggest ways of checking for the validity of results. In the last analysis, all concerned must behave ethically.


The Janus Kinase (JAK) 2 mutation V617F can be detected in patients with polycythemia vera (PV), essential thrombocythemia (ET) and idiopathic myelofibrosis (IMF) as well as at low percentages in other myeloproliferative disorders (MPDs) and myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) and in 5–6% of de novo AML. Moreover, a recent study showed that JAK2 complemented by an additional signal of KIT or FLT3 confers self renewal capacity to hematopoietic cells. Since the JAK2V617F mutation is found in AML, we asked whether JAK2 might cooperate with FLT3, a receptor tyrosine kinase that is overexpressed in most patients with AML to induce proliferation. JAK2-WT and JAK2V617F did not confer factor independent growth when expressed in IL-3 dependent Ba/F3 cells. Further, exploring the coordination of JAK2 and its mutant with the type I cytokine receptor EpoR, Ba/F3 cells co-expressing both JAK2 and EpoR showed proliferation in the presence of Epo but not in the absence of Epo. In contrast Ba/F3 cells co-expressing JAK2V617F and EpoR have a profound proliferation advantage and are able to grow in the absence of Epo. These data provide strong evidence that JAK2V617F has transforming potential in the presence of a type I cytokine receptor. The coexpression of the JAK2V617F mutant with a class III cytokine receptor like FLT3, which is involved in the pathogenesis of acute myeloid leukemia (AML), does not result in an increased proliferative response. Both, JAK2-WT and JAK2V617F expressing Ba/F3 cells were able to survive in the presence of the FLT3 receptor, but did not show autonomous growth. Analysis of signaling pathways showed that the JAK2-V617F mutant, but not JAK2-WT is able to activate STAT5 in cooperation with the EpoR and FLT3. Our data show that the JAK2-V617F mutant which is found in 5–6% of AML patients cooperates with the EpoR, but not with FLT3 to promote proliferation in IL-3 dependent cells.


Subject. Despite the data on the polyetiology of gum recession, the role of some factors in its formation remains unknown, which does not allow to adequately develop methods for the prevention of this disease.
The aim of this study was to assess the effect of bruxism on the formation of gingival margin recession.
Methodology. The study was based on data, obtained during the examination of 65 patients aged 20 to 40 years with a of bruxism, established by a neurologist. The control group consisted of 65 conditionally healthy patients of the same age without neurological pathology and with intact periodontal disease. The study excluded individuals with other etiological factors that can lead to gingival recession.
Result. According to the results of the study, a 1 year later, the occurrence of gingival recession was determined in 44.7 % of cases, after 2 years, the number of recessions was determined in 64.7 %, and after 36 months in 77 % of cases. At the same time, the periodontal condition in relation to the formation of recessions remained unchanged in the patients of the comparison group. In all cases, recession was determined by the oral surface of the lower incisors, in 80 % of patients, on the vestibular surface of the canines and bicuspid of both jaws.
Conclusions: In patients with bruxism, there is a gradual formation of gingival recession with a predominant localization in the area of the oral surface of the incisors in the lower jaw, and on the vestibular surface of the canines and the buccal surface of the bicuspid.


Herein we report the synthesis of the highly stable crystalline carbazole-based rotor 3 with simultaneous rapid solid state internal rotation and good fluorescence emission. Single crystal and powder X-ray diffraction studies along with microscopy revealed a phase transition from a labile benzene solvate (phase I) to highly stable crystals (phase II) that feature fast intramolecular rotation in the megahertz regime at room temperature, according to variable temperature 2H solid state NMR experiments using isotopically enriched analogues. In addition to the megahertz rotation within its crystals, this crystal phase II displays enhanced solid state fluorescence with a higher quantum yield of ϕ = 0.28, relative to the emission of this compound in THF solution (ϕ = 0.06). These two solid state properties are significantly different from shorter compounds 1 and 2 (static and nonemissive) included here for comparison purposes.


Objective:To investigate the pathogenic effect of iliac venous anatomy abnormality on varicosis and acute deep vein thrombosis(DVT) of left lower extremity.Methods:Venography was performed in 52 cases of left lower limb varicosis;ascending thrombectomy and exploration of iliac vena were performed in 33 cases of acute DVT of left lower extremity.Results:Occlusion and significant stenosis were found in 61 cases of all the patients.Conclusions:Anatomy abnormality of iliac vena is a key pathogenesis of varicosis and acute DVT in left lower extremity. [


Objective To study interleukin 18(IL-18)expression in the colonic mucosa of chronic colonic schistosomiasis patients and its relationship with gender and age.Methods Fifty chronic colonic schistosomiasis pathology specimens from Jul 1,2008to Nov.30,2012at the Affiliated Hospital of Dali University outpatient and inpatients,12normal subjects(control group)were set to study the whole line of colonoscopy colonic lesions.All the subjects were checked with the whole line of colonoscopy,the colon mucosa 3-5samples were taken in the obvious colonic lesions of the patients with chronic schistosomiasis to get pathological diagnosis as chronic colonic schistosomiasis.12cases of normal colonoscopy examination,confirmed by colonoscopy and pathology and normal mucosa often 3-5samples,served as normal controls.All routine paraffin-embedded tissue samples,conventional biopsy, HE stain,4μm thick serial sectioning were conducted.Immunohistochemistry SP method was used to detect IL-18 expression in the colonic mucosa and its relationship association with gender,age.Four high power fields(400times) were chosen from each study and analyzed by Tongji University in 1000with screen images HPIA-2000high-Graphic Analysis System Definition pathological analysis.Results The integral luminosity of IL-18in the colonic mucosa of chronic colonic schistosomiasis was more than that of normal control group,2.81±1.81vs 0.42±0.22(P 0.01). The positive units of IL-18in the colonic mucosa of chronic colonic schistosomiasis was more than that of normal control group,24.66±6.77vs 6.71±6.12(P 0.01).The average gray of IL-18in the colonic mucosa of chronic colonic schistosomiasis was less than the normal control group,189.27±17.06vs 222.80±15.04(P 0.01).But the expressions of IL-18 were not related with gender and age in the patients with chronic colonic schistosomiasis.Conclusion The expression of IL-18increases more in colonic mucosa of patients with chronic colonic schistosomiasis than that of normal colonic mucosa,but its expression is not related with gender and age in the pathogenesis of chronic colonic schistosomiasis.


Ensuring jobs and promoting employment for a region,a city with both ensure that promote sound and rapid economic development,but also can solve the employment of the people's livelihood event.In this article,stated Sheyang overview of the employment,analyzed the difficulty faced by Sheyang employment,described an effective response to the Sheyang ensure employment and promote employment.


Reaction of 2,3-Me2-2,3-C2B9H9 with [Fe(1,5-C8H12)(η-C5H5)] in benzene, toluene, o-xylene, or with an excess of naphthalene in light petroleum, affords the complexes [closo-1-(η6arene)-2,4-Me2-1,2,4-FeC2B9H9], the identity of the toluene complex being established by X-ray crystallography; reaction of the η6-naphthalene complex with the ligands L = CO or P(OMe)3 affords [closo-1,1,1-L3-2,4-Me2-1,2,4-FeC2B9H9].


Phase aberration correction for medical ultrasound systems has attracted a great deal of attention.Since phased array techniques are now widely employed for industrial non-destructive testing(NDT)applications in various fields,the problem of phase aberrations in the process of NDT testing is considered.The technique of cross-covariance for phase aberration correction is presented.The performance of the technique for phase aberration correction is tested by means of echo signals obtained in practical non-destructive testing experiment.The results show that the technique has the better accuracy of phase correction.


The major communicable diseases can, to a large extent, be controlled by legislation and by vigorous public health measures; and for one form of cancer at least, prevention is perfectly feasible if people can be persuaded or obliged to give up heavy cigarette smoking. But of most cancers it can be said with some truth that, until the in troduction of effective screening tests, the patient was responsible for the first vital step in diagnosis—deciding that some symptom called for a visit to his doctor. To a large extent this is still true, since practicable tests are not yet available for the early detection of all forms of cancer, and the tests that are practicable are either not yet available in all countries, or not yet generally accepted by the population at risk. Public education must therefore be an integral part of programs of cancer detection and must have two objec tives: (1) to persuade people to seek prompt medical advice when certain warning signs appear; and (2) to en courage them, particularly those in high-risk groups, to take part in screen ing programs. The first involves in fluencing the usual habits of seeking medical care in a given community, as well as changing prevailing attitudes


Abstract: This chapter discusses research that has contributed to improved understanding of pulverised fuel technology. The processes studied are the grinding of pulverised fuel (PF) in power station pulverisers, coal combustion and the deposition of ash in boiler furnaces. All of these issues impact significantly on the utilisation of coal in power plants in terms of operating and maintenance costs, plant down-time and availability. These issues have been researched by 'The Community of Practice for Coal Utilisation', led by the authors, and represent a significant contribution to an understanding of these issues.


one of the methods to be able to develop various ability, which is not to be brought up by the passive lesson only for information of knowledge.


Correspondence Kristin Scardamalia, National Center for School Mental Health, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, 737 West Lombard St., 4th Floor, Baltimore, MD 21201. Email: firstname.lastname@example.com Abstract The federal definition of emotional disturbance (ED) has been heavily criticized as vaguely defined and poorly operationalized yet there has not been a formal analysis of the reliability of the ED criteria. This study examined the reliability of the federal criteria for a special education designation of ED. A total of 179 school psychologists reviewed a mock special education report, made an eligibility determination, and provided information about their eligibility decision. In all, 56 participants found the student met ED eligibility criteria using 16 different combinations of the five criteria. Krippendorff's α, a statistic preferred for content analysis, was calculated as a measure of criterion reliability. Results indicated extremely poor reliability (α = 0.2011). These findings demonstrate the importance of redefining the existing criteria.


In 1449, a discriminatory, racist, and anti-Semitic set of laws was passed in Toledo. It prohibited any Jew who converted to Christianity, or converses , from participating in a professional corporation or being admitted to any honorific office of the state or the Church. The New Christians guaranteed the Inquisition on an economic basis to maintain itself. As a socio-economic group independent of religious involvement, the converses were therefore the subject of the Holy Office. The main objective of this chapter is to show how the Inquisition applied this racial legislation across the Portuguese empire by the Inquisition, particularly in Brazil. On the basis of several examples, it shows how these factors hindered the economic, social, and cultural development of this Portuguese colony from the 16th to the 18th century. In the 18th century, the King's minister, the Marques de Pombal, decided to improve the kingdom's backward economic situation. Keywords: Christianity; Holy Office; Inquisition; Marques de Pombal; Portuguese empire; Toledo


The fiber optic gyroscope plays an important role in the family of inertia devices. But in the dynamic condition, Because of the nonlinear output and the nonlinear graduation factor and zero-bias by temperature, the open-loop FOG can't apply in some fields. Therefore, how to reduce the bad affection by temperature is urgent. This article proposed a new method to digitize the open-loop FOG and compensate the temperature error and nonlinear graduation factor. This detection circuit for FOG is mainly based upon C8051F350 MCU. There are 24 bit A/D converter and temperature sensor. What is more important, its area is only 5×5 mm2, which is propitious for minimizing and engineering. By analyzing and researching a great of experience data, we build the model of zero-bias temperature character, graduation factor temperature nonlinear character and output nonlinear character. Then we compensate the character mentioned above. Test result shows that the system reaches the expected performance. It is meaningful for engineering, minimizing and application.


Ten years ago, environmental problems were easy to define: The Hudson and Potomac were polluted; Los Angeles had lousy air; some waste dumps were highly toxic. Solutions were also relatively straightforward: the Clean Air Act for dirty airsheds; the Clean Water Act for dirty rivers; the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA, better known as Superfund) for hazardous waste sites. Unfortunately, reality is not quite so neat. We now know that we were seeing—and treating—symptoms, not the disease itself.


Through establishing an mathematical model,the evaluation of the measurement uncertainty of arsenic and bismuth in gold ore by atomic fluorescence spectrometry( AFS) was investigated. Each partial uncertainty of measurement was analyzed and calculated. The combined standard uncertainty and the expanded uncertainty of arsenic and bismuth were calculated respectively. The uncertainty of As and Bi was mainly composed of the uncertainty of the preparation of samples and uncertainty of the fitting of the standard curve. When the concentration of As in gold ore is 18. 398 μg / g,the expanded uncertainty is 0. 5553 μg / g( k = 2). When the concentration of Bi is 0. 3593μg / g,the expanded uncertainty is 0. 4411 μg / g( k = 2). The expanded uncertainty of Bi is too great to satisfy the requirement of measurement standard. In order to reduce the uncertainty produced by the standard curve fitting,it is necessary to prepare a low concentration of standard solution and increase the mount of samples and reduce the dilution ratio of samples.


We see a strong impact of deep brain stimulation (DBS) on several aspects of OCD (obsessive compulsive disorder). DBS in different brain areas affects compulsive behaviour, conditioned and unconditioned anxiety. DBS in the internal capsule (IC) shows the most promising behavioural results by uniquely reducing conditioned anxiety and by shortening the compulsive grooming bout in the sapap3 mutant mouse. This suggests that the IC is possibly the best target for DBS in relation to OCD. Further research into the stimulation of the IC has to clarify which changes in cellular or system level are responsible for these behavioural effects. The behavioural relevance of the effect of DBS in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) core on the monoamines in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) is as of yet unclear. Further behavioural experiments combined with microdialysis have to be performed to investigate a possible link between the increase in PFC monoamines and locomotor behaviour during DBS in the NAc core. DBS is widely used in clinical settings for several different diseases. However, the lack of knowledge of the optimal target for DBS, the neurobiological mechanisms underlying the rapid effects of DBS and the specific impact of DBS on the different symptoms of the diseases prevents the full potential of its application. This thesis could be viewed as one of the building blocks to achieve this.


The aim of this study was to explore the current status, and public policy issues related to child counselors, with a special focus on training programs and integrating such training into the national qualification system in Korea. The number of children manifesting various social and emotional developmental problems have increased recently. Thus, there is a clear and growing need for suitably qualified specialists to help them and their parents. Child counselors (CCs) are qualified specialists in child counseling and therapy. However, there are no national qualifications or training systems for CCs in Korea. Therefore, in this study, we proposed a Korean national qualification and training system of CCs by comparing the Korean Youth counselor's qualification, training and in-service training system, and with those of both Germany and the USA. In addition, this study suggested the inclusion of a practicum component and a suitable in-service training system for Korean CCs.


Following the 1994 Northridge and 1995 Kobe earthquakes, most of modern structures damaged seriously or devastated totally despite the seismic codes of these countries that had been expected to bear advanced criteria for seismic design of structures. After extensive research, the most probable reason of those destructions was attributed to special specifications of near-field earthquakes. In this paper, in addition to a brief review on the special characteristics of near-field earthquakes, using actual records of these ground motions and pulse-like inputs simulating near-filed records, the effects of this type of earthquakes on the distribution of the maximum shear force and flexural moment demands are evaluated. Results show that the response is very sensitive to the ratio of natural period of structure to the governing period of ground shaking pulse, such that, in some cases it leads to increasing force demand ratios of structure and even transmitting its centroid to upper stories.


We prove the asymptotic stability of 1:1 spin orbit resonance for a stiff viscoelastic rotationally invariant satellite. The main point is that we do not assume any dissipation on the orbital degrees of freedom and we prove that anyway they relax to those of a circular orbit, due to the friction acting on the internal degrees of freedom of the satellite. Technically the result is obtained by using the principal moments of inertia as coordinates in the space of elastic configurations and in proving the asymptotic stability through LaSalle's principle, using the energy as a Lyapunov function.


We investigate the interaction of the water trimer with the aromatic π systems (benzene, toluene, fluorobenzene, and p-difluorobenzene) at the second-order Moller–Plesset level of theory using both the 6-31+G* and aug-cc-pVDZ basis sets. The minimum-energy structures, binding energies, and the harmonic vibrational frequencies were calculated for all these systems. The minimum-energy structures reveal that the water trimer has only a π type of interaction with benzene and toluene, but has both a π and σ type (H-bond with the fluorine atom) of interaction with fluorobenzene and p-difluorobenzene. The binding energies reveal that, contrary to what has been observed in previous theoretical studies, the strength of the interaction of these π systems with the water trimer is greater than with the water dimer. A good agreement is obtained between the calculated and experimentally measured vibrational frequencies of these complexes. An analysis of the calculated OH stretching modes reveals some unusual facets of ...


We examine the spin-reflection positivity of the ground state of the Kondo lattice model at half-filling with the antiferromagnetic and ferromagnetic exchange couplings $J\ne0$. For every positive $U>0$, where U is the Coulomb interaction between the conduction electrons, we can show that the ground state is unique.


Taking the low-carbon microalloy bainite steel as study object,the continuous cooling changing curve of austenitic is determined by thermal expansion method,and the microstructure of transformation is observed by optical microscope.The results show that the range of phase change temperature is more wide,the bainte structure can be received in 1~30℃/s cooling speed,the phase change temperature depresses and the structure refinement along with the cooling speed increase.


The invention discloses a three-dimensional file processing method and device. The three-dimensional file processing method comprises the steps that when three-dimensional files are subjected to storage going out, information of the hierarchical structure of the three-dimensional files in a drawing and document system is obtained, wherein the drawing and document system is used for storing the three-dimensional files; based on the three-dimensional files, a working directory identical to the hierarchical structure of the three-dimensional files in the drawing and document system is generated; and when a downloading request of the three-dimensional files is received, the three-dimensional files are downloaded according to the working directory. According to the three-dimensional file processing method and device, the effect that the error rate of 3D file storage going out is lowered is achieved.


A novel highly sensitive optical fiber twist sensor based on a Lyot filter is proposed and experimentally demonstrated in this paper. The evolution of the transmission spectra of the Lyot filter with respect to twist, temperature, and strain are investigated, respectively. The amplitude of the resonance dip changes as a sine-like function with the twist angle varying, which agrees well with the theoretical analysis. Based on analyzing the amplitude response of the resonance dip, the sensitivities of the sensor with respect to twist, temperature, and strain are found to be −15.586 dB<bold>/</bold>rad, 0.003 dB<bold>/</bold>°C, and −0.001 dB<bold>/</bold>μϵ, indicating the viability of implementing a temperature- and strain-independent twist sensor based on a Lyot filter.


. 6 In this work, we provide an algorithm to compute efficiently and accurately the full outgoing 7 modal Green's kernel for the scalar wave equation in local helioseismology under spherical symmetry. 8 Due to the high computational cost of a full Green's function, current helioseismic studies only use 9 its values at a single depth. However, a more realistic modelisation of the helioseismic products 10 (cross-covariance and power spectrum) requires the full Green's kernel. In the classical approach, 11 the Dirac source is discretized and one simulation gives the Green's function on a line. Here, we 12 propose a two-step algorithm which, with two simulations, provides the full kernel on the domain. 13 Moreover, our method is more accurate as the singularity of the solution due to the Dirac source is 14 described exactly. In addition, it is coupled with the exact Dirichlet-to-Neumann boundary condition, 15 providing optimal accuracy in approximating the outgoing Green's kernel, which we demonstrate in 16 our experiments. In addition, we show that high-frequency approximations of the nonlocal radiation 17 boundary conditions can represent accurately the helioseismic products.


The versatility of confocal micro X-ray fluorescence (MXRF) in analyzing thin films on semiconductor wafers is demonstrated. Unlike conventional MXRF, confocal MXRF can depth profile sample layers and reduce spectral background. Nondestructive quantification of the silicon dioxide concentration in hafnium silicate thin films is an example of one application demonstrating the advantage of confocal MXRF. Additionally, the growth of titanium nitride films on various high-k gate dielectric substrates was analyzed with confocal MXRF due to its ability to detect sub-nm film thickness changes.


Contrasted results of two studies were discussed to show the relationships between leaf senescence, carbon isotope discrimination and yield performance in Setif high plains. The first study was carried out in six drought-prone environments on the Setif high plains (eastern Algeria) on 15 durum wheat varieties (Algerian landraces and improved varieties). The annual rainfall ranged from 253 to 377mm. For mean ∆ value, the different organs were ranked in the following order: flag leaf, awns and rachis, peduncle and grain. Carbon discrimination for grain, flag leaf and peduncle (∆G, ∆F and ∆C, respectively) were significantly correlated with yield. However, the closest correlations were noted for ∆G. Variations an this trait were mainly explained by variation in carbon isotope discriminations for flag leaf (∆F) and peduncle (∆C) flag leaf ∆ was also found to have the main relative contribution to carbon isotope discrimination for grain. Six varieties were also tested in five other environments. Since low genotype x environment interaction was noted for yield in the six, environments, ∆G, ∆F and ∆C were also correlated with yield in most other environments considered. The variety that yielded best in most environments (cv Waha: Sham1) was found to have the highest ∆G and ∆F values and the highest relative contribution of ∆F to ∆G. The second study was conducted at experimental fields of the Institut Technique Moyen Agricole (ITMA) of Sétif (Eastern Algeria), during two successive cropping seasons (20012002 and 2002-2003). The region is semi-arid to arid with an average rainfall of 395.mm. Temperature generally ranges from 1 to 9 C during winter and from 39 to 42 C during summer. Ten durum wheat cultivars were grown during two seasons in randomised block design. Studies were conducted to find out durum wheat (Tritium durum Desf.) cultivars suitable for the severe drought conditions of Eastern Algeria and to examine the relationships between leaf senescence, carbon isotope discrimination and yield performance. Ten CIMMYT highyielding cultivars were grown during two cropping seasons under rainfed conditions on the high plains of Setif in eastern Algeria. Season 1 (2001-2002) with total rainfall 217 mm mainly occurring from December to February and average temperature during grain filling of 40 C highly differed from season 2 (2002-2003) having 162 mm rainfall evenly distributed from January to May and average temperature during grain filling of 30 C. Senescence (the


In this paper, a high data capacity hairpin resonator based-chipless RFID tag is introduced. The tag is designed on a Taconic TLX-8 (lossy) substrate having $\varepsilon_{r}=$ 2.55, thickness $h=0.5 \mathrm{~mm}$, and loss tangent $\delta=0.0017$. The tag design is performed using CST-Microwave Studio software package. The proposed tag introduces 30 -bits code word within the frequency range from 4.82 GHz to 8.62 GHz with an overall bandwidth of 3.8 GHz. At first, the basic hairpin resonator element is designed for a specific resonance frequency. Then the length of the hairpin is changed ten times and arranged in one column or a linear array of ten resonators forming equally spaced ten resonances. Scaling the first column or array by a factor of 1.23 and nested it inside the unit cell at a distance of $20 \mathrm{~mm}$ from the 1 st column to create a second new set of ten resonances in a new sub-band. Scaling 1st column again by a factor of 1.49 and nested it at a distance of $38 \mathrm{~mm}$ from the 1 st column a third new set of ten resonances in a new sub-band. The resonators are nested inside the unit cell as three separate sets arranged at the same manner. The scaling values and columns spacing are optimized to avoid sub-bands overlapping and inter-symbol interference.


Summary— The effects of the dihydropyridine calcium antagonist nicardipine on the concentration‐response curves of relaxant compounds acting through the adenylate‐cyclase/cAMP system (isoprenaline, forskolin, adenosine and theophylline) or by the cGMP pathway (sodium nitroprusside) were studied on human isolated bronchus and guinea‐pig isolated trachea. These effects were compared with those of nifedipine (a dihydropyridine derivative) and theophylline (a non‐selective phosphodiesterase inhibitor). Nicardipine, in the range of 0.01 to 1 μM, significantly potentiated the relaxant effects of isoprenaline, forskolin, adenosine and theophylline, whereas the effects of sodium nitroprusside were significantly potentiated at 10 μM only. These results suggest that nicardipine behaves as an inhibitor of phosphodiesterases III and IV. One such effect may be involved in the potentiation of the isoprenaline relaxation of human and guinea‐pig isolated airways.


The results of experimental investigations of the electric-discharge destruction of high-strength bottom grounds are demonstrated. The experimental demonstration of the possibility of effective electricdischarge tillage of high-strength bottom grounds as having no alternative at work arrangement on the functioning harborages and near the hydraulic structures was received. The dependences allowing to determine the necessary energy and processing pattern for bottom grounds of various strength are established.


High‐mobility‐group (HMG) proteins are a family of non‐histone chromosomal proteins which bind to DNA. They have been implicated in multiple aspects of gene regulation and cellular differentiation. Sulfoglucuronyl carbohydrate binding protein, SBP‐1, which is also localized in the neuronal nuclei, was shown to be required for neurite outgrowth and neuronal migration during development of the nervous system. In order to establish relationship between SBP‐1 and HMG family proteins, two HMG proteins were isolated and purified from developing rat cerebellum by heparin–sepharose and sulfatide‐octyl–sepharose affinity column chromatography and their biochemical and biological properties were compared with those of SBP‐1. Characterization by high performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (HPLC–MS), partial peptide sequencing and western blot analysis showed the isolated HMG proteins to be HMG‐1 and HMG‐2. Isoelectric focusing, HPLC–MS and peptide sequencing data also suggested that HMG‐1 and SBP‐1 were identical. Similar to SBP‐1, both HMG proteins bound specifically to sulfated glycolipids, sulfoglucuronylglycolipids (SGGLs), sulfatide and seminolipid in HPTLC‐immuno‐overlay and solid‐phase binding assays. The HMG proteins promoted neurite outgrowth in dissociated cerebellar cells, which was inhibited by SGGLs, anti‐Leu7 hybridoma (HNK‐1) and anti‐SBP‐1 peptide antibodies, similar to SBP‐1. The proteins also promoted neurite outgrowth in explant cultures of cerebellum. The results showed that the cerebellar HMG‐1 and ‐2 proteins have similar biochemical and biological properties and HMG‐1 is most likely identical to SBP‐1.


The aim of this study is to measure European countries of the quality of life scores compared to a demographic variables of gender using multiple factor analysis for contingency tables (MFACT). The goal of multiple factor analysis (MFA) is to integrate different groups of variables describing the same observations. MFA is used in very different domains. For example, when a quality of life survey is performed in different countries, specific problems arise, ranging from obtaining equivalent questionnaires to managing the comparison of social features. In this study we showed the use of MFACT applied to a quality of life survey conducted by Eurofound (2003). We took European countries of the quality of life survey in analysis. We analyzed four variable categories (Afford, Attitude, Satisfaction and Quality) according to countries and gender by MFA. The results of the MFA started with the analysis of the eigenvalues of the weighted principal component analysis (PCA). We had almost 71% of the variability in the first two factors. We found that it wasn"t important gender for quality of life. It was obtained EU member countries were very close, acceding countries were very close and candidate countries are very close according to country groups. We examined quality of life survey"s variables in four categories according to gender in this study. It can be examined variables according to the other demographic variables like education level, age and etc. Keywords: Life Quality, Multiple Factor Analysis, Contingency Tables, Correspondence Analysis, European Union INTRODUCTION Quality of life, which has gained prominence in social research study since the 1970s, is a broad concept concerned with overall well-being within society [1]. The term "quality of life" is extremely complex; it is affected by a number of factors, and in the literature is interpreted in different ways. It should be noted that the history of the term itself depends on the work of economists and sociologists [2]. In the last decades, scientists offered several alternative approaches to defining and measuring quality life: social indicators such as health and levels of crime, subjective well-being measures (assessing people"s evaluative reactions to their lives and societies, and economic indices [3]. Also there are main approaches as philosophical for determining quality of life [4]. Some authors pointed out relationship among approaches [4, 5]. Three major characteristics are associated with the quality of life concept: 1. Quality of life refers to individuals" life situations. The concept requires a micro perspective, where the conditions and perceptions of individuals play a key role. Macroscopic features relating to the economic and social situation of a society are important for putting the findings at individual level into their proper context, but they do not take center stage. 2. Quality of life is a multi-dimensional concept. As noted above, the notion of quality and the consideration of several areas of life broaden the narrower focus on income and material conditions which prevails in other approaches. Multi-dimensionality not only requires the description of several life domains, but emphasizes the interplay between domains as this contributes to quality of life. 3. Quality of life is measured by objective as well as subjective indicators. Subjective and attitudinal perceptions are of particular relevance in identifying individual goals and orientations. Individual perceptions and evaluations are most valuable when these subjective evaluations are linked to objective living conditions. Applying both ways of measuring quality of life gives a more complete picture [6]. Generally it is used six indicators area for measuring quality of life in data base. These are: • Employment • Economic resources • Family and households • Community life and social participation Zerrin Aşan Greenacre et al.; Sch. J. Phys. Math. Stat., 2016; Vol-3; Issue-4 (Sep-Nov); pp-150-156 Available Online: http://saspjournals.com/sjpms 151 • Health and health care • Knowledge, education and training. Our study purpose is to measure quality of life indicators. We use some of the six indicators mentioned above. It is used MFACT to measure quality of life indicators.
 Firstly, we explained MFACT and correspondence analysis (CA) in method. Secondly we determined our data and analyzed in application. Then we obtained the results of analysis. We have mentioned conclusions in the last section. METHOD MFA [7] analyzes observations described by several "blocks" or sets of variables. MFA seeks the common structures present in all or some of these sets. MFA is performed in two steps. First a PCA is performed on each data set which is then "normalized" by dividing all its elements by the square root of the first eigenvalue obtained from of its PCA. Second, the normalized data sets are merged to form a unique matrix and a global PCA is performed on this matrix. The individual data sets are then projected on to the global analysis to analyze communalities and discrepancies. MFA is used to analyze a set of observations described by several groups of variables. The number of variables in each group may differ and the nature of the variables (nominal or quantitative) can vary from one group to the other but the variables should be of the same nature in a given group. The analysis derives an integrated picture of the observations and of the relationships between the groups of variables. The goal of MFA is to integrate different groups of variables describing the same observations. In order to do so, the first step is to make these groups of variables comparable. Such a step is needed because the straightforward analysis obtained by concatenating all variables would be dominated by the group with the strongest structure. A similar problem can occur in a non-normalized PCA: without normalization, the structure is dominated by the variables with the largest variance. For PCA, the solution is to normalize (i.e., to use Z-scores) each variable by dividing it by its standard deviation. The solution proposed by MFA is similar: To compare groups of variables, each group is normalized by dividing all its elements by a quantity called its first singular value which is the matrix equivalent of the standard deviation. Practically, this step is implemented by performing a PCA on each group of variables. The first singular value is the square root of the first eigenvalue of the PCA. After normalization, the data tables are concatenated into a data table which is submitted to PCA [8]. CA is usually extended to multiple contingency tables by using simple CA on concatenated tables (see Fig. 1) [9-12]. Fig-1: Notation for multiple contingency tables When the sums along the rows (row margins) are not proportional through all the tables, the column subclouds do not have the same centroids and the inertia between subclouds is not zero. This between tables inertia, frequently due to different quotas imposed on the samples, as in our example, must not intervene in the study of the association between rows and columns. Furthermore, some tables can play a dominating role, which contradicts the aim of a simultaneous analysis to study the tables jointly in an equitable manner. Lastly, the representation of rows corresponds to the whole set of concatenated tables, without any reference to the row structure induced by each table. To solve these difficulties, we have proposed [13, 14] a methodology for a global analysis of several contingency tables, called multiple factor analysis for contingency tables (MFACT). Zerrin Aşan Greenacre et al.; Sch. J. Phys. Math. Stat., 2016; Vol-3; Issue-4 (Sep-Nov); pp-150-156 Available Online: http://saspjournals.com/sjpms 152 MFACT combines internal correspondence analysis, as a solution to the difference between margins, and MFA in order to balance the influence of the different tables in a global analysis as well as to provide tools to compare the row structures induced by each table in a Procrustean way. There are two steps of the MFA methodology as first step: pseudo separate analysis and second steps: global analysis [15]. MFA is used in very different domains such as Survey: An individual is a person; a variable is a question. Questions are gathered according to the different themes of the questionnaire. Each theme defines one set. Sensory analysis: An individual is a food product. A first set of variables includes sensory variables (sweetness, bitterness, etc.); a second one includes chemical variables (pH, glucose rate, etc.). Ecology: An individual is an observation place. A first set of variables describes soil characteristics; a second one describes flora. Time series: Several individuals are observed at different dates. In such a case, there is often two ways of defining sets of variables: generally, each set gathers variables observed at one date; but, when variables are the same from one date to the other, each set can gather the different dates for one variable [16]. We used MFA as survey domain in this study. Our data obtained from the quality of life survey. There were questions for different themes in quality of life survey. Also all questions were related to above explain six indicators. Application In application of this study we used European Quality of Life Survey was carried out by Intomart GFK in 28 countries: the 15 EU Member States before May 2004 (EU15); the 10 acceding countries which became Member States in May 2004 (NMS); and the three candidate countries Bulgaria, Romania and Turkey (CC3). Around 1.000 persons aged 18 and over were interviewed in each country, except for the "smaller" countries – Cyprus, Estonia, Luxembourg, Malta and Slovenia – where around 600 interviews were conducted. The questionnaire was developed by a research consortium and covers a broad spectrum of life domains with an emphasis on employment and working conditions, housing


This paper presents a new approach to active fault-tolerant control for non-linear systems, based on fault estimation and compensation for time-varying faults. The work is a motivation for utilising the extension of the well known so-called fast adaptive fault estimation strategy to non-linear systems via a multiple-model strategy involving Takagi-Sugeno (T-S) fuzzy observer-based estimation and linear model-reference state tracking control. Moreover, the proposed strategy handles the case of unmatched uncertainty in the tracking error dynamics. The stability proof of the appropriate non-linear augmented system is derived via a Lyapunov condition and formulated as an efficient one step Linear Matrix Inequality (LMI) problem constraining the time-varying system eigenvalues to lie within specified regions in the complex plane. The fault compensation strategy is illustrated using a non-linear example of an inverted pendulum which includes Stribeck friction and a loss-of effectiveness actuator fault.


Logic controllers for machining systems typically have three control modes: auto, hand, and manual. In this paper, a unified formal representation of logic controllers with three control modes is provided using Petri nets (PNs). A modular logic controller structure is introduced and formalized for high-volume transfer lines. The modular logic controller consists of a con- trol module for mode decision and control modules for station logic controllers. Each station control module is represented by connecting operation modules which are designed with respect to the fault recovery processes of operations; their connection algorithm is also provided. In our formal representation, each control module is represented by a live, safe, and reversible PN. A condition for the modular logic controller to generate a correct control logic is provided: operation causality condition. Using the modular structure of a logic controller, the control logic can be easily reconfigured and automatic code generation is possible.


Abstract : Techniques were developed for the growth of single crystals of SmCo5, NdCo5, Sm(1-x)Nd(x)Co5 and PrCo5. The preferred method was by slow Bridgman drop of rare-earth rich melts in pyrolytic boron nitride containers. Large crystals, up to 2 x 1.5 x 1.5 cm of SmCo5 were grown with low oxygen content of 50 to 75 ppm. X-ray topography and rocking crystal curves were used for characterization of single crystals of SmCo5. The main crystal imperfections were low angle (0.5 to 1.5 degrees) boundaries and dislocations. It was shown that the low-angle boundaries pin magnetic domain walls with about 500 oersted magnetic fields needed for moving the domain walls. The vapor phase reduction of samarium tricyclopentadienyl and cobalt biscyclopentadienyl was demonstrated to yield Sm, Co, and Sm2Co17 at 500C. (Author)


Multispectral images usually present complimentary information such as visual-band imagery and infrared imagery (near infrared or long wave infrared). There is strong evidence that the fused multispectral imagery increases the reliability of interpretation (Rogers & Wood, 1990; Essock et al., 2001); whereas the colorized multispectral imagery improves observer performance and reaction times (Toet et al. 1997; Varga, 1999; Waxman et al., 1996). A fused image in grayscale can be automatically analyzed by computers (for target recognition); while a colorized image in color can be easily interpreted by human users (for visual analysis). Imagine a nighttime navigation task that may be executed by an aircraft equipped with a multisenor imaging system. Analyzing the combined or synthesized multisensory data will be more convenient and more efficient than simultaneously monitoring multispectral images such as visual-band imagery (e.g., image intensified, II), near infrared (NIR) imagery, and infrared (IR) imagery. In this chapter, we will discuss how to synthesize the multisensory data using image fusion and night vision colorization techniques in order to improve the effectiveness and utility of multisensor imagery. It is anticipated that the successful applications of such an image synthesis approach will lead to improved performance of remote sensing, nighttime navigation, target detection, and situational awareness. This image synthesis approach involves two main techniques, image fusion and night vision colorization, which is reviewed as follows, respectively. Image fusion combines multiple-source imagery by integrating complementary data in order to enhance the information apparent in the respective source images, as well as to increase the reliability of interpretation. This results in more accurate data (Keys et al., 1990) and increased utility (Rogers & Wood, 1990; Essock et al., 1999). In addition, it has been reported that fused data provides far more robust aspects of operational performance such as increased confidence, reduced ambiguity, improved reliability and improved classification (Rogers & Wood, 1990; Essock et al., 2001). A general framework of image fusion can be found in Reference (Pohl & Genderen, 1998). In this chapter, our discussions focus on pixellevel image fusion. A quantitative evaluation of fused image quality is important for an objective comparison between the respective fusion algorithms, which measures the amount of useful information and the amount of artifacts introduced in the fused image. 21


The effect of addition of superlattice (SL) and the structure of the upper barrier layer on the luminescence processes occurring in light-emitting nanoheterostructures was studied. It was shown that the optimum is using of structures with two SL: InGaN / InGaN structure in the lower part and the AlGaN / GaN for the top p-layer. It is shown that the using of the SL InGaN / InGaN in the vicinity of the active region optimally compensate the elastic stresses and the piezoelectric field at the hetero boundaries. Such compensation of elastic stresses reduces the formation of dislocations in these structures, which increases the radiation intensity.


According to the similarity principle between gas seepage and liquid seepage and the relationship,summed up by Roberts,between gas relative permeability and sulfur saturation,the famous QI-Chengwei's formula were successfully generalized to pseudo three-dimensional productivity formula of horizontal wells in ribbon-shaped Sour Gas Reservoir.On the basis of the revised formula,the impact of sulfur deposition amount,permeability anisotropy coefficient,length of gas reservoir,position of productivity section,length of productivity section on productivity was analyzed,and important knowledge was obtained that the effect of sulfur deposition amount on productivity is greater than that of permeability anisotropy coefficient in ribbon-shaped Sour Gas Reservoir.


The computer simulation of an ultrasonic transducer is typically an idealized representation of the device and assumes perfectly parallel faces and spatially invariant material properties. In the real world however, these assumptions are not necessarily valid. Fabrication processes such as dicing may result in a quantifiable taper across the height and/or length of a transducer array element. Furthermore, material properties, in particular those for piezoelectric materials, may vary appreciably across the length of an array element. Both of these "parasitic" facts-of-life will impact a device's performance to some extent or another, and in some cases may serve to degrade device performance below acceptable limits. The purpose of this paper is to study and quantify the impact that non-idealized geometries and inhomogeneous material properties have on an ultrasonic transducer's resonant response.


Advances in embedded computer architecture, digital signal processing, guidance and navigation, and digital sensing have made it possible to develop relatively compact instruments that can be used to create highly accurate three dimensional maps of channelized aquifers (flooded spring tunnels), bypass tunnels for dams, storm runoff networks, freshwater delivery tunnels, and other submarine features. One such implementation was recently designed and built for a National Geographic Society expedition to Wakulla Springs, Florida and was used to create the first three dimensional cave map. The Wakulla Digital Wall Mapper (DWM) consisted of a series of bulkhead-isolated cylinders measuring 324 mm diameter by 1122 mm in length and weighing 82 kg. The DWM contained five integrated subsystems including an onboard guidance and navigation system, a customdesigned sonar array, a digital user interface, a pitch/yaw control system, and a master integration and data management system. In all, eight onboard computers control the instrument. Drift in the Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) was the major design concern since it directly affected the accuracy of the maps generated. A high-accuracy reference network of induction radio beacons was used to provide the necessary control. It was found that a time-based drift compensation algorithm, working between radio control points, provided a useful and simple approach to positional error reduction.


A new version (2.0) of the pipeline IPCAS (Iterative Protein Crystal structure Automatic Solution) has been released, in which the program OASIS performs direct-method single-wavelength anomalous diffraction/single isomorphous replacement phasing and direct-method-aided partial-structure extension. IPCAS incorporates the widely used packages CCP4 and PHENIX for locating heavy atoms, density modification, molecular replacement, model building and refinement. Important extensions to the previous version of IPCAS include a resolution screening method for non-crystallographic symmetry searching, an alternate model-building protocol for avoiding premature convergence and direct-method image processing for electron microscopy maps, including single-particle cryo-EM maps. Moreover, a new graphical user interface is provided for controlling and real-time monitoring of the whole dual-space iterative process, which works as a plugin to CCP4i. Applications of the new IPCAS to difficult cases have yielded promising results, including `direct-method phasing and fragment extension' from weak anomalous diffraction signal data and `direct-method-aided partial-structure extension' from low-homology models.


Oligoacene materials were applied as anode interfacial layers for small molecular organic photovoltaics. A sizeable enhancement in the short circuit current was observed which is attributed to an enhancement in the exciton diffusion efficiency. The application of tetracene anode interfacial layers to a synthesized ZnPc material yielded maximum power conversion efficiencies of 4.7%. Rubrene was also applied as an anode interfacial layer for devices of SubPc/C60 which showed a similar photocurrent enhancement.


The 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami caused enormous loss of lives and damage to property in Sri Lanka and in several other countries bordering the Indian Ocean. One way of mitigating potential loss of lives from a similar event in the future is through early warning and quick evacuation of vulnerable coastal communities to safer areas, and such evacuation planning is usually carried out based on inundation maps. Accordingly, the present paper outlines the numerical modelling carried out to develop tsunami inundation maps on a grid of 10 m resolution for three cities on the south coast of Sri Lanka. The results give the tsunami arrival time contours and the spatial distribution of the extent of inundation, the maximum flow velocities as well as the hydrodynamic force in these three cities due to an event similar to the 2004 tsunami.


Mode converted electron Bernstein waves are shown to play an important role in power deposition in the o-axis electron cyclotron heating experiments on the DIII-D tokamak in which the eect known as the 'heat pinch' was inferred. Ray tracing shows that the mode converted Bernstein modes (generated when the launched X mode reects from an outboard upper hybrid layer) are damped in the central region where the previous transport analysis had assumed no power was being deposited. A transport analysis of o-axis electron cyclotron heating (ECH) of DIII-D tokamak plasmas showed a 'heat pinch' in which electron energy was trans- ported inward, apparently owing up the electron temperature gradient (1, 2). From this, the authors drew the conclusion that the simple Fourier heat law qe = nerTe could not be entirely responsible for electron energy transport in tokamaks, since the experiment would require a negative value of e .I f there were a negative heat ux, this would also imply that non-linear diusivities and critical temperature gradient models could not completely explain the cross-eld transport in tokamak plasmas. The exper- iments suggested that the heat pinch increased with density. The power balance analysis used, and there- fore the conclusions drawn from these experiments, depend critically on estimates of the power deposi- tion prole of the heating. This article uses new func- tionality in the ray tracing code GENRAY, incorpo- rating the full hot plasma ray tracing equations to calculate the power deposition prole. We nd that inclusion of the hot plasma electron Bernstein wave (EBW) in the power absorption calculation results in signicant power deposition in the central region that was not accounted for in the power balance analysis; thus the strength of the inferred heat pinch is greatly reduced, and the region over which inward heat ow is implied is signicantly smaller. This article does not attempt to re-evaluate the energy transport in these discharges, rather we attempt only to provide a complete power deposition calculation for a repre- sentative case.


To shed light on decentralization in Russia, the authors examine intergovernmental fiscal relations within regions. To analyze trends, they review channels of fiscal allocation within regions - tax sharing and local transfer schemes. To evaluate the potential impact of various fiscal decentralization patterns on regional economic performance (including growth and the budget deficit), the authors study data on the structure of 89 Russian consolidated regional budgets for 1992-96. They find that local governments'relative share of Russia's consolidated budget, although substantive (roughly a quarter of the total budget), did not expand after 1994. The federal government's relative role in financing public goods and services declined as the relative role of local governments increased substantially. Local governments collected more revenues in 1996 (6.4 percent of GDP) and spent more than regional governments. They also substantially increased social financing (including health, education, and social protection). Russia made no progress toward a more transparent system for tax assignments. The average level of expenditure decentralization is similar for ethnically Russian regions and national republics and"okrugs"but revenue arrangements differ greatly."True"decentralization has taken place in"oblasts"and"krais"where local authorities are provided with a bigger share of sub-national tax revenues. A redistribution model applies in republics and autonomous okrugs, where greater local outlays have been financed through larger transfers from regional governments. Regions near each other tend to have similar budget arrangements - the result of intensive interactions between neighbors and probably supported by the activities of regional associations. The size of a region's territory does not influence decentralization outcomes. Fiscal decentralization seems positively related to the share of education spending in regional budgets. And regions with more decentralized finances tend to experience less economic decline. But budget control is weaker in more decentralized regions. Instability and lack of transparency in intergovernmental fiscal relations provide sub-national governments little incentive for responsible fiscal policy. Further decentralization without greater transparency could bring greater debt and deficits.


Markets across the world pay enormous attention to every economic forecast made by Federal Reserve governors, particularly those from the chair. This article develops a new way that the academic literature can assess the accuracy of these Federal Reserve forecasts. In particular, our proposed method allows for both general and specific predictions to be assessed, while also accounting for the macroeconomic volatility that prevails at the time of the forecast. To develop this measure, we expand upon a methodology proposed by the Wall Street Journal to score the accuracy of forecasts made by the Fed. Our results show that Alan Greenspan was consistently the most accurate forecaster among Fed governors, while the most recent chair in our sample, Janet Yellen, has performed relatively poorly. More generally, we find that the chairs have become less accurate over time with their forecasts and have also tended to make fewer specific predictions.


Purpose – This second article (Part One in Industrial and Commercial Training, Vol. 40 No. 5) aims to provide an overview for senior managers of how to develop an ethical culture in business. It describes a management system to support a strategy, and a governance trail of activities that may be used by Non Executive Directors and Trustees as they discharge their fiduciary responsibilities.Design/methodology/approach – The object is achieved through arguing for a systematic approach to developing ethical behaviour based on core values that support the business strategy. The article then goes on to present examples from organisations from different sectors and sizes where ethical values are part of a positive strategy to determine the culture of the business.Findings – There is clear guidance about how to manage ethical values in business. Readers could start with the "ethical health check list" of questions. The questions could be a thought starter to managers discussing the topic at an away day for examp...


Beyond their main function of high-frequency switches in modulated power converters, solid-state power devices are required in many application domains to also ensure robustness against a number of overload operational conditions. This paper considers the specific case of 1200 V SiC power MOSFETs and analyses their performance under three main transient regimes at the edge of and out of their Safe Operating Area: unclamped inductive switching led avalanche breakdown; short-circuit; operation as current limiting and regulating devices. The results presented highlight both inherent major strengths of SiC over Si and areas for improvement by tailored device design. The paper aims to contribute useful indications for technology development in future device generations to better match widespread and varied application requirements.


If indulging in infrastructure investment to analyze the situation of the infrastructure,it may affect the conclusions.This paper will build the key concept that is the efficiency of infrastructure investment.On this basis,the paper measures the infrastructure investment efficiency between 2001~2008,then analyze the effects on GDP,FDI and urbanization levels.


A dry-feeding entrained bed coal gasifier was numerically modelled by simultaneously solving the rate equations for chemical reactions of the solid and gas phases. This model describes simplified physical and chemical processes in the entrained bed coal gasifier. Chemical reaction processes for coal gasification and combustion are considered along with the simplified gas flow passage in the reactor, so that progress of reactions at the designated spatial location is represented. Gasification phenomena of coal particles were separated into devolatilization, gas-phase, and solid-phase reactions. Coal gasifier geometry was simplified to a pseudo-two-dimensional (pseudo-2D) reactor model based on the 1D plug flow concept. The dimension in the pseudo-2D model was conceptually divided by considering the recirculation effect. As a result, carbon conversion, cold gas efficiency, and temperature distribution were obtained at variable oxygen to coal mass ratio, steam to coal mass ratio, and operating pressure. Operating conditions could be appropriately controlled by knowing the degree of reaction in the reactor.


This study gives insights on how to establish a customer community-based innovation system (CCBIS) from an integrated perspective of business management and computer engineering. First, the author uses value chain model to build a functional framework for CCBIS. After that, a case study of communities of Xiaomi Inc. Is proposed to describe how to achieve the functions of CCBIS in the customer community. These results will help us to understand this cutting-edge innovation system, and provide valuable insights to practice for firms.