Since folk poems are outside the realm of official literature, they have received less attention in the field of literary studies. Also, women are often overlooked as creators of literary works; and this has made it difficult to search for female individuality in the context of literary discourses. Thus, the role of women in shaping Kurmanj literature has not yet been addressed. This research as a case study in the field of feminist literary criticism has attempted to reveal the significance of female voice in the collection of Kurmanj Sechischtis with an interpretive analytical approach, by discovering the signs of ecriture feminine. Sechischti lyrics are an important part of the literature and folklore of the Iranian Kurmanj nomads. A Sechischti has three hemistiches, each with eight to ten syllables, with words derived from nature and everyday life based on individual experiences and ethnic memories of anonymous poets. In search for these signs, the authors have examined 1386 poems; of these, 269 poems (a quarter of poems with gender identity) have obvious features of feminine expression. Sechischties written by women can be divided into five categories, in terms of subject matter: 1) love; 2) marriage; 3) immigration and war; 4) social role-playing; 5) advice, cursing, self-introduction etc. Signs of feminine expression in these poems are either denotative or connotative; each has been used in four different methods. In these short and simple folk poems, the woman's soul is revealed without veil and mask and talks to the audience. She is no longer a woman described by male writers, whether praiseworthy as a lover or a mother, or disgusting as a tempter or a witch. With the help of ecriture feminine, poetess describes the world around her through her own eyes for the audience, with all its amazing events and phenomena. Abstract Women professional activity in Iran before the Qajar era was not traditional, but by the middle of the Qajar period women were given the opportunity to participate in society. Since the presence of women architects in contemporary Iranian architecture is often overlooked, the purpose of this study is to introduce women architects in Pahlavi era and to study their influence in architectural fields. The main purpose of this research is to evaluate the architectural areas performed by women architects during Pahlavi era and argue their influences in tyhis field. It is assumed that women's work in the professional field has had a greater impact. For this purpose, the paper has a qualitative methodology with historical-interpretive research method. Data have been collected from oral history, documentation and library, and interviews with architecture pioneers. Hence, the performance of women architects is independent variable and the amount of activity and their achievements in the field of architecture are dependent variable. The results indicate that while studying at university and working in the offices of architecture and construction development in the country, there is a reason that works of women architects in the professional fields can have more achievements than their works in academic areas; but they are still influential in the academic field. Abstract The policy area of sexuality in Iran is affected by theoretical conflict between two major approaches. The present article seeks to present a discursive formulation of the theoretical conflicts between these two approaches in Iranian society. In this study, the method of Fariclough, Laclau and Mouffe is applied in a conjoined way. The results of the research indicated that the first approach, based on religious principles, follows the idea of sexual education with the focus on sexual ethics. Furthermore, it also includes various concepts, such as sexual identity, convenient and timely marriage, hijab and continence, etc, to construct the life sex of the Iranian society. Based on this approach, sexuality is studied in a network of biological and cultural components, in which sometimes confronting sexuality does not eliminate its ambiguity but instead enhances it. The second approach is inspired by the liberal literature of the international community, by emphasizing the importance of sex education with a core of knowledge and sexual awareness. Some constructed and predominated concepts in the second approach include various perceptions, such as homosexuality, casual homosexuality, and the recognition of sexual minorities, distinction between sex and gender, and the condemnation of child marriage. In confronting sexuality, disambiguation and explicitly are the most important strategies of the second discourse. The latest public debate on the two approaches was the 2030 United Nations Document. Abstract One of the issues in the field of body sociology is body management, which is widespread today among girls and women. It means people build social bodies by altering their physical appearance. The research method was applied in terms of purpose in the descriptive-analytical method. The research has used instruments including Bourdieu Cultural Capital Questionnaire and Researcher-Made Questionnaire of Women's Body Management Scale and Social Comparison of Gibbons and Bonk in 2019. The sample size was 382 women and girls aged 20-45 in the city of Sanandaj. The method was multi-stage cluster sampling. SPSS22 software and LISREL software were used for quantitative data analysis. The results showed that there is a significant relationship between variables of body management, cultural capital, media, and social comparison of mentioned variables. The sociological model of body management in women based on cultural capital and the media is mediated by social comparison mediation in Sanandaj. Social comparison with a impact coefficient of 0.45 can affect two variables of cultural capital that have had effects on the media variable of body management criterion. In urban women, social comparison is an essential source of information about body self-management, and social comparison processes fill the gap between self-talk and the concept of individual and inter-group identity. Abstract The close relationship between language and culture can be understood from the analysis of language and culture in historical knowledge, philosophy, sociology, anthropology, and psychology. The fact that language and culture are inextricably interconnected can help examine the pivotal role of the language of a speech community to get significant information about its culture. Conceptualization of an overarching field of study can postulate how the realizations of cultuling (culture in language) can be entrenched in a language. Thus, the aim of this present study is to investigate the "patriarchy" and "matriarchy" cultulings in Persian movies from the viewpoint of Hymes' (1967) SPEAKING model. This is a qualitative research to demonstrate Iranian culture and find the covert reasons of using the cultuling of "patriarchy" and "matriarchy". To this end, the total 100 Persian movies from two decades of 1980s and 2010s were investigated based on the 500 extracted language expressions for each decade. The most recurrent cases of cultuling of "patriarchy" encompass signs of threatening, pride, anger, domination, order, sarcasm, wiggery, ridicule and contempt for the movies in 1980s. In contrast, the cultuling of "matriarchy" was delineated through decision-making, scolding, humiliating, wisecracking, attracting, complaining, showing anger, showing oppressed, pride, and ignoring for the movies in 2010s. The findings revealed that the patriarchy role is less dominant from 1980 to 2020. In fact, the patriarchy has been replaced by matriarchy these days. This can be concluded that the frameworks have some implications for learners, teachers, and educationists who are interested in the culturology, cultuling, and cultural studies. Abstract Establishing a family and its continuity is so important in Islam that divorce and dissolution of marriage even by mutual consent of the spouses is the most detestable act in view of the Prophet. As the continuity of the marriage is a basic principle in Islam, Islamic law has provided an opportunity for the husband to come back to the family and revive this sacred institution by offering the simple mechanism of the waiting period (ʻiddah) in the revocable divorce. Nevertheless, there are certain kinds of divorce, known as irrevocable divorce (ba'in), by which the marital relation is dissolved and the revival of the marriage is possible only by making a new marriage contract. In khola divorce (initiated by the wife, based on her dislike of her husband) and in mubarat divorce (initiated by the wife, based on mutual dislike or aversion of the spouses) the wife obtains divorce by paying a fixed sum (or transferring a property) to her husband and the divorce becomes irrevocable (bauen). In divorce for a consideration there is no dislike from both spouses but the wife by paying an agreed sum (or transferring a property) to her husband or by releasing her husband from his duty to pay her past maintenance or from his duty to pay her dower or from his duty to pay other debts owed his wife, can become divorced. This article examines the legal nature as well as the cultural and social effects of this kind of divorce. Facilitating the separation between the spouses through paying a sum to the husband by the wife without the existence of any dislike between them would increase the number of divorces. For this reason, paying attention to the cultural and social effects of this divorce becomes necessary. Abstract Women traditional and indigenous metal jewelry making in Sistan and Baluchistan Province has been one of the most important decorative works used until a few decades ago. These works have been included in various designs and models. They are of the most prominent artistic technologies in Southeast Iran. They are being forgotten today and ther


Background/Aims: A strong association exists between ulcerative colitis and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). Previously, the presence of a unique epitope shared by colon and biliary epithelial cells was shown by using the novel monoclonal antibody (MAb) 7E12H12 developed against a colonic epithelial protein. In the present study, the presence of circulating autoantibody in PSC against this peptide was examined.


The chemical composition and the antibacterial properties of the essential oils obtained from the flower of the Allium rotundum L. that is a wild important Allium species in Iran, were evaluated. The results obtained by the GC-MS analysis of the essential oil of the flower of A. rotundum L. are presented in (Table 1). Fifty four compounds were identified, representing 68% of the total oil. The oil yield of the plant was determined as 0.5% v/w. As determined from the GC-MS analysis, the major compounds were 14-Beta-H-Pregna (14.9%-as a total different component of pregnan), Demephion(8.30), Propenyl Propyl Disulfide (8.04), Trisulfide, dipropyl (4.27), Phenol, 2,4-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl) (3.99), phthalic thiothionoanhydride (3.81), Decane (3.75), Cyclododecane (3.00), 9-Eicosene (2.71), Nonanal (2.56). The essential oils were investigated for activity against bacteria (Proteus mirabilis, Enterobacter cloacae, Klebsiella pneumonia, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis were used. The essential oils inhibited all bacteria at concentrations of <1/200 (v/v). The results of this study confirmed the presence antibacterial activity of essential oils and the potency prevent the growth of this bacteria and extend the shelf life of processed foods.


The combination of rising population and increasing food demand has placed
tremendous pressure on the soil resource in Bangladesh, especially floodplain soils
where rice may be grown year round. Although these floodplain soils contain minerals
high in potassium (K) such as micas, K deficiency in rice paddy soils is increasing
throughout Bangladesh. Harvesting of straw from fields exacerbates the removal of
nutrients including K, and intensive cropping with unbalanced fertilizer has resulted in
depletion of "readily available" K in large areas.
Five representative floodplain soils in rice production were sampled by horizon
to determine physical, chemical and mineralogical properties, assess soil K, investigate
plant available K, and understand impacts of redox on K fixation and release.
Total and nonexchangeable K were determined using concentrated hydrogen
fluoride (HF) digestion and 1.0 M HNO3 digestion, respectively, along with NH4OAcextractable
K. Cation exchange capacity under both oxidized and reduced conditions
was determined. Assessment of adsorption and release of K as a function of redox was done in conjunction with seven different concentrations of potassium chloride (KCl)
solution and three different soils.
Significant amounts of K were present in all fractions of silts and clays.
Potassium concentration was greatest in the coarse clay fraction. High HNO3-
extractable K suggested that much of the K in soils was from mica interlayers. Acidic
soils contained less K in all fractions than the less weathered, calcareous soils. The clay
fractions exhibited mostly mica, vermiculite, smectite and kaolinite. The cation
exchange capacity (CEC) of reduced soils was less under oxidized condition, due to
collapse of the interlayer in response to increased layer charge upon structural Fe
reduction.
The adsorption of K was greater for calcareous soils under both oxidized and
reduced conditions than for the acidic soils. Less native K was extracted under oxidized
conditions than under reduced conditions. Less adsorption under reduced conditions may
be due to an increase in solution Fe2+ which can compete with K+ for exchange sites on
clays.


This paper examines agriculturists' perception and adaptation to climate change in Jaman South Municipality of Ghana, utilizing a mixed research approach. The study engaged 150 farmers from five farming communities, alongside 10 local agricultural extension officers. Data were collected through questionnaires and structured interviews administered via face-to-face interactions. The data underwent analysis involving calculations of frequencies, percentages, means, standard deviations, and utilization of the probit regression model. Respondents identified significant changes in rainfall patterns, including shortened planting seasons, reduced rainfall amounts, extreme dry spells, heavy rainfall, erratic patterns, and shifts in onset and cessation. Temperature changes were also reported, with increased daytime and nighttime temperatures. These changes were perceived to have adversely affected crop production in the study area. To this effect, farmers have employed diverse adaptation strategies, such as crop diversification, cover cropping, mulching, crop rotation, composting and use of organic fertilizers, adjusting planting time, land rotation, and use of drought-tolerant crop varieties to tackle these climatic changes. Age, level of education, engagement with extension services, and farmers' experience in farming emerged as the most influential factors for predicting the selection of strategies to adapt to climate change. This study contributes insights to policymakers and practitioners striving to bolster adaptive capacity in the face of climate change.


Transit space missions such as TESS, are changing our view of young planetary systems at close separations. They provide robust candidates we are following-up with the RV technique, not only with HARPS-N but also with a dedicated program with HARPS at the ESO-3.6m telescope. Several works in preparation will be presented in forthcoming papers. Adapted from Haywood 2015 obtained a mass upper-limit of 14.4 M⊕ from our RV monitoring with HARPS, and a maximum density of 0.44 g cm3. From transit spectroscopy with ESPRESSO at VLT we obtained an orbital obliquity of 12.1±1.4 deg by analyzing the Rossiter-McLaughlin (RM) effect. No atmospheric compounds are detected since the stellar activity significantly affected our spectra. Finally, we simulated the effects of the high-energy irradiation of the young host on the planetary atmosphere showing that the planet radius could decrease by a factor of ~3.


A row has broken out between Unison and the Nursing and Midwifery Council over a statement by the regulator warning nurses that industrial action must not compromise patient safety.


Objective To investigate the effect of Rhizoma Drynariae on the density of alveolar bones of rats through animal models for molar movement.Methods Forty-eight female Wistar rats were chosen and divided into two groups randomly after one week adaptive feed: the experimental group and control group.After establishing animal model for molar movement in rats,the rats in the experimental group were fed with Rhizoma Drynariae 6g/Kg everyday while the control with normal saline 3ml everyday.After applying orthodontic force for 7 days,14 days,21 days,and 28 days,all rats were killed in batches,with rats' skulls separated.Then the movement distance of the first maxillary tooth and the alveolar bone density in root apical site of mandibular molars were measured.Then,the data were analyzed statistically.Results The distance of tooth movement and the alveolar bone densities in the experimental group were both higher than those in the control group,with statistical significance(except those indicators measured at 7 days after applying orthodontic force).Conclusion Rhizoma Drynariae can relatively increase the alveolar bone density,speed the orthodontic tooth movement of rats,and shorten the period of treatment.


This paper focuses on the structural design and performance study of the thermal management of 40 Ah LiFePO4 battery systems for Expo plug-in fuel cell vehicles by using the forced air cooling.Based on a detailed analysis on the thermal requirements of battery,and consideration of the layout of the vehicle,this paper presents a structural design and a simulation of the thermal management system.Then the tests on the temperature rise of the battery system sample based on the structural design were done under certain current cycle in different temperatures.Finally,an analysis was made of a two-day testing data,the most typical of Expo.Simulation and experiment results and road data analysis indicate that the design meet the expected requirements on temperature-rising control of battery system and the uniformity of cells temperature.


It is often said that the success of a distributed energy resource will depend mostly on the power conditioning used. The DC output current of the solar module array has to be transformed to AC current and synchronized to grid conditions in order to be useful and safe to the distribution system. Most of the available devices rely on high power semiconductor technology to perform this task. It is important to understand that no device is able to perfectly convert energy from one form to another, yet a set of minimum requirements can be predetermined to guarantee compatibility between the PV system and the local distribution network. Standards have been created that specify the minimum operational requirements for grid interconnection equipment. The IEEE 1547 is one such standard. This standard unifies the requirements for different interconnection technologies in one universal document. Following standard guidelines guarantees system designers that the equipments chosen will not have negative impact on the distribution system (or will at least maintain negative impacts within a tolerable margin).


Masked during decoding error coding in the macroblock by the decoder (10) in the presence of an error masking stage (20). Deblocking filtering by the error generating stage error masking masked macroblock subjected deblocking filter before being output decoder (22) in order to avoid an extended error pixel value. Error masking stage (20) according to the error concealment technique deblocking filter control (22) changing the strength of the deblocking filter, in order to apply the maximum intensity changes from human to restore the lost macroblock caused.


This study aims to describe the functions and types of speech acts in the editorial in the March 2021 issue of Kompas. This research is a qualitative descriptive study. The subject of this research is editorial discourse in the March 2021 edition of the daily newspaper. The object of this research is the function of speech, and the types of speech that support speech acts in editorial discourse. The data obtained by listening method, reading and note-taking techniques. The data were analyzed using pragmatic and distribution analysis techniques. The main instrument of this research is the human instrument, which is self-research. The results of this study are the functions of speech acts found in the editorials of the March 2021 edition of the Kompas newspaper which consist of declarative, representative, expressive, directive, and commissive. The discourse in the editorial has the same characteristics as the news text. Both are used to convey criticism or opinions on policies, public services, and so on by using opinions or satirical sentences.


Between Loch Ranza and Caticol, and just south of Caticol Point, there is a considerable shoal formed of blocks of rock and shingle which is only exposed at low water, and is then seen to be covered by a strong growth of long seaweeds. It extends southwards for about 300 yards, and is separated from the gravelly sea-beach by a shallow and sandy channel. It has often been assumed that the boulders forming this shoal are of granite and slate, which have been transported down Caticol Glen or Loch Ranza Glen, and the grey coating on many of them, caused by the growth of barnacles, has doubtless led to this supposition. A casual look at the stone walls in front of Caticol Farm, near the shoal from which I ascertained the materials had been obtained, showed that they contained many blocks of red limestone, some much perforated by borings of the Pholas. I was therefore induced to make a careful examination of the shoal itself, and on doing so I found that, while there are a few granite and slate blocks, and these amongst the largest, the great mass of the collection consists of fragments of red limestone, red and grey sandstone, quartzite, dolerite, and conglomerate, of all sizes, large and small. Nearly all of them are angular, and they lie mingled together in the most indiscriminate way. Some of the specimens of these rocks which are now exhibited will give a good idea of their characteristics. The massive red This 250-word extract was created in the absence of an abstract


The total cross section of ω photo-production off proton shows several bumps in the incoming photon energy range 1.1–2.5 GeV, which can be ascribed to the contribution of intermediate proton excited states in the s-channel of the reaction. At the same time, differential cross sections show a diffractive behavior, which is interpreted in terms of t-channel exchange contributions. A complete understanding of the ω photo-production process requires a simultaneous investigation of both t-channel exchange terms and s-channel contributions. The measurement of the angular distributions of omega decay products allows to extract the values of the spin-density-matrix elements (SDME) and to evaluate the contribution of natural/unnatural parity exchange terms. The use of polarized beam and/or target allows to measure polarization observables which can help to identify the intermediate proton excited states involved in the process. Results of SDME and polarization observables will be shown as an overview about ω photo-production.


Objectives: The purpose of this study is what Saamchimbeop`s method of reinforcement and reduction. Methods: 1. We reffered to the Bo-Sa method of DongeuiBo-gam(東醫寶鑑), Uihakim-mun(醫學入門), Uihakjeong-jeon(醫學正傳), Chimgugyeongheom-bang(鍼灸經驗方), Biaoyou-fu(標幽賦) in Cimgudaeseong(鍼灸大成), Nei-Jing(內經). 2. We make a conjecture that Zheng(正), Ying(迎), Sui(隨), Xie(斜) Yingzheng(迎正), Duo(奪), Zhenghuoxie(正或斜), Wen(溫), Liang(凉), JongYang-Inyin (從陽引陰) in Saamchimbeop are another expression of method of reinforcement and reduction and compared with the method of reinforcement and reduction of DongeuiBo-gam(東醫寶鑑), Uihakim-mun(醫學入門), Uihakjeong-jeon(醫學正傳), Chimgugyeongheom-bang(鍼灸經驗方), Biaoyou-fu(標幽賦) in Cimgudaeseong(鍼灸大成), Nei-Jing(內經). Results: 1. Zheng(正) and Xie(斜) are angle of acupuncture manipulation. The descending inserting of Yang-meridian is acupuncture manipulation for the Tonifying effect(補法) and the direct inserting of Yin-meridian is the Dispersing effect(瀉法). 2. JongYang-Inyin(從陽引陰) is the contralateral acupuncture. 3. Ying(迎) and Sui(隨) in the Saamchimbeop are same meaning the method of reinforcement and reduction(補瀉手技法). 4. Saamchimbeop`s the final aim is the Wen-Liang(溫凉) according to the disease strong and weak in the Ohaeng-seo of Saam-acupuncture. Conclusions: Saamchimbeop`s method of reinforcement and reduction is reinforcement-reduction by lifting and thrusting the needle, breathing reinforcement-reduction method, reinforcing and reducing achieved by rapid and slow insertion and withdrawing of the needles, reinforcement and reduction by opening and closing of needles with contralateral acupuncture by Yin-meridian or Yang-meridian. Saamchimbeop`s the final aim is the Wen-Liang(溫凉) according to the disease strong and weak.


Participation in preferred leisure activities is intrinsically motivating and satisfying. Many individuals with and without disabilities enjoy informal leisure activities, such as watching movies, listening to music, shopping, and going out to eat (Dattilo, Estrella, Light, McNaughton, & Seabury, 2008). Sometimes leisure activities are provided to individuals with multiple disabilities without consideration for their preferences. This situation is problematic because preferences are essential to the ability to make choices and include a person's understanding that options exist, a person has certain likes and dislikes, and a person needs to have input about the options (Guess, Benson, & Siegel-Causey, 2008). Agran, Storey, and Krupp (2010) concluded that staff members did not teach the skills needed to make choices because they believed that individuals with multiple disabilities were incapable of doing so. One's quality of life is diminished when control of the environment is taken away (Jessup, Cornell, & Bundy, 2010). Therefore, leisure activities assist in establishing a meaningful quality of life if individuals are in control of their choices and are allowed to express their personal autonomy. Technology has been at the forefront of recent research in the field of multiple disabilities. Individuals with and without disabilities use computers and portable media devices to watch movies, play games, take pictures and videos, socialize with others, and much more. Portable media devices with built-in accessibility features can provide independence to all individuals, but especially those with disabilities, that they may not have experienced previously (Shah, 2011). If an individual has more than one disability, adaptations may be needed (Clark & McDonnell, 2008). In some situations, multiple adaptations may be necessary to make an activity accessible. Kagohara (2011) conducted a study on the use of the iPod Touch to watch videos by students with developmental disabilities that incorporated the use of a task analysis. The components of watching a video included turning on the iPod Touch, unlocking the screen, launching the video application, selecting a video, watching a video, leaving the video application, and turning off the iPod Touch (Kagohara, 2011). Students with developmental disabilities in that study learned the skills necessary to complete the seven steps and were then able to participate actively and independently in the leisure activity of watching videos. Kagohara, Sigafoos, Achmadi, Van der Meer, O'Reilly, and Lancioni (2011) concluded that individuals with disabilities could share a common interest with others by using the iPod Touch to listen to music. They believed that a common interest with others would promote inclusion and ultimately a sense of relatedness and belonging to the community. This is something that most individuals desire; thus, the use of technology can contribute to an improved quality of life (McIntyne, Kraemer, Blacher, & Simmerman, 2004). THE STUDY Purpose The primary purposes of the case study presented here were to determine preferred activities available on an iPad2 for a young woman, Ariel, who had multiple disabilities, teach her the necessary skills to make choices on the iPad2, make modifications if necessary, and then teach Ariel the skills that are necessary for her to participate in the desired activities as independently as possible. Participant and setting Ariel was a 17-year-old 11th-grade Caucasian girl with multiple disabilities. She was diagnosed with Joubert syndrome and retinitis pigmentosa. Ariel was legally blind and an emergent reader of 14-point large print. She was nonverbal and had limitations in her motor skills coupled with a moderate intellectual disability. She was taught how to use the iPad2 in her home by the first author, who is a certified teacher of students with visual impairments, as part of a university practicum course. …


The article analyzes the heuristic possibilities given to etymology by purposeful study of rare and unproductive ("archaic") prefixes in the Eastern Slavic languages (*ba- / *bu‑, *ka- / *ko- / *ku-, *la- / *le-, *mo- / *mu-, *ra-, še‑ / ši‑ / šu‑, če‑ / či‑ / ču‑…), as well as difficulties associated with identification of these morphemes in the composition of "obscure" words. Establishment of the prefixal status of certain initial segments of a word is facilitated by their serial nature, parallel modification of the same morphological base by different prefixes, sometimes emphasized by the commonality of their vocalism, and by newly discovered structural and semantic parallels. Identification of such prefixes can be complicated by false-etymological associations, ambiguity of the studied form in grammatical-paradigmatic terms, consonant epentheses, emphatic syllabic inserts, mutual exchange of vocalism between a sparsely distributed prefix and a root, merger of prefixes into two-syllable complexes, their recombination, etc. The article suggests a number of original etymologies (Rus. baraxlo, lobotrjas, dial. šadra / ščedra, ličkuëk, raxubot'je, šoed', Ukr. dial. batjuta, raxomot'je, šydravyj, Belarus. dial. šujadz', etc.).


A hierarchical approach for key management is presented which utilizes the existing network specific protocols at the lower levels and protocols between authentication servers and/or control centers of different networks at the higher levels. Details of this approach are discussed for specific illustrative scenarios to demonstrate the implementation simplicity. A formal verification of the security of the resulting system in the sense of protecting the privacy of privileged information is also conducted by an axiomatic procedure utilizing certain combinatory logic principles. This approach is general and can be used for verifying the security of other existing key management schemes. >


Population aging results inevitably from increasing longevity and declining fertility. But how much and how fast populations age differ enormously. So do the fiscal stresses that population aging generates.


Abstract This paper describes the first RS-485 transceiver for high temperature applications designed in SiC-CMOS. The transceiver was designed and developed in a 1.2μm CMOS HiTSiC® process from Raytheon UK. It has been tested at a voltage supply of 15 V from temperatures of 25°C to 400°C. At 320°C, the rise and fall times are 40 ns (for both), and the propagation delay from driver to output high and to output low is 150 ns and 50 ns respectively. The transceiver has been demonstrated to operate over 700 m of Cat5 cable. A high temperature data acquisition and transmission system has potential applications such as deep earth drilling, remote connection to high temperature locations, and high temperature data acquisition.


education and political culture of that time. Had the title of his book conformed to those parameters, I would have had little trouble with it. However, in attempting to cover the past quarter of a century in Turkish education and national culture, with all of its complexity, its rapid advances and severe declines, its instability, and its dramatic new horizons, Kaplan's book has severe limitations. Indeed, I wish I had read the book when I began my own work there so many years ago. Today's Turkey, however, requires a more contemporary view of education than this book offers.


The identity and status of the translator have long been neglected in traditional translation theories while the "cultural turn" in translation studies has given prominence to the issue.The feminist translation theory,a new theory prevailing in the west,emphasizes the translator's subjectivity,especially the translatress'.This paper examines the development of the researches on the translator's subjectivity and then explores the particular views and contributions of the feminist translation to the study of the issue.


Abstract The convergent synthesis of two biologically significant classes of trisubstituted hexahydroimidazo[1,2-a]pyridine and 1,4-diazepane derivatives from readily available aromatic aldehydes, ketones, and ethane-1,2-diamine is reported. This protocol is promoted by the highly effective l-phenylalanine triflate catalyst through intermolecular annulation, and tolerates a variety of functional groups with excellent yields.


Digital technologies like "big data" and "artificial intelligence" have become firmly embedded in corporate operations over the past several years, and they are even starting to play a bigger role in specialized industries like retail, distribution and manufacturing. Despite government and relevant agency understanding, evaluation, support, and training regarding Industrial Revolution 4.0, the use of these technologies is only gradually being adopted in the UAE's SME sector. This exploratory research paper identifies five major business challenges faced by these SMEs and suggests potential solutions by investigating an opportunity for cross-fertilization between Big Data, Artificial Intelligence and Advanced analytics. There have been very limited studies done in past to understand the adoption of these technologies with respect to UAE SMEs sector. An in-depth literature review has been conducted and the technology adoption models such as UTAUT and TOE framework is implemented plus extended, with the goal of conceptualizing a model that incorporates the discovered components. The study's findings may be used as a guide for identifying and forecasting the acceptance of Big Data as well as Artificial Intelligence amongst SMEs in U.A.E


Universal health coverage, as conceived by the World Health Organization (WHO) and adopted in the programmatic framework of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), is a clarion call for states to strengthen their health financing systems to avoid catastrophic and impoverishing health spending. However, the framing of the goals of universal health coverage fails to take account of underlying determinants of health and appears to abandon decades of health rights scholarship and jurisprudence. This scholarship and jurisprudence, although not entirely free from disagreements and shortcomings, is argued to offer a better framework for universal health coverage when strengthened with the paradigm of legal positions developed by Robert Alexy. Informed by the need to bolster universal health coverage to ensure better health outcomes in resource-constrained nations such as Brazil, India, Nigeria and South Africa, this paper argues for a strengthening of the framework of the right to health and its convergence with universal health coverage to achieve better health outcomes in resource-constrained nations. I. IN THIS PAPER, I advance the claim that if the "right to health", understood as a set of "legal positions" to universal health coverage, is implemented in resource-constrained nations, better health outcomes are likely to result. The means I suggest for the implementation of the right is by engaging the tripartite framework of legal positions developed by Robert Alexy to clarify the beneficiaries, subject matter and addressees of the right to health. Alexy's idea bolsters the current framing of universal health coverage, linking it with the underlying determinants of health; and seeking a convergence of the right to health and universal health coverage to inform the attainment of better health outcomes in resource-constrained nations. The better health outcomes I envisage include significant reductions in the mortality rates, morbidity ratio and communicable and noncommunicable diseases, and improvements in the underlying determinants of health. By putting forward these arguments, I invariably suggest that the current framing of the right to health in international law, and the domestic system of many resource-constrained nations, is inadequate to bring about the attainment of better health outcomes in those states. I further suggest that universal health coverage, as currently framed by the World Health Organization,  Sessional Lecturer, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia; LLB (Jos), BL, LLM (Lagos), PhD (Sydney). 2 THE TRANSNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS REVIEW [ VOL 5] WHO, and in the programmatic framework of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) is too narrowly focused on clinical outcomes to the detriment of the underlying determinants of health which play a significant role in securing the better health outcomes that I advocate in this paper. In Part II, I clarify three concepts germane to the paper, namely, "the right to health", "universal health coverage" and "resource-constrained nations". In Part III, I examine Alexy's concept of legal positions and suggest ways in which his tripartite paradigm of beneficiaries, subject-matter, and addressees can strengthen the right to health. I focus specifically on the constitutional context of India and Nigeria, where the right has been weakly framed vis-à-vis Brazil and South Africa where the right is strongly framed. I then return to the discussion on universal health coverage in Part IV where I point out the problem with its current framing. I suggest ways it can be strengthened by integrating underlying determinants of health into its framework. I also make a case for its convergence with the right to health to bring about better health outcomes. In Part V, I offer, by way of conclusion, a summary of the main claims advanced. II. THE RIGHT TO HEALTH, UNIVERSAL HEALTH COVERAGE AND RESOURCECONSTRAINED NATIONS : SOME PERTINENT CLARIFICATIONS A. THE RIGHT TO HEALTH More than 70 years since the emergence of the "right to health" in international human rights thought and action, there remains significant disagreement about what the right means, its content and the best way to bring about its fulfilment. These disagreements have largely hindered the effective deployment of the right in international law and in many domestic legal systems. It is for this reason that I suggest that the framework of the right to health needs to be first strengthened by recasting it as a set of legal positions so as to properly clarify the nature of the obligations which claims about the right to health implicate. Thereafter, I advocate for the convergence of this 1 See Transforming Our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, GA Res 70/1, UNGAOR, 17th Sess, Supp No 49 (2015) 3; World Health Organization, Health in 2015: From MDGs, Millennium Development Goals to SDGs, Sustainable Development Goals (Geneva: WHO Press, 2015). 2 The preamble to the Constitution of the World Health Organization 1946 (WHO) was the first international legal instrument to expressly provide for the right to health. Since then, it has been codified in several other international instruments (such as the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights 1966) and has informed international human rights praxis in the area of health, internationally and domestically. See Constitution of the World Health Organization, 22 July 1946, WHA51.23 (entered into force on 7 April 1948) (WHO Constitution 1946). RIGHT TO UNIVERSAL HEALTH COVERAGE revitalized paradigm of the right to health with universal health coverage in order to achieve better health outcomes in resource-constrained nations. Scholarly debate about the meaning of the right to health stem from disagreements about the way health has been defined in the preamble of WHO Constitution as "...a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity". The principal objection to this formulation of the right is that the inclusion of "social well-being" in the definition of health has turned "the enduring problem of human happiness into one more medical problem to be dealt with by scientific means." Another objection to WHO conception of the right is that it "obscures some relevant moral distinctions that need to be taken seriously in the process of specifying rights and duties regarding the right to health." Although General Comment No. 14 of the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural (CESCR) has largely addressed some of these objections, questions remain on mapping out the exact contours of the right. The complication about what should rightly be canvassed in claims about the right to health is exacerbated by the precatory formulation of the right in the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, ICESCR. This is in contrast to the dogmatic formulation of counterpart rights in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, ICCPR. In many resource-constrained nations where the right to health has been incorporated into the national constitution (Nigeria and India inclusive), the framing of the right has been followed by constitutional provisions that exclude the justiciability of the right. Some resource-constrained nations, such as India, have found a way around non-justiciable constitutional provisions on health 3 Ibid. Preamble to WHO Constitution 1946. 4 Daniel Callahan, "The WHO Definition of Health" (1973) 1:3 Hastings Center Stud 77 at 80. 5 Thana Cristina de Campos, "Health as a Basic Human Need: Would This Be Enough?" (2012) 40 , Med & Ethics 251 at 254. 6 General Comment No 14 clarifies that the right to health does not mean the right to be healthy. Rather it suggests a claim as to availability, accessibility, acceptability and quality of health goods and services. See Committee on Economic Social and Cultural Rights, General Comment No 14: The Right to the Highest Attainable Standard of Health (Art. 12), 22nd Sess, Un Doc E/C.12/2000/4 (11 August 2000) at paras 8 and 12. [Committee on Economic Social and Cultural Rights] 7 International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, 16 December 1966, 993 UNTS 3 (entered into force 3 January 1976) arts 2 and 12; see also Alicia Ely Yamin, "Defining Questions: Situating Issues of Power in the Formulation of a Right to Health Under International Law" (1996) 18 Hum Rts Q 398 at 404. 8 See International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 19 December 1966, 999 UNTS 171 (entered into force 23 March 1976) art 2; see Yamin, supra note 7. 9 See Constitution of Nigeria s 17 which provides for the right to health, and s 6(6)(c) which renders the right nonjusticiable; see also Constitution of India arts 39(e), (f) and 47 which provide for the right to health, and art 37 which renders the right non-justiciable. 4 THE TRANSNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS REVIEW [ VOL 5] (and other socio-economic rights) to achieve a measure of justiciability. Others, such as Nigeria, have largely refrained from doing so, adopting instead an attitude of ambivalence towards the right. I explain this phenomenon (elsewhere) as stemming from the fact that the human rights norm on health that the constitutional framework of Nigeria has radiated does not demonstrate a sufficient level of commitment to the right. As such, the Nigerian populace have not been well positioned to secure for themselves sufficient guarantees of enforceability of the right to health. The difference between Nigeria and India is that while the apex court of the former has been largely timid in expounding the jurisprudence on socio-economic rights, the apex court of the latter has adopted an activists stance that has resulted in a paradigm shift in how the right to health (and other socio-economic rights) are regarded. On this basis, it is possible to hold the view that health rights litigation is perhaps an effective strategy for overcoming the shortcomings of


Bone metastasis is a common sign of disease progression in nonmetastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (nmCRPC). It has been known to be associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Delaying or preventing development of distant metastasis is the ideal goal of treatment. There had been no standard treatment options available for patients with nmCRPC before 2018. Recent approval of new androgen receptor axis-targeted agents in the management of nmCRPC has led to rapid evolution and is worthy of detailed investigation. (Korean J Urol Oncol 2020;18:99-108)


We describe the mechanism of contact resistance reduction and improvement in device performance of organic field-effect transistors by chemical doping at the contact interface. Insertion of iron(III)trichloride into the contact interface significantly reduced the contact resistance from 200 to 8.8 kΩ cm at a gate voltage of −40 V, and a field-effect mobility of 7.0 cm2/V s was achieved in devices based on dioctylbenzothienobenzothiophene. The improved charge injection is attributable to a reduction in the depletion layer thickness at the contact interface and occupation of trap states in the access region due to the generation of charge carriers by contact doping.


Pile foundations for offshore wind turbines are subjected to large lateral loads. By mounting wings on the perimeter of regular monopiles, winged monopiles have shown better performance in resisting deformation under horizontal loading. However, the hazardous effect of local scour on the lateral bearing capacity of winged monopiles installed in the sandy seabed has not been systematically evaluated. In this study, a modified Mohr–Coulomb model considering the pre-peak hardening and post-peak softening behavior of dense sand is adopted to simulate laterally loaded winged monopiles in the locally scoured sandy seabed, using three-dimensional finite element analyses. The effect of local scour depth on the lateral capacity of winged monopiles is examined and explained by soil failure mechanisms. The enhancement of lateral capacity with wings attached to the monopile is demonstrated to be more effective than extending pile embedment length. The effects of the relative density of sand and the wing load orientation are also discussed. Finally, the wing efficiency is evaluated to determine the optimal configuration of winged monopiles.


The decline to low or undetectable SBA and IgG antibody levels within a year after completion of primary MACC immunization (table 1) indicates that long-term protection can be achieved only if children are primed for memory responses and can rapidly produce specific IgG of relatively high avidity on encounter with the appropriate antigen. Further studies to investigate the kinetics of the serum and mucosal antibody responses after nasal challenge with meningococcal serogroup A antigen are warranted. In addition, it is unclear why immunologic memory is not induced in children immunized with the same MACC vaccine in The Gambia, as determined by the magnitude of the booster response to a polysaccharide challenge [3]. Investigation of avidity maturation in this population may be informative.


Consider a system of differential equations A = 0 which is invariant under a Lie group G of point transformations acting on the space E of independent and dependent variables. By a method due to Lie, the G invariant solutions of these differential equations are found by solving a reduced system of differential equations A = 0 on the space E of invariants of G. In this paper we explore the relationship between the G invariant conservation laws and variational principles for the system of equations A = 0 and the conservation laws and variational principles for the reduced equations A = 0. This problem translates into one of constructing a certain cochain map qx between the G invariant variational bicomplex for the infinite jet space on E and the free variational bicomplex for E. We prove that such a cochain map exists locally if and only if the relative Lie algebra cohomology condition H^(F, ToOo)) ^ 0 is satisfied, where q is the orbit dimension of G, r the Lie algebra of vector fields on E which generate the infinitesimal action of G, and ToC^o) the linear isotropy subalgebra of T at eo. As a simple consequence we prove that the vanishing of HQ(T, ToOo)) is the only local obstruction to Palais' principle of symmetric criticality. 1. Introduction. When a system of partial differential equations is invari ant under a Lie group G of point transformations, one can construct a reduced system of partial (or ordinary) differential equations whose local solutions cor respond precisely to the local G invariant solutions of the original system of equations. This simple and effective construction, pioneered by Lie himself, is still one of the most powerful and extensively used techniques for finding exact solutions of many nonlinear partial differential equations (4), (15), (23). In this paper we explore the relationship between the G invariant conservation laws and variational principles for a system of partial differential equations and the con servation laws and variational principles of the reduced system of equations for the G invariant solutions. Since conservation laws and variational principles for differential equations are naturally represented by certain cohomology classes in the variational bicomplex associated to the given system of partial differential equations (1), (22) our problem translates into that of constructing a cochain map between certain variational bicomplexes. Remarkably, and contrary to the usual spirit of symmetry reduction, these cochain maps do not always exist, even lo cally. We are able to completely classify the local obstructions to the existence of such cochain maps.


The irregular size frequency-distribution of ring structures on the moon is discussed. A history of the problem of the distribution of the number of craters as a function of their diameter is given. Data obtained from the Luna-9 and Ranger-7 spacecrafts are described.


Sir, I have the honour of laying before you the result of a set of measures I have taken in order to ascertain once more the powers of my Newtonian seven-feet reflector. The method I have formerly used, and which I still prefer to that which I have now been obliged to practise, requires very fine weather and a strong sun-shiny day; but my impatience to answer the requests of Sir Joseph Banks would not permit me to wait for so precarious an opportunity at this season of the year.


Objective To discuss the application of minimally invasive percutaneous nephrolithotomy(MPCNL) in primary hospital and the prevention of complications.Methods Total 286 patients were 189 male and 97 female and underwent MPCNL operations from 2008 to 2011 in our hospital.There were 176 cases of kidney stones,59 cases of ureteral calculi,and 51 cases of renal calculus complicated with upper ureteral calculi.Results All the patients were cured and discharged,there was no death.26 cases were with complications,including massive hemorrhage in 11 cases,renal pelvis rupture in 2 cases,pleural effusion in 3 cases,abdominal effusion in 4 cases,colon perforation in 2 cases,and infection in 4 cases.Conclusion MPCNL is a safe,effective and minimally invasive operation,but with certain rate of complications,so the practice of MPCNL in unskilled primary hospitals should meet a high risk.The effective prevention and treatment of complications will promote the application of it in primary hospitals.


Efficient, high rate photon sources with high single photon purity are essential ingredients for quantum technologies. Single photon sources based on solid state emitters such as quantum dots are very advantageous for integrated photonic circuits, but they can suffer from a high two-photon emission probability, which in cases of non-cryogenic environment cannot be spectrally filtered. Here we propose two temporal purification-by-heralding methods for using a two photon emission process to yield highly pure and efficient single photon emission, bypassing the inherent problem of spectrally overlapping bi-photon emission. We experimentally demonstrate their feasibility on the emission from a single nanocrystal quantum dot, exhibiting single photon purities exceeding 99.5%, without a significant loss of single photon efficiency. These methods can be applied for any indeterministic source of spectrally broadband photon pairs.


With the recognition of wearable devices, along with the development of clouds and cloudlet technology, there has been increasing got to give higher treatment. The process chain of medical knowledge chiefly includes knowledge assortment, data storage and knowledge sharing, etc. ancient tending system often needs the delivery of medical knowledge to the cloud, which involves users sensitive info and causes communication energy consumption much, medical knowledge sharing could be a vital and difficult issue therefore during this paper, we tend to build up a completely unique healthcare system by utilizing the exibility of cloudlet. The functions of cloudlet embody privacy protection, knowledge sharing and intrusion detection within the stage of information assortment, we RST utilize range Theory analysis Unit (NTRU) methodology to encrypt users body knowledge collected by wearable devices. Firstly, those data are going to be transmitted to close cloudlet in AN energy efficient fashion. Secondly, we tend to gift a replacement trust model to assist users to select trustable partners UN agency need to share hold on knowledge in the cloudlet. The trust model conjointly helps similar patients to communicate with one another concerning their diseases. Thirdly, we divide users medical knowledge hold on in remote cloud of hospital into 3 elements, and provides them correct protection. Finally, in order to guard the tending system from malicious attacks, we develop a completely unique cooperative intrusion detection system (IDS) method supported cloudlet mesh, which may effectively forestall the remote tending massive knowledge cloud from attacks. Our experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of the projected theme. Index terms privacy protection, knowledge sharing, cooperative intrusion detection system (IDS), healthcare.


ABSTRACT
Pursuant to result  health of reproduction survey shown at this group have low knowledge to health of reproduction. There are tendency of behavior of free seks in General region of Soedirman Univercity the including student of FKIK. Target of this research was conducted health of reproduction promotion need assessment  for student of FKIK Unsoed. Research type taken was research qualitative; with device of rapid procedures assessment (RAP). Type Sampling which used in this research wass sampling case critical and of homogeneous sampling of subjek especial in this research is student of FKIK Unsoed . Amount of especial informen is 10 people. Data analysis qualitative the used is analysis content. This Research result was knowledge of university student concerning health of reproduction have good. The risk behavioral of university student health reproduction divided become three behavior is ; risk behavior, behavioral of prevention of health problem, behavioral thridhandling of problem health of reproduction. University student require promotion reproduction health at university student.. Promotion model reproduction health of long-range  which required and most precise for university student and as according to opinion of faculty leader, majors leader and hygienist reproduce is consultancy health of reproduction. Student shall lessen behavior of risk, faculty leader execute commitment to conducted promotion health of reproduction for university student required facilities and basic facilities facility and policy.
Key words : need assessment , health of reproduction
 Kesmasindo  Volume 4,  Nomor 2, Juli 2011, hlm. 159-174


Subway is a representative public transportation that safety, above all, must be ensured. Therefore, subway stations need to be promptly maintained through the early detecting of damage conditions to guarantee the structural health and passengers` safety. However, it could be easily damaged by internal or external loads such as ambient train vibrations and even earthquake loads. For this reason, in this paper, authors suggest the structural-health evaluating algorithm based on the statistical pattern recognition techniques such as supervised and unsupervised learning method. And, also the numerical studies of Chungmuro station was carried out to verify the applicability of it into the structural-health evaluation of station structures.


While India has begun to be considered as one of the fastest-growing economies in the world in the postreform era, broadening social inequality has complemented this. Consequently, attaining comprehensive inclusive growth is a vital political objective. Indian policy-makers have acknowledged that economic development and natural-resource management are symbiotic and that with economic growth, resource exhaustion will see an upsurge. India has some of the most delicate ecosystems in the world; they are tremendously susceptible to the sways of environmental deviations, including climate change. Growing environmental concerns and implementation of international best practices have steered an better-quality environmental governance machinery in the country. Against this backdrop, bringing India onto a sustainable and inclusive growth corridor is vital. Businesses like ITC, TATA and Mahindra are increasingly acknowledging the business case and are beginning to integrate sustainability into their business models and management practices. The Indian economy has been steered by five-year plans (FYP), which are developed, executed and monitored by the national Planning Commission, since 1951. While poverty reduction and growth have been on the agenda for a long time, environmental concerns and social inclusion featured as a priority only in the current plan. India's 12th FiveYear Plan, titled 'Faster, Sustainable and More Inclusive Growth', unambiguously underlines sustainable growth for the first time, mirroring a shift in the development primacies of the country. The research will particularly focus on indulging into the crossroads between government and business in terms of their corresponding influences to achieving sustainable and inclusive growth. The paper emphasizes that as India moves away from authority and control representations of economic management to more market-based methodologies which incentivise business activity rather than direct it, there will be much to gather from the success of the mechanisms that are put in place that complement the larger goals of sustainable and inclusive growth.


This thesis investigates the role of institutions on deforestation within the framework of the New Institutional Economics. This theory states that institutions can be defined such as the incentive systm wich shape economic interactions throughout the modulations of the incentives of agents. This way, institutions are at stake in the process of deforestation and the analysis of this role is the core of this thesis, articulated around three parts : the role of institutional persistence (1), the importance of the deman for good governance (2) and the implications of institutions and governance system as an underlying framework shaping proximate causes of deforestation (3). The first part stresses the importance of taking into account colonial and legal legacies to understand the role of institutions on deforestation. The second part explains the leading role of the demand for good governance. the third part proposes two micro-Economics applications in Brazil. The role of institutions and governance systmem on forest cover is defined as a catalytic role precipitating the effect of proximate causes on deforestation such as agricultural productivity in the Legal Amazon, or strategic behaviors between counties in the creation of municipal conservation units in the state of Parana.


Glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency was studied in open Surabaya region. Seventy-six blood samples were collected from Surabaya The samples were screened using Randox Kit to determine the activity of G6PD, taking a cut-off value of less than 60% as indicating G6PD deficiency. Thirty one of cases tested positive with the Randox Kit test, 26 of which tested positive with MPTP. In this study, genomic DNA from blood samples were extracted using simple rapid genomic DNA method. The extracted DNA was then used to amplify exon 5, 6, 9, 11, and 12 of the G6PD genes to detect mutants using Multiplex PCR with Multiple Tandem forward Primers and a common reverse primer (MPTP) technique according to Shirakawa. Seven different G6PD mutants were found in Surabaya 4 cases of Vanua Lava, a single G6PD Viangchan cases, 5 cases of G6PD Chatham, 2 cases of G6PD Union, 7 cases of Canton , 6 cases of Kaiping and 2 cases of Silent mutation. Double mutants were also found, all involving silent mutations Canton + Silent, Vanua Lava + Silent, and Viangchan + Silent, one case each. Nine cases of G6PD deficiency were found in women with a history of miscarriages 3 cases of Canton, 3 cases of Kaiping, one single case of Vanua Lava and 2 tested negative with MPTP. G6PD deficiency is usually asymptomatic. Symptoms will only appear if those persons ingest oxidants such as certain drugs or foodstuffs. The disorders manifest itself as hemolytic anemia, repeated hepatitis, repeated miscarriages etc. Since G6PD deficiency is more or less prevalent in Indonesia, an early diagnosis would be of advantage, so that people with G6PD deficiency could avoid ingesting oxidants


&NA; An 8 yr old Chinese girl was investigated for easy bruising and mild thrombocytopenia. Platelet aggregation studies and coagulation tests were found to be normal. The giant platelets and Döhle‐like cytoplasmic inclusions in granulocytes confirmed the diagnosis of May‐Hegglin anomaly. The father's granulocytes also had Döhle‐like inclusions and one paternal aunt had a history of bleeding tendency. Review of literature showed that such Döhle‐like inclusions had always been described morphologically as crescentic or spindle‐shaped. In this case, however, the shape was roundish, oval or poorly defined. Ultrastructurally, the classic description was electron‐dense long rods and needles orientating along the long axis of the "spindle". In this case, the only electron‐dense particles were dot‐like with a haphazard arrangement.


Many non-Russians in the Russian Empire were active members of imperial educated society (obshchestvo), and they often conceived of the colonial advance of Russia as part of the march of the progressive West and "civilization" itself into the backward lands of the East. Reformist empire builders who criticized the brutal wars and population transfers that marked the conquest of the southern borderlands also emphasized the civilizing mission of the empire on its eastern frontier. This article explores the conception of Russia and its empire in the work of the Azerbaijani publicist Hasan Melikov Zardabi. Zardabi was genuinely enthusiastic about Russia and the prospect of an enlightened imperial future for the lands of the former khanates on the frontier of the Iranian and Ottoman empires. The unusual circumstances of his life, however, which included exile to his remote and native village of Zardob, a small fishing village on the Kura River to the west of Baku, compelled him to re-evaluate his estimation of Russia and the benefits of imperial rule. Zardabi learned from his experience in Zardob, and grew to rethink his earlier views about civilization and the Russian Empire.


Ganoderma lucidum is a natural medicine that is widely used and recommended by Asian physicians and naturopaths for its supporting effects on immune system. Laboratory research and a handful of preclinical trials have suggested that G. lucidum carries promising anticancer and immunomodulatory properties. The popularity of taking G. lucidum as an alternative medicine has been increasing in cancer patients. However, there is no systematic review that has been conducted to evaluate the actual benefits of G. lucidum in cancer treatment. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the clinical effects of G. lucidum on long-term survival, tumour response, host immune functions and quality of life in cancer patients, as well as adverse events associated with its use. The methodological quality of primary studies was generally unsatisfying and the results were reported inadequately in many aspects. Additional information was not available from primary trialists. The meta-analysis results showed that patients who had been given G. lucidum alongside with chemo/radiotherapy were more likely to respond positively compared to chemo/radiotherapy alone (RR 1.50; 95% CI 0.90 to 2.51, P = 0.02). G. lucidum treatment alone did not demonstrate the same regression rate as that seen in combined therapy. The results for host immune function indicators suggested that G. lucidum simultaneously increases the percentage of CD3, CD4 and CD8 by 3.91% (95% CI 1.92% to 5.90%, P < 0.01), 3.05% (95% CI 1.00% to 5.11%, P < 0.01) and 2.02% (95% CI 0.21% to 3.84%, P = 0.03), respectively. In addition, leukocyte, NK-cell activity and CD4/CD8 ratio were marginally elevated. Four studies showed that patients in the G. lucidum group had relatively improved quality of life in comparison to controls. One study recorded minimal side effects, including nausea and insomnia. No significant haematological or hepatological toxicity was reported.


In the Salinas Parish, Pambabuela sector of the Canton Guaranda located at 3774 meters above sea level, we studied the diagnosis of transrectal ultrasound after artificial insemination in cows submitted to Ovsynch synchronization protocols. A statistical model of variance (ADEVA: DBCA) was applied; Test of means separation according to Tukey 0.5%; Simple linear regression and correlation test; Economic analysis on the cost / benefit ratio (B / C). In the research were evaluated 4 treatments and 4 replicates, with a total of 16 experimental units. Percentages, means, and graph were calculated. The objectives were: 1) To evaluate the effectiveness of Ovsynch ovulation and synchronization protocol. 2) Determine the percentage of gestation. 3) Establish economic analysis. The experimental variables and results were; Initial weight 424.06 kg / animal; Body condition 3; Services by design 0.68 SPC / animal; Percentage by conception at first service 68.75% PCPS / lot; Percentage of repeated cows post insemination 31.25% VRPI / lot; Fertility rate 68.75% PF / lot; Diagnostic percentage of gestation 68.75% positive PDP / lot; Economic analysis T1 and T3 with 1.53 USD. Finally, this investigation determined that the diagnosis of gestation was related to the timing and technique of insemination, management and quality of semen, time of year and nutrition.


We develop the mathematical technique of the method of hyperspherical functions for calculations of hadronic systems with nonlocal interaction. We construct potential harmonics from the various parts of the nonlocal pairing potential and also nonlocal pairing-correlation operators for renormalization of the radial parts of the potential at small relative distances between hadrons.


The sub-family Phascogalinae which comprises the most primitive members of the super-family Dasyuroidea is composed of about half a dozen genera of which Antechinus may be regarded as a typical example. There are two Tasmanian species of this genus, Antechinus sU'uinsonii (Waterhouse) which is also found in Victoria and New South Wales, and Antechinus minimus (Geoffrey) which occurs only in Tasmania and its associated islands. Four specimens have been examined in the course of the present investigations, as follows:-


We present a variational study of direct transitions in GeSn/Ge quantum well system for photonic applications. The exciton radiuses, binding energies, and oscillator strengths are calculated for various Sn contents are calculated and discussed.


For pt.I see ibid., vol.10, p.1507 (1980). The method used by the authors in a previous paper to calculate the free energy of a superconductor containing spin-1/2 magnetic impurities has been extended to calculate the thermal Green function to order ( pi nu 0jz)-2 and to infinite order in Jperpendicular to . The finite impurity concentration behaviour is found to be functionally the same as that arising from the non-magnetic Anderson model. The graph of the transition temperature versus the impurity concentration is found to have a finite tail which should lead to the observation of a third transition temperature in re-entrant superconductors. The spatial variation of the order parameter is investigated in the limits of high (T approximately=Tc) and low (T<<Tc) temperatures for both long and short distances from the impurity. In addition, a numerical analysis of the initial decrease in Tc for intermediate temperatures shows qualitative agreement with previous high-temperature theories.


In the present work, agriculture waste based biocomposites were developed by reinforcing corn starch resin with various rice husk and walnut shell content of 5, 10 and 15 wt%. These fabricated biocomposites were investigated for physical, mechanical and thermal properties. It was found that the physical properties such as density and water absorption of the biocomposites remains in the range of 1.20–1.32 g cm−3 and 4.32%–8.68% respectively, while these properties decreased by the increase of rice husk and walnut shell content. The slower degradation rate of rice husk and walnut shell resulted in enhanced degradation period of the biocomposites. Thermogravimetric analysis revealed that the addition of increased rice husk and walnut shell content enhanced the thermal stability of the biocomposites. The evaluated mechanical (tensile strength, flexural strength, compressive strength, impact energy and hardness) properties were found to increase with the amount of rice husk and walnut shell content. The maximum tensile strength of 10.70 MPa, flexural strength of 19.60 MPa and impact energy of 0.362 J was observed for biocomposites with 15 wt% rice husk content. Similarly, the maximum compressive strength of 22.70 MPa and hardness of 21.31 Hv is obtained for biocomposites with 15 wt% walnut shell content. The rice husk based biocomposites gave better tensile strength, flexural strength, impact energy and thermal stability but resulted in lower hardness and compressive strength than the walnut shell based biocomposites. The biocomposites reinforced with walnut shell exhibit higher resistance to water absorption and biodegradability than those associated with rice husk. The results suggest that the developed biocomposites can be used as ecofriendly materials in lightweight applications.


Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) is a popular non-invasive diagnostic device suited for cultural heritage (CH) monitoring applications thanks to its capability to detect targets located in visually opaque media. In this contribution, we provide a brief overview on the main technical aspects to assure a reliable use of GPR technology within CH monitoring and archeological prospections. The main emphasis is given to the data processing, and in particular to the microwave tomography approach. A case study regarding the 3D subsurface mapping of a crypt flooring in the Sant'Agnese church of Roma, Italy, is reported for demonstration purposes.


Directed graphs are ubiquitous in most aspects of software analysis. Presented abstractly, as a list of edges, a graph does not manifest much of the important structural information that becomes obvious if the graph is displayed pictorially. This paper presents a technique for drawing directed graphs quickly and attractively. It also describes how a tool implementing this technique has been used, in conjunction with other programming and analysis tools, in various aspects of software engineering.<<ETX>>


Physical quality is one of the main indexes in education evaluation of military colleges.The evaluation of physical quality promotes the construction of training hardware and software,and optimizes the planning,organizing and implementing of physical quality training.The attainment rate is really boosted.But it brings negative effects,for example,the utilization ratio of some venues and facilities is low because of the blind construction. And the rules of physical quality training is disobeyed because of the blind pursue of attainment rate.


Language and literacy are prioritised across education as tools for thinking with texts, and cultural tools to access participation in society, culture and learning. Teacher knowledge about ways to promote language and literacy are therefore critical. How might this intention play out in early childhood education, where longstanding beliefs about play and child-centred education have dominated Western provision? This paper explores teacher knowledge brought to playful storybook reading interactions between teachers and children aged 3–5 years in a qualitative study of two early childhood settings in Aotearoa, New Zealand. Teachers were explicitly and implicitly aware of specific teacher knowledge they brought to these interactions, prioritising knowledge of children and pedagogy while cognisant of language learning. The paper argues that blending Shulman's seminal thinking about professional knowledge categories with tenets of early childhood pedagogy shows a way forward for thinking about teacher knowledge and professional learning that involves responsive, relational pedagogy in the context of story book reading. When teachers can confidently articulate and critically reflect on their pedagogies and decision-making, and are supported through professional learning and policy such as low teacher-child ratios, they might provide a sound foundation in the development of language and literacy for children.


The nation's ailing bridges are the subject of this article that reports that unsafe bridges can be found in every state and that a quarter of the nation's interstate bridges are structurally deficient or functionally obsolete. The highest percentage of deficient bridges, according to the Federal Highway Administration, can be found in the northeast, where age, corrosive deicing salts, and higher traffic volumes are taking their toll. Money for maintenance and/or bridge replacement continues to dwindle as the inventory of deficient bridges rises. Technology, though, is providing tools to aid in bridge inspection and maintenance. Examples of bridge decay, inspection, maintenance, rehabilitation, and replacement are provided.


We report direct observation of long-term durability of superconductivity of several YBa2Cu3O7–Ag2O composites that were first prepared and studied almost fourteen years ago [J. J. Lin et al.: Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 29 (1990) 497]. Remeasurements performed recently on both resistances and magnetizations indicate a sharp critical transition temperature at 91 K. We also find that such long-term environmental stability of high-temperature superconductivity can only be achieved in YBa2Cu3O7 with Ag2O addition, but not with pure Ag addition.


In general, reading and writing Latin letters or Indonesian spelling as well as empirical teaching practices in formal and non-formal educational institutions, such as elementary and kindergarten, reading and writing for beginner not expressive categories are subjects that cannot be separated or have become compulsory for children to accept. The study used 2 cycles. The stages in each cycle are planning, action, observation and reflection. The results showed that (1) there was an increase in the ability to read and write students when using flashcard media. In prasiklus there are 8 students or 42% who experience an increase, in cycle I which is 12 students or 63% and in cycle II it becomes 17 students or 89% who complete. Likewise in writing skills, students experience an increase in each cycle, namely in the completeness cycle reaches 9 students or 47%. In other words, there was an increase in the first cycle of 13 students or 69%, and in the second cycle there was an increase of 17 students or 90%. Keywod : media of learning, flash card, reading and writing


Abstract This paper describes fuzzy logic-based self-tuning controller parameters for the rectifier side current regulators and inverter side gamma regulators in a multi-terminal high-voltage direct current (MTDC) transmission system. A four-terminal MTDC system is considered, with the detailed modeling of converters, transformers, source impedances, transmission lines, and filters. Simulations are conducted using MATLAB/SIMULINK® to generate transient responses. The simulation results using a fuzzy self-tuning proportional-integral (PI) controller and a fixed-parameter PI controller are compared. The transient simulation studies presented reveal the superior performance of the fuzzy self-tuning PI controller over the fixed-parameter PI controller in the MTDC transmission systems.


To the wastewater treatment plant (34) in place of conventional septic tanks and waste dumps, thus eliminating the conditions under stabling, feeding problems pigs, cattle and poultry noxious fumes and cause widespread water pollution. The processing means (34) is extracted from the manure wastewater, and will together with the exhaust gas collected was dried manure (40) and the combustor (40), part of the waste liquid to be filtered (40), deodorising (40), and by a pump ( 14) recycled to the upbringing homes (10), it is used as washing water.


This is an attempt to understand what is exactly meant by Kant when the latter asserts that geometry is a construction within pure intuition. It appears that pure intuition should then be considered as a kind of purified intuition, namely an intuition obtained on the basis of the process of understanding rather than drawn from the faculte de la sensibilite. This thesis is then used as a guideline when examining the role of Kant's intuition in geometry.


The colonic stent placement is a new tool reaching two intends: creating a bridge to prepare the patient safely to the surgical procedure and/or definite pal...


A Gaussian laser beam propagating through collisional plasma heats the electrons non-uniformaly, creating a depressed density duct via ambipolar diffusion. As the beam propagates through the self-made duct its size shrinks due to self-focusing, and marginal rays begin to play a role. This effect is incorporated by expanding the eikonal up to fourth power in r. The radial intensity profile of the laser becomes less steep than Gaussian.


To understand and improve the performance of membrane separation surface used in the water desalination water process, we have studied the effect of friction coefficient on the morphological properties of retentate deposits particles on the surface membrane separation. The investigation is made in the framework of the Langevin equation model based on the competition between stochastic and particle dissipation mechanisms. The noise coefficient, the friction coefficient, and the constant flow rate are remarkable parameters that influence the average velocity and the average distance between the particles. The results show that the temporal evolution of the mean velocity of retentate deposits particles presents an exponential profile with two different regimes. However, the scaling dynamic studies show that the studied system is governed by scaling exponents more consistent with the Family–Vicsek model.


This paper is inclined to present a comprehensive review of the research advances concerning the assessment methods of Secondary Organic Aerosol (SOA).So far as we know,the following assessment methods prove more popular,including EC-tracer method; reactive chemical transport modeling approach;non-reactive chemical transport modeling approach;as well as the organic tracer-based receptor modeling method.Among the above mentioned methods,the indirect estimation methods are widely used for the time being thanks to their being free from direct measurement of SOA.As is known,the Secondary Organic Aerosol (SOA) proves to result from Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) being oxidized by ozone and the OH and NO_3 radicals,thus forming low-volatility species that partly condense on the existing aerosols and thereby generating SOA.Studying their generating principles and comparing advantages and disadvantages of the different methods so far existing can help us to provide proper basis for better choice of different estimation methods,which can be broadly divided in the following categories:(1) empirical,mainly dependent on measurements;(2) mechanistic,mainly involving an environmental model;(3) the class that can be put into semi-empirical, which combines measurements with environmental model together. Literately speaking,empirical methods consist of EC-tracer method and particle-phase OC-tracer method,etc.The so-called ECtracer method is widely used perhaps because it depends primarily on the ambient measurements of EC and OC,which can be easily obtained. The drawbacks of this method lie in that it is hard to accurately obtain the ratio of POA to EC.Since mechanistic environmental models are important means for evaluating POA and SOA concentrations with high-span coverage of space and time,they are thought of as the unique means to assess the concentrations of POA and SOA from future emission or climate changes.However,rigorous inputs are needed in this kind of models,including:sufficient inventories of gas and particle-phase emissions,chemical mechanisms for the oxidation of reactive organic gases,and gas-particle partitioning characteristics. However,there still exists great uncertainty in the mechanistic approach because of the great uncertainty of the input data,which are not available for the direct evaluation od the mechanistic POA and SOA.As to the semi-empirical methods,they are mainly composed of semi-empirical EC-tracer technique and organic tracer-based receptor model technique.The semi-empirical EC-tracer technique can provide (OC/EC)_(pri) ratios at any time and any place.POA and SOA concentrations can be estimated at any time and any spot,if EC and OC concentrations are readily measured.However,the modeled (OC/EC)_(pri) ratios are mainly based on the accuracy of the emission source profiles,the emission rates,and activity data of the emission inventory with the model of its meteorology properly driven.Talking on the organic tracer-based receptor model technique,its shortcoming is that the model excessively depends on the chemical composition data from the sources and receptor.All in all,the above introduced estimation methods commonly used at the present time have their own limitations from the point of view of the accurate estimation of the concentrations of SOA.Their principles and conditions of the methods mentioned above should be brought into consideration when choosing a proper estimation method.A better approach is to combine empirical and environmental models to give a direct estimation of SOA in the future.


To keep free from weak capability of express of the policy specification based on obligation action decision-making, realize reasonable task assigning between decision component and execution component, and improve concurrent enforce of independent authorization processes in service grid, an improved UCONB-Based authorization policy specification is proposed. Delegation certification processing statuses are defined to replace the simple access status. Decision component can make the reasonable delegation certification based on the system status when a request arrives, and also make decision to change the delegation certification processing status when the system status is changed. This method effectively avoids that the same access requests generate the delegation certification repeatedly, and the delegation certification really reflects actual demands of authorization.


MSME is a community business group that does not yet have an integrated system as a large industry, making it difficult to access information about the location of foreign markets. Thisresearch develops Market Matching Application for determining the location of foreign marketingand the number of products that must be exported to reduce the number of losses due to thecongestion of turnover of goods making it profitable for MSME. Steps to develop a MarketMatching System are identification and analysis of ongoing export marketing activities in MSME, designing a marketing system appropriate to the analysis, establish market matching system, andsystem implementation. Market Matching application produces recommendation of exportdestination according to product category and requirement level of importer.


The present invention, at least one aliphatic polyisocyanate; At least one chain extender; And can be obtained by the reaction of at least one polyol composition, or the obtained thermoplastic polyester as a polyurethane, the polyol composition is a bisphenol A derivative having a molecular weight (Mw) of the polyol and 315 g / mol excess is selected from the group consisting of cholesterol in the poly and 315 g / mol of a bisphenol having a molecular weight (Mw) in excess comprises at least one bisphenol derivative is selected from the group consisting of S derivative, and at least one of the OH group of the bisphenol derivative alkoxylated thermoplastic polyurethane, and the thermoplastic It relates to the use of thermoplastic polyurethanes according to the invention for the production method and the production of extruded products, films, and molded articles of polyurethanes.


This research paper focuses on student peer interactional relationships in a tertiary level classroom setting in Japan. The research is based on the use of one piece of technology, Microsoft PowerPoint, to illustrate student peer interactional relationships during presentation tasks throughout the 2015 Spring Semester. The application of the particular software used in this research is of little importance, in that any piece of software could be used to investigate student interaction. The important findings of this research indicate that students can be made aware of their self-affirmation through an application of sociolinguistics and an introduction of critical pedagogy that encompasses a significant reduction in the influence of the traditional 'teacher' role to the benefit of student empowerment. The role of the student changes from being the passive object to that of a more active Subject role, as that of the 'teacher,' or better termed 'facilitator,' dispenses their traditional paternalistic, authoritative Subject position, in favor of being one that helps to bring about '...an outcome (as learning, productivity, or communication) by providing indirect or unobtrusive assistance, guidance, or supervision,' on the part of the 'facilitator,' as it is defined in the Miriam-Webster dictionary (2015). For students to adopt a more active role requires a change in study habits, which requires more effort. However, this adheres perfectly to the Kyoai College motto; 'You can develop your ability though it might be hard' (Kyoai, 2015). 共愛学園前橋国際大学論集 No.16 46 Background pedagogy The traditional structure of the teacher-focused school environment in Japanese education, with the teacher as the Subject and the students relegated to that of being the Object, is reinforced by the gatekeeping control held over them through the dominance of testing as an evaluation tool, the design of classrooms, classroom dynamics, exercises, and pre-determined textbooks and lesson plans. Students typically follow textbooks in linear progression, with teacher-focused tasks, pair work tasks, project tasks and group interaction. Recently different teaching styles have been introduced into many classrooms, including blended learning and flipped classrooms, but more often than not, they remain teacher-focused in terms of control, authority and power. In my previous papers (Deadman, 2013 and Deadman, 2014), I detailed the application of sociolinguistic theory to practical teaching strategies at the tertiary level. The basis of this theory originates from the research of the Russian psychologist Vygotsky, who made claims about the relationship between language and thought, and between the individual and society (Mercer, 2000). Vygotsky described language as having two main functions; as a communicative or cultural tool we use for sharing, and for jointly developing knowledge. Vygotsky pointed out that children, or actually any learner, differ in their responsiveness to guidance, instructions and opportunities for learning. Under this theory, teachers should assign tasks that students cannot do on their own, but which they can do with assistance; they should provide just enough assistance so that students learn to complete the tasks independently and then provide an environment that enables students to do harder tasks than would otherwise be possible. In the context of adults, peers should challenge each other in order to support collaboration and success. By measuring the difference between the original independent capability of each learner and what they are able to achieve when given some guidance and support, education could make a more useful, dynamic assessment of these learners' educational prospects and needs. This difference is each learner's Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD). Vygotsky said instruction is only useful when it moves ahead of development,' drawing learners just beyond their existing capabilities to 'stretch' their intellect and so help them to develop (Mercer, 2000). Mercer (2000) develops Vygotsky's idea of language as a community or cultural tool in his notions of 'community' and communities of practice. Mercer details what 'communities' of members are in terms of; a shared history of information and expertise, on which members can draw and which can be passed to new members, a collective identity of sharing knowledge, aims and experiences of doing things together, Mar. 2016 Practical Student Self-affirmation 47 reciprocal obligations in responsibilities towards each other and access to each other's intellectual resources, and a discourse in that language can be reshaped as communicative demands emerge. Mercer (2000) proposed that for a teacher to teach and a learner to learn, they must use talk and joint activity to create a shared communicative space, an Intermental Development Zone (IDZ), on the contextual foundations of their common knowledge and aims. In this zone, which is reconstituted constantly as the dialogue continues, the 'teacher,' whether an actual teacher or more capable English speaker, and learners negotiate their way through the activity in which they are involved. As with Vygotsky's original ideas of the ZPD, the concept of an IDZ still focuses attention on how a learner progresses under guidance in an activity, but in a way which is more clearly related to the variable contributions of both teacher and learner. However, both Vygotsky and Mercer still retain the central, paternalistic, authoritative figure of the 'teacher' that fails to address the real self-affirmation of the 'student' or 'learner.' As mentioned above, Vygotsky (Mercer, 2000) considers his theory within the notion of how children differ in their responsiveness to teacher guidance, instructions and opportunities for learning. Mercer, still pedestals the teacher within the student's learning process. Whilst evoking the importance of sociolinguistics, it is essential to consider the work of Paulo Reglus Neves Freire, a Brazilian educator and philosopher and a leading advocate of critical pedagogy. Whereas sociolinguistics is principally concerned with the psychological aspect of learning and using a language, even within traditional schooling methods, Critical pedagogy expands on this notion as a philosophy of education and social movement that combines education with critical theory. Building on a more critical nature than sociolinguistics, Freire (1970), states that a careful analysis of the teacher-student relationship at any level reveals its fundamentally narrative character. This relationship involves a narrating Subject (the teacher) and patient, listening objects (the students). Freire states that the contents, whether values or empirical dimensions of reality, tend in the process of being narrated to become lifeless and petrified. The teacher talks about reality as if it were motionless, static, compartmentalized, and predictable. Or else he expounds on a topic completely alien to the existential experience of the students this task is to 'fill' the students with the contents of the teachers narration or contents which are detached from reality, discontinued from the totality that engendered them and could give them significance. Freire declares that any situation in which 'A' objectively exploits 'B' or hinders his or her pursuit of self-affirmation as a responsible person is one of oppression. Although 共愛学園前橋国際大学論集 No.16 48 this may sound 'aggressive' when thinking about university education, it can be viewed as such that if a teacher who fails to address realistic student needs, or a peer student exploits another student through unfair support or bias interaction. This fact necessitates a more active, positive approach to learning, rather than students positioning themselves and teachers positioning the students as objects, ignorant of the facts 'presented' by the authoritative paternal figure, namely the teacher. However, students do 'know things' and it is imperative that the teacher, or better 'facilitator', enables a situation whereby students learn to trust themselves and take responsibility for their own learning. As Freire (1970) points out in his description of traditional classrooms, "Narration leads the students to memorize mechanically the narrated content. Education becomes an act of depositing, in which the students are the depositories and the teacher is the depositor" (p.73). Freire's notion is summed up by his term of the 'banking' concept of education, in which the scope of action allowed to the students extends only as far as receiving, filing, and storing the deposits. Freire stated that banking education maintains and even stimulates the oppressive society as a whole: A) the teacher teaches and the students are taught; B) the teacher knows everything and the students know nothing; C) the teacher thinks and the students are thought about; D) the teacher talks and the students listen – meekly; E) the teacher disciplines and the students are disciplined; F) the teacher chooses and enforces his choice, and the students comply; G) the teacher acts and the students have the illusion of acting through the action of the teacher; H) the teacher chooses the program content, and the students (who were not consulted) adapt to it; I) the teacher confuses the authority of knowledge with his or her own professional authority, which she and he sets in opposition to the freedom of the students; J) the teacher is the Subject of the learning process, while the pupils are mere objects. However, Freire notes that knowledge emerges only through invention and re-invention, through the restless, impatient, continuing, hopeful inquiry human beings pursue in the world, with the world, and with each other. Education must begin with the solution of the teacher-student contradiction, by reconstructing the poles of the contraction so that both are simultaneously teacher and students. It is imperative that teachers fully understand an


While practically all drugs of abuse increase dopamine (DA) transmission in the mesolimbic pathway [1, 2], various pharmacological classes of drugs affect DA transmission via different mechanisms [3]. Traditionally, microdialysis has been used to measure changes in neurotransmission following drug administration. While these studies have laid the groundwork for our understanding of the pharmacology of drugs of abuse, the precise nature of in vivo DA transmission resulting from drug administration and how this differs across drugs is an ongoing area of investigation. Since traditional microdialysis measures analytes in dialysate extracted from the brain, and a certain volume of dialysate is required for analysis, the technique has generally been limited to sampling changes in DA concentration [DA] every 10-20 min [4]. Techniques with improved temporal resolution facilitate better understanding of the precise nature of DA transmission.


Financial literacy is an emerging field that is still in a phase of transition into K-12 schools. The importance of teaching financial literacy in schools is now highly recognized (Lusardi & Mitchell, 2014). Not only is financial literacy education implemented in many curricula around the world, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) has administered a financial literacy assessment in 2012 and 2015 via their triennial Program for International Student Assessment (PISA). This sent an important message around the world about the importance of financial literacy in schools. The field has not had all its parameters defined and there is a need to identify what is meant by "financial literacy" and what are the goals of this new emerging field. Thus, this review seeks to synthesize and summarize common themes and trends among financial literacy literature to shed light on the goals and definitions of financial literacy. An exploration of how this field is defined within mathematics and the goals for teaching this within the discipline of mathematics will explored. Further, this review will explore how financial literacy tasks are used in the mathematics classroom and how researchers design and implement these tasks