Knowledge, beliefs, identities, and emotions influence the ways in which all researchers engage in their work. Research processes are uniquely impacted when researchers share the lived experience under investigation, known as insider status. Reflexivity is an ongoing process of scrutinizing and responding to the ways in which positionality and subjectivities impact each stage of the research process. It can provide transparency, strengthen data interpretations, and increase researcher self-awareness. Broader aims of reflexivity aligned with feminist epistemologies are to shape researcher integrity and address structural inequalities. This article explores the author's engagement in reflexive practices while undertaking a PhD investigating early parenthood within the context of out-of-home care. Excerpts from interviews with 3 young mothers, a foster carer, and 11 professionals illustrate how the author's own lived experiences of out-of-home care and new motherhood assisted with building rapport and shared knowledge creation. Strategies employed to manage the risks of over-identifying with participants' feelings of stigmatization and anxiety are also discussed to demonstrate how appropriate recognition of personal history can enhance the research process. This article concludes by arguing for meaningful opportunities to involve care-experienced people in social work research.


As an important part of the professional courses in China, cross-border e-commerce plays an important role in improving students' professional ability. The OBE concept is effectively used for cross-border e-commerce course teaching. The evaluation and assessment system helps to improve the shortcomings of the current teaching and improve the learning effect of students. At present, cross-border e-commerce major in our country universities in the process of course teaching has paid attention to the OBE concept effectively used in it, through analysis from multiple dimensions and check the students 'learning results, the teaching objectives, teaching implementation and teaching guarantee, and other links to cover, can provide dynamic support for students' learning results. Based on this, this study will analyze the construction of the cross-border E-commerce teaching evaluation and assessment system under the OBE concept from the perspective of the OBE concept, so as to help improve the existing teaching deficiencies, so as to establish a diversified teaching evaluation and teaching assessment system.


This paper approaches three subjects. Firstly, it briefly analyzes the history of psychology undergraduate programs of in Argentina, in which psychoanalytical bias is emphasized. Secondly, it reviews some important studies and reports concerning undergraduate programs and professional training in Psychology, beginning with some classical reports in USA, finishing with the proposal of an European Diploma in Psychology, which is now under evaluation in European countries. Thirdly, globalization effects, specially those from educational Mercosur, on teaching of psychology at undergradute programs and professional training in psychology in Argentina are analyzed. In such context, a critical report on psychology undergraduate programs in the country is reviewed.


(e.g., Hough et al., 1990). The validity and utility of simple assessments of noncognitive traits like those suggested in this book can probably be damaged or destroyed by test preparation. To truly go beyond the big test, this issue needs to be faced. In this book, Sedlacek advances cogent arguments for the role that noncognitive variables could take as an important addition to standardized admissions testing. This is a noble goal, and his book will, it is hoped, encourage others to pursue this line of inquiry. The weaknesses in his presentation and data, however, are palpable, and ultimately make reading this book unsatisfying.


Longevity and fecundity of Ips calligraphus (Germar) females were studied in relation to phloem thickness at 30°C in typical slash pine ( Pinus elliottii Engelmann var. elliottii ) bolts. Average longevity (days), fecundity (eggs), oviposition rate (OR, eggs per day), and egg density (ED, eggs per cm) were significantly ( P < 0.05) greater for females maintained in thick (2.5–3.5 mm) versus thin (1.0–1.5 mm) phloem. Average values were, respectively, 29 and 18 days for longevity, 326 and 160 eggs for fecundity, 12 and 9 eggs per day for OR, and 4.3 and 2.9 eggs per cm for ED. Females switched between thick and thin phloem at 3-day intervals had intermediate longevity (23 days), fecundity (263 eggs), and ED (3.6 eggs per cm) values; ED generally increased when in thick phloem and decreased when in thin phloem. Gallery construction rate (mm per day), OR, and ED were negatively correlated with female age. Physical and nutritional characteristics of xylem, phloem, and outer bark are discussed in relation to the above findings.


This paper examines the development of poverty and income inequality in Pakistan during the 1970s, and decomposes this inequality into various components in order to identify the location of increasing inequality. The figures show that poverty decreased by about 50%. Not only has the percentage of households below the poverty line decreased by about 34%, but the average income of the remaining poor also went up. At the same time, income inequality between households increased during the period concerned. The decomposition technique applied in this paper discovered 4 elements of inequality increase. 1) Increase in the inequality of earnings in rural areas explains 33% of total inequality increase. 2) Increasing participation rates of both urban and rural households explain 32% of total inequality increase. 3) 25% of total inequality increase can be attributed to a sectoral shift from rural to urban areas. The urban income share increased from 33% in 1969-1970 to 50% in 1979. Since the Theil coefficient of urban labor income is far higher than the Theil coefficient of rural labor income in both 1969-1970 and 1979, inequality increased due to this sectoral shift. 4) Inequality between urban and rural areas increased, explaining 11% of total inequality increase.


The rate of racemisation of the trisoxalatochromium(III) anion shows a very high order of dependence on acid concentration. We present data for catalysis of the reaction by HClO4, HCl, and H2SO4. An A-1 mechanism for the racemisation is proposed.


3D human motion generation is crucial for creative industry. Recent advances rely on generative models with domain knowledge for text-driven motion generation, leading to substantial progress in capturing common motions. However, the performance on more diverse motions remains unsatisfactory. In this work, we propose ReMoDiffuse, a diffusion-model-based motion generation framework that integrates a retrieval mechanism to refine the denoising process. ReMoDiffuse enhances the generalizability and diversity of text-driven motion generation with three key designs: 1) Hybrid Retrieval finds appropriate references from the database in terms of both semantic and kinematic similarities. 2) Semantic-Modulated Transformer selectively absorbs retrieval knowledge, adapting to the difference between retrieved samples and the target motion sequence. 3) Condition Mixture better utilizes the retrieval database during inference, overcoming the scale sensitivity in classifier-free guidance. Extensive experiments demonstrate that ReMoDiffuse outperforms state-of-the-art methods by balancing both text-motion consistency and motion quality, especially for more diverse motion generation.


Autoradiography was used to examine the movement of assimilate from basal leaves of first-year, container-grown greenhouse Mailing Merton (MM) 111 apple trees (Malus sp.) exposed to 14CO2 either 2 or 21 days following summer pruning. Two days after summer pruning, the majority of 14C was transported to the roots regardless of treatment. Control trees exhibited a similar pattern of transport 3 weeks after summer pruning, while in summer-pruned trees, photosynthate moved primarily to regrowth. Prevention of regrowth with naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) resulted in transport of photosynthate primarily to the roots.


In the process of ReelWell reverse circulation directional drilling, the drilling fluid returns through the inner drill pipe, and the debris particles continuously eroded and wear the drill pipe in the inclined section, which easily causes the failure of the inner drill pipe erosion. Analysis, through the Fluent software to simulate the flow field in the inner drill pipe, to study the impact of different drilling fluid displacement, different mechanical drilling speed, different cuttings particle size on the drill pipe erosion. The results show that: (1) The larger the drilling fluid displacement, the higher the return velocity of the drilling fluid, the greater the number of cuttings, the larger the maximum erosion rate of the curved pipe section, and the larger the erosion area; (2) The higher the drilling rate High, the higher the concentration of cuttings particles, the higher the probability of particles hitting the pipe wall, the greater the maximum erosion rate of the curved pipe section, and the larger the erosion area. When the mechanical drilling rate is higher than 10m/h, the maximum erosion rate increases significantly; (3) the smaller the cuttings particle size, the larger the number of cuttings particles, and the greater the maximum erosion rate of the curved pipe section. It is recommended that the drilling fluid displacement and the mechanical drilling rate should not be too large during the reverse circulation drilling process. At the same time, the cuttings particle size should be controlled, the drilling tool management should be strengthened, and the reasonable use standard after the drill pipe erosion is established. The research results have a certain guiding significance for revealing the failure of the inner drill pipe erosion in ReelWell reverse circulation directional drilling and the scientific use of the wear drill pipe.


In this research we have generalized the experience of the optical data processing laboratory on investigation, elaboration, and design of the multifunctional hybrid optical-electronic systems, which may be used for analysis and recognition of images, textures, and wide-band time signals.


Hymenocardia acida Tul. (Euphorbiaceae) is a shrub or a small tree of about 6 m high, which grows in the savannah regions of Africa. The extracts are widely used in traditional African medicine, for example for their antiplasmodial and antidiabetic potential. Previous phytochemical studies on this plant have established the presence of alkaloids, anthocyanins, anthraquinones, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, phenols, saponins, steroids, stilbenoids, tannins and triterpenoids [1, 2], but not much is known yet about the active compounds. In this study the isolation of alkaloids from H. acida is described. The dried root bark of H. acida (2.7 kg) was extracted by percolation with 80% methanol and fractionated by liquid-liquid separation and flash chromatography. To indicate the presence of alkaloids the Dragendorff and iodoplatinate reagent, two alkaloid specific TLC visualization reagents, were used and fractions which showed a positive reaction with both were selected for further analysis. The main compounds in these fractions were then isolated by semi-preparative HPLC-DAD-MS. In order to elucidate the structures of these compounds, 1H-, 13C- and a variety of 2D-NMR spectra were recorded. Compound 1, hymenocardine, has been isolated from this plant before [3] and the structure was confirmed by comparison with previously reported 1 H- and 13C-NMR spectra [3, 4]. Compound 2 was almost identical to compound 1, but the spectroscopic data showed that it contained a hydroxyl group instead of a carbonyl group and thus it was named hymenocardinol. To our knowledge it is the first time hymenocardinol was isolated from H. acida or any other natural source, although it has been prepared by reduction of hymenocardine. Thus, hymenocardinol is reported here as a new cyclopeptide alkaloid. Keywords: Hymenocardia acida, Euphorbiaceae, cyclopeptide alkaloids, hymenocardine, hymenocardinol References: [1] Starks C., Williams R. et al. (2014) Phytochemistry 98: 216 – 222 [2] Manga F., Khattabi C. et al (2013)J Ethnoparmacol 146: 623 – 631 [3] Pais M., Marchand J. et al. (1968) Bull Soc Chim Fr 7: 2979 – 2984 [4] Pais M., Jarreau F. et al. (1979) Phytochemistry 18: 1869 – 1872


Renal puncture and incision biopsy specimens were investigated, using light and electron microscopic techniques, in 34 patients with vasorenal hypertension. The magnitude of the hypotensive effect of reconstructive surgery on renal arteries is shown to be largely dependent on the severity of arteriolosclerosis in the ischemized kidney rather than the contralateral one. Quantitative assessment of the severity of renal arteriolar sclerosis has established a critical vascular index (the ratio of arteriolar wall thickness to lumen diameter) above which the probability of reconstructive surgery producing a hypotensive effect becomes rather low.


Using the complexity coefficient, frequency spectrum analysis and wavelet transformation, we have processed Pm waveform data of the deep seismic sounding profile cross the west margin of the Zhangjiakou-Bohai fault belt. Our purpose is to investigate the parameter features of the crust-mantle transitional zone and their implications for lithospheric evolution. Our results show that different tectonic units have distinct complexity coefficients and frequency spectrum features. Beneath the Mongolia platform, the complexity coefficient is small and the Moho interface is of the first order discontinuity. Below the Huai'an-Zhangbei area, west margin of the Zhangjiakou-Bohai fault belt, the complexity coefficient of Pm wave is large, the frequency spectrum has many extremes and the Moho is a complicated crust-mantle transitional zone. In terms of wavelet analysis and synthetic seismograms of reflectivity, it is revealed that the crust-mantle transitional zone beneath the study area consists of 2~3 layers, with a total thickness about 6~9km, which is thickest below the Huai'an basin. It is inferred that this transitional zone was resulted from underplating during continental rifting, and its layering feature is associated with many times of magma activities in Mesozoic and Cenozoic times.


The paper explores the case of persistent institutional heterodoxy and the mechanisms that allow it to be sustained over a long time and against all odds, a condition that institutional theory tend...


In the 2008 article "A Review of Feral Cat Control," Robertson explored the trend developing in the management of so-called "feral" cats away from lethal methods toward the non-lethal method of trap-neuter-return (TNR). The review explored various issues raised by the presence of these unowned, free-roaming cats in our neighborhoods (e.g., zoonotic disease and wildlife predation), stakeholder interests, and management options—all based on then-available information. Missing from the review, however, was an exploration of the shifting ethics underlying TNR's increasing popularity. In this essay, we explore the ethical aspects of community cat management in the U.S. as reflected in the momentum of the "no-kill movement" generally and TNR in particular. We argue that these powerful cultural currents reflect two interrelated ethical theories: (1) a zoocentric ethic that recognizes the intrinsic value of non-human animals beyond any instrumental value to humans, and (2) a virtue ethic that recognizes the legitimacy of "emotional" considerations (e.g., compassion) that rightly accompany decisions about how best to manage community cats.


The Integrated Logistics Information System (ILIS) relates global logistics and involves the integration of information relating to production means, storage points and means of transport. This can be done using computing tools such as GroupWare applications. Interconnections on a large scale in an environment of heterogeneous networks and machines requires a high level of interoperability. This paper describes an open-architecture system for the integration of shop-floor in the logistic chain. The proposed system exploits the open Internet standards and is based on connection model between Logistic system users and service providers, through an intermediate platform called PEGASE. Real time Information delivered by shop-floor is stored in the corresponding service databases. Periodically, this information is transmitted to Logistic system. The access rights to monitor/control, operator system(s), retrieve historical data and configure operation parameters are granted to several types of users based on their authorization level.


Transfer RNAs (tRNAs) can recognize a specific amino acid from a possible pool of 20. They are able to transport these protein building-blocks to the ribosome, the site where amino acids assemble into protein chains. Accurate and rapid selection of tRNAs by the ribosome is critical for cell survival. The aim of this paper is to develop a preliminary and simple model of tRNA molecular movement in the bacterial (Escherichia coli—E. coli) cytoplasm. We examine the spatial movement/placement of aminoacylated tRNAs in the cytoplasm—viewed from the perspective of that particular aminoacylated tRNA. To achieve this goal, a kinetic model of the interaction between messenger RNA, ribosome, and RNA molecules is developed. The purpose of the simulation is to examine the conditions necessary for the tRNA to deliver a particular amino acid to the ribosome within a biological timeframe. Simulation results show that it is unlikely that tRNAs are able to reach the "A site" of the ribosome by random movement.


The article is devoted to the historical and legal analysis of the formation and development of legal education in the Russian Empire in the XIX century. The article sets forth a consistent legal regulation of the consolidation of the status of law faculties in the University Charter of 1804, 1835, 1863 and 1884, their structure and evolution of functioning. The article also reflects the main content of the legal regulation of legal education, as well as the gradual consolidation in the legislation of the Russian Empire of the XIX century of compulsory legal education for government officials, including those administering justice. Keywords—legal education; university; university reforms; legislation; judicial reform Only enlightened peoples can keep, understand and comply with laws; only people familiar with the sciences can elevate industry and agriculture; only educated people, comprehending the price of good, can feel love and devotion for the good deeds shown to them [1].


The kinematics of many control systems, especially in the robotics field, naturally live on smooth manifolds. Most classical state-estimation algorithms, including the extended Kalman filter, are posed on Euclidean space. Although any filter algorithm can be adapted to a manifold setting by implementing it in local coordinates and ignoring the geometric structure, it has always been clear that there would be advantages in taking the geometric structure into consideration in developing the algorithm. In this paper, we argue that the minimum geometric structure required to adapt the extended Kalman filter to a manifold is that of an affine connection. With this structure, we show that a naive coordinate implementation of the EKF fails to account for geometry of the manifold in the update step and in the reset step. We provide geometric modifications to the classical EKF based on parallel transport of the measurement covariance (for the update) and a-posteriori state covariance (for the reset) that address these limitations. Preliminary results for attitude estimation with two directional measurements demonstrate that the proposed modifications significantly improve the transient behavior of the filter.


n most sports, contact sports in particular, there is a risk of orofacial and stomatognatic system injuries. It is possible to prevent stomatognatic system injuries or reduce their consequences and therefore it is important to look into the possibilities of their prevention. Boxing is a contact sport running an extremely high risk of a stomatognatic system and facial trauma.The aim of the research was to record, examine, warn and educate the subjects about the protection against injuries of stomatognatic system and raise their awareness of the possible gravity of stomatognatic injuries. We tried to create the effective mouthguard and to examine, using objective clinical methods, the diversity of the existing mouthguards taking into consideration a series of parameters affecting their use.n most sports, contact sports in particular, there is a risk of orofacial and stomatognatic system injuries. It is possible to prevent stomatognatic system injuries or reduce their consequences and therefore it is important to look into the possibilities of their prevention. Boxing is a contact sport running an extremely high risk of a stomatognatic system and facial trauma.The aim of the research was to record, examine, warn and educate the subjects about the protection against injuries of stomatognatic system and raise their awareness of the possible gravity of stomatognatic injuries. We tried to create the effective mouthguard and to examine, using objective clinical methods, the diversity of the existing mouthguards taking into consideration a series of parameters affecting their use.he individual multiple layered laminated mouthguards showed a number of advantages over boil & bite mouthguards such as, low incidence of stomatognatic and facial injuries, wearing comfort, unhindered speaking, swallowing and breathing (p< 0.05). The stomatognatic injury provokes long-lasting consequences and therefore prevention is one of the basic requirements of dental, health care in contact sports. The study of the Croatian boxing team showed that nine out of ten boxers have problems with maxillary arch due to wearing inadequate, commercial mouthguards and thus their chewing apparatus does not function properly. During the entire dental examination, the mentioned athletes had the average of four teeth afflicted by caries and in some of them there was a need for prothetical sanation of oral cavity. Our research clearly demonstrated that the awareness of athletes and coaches, dentists and physicians about the role of protective appliances in sport is insufficient. The multiple layered laminated mouthguard provides a good protection in contact sports that is substantiated by the results of this experimental research on the Croatian boxing team.


Abstract The second-order transition temperatures of plasticized butadiene-styrene copolymers have been measured by dilatometric techniques. In a series of ester plasticizers, the ability of a given plasticizer to depress the second-order transition temperature of the polymer is related to the swelling effect of the plasticizer on the polymer. The special case of a crystallizing plasticizer (dibutyl sebacate) has been discussed. Common petroleum plasticizers do not appear to behave in a similar manner. The change of coefficient of expansion of the ester-plasticized copolymers is related to the measured transition temperature of the blend.


This study aims to design a simple distillation project on chemical literacy on alcohol phase f. This research was designed using the Plomp development model, which consists of 3 stages: the preliminary research stage, the development stage or prototyping, and the assessment stage. In this study, the authors limit the research to the development stage prototype, which produces prototype III. This project was designed using the project-based learning model with a combination of the anatomy of the project-based learning model) and project-based learning syntax, which contains aspects of chemical literacy. The development of this simple distillation project on chemical literacy on the topic of alcohol phase f is expected to assist teachers in overcoming obstacles in making learning media. It can be used as one of the learning media that can help students in learning, especially on alcohol. Testing the content validity and construct validity was carried out by five validators (Padang State University lectures and teachers of senior high school). The data obtained from the validator was then analyzed using Aiken's V formula. The results of data analysis in this study showed that the average results of Aiken's V on content validity were 0.89, and construct validity was 0.90, which is included in the valid category.


In spite of a large number of techniques aimed for improvement of Direct Volume Rendering (DVR) quality and performance proposed in the literature, there is a lack of approaches for numerical quality estimation of the images obtained by visualization of medical and scientific volumetric datasets. In this paper we propose a method to estimate sampling artefacts. Using the proposed estimation method we compare different RC algorithms to expose optimal ones in quality-performance criteria.


Training-camp or garrison-fortThis article is an attempt to initiate a discussion on the motives behind the construction of the Danish Viking forts. The excavator of Trelleborg, Poul Nørlund, was himself the first (in 1948) to put forward the now generally accepted interpretation, that the forts had been training-camps and barracks for the armies with which Sweyn Forkbeard forced England into submission. This theory was taken over without question (in 1962) by Olaf Olsen, who continued the excavations of Aggersborg, Fyrkat and Nonnebakken after the death of C. G. Schultz. In 1963 the theory was elevated almost to the status of gospel truth by the Nestor of Danish fortification research, Vilhelm la Cour. Previous attempts to cast doubt on this interpretation (Lauritz Weibull 1950, P. H. Sawyer 1962) have proved resultless.It is pointed out that the association of the forts with the conquest of England is not only - as Weibull puts it - »pure supposition«; it is an interpretation which on a number of vital points either is in disharmony with or directly incompatible with the archaeological results. Particular attention is given to the question of Trelleborg's connection with the sea, and it is established that the claim of navigable access to the fort from the Great Belt rests upon irresponsible use of certain very limited trial investigations made by the botanist Knud Jessen in the meadows around Trelleborg. Moreover, a large complex of dams associated with a water-mill in the river valley west of Trelleborg has never been investigated, because -as an obstacle to a sea-approach- it was a priori assumed to be mediæval. In the case of the three other forts, too, thorough investigations of surroundings still seem to be lacking.With the obvious reservation that only preliminary reports are yet available on the excavations at Aggersborg, Fyrkat and Nonnebakken, the author is of the opinion that the four Viking forts are best interpreted as garrison-forts, erected by the Danish throne to strengthen its control over the surrounding areas, as a move in its efforts to fuse the separate regions of the country into one kingdom.Tage E. Christiansen


Layers of altered spherules in the Early Archean Fig Tree Group, Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa, and the Warrawoona Group, Eastern Pilbara Block, Western Australia, are associated with major iridium anomalies. The spherules represent metasomatically altered quenched liquid silicate droplets interpreted to have formed by the condensation and solidification of impact-produced rock vapor and liquid melt [I, 21. Three spherule beds have been identified in the Barberton Belt [2]. Two prominent spherule layers occur near the base of the sedimentary Fig Tree Group, immediately overlying volcanic and cherty sediments of the Onverwacht Group. The lower Fig Tree bed, S2, occurs in the lowest 1 to 2 m of Fig Tree strata. The higher bed, S3, is interbedded within a thick sequence of volcaniclastic and terrigenous sediments 50 m to 200 m above the base of the Fig Tree Group. A third spherule layer, S1, several thousand meters lower in the sequence, has not yet been studied in detail. Samples from the two upper spherule layers and from igneous and sedimentary units throughout the supracrustal sequence were collected from sections distributed across the western half of the greenstone belt. Selected samples were examined petrographically, analyzed for major and trace element geochemistry by x-ray fluorescence, and analyzed at the Lawrence Berkeley Lab for REE and iridium by neutron activation techniques. The results provide a reasonably clear preliminary picture of the distribution of iridium as a function of sediment and igneous rock type. Spherule bed S3, the upper Fig Tree layer, locally yields Ir levels as high as 162 (+I-6) ppb and, at a second locality, 144 (+I-5) ppb. These values are between 20% and 25% of volatile-free chondrite abundances [3]. Spherule layer S2, the lower unit, has provided maximum values of 76 (+I-3) ppb and 67 (+I-3) ppb, both from localities in the northern part of the greenstone belt. In southern areas, the spherules in S2 have been extensively reworked by current activity and the iridium content of the bed generally averages between 0.4 and 4 ppb. The single Australian spherule bed, which is a current-deposited mixture of quench-textured basaltic spherules (5% to 50%) and unrelated clastic and pyroclastic detritus (50% to 95%), yielded maximum Ir abundances of 4.5 (+/0.5), 4.2 (+I-0.5), and 3.7 (+I-0.6) ppb. Correcting for silica-filled pore space and the unrelated and presumably low-iridium detrital grains, it is apparent that this unit, too, is the site of a major iridium anomaly, probably exceeding 10 ppb. Associated rocks in the greenstone belt sequences might be expected to exhibit high background levels of iridium because of the common enrichment of platinum-group elements in ultramafic rocks, which are major components of Early Archean greenstone belt volcanic sequences. Analyses of 12 relatively fresh highand low-Mg komatiites yielded a maximum Ir abundance of 4.8 (+/1.0) ppb and an average of 1.3 (+I-0.4) ppb. High-Mg rocks generally contain in excess of 1 ppb whereas low-Mg komatiites vary considerably but generally contain less than 0.5 ppb. These results are consistent with previously reported iridium abundances in Archean mafic and ultramafic rocks [4]. Two samples of dacitic volcanic rocks both yielded 0.0 (+0.3) ppb Ir. Nine samples of dacitic ash, which occurs interbedded with the spherule layers and mixed


Abstract 2022 Poster Board I-1044 Previous studies have demonstrated that Histone Deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors such as butyrate and several short chain fatty acids, can induce fetal hemoglobin in humans and animal models; however induction of Hb F is achieved in relatively high concentrations of these compounds. We have previously investigated the induction of human γ globin gene activity by the prototypical HDAC inhibitor, FK228. The results demonstrated that FK228 is a more potent γ globin gene inducer compared to other HDAC inhibitors we have tested before (Am J Hematol. 12:981). In this study, we investigated the induction of human γ globin gene function of largazole and it9s thiol analogue in vitro in cultures of normal human adult BFUe and in vivo in the mice carrying a human γ globin transgene. Largazole is a HDAC inhibitor which was recently isolated from a marine vyanobacterium by Luesch and co-workers. Structural features of largazole, a macrocyclic depsopeptide, closely resemble those of FK228, FR901375 and spiruchostatin. We have reported that largazole and numerous synthetic analogues are highly potent Class I histone deacetylase inhibitors (J Am Chem Soc. 130:11219, J Am Chem Soc. 2009 Feb 4). We used flow cytometry to measure the in vitro effect of largazole and it9s derivatives on the frequency of HbF-positive erythroblasts in BFUe cultures from normal individuals; real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were used to measure the in vivo effects of largazole on human γ globin induction in γ transgenic mice carrying a human γ globin gene.. Our results show that largazole and it9s thiol derivative are potent γ hemoglobin gene inducers. In the human BFUe cultures, largazole increased the levels of fetal hemoglobin positive cells from 21.9% (control level) to 62.8% at a concentration of 0.1μM; largazole thiol increased the levels of fetal hemoglobin positive cells to 62.0% at a concentration of 1μM. Transgenic mice carrying the human μLCR A γ construct continue to express the human γ gene in the adult stage (Blood. 77:1326). Largazole was administered through IP injection at the dosages of 0.3mg/kg/day and 0.6mg/kg/day, 5 days per week, for 2 weeks to two cohorts of transgenic mice. Largazole at the dose of 0.3mg/kg/day increased the level of human γ mRNA at the end of injection by 160.7%; at a dose of 0.6mg/kg/day human γ mRNA increased by 174.7%. At the 0.6mg/kg/day dosage the level of fetal hemoglobin in the peripheral blood of the animals increased by 3.4 and 3.2 fold at day 21 and day 28, respectively. These results provide strong in vitro and in vivo evidence that Largazole and it9s thiol analogue are potent HbF inducers acting at low concentrations, and thus provide promising alternatives to compounds currently considered for induction of Hb F in patients with sickle cell disease and thalassemia. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.


This paper analyzes the operation of a governmental policy of poverty alleviation, Desarrollo Humano Oportunidades, in an indigenous community. Based on qualitative research results, it demonstrates how this program —which was designed as a standardized measure for the whole country— presents challenges and complexities at the local level. First, it offers a brief description of Oportunidades' operation. Secondly, it explains the corporate government system (uses and customs) of an Oaxacan indigenous community and the local actors involved in Oportunidades. Then, it considers the impact of this policy in terms of the relationship between Oportunidades' actors and the uses and coustoms government officials. Finally, it offers some general guidelines to improve the operation of the program in indigenous communities.


BACKGROUND: The radiologic change by tuberculosis can be associated with airflow obstruction. However, the association between airflow obstruction and abnormalities on chest X-ray (CXR) other than tuberculosis (nontuberculous lesion) is not well known. We evaluated the association between airflow limitation and nontuberculous lesion. METHOD: The data of the 4th & 5th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; a cross-sectional survey in the general population of Korea was analyzed. CXR findings were categorized into 3 groups; normal, tuberculosis (active, suspicious, inactive tuberculosis), and nontuberculous lesion (pneumonia, emphysema, pulmonary nodule, and others). We compared the prevalence of airflow obstruction according to the presence of the radiologic change. Airflow obstruction was defined as FEV 1 /FVC RESULTS: 11,969 subjects (age ≥ 40 years) who took the spirometry and simple chest radiography were included. A total of 1,746 (14.6%) subjects showed airflow obstruction. A total of 911 (7.6%) and 537 (4.5%) subjects showed radiologic change by tuberculosis and nontuberculous lesion, respectively. Among them, 40.2% for tuberculosis lesion (n= 366/911) and 32.6% for nontuberculous lesion (n= 175/537) had airflow obstruction. For the subjects with normal chest X-ray, the prevalence of airflow obstruction was only 11.5% (n= 1205/10521). The adjusted odds ratio for airflow obstruction according to the radiologic changes, tuberculosis and nontuberculous lesion, was 3.295 (95% CI: 2.78-3.905) and 2.338 (95% CI: 1.884-2.902), respectively. CONCLUSION: The abnormal X-ray change by nontuberculous lesion as well as tuberculosis lesion was associated with airflow limitation.


Religion has always played a prominent role in the lives of individuals, communities and nations. Today often one's religious beliefs conflict with new advances in science and technology causing confusion. This conflict can be resolved if science and religion are considered two different approaches to understand reality. Since their aim is the same, so there should be no clash between them. The two, understood properly, can supplement each other. Einstein truly says: "Science without religion is lame. Religion without science is blind". Hence enlightened persons apply scientific knowledge to give 'eyes' to religious wisdom. They reinterpret their religion to retain its contemporary relevance.


This paper introduced the"IUCN Protected Area Management Categories";analyzed the relationships among the Protected Area System of NWY(North Western Yunnan Province, China) and regional sustainable development, regional land-use plan,regional urban system and existing protected lands;expounded the following details to build and improve the Protected Area System of NWY:mission,strategies, spatial structure,management mechanism and policies,and action plan.


Background Anti-aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase (anti-ARS) autoantibodies have been found in patients with polymyositis/dermatomyositis (PM/DM). Anti-KS, an anti-ARS antibody, often presents with interstitial lung disease (ILD) without other clinical symptoms of connective tissue disease (CTD). However, the clinical manifestations of anti-KS-positive patients are not well-studied. Objectives To clarify the clinical and laboratory characteristics of Japanese patients with antibodies against anti-KS antibody. Methods Sera from 326 patients with CTD (including PM/DM) or ILD at Tokai University were screened for anti-KS antibody using RNA and protein immunoprecipitation assays. Demographic data, clinical symptoms, laboratory findings and chest computed tomography (CT) scan results were retrospectively reviewed from medical charts. Results Five patients with anti-KS autoantibody were identified. All five patients were female with a mean age (±SD) of 59.4 (±13.9) years at onset, presenting with respiratory symptoms without any sign of myositis. In all patients, ILD was chronic and chest CT scan revealed a non-specific interstitial pneumonia pattern in three patients and the remaining two showed a usual interstitial pneumonia pattern. Three patients (60%) had arthritis, mechanic's hand, while one (20%) had Gottron's sign and was diagnosed as amyopathic DM with ILD. Interestingly, three patients (60%) showed symptoms of the Sicca syndrome with presence of anti-SSA antibody and two of those were diagnosed as Sjögren's syndrome. The frequency of Sicca syndrome in anti-KS-positive patients was significantly higher compared with other anti-ARS antibody-positive patients (60% vs. 14%, respectively, p=0.031) Conclusions These results highlight that the presence of anti-KS antibody is associated with the Sicca syndrome as well as ILD without muscle symptoms. References [1] Hirakata M, et al. J Immunol. 1999Feb 15;162(4):2315–20. [2] Hirakata M, et al. Arthritis Rheum. 2007Apr;56(4):1295–303. Disclosure of Interest None declared


Haemopexin is a P,,-globulin with a molecular weight of 80,000 (Schultze, Heide & Haupt, 1961). It is synthesized in the liver (Hochwald, Thorbecke & Asofsky, 1961) and its presence has been demonstrated in the serum of all mammals which have been examined. In man it comprises approximately 1.4 % of the total serum protein. Haemopexin is one of two serum proteins (the other is albumin) which bind with haem to form a brown-coloured complex in vitro. Reduction or absence of haemopexin observed by a number of workers (Neale, Aber & Northam, 1958, Muller-Eberhard & Cleve, 1963 ; Wheby, Barrett & Crosby, 1960 ; Hanstein & Muller-Eberhard, 1968) in the serum of individuals suffering from various haemolytic disorders can probably be ascribed to the formation and removal from the circulation of a haem-haemopexin complex in vivo. This suggests that the function of this protein may be related to the conservation of iron. Variations in serum levels of haemopexin have also been reported as a function of age and ingestion of certain drugs (Ross & Muller-Eberhard, 1970; Hanstein & Muller-Eberhard, 1968). Haemopexin is polymorphic in the serum of rabbits (Grunder, 1966) and swine (Imlah, 1964) as demonstrated by electrophoresis. No such polymorphism has been described in man. Heide, Haupt, Storiko & Schultze (1964) studied the binding capacity of haemopexin in human serum by starch-gel electrophoresis and observed that the protein appeared 'somewhat heterogeneous '. However, further study of the sera from a number of individuals of the haptoglobin 2-2 type revealed no variation in the electrophoretic mobility of haemopexin. Reports of haemopexin polymorphism in the serum of mammals (Grunder, 1966; Imlah, 1964), other than man, prompted us to examine human haemopexin for evidence of genetic polymorphism.


First and foremost we thank you for your thoughtful comments on our manuscript. Your comments echo many of those made by Referee 1 (the response to whom is posted for review), and certain from Referees 2 and 3 (see responses). We've endeavoured to address each of your questions and comments here. We include your original comments «in brackets» and outline our responses below, clarifying our intent or outlining the planned alterations we will make to the manuscript.


We theoretically unveil the mode-locking principle in microresonator-filtered laser cavities and predict chirped bright soliton with normal-dispersion microresonators. With ultrahigh-speed time magnifier, we experimentally observe real-time soliton rain harmonics and the first soliton Newton's cradle.


We present an assay to detect single-nucleotide polymorphisms on a chip using molecular DNA switches and isothermal rolling- circle amplification. The basic principle behind the switch is an allele-specific oligonucleotide circularization, mediated by DNA ligase. A DNA switch is closed when perfect hybridization between the probe oligonucleotide and target DNA allows ligase to covalently circularize the probe. Mismatches around the ligation site prevent probe circularization, resulting in an open switch. DNA polymerase is then used to preferentially amplify the closed switches, via rolling-circle amplification. The stringency of the molecular switches yields 102 - 103 fold discrimination between matched and mismatched sequences.


Objectives:The aim of study was to estimate the prevalence of poor sleep quality and depressive symptoms as well as to examine the moderating effect of positive psychology on the relationship between poor sleep quality and depressive symptoms among Korean university students. Methods:A total of 2,338(1,071 male and 1,267 female) university students at seven universities of four cities in Korea were randomly selected to participate in a survey. Data were collected by self-report questionnaires, including Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index(PSQI), Beck Depression Inventory(BDI), Satisfaction with Life Scale(SWLS), Positive Psychotherapy Inventory(PPTI), and sociodemographic characteristics. Results:The prevalence was 44.8% for poor sleep quality and 14.4% for depressive symptoms among Korean university students. By moderated regression analysis, the results showed that poor sleep quality(β=0.453, p<0.001) aggravated depressive symptoms of university students, and life satisfaction(β=-0.087, p<0.001) and happiness(β=-0.145, p<0.001) respectively buffered the negative effect of the poor sleep quality on depressive symptoms. Conclusion:This study showed very high prevalence of poor sleep quality and depressive symptoms among Korean university students. Overall, these findings demonstrates that positive psychology can be effective in the enhancement of subjective and psychological well-being and may help to reduce depressive symptom levels. In the context of public health, positive psychology can be used as preventive, easily accessible and non-stigmatizing tools.


Ground and airborne hydroxyl emission observations were made in the northern polar regions. The ground observations were made at Ester Dome, Alaska, and the airborne observations were made during the 1969 NASA Airborne Expedition. The analysis of some of the data that were acquired has lead to the following conclusions: (1) Airglow OH measurements show no appreciable change with latitude or longitude. (2) Diurnal changes at northern latitudes are similar to those observed in midlatitude regions. (3) Two types of OH enhancements were observed photometrically in the 9370 A region - one associated with visible aurora, and the other uncorrelated with visible aurora. High resolution spectra under both inactive and active conditions indicate that the OH enhancements seen photometrically in active aurorae are probably due to contamination of the filter pass bands by the unexpected enhancement of the NI multiplet lines at 9387 A and 9393 A. All previously reported aurorally associated enhancements are consequently suspect.


Objective To assess the effects of a small dose of arginine vasopressin (AVP) on hemodynamic, clinical, and laboratory variables in vasodilatory shock. Methods Seventeen patients with vasodilatory shock were studied. All patients received catecholamine therapy. After adequate fluid resuscitation, AVP was infused at a starting rate of 0.008 U/min, and the max rate was less than 0.04 U/min. Catecholamine dosage was adjusted to maintain a mean arterial pressure ≥65 mmHg. Hemodynamic, urine output, creatinine and catecholamine dosage were recorded before the study and at 8 hours after administration of AVP. AVP dosage, clinic adverse side effects and intensive care unit mortality were documented as well. Results A small dose of AVP increased mean arterial pressure, stroke volume index, systemic vascular resistance index, urine output and creatinine clearance. Heart rate, cardiac index and catecholamine requirements decreased. Central venous pressure and intrathoracic blood volume index was no difference. The intensive care unit mortality was 23.53%. Conclusion Supplementary a small dose of AVP infusion improves cardiocirculatory function and renal function in vasodilatory shock, and decreases catecholamine requirements and intensive care unit mortality.


The technique of Temporary Immersion constitutes an effective tool for the plant propagation; it increases the multiplication coefficient and the quality of the same ones. Little it is known until the moment about the echophysiology of this new cultivation technique where the plants are subjected to an immersion between liquid and the physiologic changes that take place during this stage will be those responsible for the plants quality. To evaluate the effects of these conditions in the physiologic change of plantain plants, a descriptive experiment was directed during the elongation phase. Enzymes related with the carbon metabolism were measure of the plant heterotrophic behaviour during the studied phase. High levels of acid invertase (AI) activities and pyruvato kinase (PK) accompanied by first floor levels of sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC), evidence these behaviours. The changes induced by the atmosphere and the indicative net photosynthesis and transpiration demonstrate the tendency from the plants to be a less autotrophy systems. The plants during the in vitro conditions don't depend totally on the photosynthesis but rather they present photomixotrophic behaviour. Key words: acid invertase (AI), Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC), pyruvato kinase (PK), sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS)


This article considers the nature of the association between substance misuse and criminal behaviour and how this might inform the development of prison-based substance misuse treatment programs. The literature on what is known about the effectiveness of prison-based treatment is reviewed and the implications for correctional practice considered. It is concluded that prison-based substance misuse treatment should be considered a critical component of rehabilitation programming and that justice outcomes are likely to be improved when a number of program features are incorporated.


Delivering automobiles, vans, and trucks to auto dealerships is a unique problem among the routing and scheduling problem class. A subproblem is that of loading the vehicles onto an auto-carrier (equipment specially designed for this purpose). Allocation of the vehicles to this equipment has typically been done by means of trial and error and heuristic methods. This paper shows how the loading aspect of the delivery problem can be solved using optimizing methods. The approach has the potential of replacing the empirical methods currently used in practice.


We use a social contagion lens to study the dynamic, temporal process of the diffusion of electronic medical records in the population of U.S. hospitals. Social contagion acknowledges the mutual influence among organizations within an institutional field and implicates information transmission through direct contact and observation as the mechanisms underlying influence transfer. We propose hypotheses predicting a hospital's likelihood of adopting electronic medical records as a function of its susceptibility to the influence of prior adopters, the infectiousness or potency of influence exerted by adopting hospitals, and its social and spatial proximity to prior adopters. Results obtained by fitting a heterogeneous diffusion model to data from a sample drawn from an annual survey, spanning 1975 to 2005, of almost 4,000 U.S. hospitals suggest that diffusion can be accelerated if specific attention is given to increasing social contagion effects. In particular, with respect to susceptibility to influence, greater hospital size and age are positively related to the likelihood of adoption for nonadopters, whereas younger hospitals are associated with greater infectiousness for adopters. A hospital's "celebrity" status also contributes to its infectiousness. We further find strong effects for social proximity and significant regional effects for spatial proximity and hospital size, suggesting that geographical covariates should be included in diffusion studies. Results also reinforce the importance of theorizing about and including interactions in examinations of social contagion.


We present a new completely elementary model which describes creation, annihilation and motion of non-interacting electrons and positrons along a line. It is a modification of the model known under the names Feynman checkers, or one-dimensional quantum walk, or Ising model at imaginary temperature. The discrete model is consistent with the continuum quantum field theory, namely, reproduces the known expected charge density as lattice step tends to zero. It is exactly solvable in terms of hypergeometric functions. We introduce interaction resembling Fermi theory and establish perturbation expansion.


By building the data acquisition system, design the yarn diameter measurement system to collect and get the initial data of its diameter; then design and achieve the system of the quality representation of yarn appearance through the research and the conformation of each index of the quality representation of yarn appearance.


Aging is a global issue affecting countries including Malaysia. From an economic perspective, the government encourages senior citizens to be financially independent for as long as possible. To what extent the elderly is financially dependent is well documented but only few studies focus on an ethnic disparity perspective. This paper aims to identify the predictors of financial dependency among older Malaysians from the three ethnic groups. Data from an area study in Malaysia involving 806 older persons who participated in face-to-face interviews was used. Results showed that more than half of the respondents are financially independent while 44% depends on their children, sons or daughters in law, friends, neighbors or government financial assistance. Age and employment status were significant predictors of financial independence across all ethnic models. The study showed that there are different predictors of financial dependency by ethnic group and the result calls for different intervention strategies for the various ethnic elderly in achieving financial independence in old age.


Wickeder Westfalenstahl GmbH is cladding stainless steels and Ni-based alloys on different core materials. Strips are used for welded tubes. Final applications are tube heat exchangers and heating elements for example. Investigations have been carried out on clad 304 stainless, Alloy 316 Ti, Alloy 625, Alloy 800, Alloy 840 and Alloy 904L using Laser, Tig and Microplasma welding technique. Wall thicknesses of tubes are between 0.008" to 0.060". Filler metals, when used, are Alloy 309L, Alloy 625, Alloy 82 and Alloy 80/20. Discussion of results includes metallography, hardness, tensile testing, corrosion testing, chemical analysis by EDX, segregation behaviour and crack origin by SEM as well as Schaeffler diagram. Comparisons between different welding processes will be discussed. A new technology of a welding-soldering process, which results in identical root chemical composition is reviewed. Introduction Continuous cold roll bonding of dissimilar materials (two or more layers of materials) is a well known pressure-welding process which provides technical and cost advantages in many applications in comparison with a single layer of the expensive material. It allows various material properties to be combined, which a single material cannot achieve. Depending on the requirements, 3 or 5 layers are not rare. Therefore expensive solid materials will only be used when necessary for an application. The present investigation is focussing on welded tube applications of special SS and Ni-based alloys. These types of material grades are somewhere between SS and Superalloys. Typical alloys of this group are high Ni-based alloys like Alloy 825 & 625 for aggressive liquid agents as well as heat resistant alloys like 800, 840 and 601 for high temperature applications. Processes and Discussion Cold Roll Bonding Process The manufacturing process and production flow of cold roll bonding is shown in Figure 1: The core materials run through different pre-cleaning and activating units. For cladding, surfaces have to be dry, free of oil, grease and other residuals. Even thin oxide layers have to be removed 499 mainly by brushing this means surfaces have to be prepared as virgin materials without any contamination. Roughness characteristics are important. The same requirements are valid for the layer materials. Preparation of layers is done on separate lines. Before cladding new products the cladding process is simulated by FEM simulations while taking into consideration the speed of rolling, the layer and core materials, tensions introduced by the deand re-coilers, the degree of reduction and deformation, the angles between layers and the core material in front of the gap, the friction in the gap, which means lubrication as well, the friction between layers and the core, which mainly means roughness of both members. Furthermore material data like work hardening behaviour of components are important and are taken into account. After simulation of the cladding process trials are carried out on a lab cladding mill to verify parameters determined by FEM. Outer layers and inner cores come together in the gap of a 4-high cladding mill and are bonded with a reduction in one step up to 70% depending on cladding components. After bonding a diffusion bond anneal has to be applied in batch or in continuous horizontal or vertical furnaces. After the diffusion bond annealing the clad strip is finished according to customers' requirements by rolling, annealing, skin passing, slitting and packaging. Figure 1. Production Process of Cold Roll Bonding The bonding produced by the deformation involved in the cold cladding process is significantly improved by the diffusion bonding in the subsequent treatment. When choosing proper heat treatment parameters, the metallurgy of the clad components has to be taken into consideration. This means that phase diagrams have to be studied to determine annealing temperatures and time of exposure at elevated temperatures as well as of the cooling rates to avoid precipitation of harmful phases, which might be brittle or form precipitation and which will lead to a depletion of alloying elements in the matrix causing further undesired phenomena – like precipitation of Crcarbides in stainless steels which leads to a depletion of Cr in the matrix. This would lead to a loss of corrosion resistance.


The simulation of remote sensing images is a useful tool for a variety of tasks, such as the definition of future Earth Observation systems, the optimization and evaluation of instrument specifications, especially for a new type sensor, and the development and validation of data processing algorithms. A scene simulator for optical hyperspectral data from 'HJ1A-HSI' is described in this paper. 'HJ1A-HSI' was carried on the Chinese small satellite HJ-1A, which was successfully launched on September 6th, 2008. Different from common hyperspectral sensor, 'HJ1A-HSI' belongs to the spatial imaging Fourier Transform spectrometer (IFTS). In contrast to the high-speed development of spatial IFTS, the corresponding image simulator is still at the starting stage and the simulation data is very ideal in most cases. To simulate more actual data, a simulation system is proposed in this paper, based on the analysis of spatial IFTS principle. This system puts emphasis on simulating the effects of typical artifacts, and consists of four parts: the calculation of input parameter, the radiance computation for one beam before interfered, the simulation of effects of typical artifacts and the interferogram acquisition. The methodology applied to the complete scene simulation and some sample results are presented and analyzed in this paper.


A longitudinal, prospective study of daily feeding practices, health and growth in a sample of Swedish infants ABSTRACT Aarts, C. 2001. Exclusive breastfeeding-Does it make a difference? A longitudinal, prospective study of daily feeding practices, health and growth in a sample of Swedish infants. The concept of exclusive breastfeeding in relation to daily feeding practices and to health and growth of infants in an affluent society was examined. In a descriptive longitudinal prospective study 506 mother-infant pairs were followed from birth through the greater part of the first year. Feeding was recorded daily, and health and growth were recorded fortnightly. Large individual variations were seen in breastfeeding patterns. A wide discrepancy between the exclusive breastfeeding rates obtained from " current status " data and data "since birth" was found. Using a strict definition of exclusive breastfeeding from birth and taking into account the reasons for giving complementary feeding, the study showed that many exclusively breastfed infants had infections early in life, the incidence of which increased with age, despite continuation of exclusive breastfeeding. However, truly exclusively breastfed infants seem less likely to suffer infections than infants who receive formula in addition to breast milk. Increasing formula use was associated with an increasing likelihood of suffering respiratory illnesses. The growth of exclusively breastfed infants was similar to that of infants who were not exclusively breastfed. The health of newborn infants during the first year of life was associated with factors other than feeding practices alone. Some of these factors may be prenatal, since increasing birth weight was associated with an increasing likelihood of having respiratory symptoms, even in exclusively breastfed infants. However, exclusive breastfeeding was shown to be beneficial for the health of the infant even in an affluent society. A Sudanese doctor told me that he learned in medical training that breastfeeding had 21 advantages: 7 for the mother and 14 for the infant If we consider how many mothers and infants there are and will be in the future, there will be an incredible number of advantages To all families Original publications This doctoral thesis is based on the following papers, which will be referred to in the text by their Roman numerals: patterns and duration in relation to thumb sucking and the use of pacifiers. IV. Clara Aarts, Mehari Gebre-Medhin. Morbidity during the first year of life in relation to size at birth and infant feeding in a …


The brainstem afferents to the uvula were studied by using retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase in the cat. Findings indicate differential afferent projections to the ventral and dorsal uvula. Major sources projecting to the ventral uvula include the caudal parts of the medial and inferior vestibular nuclei, the x‐ and f‐groups of the vestibular nuclei, the dorsal and central parts of the superior vestibular nucleus, the rostral dorsomedial part of the paramedian nucleus of the pontine nuclei, the caudal part of the prepositus hypoglossal nucleus, and the infratrigeminal nucleus. Labeled cells in the vestibular nuclei were 74.7% of the total number of labeled cells in cat 40. On the other hand, the major sources projecting to the dorsal uvula are the peduncular, paramedian, and lateral nuclei of the pontine nuclei at the rostral and intermediate levels. Labeled cells in the pontine nuclei comprised 82.1% of the total number of labeled cells in cat 1. Findings also indicate that the lateral part of the ventral uvula receives input mainly from the pontine nuclei, whereas the medial part of the ventral uvula receives input mainly from the vestibular nuclei. Mediolateral differences were not found for the dorsal uvula. These mossy fiber zones are mediolaterally wide, with a dorsoventral partition in the uvula, in contrast to the climbing fiber zones, which are narrow (about 0.4 mm) and extend longitudinally throughout the uvula.


This hardcover, 315-page textbook is divided into 16 sections containing 4 to 8 chapters per section and covering a total of 78 common pain syndromes. Each chapter uses a consistent format that includes the ICD-9 code, a description of the clinical syndrome, signs and symptoms, testing, differential diagnosis, treatment subdivided into nerve blocks, medical management and adjunctive treatments, complications, and clinical pearls. The chapters are supplemented with color figures and/or tables providing additional information or images related to the chief complaint, anatomic information, or injection techniques. This format results in a highly practical and very user friendly text. This textbook is an excellent resource for the resident or fellowin-training or the pain practitioner in need of a reference to review common pain syndromes as well as a rational approach to their diagnosis and treatment. This text, although not exhaustive, covers a large majority of the common pain syndromes that present to a pain medicine clinic. It highlights the pathognomonic history, physical, laboratory, and radiographic findings of each condition to help in the diagnostic process. In this respect, it differs from other texts written by the author that have previously emphasized treatment of various pain conditions to a greater degree than diagnosis. For this reason, it should find its way onto the bookshelf of most pain medicine clinics and certainly all pain medicine training programs, regardless of specialty orientation. The textbook reflects the extensive knowledge base of its author and his own clinical practice. This aspect of the book is both its strength and potential weakness. Although exhaustive in its approach, there are no references provided with which to compare the suggested treatment approaches and their outcomes or potential complications versus other techniques. If the trainee or practitioner is looking for additional references to support or refute their proposed treatment plans, they will need to use other resources to obtain this type of information. In summary, this reviewer recommends this textbook as a good source of basic information regarding diagnosis and treatment of many common pain syndromes. Treatment plans outlined in the text, although well constructed, should be compared with practice patterns in their own institution and against information that may be more contemporary, as is the case with any textbook.


The article represents methods of graphical depiction of shape and sizes of layers cut with cogs of gear-milling cutter at any time. Under determined parameters of machining the cog is identified, which cuts the thickest layers of complicated shape; parameters of correction of modified profile of cutter cog are estimated


i SLE Discussion Paper 05/2017 Abstract Sub-Saharan Africa is changing rapidly. A growing population, substantial economic growth in some parts, stagnation in others and a growing mobility are sustaining these changes. The differences between the urban and the rural are becoming increasingly blurred. One reason for a growing hybridity of "urban" and "rural" living is a highly mobile population that combines opportunities of many localities and evades risks through diversification. However, the diversity and multiplicity in urban and rural developments in and within the different countries of sub-Saharan Africa is to such an extent, that each case requires an individual analysis when it comes to policy formulation. In order to satisfy the diversity and change processes we will consider examples from three very different countries, wherever possible. Benin, a small, early urbanised coastal country in West Africa, Ethiopia, a late urbanised very large land-locked country in the Horn of Africa, and Zambia, a natural-resource based country with a very specific urban landscape, landlocked in Southern Africa have been chosen to resemble as many different and diverse developments in migration patterns, urban developments and rural-urban interactions.


In the style of a biographical theology, the author constructs a denominational reading of Methodism as a fraternal community in solidarity with and in defense of a Church that should concern itself not with institutional survival but with involvement with passion, compassion, humor and style in favor of those with the greatest need.


Resin injection pultrusion is a continuous process for manufacturing composite materials. Complete wet-out of the reinforcement fibres in the resin injection chamber is essential for producing good quality pultruded parts. The magnitude of the injection pressure is extremely important to achieve good wet-out of the reinforcement fibres. At high pull speeds, high viscosity, or high fibre volume fractions, the injection pressures required to achieve complete wet-out are very high and are practically very difficult to achieve. This work focuses on reducing the injection pressure needed to achieve complete wet-out by using a multiple injection port system for epoxy/glass rovings and polyester/glass rovings composites. The recommended injection pressures for complete wet-out are predicted for a variety of processing parameters. Darcy's law for flow through porous media is employed for modelling the fibre/resin system of injection pultrusion. The governing equations are solved via the finite volume method to predict the resin pressure field, the resin velocity field, and the location and shape of the resin flow front. Different permeability models1,2 are used to determine the transverse permeability and the longitudinal permeability.


Prenatal care saves the lives of mothers and their children and improves the quality of their lives. This paper examines the use of prenatal care among Peruvian women during 1982-84. It considers four dimensions of prenatal care behavior: (a) the decision to seek care; (b) the decision on where to seek care; (c) the decision on when to initiate care; and (d) the decision on the number of prenatal care visits. Our primary aim is to identify government policies that would facilitate the use of prenatal care. We use data from the Encuesta Nacional de Nutricion y Salud (the ENNSA survey) which is composed of a stratified random sample of 19277 households interviewed between April and November 1984 (INE 1986). Our study includes both a descriptive and an analytic analysis of these data. During 1982-84 82 percent of pregnant women in urban Peru had at least one prenatal care check-up. In rural areas that figure was 35 percent. The use of private prenatal care was similar in urban and rural areas 20 percent and 17 percent of all prenatal care respectively. Public care was much less common in rural areas. About 78 percent of all care in urban areas was in public facilities compared with around 53 percent in rural areas. The reduced use of public prenatal in rural areas compared with urban areas was balanced by a roughly comparable increase in the amount of care performed at home. (authors)


We introduce in this paper the notion of partial deduction in the framework of structural synthesis of programs (SSP). The basic principles of SSP and partial deduction for logic programs are described, and based on this, partial deduction for unconditional computability statements in SSP is deened. Completeness and correctness of partial deduction in the framework of structural synthesis of programs is proved. In addition to this, several tactics and stopping criteria are suggested, and a general algorithm for partial deduction in SSP is outlined.


Abstract Dragon fruit peel is another option for salt fortification beside of iodized salt. Dragon fruit peel contains source of vitamin C needed by our body. The objective of this study is to find out the quality characteristics of fortification of salt with dragon fruit peel during storage period. Fortified salt was stored in Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE) and High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE) plastics at room temperature and at the temperature of 35°C. Fortified salt was stored for a month. Tests performed during storage period were water content, NaCl, vitamin A and vitamin C content. The experimental design used was randomized block design with 2 factors, those are temperature and packaging type. Statistic test was performed with Variance Test and Duncan Test in the significance level of 5%. Fortified salt production used 40% of dragon fruit peel extract. Results showed that different packaging type and storage temperature did not have real impact on NaCl and vitamin A content of fortification salt with dragon fruit peel. Water content of fortification of salt with dragon fruit peel is affected by storage temperature. However, packaging type does not give real impacts on vitamin A content. Packaging type have a real impact on vitamin C content. Fortification of salt with dragon fruit peel has the ability to bind vitamin C so that it can be used as an alternative source of vitamin C. Keywords : dragon fruit peel, salt fortification, storage


IntroductionSocial capital theory centres on using past experiences to rebuild and create meaningful social groups. In the context of Guyana, as in other New World slave and post-slavery societies, the knowledge and skills that Africans brought with them allowed them collectively to survive enslavement and exploitation, and to retain important links to their ancestral past.1 It also allowed them to create new worlds of their own. This study traces the ways in which African Guyanese utilized aspects of mutuality, savings and credit to grapple with slavery and post-slavery realities. By organizing themselves, Africans of diverse backgrounds were able to provide for the present and future.From the early years of enslavement of Africans in the Americas many of them raised a challenge to their situations. The high incidence of resistance and revolt, and the formation of Maroon communities by enslaved Africans in the Americas reflected their quest for freedom and self-determinism.2 In the second half of the eighteenth century, group consciousness, centred on mutuality and financial activities, became more visible among diasporic Africans. For instance, in Guyana some enslaved persons were able to purchase their freedom and that of their family by utilizing what little free time they had at their disposal to engage in their own agricultural and commercial activities.3In 1838 physical freedom became a reality for all enslaved persons in Guyana (and the rest of the British Caribbean). Though plantation conditions remained oppressive, brutal and hostile, the freed people understood that they could exercise certain options.4 They pooled their financial resources, created villages and sustained organizations that fostered self-help and self-determination. Participants in the savings and credit associations, mutual aid, friendly and burial societies, and other financial organizations came from different ethnic and cultural backgrounds, but they understood that utilizing traditional mechanisms of pooling their human and financial resources would enable them to grapple with the challenges that they faced.As Claudius Fergus explains, secret societies were common in subSaharan Africa while the transatlantic slave trade functioned and were a part "of the invisible cargo of the Atlantic slave ships".5 Such societies appeared on slave plantations and "transcended tribal, linguistic, and cultural boundaries". These societies included both Creole and African-born persons and provided disciplined leadership and an opportunity for members to strive for the freedom of others. They were also a vehicle "in the translation of African cultures into diasporic cultures during the slavery era".6Enslavement and brutality, freedom and colonial hostilities, discrimination and prejudice, all played roles in the rise of African Guyanese organizations. Common suffering and oppression among community members promoted group consciousness that fostered mechanisms to deal with various situations in slavery and freedom.7 Commitment to improving the social and economic conditions of their lives and the ability to motivate others to help themselves augured well for the functioning of the organizations. Capable leadership and the word African - with its diverse ethnic, economic, social, cultural and other connotations - which appeared often in the names of the organizations, fostered a sense of identity and empowerment.8African and African Diaspora LinkagesTo reiterate, African ethnic and cultural awareness survived the horrors of capture, enslavement and efforts to destroy their traditional practices.9 Aspects of mutuality and financing show that group consciousness of Africa remained strong and enabled New World African communities to evolve processes of self-identification and self-determination.10 Africans and their descendants commonly used the earth and elsewhere as hiding places for their money and other valuables during and after enslavement. …


The present invention discloses a system and method for controlling an anticoagulant for plasma collection. Comprising anticoagulant pump, a blood pump, detecting means, first computing means and control means; detecting means for detecting the use of blood plasma and red blood cell ratio was calculated mixing ratio of whole blood anticoagulant by first calculating means, re-use the control device controls the rotational anticoagulant pump and blood pump. By the present invention the ratio of plasma and blood cells of each detection member plasma donation, the calculated amount of anticoagulant personalized achieve a minimum use of anticoagulant purposes, while the supplies of the feature values used for the plasma collection process real-time measurements, eliminating the problem of increasing the use of anticoagulants because of the differences caused by different supplies, improve the quality of the collected plasma.


Firdha Hayati. 2017. The Correlation between Students' Grammar and Listening
Ability of Simple Past Tense at the Fourth Semester of English
Department Students UIN Antasari Banjarmasin. Thesis, English
Education Department, Faculty of Tarbiyah and Teachers Training.
Advisors: (1) Dr. Ridha Fadillah, S. Pd, M.Ed, (II) Hj. Nur Laila
Kadariyah, S. Ag, M. Pd
Keywords: Grammar and Listening, Ability, Simple Past Tense
This research is entitled "The Correlation between Students' Grammar and
Listening Ability of Simple Past Tense at the Fourth Semester of English
Department Students UIN Antasari Banjarmasin". The objective of this research
are (1) to know the level of students' Grammar ability on Simple Past Tense at the
fourth semester of English Department students UIN Antasari Banjarmasin. (2) to
know the level of students' Listening ability of Simple Past Tense at the fourth
semester of English Department students UIN Antasari Banjarmasin, and (3) to
know whether there is a correlation between students' Grammar and Listening
ability of Simple Past Tense at the fourth semester of English Department UIN
Antasari Banjarmasin.
This research is a correlational research which the data is analyzed
quantitatively. The population of the research is 160 students at the fourth
semester of English Department students UIN Antasari Banjarmasin. Then, based
on Isaac and Michael Table with 5% error degree, the number of sample in this
research is 110 students. The instrument of collecting data is test which consists of
Grammar and Listening test to measure students' Grammar and Listening ability
of Simple Past Tense. Furthermore, Pearson Product Moment formula is used in
order to find the correlation between students' Grammar and Listening ability of
Simple Past Tense.
The result of this research shows: (1) students' Grammar ability of Simple
Past Tense is in good category as the mean score of the Grammar test is 79.84. (2)
students' Listening ability of Simple Past Tense is in good category as the mean
score of the Listening test is 72.22. (3) There is a significant, positive and strong
correlation between Grammar and Listening ability of Simple Past Tense at the
fourth semester of English Department students UIN Antasari Banjarmasin which
is the value of �
�� is 0.679 and it means HA is accepted.


We describe the construction of a data mule platform running a set of services useful for small and marginal farmers. Firstly, farmers are provided information about their standing crop by instrumenting their farm lands with soil moisture sensors and measuring the associated water stress. The platform is also equipped with market prices, seed availability, latest farming practices, of pest and disease attacks, rainfall etc. Thus, the idea is to improve the livelihood of these farmers by useful information and creating an advice system so as to reap maximum benefits in terms of yield/harvest. The data mule acquires data from several sources such as: (a) soil moisture probes installed in an individual's farmland, (b) Retrieving market price and other information from official websites etc. The mule delivers the information to the farmers' mobile phones via Wi-Fi, free of cost. The data mule is powered to work by harvesting energy from bicycle dynamo and solar panel. A mobile application is developed for Android and for Symbian phones as well. The phones support local audio language for ease of use.


Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the friction forces on brackets (Roth, Composite, 10.17.005, 3.2 mm, width 0.022x0.030-in, torque -2o and angulation +13o, Morelli®, Brazil), with stainless steel orthodontic rectangular wire (Morelli®, Brazil) and nickel-titanium superelastic Bioforce wires with and without IonGuard (Bioforce, GAC®, USA). Methods: Twenty-four brackets/ segment of wire combinations were used, distributed into 3 groups according to the orthodontic wire. Each bracket/segment of wire combination was tested 3 times. The tests were performed in a universal testing machine EMIC DL2000®. The data was submitted to ANOVA one way followed by Tukey's post hoc test (p<0.05). Results: The rectangular orthodontic Bioforce wire with IonGuard presented significantly lower resistance to sliding than Bioforce without IonGuard. There was no statistical difference among the other groups. However, the coefficient of variation of Bioforce with and without IonGuard was lower than that of the stainless steel wire. Conclusion: The rectangular orthodontic Bioforce wire with IonGuard presented lower resistance to sliding than Bioforce without IonGuard, with no difference to the stainless steel wire. Abstract


The robot soccer competition is a popular game that offers a set of challenges for intelligent agent researchers using a friendly competition in a dynamic, real-time, multi-agent domain. Soccer is a dynamic game where things change fast and randomly so it cannot be predicted i.e. the robots cannot be pre-programmed. A lot of work has been done in the field of robot soccer to keep the game as close as possible to the real game of soccer. This paper is concentrated on various strategies used in robot soccer.


The work experience of pipe network adjustment was summarized.Several methods to improve the work efficiency,such as software application,setting of water source and so on were introduced.The factors influencing the accuracy of pipe network adjustment were analyzed in terms of collection of pipe network data,selection of water distribution coefficient and hourly variation coefficient,selection of specific friction coefficient of pipe and valve,error compensation between calibration parameters,extended hydraulic simulation and water age calculation.The corresponding solutions were put forward.


PURPOSE: A target marketing method and system using a customer relation management and a message tag is provided to accurately make a customer database by encoding tags including information on product and/or services and transmitting the tags through a customer's mobile communication terminal, and by analyzing and recording the tags sent in case that the customer makes an answer. CONSTITUTION: A tag equipped with determined information including information on products and services is transmitted to a receiver(s20). A customer makes an answer using a determined media according to contents of the tag transmitted(s40). According to the customer's request, the tag is processed(s60). A determined compensation is provided to the customer who made the answer the contents of the tag according to a result of processing the tag(s80).


This article considers the emerging technologies known as Web 2.0 and how changing technologies may change the way we think about governance. In the last thirty years digital computing has had a transformational effect on the way governments view the world. The use of Information and Communications Technology (ICT) by governments has led to a more quantitative approach to solving problems; seen in the emergence of new public management and managerialism in public administration. This article uses a theoretical framework, built on the phenomenology of tools and governance through choice, to argue that recent developments in the technologies generally referred to as Web 2.0, and social networking in particular, are leading to governments using technology in different and more interactive ways. The author concludes that these developments will broaden the impact of technology on governance, produce a more qualitative approach and empower the interconnected citizen. DOI: 10.2966/scrip.100213.231 © Andrew Power 2013. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Licence. Please click on the link to read the terms and conditions. * Head of Faculty, Institute of Art, Design and Technology. (2013) 10:2 SCRIPTed 232 1. The Phantom Menace – Is it really different? Changes in technology have had an impact on methods of governance for centuries. The invention of the stirrup allowed a rider to better control his horse and thus supported the spread of feudalism. Karl Marx contrasted the hand mill, which produced a relationship between workers and a feudal lord and the steam mill, which produced a relationship between workers and an industrial capitalist. Coleman provides examples of early technologies that were thought to signal the beginning of democratic change. The growth and widespread availability of newspapers in the 1830s was thought to mean, "a new majority must be consulted, the sentiments and desires of poorer men than at the present must be addressed; and thus a new influence of opinion would be brought to bear on our social relations and our legislative enactments." The invention of the telegraph in the 1850s led people to think there would be an elimination of any gap in information between individual States in the United States and between all of its citizens. The invention of the radio was also seen as having the potential for "cultural unification". Changes in technologies have always influenced governance, but what is clear is that the rate of change in the development, introduction and normalisation of communications technologies is increasing exponentially. For example, the number of years it took to reach an audience of 50 million was, in the case of radio, thirty-eight years. Television took only thirteen years, while the Internet reached this audience in four years. More recent technologies have spread even faster – the iPod took only three years to reach an audience of 50 million, and Facebook achieved the feat in only two years. However, claims that new communications technologies are bound to lead to more democratic outcomes have been rightly criticized for neglecting the ways in which technologies themselves are socially shaped. Technologies specifically designed to aid in the administration of government have become collectively known as e-government. Perri 6 provided a useful definition of egovernment which he sub-categorised as; e-democracy, e-service provision, e1 P Henman, Governing Electronically (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010) at 18. 2 K. Marx, The Poverty of Philosophy (New York: International Publishers, 1963 [1867]) at 109. 3 S Coleman, "E-Democracy: The history and future of an idea" in R Mansell, C Avgerou, D Quah, and R Silverstone (eds), The Oxford Handbook of Information and Communication Technologies (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007) 363-383. 4 P Burke and A Briggs, A Social History of the Media: From Gutenberg to the Internet (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2001) at 202. 5 S Coleman, "E-Democracy: The history and future of an idea" in R Mansell, C Avgerou, D Quah, and R Silverstone (eds), The Oxford Handbook of Information and Communication Technologies (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007) 363-383. 6 K Fisch, S McLeod, and J Brenman, "Did you know Right Here, Right Now" (2008) available at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ihbL8ewkP-o (accessed 11 Feb 2012). 7 S Coleman, "E-Democracy: The history and future of an idea" in R Mansell, C Avgerou, D Quah, and R Silverstone (eds), The Oxford Handbook of Information and Communication Technologies (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007) 363-383. (2013) 10:2 SCRIPTed 233 management and e-governance. Perri 6 chose not to look at e-democracy, preferring to concentrate on the service provision, management and governance elements. Henman also chose to focus on these elements in Governing Electronically in which he examines the productive capacity of technology, specifically the contribution of technologies to policy making. Henman's contention is that e-government involves both a continuation of the normative development, and use of, emerging technologies by governments in addition to a distinct change to practice and policy due to the way ICTs can, in themselves, be a creative force. In this way e-governance is both "a disrupture and a continuation of the nature of government in modern nation states." The concept of technology as a productive force working in conjunction with human inventiveness also finds expression in Actor-Network Theory. Researchers have applied this to understanding the processes involved in implementing e-Government in developing countries, in the study of IT implementation in healthcare and in computerised decision support for pension planning. This creative or transforming force that can be attributed to technology has led to changes in practice and policy in such a way as to produce a more quantitative approach to the task of governance. Tasks are broken down into discrete and measurable activities more suited to analysis and automation. As the nature of the technology changes, the way problems are seen may also change. The change from Web 1.0 to Web 2.0 marked a transformation from a more quantitative view of data to a more qualitative view. The qualitative and interactive nature of Web 2.0 may better address the first of Perri 6's classifications of e-government, e-democracy. 2. Attack of the Clones – Technology as one size fits all Henman provides a useful conceptual framework for considering the nature and impact of technology in the realm of government. His conceptual framework has two distinct strands: Firstly, Heidegger's work on the phenomenology of tools is used to argue that the nature of the technology influences the action of government. Secondly, Henman's view that the way technology can set the agenda, or frame the question to suit its own limitations, is consistent with Foucault's view of governance as the "conduct of conduct". These two strands provide a framework for extending the analysis beyond the traditional database and computer modelling technologies which are at the heart of traditional e-government technologies. 8 P 6, E-governance, (Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004). 9 P Henman, Governing Electronically (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010) at 1. 10 B Latour, Science in Action: How to Follow Scientists and Engineers Through Society (Milton Keynes: Open University Press, 1987). B Latour, Reassembling the Social: An Introduction to ActorNetwork-Theory (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005). 11 C Stanforth, "Using Actor-Network Theory to Analyze E-Government Implementation in Developing Countries" (2006) 3 Information Technologies and International Development 35–60. 12 K Cresswell, A Worth and A Sheikh (2010) "Actor-Network Theory and its role in understanding the implementation of information technology developments in healthcare" (2010) 10 BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making 1-11. 13 A Ranerup, "Electronic Government as a combination of human and technological agency: Testing the principle of symmetry" (2007) 12 Information Polity 153–167. 14 M Foucault, Discipline and Punish (London: Penguin, 1975). (2013) 10:2 SCRIPTed 234 The essence of Heidegger's phenomenology of tools is that tools show us how we see the world. This work has been subsumed in the popular adage: if the only tool you have is a hammer then every problem looks like a nail. Heidegger's original work was of course more sophisticated than that. A number of technologies have shaped the way public administrators view the tasks of governing and have caused them to adapt their methodologies to the capabilities of the technologies. For example, the growth of New Public Management (NPM), with its emphasis on measurable, quantifiable outputs is a consequence of the computational power available to governments. NPM sought to break up monopolistic public-service structures by using incentives to influence activities and by adopting private-sector management techniques. NPM administrative reform was market-based and competence-based, with an emphasis on deregulation and governance. These four categories of changes came from the view that a public organisation could be analysed in the same manner as a firm. An influential early work on NPM was Reinventing Government by Osborne and Gaebler who characterised NPM as entrepreneurial government and set out a clear road map for reform of government. Government needed to be close to its customers; performance driven; target driven; committed to continuous improvement; decentralised; have tight cost control; and must practice performance management. A host of jargon entered the lexicon as governments needed to delegate implementation (steer rather than row), contract out activities (outsource) and seek partnerships with the private and voluntary sectors (joined-up government). The purpose of implementing such changes was to produce specific results which are normally listed, fo


The present study is an effort to formulate and evaluate hair growth promoting activity of polyherbal ointment. Polyherbal formulation were prepared using extract of Emblica officinalis (Fruits) extract (5% w/w), Centella asiatica  leaf, Aloe vera leaf  extract (5% w/w), Ocimum sanctum leaf extract (5% w/w), Eclipta alba extract (5% w/w) in hydrophilic USP base in various ratios to obtained the best formulation. The extract incorporated into ointment were applied topically on shaved skin of rats and primary skin irritation test, hair length hair density and total protein estimation show significant hair growth as compare to single extract of Emblica officinalis, Centella asiatica, Aloe vera, Ocimum sanctum and Eclipta alba.


OBJECTIVE
To report on the anatomic variations of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve with respect to the ilioinguinal surgical dissection.

DESIGN
Cadaveric anatomic study.

PATIENTS/PARTICIPANTS
Sixty-eight ilioinguinal dissections performed in fifty cadavers.

INTERVENTION
The lateral femoral cutaneous nerve was identified, and certain location variables were recorded.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE
The distance in millimeters from the medial edge of the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS), whether the nerve was lateral or medial to the ASIS, and the layer in which the nerve crossed the dissection.

RESULTS
In seven dissections, the nerve was twenty-one to twenty-five millimeters medial to the ASIS; in ten dissections, the nerve was twenty-six to thirty millimeters from the ASIS; and in fourteen dissections, the nerve was more than thirty millimeters medial to the superior border of the ASIS. The average medial distance from the ASIS was 20.4 millimeters, with a range of three to forty-six millimeters. In no specimen did the nerve pass lateral to the ASIS. The lateral femoral cutaneous nerve was found to lie anterior to the iliopsoas muscle in all specimens.

CONCLUSION
The course of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve is highly variable; the nerve was most commonly found at ten to fifteen millimeters from the ASIS and as far medially as forty-six millimeters. When using the illioinguinal surgical approach, if the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve is not encountered immediately adjacent to the ASIS, dissection up to five centimeters medial to the ASIS may be necessary to locate the nerve.


Objective: Recombinant hepatitis B virus nucleocapsid protein maintains the ability to form particles self-assembly. We tried to use non-virus-like particles HBc package wrapping foreign gene to protect and transfer siRNA of MEF2D gene to target position, in order to make a contribution to analyze the relationship between the expression of MEF2D gene and the proliferation of hepatocellular cells. Methods: Firstly, prepared si-MEF2D/HBc nanoparticles and transfected it into hepatocellular cells. The knockdown of MEF2D gene effects on cell proliferation was detected by MTT assay, XTT cell viability assay and CKK-8 assays. Result: The proliferation of treated hepatocellular cells were decreased significantly compared with control cells. Pretreatment of HepG2 cells with si-MEF2D/HBc complex inhibited cell growth in a dose-dependent manner. Conclusion: HBc particles is one kind of promising biological nanomaterials which has presented itself as an appropriate and valuable material for other aspects of nanoparticle in future study.


This paper mainly uses the "B- Z"reaction model of self-organization theory as a basis for building a mathematical simulation model.In addition,metaphors are used to explain how to improve universities' innovation ability to promote UniversityIndustry collaborative innovation.Specifically,this paper mainly focuses on understanding:( 1) the dominant ability factors of colleges and universities in the process of University-Industry collaborative innovation; and( 2) the process mechanism of the dynamic evolution of knowledge triangle-based university-industry collaborative innovation.By using metaphors as the research method to introduce self-organization theory,this paper defines university as a variable in the process of university-industry collaborative innovation,including university research system based on systems theory,knowledge production capacity,knowledge dissemination capacity,knowledge transfer capacity,and external input mechanism.This paper analyzes the mathematical relationship among three capacities and finds that the ability of knowledge production is the dominant factor for universities to participate in university-industry collaborative innovation.This paper establishes a mathematical model of co-evolution between among universities' capacities,and uses mathematical software to simulate the evolution trend of internal state of three abilities of the university system under different external inputs mechanisms.Finally,based on slaving principle of sequence parameter of selforganization,this paper defines knowledge production capacity as the sequence parameter of university system,and constructs the system evolution equation of sequence parameter by using adiabatic elimination principle.The equation allows scientific forecast capacity evolution of 31 university systems in the process of university-industry collaborative innovation.The synergistic relationship between the capacities of university system significantly influences the research collaborative innovation performance under the strong external input mechanism.Theoretical contribution and innovation of this paper are mainly reflected in the following three aspects:( 1) The process and competency framework of university-industry collaborative innovation based on the knowledge triangle can enrich the research collaborative innovation theory;( 2) Using metaphors as the research method can help introduce self-organization theory of synergetics concept,and analyze the nature of University system in the process of universityindustry collaborative innovation;( 3) This paper introduces the self-organization theory of"B- Z"reaction model,and analyzes the process mechanism of the dynamic evolution of knowledge triangle-based university-industry collaborative innovation.This paper provides a guideline for Chinese universities to make effective policies in adjusting their internal ability structure in order to enhance innovation performance.