Discloses a method for mixing Diameter session-based routing, systems, and computer-readable media. According to one method, the method comprising a first Diameter signaling router (DSR) for receiving a first Diameter message processed by the Diameter server. By using the method further comprising using the stored without the need for a Diameter binding information selection algorithm selects the first Diameter message is to be routed to a first node Diameter Diameter server at least one parameter of operation of a first Diameter message. The method further comprises determining a first Diameter server is available. The method further comprises in response to determining that the first Diameter server is not available to complete the following procedures: selecting a first Diameter message is to be routed to a second Diameter server; exception information and associate the first and second Diameter Diameter message server binding recording.


Summary Background: Electronic health records (EHRs) have been shown to increase physician workload. One EHR feature that contributes to increased workload is asynchronous alerts (also known as inbox notifications) related to test results, referral responses, medication refill requests, and messages from physicians and other health care professionals. This alert-related workload results in negative cognitive outcomes, but its effect on affective outcomes, such as burnout, has been under-studied. Objectives: To examine EHR alert-related workload (both objective and subjective) as a predictor of burnout in primary care providers (PCPs), in order to ultimately inform interventions aimed at reducing burnout due to alert workload. Methods: A cross-sectional questionnaire and focus group of 16 PCPs at a large medical center in the southern United States. Results: Subjective, but not objective, alert workload was related to two of the three dimensions of burnout, including physical fatigue (p = 0.02) and cognitive weariness (p = 0.04), when controlling for organizational tenure. To reduce alert workload and subsequent burnout, participants indicated a desire to have protected time for alert management, fewer unnecessary alerts, and improvements to the EHR system. Conclusions: Burnout associated with alert workload may be in part due to subjective differences at an individual level, and not solely a function of the objective work environment. This suggests the need for both individual and organizational-level interventions to improve alert workload and subsequent burnout. Additional research should confirm these findings in larger, more representative samples. Citation: Gregory ME, Russo E, Singh H. Electronic health record alert-related workload as a predictor of burnout in primary care providers. Appl Clin Inform 2017; 8: 686–697 https://doi.org/10.4338/ACI-2017-01-RA-0003


Money is the most widely handled article throughout the world, it goes through clean and dirty hands and can get contaminated with parasites and pathogens. Thus, the study on parasites associated with circulating Naira notes in selected markets in Lafia metropolis, Nasarawa State, Nigeria was carried out from June, 2019 to March, 2020. A total of three hundred and twenty (320) samples of Nigerian Naira notes consisting of forty (40) pieces of each denomination was used for this study. Market samples were collected from food vendors, fish sellers, butchers, hawkers and fruits/vegetable sellers and then screened. Out of the 320 samples examined, 32 (10.00%) were contaminated with parasite species that spread across Ascaris lumbricoides 6 (1.88%), Entamoeba histolytica 7 (2.19%), hookworm 10 (3.13%), Taenia spp. 1 (0.31%) and Trichuris trichiura 8 (2.50%). The mint Naira notes had no parasitic contamination. The level of parasitic contamination of Naira notes in relation to currency sources, and as well as the physical conditions of the notesshowed a very high significant difference (P <0.001). Also, parasitic contamination in relation to Naira notes denominations showed a very high significant difference (P < 0.001). Only the paper notes were contaminated with human pathogenic parasites while polymer notes were parasite free. In conclusion, this is the first study in Lafia, Nasarawa State that showed that the Nigerian currency notes in circulation within the metropolis are contaminated with five parasite species that are known to be pathogenic to humans. Also, the handlers of such Naira notes may possibly stand a chance of being infected with the parasites recorded if their hands are not properly washed and sanitized after transactions.


In a bubble column-based photobioreactor, sparger design and placement govern the bubble size distribution and gas hold-up. These factors in turn influence flow pattern, effective interfacial area, rates of mass and heat transfer, and mixing. Previous computational studies of the hydrodynamic and heat transfer effects within a column photobioreactor for one sparger row have found that bubble Nusselt number and heat transfer coefficient with respect to superficial velocity do not follow any particular pattern. This study evaluates the temperature distribution and heat transfer within a photobioreactor in an effort to explain the earlier study results. Experimental and computational studies will focus on the bubble flow pattern and heat transfer within a rectangular column photobioreactor (33.65 cm long × 30.48 cm wide × 33.97 cm tall) with a single row sparger located either lengthwise or widthwise at the center of the base (27.94 cm long × 1.27 cm wide). Temperature distribution and heat transfer for both sparger positions will be compared. Carbon dioxide, water, light photons, algal cells, and nutrients need to come together continuously for successful algal production, hence mixing of the nutrients, algal cells, and carbon dioxide is essential. Instead of a light source, a heat source is used in the system. Constant electric energy is supplied to the heating pad, which converts the electric energy to thermal energy. Thermocouples are placed inside the PBR to record temperature at 36 different spatial positions. The experimental results are compared with previously developed CFD simulations. The sparger not only effects the aeration inside the PBR, but also creates mixing in the PBR. Proper design and placement of the sparger ensures proper mixing in the PBR. The present study shows the effects bubble movement and flow pattern have on the temperature distribution and how well the simulation predicts the temperature distribution inside a PBR. The present research is a continuum of previous work aimed at pursuing the optimum design of a column PBR which is commercially viable and effective at producing algal biofuels and bioproducts.Copyright © 2013 by ASME


Since the lens does not have a blood supply, the metabolism of the lens can be studied outside the living organism by use of the technique of organ culture. Rabbit lenses were kept viable in modified test tubes containing nutrient medium and {sup 14}Carbon labeled leucine. Leucine is an amino acid readily incorporated into proteins. The purpose of this study was to give a mathematical model for the transportation of leucine into the lens and the incorporation of leucine into protein. Using the mathematical model, the turnover time for leucine was 11.4 hours and the turnover rate was 16 micromoles per hour.


ABSTRACT. Barros R.C. do R., Almosny N.R.P., de Mesquita E. de F.M. & Torres Filho R. de A. [Hematological aspects of tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (Osteichthyes: Ciclidae), captured from cultivated areas of Pirai in the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil]. Observacao sobre os aspectos hematologicos de tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (Osteichthyes: Ciclidae), capturada em cultivos na regiao de Pirai, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Medicina Veterinaria, 34(3):183-187, 2012. Departamento de Zootecnia, Laboratorio de Aquicultura, Faculdade de Veterinaria, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rua Dr. Vital Brazil Filho, 64, Niteroi, RJ 24230-340, Brasil. E-mail: email@example.com The hematological values give a diagnostic support to find out the type of disease that is spreading into the population or individual, and also the evolution of it. Studies in blood cells of several species are rare. This research has the objective of a comparative study on fishes' hematology, in order to obtain patterns to be used in tilapias, Oreochromis niloticus, examinations commercialized and cultivated in Pirai region, Rio de Janeiro state. Fifty blood samples were analyzed and hematological determination was done. The hematocrit (Ht or HCT), hemoglobin, hematimetric reference values, VHCM and CHCM show variation among the samples. It was observed that thrombocytes, monocytes and lymphocytes were high. The hematocrit was the minor average variation index.


Abstract Objective: To study the effects of preoperative enteral nutrition (EN) on postoperative recent nutritional status (PRNS) in patients with Siewert II and III adenocarcinomas of esophagogastric junction (AEG) after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (NCRT). Methods: A total of 66 patients with resectable AEG (Siewert II and III) were randomly divided into two groups. The trial group accepted oral nutrition supplementation (ONS) for 7 days before surgery while the control not. Results: Nutrition indexes were higher in trial group after surgery whereas the opposite was true for the diamine oxidase (DAO) and d-lactate (P < 0.05). The rate of malnutrition and nutritional risk became lower in trial group on the 8th day after surgery (P < 0.05). Injury levels of intestinal mucosa were more severe among control group. The recent prognosis was better in trial group. For patients with or without nutritional risks at admission, the PRNS and recent prognosis were improved by preoperative EN. Logistic regression analysis suggested that preoperative EN could be an independent protective factor of PRNS. Conclusions: Preoperative EN may improve the PRNS and recent prognosis of patients with Siewert II and III AEG after NCRT.


The aim of this study was to develop a 1‐(2‐(2‐(2‐(1,2,3‐triazol)ethoxy)ethoxy)ethyl)‐5‐[125/131I]iodo‐1,2,3‐triazole‐diestradiol ([125/131I]ITE2), for estrogen receptor (ER)‐expressing breast cancer imaging with single‐photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). [125/131I]ITE2 was prepared in good radiochemical yield (94.4 ± 0.4%) with high radiochemical purity (>99%). [125/131I]ITE2 had good stability in vitro and moderate molar activity (0.3 ± 0.2 GBq/µmol). Higher uptake in ER‐positive MCF‐7 cells than that of ER‐negative MDA‐MB‐231 cells was observed at all time points. Rats biodistribution showed that [131I]ITE2 had high uptake in ER‐abundant uterine and ovarian (5.7 ± 0.4 and 10.1 ± 1.4%ID/g at 1 hr postinjection) and could be blocked by co‐injection of estradiol (2.7 ± 0.1 and 5.5 ± 0.4%ID/g) obviously. In the SPECT/CT imaging study, [125I]ITE2 showed significant higher uptake in MCF‐7 tumor (3.1 ± 0.4%ID/g) than that of MDA‐MB‐231 (0.9 ± 0.1%ID/g). Furthermore, the specific uptake of [125I]ITE2 in ER‐positive MCF‐7 tumor could be blocked effectively by preadministration of fulvestrant (1.2 ± 0.4%ID/g). A novel radioiodinated dimeric estrogen was designed and synthesized with promising ER targeting ability and specificity. It is worthy of further investigation to validate the advantages of the dimer in ER‐positive breast cancer diagnosis.


Having considered the quantitatively analytical literature concerning valuation accuracy, a number of practical limitations are identified. Such limitations are then addressed in a small sample case study concerning the simultaneous valuation and sale of a portfolio of seven commercial, retail and industrial properties. The level of valuation accuracy observed is compared to that noted in the quantitatively analytical literature and found to be supportive at the portfolio level, suggesting that such practical limitations may have relatively little effect on the results given in such literature. However, having regard to the range and consistency of accuracy at the individual property level, it is contended that further research into the influences on accuracy at the individual property level could be worthwhile.


Electricity has become vital for day today life. Electricity consumption has enormously increased during the recent past. However it cannot be conveniently stored. Therefore, at every instant of time there should be a sufficient amount of electricity generation to meet the consumer demand. Depending on the demand, power producers adjust their production level. Therefore forecasting electricity demand would be very helpful to power system operators to maintain the power quality and reliability of the power system. The highest daily electric power demand occurs in night peak in Sri Lankan power system. Therefore this paper describes forecasting the Daily Night Peak Electric Power Demand (DNPEPD) of Sri Lankan power system by using past daily data in time series analysis. Final model can be used to forecast the DNPEPD a week ahead. It is shown that the developed approach can produce more accurate results for the forecast for short term. The developed model is more beneficial for planning of a power generation pattern.


Fluid flow in the rotor of a Francis-type pump-turbine was visualized using a water-table model by means of a tracer method and was pictured using a video camera rotating with the rotor. The moving flow pattern was compared with the predicted stream lines based on a potential flow analysis as well as conventional stills. It is demonstrated that a video movie technique is useful to visualize an unsteady flow and a slow motion with a reverse flow especially in a rotating impeller.


Abstract:  Although dendritic cells (DC) are well known for their immunogenic capacities, they may even induce peripheral T‐cell tolerance, and such a tolerogenic potential can be exerted in mouse through the expression on the DC plasma membrane of the CD95‐ligand (CD95‐L) molecule, which is able to trigger apoptosis of CD95‐expressing antigen‐specific T cells. We therefore asked whether epidermal DC, namely Langerhans' cells (LC), either resting (i.e. within the epidermis, 'in situ') or activated (i.e. suspended from the epidermis) or both, could express the CD95‐L molecule on the plasma membrane. For such a purpose, two colloidal gold‐immunoelectron microscopy (IEM) double‐step procedures were carried out: an 'in situ' method, able to investigate resting LC, was performed on ultrathin frozen sections obtained by ultracryomicrotomy (UCMT) of normal skin biopsies; a pre‐embedding (P‐E) method, able to investigate suspended LC, was performed on epidermal cells (EC) suspended from normal skin specimens. In UCMT/IEM sections, resting LC showed gold particles within the cytoplasm but very rarely within organelles and never along the plasma membrane: resting LC are therefore capable of synthesizing CD95‐L but not of expressing it in a functional location, thus autoreactive phenomena against CD95‐expressing EC being avoided in normal epidermis. On the other hand, in P‐E/IEM preparations, suspended LC showed several gold particles along the plasma membrane: activated LC are therefore capable of expressing CD95‐L in a functional location, thus bearing the potential to exert tolerogenic capabilities against CD95‐expressing T cells, e.g. to prevent inflammatory/autoimmune cutaneous disorders and/or favor the resolution thereof.


Experiments are performed that demonstrate some of the functional properties of short-term storage in the visual system, its decay, readout and erasure. Results indicate that the visual process involves a buffer storage which includes an erasure mechanism that is local in character and tends to erase stored information when new information is put in. Storage time appears to be of the order of one-quarter second; storage capacity is more difficult to assess.


Thermophilic (55°C) protein (peptone) degradation was studied in steady state, laboratory-scale reactors. Peptone was easily hydrolysed to amino acids under methanogenic conditions, and all amino acids were completely degraded to volatile fatty acids, carbon dioxide and ammonium. Under these conditions, amino acids known to be oxidatively deaminated were degraded more slowly than the other amino acids. Inhibition of methanogenesis by 2-bromoethanesulfonic acid led to the accumulation of hydrogen in the gas phase and to the immediate inhibition of both protein hydrolysis and the degradation of amino acids that are preferentially oxidatively deaminated. These effects resulted in lower concentrations of all volatile fatty acids except for butyrate and caproate, which increased in concentration. Interspecies hydrogen transfer appeared to be necessary for the complete degradation of alanine, phenylalanine, methionine, valine, leucine and isoleucine. α-Aminobutyrate also accumulated when methanogenesis was inhibited.


After the operation of boiling soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.], 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activities of soybean cultivars with different seed coat colors of yellow, green, red-brown, and black were investigated. The DPPH scavenging activities of soybean-boiled extracts and the remaining boiled soybeans were in the order of soybean cultivars with black seed coats . cultivars with red-brown seed coats . cultivars with green or yellow seed coats, and the activities were dependent on the anthocyanin contents in the cultivars. Since soybean cultivars with black seed coats containing anthocyanins had the highest DPPH scavenging activities, these radical-scavenging activities made them the most suitable materials for the soybean-boiled extracts and/or the boiled soybeans.


Banks are the institutions where most of the people put their hard-earned money in. But do they really know about banks - their services, their terms and conditions, their tariff plans, their communications and the dispute resolution mechanisms? This study tried to find out this by, interviewing 100 young college-going bank customers. The surprising results of this study led to some suggestions which require immediate implementation.


Nowadays, the debate regarding the advancements on coverage,
professionalisation and budgeting designated to education has been
accomplished, and the topic of quality of education remains on the
center of the analysis, because it is considered the tip of the iceberg of
Mexican social and economic development. Because of the importance
of such theme, this article focuses particularly in showing the objectives
of the �Alianza por la Calidad de la Educacion�, this agreement was
signed between the Public Education Secretary (SEP) and the National
Union of Educational Workers (Sindicato Nacional de Trabajadores de
la Educacion �SNTE�, and engages with the topic of professionalisation
of teachers and educational authorities. With the launch of the �Alianza por la Calidad de la Educacion�
presented by the Federal Government, considered as the reform
through which a deep transformation of the educational system could
be realized so public education can be a factor for justice an equality,
and also looks to revalue teachers who represent its fi rst engine.
In the measurement that teachers increase their competitiveness and
knowledge, more positive and direct infl uence they can have on the
learning process of their students.


Organic fertilizer is a plant nutrient material which is used for obtaining the requirements of nutrients of plants grown in agricultural production. Organic fertilizers increase the organic matter content by providing nutrients to the soil as well as providing a more favourable growth environment for plants by correcting the physical properties of the soil. Organic fertilizers, mainly nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, such as many important nutrients are brought to the soil. Chemical fertilizers can be obtained from petroleum products, from rocks and even from organic sources. This type of fertilizer helps plants grow, but there is no contribution to the growth of the soil. This study was conducted in order to compare the effects on soil two synthetic and organic fertilizers derived molasses each pot seedling stage surprise in 500 ml of water 3 times and followed up at 3 week intervals. Experiment 5 was set up in a randomized trial design and plants were grown in greenhouse conditions. At the end of the experiment, physicochemical analyses of potted soil were carried out and the differences between applications were investigated. Accordingly, the contents of organic matter, salt and mineral matter increased in fertilizer applications. In addition, the lowest soil pH was obtained in the application of synthetic fertilizer.


Client-side attacks have become very popular in recent years. Consequently, third party client software, such as Adobe's Acrobat Reader, remains a popular vector for infections. In order to support their malicious activities, PDF malware authors often turn to JavaScript. Because of this malicious intent, JavaScript from malicious PDF is markedly different than JavaScript from non-malicious PDF. This paper presents a detailed analysis of the content of JavaScript from two sources: malicious and non-malicious PDF files gathered from multiple extractions on VirusTotal Intelligence, in order to provide an overview of the significant differences in the distribution of keywords between the two types of JavaScript. The analysis shows that the obfuscation techniques and the generation of exploit triggering code used by malware authors create artefacts, such as the presence of seldom used functions that are not observable in normal files. Additionally, JavaScript from malicious PDF files lack the keywords associated with common PDF automation tasks such as getting new content from the web, interacting with the document or interacting with the user. This provides empirical confirmation of extrapolations into the detection of malicious JavaScript in PDF files from previous research and provides insight for the creation of a classifier based on keyword distributions.


In order to facilitate the development of supervisory applications involved in slow process control (such as cryogenic control), the LHC/IAS Group (Equipment Controls Group) opted, a few years ago, for an industrial SCADA package which runs on UNIX platforms. However, to reduce costs and following market trends, it has been decided to move over to a PC-based package. Several processes relating to the testing of the prototypes of the LHC magnets are already controlled in this way. However, it was still necessary to provide all the services previously available to the users, for example, data archiving in central databases, real-time access through the Web, automatic GSM calls, etc. This paper presents the advantages and drawbacks of a PC-based package versus a Unix-based system. It also lists the criteria used in the market survey to arrive at the final selection, as well as, the overall architecture, highlighting the developments needed to integrate the package into the global computing environment.


Population genetics can reveal otherwise hidden information involving a species' history in a given region. Koalas were thought to have been virtually exterminated from the Australian state of Victoria during the koala fur trade of the late 1800s. Koalas in the South Gippsland region of Victoria were examined using microsatellite markers to infer population structure and gene flow and to locate a possible remnant gene pool. The results indicate that the South Gippsland koala population had higher genetic diversity (A = 5.97, HO = 0.564) than other published Victorian populations, and was genetically distinct from other koala populations examined. South Gippsland koalas, therefore, may have survived the population reductions of the koala fur trade and now represent a remnant Victorian gene pool that has been largely lost from the remainder of Victoria. This paper illustrates that historic anthropogenic impacts have had little effect on reducing the genetic diversity of a population in the South Gippsland region. However, the South Gippsland population is now subject to threats such as logging and loss of habitat from housing and agriculture expansion. Our results suggest that the South Gippsland koalas require an alternative conservation management program.


Fishes of the tribe Carapini (Encheliophis and Carapus) share a noteworthy peculiarity: they shelter in holothurian echinoderms or bivalve hosts. Some species are considered parasitic, others commensal. This study focuses on the phylogeny of the tribe, using two other Carapidae species as an outgroup (Snyderidia canina and Onuxodon fowleri). Insofar as possible, the selected anatomical and behavioural characters where chosen in an ecomorphological perspective, as features that could be responses to various lifestyle-related constraints. Our character selection also took into account the fact that some features are (presumably) linked. Such features were grouped together as a single trait to avoid their overvaluation.

This methodology enabled commensals to be separated from parasites, the former belonging to Carapus and the latter to Encheliophis. Carapus species reflect in their morphology the constraints imposed by a diet of hard, mobile, elusive prey, showing predator-type features: a strong dentition, a wide mouth opening, a robust food intake apparatus. On the other hand, the endoparasitic Encheliophis species show a generally weaker buccal apparatus and narrow mouth opening, in relation to the different constraints of their lifestyle where the diet constraints are less pronounced: they eat body parts of their host. Changes in both generic diagnoses are proposed and three species are transferred from Encheliophis to Carapus.


The shaping of human self-image in the traditional humanitarianism is the construction of Subject.The deposing of Subject in the theory of contemporary anti-humanitarianism does not mean the end of humanitarianism,but rather the way of initiation of humanitarianism in the post-subject.The possibility of this new humanitarianism is rooted in the de-embedded existence of human being without the crown of glory as Subject,which still has vocation of transcendence with the capability of reflection,criticism and construction.


In this paper we compare the compressed image for 1 and 3, bits (2, 4 and 8 quantization levels, respectively), estimation error and average square distortion using DPCM with fixed coefficient and using DPCM with LMS algorithm. The LMS algorithm may be used to adapt the coefficients of an adaptive prediction filter for image source encoding. Results are presented which show LMS may provide more reduction in transmitted image compare to DPCM when distortion levels are approximately the same for both methods. Alternatively, LMS can be used in fixed bit-rate environments to decrease the reconstructed image distortion and prediction mean square error. When compared DPCM and DPCM with LMS, reconstructed image distortion is reduced and the prediction mean square error is reduced using DPCM with LMS.The LMS algorithm is easy to implement and computationally inexpensive. This feature makes the LMS algorithm attractive for image compression compare to only DPCM. The LMS Filter length was taken to be fixed taps. The parameter of LMS algorithm µ was set to be .0006 and this provide the good results. This is presenting the performance of using DPCM, using DPCM with LMS algorithm for loss less image compression. Keywords-Compression; DPCM; LMS; Average square distortion.


Rotor of a rotating electrical machine having a plurality of magnetic poles (3) mounted on a rotor iron core (2) mounted and spaced in the circumferential direction of the rotor iron core (2) are spaced apart, and a tubular, non-magnetic ring (4) provided on outer peripheral surfaces of the plurality of magnetic poles (3) is fixed, wherein the non-magnetic ring (4) comprises a plurality of inner diameter bulging portions (41) formed on the respective outer peripheral surfaces of the plurality of magnetic poles (3) abut, characterized in that the non-magnetic ring (4 is made) by a flat plate material is bent and both of the overlapped end portions thereof are joined by welding, and the bonded area is located at a position corresponding to a gap between the magnetic poles (3).


The clinical picture is characteristic with muscular pain on exertion and subsequent stiffness and possible reddish discolouration of the urine (myoglobinuria). The therapeutic possibilities are reviewed. The most important is avoidance of exertion as myoglobin is nephrotoxic.


[*] Prof. H. Ihee, J. Kim, Dr. J. Choi Center for Time-Resolved Diffraction, Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Nanoscience & Technology (WCU), KAIST 335 Gwahangno, Yuseong-gu Daejeon, 305-701 (Republic of Korea) E-mail: email@example.com Prof. S. O. Kim, T. H. Han, J. S. Park Department of Materials Science and Engineering (BK21) KAIST Institute for the Nanocentury, KAIST 335 Gwahangno, Yuseong-gu Daejeon, 305-701 (Republic of Korea) E-mail: email@example.com Dr. Y. Kim Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science P.O. Box 102, Yuseong-gu Daejeon, 305-340 (Republic of Korea)


Theoretically, internal control quality is related to the cost of capital through its effect on idiosyncratic and systematic risk. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) mandates audits of internal control and disclosure of material internal control weaknesses, but do individual firms potentially benefit from the resulting disclosures? The answer is important because SOX requirements are costly to implement and may be a deadweight loss to firms. In this paper, we use unaudited section 302 and audited section 404 disclosures to estimate internal control deficiency (ICD) effects on idiosyncratic risk, systematic risk, and ultimately, the cost of capital. We find that after including other risk factors the ICDs are significantly positively related to idiosyncratic risk, systematic risk, and cost of capital, and that the median market adjusted cost of capital increase following initial ICD disclosure is economically important at 104 basis points. Furthermore, we observe that the remediation ICDs is followed by significant cost of capital reductions. Overall, the results of our cross-sectional and change analysis tests are consistent with strong internal controls being valued by the capital market.


This paper researches on the channels through that people give full play to the functions of the enterprise culture, including the establishment of the psychological contract line, the variation of the favour and the internalization of the values, the unification of the standard for the value assessment in the course of the cultural internal transmission, the establishment of the learning mechanism and trusting mechanism, and the establishment of the credit and the innovation of customers' cognitive use value.


Autologous fat grafting is increasingly employed to address volume asymmetry and contour irregularity following breast reconstruction for breast cancer. However, there are no well-established objective tools to accurately measure change in graft volume and breast shape over time. Three-dimensional (3D) surface imaging allows for objective analysis of changes in breast shape and size, which clinicians and researchers can use to evaluate the effects of fat grafting. This study presents several measurements (Gaussian curvature, shape index, surface orientation, and volume) that can be extracted from 3D surface images of patients. These measurements are demonstrated on three patients (two patients after implant reconstruction and one after bilateral mastopexy) before and after fat grafting. The results of this study can help pave the way for clinicians and researchers to develop standardized metrics for objectively evaluating fat graft processing techniques. Using the proposed measurements, we were able to evaluate key shape and size differences in the 3D surface images before and after fat grafting.


on several verbal subtests of the WISC-III and had lower Verbal IQ scores. They also learned fewer words over multiple trials of a verbal learning task than NC, named fewer words on the semantic fluency test and showed greater variability in reaction times on the CPT. AS and BP children performed more poorly than NC on motor tasks with the nondominant hand, cued recall on a verbal memory task, the semantic fluency test, and a test of nonverbal memory. Both patient groups also had difficulty identifying emotional expressions in faces. Analyses of structural MRI data are ongoing. These preliminary results suggest that some neuropsychological deficits are specific to AS or BP, while others may represent general cognitive dysfunction associated with child psychopathology. Substance use, and altered cortisol as of the putative hippocampal abnormalities. Five Vietnam combat veterans with PTSD were evaluated. Subjects with any current or past use of alcohol or other or history of significant head trauma were excluded. Controls were obtained from an age- and sex-matched, nonclinical community sample. MRI images were done on a 1.5-Tesla MRI scanner using standardized protocols. Quantifications were obtained using previously published reliable and valid protocols. A one-way ANOVA showed reduced whole brain ( P = .04) and hippocampal volume (left hippocampus, P < .01; right hippocampus, P < .01) in PTSD compared to controls. A strong trend indicating reduced white matter volumes in PTSD ( P = .055) was observed. These results suggest that PTSD itself in the absence of any substance abuse may be associated with structural brain abnormalities. To our knowledge, this is the first report of possible reduced white matter volume in PTSD in addition to hippocampal abnormalities. Whether this reduction is due to cortisol, other factors, or was present before the trauma exposure, remains unknown but raises the possibility that more than one process may result in structural brain abnormalities in PTSD. shown in previous work to induce negative mood, cardiovascular reactivity, and perceived mental stress. Subjects demonstrated statistically significant ( P < .05) increases in negative mood, heart rate, and diastolic and systolic blood pressure as well as elevated cortisol concentration following induced stress, suggesting substantially increased adrenocortical reactivity and cardiovascular stress response. There were, however, no statistically significant differences in any of the neuropsychological measures when stress versus rest days were compared. The results suggest that acute mental stressors may have no measurable effect on subsequent neuropsychological test performance on selected measures of working memory and recall in a normal population. Further work is suggested to determine whether preexisting anxiety-related psychopathology or preexisting neurological compromise might interact with induced mental stress to cause decrements in neuropsychological test performance. higher percentage of on the HVLT ( P = .055). Change scores in were also calculated for each examining the rate of from baseline to posttest. A statistically greater change in was demonstrated from baseline to posttest on the HVLT, as compared to the Randt ( P .023). Forgetting was not correlated with depression at baseline, posttest, or from baseline to posttest. The present findings demonstrated that, in this investigation, the HVLT was more sensitive than the Randt Short Stories in measuring degree of forgetting after ECT. marked levels from their pretreatment scores. Pretreatment performances on a neuropsychological battery were then compared between these two groups of patients. The neuropsychological measures that were used included the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, the Bushke Selective Reminding Test, the Connor's Continuous Performance Test, Trail Making Test, and the Controlled Oral Word Association Test. A recent meta-analysis conducted by our research group found that of 22 studies of neurocognitive deficits in major depression, the greatest impairment occurred in tests of episodic declarative memory function. Moreover, we found depression to be accompanied by dysfunction of effortful encoding of information along with an accompanying inefficiency of retrieving poorly encoded information from declarative memory. As such, it was shown that patients with depression performed poorly on the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT) but not on the California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT). The difference was thought to have occurred in keeping with semantic cluster processes that can be employed by those subjects completing the CVLT, but not the RAVLT. We did not see deficits on other measures of neuropsychological function that required effort [e.g., attention demanding tasks like the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT)]. Hence, we proposed that the effortful encoding hypothesis in major depressive disorder was specific to declarative memory, and not an all-encompassing moderator of effect. Accordingly, we set out to test our hypothesis clinically by testing 10 patients with major depressive disorder and 20 normal healthy controls. Subjects were administered the RAVLT, CVLT, PASAT, brief measures of intelligence, and a depression scale. We found evidence to support our hypothesis wherein a dissociation between effect sizes computed between groups was found on the RAVLT and CVLT. We also found minimal effects on attention-demanding tasks (e.g., PASAT). Our findings suggest that effortful encoding difficulties are indeed specific to retrieval from declarative memory. displayed significantly poorer performance on two timed nonmemory cognitive measures, but there were no significant differences on any of the nontimed memory measures. This purpose of this study is to explore the relationship between affect perception and attention using Mirsky's (1991) four-factor model of attention with a sample of 55 persons with chronic schizophrenia. Mirsky's four-factor model postulates that attention is based on four independent factors labeled (1) Shift, (2) Sustain, (3) Focus-Execute, and (4) Encode. It has been argued that deficits in affect perception in persons with schizophrenia may actually be due to problems in attention, and these problems are more related to cognitive variables than social ones (Bellack, 1992). The information obtained in this study will provide further data on the role of attention in affect perception. Since different factors of attention can be selectively impaired (Mirsky et al., 1991) in different diagnostic and psychiatric groups, the present study will explore which factor of attention is most crucial for affect perception. Participants will include persons with schizophrenia who were selected from three large state hospital settings in Louisiana. Attention will be assessed with the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (Shift), the UCLA Continuous Performance Test (Sustain), the Trail Making Test and Digit-Symbol Coding test (Focus-Execute), and the Digit Span and Arithmetic test (Span). Affect perception will be assessed using the Facial Emotion Identification Test and the Bell-Lysaker Emotion Recognition Test. This study will also examine the relationship between psychiatric symptom levels (BPRS), medication dosage, and other neurocognitive tasks (Test of Facial Recognition and Controlled Oral Word Association Test) in order to clarify the relationship between attention and affect perception.


It is appropriate that Raymond Gifford, Jr., MD, is considered an icon of hypertension. Dr. Gifford has been actively involved in research and treatment efforts in the field of hypertension for more than 45 years. He has been a strong voice in correcting the myths and misconceptions that prevailed in the 1940s and early 1950s about this disease. Dr. Gifford and other physicians at the Mayo Clinic were among the first to recognize that lowering blood pressure could reverse some of the complications of severe hypertension. They demonstrated that reducing blood pressure would help clear retinal hemorrhages, relieve symptoms of congestive heart failure, and at least temporarily reverse the syndrome of malignant hypertension. Later in his career, at the Cleveland Clinic where he was chairman of the Department of Hypertension and Nephrology for many years, Dr. Gifford worked with Irv Page, Harriet Dustan, Emanuel Bravo, Ed Frohlich, Bob Tarazi, and others on the causes of secondary hypertension. Dr. Gifford was involved in evaluating almost all of the antihypertensive drugs from the 1950s, including the peripheral and ganglion blocking agents, and did some of the early studies on diuretics. I have been fortunate to observe and interact with Dr. Gifford through many of these projects, at meetings and seminars, at the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, and at quiet dinners. He possesses the unique ability to clarify an issue in one or two sentences that oftentimes will have been debated for hours. When Dr. Gifford speaks, people listen. I am always pleased when Dr. Gifford agrees with me; I know I must be right. In the following interview, Dr. Gifford minimizes his contributions, which extend far beyond his involvement in the National High Blood Pressure Education Program and his work at the Cleveland Clinic. Dr. Gifford is retired from practice and the Clinic, but remains a strong voice in the world of hypertension as a frequent speaker at national and international meetings where he always presents an unbiased, scientifically accurate point of view.


In this study, the reduction of patulin content in apple juice concentrates during 6 months of storage at 22 and 30C was investigated. Results demonstrated that reduction in patulin content was dependent on the storage temperature and time. Patulin reductions after 1 month of storage at 22 and 30C were in the ranges of 45-64% and 66-86%, respectively. Levels of patulin were below detectable limits after 4 months of storage at 22 and 30C.


Grounded in an analysis of the unique advantages of China-Russia relations, the paper argues that the two countries have established a high level of political trust and will continue to work in concert on all fronts. It also looks back at how China entered into alliances throughout its history and the lessons it has learned from those experiences. It emphasizes that China does not deem the establishment of exclusive alliances or political blocs as a foreign policy option.


A provided without damaging the organic semiconductor pattern by easy and suitable for increase in area is suppressed process of manufacturing a thin film transistor having a top contact structure degradation. Forming an organic semiconductor pattern (7a) on a substrate (1). Electrode material film (13) formed on the substrate (1) so as to cover the organic semiconductor pattern (7a). Forming a resist pattern (15) on the electrode material film (13). Using said resist pattern (15) as a mask, patterning the electrode material film (13) by wet etching. By this process, a source electrode (13s of) and a drain (13d).


One of us has been interested for many years in studying the causes and effects, particularly the physiological effects, of close aggregation upon animals. Much of the literature dealing with this problem has been surveyed elsewhere (Allee. 1927). The work on which the present paper is based was stimulated by the repeated reports of Drzewina and Bohn (1921—1926) of which the general results can best he summarized in their own words (1926): "? Notis avons recherchA© l'intervention du facteur masse dans les rA©ponses de divers organismes vis-A -vis de multiples agents nocifs du milieu extA©rieur. Dans une masse M d'eau, on introduit une masse in d'un Aatrevivant (in A©tant A©gal ou inferieur a M/ioo), cette masse rA©sistea un agent nocif dA©terminA© (substance chimique par exemple) ; mais une masse plus petite, rn/Jo ou rn/mo, ne rA© siste pas; tout se passe conime si la masse de matiA re vivante exerA§ait, vis-A -vis d'elle-mA©me, un effet protecteur (auto-protec tion) ." Drzewina arid Bohn worked much with colloids of the heavy metals, particularly with colloidal silver. Accordingly we have used the same reagent, made as follows, from directions furnished by Dr. Terry-McCoy of the Department of Chemistry of the Uni versitv of Chicago: "? Dissolve 4 gm. of commercial dextrine in


Quality, not quantity, counts more in performance measures for best-practice call centers. Spend money on effective upfront training to save later through increased employee and customer loyalty. Give structured feedback and strong internal support to call-center representatives.


The invention discloses a method for controlling the quality of ginkgo leaves and an extract thereof. After the screening of a great quantity of experiments, the method adopts ultra-high performance liquid chromatography for detection; and the method can be used for detecting three types of components including flavone, terpene lactones and phenolic acid, twenty-four active compounds in total, in the ginkgo leaves and the extract of the ginkgo leaves. The results of the experiments prove that the method is high in detection sensitivity and good in stability, and can be used for objectively, comprehensively and accurately evaluating the quality of ginkgo leaf medicines, the extract of the ginkgo leaves and ginkgo leaf preparations, thus having important significance on controlling the quality and guaranteeing the clinical treatment effect.


Objective To evaluate the relationship between cytokine ( TNF-α) levels and mycoplasma pneumonia in children. Methods 65 cases of mycoplasma pneumonia were divided into two groups:simple mycoplasma pneumonia and pneumonia with complications. The level of serum TNF-α was measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with double antibody sandwich, and compared with 70 normal subjects (control group). Results The levels of cellularcytokine(TNF-α) were significantly higher in mycoplasma pneumonia group than those in control group, (p0.01);the levels of the group with complications were significantly higher than that of simple pneumonia group, (p0.01). Conclusion The levels of cellularcytokine(TNF-α) was positively correlated with the seriousness and having complication or not of the disease.


The tremendous recent growth of the women's movement as a political force has been accompanied by an event of equal import to the academic world--the development of the discipline of women's studies. Colleges across the nation are establishing programs in this area. Women's Studies is a classroom anthology designed for use in these newly-introduced courses.


We report on the progress of the VGOS radio telescope system construction project in Finland. The new telescope was installed at the Metsähovi Geodetic Research Station during summer 2018. The construction of the signal chain components is moving forward. The installation and integration of the signal chain components is scheduled for spring 2019. It is expected to have first observational tests in the second half of 2019.


This paper applies multivariate statistical process control (MSPC) techniques to pilot plant fermentation data for the purpose of fault detection and diagnosis. Data from ten batches, nine normal operating conditions (NOC) and one failed, were available. A principal component analysis (PCA) model was constructed from eight NOC batches, while the remaining NOC batch was used for model validation. Subsequently, the model was used to successfully detect (both offline and online) a process abnormality in the failed batch and diagnose the factors contributing to the fault. These monitoring results agree with the observed biological phenomena encountered during this batch


This paper deals with the shunt compensation design of long 380kV-50Hz XLPE cables by simulating a double-circuit partially cabled connection with the transmission length of 80 km in the Dutch transmission system. The proposed procedure for shunt compensation sizing is fully elaborated in this paper. Four sizing criteria are used to find the minimum required size of compensation. All simulations are performed for different cable lengths. Moreover, different compensation arrangements including line-end and distributed arrangements are compared in terms of minimum required compensation size. Finally, the influence of mixed-line configuration, i.e. the number and the location of cable sections, on the minimum required compensation size is investigated by simulating five mixed-line configurations. All simulations are performed for two load-flow scenarios representing two extreme situations in the future planning of the Dutch transmission grid.


Agglomerated particles were prepared by centrifugal atomization,and continuously sintered at high temperature thus became two types of thermal spraying powder with defferent apparent densities.The WC/12Co coating was prepared by HVOF spraying process using C3H8/O2 as fuel.The microstructure examination of the powders and XRD analysis of the coating were performed,and the thickness,microhardness and powder deposition efficiency were measured.The results indicate that there are WC and W6Co6C but not Co phase in the powder sintered at 1120 ℃and 1180 ℃,and that there are decarburization and W6Co6C but not elemental Co in the coating.The structure of the coating is uniform and dense,with the deposition efficiency being up to 65%.


The influences of hydrogenation process conditions of Dimethyl maleate (DMM) were studied in this paper. The results showed that the high temperature and pressure and low DMM feed space velocity were beneficial to increase the conversion of DMM. The optimum conditions are 170~180℃, 6.0 MPa and DMM LHSV 0.1~0.25 h^(-1). The results of pilot test showed that under the conditions of 170℃, 6.0 MPa, 0.13 h^(-1)of DMM LHSV and hydrogen/DMM molar ratio of 300:1, through the proportional loading of catalysts, the results of more than 99.5% DMM conversion, total effective selectivity of more than 99.0% and good catalyst stability were achieved.


Si‐implant activation characteristics in AlxGa1−xAs for Al compositions of 0%–70% AlAs are presented for doses of 5.6×1012 and 2.8×1013 cm−2 at 100 keV. For both doses, the effective activation efficiency (ηeff) is relatively constant from 0% to 20% AlAs (ηeff=64% for 5.6×1012 cm−2 and 37% for 2.8×1013 cm−2 for 20% AlAs), goes through a minimum at 35% AlAs (ηeff=6.6% for 5.6×1012 cm−2 and 2.5% for 2.8×1013 cm−2), and then increases towards 70% AlAs (ηeff=52.8% for 5.6×1012 cm−2 and 31.1% for 2.8×1013 cm−2). The results are explained based on the compositional dependence of the ionization energy and conduction band density‐of‐states of AlGaAs. The effects of P coimplantation is also studied but demonstrates no significant enhancement of the activation efficiency of Si implantation for 0%–70% AlAs. Finally, data are presented for Se implantation in Al0.2Ga0.8As with a maximum effective activation efficiency of 5.6% achieved.


A novel, asymmetrically cut, channel-cut crystal was designed and manufactured with the aim to significantly reduce the beam offset change during energy scans. The improvement was verified with synchrotron radiation from an undulator source. The importance of even small, generally so far neglected, asymmetries is pointed out for high-accuracy monochromators.


To boost intrinsic circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) properties of chiral emitters, an axially chiral biphenyl unit is inlaid in thermally activated delayed fluorescent (TADF) skeleton, urging the participation of chiral source in frontier molecular orbital distributions. A pair of enantiomers, (R)‐BPPOACZ and (S)‐BPPOACZ, containing the cyano as electron‐withdrawing moieties and carbazole and phenoxazine as electron‐donating units are synthesized and separated. The circularly polarized TADF enantiomers exhibit both high photoluminescence quantum yield of 86.10% and excellent CPL activities with maximum dissymmetry factor |gPL| values of almost 10−2 in solution and 1.8 × 10−2 in doped film, which are among the best values of previously reported small chiral organic materials. Moreover, the circularly polarized organic light‐emitting diodes based on the TADF enantiomers achieve the maximum external quantum efficiency of 16.6% with extremely low efficiency roll‐off. Obvious circularly polarized electroluminescence signals with |gEL| values of 4 × 10−3 are also recorded.


Despite advances in therapy, a significant proportion of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) relapse with drug resistant disease. Novel treatment approaches are required, particularly for high risk disease.


Havelin LI, Espehaug B, Vollset SE, Engesaeter LB The effect of the type of cement on early revision of Charnley total hip prostheses. A review of eight thousand five hundred and seventy-nine primary arthroplasties from the Norwegian Arthroplasty Register. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1995 Oct;77(10):1543-50 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=7593063&dopt=Abstract


Purpose of review: The spinocerebellar ataxias are a phenotypically and genetically diverse group of autosomal dominant disorders that cause pathological degeneration in the cerebellum, brainstem, and retina, resulting in a wide variety of ophthalmologic signs and symptoms. Recent findings: The genetic discrimination of the spinocerebellar ataxias has advanced dramatically over the past decade. The most common genetic (mutational) mechanism for the SCAs is an abnormal expansion to a stretch of glutamine amino acid residues (polyglutamine tract) encoded by any of several SCA-causing genes. Knowledge regarding the pathophysiology of polyglutamine-expansion-induced protein dysfunction is an area of intense investigation. Summary: The ophthalmologist may be the first to encounter a patient with spinocerebellar ataxia, and a review of the most common genetic subtypes of this disorder is helpful in diagnosis and management. Abstract word count: 129 wordsword count: 129 words


Explosion-proof device with a warning system for the initial phase of an emergency, containing a valve body, a lined cargo lock, movably connected to the valve body through at least three flexible connections, a discontinuous element in the form of a membrane safety device, characterized in that on one of the diametrically located membrane strips a safety indicator assembly, a safety indicator is fixed in the form of a sensor that responds to deformation, the output of which is connected with a signal amplifier, and the output of the signal amplifier is connected to the input of the personnel alert device about an emergency.


Kkebsiella pneumoniae, HLA-B27, and ankylosing spondylitis Many groups have looked long and hard at cross reactivity between various organisms, particularly klebsiella, and the HLA-B27 antigen. The results of various studies have given rise to debate: enthusiasm by some and scepticism by others. This study showed that all the HLA-B27 positive patients studied who had synovial inflammation showed cross reactivity between HLA-B27. 1 and klebsiella nitrogenase epitopes. They suggested that the putative cross reactive epitope forms part of the HLA-B27 molecule itself. Arthritis Rheum 1989; 32: 437-45.


A novel method that can be used to characterize resonant capacitive sensors is presented. The method is based on measurement of the third harmonic of the current through the capacitor; thus the detection signal is frequency separated from the excitation signal. The measurement is time-continuous and only requires a very simple resonant structure where a single electrode is simultaneously used for excitation and detection. The readout circuit is easily implemented with a single operational amplifier and standard equipment such as a lock-in amplifier or a function generator and a spectrum analyzer. Measurements of a resonant structure confirm the feasibility of the concept.


Capturing the interrelations among risks is essential to thoroughly understand and promote coal mining safety. From this standpoint, 105 risks and 135 interrelations among risks had been identified from 126 typical accidents, which were also the foundation of constructing coal mine risk network (CMRN). Based on the complex network theory and Pajek, six parameters (i.e., network diameter, network density, average path length, degree, betweenness, and clustering coefficient) were employed to reveal the topological properties of CMRN. As indicated by the results, CMRN possesses scale-free network property because its cumulative degree distribution obeys power-law distribution. This means that CMRN is robust to random hazard and vulnerable to deliberate attack. CMRN is also a small-world network due to its relatively small average path length as well as high clustering coefficient, implying that accident propagation in CMRN is faster than regular network. Furthermore, the effect of risk control is explored. According to the result, it shows that roof collapse, fire, and gas concentration exceeding limit refer to three most valuable targets for risk control among all the risks. This study will help offer recommendations and proposals for making beforehand strategies that can restrain original risks and reduce accidents.


The present study was undertaken to evaluate the impact of 'Farm Debt Waiver Schemes' announced by the Governments of Punjab and Uttar Pradesh in 2017 on the livelihood of beneficiary farmers in both the states. The data were collected for the pre-debt waiver year period (Before redemption) and post debt waiver period (After redemption) by selecting 180 beneficiary farmers each from the selected states. The results of the study revealed that in Punjab, major change in the occupational status of beneficiaries after debt redemption was observed in case of dairy as secondary occupation, since more farmers started rearing dairy animals by adopting it as an enterprise. On the contrary in Uttar Pradesh, slight change was observed in agricultural labour as secondary occupation adopted by beneficiaries followed by a meager change in adoption of dairy enterprise. Beneficiary farmer's income increased after redemption of debt in Punjab and Uttar Pradesh however, it's not just because of debt waiver but it may be due to some other associated factors also. There was no major change in operational holding and ownership of different farm assets owned by beneficiary farmers after redemption of debt in both the states. In fact, there was impact of 'Farm Debt Waiver Scheme' in terms of higher investment made by beneficiaries on female crossbred cattle and buffaloes in the study area in both Punjab and Uttar Pradesh. There was no change in the cropping pattern on sample beneficiary farms after loan waiver and hence there was no effect of 'Farm Debt Waiver Scheme' on type of crops grown in Punjab and Uttar Pradesh. The operational cost of cultivation of all the crops cultivated on selected farms in both Punjab and Uttar Pradesh increased owing to rise in input prices viz. seed, fertilizer, human labour etc. rather than benefits accrued under debt waiver scheme. There was considerable increase in the disposal pattern of most of the crops; especially paddy, wheat and potato on sample farms after debt redemption in both the states, however, it may also be due to innovative/ changing cultivation practices adopted by beneficiary farmers. The increase in household expenditure was found to be higher for Uttar Pradesh as compared to Punjab after the redemption of debt. Major benefit of debt waiver scheme in Punjab was availed by beneficiary farmers for the crop loan taken from cooperative societies being major source of institutional finance followed by commercial banks. Institutional loan waive off resulted in significant decline in dependence of sampled households on non-institutional sources. Due to loan waiver of institutional liability, sampled farmers in Punjab were able to return higher quantum of non-institutional loan also. Thus, loan waiver scheme in Punjab had somehow resulted in decline of indebtedness on the sampled household farms. In Uttar Pradesh also, there was change in amount borrowed as well as decline in the amount outstanding for the selected beneficiaries which confirms the impact of debt waiver scheme in Uttar Pradesh. After loan waiver, some of the respondents repaid their commercial bank loan, debt of commission agent, purchased agricultural implements and invested in some insurance policy. Thus, loan waiver scheme helped the farmers to diversify their pattern of savings in more rational manner. The debt waive off had resulted in slight decline in the dependence of farmers on non-institutional sources of finance and some relief measures provided under the scheme to the farmers can somehow rejuvenate this sector. The farmers opined that they lost man days to fulfil the requirements for availing scheme benefits, found it to be time consuming/ cumbersome and cost incurring also. These constraints/difficulties should be taken care of to make the scheme more lucrative. Major policy issues suggested are; expanding the reach of scheme to include more farmers, increasing subsidies on farm machinery and facilitating the farmers to rear crossbred cattle, buffaloes etc. for increasing their income.


Coal combustion is the leading source of industrial air pollution in China today, contributing up to 87% of total sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions and 75% of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. 1 In 2001, 46% of total SO2 emissions stemmed from power plants alone. These emissions in turn contribute heavily to acid rain, smog, and climate change both within China and around the world, causing severe damage to human health and natural ecosystems. China is now the world's largest emitter of SO2 4 and the second largest emitter of greenhouse gases (GHGs). Acid rain falls in 82% of Chinese cities and affects 29% of China's total landmass. The Asian Development Bank estimates that acid rain is responsible for U.S. $14 billion in economic losses—nearly 2% of gross domestic product (GDP). Total urban air pollution costs China U.S. $32.3 billion annually in human health impacts. The World Bank estimates that outdoor air pollution in excess of average national standards is responsible for 178,000 premature deaths a year in China. Researchers at the Chinese Academy of Sciences estimate that economic losses could amount to U.S. $240 billion over the next 10 years if SO2 emissions are not controlled, and the State Environmental Protection Administration (SEPA) estimates that overall environmental pollution could force a 10% loss in GDP. Furthermore, without significant reductions, SO2 emissions are expected to increase to 30 million tons from a current 20 million tons by 2010. Since almost three-quarters of China's electric Barbara A. Finamore is a Senior Attorney with the China Clean Energy Project, Natural Resources Defense Council in Washington, D.C. She is also President of the Professional Association for China's Environment (PACE). She received her J.D. from Harvard Law School in 1980 and her B.A. in Environmental Studies from the State University of New York at Stony Brook in 1976. The author can be reached at firstname.lastname@example.com. This Article is based on a 1999 paper commissioned by the China Sustainable Energy Program, a partnership of the Energy Foundation and the David and Lucile Packard Foundation, and is updated and published with the permission of that program. Tauna M. Szymanski is a J.D. Candidate and Editor-in-Chief of the Stanford Environmental Law Journal at Stanford Law School, where she expects to graduate in 2003. She received her B.A. degree in International Relations and Environmental and Technology Studies at Carleton College in 1997. The majority of the statistics cited in this Article are taken from official Chinese government sources, including those cited in western materials and studies. We make the typical disclaimer here that accompanies most studies that rely on Chinese statistics: motivations to reach politically set goals continue to drive a lot of the reporting of economic and environmental data. However, since it is difficult to get direct access to raw numbers and monitoring equipment in China, these statistics must suffice for the time being. The authors are indebted to Jonathan Sinton of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and Jeffrey Logan of the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory for generously verifying and sharing several of these figures.


At present, the metal sheath of high voltage (HV) cables generally adopts the cross-bonded grounding method, which brings many types of faults and challenges the monitoring and diagnosis of the operation status of the cables. In order to effectively diagnose various types of faults in the metal sheath grounding system of HV cables, this paper proposes a fault diagnosis method for the metal sheath grounding system of HV cables based on long and short-term memory (LSTM). Firstly, the grounding system model of HV cable metal sheath is established. Secondly, the sheath currents of four faults are analyzed. Based on the sheath current amplitude ratio and phase difference of the same loop and the same grounding box, 14 feature vectors reflecting the operation state of the metal sheath grounding system are constructed. Then, the operation state of 18 kinds of metal sheath grounding systems is simulated, and the fault database is established. Finally, the LSTM algorithm is used to accurately identify the fault of HV cable grounding system. The results show that the LSTM algorithm can effectively diagnose and identify the faults of the HV cable metal sheath grounding system, and the accuracy rate is 100%.


In this article the basic problems connected to the definition of the status of a refugee are analyzed. The last published statistical data are dedicated to the the problem.


In this paper, we consider the Cauchy problem for the KdVKS equation $u_t+\delta \partial _x^3u+\mu(\partial_x^4u+\partial_x^2u)+\alpha (\partial_x u)^2=0$ . By means of the $[k;Z]$ multiplier norm method of Tao, we prove the associated initial value problem is locally well-posed in Sobolev spaces $H^s(\mathbb{R})$ for $s>-1$ , which improves the conclusions drawn by Biagioni et al.


Large-scale nanoporous amorphous silica nanostructure is fabricated via a simply etched approach and effective thermal evaporation process. The nanoporous amorphous silica was synthesized by a general and scalable process via etching by metal particles on the silica sheets. In this study, we elucidated how a nanoporous structure was performed and the addition of indium is the key factor that determined the formation of the nanoporous structures. The morphology and the sizes of the porous structure could be tunable by the sizes and the shape of the metal. We discovered a promising optical property in the as-synthesized nanostructures, which have a photoluminescence in an intensive ultraviolet emission as well as a broad visible emission at room temperature.


Aiming at the parameters selection of support vector machines(SVM),an improved particle swarm optimiza-tion algorithm(quantum delta particle swarm optimization)was put forward.The algorithm adopted a strategy which op-timized three parameters synchronously.The disadvantage of optimizing for every parameter was avoided.It realized a accurate,stable and rapid optimal parameters selection of SVM.The material step of the method was shown.The simulated experiment proved the effectiveness of the algorithm above.A soft-sensor model of desorption-process about organic solvent recovery was established by applying the selected optimal parameters to modeling of SVM.The simulating result showed that the effectiveness of forecasting is satisfied.


We investigate three issues about the impact of insider trades and institutional holdings on seasoned equity offerings (SEOs). First, we test how insider trades affect the trading behavior of institutional investors in SEOs. Second, we test whose trading behavior, either insiders or institutional investors, has greater explanatory power for the performance of SEO firms after issuing new stocks. Third, we analyze the industry-wide spillover effects of insider trades and institutional holdings. Empirically, we find that insiders and institutional investors of SEO firms may utilize similar information in their transactions because insider trades induce similar trading behavior for institutional investors. In addition, insider trades, relative to institutional holdings, have greater explanatory power for SEO firm's long-term performance. Finally, compared with insider trades, institutional holdings have a more significant spillover effect in the industry of SEO firms.


Injuries to extrahepatic biliary tract and its post-traumatic structures are rare in both adults and children. A 13-year old child with the injury to the intrapancreatic part of choledoch followed by formation of its stricture is described. Errors made in the treatment of this patient are analysed.


In 2014, almost 2 billion adults had overweight or obesity, and prevalence continues to increase. The fundamental cause of obesity is an imbalance between energy expenditure and intake, but determinants of these behaviours are complex. Obesity is one of the most important preventable causes of morbidity and mortality, and its control is one of the most pressing issues facing modern health care systems. Primary prevention is vital, but many of the health risks can be mitigated by weight loss. There has been considerable progress in weight management interventions for adults, including behavioural programmes, pharmacotherapy, and surgeries, but management in children and adolescents remains more challenging. Weight regain post-intervention is common, and obesity needs to be managed as a chronic, relapsing condition with individual-level interventions offered on repeated occasions. Population-level interventions to curb the environmental drivers of obesity are important for primary prevention and to reinforce individual-level actions for weight control.


In the first part of this thesis a new analysis of the Orion Nebula Cluster, one of the most studied star-forming regions in the Galaxy, is presented. Based on multi-band optical photometry and spectroscopy obtained with the Wide-Field Imager (WFI) at the ESO/MPI 2.2-m telescope at La Silla Observatory, I study the systematic effects that bias the derivation of stellar parameters of pre-main sequence (PMS) stars. I derive the new H-R diagram of the entire region, and assign masses and ages to all the members. The age is found to be ∼ 2 − 3 Myr, older than previously estimated. I also confirm the presence of an age spread, and show how the previously found mass-age correlation can be affected by the sample incompleteness and uncertainties in the evolutionary models. In the second part of this thesis, I carry out a research on the low-mass stellar population of the young stellar cluster LH 95 in the Large Magellanic Cloud, based on deep optical photometry with the Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS) onboard the Hubble Space Telescope; the deepest ever obtained toward this galaxy, down to V ≃ 28 mag. I isolate the PMS cluster population, and derive the first extragalactic Initial Mass Function (IMF) down to the subsolar regime. It shows a flattening below 1 M⊙, in agreement with the Galactic IMF once results are corrected for unresolved binarity. I study the age distribution of LH 95, introducing a statistical method to derive average age and age-spreads accounting simultaneously for unresolved binarity, differential extinction, variability, accretion and crowding of PMS stars. The best-fit solution for LH 95 suggests an age of ∼ 4 Myr with a gaussian age spread of σ ∼ 1.2 Myr. Finally, I study the early-type highmass stellar population of the cluster, through ground based spectroscopy obtained with the Fiber-fed Extended Range Optical Spectrograph (FEROS) at the ESO/MPI 2.2-m telescope at La Silla Observatory, and photometry from the 1-m telescope at Siding Spring Observatory. The derived stellar masses are combined with my results on the low-mass IMF of the cluster for the study of the most complete extragalactic IMF ever performed.


Lizards are not widely regarded as able to alter their foraging mode substantially in relation to the specific food source utilized. Rather, their foraging mode determines the food type that they utilize. We studied Platysaurus broadleyi, a lizard that utilizes food resources differing in several fundamental characteristics. We found that they maintain this broad feeding niche by altering their foraging behavior. Adult lizards ambushed mobile insects but searched actively when feeding on stationary figs beneath trees. This flexibility in foraging behavior allowed P broadleyi to utilize figs, a high energy but ephemeral resource. Lizards did not vary their foraging mode in response to insect-prey density, but attack distances were further at the site with lower insect density, as predicted by optimal foraging theory. Juveniles adopted an intermediate foraging mode irrespective of the resource utilized.


Objective To compare the effect of combined spinal epidural anesthesia and general anesthesia on total hip replacement.Methods Thirty-six cases were randomly divided into the spinal-epidural anesthesia group(group A) and general anesthesia group(group B),and there were 18 cases in each groups.Both groups of patients' perioperative heart rate(HR),blood pressure(BP),SpO2,mental condition,operative time,time of exercise out of bed and length of hospital stay were recorded.Results After anesthesia,both groups' BP were significantly lower than before anesthesia (P < 0.01),but there had no significant difference between the two groups (P > 0.05).In all patients,the BP decreased significantly just after injection of bone cement (P < 0.01).Hypotension incidence in group B was 44.4% (8/18),significantly higher than that in group A(27.8%,5/18) P <0.05.The BP and HR when extubating of tracheal intubation in group B was higher than that in group A (P < 0.05).There was no significant difference in operative time,time of exercise out of bed and length of hospital stay between the two groups.The incidence of psychiatric symptoms of group A and group B were 50.0% and 38.9%,the difference was not statistically significant.Conclusions Both anesthesias can be used in total hip arthroplasty.Besides,it's the key point that the moment when bone cement was injected,so getting ready to rescue is essential.However,hypotension incidence in combined spinal epidural anesthesia is lower than that in general anesthesia,which meant that combined spinal epidural anesthesia is more safe.

Key words:
Hip replacement surgery;  Spinal-epidural anesthesia;  Anesthesia;  Elderly


The following field exercise is designed for use with Leaving Certificate
students. It is based on Maynooth, Co. Kildare, a town of approximately 5,000
inhabitants plus a large third level student population attending St. Patrick's
College. The town has grown rapidly over the past sevetal years, becoming
increasingly a dormitory settlement for Dublin. The exercise outlined here need
not be carried out in Maynooth, as it may be readily adapted for use in any town
or city area for which County Development Plan information is available. The
exercise was "roadtested" byagroup of AGTI members on 16th May 1992, and
I gratefully acknowledge their helpful comments on that occasion.


The loss of nutrients in runoff from agricultural land is a major cause of poor surface water quality in the United State. Scientists (NRCS) developed a technique to estimate the impact of agricultural watersheds on natural water resources. The objectives of this study were to apply this technique on the Wagon Train (WT) watershed (Lancaster County, Nebraska) to predict: loss of phosphorus (P) from soils by runoff, and P loading for WT reservoir. The predicted annual P loss by runoff was 844 kg and could be considered as the annual loading for WT reservoir. The predicted P concentration in the runoff water at field sites was 196 μg/L. The average P concentration in water samples taken from different locations in the reservoir was 140 μg/L . The average P concentration observed in the main stream samples for the entire rainy season (March through October), ranged between 157 and 346 μg/L with an average of 267 μg/L (SD = 65 μg/L). Application of P fertilizers (April/May) for summer crops might explain the increase in P concentration. When factors affecting P concentration in streams are considered, the technique could provide a reasonable estimation of P concentration in stream water.


The method aging containing ingredients in a solid solution alloy-made for the purpose of aging heat treatment of a curable aluminum alloys. The method includes the step of holding the alloy at a suitable elevated temperature aging for aging the alloy to promote precipitation of at least one solute component herein called "primary precipitated" for a short period of time compared to the T6 temper. And then cooled sufficiently rapidly in the less aging to the alloy resulting from the aging temperature to a low temperature and substantially suppressing the primary precipitation. And then by exposure to a low-cost alloy than cooling the aging temperature was raised for the first precipitation aging temperature, develop adequate mechanical properties as a function of time by an additional solute precipitated herein called the "secondary precipitation."


P‐glycoproteins can cause multidrug resistance in mammalian tumor cells by active extrusion of cytotoxic drugs. The natural function of these evolutionarily conserved, membrane‐bound ATP binding transport proteins is unknown. In mammals, P‐glycoproteins are abundantly present in organs associated with the digestive tract. We have studied the tissue‐specific expression of Caenorhabditis elegans P‐glycoprotein genes pgp‐1 and pgp‐3 by transformation of nematodes with pgp‐lacZ gene fusion constructs in which the promoter area of the pgp genes was fused to the coding region of lacZ. Expression of pgp‐1 and pgp‐3, as inferred from pgp‐lacZ transgenic nematodes, was confined to the intestinal cells. The expression patterns of both genes were virtually indistinguishable. Quantitative analysis of pgp mRNA levels during development showed that pgp‐1, −2, and −3 were expressed throughout the life cycle of C.elegans, albeit with some variation indicating developmental regulation. The expression of P‐glycoprotein genes in intestinal cells is an evolutionarily conserved feature of these genes, consistent with the hypothesis that P‐glycoproteins provide a mechanism of protection against environmental toxins.


There are some disadvantages in China's system of awaiting trial on bail.Thus,it is an urgent task to overcome the imperfections relating to the application,the assured period,the guaranty,the examination and the relief of our system of awaiting trial on bail.


According to some grey and uncertain characteristic review to mine exploring technologic and economic parameter,key factors of affecting mine exploring cost was quested for with fuzzy logic inference method in this paper. In the meantime,this paper reveals the related law of mapping relation between exploring technology and economy,and provides important value for enhancing mine exploring benefit.


The utility model relates to a smoke exhaust ventilator control system based on a single chip microcomputer. The smoke exhaust ventilator control system comprises a single chip microcomputer, a detection unit, a peripheral controlled unit and a storage device. The detection unit comprises a keyboard entry detection circuit module, a smoke detection circuit module, a coal gas detection circuit module, a temperature detection circuit module, a light collection circuit module and a pyroelectric sensor circuit module. The peripheral controlled unit comprises a driving circuit module, a key reset circuit module, a lighting circuit module and a liquid crystal display circuit module. Each circuit module in the detection unit is connected with a corresponding input end of the single chip microcomputer, and each circuit module in the peripheral controlled unit is connected with a corresponding output end of the single chip microcomputer. The smoke exhaust ventilator control system of the utility model has the following advantages: the lighting function and the smoke exhaust function can be started according to the light intensity and the fume concentration, and an alarm will be generated for emergency situations such as coal gas leakage, long-time unmanned operation, excessive operating ambient temperature and the like, so advantages of security and reliability are realized; and the timing operation can be performed on cooking at the same time, so the advantage of more convenient operation is realized.


To expound on my first point, let me share that the BSP champions good governance within the organization, and as supervisor of the banking system. Internally, we have adopted a corporate governance framework and defined strategic priorities focused on a strong governance mechanism, operational excellence, organizational readiness and engaged stakeholders. We continue to improve our bank-wide risk management system and institute business process improvements. We strive to promote a culture of fair and responsive treatment of all our stakeholders. We have clearly defined and communicated expectations from each employee in carrying-out the BSP mission. We have a performance scorecard that checks our progress and achievements.


We recently read the interesting paper published in GUT elucidating the role of upstream stimulatory factor 1 (USF1) in Helicobacter pylori (Hp )-induced p53 degradation.1 The work greatly broadens our knowledge of the interplay between Hp and p53 during gastric carcinogenesis. Here we propose some additional exploration, if incorporated in study design, can further deepen our understanding.

The significance of USF1 in gastric carcinogenesis should be acknowledged as the study showed that loss of USF1, on its own, exacerbated the severity of …


Abstract : This report summarizes Naval Surface Warfare Center (NAVSWC) participation in the following five principal areas involving technology interactions with the public and private sectors: (1) Domestic Technology Transfer (DTT), (2) Navy Potential Contractor Program (NPCP), (3) Industry Independent Research and Development (IR and D), (4) Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR), and (5) Technology Base Contracting.


This research aims to investigate the aeroelastic capacities of a blade through geometry based bend twist coupling (BTC). Power optimization is performed based on Blade Element Momentum Theory (BEMT) on NREL phase VI rotor and optimized power and elastic twist curves are presented. Elastic twist of the blade can be tailored to improve blade performance. BTC is implemented through the blade spar and blade planform. An L beam is incorporated in the blade as spar and fluid-structure interaction analysis is conducted. 1-way and 2-way fluid-structure interaction analysis are performed and compared. CFD results are verified with experimental data. Induced elastic twist is presented for different spar thicknesses and spar locations over a range of wind speeds. The results show improved elastic twist with a thicker spar placed closer to the tip of the blade. Modified blade designs with different curved planform are analyzed and the results are presented in this thesis. The curved blade is modeled and analyzed with L spar and box spar to compare the effects of spar type on elastic twist. More elastic twist is predicted in the blade with L spar compared to the blade with box spar. Elastic twist of up to 0.7˚ is yielded from the curved blades with L spar with bend depth of 1.5 m. A power increase of 1.89% for the wind turbine due to the induced elastic twist is predicted.


Summary The Causewayed Enclosure at Orsett, Essex, was trial trenched in 1975 to determine the state of site preservation and confirm its postulated Neolithic date and site sequence. The enclosure consisted of three incomplete circuits of discontinuous ditch with an associated timber palisade slot lying inside and concentric to the middle ditch. Within the interior was an oval post hole structure of a contemporary date. Quantities of Mildenhall style pottery and flint artifacts of the mid third millennium b.c. were recovered from the primary ditch silts and other features. A small quantity of Late Neolithic/Early Bronze Age wares came from the secondary ditch silts and the interior. Later phases on the site were represented by unenclosed Early Iron Age occupation, a Middle Iron Age sub-rectangular enclosure and Saxon ring-ditch burials.


This paper is the Opening Statement of H.E. Ambassador Michael Christides, Secretary General of the Organization of the BSEC Permanent International Secretary at the BSEC-KAS Workshop organized in cooperation with ERENET on "SMEs and Green Economy" held on 14-15 April 2016 in Kyiv (Ukraine).


Constitutive equations of elastoplastic materials with anisotropic hardening and elastic-plastic transition are presented by introducing three similar surfaces, i.e., a loading surface on which a current stress exists, a subyield surface limiting a size of the loading surface and a distinct-yield surface representing a fully plastic state. The assumption of similarity of these surfaces leads the derived equations to remarkably simple forms. Also a more general rule of the kinematic hardening for the distinct-yield surface is incorporated into the constitutive equations. While they seem to be applicable to various materials, special constitutive equations of metals, for example, are derived from them and are compared with experimental data on a cyclic uniaxial loading of aluminum. A close correlation between theory and experiment is observed in this comparison.


The ${L}_{2,3}$ edge x-ray-absorption spectra for transition-metal compounds are usually calculated retaining only those states in the ground-state wave function which correspond to a purely ionic configuration at the transition-metal site, as well as those arising from a single electron transfer from the surrounding ligand sites. We critically compare such a truncated basis approach to a complete basis approach, which is exact within the assumed cluster model, and discuss the limitations of the approximate method, specifically in the case of compounds with the transition-metal ion in a formal high oxidation state. It is shown that while the truncated basis approach may be adequate for divalent transition-metal compounds, it can lead to erroneous estimates for parameter strengths in the case of highly oxidized, and consequently, strongly covalent compounds.


As shown in the above Table, there was ~14% increase in work at 75% V̇O2R (p < 0.05) and ~15.5% increase in work at V̇O2Peak (p < 0.001) despite similar MET levels and metabolic costs (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Aerobic training can lead to improved capacity to produce more work at submaximal and maximal efforts. These findings suggest an improved ability to perform activities of daily living which is important for the older sedentary population. Supported by NIH/NIA R00AG031297


Two trials of oral neomycin therapy resulted in the reduction of the urinary excretion of methylmalonic acid and a fall in the plasma level of this metabolite in a child suffering from methylmalonic aciduria. It is quite probable that the antibiotic effect on the gastrointestinal bacteria resulted in decreased propionate production; propionate is the immediate precursor of methylmalonic acid. This therapy might be of special benefit during periods of acute acidosis in this disease.


Cancer is a disease of the genome. Each cancer is the result of a unique combination of germline and somatic mutations that could include nucleotide substitutions, insertions and deletions, chromosomal rearrangements and copy number changes in protein-coding or regulatory components of genes (1). In addition, cancer genomes may exhibit changes in DNA methylation and chromatin structure that can have a substantial impact on gene expression. A comprehensive catalog of all types of variants in a cancer opens new and unrivaled opportunities for understanding themechanismof cancer onset and progression, predicting the response to therapeutics, and providing new biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis.


Why do some sovereigns repay their debts while others default? I empirically investigate four prominent theories for default (or its avoidance): (i) reputation, (ii) punishment, (iii) domestic politics, and (iv) international spillovers. Adopting an early warning system (EWS) approach for a large sample of developing and emerging economies (1970-2015) I find that reputation and spillover effects dominate in terms of economic significance. In robustness checks I allow for the transmission of each theory strand through macro-fundamentals, account for capital controls, debt relief, and capital flow bonanzas, investigate domestic, private and present-value external debt, and conduct sample splitting exercises (by exchange rate arrangement, political regime, financial development, and time period). Though they provide more refined insights into the differential mechanisms at work, none of these exercises substantially alter the above conclusions. JEL Classification: F34, F41, G15, H63


ABSTRACT In the last few years, questions pertaining to cooperation and conflict in the Arctic have emerged in the media, as well as within academia. While many scholars have rightly rejected the prospect of an imminent escalation of conflicts, the current debate is insufficiently informed by the literature on political order within the field of international relations (IR). In this article, the author attempts to explain the political order in the Arctic, situating his analysis within the broader context of IR theory. Guided by the perspectives of 'hegemonics stability', 'balance of power' and 'Kantian internationalist theory', focus is laid on power capabilities, international regimes and domestic regime type as independent variables. The main finding is that the Arctic is a multipolar 'region,' the enduring stability and peacefulness of which can be explained by both the role played by international regimes, and by the balance of power between the 'stakeholders' involved. The paper concludes by explaining how and why the smaller littoral Arctic states are the prime beneficiaries of this order.


Indoor air pollution (IAP) is a recognized risk factor of various diseases. This paper examines the role indoor solid fuel exposure in the risk of mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB) in Delhi metropolitan, India. Using a cross-sectional design, subjects were screened for a history of active TB and life long-exposure to IAP sources, such as solid fuel burning and kerosene. The TB prevalence rate in the study area was 1,117 per 100,000 population. Every year increase in solid fuel exposure was associated with a three percent higher likelihood of a history of active TB. Subjects exposed to solid fuel and kerosene use for both heating home and cooking showed significant associations with TB. Age, household expenditure (a proxy of income), lung-function and smoking also showed significant associations with TB. Smokers and solid fuel exposed subjects were four times more likely to have a history of active TB than nonsmoker and unexposed subjects. These finding calls strategies to mitigate solid fuel exposure, such as use of clean cook stove and ventilation, to mitigate the risk of TB which aligns with the United Nations' goal of "End TB by 2030".


Modern Western society is perceived as increasingly complex and contingent and in an era wherein our own identity is a matter of construction, the macro level of a description of societal unity constitutes a no less demanding task. Despite social complexity and contingency, societies are still in one way or another perceived and described as unities and it appears that normatvity in general and law in particular play an important role. This is the perspective of this research. Niklas Luhmann's social systems theoretical account of society is considered as a plausible theoretical offer and therefore the central problem is formulated as follews: does Luhmann's approach account for the unity of modern Western society and the role normative aspects play in the observation and description of society? After inventarizing criticisms of Luhmann's theory of society, the author concluded that the common ground of these criticsms pertains to the operational closure of social systems. As a consequence, the applicability and consistency of Luhmann's theory of society became a topic of discussion. In this light, 2 research questions were formulated, both regarding the demarction of 2 specific social systems: society and law. It was argued that Luhmann's theory of society offers sufficient concepts to describe the demarcation of society and law but that these were not informative with regard to the unity of concrete and specific societies. To achieve an adequate description of societal unity, the introcdution of organizing principles or normativity into the description of society is necessary. This is illustrated by means of the concept of 'certainty'.


Agriculture is one of the key aspects that affects the growth of a country. Extreme weather conditions and climate change are something that the agriculturists and the farmers have always found difficult to deal with. Irrigation is an essential agriculture practice that enhances crop production by providing adequate water to the land. Irrigation in essential because they maintain the soil moisture and help in the absorption of nutrient contents. From time immemorial and even till date, irrigation has been done manually with the need of human interventions. With the advancement in the technology, one question always arose. Is it possible to automate some or all the parts of agriculture to maximise the yield? The notion of smart irrigation came into existence. The agricultural industry was able to overcome the said disadvantages of traditional irrigation procedures by incorporating "smart" technologies into irrigation systems. IoT can make agriculture and farming processes more efficient by automating them and reducing human interference. Smart irrigation systems and solutions are being embraced in many regions of the world due to their numerous benefits. The difference is with respect to the way of implementation, the communication network that these applications made use of and the environmental conditions where these applications were used. This paper aims at reviewing certain approaches to smart irrigation from the perspective of communication technologies used and perceive ideal communication technologies that can be used for communication over a shorter range and for the communication over longer range.


Context: Two recent mapping studies which were intended to verify the current state of replication of empirical studies in Software engineering (SE) identified two sets of studies: empirical studies actually reporting replications (published between 19942012) and a second group of studies that are concerned with definitions, classifications, processes, guidelines, and other research topics or themes about replication work in empirical software engineering research (published between 19962012). Objective: The goal of this work is to analyse and discuss the contents of the second set of studies about replications to increase our understanding of the current state of the work on replication in empirical software engineering research. Method: The systematic literature review method was applied to build a systematic mapping study, in which the primary studies were collected by two previous mapping studies covering the period 1996-2012 complemented by manual and automatic search procedures that collected articles published in 2013. Results: We analysed 37 papers reporting studies about replication published in the last 17 years. These papers explore different topics related to concepts and classifications, guidelines, and discuss theoretical issues that are relevant for our understanding of replication in our field. We also investigated how these 37 papers have been cited in the 135 replication papers published between 1994 and 2012. Conclusions: Replication in SE still lacks a set of standardized concepts and terminology, which has a negative impact on the replication work in our field. To improve this situation, it is important that the SE research community engage on an effort to create and evaluate taxonomy, frameworks, guidelines, and methodologies to fully support the development of replications.


The effects of the feedback between the changing coastal morphology and the wavefield on the generation and propagation of large scale (O(1-10 km)) shoreline sand waves is examined with a quasi-2D morphodynamic model. Traditional shoreline change models do not include this feedback and are only able to describe diffusion of shoreline sand waves and furthermore they are unable to describe migration. It is found with the present model that if there is a dominant littoral drift, the feedback causes downdrift migration of coastline features no matter if they grow or decay. Consistently with previous studies, simulations show that a rectilinear coastline becomes unstable and sand waves tend to grow spontaneously from random perturbations, if the wave incidence angle is larger then about 42 o (θ c ) at the depth of closure (high angle wave instability). The initial wavelengths at which the sand waves develop are 2-3 km and this is similar to previous linear stability analysis. The implications of high angle wave instability for beach nourishments are investigated. The nourished shoreline retreats initially due to cross-shore transport because the nourished profile is steeper than the equilibrium profile. When a dominant littoral drift is present, the nourishment also migrates downdrift. If the wave angle at the depth of closure is below θ c the alongshore transport contributes to the diffusion of the nourishment. However, if the angle is above θ c (constant high angle wave conditions) the diffusion is reversed and the nourishment can trigger the formation of a shoreline sand wave train. Numerical experiments changing the proportion of 'high angle waves' and 'low angle waves' in the wave climate show that relatively small proportions of low angle waves slow down the growth of sand waves. These simulations with more realistic wave climates show shoreline sand waves that migrate downdrift maintaining more or less the same amplitude for years.