In principle, it should be simple to link patients' laboratory studies with changes in their medications in order to assess the clinical decisions underlying their care. As individual care providers with an individual patient's chart, we do it all the time. But evaluation of variations in care across patients, across providers, and across health care systems, while desirable, is presently a Herculean task. Such is the task that Wetzler and Snyder set for themselves in a study reported in this issue of Diabetes Care (1), in which they sought to determine whether providers met the American Diabetes Association's practice guideline to initiate treatment when the HbA 1c concentration was found to be � 8%. They have made a good first step and, in the process, have highlighted some of the challenges that must be overcome to apply this strategy more broadly. The physicians participating in the


All the solid and liquid wastes from human activities, agricultural and animal husbandry practice is being drained in to the sea without any treatment and is responsible for the source of contamination. About 75% of the seawater pollution is from these sources through sewage. The epidemiological studies revealed the possible presence of pathogenic microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, parasitic and fungal infections are from the sewage discharge. Seafood-borne illnesses (food poising and intoxications) are from the consumption of contaminated seafoods either via sewage, infected seafood handlers, unhygienic processing practices and or improper storage etc. The consumption of contaminated seafood is significantly associated with the seafood borne illness such as vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pains, fever, cholera, viral hepatitis, enteritis and some time death.


This article surveys the writing of university history in Great Britain since the 1960s, when its modern foundations were laid through the impact of the new social history. Specific features of the British case include the separate university histories of England and Scotland, which have conditioned the kind of history that can be written; the duopoly of Oxford and Cambridge before the nineteenth century; and the growth of a national system by the accretion of new strata, with their own distinct histories. The 1980s and 1990s were marked by large collective projects, at Oxford, Cambridge and Aberdeen. The tradition of writing histories of individual institutions (including Oxford and Cambridge colleges) has continued, though today on a more scholarly basis than in the past. Among the general themes investigated in recent years have been relations between universities and industry, the growth of state intervention and finance, universities and elites, links with the British empire, the development of disciplines and curricula, student life, the growth of women's higher education, and university architecture. University historians have been influenced by the historiographical turn from social to cultural history. But while individual research flourishes, the history of universities has not become a formal subdiscipline in Britain, and the article considers why this is so.


At the University of Surrey in 1995 an EPSRC Spring School was held in Applied Nonlinear Mathematics for postgraduate students in mathematics, engineering, physics or biology; this volume contains the bulk of the lectures given there by a team of internationally distinguished scientists. The aim of the school was to introduce students to current topics of research interest at an appropriate level. The majority of the courses are in the area of nonlinear dynamics with application to fluid dynamics, boundary layer transition, driven oscillators and waves. However, there are also lectures considering problems in nonlinear elasticity and mathematical biology. The articles have all been edited so that the book forms a coherent and accessible account of recent advances in nonlinear mathematics.


This paper gives a very general and rough survey of the hardware, the system software, and the applications software of the SUPRENUM system. Most supercom puter applications today are based on grid data struc tures. Grid applications also play an essential role in the SUPRENUM development. We therefore place some emphasis on this grid orientation in our presentation. The performance of the SUPRENUM system for grid applications has been evaluated extensively. Some re sults for two model problems are given. The SUPRENUM idea, the project, and the system have gen erally been described and presented in several papers. There are also many more detailed technical papers de scribing SUPRENUM as a whole or certain elements of it. This paper can be regarded as a concise summary of two previous papers (Solchenbach and Trottenberg, 1988; Mierendorff and Trottenberg, 1988).


Objectives:Although blood purification improves outcomes in animal studies of sepsis, results of clinical trials have been mixed. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials to determine the association between various blood purification techniques and all-cause mortality in humans with sepsis. Data Sources:We searched for relevant studies in MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library database from January 1966 to May 2012. Study Selection:Inclusion required a diagnosis of sepsis and comparison of blood purification techniques including hemofiltration, hemoperfusion, plasma exchange, or hemodialysis with no blood purification (control group). Data Extraction:Two authors independently selected studies and extracted data. Summary statistics, risk ratios, and CIs were calculated using random-effects modeling. Study quality was assessed using Jadad score, and publication bias was assessed using funnel plots and Egger's statistic. Data Synthesis:Overall, blood purification decreased mortality compared with no blood purification (35.7% vs 50.1%; risk ratio, 0.69 [95% CI, 0.56–0.84]; p < 0.001; 16 trials, n = 827). However, these results were driven mainly by hemoperfusion (risk ratio, 0.63 [95% CI, 0.50–0.80]; p < 0.001; 10 trials, n = 557) and plasma exchange (risk ratio, 0.63 [95% CI, 0.42–0.96]; p = 0.03; two trials, n = 128). Pooling of all trials of blood purification for treatment of sepsis was no longer associated with lower mortality (risk ratio, 0.89 [95% CI, 0.71–1.13]; p = 0.36; eight trials, n = 457) after excluding trials using polymyxin B hemoperfusion. Conclusions:Blood purification techniques including hemoperfusion, plasma exchange, and hemofiltration with hemoperfusion were associated with lower mortality in patients with sepsis. These results were mainly influenced by studies using polymyxin B hemoperfusion from Japan.


ular rulers; tithes levied against parish churches within the jurisdiction of the bishopric in question; sales of indulgences; gifts given by pilgrims visiting the shrines of saints housed by the cathedral; profits from fairs held in connection with major feast days; loans; and other sundry sources of income.Vroom shows how the circumstance of each cathedral dictated the pattern of its financing and in turn affected the scope of the design that was affordable and the pace of work to implement it.


BACKGROUND
: Recent media and political attention have focused on a "rising tide" of youth violence and alcohol-related problems in Scotland. Facial injuries in Scotland are most commonly sustained as a result of interpersonal violence, and young men are a high risk group for facial injuries. Facial injuries are known to be associated with alcohol consumption but the sociodemographic determinants are not fully known.

METHODS
: Influences on the incidence of alcohol-related facial injuries were investigated using data on 22,417 patients between 2001 and 2006 from the Scottish Morbidity Records.

RESULTS
: Since 2001, the incidence of alcohol-related facial injuries in Scotland has declined, but the nature and scale of the problem remain considerable, with the major burden for such injuries disproportionately affecting young men from socioeconomically deprived areas.

CONCLUSIONS
: The role of poverty as the major determinant of alcohol-related facial injuries has thus far not been explicitly acknowledged. Interventions to change behavior alone are unlikely to succeed unless they are supported by measures designed to improve socioeconomic circumstances and to reduce socioeconomic inequalities.


Abstract : The research deals with the broad topics of initiation, combustion and transition to detonation in homogeneous and heterogeneous reactive mixtures. One specific area deals with analytical and experimental work directed to direct initiation of detonation by a nonideal blast wave in chemically sensitized reactive fuel-air clouds. The other specific topic involves the hydrodynamic modelling of ignition and flamespreading in granular energetic solids to predict the potential for deflagration-to-detonation (DDT).


Oral formulations and method of formulating photosensitive agents for oral administration during photodynamic therapy (PDT) and Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (APDT) treatment are presented. The oral formulated photosensitizers show increased solubility and permeability, thus improving the bioavailability of photosensitizers at the treatment site. An orally administered photosensitizer is suitably formulated for mucosal adhesion and absorption via gastrointestinal mucosal membranes. Oral formulation provided herein use lipids and known proteins as carriers for photosensitizers by oral route. Carriers for encapsulating preselected photosensitizers include conventional liposomes, pegylated liposomes, nanoemulsions, nanocrystrals, nanoparticles, fatty emulsions, lipidic formulations, hydrosols, SMEDDS, Alpha-Feto protein (AFP), and Bovine-Serum-Albumin (BSA), fatty emulsions, hot-melt-extrudates and nanoparticles. The oral formulation, in case of a hydrophobic photosensitizer in the present invention, is stabilized using suitable surfactants/solubilizers thus preventing aggregation of the drug in the stomach and until it is absorbed in the duodenum and the small intestine. Oral formulations can be administered in the form of liquid, capsule, tablet, powder, paste or gel. Formulated drugs can be administered orally as one single dose or in multiple doses before administering PDT. In one embodiment Temoporfin (m-THPC) is used as a photosensitizer in the oral formulations. Temoporfin like many hydrophobic photosensitizers are especially suitable to be administered orally because there is no known enzyme system in the mammalian body which can metabolize Temoporfin or similar photosensitizers. Temoporfin can reach the blood system unchanged and fully active after absorption of the formulation in the gastrointestinal tract.


The article is devoted to the consideration of semiotic realization of human idea of death in culture, the way this idea is expressed by means of language. The assumption of death semiotics variation depending on whether death awareness is reflection of consciousness of an active and not active culture bearer is advanced as a working hypothesis. The term «activity» is originally interpreted.


Background and aim:  The reduced oxygen content and perfusion pressure during acute normovolemic hemodilution (ANH) and controlled hypotension (CH) raise concerns about hypoperfusion and ischemic injury to the brain. In this study on rats, we examined the brain damage following four different degrees of ANH combined with CH.


In this paper, we discuss about CDR Technique to remove background noise, interferences, echo signals. First Signal with noise and reverberation are described. Noise need to be separated using CDR technique. CDR estimators are combined into one frame as post filter to remove reverberation and evaluated by processing reverberant speech ASR recognition accuracy as well as various signal quality measures.CDR estimation is done using geometric analysis as partial removal of error from the speech. As final step spectral subtraction is carried out to remove remaining reverberation speech. The output of the result shows that the unbiased estimator has a practical benefit over present estimators, and proposed DOA-independent estimator used for vanishing reverberation. This all process is carried using special tools known as MATLAB.


World university rankings have become well-established tools that students, university managers, and policy makers read and use. Each ranking claims to have a unique methodology capable of measuring the 'quality' of universities. The purpose of this article is to analyze to which extent these different rankings measure the same phenomenon and what it is that they are measuring. For this, we selected a total of seven world university rankings and performed a principal component analysis. After ensuring that despite their methodological differences, they all come together to a single component; we hypothesized that bibliometric indicators could explain what is being measured. Our analyses show that ranking scores from whichever of the seven league tables under study can be explained by the number of publications and citations received by the institution. We conclude by discussing policy implications and opportunities on how a nuanced and responsible use of rankings can help decision-making at the institutional level


Background:Hospital-specific and surgeon-specific public reporting of performance measures is expanding largely due to calls for transparency from the public and oversight agencies. Surgeons continue to voice concerns regarding public reporting. Surgeons' perceptions of hospital-level and individual-level public reporting have not been assessed. This study (1) evaluated surgeons' perceptions of public reporting of surgical quality; and (2) identified specific barriers to surgeons' acceptance of public reporting. Methods:All surgeons (n=185) at 4 hospitals (university, children's, 2 community hospitals), representing all surgical specialties, received a 41-item anonymous Internet-based survey. Twenty follow-up qualitative interviews were conducted to assess surgeons' interpretation of findings. Results:The survey response rate was 66% (n=122). Most surgeons supported public reporting of quality metrics at the hospital level (80%), but opposed individual reporting (53%, P<0.01). Fewer surgeons expected that individual (26%) or hospital (47%) public reporting would improve outcomes (P<0.01). Few indicated that their practice would change with hospital (11%) or individual (18%) public reporting (P=0.20). Primary concerns regarding public reporting at the hospital level included patients misinterpreting data, surgeons refusing high-risk patients, and outcome metric validity. Individual-surgeon level concerns included outcome metric validity, adequate sample sizes, and patients misinterpreting data. To make public reporting more acceptable, surgeons recommended patient education, simplified data presentation, continued risk-adjustment refinement, and internal review before public reporting. Conclusions:Surgeons expressed concerns about public reporting of quality metrics, particularly reporting of individual surgeon performance. These concerns must be addressed to gain surgeons' acceptance and to use public reporting to improve health care quality.


Abstract The objective of the present study was the evaluation of the possibility that the use of reclaimed municipal wastewater for irrigation purposes in a Greek region is sustainable. The irrigation uses that were examined included agricultural as well as landscape irrigation ones. Thus, a model aiming at evaluating the procedure of wastewater reuse in Greece was constructed. This model incorporates the necessary economic parameters as well as the most important social and environmental ones. The main goal was the integrated evaluation of wastewater reuse procedure in a Greek region or area. The methodology that was used for our model construction was a multicriteria decision making one (PROMETHEE II). More specifically, six alternative scenarios of wastewater advanced treatment and disinfection were fixed and, were afterwards evaluated on the basis of their scores in specific economic, social and environmental criteria. The scores were fixed considering literature data as well as data collected from s...


In the current study we presented Asian and Caucasian participants with brief displays containing 16 faces and asked them to judge whether there were more Asians or Caucasians present. We varied the physical proportion of each race in the display using the method of constant stimuli and obtained estimates of the point of subjective equality (PSE) by fitting cumulative normal functions to individual data. Consistent with recent findings on "ensemble" face processing, participants were able to make group estimates quite accurately. However, the estimates from the two groups of participants did not overlap, with Asian participants appearing to weight other-race faces more heavily than Caucasian participants. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of an other-race effect in the context of groups of faces.


To meet increasingly complex mathematics standards in late elementary school, students must conceptually understand and be fluent in the operations of multiplication and division. This includes understanding the operations' inverse relation. The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of alternating concrete–representational–abstract (CRA) multiplication and division instruction on students' mastery of unknown facts and on their conceptual understanding. Fourth through sixth-grade students with learning disabilities who had failed to master all multiplication facts participated in the study. The researchers used a mixed method design, measuring accuracy and fluency of facts with a multiple probe across students design and qualitative methods to capture changes in students' explanations of their computation. The researchers demonstrated a functional relation between CRA instruction and accuracy and fluency in multiplication and division. Qualitative results indicated differences in students' understanding of the operations. Implications of the results will be discussed further.


Conventional Molded interconnect device technology with spatial circuit boards offer freedom of design as well as potential for rationalization and miniaturization by electronics integration. By integrating the third dimension into the circuit design, material and cost savings can be realized. Due to the limited application temperature of thermoplastics and thermosets, the potentials of spatial assemblies cannot be fully exploited. In the field of power electronics and LED technology, ceramic substrates are increasingly gaining acceptance for thermally demanding conditions. This publication investigates the interaction of a copper interface produced in an additive metallization process of a ceramic substrate by using the Plasmacoat® method and interconnection joints formed in a pressureless silver sintering process. Therefore, copper was deposited on different ceramic substrates and different particle temperatures as well as subsequent thermal treatment were evaluated. Silver sintering on selective coated interface was investigated for later use on a three-dimensional metallized ceramic substrate. Cross sections and Shear tests reveal that forming pressureless sintered interconnections on an additively formed copper surface is more demanding compared to common direct copper bonded (DCB) substrates.


Salinity is one of the major abiotic stress causing significant losses in crops yield and quality. To understand stress response of commercially important cabbage, seedlings of B. rapa ssp. L. pekinensis were subjected to the short-term (24h) NaCl stress (50-200 mM). Significant inhibition of root growth and decrease in seedlings biomass, accumulation of sodium ions and proline were observed in a dose dependent manner. In vivo fluorescent imaging of stressed seedlings showed significant increase in levels of ROS (SO and H2O2) and glutathion, particularly in root in comparison to cotyledons. Changed redox potential of seedlings altered antioxidant enzymes activities and triggered hormonal response. The level of ABA was increased at higher salt concentrations while jasmonates (JA and Ja-Ile) were increased at the lowest. Increase in several hydroxycinnamic acids was observed in a dose dependent manner.


Silk nanofibers (SNF) have great applications in high-performance functional nanocomposites due to their excellent mechanical properties, biocompatibility, and degradability. However, the preparation of SNF by traditional methods often requires the use of some environmentally harmful or toxic reagents, limiting its application in green chemistry. In this paper, we successfully prepared SNF using natural silk as raw material and solvent stripping technology by adjusting the solvent concentration and solution ratio (the diameter of about 120 nm). Using the above SNFs as raw materials, SNF membranes were prepared by vacuum filtration technology. In addition, we prepared an SNF/MXene nanocomposite material with excellent humidity sensitivity by simply coating MXene nanosheets with silk fibers. The conductivity of the material can approach 1400.6 S m−1 with excellent mechanical strength (51.34 MPa). The SNF/MXene nanocomposite material with high mechanical properties, high conductivity, and green degradability can be potentially applied in the field of electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding, providing a feasible approach for the development of functional nanocomposite materials.


This research seeks to describe the differences in patent filing of products and processes and the protection of the user. The research is characterized as descriptive exploratory of applied nature, with qualitative approach, having as method the technique of documentary research and documentary analysis. Normative Instructions 30 and 31 of the INPI and Law 9.279/96 were used. In the analysis it can be observed that process patents have a greater size than product patents, the state of the art is one of the main points of the writing of patents, drawings, flowcharts, organization charts and diagrams are present in process patents. It is concluded that the article raises a discussion about the importance of registration of patent processes, especially regarding the issues related to the user.


The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of nurses' emotional labor and the importance of leaders' emotional intelligence roles by verifying them with job satisfaction and organizational commitment for 396 nurses at 8 university hospitals in Seoul and Gyeonggi province. It was found that emotional labor had a negative relationship with job satisfaction and organizational commitment. And leaders' emotional intelligence has a significant positive relationship with job satisfaction and organizational commitment. However, leaders' emotional intelligence has no moderation effect on emotional labor and dependent


We give a complete, up-date list of the phase space factors (PSF) for beta-beta-, beta+beta+, EC beta+ and ECEC double beta decay (DBD) modes, in all nuclei of interest and possible transitions to final states. In calculation, the Coulomb distortion of the electron wave functions is treated by solving numerically the Dirac equation with inclusion of the finite nuclear size and electron screening effects. In addition to the previous calculations we use a Coulomb potential derived from a realistic proton density distribution in nucleus, improve the precision of the numerical routines used to solve the Dirac equations and to integrate the PSF expressions, and use recently reported Q-values. These ingredients proved to be important, leading in many cases to significant differences as compared to the present available PSF values, which are discussed as well. Accurate values of the PSF are necessary ingredients both for theorists, to improve the DBD lifetime predictions and constraint the neutrino parameters, and for experimentalists to plan their set-ups.


The aim of this study was to identify the nature and cause of foxing spots in a historical manuscript. This manuscript was a Holy Quran from the beginning of the Qajar period and the end of the 18th century. Samples were incubated for 14 days and were evaluated for the presence of fungal activity. UV fluorescence photography, micro X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were also used to investigate the characteristics and causes of foxing spots. The results showed that there was no fungal activity in the foxing spots of this manuscript. Based on the morphology of the stain in UV fluorescence photography, these foxing stains are of the Bullseye type, usually associated with metal ions. µXRF spectroscopy also showed a high accumulation of iron and copper at the site of these spots. This indicates abiotic foxing in this manuscript. Based on FTIR spectroscopy and peak deconvolution and fitting by Gaussian function, abiotic foxing increases the cellulose oxidation rate. Intensification of cellulose oxidation in foxing stains can be considered as one of the reasons for paper discoloration.


...........................................................................................................3 Introduction.....................................................................................................5 Executive Summary...........................................................................................7 Purpose of the GOCCC .......................................................................................9 Structure as it Relates to Function.........................................................................10 Key Accomplishments of the GOCCC ...................................................................17 Comparison to Programs in Other States...................................................................24 Recommendations for Increasing Effectiveness ..........................................................30 Report Follow-up.............................................................................................33 Conclusion....................................................................................................34 References...........................................................................................................37 Appendix A: GOCCC Organizational Chart ................................................................................39 Appendix B: Complete Catalog of the GOCCC's Accomplishments...........................................41 Appendix B: References for Appendix B...............................................................................54 Governor's Office of Children's Care Coordination 3 Abstract The Governor's Office of Children's Care Coordination (GOCCC) was established in 2004 by executive order to improve communication, interagency collaboration, and coordination of health care services for children in Tennessee. The challenge inherent in coordinating children's services to reach all Tennessee children was highlighted in a 2003 lawsuit, known as the John B. Consent Decree, brought by a group of families whose children, then or future beneficiaries ofThe Governor's Office of Children's Care Coordination (GOCCC) was established in 2004 by executive order to improve communication, interagency collaboration, and coordination of health care services for children in Tennessee. The challenge inherent in coordinating children's services to reach all Tennessee children was highlighted in a 2003 lawsuit, known as the John B. Consent Decree, brought by a group of families whose children, then or future beneficiaries of Tennessee's Medicaid Managed Care Program (TENNCare), were not receiving regular checkups guaranteed by the Early Periodic Screening Diagnosis and Treatment Program (EPSDT). The GOCCC works to ensure that child-serving state departments are meeting the coordination requirements of the John B. Consent Decree as well as state and federal laws and various court orders relating to health services for children. After five years, the GOCCC is leading efforts to facilitate collaboration among the child-serving departments and focuses on infant mortality, substance abuse and preventative care to help improve health outcomes. Several other states have bodies similar to the GOCCC that focus on improving the lives of children. Some states have Children's Cabinets; others have State Councils, Commissions, Collaborations or Committees. The status of these entities varies from state to state, too – some are established by executive order alone while are others are legislatively mandated (Gaines, p. 5). In Tennessee, the GOCCC reports directly to Gov. Bredesen but it does not have statutory authority and, therefore, could be dismantled by January 2011 after a new governor is elected and if the state's leaders cannot steward the GOCCC toward survival. To describe the GOCCC's accomplishments and illustrate its long-term value to the General Assembly and others, Bob Duncan, the director of the GOCCC, requested a report that includes an overview of the Office's purpose, structure and contributions, an analysis of the GOCCC's current role and its potential to Governor's Office of Children's Care Coordination 4 expand that role in the future, a comparison of Tennessee's GOCCC to similar programs in other states, and a plan for increasing the GOCCC's effectiveness. The written report provided the director of the GOCCC with the tools to manage the political environment through the end of the governor's second term, convince the future governor to follow the report's recommendations and work with the Tennessee General Assembly to pass a legislative mandate for the state's Children's Cabinet. Governor's Office of Children's Care Coordination 5


LIKE other nasopharyngeal disorders, nasopharyngeal stenosis leads to signs of upper airway obstruction, with stertorous breathing, dyspnoea and gagging, which are sometimes more pronounced during eating and sleeping. In cats, the first successful treatment was surgical resection of the stenotic tissue (Mitten 1988); however, several authors have described recurrences of the condition following the use of this technique (Coolman and others 1998, Novo and Kramek 1999, Glaus and others 2002). Alternative surgical techniques have been described, such as the application of a stent in addition to surgical resection (Novo and Kramek 1999), and using a mucosal advancement flap (Griffon and Tasker 2000). The first successful treatment of nasopharyngeal stenosis in a cat by balloon dilation was reported by Glaus and others (2002), and another successful balloon dilation in a cat was described by Boswood and others (2003). With the exception of the report by Mitten (1988), all of the treatments with successful outcomes were described in single case reports. This short communication describes a series of six cats with nasopharyngeal stenosis in which balloon dilation was performed and longterm follow-up was available. Between 1999 and 2003, nasopharyngeal stenosis was diagnosed endoscopically in six cats and balloon dilation was performed at the Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, University of Zurich. A previously reported case is included in this series (Glaus and others 2002). There was one Siamese cat and five domestic shorthair cats; three were neutered males and three neutered females, and they ranged in age from five to 11 years (median 7·5 years) and bodyweight from 4·3 to 4·9 kg (median 4·5 kg).All the cats displayed loud, stertorous breathing. Two cats showed sporadic respiratory difficulties, characterised by increased respiratory effort and open-mouth breathing. The signs had lasted from six months to nine years (median three years) before diagnosis. One of the cats had been treated previously for upper airway infection, but in retrospect it is not known whether these signs were actually due to nasopharyngeal stenosis. In the other five cats no association with any previous disease was evident, and none of the six cats showed any signs of upper airway infection during the follow-up time. On endoscopic examination all the cats had severe nasopharyngeal stenosis (Figs 1, 2a). For the procedure the cats were placed under general anaesthesia and positioned in ventral recumbency. The whole procedure was monitored by endoscopic control from the retroflexed pharyngeal view using a flexible bronchoscope (Olympus). A well lubricated valvuloplasty balloon dilation catheter (inflated diameter 15 mm, balloon length 2 cm; Cook) was introduced through one nasal opening and passed in an orthograde fashion along the ventral nasal canal to the nasopharynx through the stenotic area, until the whole inflatable part was beyond the stenosis. In cases where the stenosis Short Communications


Based on a compilation of current data at the surface, the classical Ekman theory is inappropriate for calculating wind generated currents near the surface. The cause is found to be the assumption by Ekman of a vertical eddy viscosity, N v , which is constant over a depth. A numerical model is described briefly, which allows for a variation of N v over depth, z, as well as in the x and y directions. The model was developed using a Galerkin technique. The model can include a sharp, wind driven profile near the surface. The method is computationally reasonable, requiring about the same number of computations as a vertically averaged formulation. A relationship for choosing N v versus depth is presented. Experimental data are compared to the numerical model results.


A doctor may refrain from treatment, unless there is a direct threat to life or sudden health risk. In the event of withdrawal from treatment, the doctor is obliged to inform a patient or his legal representative or actual guardian in advance, and indicate other possibilities to obtain medical procedures from another physician or medical entity. If a physician performs his profession on a contract of employment, he may refrain from treatment only if there are serious reasons, after obtaining a consent of his supervisor. In the event of withdrawal from treatment, a doctor is obliged to justify his decision and record this fact in medical documentation. The provision of the Patients' Rights Act states that, a patient, his statutory representative or actual guardian have a right to early enough information about the intention to withdraw from treatment as well as a possibility to obtain medical procedures from another physician or medical entity. Similarly, these issues are regulated by the Code of Medical Ethics, which stipulates that in particularly justified cases, a doctor may refrain from treatment, except in urgent cases, however he is obliged to indicate a different possibility to obtain medical help.


In this paper, an extension of some existing results related to finite-time stability (FTS) and finite-time boundedness (FTB) into the conformable fractional derivative is presented. Illustrative example is presented at the end of the paper to show the effectiveness of the proposed result.


The results of a first-principles study of the structure of the Ag(111)–water interface are presented. The calculations were carried out using an ab initio Car–Parrinello molecular dynamics simulation within a pseudopotential formalism and the generalized gradient approximation to the exchange-correlation potential. Periodic five layer slabs covered with 48 water molecules were employed to simulate the structure of the interface. An analysis of the structural properties of the interface shows that the preferable places of residence of H2O molecules in the contact overlayer are the metal top sites. The electronic structure of the interface has also been explored. It was found that there is a strong coupling of the water overlayer with the metal crystal electronic states. However, the surface-state charge density is only slightly disturbed by the presence of water. The empty surface states are seen to not be quenched by the presence of water, which is in qualitative agreement with existing experiments. The ...


【Objective】 The study was to select garlic resistant mutants and to set in vitro selection method by adding the pathogen crude toxin in culture medium.【Method】 The resistant mutants were selected using callus derived from clove base explants and the filtrate(crude toxin) of garlic leaf blight pathogen culture solution as the selective agent,and identified by inoculation of crude toxin and pathogen spores to the mutants,respectively.The activities of some defense enzymes in mutant garlic plantlets were measured to analyze the relation between garlic leaf blight resistance and those enzymes.【Result】 The crude toxin of pathogen inhibited the induction and multiplication of garlic callus.The inhibition increased with the increase of crude toxin concentration.The callus of different garlic cultivars showed different resistance to the pathogen crude toxin.Using step by step screen method to increase the concentration of pathogen crude toxin,12 mutant plantlets from garlic cv G039 and 2 plantlets from garlic cv G073 were selected.These mutants were proven to attain stable resistance to pathogen crude toxin.The mutants were also proven to gain improved resistance to leaf blight than their control by pathogen spore inoculation test.The activities of POD,PPO and PAL in leaves of the mutant increased sharply and reached the peak values in short time after inoculation of pathogen,which were close to or even higher than those of the resistant cv G064.However,the activities of those enzymes in disease sensitive cv G039 were much lower than those of the mutant and the resistant cv G064.Disease resistance identification by inoculation of pathogen spore solution showed that the mutant lines were more resistant to the disease than their controls.The change of POD,PPO and PAL activities in screened mutants after inoculation of the pathogen spores reflected their disease resistance.【Conclusion】 It is practicable to select garlic mutants resistant to leaf blight by increasing the concentration of pathogen crude toxin in the selective culture medium step by step.The proper maximum concentration of crude toxin for in vitro selection is 30%.The enzyme activities of POD,PPO and PAL can be taken as biochemical indexes for garlic resistant identification to leaf blight.


This paper proposes a schema for the design of an integrated navigation system including two inertial navigators, two Global Position System (GPS) receivers and a Doppler velocity sensor(DVS) with applications of Model Based Systems Engineering (MBSE). First, requirement analysis and function analysis are accomplished with Rhapsody. Then the architecture of the system is designed to identify the subsystems and allocate the use case to the subsystems. Finally, the results of simulation show that the design of the system can satisfy the system requirements proposed previously.


Magnetic properties of YIG films grown by solid phase epitaxy (SPE) was measured as a function of temperature with focus on magneto-crystalline and perpendicular magnetic anisotropy. Perpendicular magnetic anisotropy was not induced in the SPE YIG films annealed at low temperature by relaxing residual stress through formation of dislocation. On the contrary the films annealed at high temperature showed perpendicular magnetic anisotropy which shows very low density of dislocation. Perpendicular magnetic anisotropy field decreased linearly up to a high temperature of above which magneto-crystalline anisotropy disappeared. Coercivity also decreased linearly with temperature up 세 . Magneto-crystalline anisotropy of perpendicular anisotropy induced epitaxial (111) YIG films can be measured using $H_k


OBJECTIVE
To study the mechanism of scalp penetration acupuncture treating acute cerebral hemorrhage (ACH).

METHODS
The treatment group (n = 30) and the control group (n = 30) were treated with the same basic therapy, but scalp penetration acupuncture was added to the treatment group. Changes of plasma ET and CGRP contents were compared.

RESULTS
After treatment for 14 days, the content of plasma ET in the treatment group was significantly lower than that in the control group (P < 0.01). Moreover, the content of plasma CGRP was significantly higher than that in the control group (P < 0.01).

CONCLUSION
Scalp penetration acupuncture is able to improve the prognosis of the patient with ACH by means of regulating the contents of plasma ET and CGRP.


An approach to the derivation of hardware algorithms from recurrence equations is proposed that is based on program transformation. A representation for hardware algorithms, called relational representation, is introduced, in which one relational program corresponding to a given recurrence equation (namely a specification) is transformed to another relational program corresponding to a hardware algorithm (namely an implementation). Based on the unfold/fold transformation method of logic programs, several transformation tactics have been formalized. Several implementations of hardware algorithms, such as pipelines, orthogonal grids, and trees, have been derived from their respective specifications in recurrence equations.<<ETX>>


Within the dual-route framework it is hypothesised that readers exhibit flexibility in their use of lexical and non-lexical information in word naming. In the present study, participants named high- and low-frequency regular one-syllable English words embedded within lists of regular or irregular one- or two-syllable English words. A large number of irregular words should bias the reader toward the lexical route, whereas a list consisting exclusively of regular words should allow more efficient use of sublexical information present in the word. Word frequency effects were obtained when the list was dominated by either regular or irregular two-syllable filler words. Furthermore, there was an interaction between frequency and regularity for the onesyllable words, indicating that the frequency effect was significantly larger when the fillers were one-syllable irregular words relative to one-syllable regular words. These results extend those reported for a shallow orthography, and indicate strategic control over the use of phonological and lexical information in English word recognition.


This paper is the second part of a study conducted to investigate the dynamic behavior of a liquid propellant rocket engine. It is dedicated to complete the modeling, simulation and analysis of the dynamic behavior of the feeding system of a typical rocket engine. The elements involved are the gas generator, the turbo-pump assembly, and the combustion chamber. These individual elements are treated as separate units before dealing with the integrated system. The system incorporates the combustion chamber controller, the thrust controller, the gas generator controller, and the safety valve. Non-linear mathematical models and empirical relations have been deduced and used to develop computer simulation programs using MATLAB SIMULINK technique. The study was extended to investigate the static and dynamic behaviors of such components. The study showed that the thrust reaches always a new steady state value corresponding to pre-compression distance of the thrust controller spring and through regulating the combustion chamber pressure. The system, which has two power ratings, operates at a stable, self-regulated condition with slightly under-damped nature of settling time in switching from first to second power rating. The developed simulation programs could help investigate and analyze other similar liquid propellant rocket engines.


I am honored to have been asked to write about Dr. Eduardo Fayos-Solá and his impact on tourism, both in Spain and internationally. He was both my mentor and my friend during nearly 30 years of collaboration. We first met at the University of Valencia, Spain when he asked me to join a project on tourism education which he was carrying out in the United Nations World Tourism Organisation (UNWTO). Since then I collaborated with most of the initiatives he launched. Most of his professional life was dedicated to tourism, an industry which, in a country such as Spain, has had a major impact since the 1960s, but which received little attention from the government or politicians until the 1980s. However, although tourism was his main field of work, there is no way to write about Eduardo Fayos-Solá without mentioning his varied intellectual interests and pursuits, namely, physics, astronomy, politics, technology, to mention just a few. His professional activity concerning tourism encompassed a number of areas with remarkable success, such as education, training, governance, sustainability, destination management. In the obituaries written about him his contribution to tourism was highlighted, calling him "a visionary" "an icon in the tourism industry for decades". Through his vision and influence he helped to change the tourism industry in Spain as well as internationally, especially during his professional career at the UNWTO where he was innovative in the Organization's tourism education program of work and also had the generosity to share his experience and knowledge with international experts as well as to profit from their knowledge. Fayos-Solá's political and academic career allowed him to get deeply involved in tourism since the 1980s. His two main areas of interest and work in this industry were the development of Tourism Policy and Governance -that peculiar part of public policy that was sorely needed in Spain ever since the growth of tourism beganand tourism education and training. Until the 90's most of the public action taken and program developed in tourism in Spain had been partial actions aimed at solving specific problems in one of tourism's subsectors. That meant a lack of public intervention to reduce the negative impacts of tourism and to increase the positive ones. This was in part owing to the lack of awareness of tourism's potential as an economic and social activity. Tourism Policy was a concept which was extremely difficult to define and to specify in the context of the Public Administration which was divided into traditional departments and Ministries. Most of the public actions which affected tourism depended on other ministries or departments while the transversal nature of tourism was not well understood. Then, as from the 1980s the challenges to Spanish Tourism Policy doubled. On the one hand Tourism Policy needed to position itself between the traditional ministerial departments and to create some type of coordination between the departments whose action had an effect on tourism. On the other hand, there was a need to promote the contents of an integrated Tourism Policy. That entailed designing


1988. They invoke morality only in cases where it coincides with what they consider to be their interest. We can indeed imagine that Saddam Hussein would be less disposed than the Kuwaiti emirs to reinvest oil profits in Western economies. But the embargo that has been erected against the Iraqi takeover results in the creation of a shortage, in a rise in the price per barrel that will doubtless be a lasting one, that is to say precisely what they claimed to fear in the first place. The paradox is only an apparent one. Everything is actually taking place as if the international operation now underway under the aegis of the United Nations were only a deception. Informed at the end of July by its observation satellites about the Iraqi troop and tank concentrations at the Kuwaiti border, the United States took none of the preventive measures that would appear to be called for, such as solemnly promising to secure the threatened border or evacuating American nationals; it seems rather that the Kuwaiti leaders were urged to be intransigent. It wasn't a matter of avoiding the crisis but on the contrary of profiting from it to get rid of Saddam Hussein and Iraqi military power


With the increase of human exploration of space activities, space debris detection is particularly important. In this paper, the space debris hazard and detection significance were firstly introduced. Then, the main difficulties and the development trend of space debris detection were analyzed. On this basis, combined with space debris detection difficulties, a new scheme of detection for space debris and information transmission was proposed, which integrated laser ranging, spectral polarization imaging, laser communication features. And the key technology to decompose and feasibility analysis were made, which may provide a new way of thinking for space debris detection.


In this work, for the first time, the ability of non-pathogenic bacterial members of the recently discovered genus Massilia to accumulate polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) using glucose or starch as C and energy sources, has been reported. The highest PHAs yields were obtained when glucose was substituted by starch in the culture medium, being Massilia lutea the best producer (1.25 g/L). NMR analyses demonstrated that the PHAs obtained were PHB in spite of the C source used. These results become Massilia strains attractive candidates for use in the production of biopolymers from renewable carbon sources, but further research is needed to understand the processes involved in PHA synthesis and accumulation.


Porokeratoses are a group of hereditary or acquired disorders of keratinization. Several types have been described. Disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis (DSAP) is the most common presentation of the disease. Facial lesions have been seen in 15% of the DSAP patients while majority of the reported cases involve extrafacial sites such as the extensor surfaces of the extremities. However, Exclusive facial presentation of DSAP has rarely been reported. In this article, the authors report a 20 year female with exclusive facial porokeratosis.


It is one of important approaches to increase oil and gas reserves that reevaluation and supplementary exploration of several new formations which below or above the layer series of development of an old field. This paper takes Honggang structure as the example,expounds the detailed methods and results. Honggang structure is a typical anticline structure.The structure has several favorable source reservoir cap combinations. By the way of analyzing and contrasting of upper and lower formations, the control factors and distribution laws of oil and gas are clear. On the foundation the supplementary exploration has been put in practice.The economic and effective methods of supplementary exploration is increasing depth, increasing log series, testing of infill wells, and testing of old exploration wells. Then the rich achievements have been obtained. Heidimiao reservoir is discovered. Gaotaizi reservoir is developed effectively. The production capacity of year 15×10 4 tons of oil is built up.The exploitation potential of Putaohua reservoir is clear at the same time.


Phytochemicals and antioxidant activity in the fruits of Rubus ellipticus and Rubus niveus were studied. A significant variation (P < 0.05) in total phenolics, flavonoids, monomeric anthocyanins, ascorbic acid and β-carotene content among genotypes of R. ellipticus was observed. Total phenolics ranged from 2.56 to 3.28 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/gram (g) fresh weight (fw) for R. ellipticus and 3.21 mg GAE/g fw for R. niveus. Gallic acid, catechin, chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid were the major phenolic compounds identified by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Antioxidant activity measured by three in vitro assays (i.e., ABTS and DPPH radical scavenging activity and ferric-reducing antioxidant power) demonstrated the utility of both the species as a source of natural antioxidants. Furthermore, the results of this study may provide baseline data for future breeding programs for variety improvement.

Practical Applications

Rubus ellipticus and Rubus niveus are important wild edible fruits commonly consumed as food and serve as important ingredients in traditional medicine in Asia. These species are directly collected from wild for consumption. The assessment of the antioxidant properties (ABTS and DPPH radical scavenging activity and ferric-reducing antioxidant potential), phenolic content and composition of both the species may provide possible role against health benefits and future applications in functional foods and nutraceutical development. Furthermore, the variation in antioxidant properties, phenolic content and other phytochemical composition in different plants may provide baseline data for future breeding programs for variety improvement.


In the last 20 years there has been growing concern about potential hazard to cetaceans occasioned by multiple stress factors due to bioaccumulation of anthropogenic contaminants combined with infectious diseases, food depletion and climate change. In this context, the main aim of this chapter is to present the development and the application of a non-lethal multi trial biomarker tool applied to cetacean skin biopsies to diagnose "toxicological stress syndromes" related to multiple human pressures. Here we present a multidisciplinary approach to detect presence and effects of anthropogenic contaminants combined with general stressors using a wide range of diagnostic markers (molecular and gene expression biomarkers, immunological and nutritional status) with contaminant analysis, for a complete assessment of health status of cetaceans. The chapter is subdivided in three sections: in section one we describe the main threats faced by cetaceans focusing on the case study of Mediterranean Sea; in the second part we will describe the sensitivity of the multi trial biomarker diagnostic tool in skin biopsy cetacean samples; and in the third part we will describe the application of the proposed multidisciplinary approach to explore the effects of multiple human pressures on cetacean health status (field applications), comparing fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus) (mysticete) population of Mediterranean compared to the one of Sea of Cortez (Mexico). Final development of this interdisciplinary diagnostic methodology, embedded in a statistical Expert System, will provide exhaustive information about "toxicological status" of cetaceans as a powerful frontier approach for the conservation of relevant species of sea biodiversity.


Oxygen tension of thoracic duct lymph was measured continuously in dogs subjected to hemorrhagic shock. Compared to untreated controls, the group given during the development of the shock a single lar


A study of application techniques of methylolmelamine resins to cotton has revealed a practical method for producing cotton fabric with outstanding rot resistance and im proved weather resistance. This method is based upon the use of an acid colloid of methylolmelamine. The method of application of the colloid is the same as that con ventionally used for resin finishing; that is, pad, dry, and cure. The main difference is the use of formic acid to produce a colloid. Photomicrographs show that methylol melamine colloids (1-4 hr. old) are deposited in the outer portion of the cell wall of the fiber, whereas the conventional process deposits resin about halfway through the cell wall and the wet-cure Arigal 3 process deposits uniformly throughout the cell wall. Colloids five hours or older are deposited in much the same position as obtained by the conventional process. Only the fresh (1-4 hr.) colloids give outstanding rot resistance. Cotton fabric finished with the acid colloids compares favorably with partially acetylated, fully acetylated, cyanoethylated, and Arigal fabrics which are known to have excellent resistance to rot. Experimental evidence indicates that the mechanism through which rot resistance is acquired by the acid colloid is "controlled penetration" rather than a continuous surface film. Several acids were evaluated for colloid production; formic was the only acid which produced suitable colloids. A number of metal halides have been used as catalysts with the colloids. Small amounts of the metals become tenaciously bound in the fabric, and some of the metals alter outdoor weathering and other properties of the fabric.


For high-performance requirements of hardware firewall on large-scale data processing, the article gives a system based on ATCA with multicore technology. It firstly describes the hardware structure of chip-scale firewall in this architecture and then expounds the software hierarchy. At last, it introduces the multicore technology applied in this system.


The type,distribution,utilization of wetland and the destruction of wetland injury to nature ecological system were discussed to arouse the society and the public to participate in the protection of wetland.


press (notably in India Today) about the poor record of the Vajpayee ministry, and this not only on the price of onions. When the author prepares a new edition—as surely he must—I would hope that a more extensive bibliography would be included. It is quite difficult for the reader to chase down all those "op. cit." entries. A more inclusive index would also be helpful, although the detailed table of contents makes it possible to find broad topics easily. I can only close by repeating the jacket comment by Walter Andersen: "For the expert on South Asia, this book is an absolute must." I would add that it is a must for anyone with an interest in South Asia or in the role of religion in politics.


FIELD: physics. SUBSTANCE: optical system for collecting scattered radiation for a Raman spectrometer has optically-connected laser and elliptical mirror, lens and spectrometer arranged in series along the principal optical axis. The device includes a spherical mirror with a radius which is equal to twice the focal radius of the elliptical mirror, and a focusing lens, wherein the spherical mirror has a hole at the centre and is placed on the principal optical axis such that its centre of curvature coincides with the first focus of the elliptical mirror, their mirror surfaces are turned towards each other, and its centre coincides with the second focus of the elliptical mirror. The focusing lens is placed outside the elliptical mirror on the optical axis of the laser, orthogonal to the principal optical axis, and its focus coincides with the first focus of the elliptical mirror. The elliptical mirror has two holes lying at points of intersection of the surface of the mirror with the optical axis of the laser, wherein their diameter matches the diameter of the laser beam. EFFECT: enabling increase in intensity of a Raman signal and enabling increase in sensitivity of a Raman spectrometer. 1 dwg


An automation of welding process which generally corresponds to 3D work is very important in factories. In the multipass welding of pressure vessel made of a thick plate, the mechanical touch sensor is generally used to measure the gap and depth of narrow-gap joint to perform seam tracking. But such a mechanical touch sensor may commit measuring errors caused by the deterioration of the measuring device. The developed automation system of narrow-gap welding using a laser vison sensor can track the welding seam line of narrow-gap and control welding parameter. The joint profile of narrow-gap with depth 250㎜ & root gap 28㎜ can be captured by laser vision camera. The laser vision system is programmed to track the center of the bottem joint, and it performs two pass welding each layer.


Time reverse modeling (TRM) is applied to localize and characterize acoustic emission using a 2D and 3D numerical concrete model. The aim is to transform a method within exploration geophysics to non-destructive testing. In contrast to previous time reverse applications, no single event or first onset time identification is applied. The method is described from a mathematical point of view. Socalled source TRM with limited knowledge of boundary values is used in combination with several imaging conditions. TRM localization and characterization using this highly scattering material is feasible using the rotated staggered finite-difference method. We demonstrate the localization of two synchronous moment tensor sources with a limited number of sensors and using effective elastic properties. Source characteristics can also be recovered. The goal is to apply our method to acoustic emissions measured during experiments carried out on concrete and reinforced concrete specimen. Several aspects of the described methodology can also be transferred back to exploration geophysics.


In these notes, we introduce matrix Lie groups G and their Lie algebras Lie(G), and we exhibit the (continuous) loop group LG as a smooth Banach Lie group. Prerequisites are basic calculus and point set topology, but no knowledge of differential geometry is presupposed. For this reason, the presentation of the material is somewhat unconventional. Most importantly, the definition of matrix Lie groups and their Lie algebras is different from but ultimately equivalent to the usual definition in the literature [Hu72, DK00].


It is shown that the basis of the theory of alloys modification is refinement of nano-crystals surfaces and growing crystallizing centers of the phases from blocking surface-active elements and molecular hydrogen.


The 2nd Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) of the United Nations attempt to eliminate the potential hunger and food insecurity issues by 2030, but in the plight of COVID19 pandemic it has become far more critical and persistent issue globally as well as in India. The nation-wide socio-economic surveys of National Sample Survey Office (NSSO) in India are designed to produce reliable and representative estimates of important food insecurity parameters at state and national level for both rural and urban sectors separately but these surveys cannot be used directly to generate reliable district level estimates. Whereas, efficient and representative disaggregated level estimates for the extent (or incidence) of food insecurity prevalence has direct impact on strategizing effective policy plans and monitoring progress towards eliminating food insecurity. In this backdrop, the paper outlines small area estimation approach to estimate the incidence of food insecurity across the districts of rural Uttar Pradesh in India by linking data from the 2011–12 Household Consumer Expenditure Survey of NSSO, and the 2011 Indian Population Census. A spatial map has been generated showing spatial disparity for the incidence of food insecurity in Uttar Pradesh. These disaggregated level estimates are relevant and purposeful for SDG indicator 2.1.2 – severity of food insecurity. The estimates and map of food insecurity incidences are expected to deliver invaluable information to the policy-analysts and decision-makers.


Chemical injection of masonry is a very widely-used method for providing supplementary water-proofing of historic masonry. Like all branches of the construction industry, chemical injection of masonry is under pressure to achieve greater performance and speed together with maximum efficiency. Current norms and standards permit both pressure injection and non-pressure injection. Are these methods comparable in efficiency, or should we expect differing effects A pilot experiment on model masonry pillars has been carried out at the Klokner Institute. This paper summarises the results of our experiments.


Treatments designed to relieve paradoxical contraction of the anal sphincters during defecation (anismus) have had limited success in children with encopresis. This has raised doubts as to the clinical relevance of this diagnosis in childhood as anorectal dysfunction. Our aim was to determine whether, in patients who had treatment‐resistant encopresis, the presence of electromyographic anismus was associated with increased faecal retention. Sixty‐eight children with soiling (mean age 8.7 ± 2.06 years) were assessed by clinical examination, abdominal radiography and then with anorectal manometry. Patients with electromyographic anismus (n= 32; 47%) had significantly increased radiographic rectal faecal retention and were significantly less likely to be able to defecate water‐filled balloons. There were no significant differences in response to prior therapy, history of primary encopresis, behavioural adjustment or in sociodemographic data. Our results suggest that electromyographic anismus is associated with obstructed defecation and faecal retention.


Values, personal influence, and occupational choice interact in complex ways, and more can be learned by studying their three-way relationships than by using the traditional dependent-and-independentvariable design. This research attempts to show that these variables are systematically interrelated in the career decisions of college students planning to enter business,, scientific and esthetic, and general cultural occupations. Hypotheses are tested and further hypotheses proposed for study. IN THE growing literature on factors which account for occupational choices and aspirations, studies have generally stressed either values of the chooser or personal influences upon his choice as the independent variable. Rosen, for example, has shown how "achievement value orientation" affects educational and occupational aspirations.' Investigators such as Kahl, Wilson, and Bordua have found relationships between personal influence and level of aspiration.2 Perhaps the best-known recent study of occupational choice is that of Rosenberg and associates, which relates values to the types of occupations chosen by college students.3 Rosenberg's findings suggest that people who enter different kinds of occupations have basically different outlooks on work as a facet of life. To some, work is an end in itself, valued for the opportunity it gives to express oneself directly. To others, work may be only a means to obtain leisure and luxury off the job. To still others, work itself is of value, but more for the chance it provides to deal with people or be of service to them than for any intrinsic interest in the tasks or skills of work. If people differ in these ways in their outlook on work, one would expect them to be differentially attuned to the many social cues which urge them toward different kinds of careers. Two people may hear the same idea expressed about some occupation, but if one of them regards work as an inherently worthwhile activity while the other sees it only as a way to make money, they will not be affected alike by what they hear. Personal influence is a function of what the potential influencer says or does, and of how, if at all, it is perceived. This perception may both affect and be affected by the values of the person being influenced. Moreover, a person who has thought about entering a particular occupation will pay close attention to some possible sources of influence, but will fail to heed others. It seems likely that he will lay himself open to influence by persons who embody the values he seeks to realize in his anticipated occupation, and whose advice will support rather than contradict his own inclina* Revision of a paper read at the twenty-third annual meeting of the Southern Sociological Society, Atlanta, Georgia, April 7, 1960. The research reported herein was performed pursuant to a contract with the United States Office of Education, Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. Additional support was provided by the Graduate School of Northwestern University and the University Research Council of the University of North Carolina. The Institute for Research in Social Science, University of North Carolina, furnished statistical facilities. John R. Earle and Robert M. Rennick assisted in analysis. I Bernard C. Rosen, "The Achievement Syndrome," American Sociological Review, 21 (April 1956), pp. 203211. 2Joseph A. Kahl, "Educational and Occupational Aspirations of 'Common Man' Boys," Harvard Educational Review, 23 (Summer 1953), pp. 186-203; Alan B. Wilson, "Residential Segregation of Social Classes and Aspirations of High School Boys," American Sociological Review, 24 (December 1959), pp. 836-845; David J. Bordua, "Educational Aspirations and Parental Stress on College," Social Forces, 38 (March 1960), pp. 262-269. 3Morris Rosenberg, with the assistance of Edward A. Suchman and Rose K. Goldsen, Occupations and Values (Glencoe, Illinois. Free Press, 1957). At many points this study goes beyond the simple dependentvs.-independent-variable analysis and explores the interaction of values and occupational choice. See also Harry K. Schwarzweller, "Value Orientations in Educational and Occupational Choices," Rural Sociology, 24 (September 1959), pp. 246-256; and Schwarzweller, "Values and Occupational Choice," Social Forces, this issue, pp. 126-135. This content downloaded from 220.127.116.11 on Sun, 15 May 2016 04:40:59 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms VALUES, INFLUENCE, AND CHOICE 117 tions, but will not be susceptible to influence by others. Thus values, personal influence, and occupational choice are in a three-way relationship, each variable interacting with the other two. In this paper we explore this three-way relationship, attempting to show that the values and personal influences which accompany the choice of basically different occupations are systematically related to each other and to the nature of the occupations chosen. The paper examines the values and sources of personal influence which played a part in the occupational decisions of college students planning to enter three broad occupational fields. The fields are discussed below.4 1. Business Occupations These include such occupations as retail proprietor, manufacturer's representative, and corporation manager or executive: fields characterized in Rosenberg's findings by an emphasis on extrinsic rewards, such as high income. Most college graduates today who enter the general field of business are bureaucratic employees rather than independent entrepreneurs, and there are growing attempts to develop business management into a "profession." These attempts have not yet progressed very far, however, and the public image of the businessman remains highly distinct from that of the professional man. Business occupations are still regarded primarily as avenues to money and what money will buy-the home in the suburbs, the country club membership, the tropical vacation. 5 If this is the public image of business occupations, we would expect students who plan business careers to stress values related to income and leisure, rather than intrinsic occupational rewards stemming from the work itself. We would also expect them to reject professors as sources of influence on their career plans, since the professor is often thought to be a person who has deliberately spurned material advancement in order to seek intrinsic work satisfaction. 2. Scientific and Esthetic Occupations These include the artistic and literary occupations which Rosenberg finds to be characteristically "self-expression-oriented," such as actor, commercial artist, musician, and newspaper or advertising writer. Also in this category are scientific occupations, including medicine. All of these fields are publicly known to require specialized skills; in this respect they differ from the business occupations whose skills are more generalized and less clearly defined. The aspirant to any scientific or esthetic occupation is seeking to join a highly self-conscious occupational group which distinguishes itself from outsiders on the basis of work skills. These skills may utilize abilities which the individual had to begin with, but the skills themselves can be developed only through long training.6 From this we might expect the values of students entering the scientific and esthetic fields to revolve around the occupation itself, the opportunity for self-expression it affords, and success within the group of colleagues. As sources of personal influence, we might expect these students to rely on teachers, professors, and members of the occupation chosen, since these embody the skills for which the occupation is distinguished. 4 The typology of occupations used here was adapted from Anne Roe, The Psychology of Occupations (New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1956), pp. 143-152. Other proposed non-vertical occupational classifications include those given in Paul K. Hatt, "Occupations and Social Stratification," American Journal of Sociology, 55 (May 1950), pp. 533-543; and Richard T. Morris and Raymond J. Murphy, "The Situs Dimension in Occupational Structure," American Sociological Review 24 (April 1959), 235-239. Roe's classification seemed the best of these for our purposes because Hatt's classification does not successfully avoid the vertical dimension, and the Morris and Murphy list is based on societal function of work rather than the nature of work tasks. 5The finding of Rosenberg, op. cit., that students planning to enter the business fields tended to stress extrinsic rewards, is at least indirect evidence of this. The emphasis of people in business occupations on leisure and consumption is brought out clearly in William H. Whyte, Jr., The Organization Man (Garden City, New York: Doubleday and Company, 1957). 6 On the importance of specialized skills in shaping occupational ideologies, see Everett C. Hughes, "Personality Types and the Division of Labor," American Journal of Sociology, 33 (March 1928), pp. 754-768, reprinted in Everett C. Hughes, Men and Their Work (Glencoe, Illinois: Free Press, 1958), esp. pp. 35-36; Ida Harper Simpson, The Development of Professional Self-Images among Student Nurses, unpublished Ph. D. dissertation, University of North Carolina, 1956; Harvey L. Smith, "Contingencies of Professional Differentiation," American Journal of Sociology, 63 (January 1958), pp. 410-414, esp. pp. 413-414. This content downloaded from 126.96.36.199 on Sun, 15 May 2016 04:40:59 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms


Some methods for the preparation of 2:3:4:5-tetramethylphenol have been investigated, the most useful being the Gattermann reaction with 2:3:5-trimethylphenol followed by Clemmensen reduction. Hydrogenolysis of phenol alcohols over copper chromite catalyst has been shown to give methyl-substituted phenols without rearrangement; nuclear chlorine does not interfere and is not removed during the hydrogenolysis. Several compounds of interest in the study of the phenol–formaldehyde reaction have been prepared.


Smart city is a new concept with regard to the construction of cities, designed to improve the quality of transportation and the living conditions of urban residents and to respond proactively to climate changes by integrating the data collected from connected vehicles, connected citizens, the sensors installed in cities, and the Internet, all of which work based on the IoT infrastructure, and by providing the integrated data to diverse areas, including transportation, energy, water management, and buildings. There have been numerous discussions on the construction of smart cities, but these were focused mainly on the issue of urban energy and transportation; not much has been studied with regard to the construction of smart cities focused on urban infrastructure like roads and bridges. In the following main discussion, Construction CALS, which is used in building and maintaining urban infrastructure, will first be introduced, and then a development method for a mobile construction CALS system for the construction of smart cities will be proposed.


Machine translation methods are mainly based on rule-based machine translation and template-based machine translation. But both of that are based on the language rules which are complex, difficult to generalize in essence. Sentence conversion refers to the conversion of exclamatory sentences and various interrogative sentences into declarative sentences. From the perspective of artificial intelligence, this paper introduces the BP neural network to study the Chinese-English machine translation of the process language in order to improve the speed and efficiency of translation. At the same time, an integrated BP network model is given and the network structure, parameter processing, learning algorithm and learning sample are discussed.This work is useful to improve the machine translation of intelligence.


Metal forming processes involve continuous strain path changes inducing plastic anisotropywhich could result in the failure of the material. It has been often observed that the formation andevolution of meso-scale dislocation microstructures under monotonic and non-proportional loading have substantial effect on the induced anisotropy. It is therefore quite crucial to study the microstructureevolution to understand the underlying physics of the macroscopic transient plastic behavior. In thiscontext the deformation patterning induced by the non-convex plastic energies is investigated in amulti-slip crystal plasticity framework. An incremental variational approach is followed, which resultsin a rate-independent model exhibiting a number of similarities to the rate-dependent formulationproposed in [Yalcinkaya, Brekelmans, Geers, Int. J. of Solids and Structures, 49, 2625-2636, 2012].However there is a pronounced difference in the dissipative character of the models. The influenceof the plastic potential on the evolution of dislocation microstructures is studied through a Landau-Devonshire double-well plastic potential. Numerical simulations are performed and the results arediscussed with respect to the observed microstructure evolution in metals.


Ensuring a future of human rights means coming to terms with past violations of human rights. This both recognizes human rights as an important position in the policy of the state and helps to end a system of impunity against such actions, even if it is done symbolically. One of the major mechanisms that states have used to address their past has been truth commissions. The strength of truth commissions lies in their ability to bring to light the voices of the victims as well as their ability to criticize those who have committed human rights abuses. In order to gain a better understanding of this second strength of truth commissions, this paper examines to what extent the political makeup of a commission influences the degree to which the final report of the truth commission criticizes an abusive regime. Using Chile's National Commission on Truth and Reconciliation (Rettig Commission) and National Commission on Political Imprisonment and Torture (Valech Commission) as case studies, the paper examines two nearly identically structured truth commissions to study how changing the political backgrounds of the commissioners can affect the outcome of the commission. After exploring the backgrounds of the commissioners from both commissions, the paper analyzes the final reports of the truth commissions in order to examine the influence the commissioners had on the process. About the presenter: Christine Bianco is a combined program to earn a master's in Latin American and Caribbean studies and a Ph.D. in international relations at the Steven J. Green School of International and Public Affairs at Florida International University, where has a Presidential Fellowship. She focuses on human rights, transitional justice, and international criminal law. She has a bachelor's in international relations and Spanish from Rollins College.


The paper concerns IT security development and evaluation processes according to the Common Criteria - CC (ISO/IEC 15408) family of standards, and is based on the results of the author's earlier works dealing with modelling of these processes. The paper focuses on the workout of the security environment specification based on the previously identified features of an IT security-related product, presented in [2]. The security environment presents the nature and scope of the IT security-related product and discusses the threats, policy rules and assumptions of the product working environment. This specification is used for the security objectives definition, which is the basis for further IT security development stages. The UML-based approach was introduced to specify the security environment using predefmed generics contained within the design library. It is part of the common development framework and a computer-aided tool developed on the framework. Using the UML in the Common Criteria based IT security development process allows achieving more consistent designs in an easier way.


To understand in detail the relaxation of highly vibrationally excited polyatomics in dense fluid media experimental answers on fundamental mechanistic aspects are still urgently needed. It has been demonstrated on the relaxation of azulene that too simple applications of isolated binary collision models do not account for the observed relaxation dynamics in liquid solutions [1] and that e.g. cluster type effects may play a role in media like rare gas liquids [2]. However, much more systematic experimental evidence is necessary to establish how far a gas phase type description of energy transfer rates ·Z (with effective collision numbers Z and average amounts of transferred energy ) is valid and scales e.g. with D-1 (the inverse self diffusion coefficient of the fluid [3]) as opposed to the onset of basically different energy transfer mechanisms in higher density fluids.


Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). a quaternary ammonium salt, possesses considerable potentiality to find application as a reagent for the determination of a number of metal ions in our laboratory 1 • It has been noted that copper(u) forms a cJmplex with CT AB in presence of potassiur;n iodide which is extractable into chloroform. Thts property of the copper complex suggests that further studies of the system might lead to the development of a simple spectrophotometric me•hod for the determination of copper.


The paper presents the experimental study results for the ultrawideband microwave oscillator on the chip-elements and Si-Ge transistor. To increase the efficiency modes the passive nonlinear contour is used. It is shown, that the given system forms chaotic oscillations in the given frequency band with efficiency of~ 8 %.


Grand Junction - I recently took a trip with my daughter, Julie, to San Luis Obispo, California, to visit my granddaughter, a student at Cal Poly. While


This is the single-cell western blot image data showing primary Tumor1217 cells immunoprobed by:HER2 antibody (488 nm laser channel)GAPDH antibody (532 nm laser channel)Actinin antibody (635 nm laser channel)panCK antibody (635 nm laser channel)


This paper further considers more general high-order stochastic nonlinear system driven by noise of unknown covariance and its adaptive state-feedback stabilization problem. A smooth state-feedback controller is designed to guarantee that the origin of the closed-loop system is globally stable in probability.


Background: Patients at risk for sexually transmitted infections (STI) frequently receive care at non-specialized outpatient clinics staffed by physicians and advanced practice clinicians (APCs). Methods: Retrospective cohort study including adult patients diagnosed with chlamydia and/or gonorrhea at urgent care (UC), family medicine (FM), internal medicine (IM) or obstetrics and gynecology (Ob-Gyn) clinics. The effect of type of clinician on guideline-adherent treatment was estimated using logistic regression adjusted for age, type of clinic, type of infection, and (in female patients) pregnancy status. Results: A total of 1021 patients were identified, 654 (64.1%) females and 367 (35.9%) males. Overall, 12.8% (84/654) of female patients and 19.1% (70/367) of male patients received inadequate antibiotic therapy. Among females, 63.5% (415/654) were treated by APCs and 36.5% (239/654) by physicians. Odds of inadequate therapy did not differ when comparing APCs to physicians (OR 0.83 [95% CI 0.52–1.32; p = .42]). Variables independently associated with inadequate therapy were pregnancy (OR 3.80 [95% CI 1.55–6.10; p < .001]), infection with gonorrhea (OR 2.91 [95% CI 1.65–5.10; p < .0001]) and co-infection (OR 2.63 [95% CI 1.24–5.58; p = .01]) compared to infection with chlamydia alone. Compared to UC clinics, female patients treated at Ob-Gyn clinics had lower odds of inadequate therapy (OR 0.45 [95% CI 0.22–0.90; p = .02]). Among males, odds of inadequate therapy did not differ by clinician type. Conclusions: Inadequate antibiotic therapy for chlamydia and/or gonorrhea was not associated with type of clinician. These results can help guide educational strategies and resources towards the clinical settings with the greatest gaps in adequacy of management of chlamydia and gonorrhea.


A balancing number $x$ is a natural number such that $8x^2+1$ is a perfect square and $\sqrt{8x^2+1}$ is called a Lucas-balancing number. In this paper, we explore several finite and infinite sums involving balancing and Lucas-balancing numbers.


The investigation is a study of the consolidation process in partially saturated Georgia kaolinite. The study consisted of compacting duplicate specimens at varying water content to an initial void ratio of 0. 9 and subjecting a trimmed specimen at each water content to one-dimensional consolidation. Deformations of — 4 —3 10 inches could be read for times of 10 minutes and greater by means of automatic time-deformation recording instruments. Each sample, that had been subjected to consolidation testing, and the unconsolidated duplicate were Carbowax-impregnated. Specimens were cut from the impregnated samples, both parallel and perpendicular to the direction of loading, for fabric study. Time-deformation characteristics were investigated through three distinct stages of consolidation. A gas compression ratio and other parameters of consolidation were determined. The fabric study was accomplished by means of x-ray diffraction. Use was made of integrated areas under selected diffraction peaks to define an orientation index. The orientation index formed the basis for comparison of relative orientation of the particles in the specimens before loading and after completion


This article describes restoration works carried out in Ipatiev monastery in Kostroma in 1830s-1850s through the prism of the scientifi c approach to restoring architectural monuments which was only emerging in the given time period.


The structure, magnetostriction, and anisotropy compensation of (Tb1−xPrx)(Fe0.4Co0.6)1.9 (0⩽x⩽1) alloys were investigated. It was found that the matrix of (Tb1−xPrx)(Fe0.4Co0.6)1.9 alloys is a (Tb,Pr)(Fe,Co)2 phase with a MgCu2-type cubic Laves structure, and a second phase of small amount is a (Tb,Pr)(Fe,Co)3 phase when x⩽0.2 and x=0.5 and 1.0. In the range 0.2<x⩽0.4, the amount of the (Tb,Pr)(Fe,Co)3 phase with a PuNi3-type structure increases with increasing x and becomes the main phase when x=0.4. When 0.5<x⩽0.6, the (Tb,Pr)(Fe,Co)3 phase increases sharply, whereas the 0.6<x⩽0.8, it decreases with increasing x. The spontaneous magnetostriction λ111 of the alloys exhibits a peak near x=0.8 (λ111=2370×10−6). The magnetostriction |λ∥−λ⊥| at room temperature was also examined.


Protein–protein interactions play a key part in most biological processes and understanding their mechanism is a fundamental problem leading to numerous practical applications. The prediction of protein binding sites in particular is of paramount importance since proteins now represent a major class of therapeutic targets. Amongst others methods, docking simulations between two proteins known to interact can be a useful tool for the prediction of likely binding patches on a protein surface. From the analysis of the protein interfaces generated by a massive cross‐docking experiment using the 168 proteins of the Docking Benchmark 2.0, where all possible protein pairs, and not only experimental ones, have been docked together, we show that it is also possible to predict a protein's binding residues without having any prior knowledge regarding its potential interaction partners. Evaluating the performance of cross‐docking predictions using the area under the specificity‐sensitivity ROC curve (AUC) leads to an AUC value of 0.77 for the complete benchmark (compared to the 0.5 AUC value obtained for random predictions). Furthermore, a new clustering analysis performed on the binding patches that are scattered on the protein surface show that their distribution and growth will depend on the protein's functional group. Finally, in several cases, the binding‐site predictions resulting from the cross‐docking simulations will lead to the identification of an alternate interface, which corresponds to the interaction with a biomolecular partner that is not included in the original benchmark. Proteins 2016; 84:1408–1421. © 2016 The Authors Proteins: Structure, Function, and Bioinformatics Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.


The vapor−liquid equilibrium (VLE) isotherms were directly determined by the ebulliometric method for the system 2-ethoxyethanol + methanol. The experimental results were correlated by an equation ...


Can an intensive energy study provide undergraduate foodservice management students with sufficient information and experience to affect their future role as managers of foodservice facilities? Early in 1980, the faculty in the Department of Dietetics, Restaurant and Institutional Management at Kansas State University (KSU) posed this crucial question as part of its effort to provide the information and training students need to work effectively


ABSTRACT Rheinheimera salexigens KH87T is an obligately halophilic gammaproteobacterium. The strain's draft genome sequence, generated by the Roche 454 GS FLX+ platform, comprises two scaffolds of ~3.4 Mbp and ~3 kbp, with 3,030 protein-coding sequences and 58 tRNA coding regions. The G+C content is 42 mol%.


This study aims to analyze the linear elastic behavior of an aluminum matrix nanocomposite reinforced with SiC nanoparticles. Once, a representative volume element was considered for the nanocomposite with a cuboidal inclusion. The elastic moduli of the matrix and the inclusion were the same, but it contained eigenstrain. The stress and the strain fields were obtained for the inclusion and the aluminum by Galerkin vector method. The stress and the strain fields in the inclusion problem were in a good agreement with the results in the literature. A similar representative volume element was considered for the nanocomposite with a cuboidal inhomogeneity. The elastic moduli of the matrix and the inhomogeneity were different, but it did not have any eigenstrain. For the calculation of the Eshelby tensor and the elastic fields for the inhomogeneity problem, the equivalent inclusion method (EIM) was applied. In the EIM, the uniform and equivalent eigenstrain were considered. The stress and the strain fields within the inhomogeneity and the matrix were obtained. Results showed that the stress and the strain in the cuboidal inclusion were less than the cuboidal inhomogeneity due to the difference between the matrix and the reinforcement materials. Review History: Received: 26 December 2016 Revised: 3 March 2017 Accepted: 7 May 2017 Available Online: 11 September 2017


Laser-induced thermography is a an active technique using a laser source to heat a very small area on a side of a crack in a building material. The presence of a crack is easily detected as a sharp change in the temperature due to its insulating nature, but no information about its depth is directly available from the thermal image. The method described in this paper uses a heuristic form of the temperature on the surface of the heated specimen, which is transformed to a two-dimensional distribution. Then, a relation is used (called β -tool) between the thermal gap across the crack and the unknown depth of the damage. The purpose is that of making it possible to distinguish between shallow and deep fractures (more than 15mm deep).


Stable 2 mths 47 88 46-179 Stable 2-12mths 285 93 45-152 Stable >12mths 58 156 70-210 Rejection 27 99 54-153 Rej.Post TX 7 58 16-90 Rej+Infect 2 24 14-34 Bact.Pneumonia 7 127 11-137 Fung. Dis 4 45 28-162 Fung. Colonization 11 97 56-200 CMV infect 3 11 3-36 Abstract# 1894 Poster Board #-Session: P221-II 1894 Poster Board #-Session: P221-II AN IN VITRO IMMUNE CELL FUNCTION ASSAY IS SUPERIOR TO CLINICAL ESTIMATES OF OVERALL IMMUNOSUPPRESSION. Paul E Morrissey, Amitabh Gautam, Staci A Fischer, Reginald Y Gohh, Angelito F Yango, Anthony P Monaco. Division of Organ Transplantation, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown Medical School, Providence, R


A high-frequency electromagnetic wave propagating through a randomly inhomogeneous medium will create random intensity pattern whose spatial structure is a function of the radiation wavelength and the parameters of the medium. The ability to detect the spatial variation and to find correlation between different patterns depends on the ratio between the receiver aperture and the characteristic spatial scale of the speckle. In this work using multiscale solutions for high-frequency random propagators we construct expressions for the integral intensity correlation measures which allow us to obtain spatial and spectral intensity correlation characteristics and to analyze their variation as functions of wavelength separation and detector aperture. Numerical results are presented for a plane wave propagating in a random medium characterized by a power law spectrum of the refractive index fluctuations.


This paper studies the prediction technology of bus arrival time.After building the model of public transport network,the road traffic situation and corresponding traveling time are speculated according to dynamic data collected by GPS vehicle terminals,and then the bus arrival time is predicted.Different kinds of errors are analyzed.The accuracy of this method is more than 80% within the range of two minutes error permission,which can generally meet the requirement of prediction for bus arrival time.


A fundamental up‐converter with high linearity is presented, realized as full Gilbert cell (GC) mixer using a 800 nm transferred substrate (TS) InP‐DHBT technology. The LO input of the Gilbert cell conducts from 75 to 100 GHz and requires 5 dBm of input power. The GC attains a single sideband (SSB) conversion gain of 10 ± 1 dB within the frequency from 82 to 95 GHz with a saturated output power of −1 dBm at 86 GHz and >5 dB conversion gain between 75 and 100 GHz. The up‐converter exhibits 25 GHz of IF bandwidth. The DC power consumption is only 51 mW.


In this paper, geo-statistics combined with GIS was applied to analyze the spatial variability of soil nutrients characteristics including pH value, organic matter, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium and available boron in the rape field, and scatter diagrams of the distribution of soil nutrients were constructed, to provid a theoretical basis for effective fertilization. The results showed that all of soil nutrients in the coefficient of variation ranged from 16.88% to 65.42%, which belonged to moderate degree of variation. Nitrogen and potassium's nugget coefficient was less than 0.25, with a strong spatial correlation; pH value and three other nutrients had moderate spatial correlation. After a semi-variance function analysis, the Gaussian model, exponential model, spherical and linear model were used to fitt model parameters. The results indicateal that there was significant spatial difference in soil physical and chemical characteristics of the study area. In the southwest region, nutrient content was high, in northeast regional nutrient content was generally low, and its main influencing factors were the structural and human randomness factors.


CO2 separation plays an important role in both biofuel production, and CO2 capture and storage (CCS) implementation to deal with global warming. The available CO2 separation technologies are either ...


The paper analyses the main meanings of enterprise implementing cleaner protection,expounds that government organizing,enterprise implementing and policy supporting are the three main links of advancing cleaner production,and puts forward the countermeasures of advancing cleaner production work according to law combining with the environmental protection work demands of constructing ecological province in Fujian province.


Spectroscopic studies by infrared, ultraviolet, and n.m.r. methods have shown that '3-hydroxypyrroles' exist in the 4-oxo-Δ2-pyrroline form and are not tautomeric substances.


Background Alveolar echinococcosis (AE) can cause severe liver fibrosis and could be fatal if left untreated. Currently, there are no effective therapeutic options for AE-induced liver fibrosis. In view of the therapeutic potential of adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs), we investigated whether ADSCs transplantation has the ability to control or reverse fibrosis progression in the liver of Echinococcus multilocularis (E. multilocularis) infected mice. Methodology/Principal findings C57BL/6 mice infected with E. multilocularis through portal vein inoculation were intravenously injected with ADSCs isolated from inguinal adipose tissues of 6–8 weeks old mice. Histopathological analysis including heamatoxylin & eosin staining as well as Masson's trichrome staining, and Sirius red staining were performed to access the degree of liver fibrosis. Histopathological examination 30 days after ADSCs transplantation revealed that ADSCs significantly decreased the degree of liver fibrosis in E. multilocularis infected mice by inhibiting the expressions of α-SMA and type 1 collagen deposition. In addition, compared to the non-transplanted group, ADSCs transplantation reduced fibrotic areas in E. multilocularis infected mice. We also found that ADSCs transplantation significantly down-regulated TGF-β1 and TGF-βR expressions, while up-regulating Smad7 expression in the TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway. Conclusions ADSCs can alleviate Echinococcus multilocularis infection-induced liver fibrosis by modulating the activity level of the TGF-β/Smad7 signaling pathway and provide a potential therapeutic approach for E. multilocularis-induced fibrosis.


Abstract : A one-dimensional model based on a continuous slowing down approximation is used to study proton deposition in the atmosphere. The effects of hydrogen atoms created by charge exchange processes with atmospheric gases are included, and secondary electron processes are taken into account. Some preliminary results are presented for several incident-proton energies.