Introduction:. Breast cancer (BC) brain metastases (BM) are a growing clinical problem as survival for metastatic BC improves. Genomic analyses of BM are key to developing more targeted therapeutic interventions. In this study we explored the gene rearrangements of BM and compared these to a cohort of non-paired local breast cancers (BCs) and non-CNS metastasis (N-CNS). Methods:. We analyzed 822 BMs and compared them to 11,988 local, breast-biopsied BCs and 15,516 N-CNS (samples unpaired) profiled with comprehensive genomic profiling (CGP) (Foundation Medicine, Cambridge, MA, USA) examining all classes of alterations in at least 324 genes. The prevalence of individual gene rearrangements within the BM was compared to those within BC and N-CNS cases. Further analysis was undertaken by classifying BM, BC and N-CNS specimens with respect to their oestrogen receptor (ER) and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) status, available for a subset of samples. Results:. CGP identified 307 rearrangement events in BMs impacting 169 genes. Twenty genes exhibited recurrent rearrangement events with a prevalence greater than 0.5% in either the BM, BC or N-CNS. 10 of these 20 genes were significantly more prevalent within the BM specimens vs. BC and N-CNS (p<0.05). The 10 significant genes and their prevalence in BM were as follows: CDK12 (3.53%, 29/822), RB1 (1.95%, 16/822), ETV6 (1.70%, 14/822), FANCA (0.73%, 6/822), PALB2 (0.73%, 6/822), ATR (0.61%, 5/822), CTNNA1 (0.61%, 5/822), FBXW7 (0.61%, 5/822), KDM5C (0.61%, 5/822) and MSH6 (0.61%, 5/822). BMs were enriched with CDK12 rearrangements (3.53%, 29/822) as compared to the BC (0.86%, 103/11,988; p=4x10-9) and N-CNS specimens (0.68%, 105/15,516; p=2x10-11). CDK12 rearrangements had a significantly higher propensity within HER2+ BM (14.59%, 27/185) as compared to the HER2+ BC (7.80%, 86/1,102; p=0.0046) and HER2+ N-CNS (7.87%, 94/1,194; p=0.0048). Further analysis by receptor status is outlined in Table 1. Conclusion:. These data demonstrate that overall rearrangements are uncommon in BMs. However, we identified that the most common rearrangement involves CDK12 which has a relatively high prevalence in HER2+ BMs compared to HER2+ primary BCs and N-CNS. These data support more detailed investigation of the role and importance of CDK12 rearrangements in BM secondary to breast cancer.
 The prevalence of CDK12 rearrangements within BM, BCs, and other N-CNS in different sub-types of BC.SubtypePrevalenceP-valueBM BCN-CNSBM vs. BCBM vs. . N-CNSAll3.53%. (29/822)0.86%. (103/11,988)0.68%. (105/15,516)3.55x10-91.85x10-11HER2+(irrespective of ER status)14.59%. (27/185)7.80%. (86/1,102)7.87%. (94/1,194)0.00460.0048HER2+, ER-15.29%. (13/85)10.53%. (6/57)1.96%. (1/51)0.460.02HER2+, ER+13.64%. (9/66)7.14%. (6/84)10.20%. (5/49)0.270.77HER2-, ER-0.67%. (2/298)0.17%. (1/585)0.69%. (2/291)0.261.00HER2-, ER+0.00%. (0/212)0.16%. (1/641)0.00%. (0/634)1.001.00
 Citation Format: Talvinder Bhogal, Ethan Sokol, Shakti Ramkissoon, Athina Giannoudis, Kimberly McGregor, Allison Clark, Evangelia Razis, Rupert Bartsch, Richard Huang, Carlo Palmieri. Comprehensive analysis of the gene rearrangements within 822 breast cancer brain metastases reveals an enrichment of cyclin dependent kinase 12 rearrangements in HER2-positive brain metastases [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2021 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2021 Dec 7-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P5-07-04.


Purpose To establish HPLC method for assay of tamibarotene capsule.Methods The sample of tamibarotene was determined by HPLC on the CEC-Cs column(150 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm).Results The standard curve of tamibarotene was linear in the range of 2.51-40.12 μg/mL,r=0.999 9,the RSD of repeatability test was 0.12%(n=6),the LOD was 0.2 ng,the average recovery was 99.60% and its RSD was 0.57%.The resolution between tamibarotene and excipient was good.Conclusion The method is simple,sensitive,accurate and reliable,which is an effective method for the determination of tamibarotene capsules.


Aim:  To ascertain the design and operational characteristics of acute Medical Assessment Units (MAU) located within Australasian hospitals, and to compare these with formal standards promulgated by the Internal Medicine Society of Australia and New Zealand (IMSANZ).


The purpose of this study was to improve the ability of students to write inspirational story texts, to determine the effectiveness of learning to write inspirational story texts using TikTok audio-visual media, and to determine the differences in students' abilities in writing inspirational story texts between experimental classes using TikTok audio-visual media and control classes using conventional media. The method used in this study is a quasi-experiment. Data collection techniques in the form of literature review, trials, test techniques, observation, and analysis techniques. The data obtained were pretest and postest data from experimental and control classes of grade IX students of SMP Al-Ihsan Cimencrang. The results showed (1) there is an increase in the ability of students in learning to write inspirational story texts using TikTok audio-visual media from the average pretest score of the experimental class of 31.54 increased to 86.92 at the time of postes, (2) TikTok audio-visual media is effectively applied in learning to write inspirational story texts compared to image media, this is evidenced by the mann whitney testwith a significance result of 0.000. Because the value of Sig. 0.000 < 0.05, the hypothesis stating that TikTok audio-visual media is effective in learning to write inspirational story texts is accepted, (3) there is a difference in student learning outcomes between the experimental class and the control class in learning to write inspirational story texts, in the experimental class an average postes score of 86.92 was obtained, while in the control class an average of 56.92 postes was obtained.


Studies were conducted on soil columns of a silty clay loam packed at bulk densities of 1200, 1300 and 1400 kg/m3 to evaluate the influence of soil bulk density on water infiltration in the horizontal direction. Soil water diffusivity values were obtained by reversing the iterative procedure of Philip. A reduction to less than 25% in soil water diffusivity occurred near saturation with the increase in soil bulk density, but the influence of soil bulk density decreased with the decrease in relative water content. Lengths of infiltration, cumulative influx and infiltration rates also reduced markedly with the increase in soil bulk density from 1200 kg/m to 1400 kg/m3.


Objective To investigate the clinical significance plasma BNP,aldosterone and AngⅡ levels in patients with pregnancy-associated hypertension combined heart failure.Methods Sixty cases of patients with pregnancy-associated hypertension combined heart failure,all met the diagnosis of pregnancy-associated hypertension combined heart failure.Other 30 cases of pregnant patients without history such disease as control.Measured by Immune-fluorescence assay plasma BNP,aldosterone and AngⅡ concentration.Results BNP,aldosterone and AngⅡ in pregnancy-associated hypertension combined heart failure group was significantly higher than control group,the difference was statistically significant (p 0.01),and the level were higher as the severity degree of heart failure(p 0.01).Conclusion Monitoring BNP,aldosterone and AngⅡ level can be used as the guidance indicators of diagnosis and severity dicision of heart failure,cardiac function assessment aswell as the efficacy and prognosis.


There are a great variety of mould fluxes, differing in chemical composition and properties. The thermal work of the crystallizer and the quality of steel continuous castings depends from the correct operation of mould fluxes. The choice of mould flux with optimal properties allows to achieve maximum results in the quality of finished products and largely depends on the correct selection of the chemical composition of the mixture, taking into account the range, productivity and conditions of the enterprise. The production data of the 22 most commonly used mixtures of different manufacturers, such as Stollberg, Intocast, etc., were analyzed to develop recommendations for selecting rational mould flux formulations. Based on this analysis, the array of selected mixtures was grouped into 12 groups under serial numbers and recommendations have been worked out on the use of slag-forming mix tures of a rational composition that can be used to develop technological regimes for pouring different groups of steels onto slab curved machines continuous casting of this type. For the purpose of selecting rational SCO structures, information on their use on curved slab CCM in PJSC NLMK, PJSC Severstal, PJSC MMK, and Ural Steel JSC was analyzed. Based on the study of the experience of these enterprises and the literature data, as well as recommendations on the selection of rational compositions of the SCO on slab curved caster, which can be used in the development of technological modes of casting steel.


We present the results of XMM-Newton observations toward the pulsar PSR J1826$-$1256, which lies at 5$^{\prime}$.4 from the centroid of the TeV source HESS J1826$-$130. These data show an elongated nebula with the pulsar located in the northern border with the emission in the direction of the peak of the very high energy source. The spectral study of the X-ray emission shows a clear softening of the photon index with increasing distance from the pulsar. We discuss the connection among the pulsar, its nebula, and the HESS source.


The purpose of this test is to obtain data that may be used as a basis for revising certain Process Standards applying to the cooling or existing reactor shields. The data may also be useful in connection with NPR thermal shield design work. The fact that one of the H reactor bottom thermal shield cooling tubes presently has a flow blockage makes possible an immediate opportunity for test data without undue risk other than that already encountered. Procedures, costs, and hazards of the test are given.


Contextual aware matrix factorization has been widely used in recommender systems by learning latent feature vectors of users and items along with contextual information. While most of them add identical bias for each type of side information to represent systematic tendencies in users' rating behaviors, they are not able to capture the preference unique to users or items. In this paper, we propose a probabilistic generative model which allows the bias to vary among different types of users or items. We first use Gaussian Mixture Components to cluster the users (or items) based on corresponding latent feature vectors respectively. Biases are then distributed on these clusters along with categorical side information. Finally, they are jointed with latent feature vectors of the users and items to affect the generation of observed ratings. Experiments on MovieLens-100K and MovieLens-1M data sets have shown promising results compared with state-of-the-art contextual aware recommendation approaches. We also qualitatively analyze the preferences of users and items and demonstrate differences in preference among both users and items.


A Steam Generator Tube Rupture (SGTR) in a Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR) can lead to an atmospheric release bypassing the containment via the secondary system and exiting though the Pressurized Operating Relief Valves of the affected Steam Generator. That is why SGTR historically have been treated in a special way in the different Deterministic Safety Analysis (DSA), focusing on the radioactive release more than the possibility of core damage, as it is done in the other Loss of Coolant Accidents(LOCAs).


One of the key challenges in the cultural industries is to manage the faultline between art and commerce. In the film industry, this faultline is most readily apparent in the relationship between the director and the producer, the first being principally responsible for achieving artistic objectives and the second for commercial ones. This paper examines the role of the first assistant director who occupies a role in between the director and producer and is responsible to both. Empirical data is obtained qualitatively through interviews with 24 producers, 14 directors and 14 first assistant directors. As a result of being in the middle position between producer and director, the first assistant director experiences role conflict and role ambiguity. However, precisely because of this position the first assistant director is able to perform a mediating role, helping to bridge the faultline between art and commerce.


Volume rendering became a crucial and significant tool in the medical field. This was due to the rapid evolution of imaging modalities such as Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) machines, Computed Tomography (CT) scanners. Volume rendering techniques vary from category to another depending basically on the employed modality and eventually on the target application. Although spatial-domain volume rendering techniques have gained a wide acceptance during the past decades, however, they suffer from performance bottlenecks due to their O(N3) complexity for a volume of size N3. Fourier Volume Rendering (FVR) is an alternative technique that works on the k-space representation of the volume with reduced complexity of O(N2logN) for generating projection images of the spatial volume that look like X-ray ones. In this work, a functional hybrid implementation of the FVR pipeline on Central Processing Units (CPUs) and Graphics Processing Units (GPUs) is presented.


The effects of selected methods of size reduction, holding periods and drying on elimination of cyanide from cassava roots of variety MCol 1684 were investigated. Drying at 50°C eliminated approximately 50% of the total cyanide from mechanically prepared chips, and 25% from manually prepared chips. Mechanical chipping and drying at 50°C eliminated 65% of the total cyanide from small chips and 47% from large chips. Mincing of whole roots completely degraded the glucoside, and rasping and mechanical chipping degraded 70–80% and 30% of the initial glucoside respectively. The results indicate that the method of size reduction and particle size control the rate of glucoside degradation, and that the drying rate limits the quantity of glucosidic cyanide eliminated. The results are compared with those of other researchers.


Abstract This study explores how the Atlanta, Georgia (United States), urban region influences warm-season (May through September) cloud-to-ground lightning flashes and precipitation. Eight years (1995–2003) of flashes from the National Lightning Detection Network and mean accumulated precipitation from the North American Regional Reanalysis model were mapped under seven different wind speed and direction combinations derived from cluster analysis. Overlays of these data affirmed a consistent coupling of lightning and precipitation enhancement around Atlanta. Maxima in precipitation and lightning shifted in response to changes in wind direction. Differences in the patterns of flash metrics (flash counts versus thunderstorm counts), the absence of any strong urban signal in the flashes of individual thunderstorms, and the scales over which flashes and precipitation enhancement developed are discussed in light of their support for land-cover- and aerosol-based mechanisms of urban weather modification. This ...


[PROBLEMS] To safely recover water-soluble polyester resin from waste liquid generated in the production process of a three-dimensional object of a hot melt lamination method using a material for a support material excellent in moisture absorption resistance, and to reduce the burden on the environment. Provided is a method for recovering a water-soluble polyester resin. In the process of manufacturing a three-dimensional object by a hot melt lamination method, a support material is removed from the three-dimensional object precursor by bringing a three-dimensional object precursor including the three-dimensional object and the support material into contact with an aqueous cleaning agent. A method for recovering a water-soluble polyester resin that recovers a water-soluble polyester resin contained in the support material from a waste liquid in which the support material is dissolved and / or dispersed, and adding a specific type of metal salt to the waste liquid And a step of depositing a water-soluble polyester resin by heat treatment, and a step of separating and collecting the deposited water-soluble polyester resin from the waste liquid. [Selection figure] None


..........................................................................................................................xi Chapter 1: Introduction ....................................................................................................1 UPEC Virulence and Gene Regulation ..............................................................................1 Abstract..................................................................................................................................... 2 Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 3 Urinary Tract Infections ............................................................................................................ 4 Risk factors for urinary tract infection development .................................................................. 6 Chaperone usher pathway overview........................................................................................... 7 UPEC virulence ....................................................................................................................... 10 Type 1 pilus-dependent bladder invasion ................................................................................. 12 UPEC binding triggers host and bacterial responses ................................................................ 13 Genetic regulation within IBCs ................................................................................................ 15 Reservoirs form in the underlying bladder tissue ..................................................................... 17 An exuberant immune response during acute infection predisposes to chronic cystitis.............. 18 Dissemination to the kidneys is accompanied by regulatory changes......................................... 19 Regulation of type 1 pili ........................................................................................................... 21 FimH allele regulates type 1 pili ............................................................................................... 26 Differential methylation regulates P pili ................................................................................... 26 Pilus cross-regulation............................................................................................................... 28 Anti-virulence compounds to treat UTI.................................................................................... 29 Conclusions and Perspectives................................................................................................... 31 Overview ................................................................................................................................. 32


On the basis of concept,character and classification of additional value of product,this paper discusses all kinds of ways of raising additional value of product.The paper points out the evidence that enterprises must hold in the decision-making to choose the way of raising additional value of product.


Martin Kaminski uses his medical training on both sides of the Atlantic to devise a handy phrase book for the wards


Since the introduction of the concept of healthcare-associated pneumonia (HCAP) in the 2005 update on the treatment of nosocomial pneumonias by the American Thoracic Society and the Infectious Diseases Society of America [1], there has been considerable controversy over whether this new category has been helpful or harmful. The core of the problem is the tension between clinicians perceiving that missing a methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) or Pseudomonas aeruginosa may have dire consequences for their patient and the goals of antibiotic stewardship in reducing the use of too broad spectrum antibiotics driving patient-specific side effects like renal toxicity, Clostridium difficile or vancomycin-resistant enterocoli [2] infection, and the more generalised harm through the promotion of antibiotic-resistant bacteria within the hospital environment. Do not think that using broad-spectrum antibiotics is safer! http://bit.ly/2Qu0PBf


The aim of the research. The aim of the study was to conduct a comparative analysis of the immediate results of organ-preserving anatomical resections and pneumonectomy in elderly and senile patients with lung cancer. Material and methods. The study included 126 patients over 60 years of age, who were divided into 2 groups depending on the extent of the surgical intervention performed. Group A was represented by 63 patients who underwent organ-preserving anatomical resections and group B enrolled 63 patients after pneumonectomy. The groups were formed through retrospective analysis of prospective data obtained from the electronic registry. In all cases, the comorbid background was assessed, as well as options for preoperative correction of the concomitant pathology. In the postoperative period, the number and severity of complications were assessed using the TMM (Thoracic Morbidity and Mortality) System, and an intergroup comparative statistical analysis was performed. Results. According to the results of the study, postoperative complications among patients in group A were recorded in 22 (34.9%) cases, mortality was established in 4 (6.35%) patients. In group B, the number of complications and mortality were registered in 18 (28.6%) and 6 (9.52%) cases, respectively. Among the complications registered in group A, the most common were prolonged air discharge through the drainage and cardiac arrhythmias. In the group after pneumonectomy, complications associated with arrhythmia also prevailed, while the complication occurred statistically more often. Among the lethal outcomes in both groups, the main cause was progressive cardiovascular insufficiency against the background of arrhythmia, as well as failure of the bronchus stump and suture. Conclusion. Despite the absence of reliable differences in the total number of complications and mortality in the groups, there is a clear trend towards a higher frequency of fatal complications in the group after pneumonectomy. A feature was noted in the continuing risk of mortality, regardless of the severity of the complication. Among patients after organ-preserving anatomical resections, reversible deviations from the normal course in the postoperative period prevail. In addition, this extent of surgical intervention provides for better functionality and quality of life to elderly and senile patients.


This study is devoted to music drama, which with its formal diversity was the dominant theatrical genre in German-speaking countries between 1680 and 1740. The study focuses on the problems thematized in contemporary discourses on opera in connection with the declared intention of theatre to have a direct effect on the senses. Central to this perspective are the issues posed by the concerted and contradictory impact of the arts and the senses they appealed to, the changes in the functions of the sense of taste and of touch, and the role of the senses in ceremonial contexts.


Flexibility is often an unavoidable limitation when largeworkspace high-speed manipulation is required. This flexibility can be mitigated in some circumstances through feedback control methods. However, these methods only correct for vibration after it has been measured. Therefore, if low-vibration reference commands can be generated, then the utility of these systems can be greatly improved. However, there are instances where system nonlinearities limit the effectiveness of many command-shaping techniques. This paper proposes a method for the generation of fast vibration-limiting trajectories for flexible systems based on the differential-flatness property of nonlinear systems. This approach is applied to a tower crane for simulation and experimental validation. The results are compared to those from standard command-shaping techniques. Practical implementation issues for real world systems are discussed.


Running stability, which limits the maximum safe operating speed of the EMU (Electrical Multiple Unit), largely relies on longitudinal suspension stiffness. However, the longitudinal suspension impairs the steering ability of the rigid railway wheel-sets having conical or profiled-wheel treads on curved track. This limitation is felt particularly in EMUs designed for high operating speeds. This study utilises the multi-body program MEDYNA to explore the running stability of a two-axle bogie design through simulation. Considered herein are the relation of critical speed and conicity, also the damping ratio through 2D and 3D analyses. Field test results are examined to find the lateral displacement of the wheel and the bogie swing angle in order to determine running stability. Hence, the design prediction and field test confirmation of running stability behaviour are studied to further understand one of the most fundamental factors to be considered in the design and engineering development of a bogie.


In the aftermath of the Asian financial crisis, monetary regionalism has been widely advocated as a means to shelter East Asia from not only the volatility of global financial markets but also from the US-dominated International Monetary Fund. While the primary obstacle to deepening regional monetary cooperation centered around the Chiang Mai Initiative (CMI) is cogently identified as being political, the existing literature focuses mostly on the rivalry between the likely lenders, China and Japan, and neglects the likely borrowers. Using the case of South Korea, this paper provides a cautionary tale of the CMI from a borrower's perspective. Any workable liquidity-support arrangement, regional or otherwise, requires a robust surveillance mechanism to address the problem of moral hazard inherent to such a lending facility. In turn, an effective surveillance mechanism inevitably implies a significant political leverage for the lenders and vulnerability for the borrowers, an outcome that cannot be assumed to be avoidable by the CMI just by the virtue of its regional scope. There is little basis to expect that being neighbors necessarily means neighborly behavior; mere geographic proximity does not make China and Japan any less self-interested than the United States, nor does it make Korea's potential political costs more tolerable.


This article describes the DSP-based control of three-phase power system frequency 400 Hz,compare with the traditional medium frequency power supply,new design has a strong imbalance in the load capacity to meet the needs of customer.The main circuit and control circuit are described in detail.Synchronization between three module is realized by DSP,as well as SPWM.Finally,experimental results are given.


Titanium (Ⅳ) reacts with N-benzoyl-N-phenylhydroxylamine (BPHA) to form a complex, which can be used to determine Titanium by adsorption voltammetry at a glassy carbon electrode(GCE). The experimental conditions and the influence of foreign ions on the determination were investigated. The current-concentration curve was linear in the range of 0.06 to 2 ng.ml-1 Ti at a deposition time of 2 min at –0.3V. The detection limit was 0.0076 ng.ml-1. The method has been proved to be of high sensitivity and to be easy to operate. The procedure has been applied to the determination of trace Titanium (Ⅳ) in high purity aluminum and the samples results were satisfactory.


Numerical models seek to represent the interaction between landscape forms and processes through mathematical equations. By integrating these equations over space and time, numerical models have allowed geomorphologists to extend enquiry beyond observation alone, and explore landscape dynamics over a range of temporal and spatial scales. Choosing the correct temporal and spatial scale of investigation, the correct processes that control landscape form at these scales, and then converting this conceptual model to a mathematical representation of these process-form interactions is not straightforward. The decision requires careful consideration of process dominance and scale, the ability of equations to parameterise these processes, computational resources, and data availability to constrain model parameters and evaluate model performance. These issues shall be considered in general terms, and illustrated mainly with reference to catchment systems. Finally, numerical modelling of geomorphic systems is considered from a Bayesian perspective to provide a conceptual grounding for the development and application of numerical models, and therefore for their role in geomorphic enquiry.


The laser pump–probe technique is used to study the electron impact transfer between the 1s5 and 1s4 states of argon (in Paschen's notation) belonging to the 2P3/2 ion core for electron temperatures in the range of 1–2 eV. A rate coefficient of 1.9±0.3⋅10−13 ?> m3s−1 is determined for the transfer from 1s5 to 1s4 state. Different pumping schemes between the 1s and 2p states but also 3p states are used to verify the obtained value but also to probe the transfers with ion-core change toward the 2P1/2 ion-core. Our results show the presence of an important transfer channel between 1s2 and 1s4 states, and a rate coefficient of 2.1±0.3⋅10−13 ?> m3 s−1 is estimated for this transfer. The present results confirm that recent quantum mechanical calculations by Zatsarinny et al [] underestimate significantly the cross sections for electron impact transfers between 1s states of argon.


This study has established a 1/184 model of blade root by using finite element software (ANSYS), and analyzed the stress pipeline and errors of this blade root model. By transforming the loads in blade root and imposing axial step load, especially by analyzing models boundary conditions and the structure of contact surface, the axial stress, bending stress and the other parameters have been acquired.


ABSTRACT Kinetic studies of Salmonella typhi invasion of INT407 cells at different multiplicities of infection (MOIs) have revealed a strict physical limitation on S. typhi entry at MOIs of ≥40. Staining of infected monolayers to distinguish intracellular from extracellular bacteria revealed that all monolayer cells are susceptible to infection and that internalized bacteria are typically contained in one to three separate clusters per cell during the first 60 min. Scanning and transmission electron microscopic analyses of time course-infected monolayers showed that at early times postinfection, bacteria bind to shortened, coalesced microvilli in one to three focal aggregate structures per host cell surface. As reported previously forS. typhimurium, focal aggregates progress to conical membrane ruffles that appear to engulf one or a few centrally containedS. typhi cells by a macropinocytic process, which enhanced the entry of simultaneously added Escherichia coliHB101 about 30-fold. Additionally, kinetic studies showed that at an MOI of ≃400, maximal S. typhi entry is virtually completed within 30 to 35 min. Monolayers pretreated with S. typhi for 30 min to saturate the entry process were severely reduced in the ability to internalize subsequently added kanamycin-resistant strains of S. typhi or S. typhimurium, but E. coli HB101(pRI203) expressing the cloned Yersinia inv gene was not reduced in entry. In invasion inhibition assays, anti-β1 integrin antibodies markedly reduced E. coli HB101(pRI203) invasion efficiency but did not reduce S. typhi entry. Collectively, these data provide direct physical and visual evidence which indicates that S. typhi organisms are internalized at a limited number (i.e., two to four) of sites on host cells. S. typhi and S. typhimurium likely share INT407 cell entry receptors which do not appear to be members of the β1 integrin superfamily.


. The NRAO seven-beam receiver was used on the former Green Bank 91 m telescope, during 1986 November and 1987 October, to repeatedly survey the declination band (0° < 6 < + 75°) at 4.85 GHz. This data base has been used to extract variability information for sources in the GB6 catalog, a large unbiased sample of sources derived from the combined survey images. Long term variability information (one year time base) is available for 97 % of the 75,162 GB6 sources and short term variability (few day) is available for 20,963 sources. This large variability data base is available to the astronomical community through http://pulsar.physics.ubc.ca/gregory/ index.html.


[Objective] To obtain detection antigen for diagnosis of Streptococcus suis infection. [Method] The complete ORF of glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) gene was amplified from the genomic DNA of Streptococcus suis serotype 2 strain SC22 isolated in Sichuan Province by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The resulting product was cloned into the prokaryotic expression vector pET-30a, which was then transformed into E. coli BL21 (DE3). The identified positive transformants were screened for expression induced by IPTG. The expression products were subjected to SDS-PAGE and the recombinant protein was purified by nickel ion-agarose affinity chromatography. New Zealand rabbits were immunized with the purified recombinant GDH protein to prepare polyclonal antibodies. Titers of the anti-serum were determined by indirect ELISA and Western blot assay. [Result] The recombinant GDH protein was effectively expressed in the host bacteria, and highly pure recombinant protein was obtained by nickel ion-agarose affinity chromatography. High-titer anti-serum against the recombinant protein was obtained. As evidenced by western blot assay, the sera could react specifically with the lysates of all detected Streptococcus suis strains. In addition, the recombinant GDH protein could react specifically with serum samples collected from five pigs experimentally infected by strain SC22. [Conclusion] The expressed GDH fusion protein has some common epitopes of natural GDH and can be used as detection antigen to develop ELISA and other diagnostic methods.


This study investigates the nexus between renewable energy consumption and environmental quality in Nigeria, accounting for the role of financial development, and re‐examines the validity of the environmental Kuznet curve (EKC) hypothesis for Nigeria covering the period 1990 to 2016. To cover financial development more adequately, the current study uses the broad‐based financial development index constructed by the International Monetary Fund. The study employs second generation econometric approaches of Lee and Strazicich, and Bayer and Hanck combined cointegration tests to check for stationarity and cointegration among the variables, and then applies autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) and vector error correction model (VECM) Granger causality tests to explore the effect and causal relationship respectively. The results divulge that renewable energy consumption improves environmental quality, while financial development hurts the environment. Further, the results validate an inverted U‐shaped association between economic growth and environmental degradation in Nigeria. The VECM Granger causality results indicate a long‐run effect of the independent variables on CO2 emission, while the short‐run causality reveals a mixture of unidirectional and bidirectional causality among the variables. This study therefore recommends that policy makers consider the important roles of renewable energy and financial development in reforming energy policies to achieve environmental sustainability.


President Joko "Jokowi" Widodo's vision to make Indonesia the world's maritime fulcrum has prompted advanced developed countries, to strengthen countries' bilateral partnership with other maritime power. On 5 July 2014, Joko Widodo, as presidential candidate expressed his idea on "Indonesia's visionary position on world maritime axis and hub for regional maritime". His statement signaled country's powerful bargaining position as world largest archipelago with its Sea Lanes of Communications strategic possesses led to many countries compete to dominate maritime route around Asia Pacific. Sooner or later, modernization of maritime and air power must be accelerated to overcome underdevelopment quality and quantity of main weaponry system. Thus, Joko Widodo's idea of Indonesia's world maritime fulcrum is a clear signal, which this country would back up into a national maritime power with concentrated economic growth, as diplomatic bargaining power, and political military strategy on the territorial dispute management acquisition, and control of maritime border areas. Jokowi prioritized Nawa Cita concept as Nine Priority Agenda, which the state defense budget allocation will be increased to 1.5 percent of Gross Domestic Product. Through descriptive analytical research, the writer is examine to elaborate why Indonesia is interested to become a maritime power ? The quality of Indonesia's sea and air military power Indonesia is also biggest reason for national contribution to revitalize its potential efforts in establishing a new balance of power in order to maintain regional stability. To conclude, within next two decades, Asia Pacific is a center of the world economy due to its strongest economy, dominated by China, India, Indonesia, Japan, South Korea, Malaysia, and Singapore. By 2030, Indonesia is predicted to be the recognized world major economy.


The California Court of Appeal ruled that a competent adult patient, with diseases that are incurable but not yet diagnosed as terminal, may request withdrawal of life-support equipment despite the fact that withdrawal of such devices would result in death. The right of an adult of sound mind to refuse medical treatment outweighs the state's interest in preserving life, preventing suicide, and maintaining the ethical integrity of the medical profession. The physicians and the hospital may follow the patient's instructions without fear of liability and without prior court approval.


Abstract : This project aims to model the spatial distribution of snowcover in areas experiencing seasonally frozen ground. The modelling of snow distribution will form the main part of the project (program SNOWM), with the possible coupling of this, at some stage, to a ground temperature model. Operational criteria for the proposed snow distribution model (SNOWM) include: a) Satisfactory numerical and a real representation of snow accumulation and melt at any one time, resulting in knowledge of the snowcover distribution at one time; b) SNOWM will be a physically-based model and an amalgam of the main types of snowmelt models currently in existence, i.e. the energy-budget and the temperature index; and c) Aspect is specifically included in SNOWM. In areas not exposed to rapid, frequent air mass and therefore air temperature changes (i.e. unlike Britain) solar insolation is the dominant factor affecting snow distribution, especially during the melt season. Aspect is one of the most important factors effecting solar insolation and therefore snow distribution.


The multinational state can sometimes seem like a difficult creature to love. Devoid of the blind patriotic devotion that the nation-state can command of its citizens almost as a matter of course, it must work harder to inspire loyalty, and never is this more clear than in the case of the minority nations that dwell within its midst. Yet, in spite of this occasional failure to ignite the passions of all, multinational political entities do seem to display a remarkable resilience1 to the extent that we might refer to them as an unavoidable empirical reality of the world we live in. The sheer fact


The state of Penang encompasses an industrial region with a potential for the existence of a variety of industrial pollutants. Such pollutants would certainly have a possible impact effect on the environment and the people. The determination of trace elements levels in hair which is well known as a method for environmental exposure monitoring, evaluation of heavy metal poisoning, assessment of nutrient levels and disease diagnoses, is chosen here as the method to determine the possible exposure to possible pollutants in the form of unwanted trace elements. The natural levels of trace elements in hair are hence monitored first as reference values for the assessment of the possible human contamination levels. In this work the concentrations of Cu, Zn and Pb in human scalp hair of 50 residents of Penang were determined using XRF. The results of this study were compared with the results obtained in other cities where such measurements have also been carried out.


Self-paced courses that teach and assess computer skills from basic to expert skills levels. What is the Microsoft IT Academy? How do I access it?


The schematic of the trapping effect of sulfur and LiPSs in MoN-NC and long-term cycling stability of 77S/MoN-NC electrode with different sulfur loading.


Theologians are everywhere actively interested in De la Taille's theory of the supernatural, an exposé of which appeared recently in these pages. The theory is admittedly difficult, and will bear further exposition and analysis. With the simple purpose, then, of aiding in its understanding and evaluation, I wish to contribute some clarifications. They center about one point, namely, the created disposition and the relation it bears to the uncreated act in the teaching of De la Taille. Is this disposition in no sense a modification that is antecedent to the union with the act, but always concomitant with, or even subsequent to, the union?


In recent years, the technological improvements of mobile devices in terms of computational capacity, embedded sensors, natural interaction, and high-speed connection are enabling an ever-increasing number of designers to develop advanced mobile applications to be used in everyday life. Among these, the vision-based applications for the automatic object recognition (AOR) play a key role since enabling users to interact with the world around them in innovative way makes more productive and profitable their entertainment, learning, and working activities. The chapter is divided into four sections. The first one, "Background," explores the most recent works in AOR mobile applications highlighting the feature extraction processes and the implemented classifiers. The second one, "MV Development Technologies," provides an overview of the current frameworks used to support the mobile AOR applications. The third one, "Future Research Trends," discusses the aims of the next generation of AOR applications. Finally, "Conclusion" concludes the chapter.


Results of the Iowa Corn Yield Test are published to aid Iowa farmers in selecting corn hybrids. This is the seventy-third consecutive year for the test. Data from these tests are available in three different formats. These data are first released on Iowa State University Extension's computer communication network (EXNET) usually around Thanksgiving and are available at county extension offices. Anyone can subscribe to EXNET at a cost of $25 per year, and receive the data as soon as they are released. All that is required is a computer, a modem, and the cost of the telephone call. For additional information contact EXNET, 108 Atanasoff Hall, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, telephone number 515/ 294-8658


The article reviews the exhibitions "Runts," at the PaceWildenstein gallery in New York City and "Last Turn-- Your Turn," at the Jacobson Howard gallery in New York City, both featuring the work of artist Robert Rauschenberg.


Interference or inhibition (the terms seem to have been used almost indiscriminately) has been given a large place in experimental literature. The investigation was begun by the physiologists prior to 1890 (Bowditch and Warren, J. W., 1890) and has been continued to the present, principally by psychologists (Lester, 1932). Of the numerous studies that have been published during this period only a limited number of the most relevant reports demand our attention here. Miinsterberg (1892) studied the inhibiting effects of changes in common daily habits such as opening the door of his room, dipping his pen in ink, and taking his watch out of his pocket. He concluded that a given association can function automatically even though some effect of a previous contrary association remains. Mviller and Schumann (1894) discovered that more time


This paper approaches the design of a smart lighting system for efficient lighting of pedestrian crosswalks on streets, using power LEDs. Starting with existing solid-state lighting - SSL (power LEDs with individual directivity diagram, lighting efficiency and color rendering index - CRI) in the paper we propose a design technique and methodology in order to find the distribution geometry of light sources (sources number, spatial coordinates, fixing angles) that simultaneously satisfy the lighting regulation requests and energetic efficiency. The major achievements are the simulations of using of a great number of LED lighting sources and of spatial lighting configurations in order to obtain of a uniform lighting of the area of interest (fig.1) and in conformity with actual standards in a specified scenario. The direct consequence of these simulations is the using of an intelligent management system of LED lighting sources that will allow the optimization of light flux in real traffic conditions of cars and pedestrians. This means the monitoring of traffic level and surrounding conditions (temperature, humidity, natural lighting etc.) in order to efficient use the existing resources.


ing Assistant Professor of English at the University of Massachusetts at Amherst and Academic Director of the Yiddish Book Center. He is the author of Unclean Lips: Obscenity, Jews, and American Literature (forthcoming, NYU Press) and American Jewish Fiction: A JPS Guide (Jewish Publication Society, 2009). His articles have appeared or are forthcoming in Cinema Journal, MELUS, and Contemporary Literature, and he has reviewed books for the Los Angeles Times, the San Francisco Chronicle, and the Globe and Mail. Unclean Lips: Dirty Words and Henry Roth's Call It Sleep


An optical radio-frequency double resonance experiment on the level 53P1 of cadmium is described. Atoms in a static magnetic field and a field oscillating at about 2 Mc/s are excited by light modulated at 462 kc/s. Resonance effects in the fluorescent light are found when the modulation frequency is near the nutational frequency γ[(H - H0)2 + H12]1/2.


The Wheel of the Year is a name used to describe the cyclical progression of the seasons through time and most often described as part of Pagan, Goddess, and women's spirituality and/or Wiccan magical traditions. This article introduces the author's conceptual model of the Wheel of the Year as an earth-based psychology for women, one that is inherently feminist and also based in transpersonal psychologies. Women explore the turning points, or holydays of the Wheel, on both spiritual and psychological levels through a wide range of modalities that engage body, mind, emotion, and spirit. The Wheel provides an overarching psychospiritual framework for recognizing, understanding, and responding to experiences and processes that may occur over the course of a woman's life.


Planning a tunnel project presents certain difficulties in deciding how long the job will take, particularly at the start of production. This can lead to miscalculated quotations concerning both time and cost. A miscalculation of how much time a project may need can increase costs long-term and thus lead to lower revenues. In order to avoid such pitfalls, one measure is to identify the problems that can arise during production and prevent them. Therefore, measuring's have been made during the start-up of a tunnel project in Norsborg.Even if measuring's have been performed on a specific project, the expectation is that they can be used at later tunnel projects as well. Many results and conclusions can also be applied to other tunnel projects, and possibly even to completely different types of construction projects.The measuring's have taken place at the project site and have included timekeeping of the various work tasks that have taken place during start-up and each cycle. A cycle covers all work that happens when blasting a full tunnel opening; that is, from the initial drilling for a charge until the charge has burst and all the rock has been cleared and loaded from the tunnel opening. Any problems and their respective causes during this process have been recorded.The number of drill holes and their length, how much explosives that have been used and how many holes that have been primed with charges, has been documented so that capacity during the various tasks could be outlined.The start-up is recorded on a weekly circle chart showing how much of the total work time has been spent on each task. It also shows any stoppages during the week. The charts provide a good overview of the proceedings during start-up and what tasks have taken more time than others.The charts show that many of the problems that arose during start-up could have been prevented if better machinery or an operator from the contractor had been available on-site from the start. Some problems could also have been prevented or diminished as early as the project planning stage. By the results that can be read from the cycles many factors have played a big role of the improvement of the efficiency and the capacity. These results are shown in charts where the whole cycles can be studied and in more specific charts where every task are examined individually. Many conclusions have been read regarding the different factors that affects the efficiency. The loading that is the most critical task within the cycle have been able to become more efficient the longer the project has proceeded.


1. The likelihood that seabirds will be hooked and drowned in longline fisheries increases when baited hooks sink slowly. Fishermen target different fishing depths by setting the mainline through a line shooter, which controls the tension (or slackness) in the line. An experiment was conducted in Australia's pelagic longline fishery to test the hypothesis of no difference in sink rates of baited hooks attached to mainline set under varying degrees of tension.

2. Mainline was set in three configurations typically used in the fishery: (a) surface set tight with no slackness astern; (b) surface set loose with 2 s of slack astern; and (c) deep set loose with 7 s of slack astern.

3. Tension on the mainline had a powerful effect on sink rates. Baited hooks on branch lines attached to tight mainlines reached 2 m depth nearly twice as fast as those on the two loose mainline tensions, averaging 5.8 s (0.35 m s−1) compared with 9.9 s (0.20 m s−1) and 11.0 s (0.18 m s−1) for surface set loose and deep set loose tensions, respectively.

4. The likely reason for the difference is propeller turbulence. Tight mainline entered the water aft of the area affected by turbulence whereas the two loose mainlines and the clip ends of branch lines were set directly into it about 1 m astern of the vessel. The turbulence presumably slowed the sink rates of baited hooks at the other end of the branch lines.

5. The results suggest that mainline deployed with a line shooter (as in deep setting) into propeller turbulence at the vessel stern slows the sink rates of baited hooks, potentially increasing their availability to seabirds. Unless mainline can be set to avoid propeller turbulence the use of line shooters for deep setting should not be promoted as an effective deterrent to seabirds. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


This report describes a methodology developed to evaluate the costs of contraceptive social marketing (CSM) projects and provides an analysis of costs of CSM projects assisted by SOMARC in nine developing countries. SOMARC seeks to deliver quality low-cost contraceptives to low-income consumers and differs from most other CSM practitioners because it also emphasizes (at the design stage) the development of sustainable and self-sufficient programs through the creation of appropriate pricing strategies. SOMARC chooses commodity sources according to four models (locally available products commercial purchase initial donation switching to commercial purchase and donation) depending upon the prevailing commercial infrastructure and contraceptive prevalence rate. The methodology used to calculate cost per couple year of protection (CYP) for each project and the CYP conversion factors used was consistent to allow comparisons across projects and over time. Cost/CYP was also calculated by 1) in-country costs plus technical assistance and 2) in-country costs plus technical assistance plus project overhead. All project costs were calculated on a year-by-year and life-of-project basis. Wastage method effectiveness and coital frequency were also accounted for in developing the conversion factors of units of various methods (IUD oral contraceptives condoms vaginal suppositories and injectables) used per CYP. The description of costs associated with each country program (Barbados Bolivia the Dominican Republic Ecuador Ghana Indonesia Mexico Morocco and Zimbabwe) cover distributed products and promotional activities as well as total sales the number of couple years of protection provided and the cost per CYP. The most striking finding of these analyses was that costs decline significantly as projects mature. Considerable variation was also found in costs from one project to another with the most important variable being the commodity source (locally available or commercially purchased products were associated with lower costs). Market size and country characteristics were also important factors. A third finding was that the costs of CSM projects were generally lower (and thus more cost effective) than other service delivery channels. Finally some of the SOMARC country projects are currently self-sufficient which indicates that if country circumstances are favorable then CSM programs can be self-sufficient in as little as five years.


This essay begins with the paradox that Catherine of Siena, perhaps the most famous uncloistered religious woman in the Middle Ages, became after her death an authority and model for cloistered monasticism for women during the Dominican reform movement. But the dissonance in the idea of Catherine as a model for cloistered religious women is heightened by false assumptions or oversimplifications of Catherine's religious status, and of what it meant for Catherine to be a model for this or that form of religious life. This essay surveys Catherine's letters to religious women, including letters to penitents or mantellate and letters to abbesses and nuns in monasteries. While Catherine's letters to penitents and other women living in the world focus on the challenges of living without a formal religious rule, her letters to nuns focus on the importance of their maintaining claustration, following their rule and on the dangers of wealth—a recognition of the generally higher social and economic standing of monastic women. Catherine seems also to identify certain kinds of prayer with monastic life. It is important to remember that Catherine herself founded a monastery, and while it remains unclear what precisely her intentions were for this community, it is another sign of Catherine's interest in and commitment to cloistered religiosity. The essay concludes by arguing for a more nuanced understanding of what it might have meant for Catherine to be a model for specific forms of religious life.


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A periphyton-based index for biological integrity was developed to assess the ecological status of lakes and reservoirs in Baiyangdian Watershed, China. Periphyton and environmental surveys were conducted at 20 sites during 2009-2010. A total of 22 surveyed metrics of periphyton, which were classified into 6 categories: biomass groups, community structure, pigment ratios, bacteria diversity, enzyme activities, and metabolism were evaluated in order to understand their responsiveness to environmental degradation. Out of these 22 metrics, six metrics were selected to constitute the periphyton-based index for biological integrity: chlorophyll b, chlorophyll c: chlorophyll a ratio, alkaline phosphatase activity, bacteria dominance, net daily metabolism, and autotrophic index by sensitivity and redundancy analysis. Then the periphyton-based index for biological integrity was verified by an independent validation-site data set. The test results indicated the index could not only discriminate disturbed sites from reference sites, but also be triggered by land use types. The scores of periphyton-based index for biological integrity were significantly correlated with the environmental parameters, especially ammonia nitrogen and total phosphorus. These results suggest that this index may be a potential tool for assessing the ecological status of lakes and reservoirs, polluted mainly by organic contaminants in Baiyangdian Watershed.


Surgical drains are used to reduce post-appendicectomy collections. However, they can cause considerable discomfort or increase the risk of surgical site infection (SSI), among other problems. Our aim is to review the literature systematically and conduct a meta-analysis to assess the advantages of using drains (DG) versus no drain (NDG) in complicated appendicitis.

 This systematic review was conducted in accordance with the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. All randomized control trials, comparative observational studies comparing outcomes of drain or no drain after appendicectomy for patients with complicated appendicitis were considered.

 Seventeen studies (n=4255 patients) who underwent appendicectomy for complicated appendicitis with drain (DG=1580) without a drain (NDG=2657) were included. There was no difference between the two groups regarding abdominal collection [Odd ratio (OR)=1.41, P=0.13] and mortality [ risk difference (RD)= 0.01, p= 0.18]. NDG was superior to the DG regarding SSI [OR=1.93, P= 0.0001], faecal fistula [OR=4.76, P= 0.03], Intestinal obstruction [OR=2.40, P= 0.04], and ileus [ OR=2.07, P=0.01]. The No-drain group showed statistically significant shorter LOS when compared to the drain group [MD 1.79, 95% CI (1.25, 2.34), P= 0.00001].

 In conclusion, this meta-analysis has shown that drains have no effect on the development of intra-abdominal collections in complicated appendicitis, but it can significantly increase the risk of post-operative complications such as fistula, surgical site of infection (SSI), bowel obstruction, ileus, and prolonged hospital length of stay.


Multi-band pass filters (BPF) and ultra wide band pass filters (UWB) have become the most important components to meet the requirements of wireless communication applications. This book develops multi band pass filters with small size without affecting its electrical performance. The particle swarm optimization algorithm (PSO) is used to optimize the filter parameters to design, and to improve the filter performance with regard to a given measurement of quality. Moreover, a compact tri-band pass filter is proposed using fractal structure to compact the size. Then the compact tri-band pass filters is designed with DGS to improve its performance and to eliminate higher order modes frequency to reduce the interference. After that the proposed tri-mode resonator is used to implement UWB-BPF with fixed and reconfigurable notch bands. Finally, the configurability is achieved by using PIN diodes due to their superior performance in wideband and high frequency applications.


Based on the data both from field experiments conducted in 2001—2002 and the basic principles of agrometeorology and physiology.The dynamic simulation models for tobacco growth and development were established,in which the quantitative relationship between growth of different tobacco cultivars and environmental factors were simulated. The results indicated that the deviation of seeding stage was 1 day, and those of the other stages were 2~3 days. Model showed high accuracy, mechanism, prediction and extensive adaptability.


Atmospheric in-flight icing poses a challenge to all aircraft including unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). Aircraft should avoid icing conditions unless they have ways of mitigating the negative effects of icing, e.g., if they are equipped with an ice protection system (IPS). When de-icing systems are used, a certain amount of ice is allowed to accumulate before it is removed. This intercycle ice deteriorates the aerodynamics by reducing the lift, adding mass, and increasing the drag. This study combines the energy that is required to compensate for the added drag of intercycle ice shapes with the energy required for a wing IPS and compares the energy needs for different IPS operations. Two different kinds of intercycle ice shapes are simulated numerically using FENSAP-ICE, one ice shape that would accrete on an unprotected wing and one ice shape that would accrete when using a parting strip, a continuously heated element at the leading edge. The results show that both intercycle ice shapes deteriorate the aerodynamic performance of the airfoil significantly compared to a clean airfoil. Additionally, the results show that the aerodynamics deteriorate fastest in the initial stages of ice accretion, likely caused by fast horn growth and a fast transition from laminar to turbulent flow. The aerodynamic performance is combined with energy requirements of electrothermal de-icing tests in an icing wind tunnel. The results show that de-icing with a parting strip is more energy-efficient than de-icing without a parting strip and anti-icing. In addition, it is found that the energy required for the IPS on a wing is significantly larger than the energy required to compensate for the added intercycle drag. Considering these results during the development and operation of an IPS will help to improve the range and endurance of UAVs in icing conditions.


Recently,solid acids as new green catalysts have attracted considerable attention.By far,nine kinds of solid acids,such as solid-supported liquid acid,ordinary oxid,sulfide,salt,zeolite solid acid,cation exchange resin,clunch and solid superacid had been developed.The prospects for solid acids were proposed on the base of colligating recent domestic and abroad researching.


To more accurately solve axisymmetric fluid flows with interfaces,Youngs' method for axisymmetric coordinate systems is developed.Based on its algorithm for Cartesian coordinate systems,definition of the function of volume of fluid and a revised coefficient are introduced,and Youngs' method is developed for axisymmetric coordinate systems.Finally,axisymmetric bubble collapse in an unbounded ideal fluid field is numerically simulated.By comparison,numerical bubble radii by Youngs' method agree well with theoretical bubble radii.


The structural stability behavior of suspended dome is theoretically investigated by employing a computation model of the Kiewitt suspended dome with a span of 40m.ANSYS and ABAQUS were used in the investigation.The structural parameters that influence the structural ultimate load-carrying capacity such as rise to span ratio,heights of struts,number of cable rings and prestresses of cables were analyzed.Some valuable conclusions are drawn for the mechanical analysis and practical design.


As a novel evolutionary computation technology, swarm intelligence is now becoming a new research hotspot. As a representative method of swarm intelligence, ant colony optimization (ACO) is a novel simulated evolutionary algorithm which was proposed first by M. Dorigo and has been applied in many fields. The current status of ACO applications is given in this paper.


We hypothesized that multicontrast late‐enhancement (MCLE) MRI would improve the identification of papillary muscle involvement (PM‐MI) in patients with myocardial infarction (MI), compared with conventional late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) MRI using the inversion recovery fast gradient echo (IR‐FGRE) technique. Cardiac LGE‐MRI studies using both MCLE and IR‐FGRE pulse sequences were performed on a 1.5 Tesla (T) MRI system in 23 patients following MI. In all patients, PM‐MI was confirmed by the diagnostic criteria as outlined below: (a) the increased signal intensity of PM was the same or similar to that of adjacent hyper‐enhanced left ventricular (LV) infarct segments; and (b) the hyper‐enhanced PM region was limited to the PM area defined by precontrast cine images of steady‐state free precession (SSFP). Visual contrast score was rated according to the differentiation between LV blood pool and hyper‐enhanced infarct myocardium. Quantitative contrast‐noise ratios (CNR) of infarct relative to blood pool and viable myocardium were also measured on MCLE and IR‐FGRE images. Of these 23 patients, 13 studies demonstrated primarily involvement of the territories of the right coronary (RCA, 8 patients) and/or left circumflex (LCX, 5 patients) arteries and 10 involved the territories of left anterior descending artery (LAD) with some LCX involvement. Although both IR‐FGRE and MCLE determined the presence and extent of LV MI, better visual contrast scores were achieved in MCLE (2.9 ± 0.3) compared with IR‐FGRE (1.6 ± 0.8, P < 0.001). The CNRs of infarct relative to LV blood pool showed a significant statistical difference (n = 23, P < 0.00001) between MCLE (16.2 ± 7.2) and IR‐FGRE images (4.8 ± 4.1), which is consistent with the result of visual contrast scores between infarct and LV blood pool. The CNRs of infarct versus viable myocardium did not demonstrate a significant statistical difference (n = 23, P = 0.61) between MCLE (14.4 ± 7.0) and IR‐FGRE images (13.6 ± 6.1). MCLE clearly demonstrated PM‐MI in all cases (100%, 23/23) while only 39% ( 9/23 ) could be visualized on the corresponding IR‐FGRE images. In conclusion, MCLE imaging provides better contrast between blood pool and infarct myocardium, thus improving the determination of PM‐MI. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2011;33:211–216. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.


The development of high-order harmonic (HH) generation at GSI ai ms at creating a seed s ource for soft X-ray lasers (SXRL) that are based on amplif ication of spontaneous emission. It has been demonstrated that a seede d SXRL possesses a h igher beam quality in terms of spatial homogeneity and spatial coheren ce [1]. In combination with the narrow spectral bandwidth, seeded SXRL represent attractive diagnostic tools for highly charged heavyion spect roscopy experiments [2]. In 2010 the investigations on HH generation at GSI succeeded in shifting the HH radiation i n a large spectral  range, covering 50% of the spectrum between 17 nm and 35 nm [3]. Furthermore, a new process called x-ray parametric amplification (XPA) was di scovered, demonstrating an exponential increase of the XUV pulse ene rgy by three orders of magnitude [4].


Cultural policy studies tends to talk about fiction without actually using it. A typical move is to place it in an aesthetic realm to be protected, situated and/or critiqued. This is an eminently worthwhile activity. However, this paper explores some ways in which works of fiction may, following their own dynamic, yield significant perspectives upon the world of cultural policy itself. In what ways do fictional works offer us prisms through which to reappraise the worlds of cultural policy? What are the effects of the reconfigurative imaginative play to which they subject the institutions of that world? How are the discourses of cultural policy reframed when redeployed by novelists within free indirect style or internal monologue? The article begins by distinguishing four broad modes in which fictional works refract the world of cultural policy, and then analyses in more fine-grained detail two novels by the leading French writer Michel Houellebecq.


Digitalized video and audio system has become the trend of the progress in multimedia, because it provides great performance in quality and feasibility of processing. However, as the huge amount of information is needed while the bandwidth is limitted, data compression plays an important role in the system. Say, for a 176 x 144 monochromic sequence with 10 frames/sec frame rate, the bandwidth is about 2Mbps. This wastes much channel resource and limits the applications. MPEG (moving picttre ezpert groip) standardizes the video codec scheme, and it performs high compression ratio while providing good quality. MPEG-i is used for the frame size about 352 x 240 and 30 frames per second, and MPEG-2 provides scalibility and can be applied on scenes with higher definition, say HDTV (high definition television). On the other hand, some applications concerns the very low bit-rate, such as videophone and video-conferencing. Because the channel bandwidth is much limitted in telephone network, a very high compression ratio must be required. ITU-T announced the H.263 video coding standards to meet the above requirements.8 According to the simulation results of TMN-5,22 it outperforms 11.263 with little overhead of complexity. Since wireless communication is the trend in the near future, low power design of the video codec is an important issue for portable visual telephone. Motion estimation is the most computation consuming parts in the whole video codec. About 60% of the computation is spent on this parts for the encoder. Several architectures were proposed for efficient processing of block matching algorithms. In this paper, in order to meet the requirements of 11.263 and the expectation of low power consumption, a modified sandwich architecture in21 is proposed. Based on the parallel processing philosophy, low power is expected and the generation of either one motion vector or four motion vectors with half-pixel accuracy is achieved concurrently. In addition, we will present our solution how to solve the other addition modes in 11.263 with the proposed architecture.


In the recent magnetic surveys conducted in different countries, the details of which have been published, one point stands out prominently from the rest, that the more minute the survey, the more surely do the observations show that the needle is subject to "local" and "regional" magnetic disturbances, varying in amount from the normal values of the magnetic elements, as deduced from extended observations made over the whole country. A reference alone to that recent and most valuable contribution to terrestrial magnetism, "A Magnetic Survey of the British Isles," by Professors A. W. Rucker, F. R. S., and T. E. Thorpe, F. R. S., is quite sufficient to show the certainty of these disturbances.


16 Over the last decades, numerous Automated Compliance Checking (ACC) systems have been 17 developed. However, ACC is still not broadly used in the real world today; little is known as to how 18 ACC can be better accepted by the end users. This paper reports on a multiple-case study to learn 19 valuable lessons from recent attempts to adopt Automated Compliance Checking (ACC) systems world- 20 wide. Firstly, eighteen semi-structured interviews were conducted with twenty experts from eight 21 countries and supplementary data (e.g. documents, product information, and literature) related to each 22 case were collected. Secondly, the interview and supplementary data were then coded to develop 23 prominent themes. Thirdly, through a cross-case analysis, twelve most determining variables that could 24 influence the ACC adoption were identified. Three path models that explain the interrelationships 25 between these variables and ten propositions that can guide future ACC adoption were deduced. The 26 results indicate that the government should play an important role to facilitate ACC adoption through 27 funding, policies, and incentives. This study also provides valuable information to software vendors for 28 delivering ACC systems that meet the needs of the industry, and for innovation managers in the industry 29 to develop appropriate adoption plans for the ACC technology. 30


Research has shown that, for HIV prevention communication to be effective, educators must depict target populations in positive, empowering ways that will encourage safe, healthy behavior. While women are increasingly visible in health communication about HIV/AIDS—and in research about that communication—no exhaustive study exists on the representations of women in one of the country's most widely distributed HIV messages, the Centers for Disease Control's AIDS public service announcements. Using textual analysis, this study identifies how women have been and are being depicted in these prevention messages. The results suggest that, through initial discursive strategies, women were represented as guilty for the transmission of HIV and primarily responsible for education and prevention; additionally, women were depicted in ways that decontextualized their cultural, interpersonal, and sexual experiences with men. While recent PSAs offer more empowering representations of women, certain disempowering strateg...


Unwounded and wounded periderm tissue of 1-year old stems of Eucalyptus marginata were infected and lesioned after 5 days'exposure to either mycelium or motile zoospores of Phytophthora cinnamomi. Lesions produced by P. cinnamomi were longer in wounded than in unwounded stems. The inclusion of non-sterile mine site soil with inocula in the unwounded treatments did not affect the rate or extent to which P. cinnamomi colonized E. marginata stem tissue. The ability of P. cinnamomi zoospores to infect unwounded suberized woody tissue of E. marginata, has important implications for mine site rehabilitation in P. cinnamomi infested areas. This is the first study to demonstrate clearly that zoospores of P. cinnamomi can infect and invade unwounded suberized tissue.


Miss WINIFRED HALL : Acute non-specific gastro-enteritis of infants, or the diarrhoea and vomiting syndrome, as it is also called, is recognized as a condition limited to the first twelve months of life. That is not to say that older children do not suffer from diarrhoea and vomiting, but the character of the disease and the behaviour of the patient are_then quite different from what is seen in the infant. In infancy, the dominant feature of the severe case is the appalling dehydration, which may occur either with the primary disease, or as the herald of the onset of a parenteral infection. In the toddler and older children, dehydration is absent. Why this should be, we do not know. Whether we are dealing with a specific infection, bacterial or virus, but limited in its application to the first year of life, or whether it is something inherent in the gradually evolving economy of the young infant, has yet to be decided. Quite possibly it is a mixture of both factors. It is certain that the younger the infant, the more typical is the course of the illness, and after roughly 10 months of age the response of the child to its infection tends to approximate more and more to that of its elders. This means, therefore, that the approach of the doctor, which includes the otologists, to the problems of infantile gastroenteritis must be quite different from his approach to illness in an older child.


Serbian law belongs to the family of laws founded on Roman legal tradition. The family arose after many centuries of expansion of Roman law over the continental Europe and the subsequent influence made on non-European countries by the European law. Adoption of Roman law begun, as far as Serbia is concerned, immediately upon settlement of Serbian tribes upon the Byzantine territory, and it lasted from the dawn of the medieval state until its end, due to numerous ties that Serbian people and state had with Byzantium and Dalmatian cities. The adoption process was interrupted when the Turks came, and it was continued upon liberation from the Turkish power taking place simultaneously with creation of law within the bourgeois states. The Roman legal model penetrated the contemporary Serbian law through the civil code of 1844. Namely, The Civil Code for the Princedom of Serbia was a version of the Austrian civil code of 1811, which adopted some solutions envisaged by the French Code Civile of 1804, while both of the codes had their roots in the Roman law. A deeper analysis of the Serbian Civil Code shows, however, that some of its solutions, in terms of both organization and individual issues, were in fact the result of Hadžic's direct application of the solutions contained in Corpus Iuris Civilis. Therefore, one may speak about a direct adoption of the Roman law by not only the medieval, but also by the contemporary Serbian law.


Cosmic diffuse gamma-ray fluxes have been measured in six energy intervals from 2 to 25 MeV with a balloon-borne gamma-ray telescope. It is found that the observed fluxes are compatible with an energy distribution of 0.0265 times E to the -2.08 (photon/sq cm-s-sr-MeV) at lower energies and steepen at higher energies to meet a power law of 0.017 (E/MeV) to the -2.4. No deviation of the gamma-ray flux from isotropy is observed for five different times during the balloon flight for 10-deg intervals up to 50 deg from the zenith and at celestial coordinates varying from latitude -27 deg, longitude 102 deg to latitude 56 deg, longitude 195 deg, excluding the region in the galactic-anticenter direction. Upper limits to fluxes of 3-25-MeV gamma rays are deduced for a number of possible galactic and extragalactic sources.


Along with the rapid development of natural gas industry in China,how to cultivate high-level talents is an important issue at present.First,we pointed out the existing problems in some state-owned oil and gas companies:aging managers,huge numbers of economic and political work staff,lower academic standard of managers and so on.Then,we presented the SUPPORT program to solve the above problems.This high-level talents training plan was schemed and practiced in Sichuan and Chongqing gas fields.The SUPPORT program originates from the four major factors of fundamental management structure of a natural gas industrial base:strategy,upgrade,process,performance,organization and resources,and it includes training strategies,training organization,training process,training resources,and training performance.Additionally,we summarized the following major measures to fulfill the SUPPORT program:to increase the awareness and importance of talents cultivation,to have a top-level design and plan for training programs,to have a perfect talent training process and system,to focus on high-level talents cultivation and its sustainability,to strengthen the selection and cultivation of reserve talents,and to stick to strict supervision and management all the way.The achieved successful practices showed that the SUPPORT program provides important theories and valuable references for high-level talents training in the natural gas sector in China.


Positive intercultural attitudes and civic action are increasingly important for youth around the world given the economic, social justice, and environmental challenges they face. Among U.S. youth and emerging adults, ethnic identity and self-efficacy are related to positive intercultural attitudes and may prompt civic engagement. Youth's efficacy and civic involvement are critically important in sub-Saharan Africa, where rates of civil conflict are among the highest in the world. However, little research has been conducted with East African youth. In this paper, we discuss contextual challenges facing East African youth and the potential role of ethnic identity and self-efficacy in promoting peaceful and sustainable societies. We report qualitative results and scores on standard measures of self -efficacy, ethnic identity, and intercultural attitudes for 554 youth members of environmental clubs in Tanzania, Uganda, and the United States. Ethnic identity was associated with enhanced self-efficacy in East African, but not U.S. participants. East Africans scored higher on ethnic identity compared to U.S. youth and were more likely to reference intercultural attitudes in open-ended responses. Results provide some support for construct relevance in East Africa, however psychometric results, including internal consistency, validity, and factor structure, were mixed. Our results provide a cautionary tale about the import of measures across cultures and contexts. There is a need for international research, measurement development, and further explication of the meaning and function of ethnic identity across cultures.


As a collection of craft, architecture, commerce, totem and other cultures ,Jingdezhen ceramic cultural landscape carries not only the enriched culture, but also is an important internal factor for Jingdezhen to stand for a millennium. Through the analysis of it, this paper makes a classification according to the regional characteristics in Jingdezhen and current status. On this basis, this paper analyzes the historical and cultural values and evolutionary rules reflected from the landscape, and explores the ways to promote the protection and utilization of the landscape and economic development, so as to realize the sustainable development of culture and economy of Jingdezhen ceramic.


Posttranslational translocon architecture About a third of proteins are transported into endoplasmic reticulum by the universally conserved Sec61 protein-conducting channel. Itskanov and Park determined a cryo–electron microscopy structure of the Sec complex from yeast, which mediates posttranslational translocation of many secretory proteins across the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. The study reveals how Sec63 activates the Sec61 channel for substrate polypeptide insertion. The structure also explains the mutually exclusive binding of Sec63 and the ribosome to the channel. Science, this issue p. 84 Structural analysis elucidates the mechanism of eukaryotic posttranslational protein translocation. The Sec61 protein-conducting channel mediates transport of many proteins, such as secretory proteins, across the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane during or after translation. Posttranslational transport is enabled by two additional membrane proteins associated with the channel, Sec63 and Sec62, but its mechanism is poorly understood. We determined a structure of the Sec complex (Sec61-Sec63-Sec71-Sec72) from Saccharomyces cerevisiae by cryo–electron microscopy (cryo-EM). The structure shows that Sec63 tightly associates with Sec61 through interactions in cytosolic, transmembrane, and ER-luminal domains, prying open Sec61's lateral gate and translocation pore and thus activating the channel for substrate engagement. Furthermore, Sec63 optimally positions binding sites for cytosolic and luminal chaperones in the complex to enable efficient polypeptide translocation. Our study provides mechanistic insights into eukaryotic posttranslational protein translocation.


Thesis (M.S.)--American University of Beirut. Department of Crop Production and Protection, 1986.;"Advisor: Ibrahim rubeiz, Professor, Horticulture – Members of Committee: Aref Abdul-Baki, Science Advisor, Lebanese National Council for Scientific Researc


Piezoresponse Force Microscopy (PFM), as a powerful nanoscale characterization technique, has been extensively utilized to elucidate diverse underlying physics of ferroelectricity. However, the intensive study of conventional PFM has revealed a growing number of concerns and limitations which are largely challenging its validity and application. Herein, we developed a new advanced PFM technique, named Heterodyne Megasonic Piezoresponse Force Microscopy (HM-PFM), which uniquely uses 106 to 108 Hz high-frequency excitation and heterodyne method to measure the piezoelectric strain at nanoscale. We report that HM-PFM can unambiguously provide standard ferroelectric domain and hysteresis loop measurements, and an effective domain characterization with excitation frequency up to ~110 MHz has been realized. Most importantly, owing to the high-frequency and heterodyne scheme, the contributions from both electrostatic force and electrochemical strain can be significantly minimized in HM-PFM. Furthermore, a special difference-frequency piezoresponse frequency spectrum (DFPFS) measurement is developed on HM-PFM and a distinct DFPFS characteristic is observed on the materials with piezoelectricity. It is believed that HM-PFM can be an excellent candidate for the piezoelectric or ferroelectric studies where the conventional PFM results are highly controversial.


A theoretical analysis of the vertical resolving power of the High resolution Infrared Radiation Sounder (HIRS) and the Advanced Meteorological Temperature Sounder (AMTS) is carried out. The infrared transmittance weighting functions and associated radiative transfer kernels are analyzed through singular value decomposition. The AMTS was found to contain several more pieces of independent information than HIRS when the transmittances were considered, but the two instruments appeared to be much more similar when the temperature sensitive radiative transfer kernels were analyzed. The HIRS and AMTS instruments were also subjected to a thorough analysis. It was found that the two instruments should have very similar vertical resolving power below 500 mb but that AMTS should have superior resolving power above 200 mb. In the layer 200 to 500 mb the AMTS showed badly degraded spread function.


points). In Case I, the blood pressure rose from 108/66 to a maximum of 130/90 mm. of mercury immediately after a severe eclamptic fit, a rise of 22 points in the systolic blood pressure. The three babies, one stillborn and two born alive, weighed respectively 4 lb. 13i OZ., 5 lb. 11 oz. and 5 lb. 8 oz. All three of these are well below the average weight of 6 lb. 9i oz., which was the mean of 456 consecutive male and female infants born at Kundiawa from January, 1959, to July, 1962. This has also been found to be the case in the toxremic Australian mother, in whom placental insufficiency causes the fretus to lag considerably in weight during its last weeks of intrauterine life.


We are grateful to anonymous reviewers #1 and #3, Dr. Sinnhuber and Dr. Saunders for their 9 constructive comments and suggestions, which helped us to improve the manuscript. In the 10 present revised version we have fully addressed all the reviews and interactive comments, 11 including updates on references, clarifying descriptions of model configurations, rephrasing 12 of misleading implications and corrections/improvements on tables and figures. 13


Stony Brook University Libraries.
SBU Graduate School in Comparative Literary and Cultural Studies.
Lawrence Martin (Dean of Graduate School), Robert Harvey, Professor, Comparative Literary and Cultural
Studies and European Languages, Co-Dissertation Advisor, Robert Chi, Assistant Professor, Comparative Literary and
Cultural Studies, Co-Dissertation Advisor, Sandy Petrey, Professor, Comparative Literary and Cultural
Studies and European Languages, Chairperson of Defense, Jacqueline Reich, Associate Professor, Comparative Literary and
Cultural Studies and European Languages, Ban Wang, Professor, Asian Languages,
Stanford University, Outside Reader.


Educational technology is changing the face of teaching and learning. It can play a stimulating role within a single class or it can provide the mechanism for delivering an entire course. The exploration and adoption of new technologies offers librarians an opportunity to evolve their role. Librarians are logical contributors in the development of project work in which electronic resources and learning tools are required. Librarian expertise in the digital environment spans a complex array of scholarly resources, learning objects, and Web documents. Instruction librarians are at the forefront of information technology and are ideally suited to participate in new institutional experiments with educational technology. Digital learning resources must be selected and organized. Methods of access to online journals, electronic collections, and multimedia must be developed. New types of assignments that foster active learning and collaboration must be invented. Ways of creating and delivering information literacy resources must be created. This paper describes how librarians can use their knowledge of information and educational technology to enhance their involvement in curriculum development. The primary goal of this participation is to foster information literacy. Some scenarios are simple and require little investment. Others require full partnership as a course designer where information literacy objectives align with course goals. Librarian engagement in the learning enterprise Over the past 30 years, the work of librarians has mirrored the evolution of our understanding of learning. Interest in learning theory in the 1970s encouraged librarians to build rich collections to address specific teaching and learning objectives. Emphasis on learning also highlighted the educational role of the librarian and in the 1980s the concept of information literacy was born. Evolution of our teaching role was stimulated by public access to the Web in the mid 1990s. One stimulus was the change resulting from the information explosion. Apart from the sheer volume and rate of information production, the second spur was the creation of new forms of digital information and the tools by which they are accessed. A third motivation resulting from the extent of information resources, their diversity, and their accessibility, was in the evolving concept of information and media literacy and the notion of 'learning to learn'. A fourth change appeared in the field of education with the development of new methods for teaching and learning arising from increased access to digital information, new forms of educational technology, and our understanding of the processes of learning. There is more to learn and less time in which to learn it. In a comprehensive analysis of the world's entire sphere of data, researchers at the University of California at Berkeley 2 estimate that the entire history of humanity accumulated 12 exabytes of information (1,000,000,000,000,000,000 bytes). Today, 12 exabytes is produced every 2.5 years making the need to understand how to locate information using effective research strategies more


This work is an organized review on the representational capabilities of artificial neural networks and the questions that arise in their implementation. It covers the Kolmogorov's superposition theorem and different statements regarding how it could be related to the representational power of neural networks. Generalization capability of neural networks is then considered and methods of improving this capability are discussed. Some theorems and statements concerning the bound on the number of hidden layers, form of the activation function, and time complexity of training of neural networks are other subjects of this article. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.


Along with the unceasing expansion of university in our country,the mission of university management is becoming more and more difficult.Facing the characteristics of multiple objectives and vast information which contain both a large amount of semantic information and a large volume of spatial-temporal information in university management,traditional information management techniques can not satisfy the need of managing and analyzing spatial-temporal data.This paper based on 515 samples from database use time-geography,with TGIS collecting,storing,managing,analyzing data and realizing the visualization of geographical entity,to build spatial-temporal model on college students' activity.This study was undertaken to figure out the characteristic of college students' activity applied in university management hoping to improve university management level.


Aim: The scope of this study is to investigate the correlation between the clinical and radiological findings of high level lomber disc hernia (L1-2, L2-3, L3-4) and surgical outcome. Material and Method: 23 high level lomber disc hernia out of 262 lomber disc cases operated between January1996 and November 2001 at the department of Neurosurgery , Faculty of Medicine, Inonu University (Malatya Turkey) were retrospectively reviewed. Results: 39.1% of the cases were male and 60.9% were female. The mean age was 49.6. The mean interval between the initial complaint and the admittance was 3.7 months. The incidence of high level lumbar disc hernia was 8.8% and were mostly seen on L3-L4 level (78.3%). CT and myelography were performed in 13% of the cases and MRI and CT on the rest (87%). Only one case having the initial operation in our clinic required a second surgery with the diagnosis of recurrent disc hernia. Conclusion: None of the patients after surgery declared preoperative pain. Postoperative early evaluation using Prolo scale revealeed 56% good and 44% fair results. Reevaluation on the postoperative sixth month disclosed 87% good and 13% fair results. All of the patients benefited from surgery. Key words: Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Lumbar, Disc, High Level Disc Hernia


This study aims 1) To reveal how the impact of changes in the use of service systems from non-electronic data to electronic data for the Internal Land Office and the Community at the Land Office of the City of Palangka Raya, 2) To reveal how the service performance process is done electronically by using the Touch Tanahku Application at the Land Office of the City of Palangka Raya, and 3) To reveal how the obstacles encountered in improving service performance with the Touch Tanahku application at the Land Office of the City of Palangka Raya. This research is a qualitative research with data analysis using the Miles and Huberman technique, where activities in qualitative data analysis are carried out interactively with State Civil Servants, Notaries/PPAT, and service users at the Land Office of the City of Palangka Raya. The results of this study reveal that 1) The existence of an electronic service system and land service information through the Touch Tanahku Application has an impact on increasing public information disclosure, services that are faster, accurate and safer, as well as providing convenience for the public to obtain certainty of service information; 2) The existence of land services electronically can improve the performance of land services in accordance with service standards, namely timeliness, transparency, and increasing community satisfaction; and 3) Obstacles faced are the need to improve the quality of land data, the need for synchronization and harmonization in the Touch Tanahku Application, and the need for outreach to the public regarding the use of the Touch Tanahku Application.


A without separately comprises components for shielding the drain hole, to provide the wire protection pipe and the wire harness capable of protecting the electric wire. An A resin pipe wire W is inserted, formed on the lower wall 10S, which is disposed on the lower side when mounted on the vehicle V, the bulging portion 21 bulging outward together It is, drain hole 22 is opened in the peripheral wall of the bulged portion 21. According to this structure, the bulging portion 21 formed integrally with the wire protection pipe 10, since the electric wire W is protected from flying gravel or water splash and the like, to separate comprises components for shielding the drain hole 22 no, it is possible to protect the electric wires W. .The 10