Leakage effects in deep sub-0.1μm CMOS technologies are of critical concern to designers of high-performance integrated circuits. Recent estimates [1] of a 7.5x increase in leakage current per chip generation; along with several proposals for energy-efficient cache architectures that unfortunately do not address static leakage-energy issues [2], [3], [4], have heightened concerns over the functionality and stability of future high-performance SRAM cache designs. Each of these future technology generations, in addition to having increased short-channel effects (SCEs) will now also suffer from gate leakage currents across physically and electrically thin (1.5nm) SiO2 gate dielectrics. In this paper we demonstrate the limits of this scaling on the operational behavior of on-chip SRAM cache designs, and briefly discuss the impact of these results on high-performance memory architectures.


The feasibility of the Bayesian approach to screening for learning disability proposed by Wissink, Kass, and Ferrell (1975) is further explored. Two matched groups of children, one with and one without learning disability, were given tests related to component disabilities previously identified as being diagnostic. The probability that each child has learning disability was calculated from the test results according to the Bayesian procedure and on that basis the children were reclassified. The Bayesian method compared favorably with discriminant analysis in accuracy and is more easily applied to screening. Moreover, the lack of independence in the data did not seriously affect the results. It is concluded that the method warrants further study.


Abstract Daily temperature data from 599 stations across China for the years 1961 to 2007 were used to analyze the changes in the natural regional boundaries. The results show that the accumulated temperature ≥ 10°C and its duration changed dramatically from the end of 1990s to the early 21st century. The amplitude of natural regional boundaries was greater in the 21st century than it was in the 20th century. In the eastern region of China, the climatic zones were migrating generally northward, with the northern edge of the subtropical zone and the eastern section of the warm temperate zone showing an obvious northward shift of up to 1–3° of latitude. The climatic zones moved south in the Qinghai Tibet Plateau, western Inner Mongolia, and some areas of western Xinjiang, and slightly to the north in other parts of the western region.


Background: : Anemia is a worldwide problem with highest incidence in developing countries. India has the highest prevalence of nutritional anemia predominantly in women and children. Methods:  An observational and analytical study was carried out for period of 12 months. We studied 261 adult patient for typing the anemia. We perform the hematology parameter by automated hematologyanalyzer, For confirmation PBS and bone marrow examination, serological test like serum iron profile , vit B12 and folic acid levels in blood is done Result: Total 261 cases of anemia included in the  study. Microcytic hypochromic anemia were63.2 %of cases, macrocytic anemia cases were 36.77% of cases. Large number of iron deficiency anemia's were seen in female with reproductive age group and megaloblastic anemia seen with age 50-60 years of age in both sex. Conclusion: For the diagnosis of nutritional anemia haemogram by automated hematology parameter, PBS, serum iron profile , serum vit B12 and folic acid is required. DOI: 10.21276/AABS.1555


Upper ontologies are interesting because describing and representing concepts that can be used across various domains (as opposed to domain ontologies). This feature may enable increased correctness of mappings between domain ontologies, conceptual schema and languages. Unfortunately, there exist various upper ontologies and it is quite difficult to decide or to assess which of them should be used in one application: the main reason is that upper ontologies are complex artifacts possibly specified in specific logics providing formalization of highly abstract concepts. Researchers have been therefore interested in understanding the similarities between upper ontologies by establishing mappings between key ontology concepts. In this paper, we review mappings proposed in literature and we establish a notion of compatibility between these mappings by introducing a method based on Galois connections. We then conclude with a synthesis of the results obtained by using the proposed method. The key findings put in evidence some key differences leading to incompatibility among proposed mappings. These differences are worth to be further investigated.


Sensory studies such as soundscape, thermal and lighting comfort, smellscape is relatively less explored. Reviewing existing studies of smells and smellscapes can help researchers to better understand the field and bring insight for further research. This chapter starts explaining the smellscape concept consisted of four elements: smells and sources, human perceptions, physical environment and context of places. It then reviewed current approaches to investigate smellscapes and derived an integrated smellscape research framework from exisiting literature. Limitations and debates around designing smells have also been addressed in this chapter. Based on the review, this chapter also outlines future research directions of smellscapes.


THIS FULL SCALE EXEGETICAL WORK by Grayston, emeritus professor at the University of Bristol, England, sets out, in a bold, imaginative, and comprehensive way, to repristinate the discipline of biblical theology. The focus of his attention is the New Testament teaching on the death of Christ, as seen in the various strands and strata of the documents. Each source, beginning with pre-Pauline traditions and culminating in theJohannine literature, is patiently and thoroughly passed under review. The idioms, metaphors, and myths in which the significance of the cross and resurrection is conveyed to the first readers are carefully treated. In each case the "social connection" of the writings is allowed full weight, and the situation and contingencies of the various books are given prominence. The outcome is a veritable thesaurus of biblical data, which gathers conveniently into one volume the multiform traditions and teachings relating to Christ's work. The latter term is broadly conceived, and often it is the entire range of Christ's mission and achievement that is covered, not simply the explicit reference to his death. So far so good. Yet the present-day reader ought to be warned that this is no easy volume to come to grips with-and the reviewer is often puzzled as one chapter succeeds another. There seems to be no logical flow, except in the sequencing of the New Testament sections that follows the familiar trajectory. Certainly the thrust of the author's argument is kept in low profile and has to be teased out of each chapter as it concludes. It is not that the writing is obscure; it is crystalline clear. Nor are helpful summaries missing; they are there at the end of each chapter. What the reader misses is some indication as to the book's thesis, and one is kept in animated suspense until the Conclusion. But the wait is worthwhile. Here the author spells out the main argument to which the preceding detailed exegesis has been leading. The New Testament offers no theory of atonement, but tells how Christ's death and resurrection affect the community. In two ways, the worship of God and the moral behavior ofbelievers are said to be the chief areas of application. Where there is some consideration of the "how," it is seen to be expressed in "explanatory myths" and the process of "interchange." Yet, in the main, the emphasis falls on the story motif of God's coming in Christ, variously described by an assortment of models and metaphors, and designed to elicit a response. Thus, the story that is told is meant to become the story of us all; hence, the book's title. What of the subtitle? In what sense can major exegetical enterprise be said to be "new"? For one thing, its version of biblical theology deals seriously with some of the newer disciplines-s-the interplay of tradition and redaction, the Tendenz of each New Testament document, the rhetorical structure of the writings-in a way that older volumes in the field did not do. We think of Vincent Taylor's magnificent


The aero glide downwards beam guidance control system is an important control system. Based on the basic work principle been brief discussed, kinematic link and glide coupler in the glide downwards beam guidance control system were analyzed. The aero glide downwards beam guidance system structure was designed, and a great deal of simulation researches was done under MATLAB platform. Simulation results manifestation: the designed structure for aero glide downwards beam guidance control system is reasonable and stability, and its steady state performance was also gotten better.


This paper analyses busy burst (BB) enabled interference avoidance for multi-user orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) in a Manhattan grid deployment scenario. Upon successful reception of data, the receiver transmits a BB in a time-multiplexed mini-slot. Exploiting the channel reciprocity of time division duplex (TDD), an exclusion region around a victim receiver is established, where potential transmitters are denied access to reserved resources. The size of the exclusion region is determined by a threshold parameter, known to the entire network. System level simulations compare the system and user throughput of BB enabled interference avoidance with greedy resource allocation that does not attempt to avoid interference. It is shown that by adjusting the BB threshold parameter, system throughput can be traded with fairness in terms of cell-edge user throughput. By tuning the BB threshold, either up to 45% increase in system throughput or up to 7-fold increase in cell-edge user throughput are feasible compared to greedy resource allocation. Moreover, by an appropriate adjustment of the BB power further gains in system throughput without compromising fairness are achieved.


Through 3d ANSYS software,the belt pumping unit 3d model was established,the belt pumping unit structure was analyzed.Got the support maximum stress and displacement distribution maps,got some conclusion by analyzing the results.Based on this for the pumping unit for structure optimization design,three kinds of improved models was put forward,though the three kinds of models analysis,got the three models of the displacement and stress distribution maps.The results show that even the oil pumping unit design meet the requirements,it also can proceed the further optimization,changing the stress smaller angle stress model and raking prop,strengthen the main force position,not only greatly improve the stress state,but also make the structure more reasonable,economy applicable.


Huang Zhimo was a private publisher with many achievements in the Qing dynasty from Yihuang County,Jiangxi Province.His Xunmintang Series printed from wooden types consists of no less than one hundred books,thanks to which many valuable documents survive to this day and get quoted convincingly in the current academic circles.The Women's Poetry of Qing Dynasty,which took Huang Zhimo six years to finish,counts as the largest anthology of women's poetry in the Qing dynasty.However,Huang Zhimo has aroused little attention in the present academic circles and there have been quite a few omissions and errors in the fragmentary descriptions about his life and his publishing activities.I'd like to provide a chronicle focussing on his publishing activities so that these omissions and errors can be avoided.


Design principles for high-power single-mode diode lasers are presented with emphasis on the design of constricted double-heterojunction large-optical-cavity (CDH-LOC) devices. In the CDH-LOC structure the lateral geometry allows oscillation in relatively large spots (1.7 µm × 7 µm), while providing strong discrimination against high-order mode operation via "anti-guiding" losses. Thus, operation in a single mode (spatial and longitudinal) is recorded to 40 mW/facet cw, the highest single-mode power ever reported for semiconductor lasers. Under 50% duty-cycle conditions, single spatial mode operation is recorded to 100 mW/facet. The beams have no astigmatism and typical half-power full widths of7\deg \times 25\deg. Preliminary room-temperature lifetests at 40 mW/facet initial power and 50% duty-cycle show relatively small changes after 10,000 hours of operation. For comparison, results from other types of high-power single-mode devices are presented and discussed.


Our thesis is conducted in collaboration with Draper Europe AB in Halmstad. The goal of the project has been to construct a baseline concept for the instaling of aprojector screen. Draper Europe AB, in the curent situation, have several kinds of fabrics and designs on their sceens and the cases they are in. Today if you select a screen you can´t chose the design and function of the sceens case. The arrangement of the components inside the cases was to be constructed so the assembler simply could move them to different cases. To make it even easier for the assembler and to save time, the desire of less component was mentioned. Another problem that needed to be solved was the mounting of the projectionscreen at the customer place. Today it is almost impossible for one person to install a screen. We have chosen to use the "Fredy Olsson method" as used in several other construction projects. Based on this method and with the help of several other design methods we have developed some propositions. The propositions has then been developed and improved to finally be designed in Catia V5.


This paper examines a political appraisal of the effort of various governments in Nigeria fourth republic toward economic self-reliance as a critical element to the overall Sustainable development of the country. However, due to the internal contradiction inherent in most developing Societies like Nigeria, achieving economic Self reliance has continued to elude these States. Nigeria's public sector driven economic system has been replaced by government in Nigeria with difference privatization model aimed at strengthening the institutional mechanisms of the state and creating inefficient and effective economic system to drive its development agenda. The paper argues that there is need for an alternative model for development in the country which avoids creating overdevelopment on foreign aid and -allows for the empowering of people to trust in their own capabilities and spirit. Economic Self-reliance as an alternative to the western model if properly understood and applied can bring hope for a bright and more sustainable future. The paper identified the factor militating ageist economic Self reliance and mad recommendations to address these factors with the goal of engendering economic Self reliance in Nigeria. Keyword: Economic self reliance, Development, Social Policy, Nigeria.


Interferon-β (IFN-β) contributes to the cellular immunity and antibody synthesis as an immune system regulating agent. However, it can cause various autoimmune diseases (such as autoimmune hepatitis, systemic sclerosis, thrombotic microangiopathies and glomerulonephritis). The autoimmune dysregulation is generally responsible for the pathogenesis of these diseases. IFN-β–related renal diseases have been scarcely reported. Furthermore, reports regarding the coexistence of IFN-β with membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN) is extremely rare in the literature, with only two cases. We have presented a case of a 52-year-old female with multiple sclerosis who was treated with IFN-β for 25 years before being admitted to our department with nephrotic syndrome. A kidney biopsy was performed. The biopsy revealed enlargement of all glomeruli with thickening of capillary basement membrane, lobulation and an increase in mesangial matrix. In a few glomeruli; there was 'double contour'and hyaline deposition on capillary wall (Figure 1). Immunofluorescence staining was negative and focal C4d positivity was identified in glomerular capillary. The patient was diagnosed an IFN-β associated C4d glomerulopathy (MPGN pattern). In the 3rd month of IFN-β cessation, proteinuria regressed. This is the first report of an IFN-β induced C4d glomerulopathy. In the literature, there have been only two cases reported about IFN-β related MPGN. In the literature, there have been only two cases about IFN-β related MPGN. Wallbach et al. reported a 40-year-old woman with MS who developed nephrotic syndrome during IFN-β treatment. She was diagnosed immune complex-type MPGN. Despite normal complemant levels; IFN-β triggered immune system activation was suggested as the probable pathogenetic mechanism. The other case report by Yuste et. al. was about a 37-year-old-female with MS and accompanied proteinuria who had been on 9 years of IFN-β therapy. Renal biopsy findings were consistent with MPGN. The case had normal complemant levels without significant immune complex and C3 deposition in the biopsy. The absence of immune complex deposition in this case was different from the case report of Wallbach et al. However, they suggested a different pathway for the development of glomerulonephritis. Our case represents similarities to Yuste et al. with normal compleman levels and the absence of immune complex, C1q and C3 deposition in biopsy. We could not explain the pathogenesis of the IFN-β–related MPGN by the immune activation or compleman cascade processes until C4d positivity was identified. When evaluated together with our case, the lectin pathway of complement seems to be responsible for this situation. Some proliferative glomerulonephritis according to C4d staining have been classified as C4 glomerulopathy. Indeed, IFN-β has been demonstrated to have an influence on lectin


Guided ultrasonic waves are increasingly used in all those structural health monitoring applications that benefit from built-in transduction, moderately large inspection ranges, and high sensitivity to small flaws. This article describes a monitoring system based on the generation and detection of the guided ultrasonic waves from an array of sparse transducers. In a round-robin manner, ultrasonic waves are generated and measured from all possible different pairs of excitation and sensing transducers. The ultrasonic signals are then processed using continuous wavelet transform and empirical mode decomposition to extract few damage-sensitive features that enable the detection and localization of damage. With respect to most of the existing guided ultrasonic wave–based methods, the proposed approach does not require to record data from a pristine structure (baseline data), and damage is inferred by examining the selected features obtained from all the possible combinations of actuator–sensor pairs of the array. In this study, the method is validated using commercial finite element software to model the presence of 10 ultrasonic transducers bonded onto an aluminum plate. The results are promising and ongoing studies are focusing on the experimental validation and the application to other waveguides.


The modified nucleoside of the title was synthesized by nucleophilic addition of lithium diethyl phosphite to the corresponding 3'-keto nucleoside under basic conditions. C P bond formation resulted from attack on the c~ face, trans to C(5') and the thymine ring. One molecule of © 1994 International Union of Crystallography Printed in Great Britain all rights reserved Acta Crvstallographica Section C ISSN 0108-2701 ©1994 292 C33H37N2OsP.C2H60 EtOH crystallized with the nucleoside (C33H37N208P.C2H60). Intermolecular hydrogen bonds were observed between the O atom of the alcohol and the 0(3 ' ) hydroxyl H atom, and between the phosphoryl O atom, O(5), and the N(3) H atom of the thymine ring.


The more one gets involved with the definition of State aid under Article 87(1) EC the more there is a realization of how elusive this is. Each and every element of this concept still raises fundamental questions and is still subject to debate. There is one area, however, which is the real frontier of EC State aid law, and indeed of any system aiming to control public subsidies: regulation. This paper attempts to sketch some of the aspects raised by the legal status of regulation under EC State aid control. It does not propose to offer definitive answers. The fact itself that after more than fifty years since the entry into force of the Treaty of Rome we are asking this question is probably a sign that there are no final answers. From another perspective, the issue ultimately depends on policy and not legal choices, which is partly beyond our remit. What we aim to achieve with this paper is two-fold. On the one hand, to analyze the issue at an operative micro-level, by assessing it against the various traditional elements of the notion of State aid under Article 87(1) EC. At the same time, to insert the issue of the control of regulation within its broader systemic and institutional context. This turns on asking what other EC law provisions, particularly internal market rules, could apply to the same measure and what institutional, and even constitutional, implications the application of State aid, rather than internal market rules, might have. It can be anticipated that these considerations do play a crucial role in the definition of EC State aid under Article 87(1) EC and on whether regulation should be covered or not.


Background: Since the publication of the CFS case definition, there have been a number of other criteria proposed including the Canadian Consensus Criteria and the Myalgic Encephalomyelitis: International Consensus Criteria. Purpose: The current study compared these domains that were developed through consensus methods to one obtained through more empirical approaches using factor analysis. Methods: Using data mining, we compared and contrasted fundamental features of consensus-based criteria versus empirical latent factors. In general, these approaches found the domain of fatigue/post-exertional malaise as best differentiating patients from controls. Results: Findings indicated that the Fukuda et al. criteria had the worst sensitivity and specificity. Conclusions: These outcomes might help both theorists and researchers better determine which fundamental domains to be used for the case definition.


In order tofurther promote the prevention and treatment ofinfectious diseases in China,and improve the abilities ofthe related institutes to understand and control the current situation,this paper analyzes the status quo of the prevention and treatment of some major infectious diseases and relavant research progress,discusses the problems and difficulties,and looks forward the key work in which great efforts should be made in the future.


In the work of "Kun Xue Ji Wen", the writer, Wang Ying-lin, in the form of reading notes, elaborates, discusses, investigates and arranges the study of Confucian Classics, opening up a unique study way. In the study of Confucian Classics, he is not constrained by the different schools of thoughts, adopts the theories of the Song Dynasty and the Han Dynasty, and synthesizes all schools, values the study of Confucian Classics and the History as well. Thus, actually Wang Ying-lin is a well-informed Confucian.


The distribution of auxiliary primes raising the level of even representations of tetrahedral type is studied. Under an equidistribution assumption, the density of primes raising the level of an even, $p$-adic representation is shown to be $$ \frac{p-1}{p}. $$ Data on auxiliary primes $v\leq 10^8$ raising the level of even $3$-adic representations of various conductors are presented. The data support equidistribution for $p=3$. In the process, we prove existence of even, surjective representations $$ \rho^{(\ell)}:\operatorname{Gal}(\overline{\mathbb{Q}}/\mathbb{Q}) \longrightarrow \operatorname{SL}(2,\mathbb{Z}_3) $$ ramified only at $\ell$ and at $3$ for $\ell =163$ and $\ell = 277$. The prime $\ell = 277$ falls outside the class of Shanks primes. Measured by conductor, these are the smallest known examples of totally real extensions of $\mathbb{Q}$ with Galois group $\operatorname{SL}(2, \mathbb{Z}_3)$.


In this note some struggles with the sliding window protocol and the special case known
as the alternating bit protocol, are reported. We try to give a correctness proof, and discover
that we cannot do so for one of the versions of the sliding window protocol. One may either
require channels that satisfy stronger assumptions or, as we will do, adapt the protocol
and stick to the weaker assumptions. The alternating bit protocol can be traced back to
[Bartlett]. We have been unable to trace back the origins of the sliding window protocols;
[Stenning] discusses one of the versions and lists networks using related protocols.


Background: Software architecture is a crucial while significantly challenging topic in the computer science curriculum. Although "learning by doing" is widely advocated to address this topic's abstract and fuzzy nature, educators are still facing various difficulties in practice, especially including students' vicious circle of inexperience and the mental model dilemma in experiential learning. Aims: To help break the aforementioned vicious circle and mental model dilemma, this work aims to investigate our educational strategy of using lightweight projects with public and free PaaS resources (1) to help students accumulate architectural experience from the early stage and (2) to facilitate strengthening students' fundamental architecture knowledge. Method: To collect more empirical evidence, we conducted action research on our educational strategy across three undergraduate-curriculum courses for two years. In particular, we employed the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) to validate how well students received such an educational strategy. Results: The students involved in the relevant coursework generally gave positive feedback with respect to learning theoretical concepts and a set of architectural patterns. Meanwhile, we also observed diverse learning curves for utilizing PaaS resources. Conclusions: Although there still exist PaaS-related limits, our educational strategy can foster students' experiential learning and collaborative learning in fundamental architecture courses. We believe that there are also potentials to extend our work to broader and advanced courses of software architecture.


A woman stares blankly into space, a clawed hand lifts over her left shoulder and her head turns sideways with no change in expression; as she bends forward, the pointed finger of her right hand slides past her face. A slow pulsing bass note is interrupted by the sound of a child's voice repeating 'we had the same dream'. Another three dancers knot their knees and legs around each other, falling and folding, at times covering someone else's eyes while jigging them up and down. These eerie bodies with their disconnected gestures appeared in Lucy Guerin's choreography for Heavy, drawing my attention to the phenomenology of sleep, that paradoxical reality in which unknown bodily states haunt the consciousness at the boundaries of the self. Heavy (1998) was Guerin's first full-length theatrical work and it featured two male and two female dancers wearing red and black shirts and red trousers.1 The set included three volunteers sleeping vertically; inside a series of rectangular cots lined up along the metal mesh rear wall. Long paper strips from a continuous encephalograph, tracking brainwaves during sleep, descended from the ceiling, and a nighttime mood was created by dim lighting patches of deep blue and red interrupted intermittently by a bright neon glare, while a live DJ mixed electronic effects and estranged speech fragments. A work about sleeping, sleep disorders and dreaming, Heavy may have been the first contemporary dance piece to explore this science–arts frontier. Given the growing obsession with sleep or lack thereof, Heavy was also a witty, sometimes sinister, exploration of the expectations that surround sleeping in contemporary culture. More than one in three people in the Western world suffer from sleep disorders, many of them chronic. Regular patterns of sleep, and the particular loss of consciousness that is the state of sleeping, are thus far from a norm. Indeed, many adults suffer more than a few nights when they don't sleep particularly well. As a result of this dysfunction, sleep research has become a major field of medical study and highly funded sleep research centres aim to understand the physiological causes of sleep; to identify the health benefits of sleep; or to examine changes in consciousness while we are sleeping. Sleep research laboratories can include environmentally controlled bedrooms, where expensive machines record EEG, EMG, EOG, movement, breathing and body temperature in order to document dreaming sleep and circadian rhythms. In economic terms, the medication of sleep represents a multimillion dollar industry, and online hundreds of sleep networks are dedicated to advice on how to improve sleeping. We lack sleep even as we crave ways to measure it, evaluate it and capture the effects of dreaming. As the eminent sleep researcher Michel Jouvet writes:


The utility model discloses a multifunctional tree felling machine, comprising a power system, a cabin assembly, a manipulator system, a hydraulic system, a felling head combination system, a chassis assembly and a control system, wherein the power system, the cabin assembly, the manipulator system and the hydraulic system are all arranged on the chassis assembly; the output power of the power system drives the wheels on the chassis assembly via a transmission device on the chassis; the front end of the manipulator system is provided with the felling head combination system; the hydraulic system is connected with the manipulator system via pipelines to drive the manipulator system and the felling head combination system on the manipulator system; and the control system is arranged in the cabin system and is connected with each working system via pipelines. The felling machine combines the functions such as felling, lopping, bucking, top cutting, banking, loading and the like, with high working efficiency, high safety, reduced labor strength, and low damage on forest tree and forest land ecosystem.


The Russian Orthodox Church (ROC) presents itself as a defender of traditional Christian values. Among these values, representatives of the ROC mention concern for marriage and family. To what extent is the position of the ROC an expression of commitment to the traditional Christian concept of marriage and family? In this article, we analyse the contemporary Orthodox discourse in Russia since Kirill Gundyayev became the Patriarch of Moscow in 2009. From a political science and security studies perspective, we highlight the main ideological elements of this discourse. We contrast these elements with similar content in Russian official documents and Vladimir Putin's statements. An analysis of what the ROC says about the problems and protection of marriage and family in Russia, against the background of Putin's statements and the actions of the state authorities, shows that the ROC's discourse on marriage and family echoes the main themes of the political discourse controlled by the state authorities. In its understanding of marriage and in its efforts on behalf of the family, the ROC represents a conservative doctrinal position. Although, in doctrinal terms, it essentially expresses the traditional Christian teaching on marriage, the strong ideologisation and securitisation of demographic issues in Russia are also reflected in church discourse.


Two isomeric bis(trimethylsiloxy)naphthalenes and two isomeric bis(triethylsiloxy)naphthalenes were newly synthesized, their properties examined. The yield of 1,4-bis(trialkylsiloxy)napthalenes was found to be less than other isomers by unknown reason.


Titanium dioxide TiO2 in the anatase form and nanosize crystals is well known for its photoactivity. The electron–hole pairs produced in the TiO2 as a result of irradiation by UV light (sunlight) have a sufficiently high redox potential to produce hydroxyl radicals in the presence of H2O that can oxidise organic compounds to CO2. Thus TiO2 sees applications in water and air purification and in self-cleaning systems. For practical purposes in many applications, it is necessary to bind the TiO2 nanocrystals onto a substrate while at the same time ensuring maximum exposure of the TiO2 surface to the UV light (sunlight) and the medium containing the organic material to be oxidised. Here we report the development and characterisation of a novel nano-structured calcium silicate–TiO2 composite material comprising a proprietary nano-structured calcium silicate host material which has an open framework structure and a large surface area to which anatase TiO2 has been attached during synthesis. The composite material has been characterised and tested in the photocatalytic degradation of phenolphthalein. The highest photocatalytic activity was observed when the calcium silicate–TiO2 composite material contained discrete TiO2 particles of about 30–100 nm in size on the surface of the silicate host.


Cognitive theories of psychopathology posit that maladaptive patterns of cognitions confer elevated risks to individuals in the development of psychological disorders. This meta-analysis examined the extent to which six cognitive vulnerabilities associated with depression (i.e., pessimistic inferential style, dysfunctional attitudes, and ruminative style) and anxiety (i.e., anxiety sensitivity, intolerance of uncertainty, and fear of negative evaluation) were related with one another. A total of 159 effect sizes from 73 articles were obtained to estimate the mean correlations among the vulnerabilities. Results indicated that they were moderately to strongly correlated. Meta-analytic structural equation modeling was applied to evaluate two alternative factor analytic models underlying the associations among the vulnerabilities. A one-factor model provided the best fit to the meta-analytic data, suggesting a common etiologic factor shared among the vulnerabilities. This suggests that the vulnerabilities are not distinct at a broad level and their common core presents an avenue for transdiagnostic interventions.


In this work proposed study the design of different materials in a particular antenna wearable application at frequency 900 MHz. The particular antenna substrates allow direct integration into garments. The antenna is a rectangular patch, analyzed different dimension and characteristic that typology of materials. The goal of this paper is evaluate the dosimetry effect in the body when we use this particular substrates.


Echocardiographic measurement of mitral valve area (MVA) is critical prior to percutaneous transmitral commissurotomy (PTMC). This study aimed to compare the agreement between transthoracic (TTE) and transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) in three‐dimensional (3D) planimetric measurement of the MVA among patients with severe mitral stenosis.


This thesis is concerned with the application and development of my compositional practice, as demonstrated through my portfolio of compositions. Identifying and understanding the techniques I utilise whilst composing formed an important part of this undertaking and my development as a composer. The pieces in this portfolio demonstrate the development of my compositional practice and personal style, characterised by the importance of timbral and textural elements and the use of gesture. I intended to utilise different instrumentations to create a varied portfolio of pieces demonstrating a wide range of different timbres, sounds, and colours. In the commentary I will engage with what I have learned from my experiences over the course of this year.


Ethics is a necessary value for human beings living in an emotional society. If humans have no ethical base as a standard to instruct their behaviors, humans will be similar to other living beings, neither more nor less. The difference between humans and animals is that humans have a reason, emotion, and love which are expressed in relations between people and people. And the society of humans formed from these ethical values is prerequisite for it to exist and develop. In each culture, country or region with different cultures or different doctrines, we see different concepts of ethics. However, all the concepts have one common characteristic that is to direct people to good behaviors in relations between people and people. In this article, We will present and analyze some concepts of ethics of Québec and of Vietnam and then we will state my own opinion about the concept of ethics. This article includes 3 parts, the beginning, the body, and the conclusion.


This public talk as part of the Margate PhotoFest (2015) placed into context the significant cultural role the seaside photographer has had in documenting and refracting back the beach experience. From as early as the late 1850s itinerant seaside photographers were located on the UK beaches and along with early examples, the presentation considered how the experience of the beach photographer evolved through three ages of seaside photography and also what the future might hold for the contemporary photographer working the sands.


The ETV6-CBFA2 (TEL-AML1) fusion gene arises from the chromosomal translocation, t(12;21)(p13;q22) which occurs in approximately 30% of childhood B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. The role of the fusion gene in leukaemogenesis was investigated by using a DNA construct containing the murine Etv6 exon 5 fused in frame to human CBFA2 (exon 2-8) to mimic the ETV6-CBFA2 fusion identified in human acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. This DNA-targeting construct was introduced by homologous recombination into mouse embryonic stem cells and the fusion gene shown to be transcribed under the control of endogenous Etv6 elements. High level chimeras were generated by blastocyst injection of targeted embryonic stem cells. The chimeras were subsequently crossed to generate offspring heterozygous for the Etv6-CBFA2 mutation. To date, neither the chimeric animals (at 14.5 months) nor the heterozygous offspring (at 10 months) have demonstrated any overt phenotypic evidence of leukaemia. However, mice homozygous for the Etv6-CBFA2 mutation died between dE10.5-11.5. The phenotype of these embryos was similar to that described in the Etv6 knock-out model. Our study demonstrates that the Etv6-CBFA2 fusion gene resulting from the t(12;21) translocation is not, by itself, oncogenic and we postulate that further genetic events are required for the development of leukaemia. Furthermore, the lethal phenotype observed in the mice carrying the homozygous disruption of the Etv6 gene is likely to be due to a lack of the Etv6 DNA binding domain.


ABSTRACT The primers for RT-PCR and RACE-PCR were designed by aligning the pig genomic sequence and the human complement factor B (CFB) coding sequence (CDS) from the GenBank. Each PCR product was amplified in pig cDNA and sequencing was carried out. The CDS length of pig CFB gene was determined to be 2298 bp. In addition, the pig CDS was more longer than human and mouse orthologs because of insertion and deletion. The identities of porcine nucleotide sequences with those of human and mice were 84% and 80%, and the identities of amino acids were 79% to 77%, respectively. Three complement control protein (CCP) domains, one Von Willebrand factor A (VWFA) domain and a serine protease domain, that are revealed typically in mammals, were found in the pig CFB gene. Based on the CDSs determined, the primers were designed in intron regions for amplification of entire length of exons. In amplification and direct sequencing with genomic DNAs of six pig breeds, three cSNPs (coding single nucleotide polymorphisms) were identified and verified as missense mutations. Using the Multiplex-ARMS method, we genotyped and verified the mutations identified from direct sequencing. To demonstrate recrudescence, we performed both direct sequencing and Multiplex-ARMS with two randomly selected DNA samples. The genotype of each sample exhibited the same results using both methods. Therefore, three cSNPs were identified from pig CFB gene and that can be used for haplotype analysis of the swine leukocyte antigen(SLA) class III region. Moreover, the results indicate that the Multiplex-ARMS method should be powerful for genotyping of genes in the SLA region.(


In earlier papers we have described two optical techniques which have the potential for monitoring SF6-insulation systems: one is an optical fibre sensor for sulphur [4], and the other is based on the measurement of SF6 refractivity [5]. The technique described here involves a direct measurement of SF6 concentration using a silver halide optical fibre and the 10.6 ?m radiation of a CO2 laser. Here the measurements have been made in a corona or partial discharge, a form of low-current discharge which occurs at surface imperfections in high-voltage equipment [6].


The paper is devoted to review of the current researches of Paleolithic of Alaska. A special focus is aimed to the problem of cultural variability of the assemblages with microblade versus bifacial point technologies. Author gives some analogies with the situation of research of cultures of Final Pleistocene Early Holocene in Northern Baikalian Siberia, Lower Vitim Valley. The common background of the correlations is the discourse of peopling of Americas from Asia


This study investigated undergraduate students' perceptions of compliance-gaining strategies used to encourage alcohol consumption in friendship relationships. Three hundred sixty-five participants indicated which compliance-gaining strategies they used with friends to get them to drink alcohol, how often they used the strategy, the effectiveness of the strategy, and gender differences. The data indicated that undergraduate students perceived differences among the compliance-gaining strategies for use, frequency, and effectiveness. Wagner & Punyanunt-Carter 479 Alcoholic consumption among college students is on the rise (Glassman, 2002; Mitka, 2009). Lang (1997) reported that the college environment actually influences the peer to peer encouragement of alcoholic consumption. Gfroerer, Greenblatt, and Wright (1997) found that the college students who did not live with their parents compared to college students who lived with their parents were more likely to heavily consume alcohol. For college students, the decision to consume alcohol is motivated by interaction with friends. Clapp, Shillington, and Segars (2000) investigated the contexts in which college students binge drink and the likelihood that students will drink more when among peers. The researchers found that alcohol consumption was positively correlated with the presence of friends. Peers influence drinking behavior. Abrams, Hopthrow, Hulbert, and Frings (2006) found that people feel more comfortable and less risky to drink when in a group setting. Benton, Benton, and Downey (2006) found that students perceive drinking with friends as a protective strategy. Having friends present reduces the harm that may occur from heavy drinking. Also, Clapp, Shillington, and Segars found, that friends look after each other during heavy alcohol consumption. Friends inherently create a trusting environment. Therefore, compliance requests to drink from friends may present a situation that leaves receivers particularly vulnerable to persuasion but what strategies are being used and how frequently? Compliance-gaining research is focused on the options that individuals make about what to communicate when attempting to persuade others to behave in a specific manner. Wheeless, Baraclough, and Stewart (1983) defined compliance-gaining as "the communicative behavior in which an agent engages so as to elect from a target some agent-selected behavior" (p. 111). Much of the compliance-gaining research has concentrated on classifying and identifying the types of strategies employed to achieve compliance. Investigating research on persuasion, Marwell and Schmitt (1967) developed a questionnaire to determine individuals' tendencies to use certain strategies to get others to comply. Marwell and Schmitt identified 16 power-based compliance-gaining techniques—threat, promise, positive expertise, negative expertise, liking, pregiving, aversive stimulation, debt, moral appeal, positive self-feeling, negative self-feeling, positive altercasting, negative altercasting, altruism, positive esteem, and negative esteem. Previous research has not tested the use of Marwell and Schmitt's compliancegainingtechniques used to encourage friends to drink. Conversely, Harrington (1995) examined alcohol refusal requests and found that, based on politeness theory, refusals with greater face support were received more favorably. Harrington (1997) also examined the complexity of the messages that college students use to persuade peers to drink alcohol. In an experimental situation where participants' compliance attempts were recorded and then coded, Harrington's hypotheses were supported. Simple offer was the most common strategy and most initial offers were simple. Most second offers were what Harrington, building from Alberts, Hecht, Miller-Rassulo, and Kirsek's (1992) conceptualization, defined as complex. Specifically, these strategies emphasized the benefits, availability, minimization of risk, appeal to group norms, and facilitation of alcohol consumption. Measuring the use of Marwell and Schmitt's compliance-gainingtechniques in College Drinking 480 college drinking context is valuable. Understanding the strategies used to encourage friends to drink will inform compliance research and will be helpful in the development of campaigns for effective refusals of alcohol (Dunleavy & Campbell, 2006). Specifically, this study addresses the following research questions: RQ 1: What compliance-gaining technique(s) do college students identify as being likely to use with friends to drink alcohol? RQ 2: With what frequency do college students report using specific compliancegaining technique(s) with friends to drink alcohol? RQ 3: What is the effectiveness of the compliance-gaining technique(s) that college students report using with friends to drink alcohol? RQ 4: Are there gender differences for the compliance-gaining technique(s) used with friends to drink alcohol? Method Participants Participants were 365 undergraduate students enrolled in introductory communication courses at a large Midwestern university. The age of the respondents ranged from 18 to 45 (M = 21.16, SD = .96). Of the 365 subjects, 164 (44.93%) were male; 34 (9%) were ages eighteen, 281 (77%) were 19-24, 27 (7%) were 25-30, and 23 (6%) were over 30. 126 (34%) were freshman, 139 (38%) were sophomore, 73 (20%) were juniors, 23 (6%) were seniors. Due to the sensitivity of asking a question about illegal drug use (it is illegal for people under the age of 21 to consume alcohol), we could not obtain information about alcohol consumption. Procedure Participants were asked to imagine a hypothetical situation where they were trying to persuade another friend to drink alcohol. They were asked to rate the likelihood, frequency, and effectiveness of using various compliance-gaining strategies. The questionnaire took approximately thirty minutes to complete. As an incentive, participants received research credit for completing the questionnaire. An alternative assignment was available. Measurement Compliance-gaining strategies. Participants were given a list of 16 compliance-gaining strategies based on Marwell and Schmitt's typology. After each strategy, a description of that strategy was provided. For example, "Aversive Stimulation – Actor continuously punishes target making cessation contingent on compliance. "You forbid Chris to talk to you and tell him/her that he/she can not talk to you until he/she drinks." The questionnaire was divided into three different sections. First, participants were asked to rate their perceptions of the likelihood that they would use specific compliance-gaining strategies. Participants rated these items on 7-point Likert-type scale from (1) Extremely Likely to (7) Extremely Unlikely. Second, participants were asked about the frequency that they would use each of the 16 compliance-gaining strategies to persuade a friend to drink alcohol. Participants rated these items on a 7-point Likert-type scale from (1) Always to (7) Never. Third, participants rated the effectiveness of each of these strategies on a 7-point Likert type scale from (1) Extremely Effective to (7) Extremely Ineffective. Cronbach alphas for each of the sections were .94, .92, and .90 respectively. Wagner & Punyanunt-Carter 481 Results The first research question looked at the likelihood that college students would use each of the compliance-gaining techniques to persuade a friend to drink alcohol. Results revealed that three compliance-gaining techniques were classified as "extremely likely" to be used. First, college students reported using "Negative Self-Feeling", which is was defined as "You will feel worse about yourself if you do not comply. For instance, you tell Chris that she/he will feel excluded or indifferent if he/she does not drink." Two hundred thirty one or 63.3 % of the participants reported that they would most likely use this technique (M = 1.36, SD =.48). Second, "Positive Self-Feeling – You will feel better about yourself if you comply. For instance, you tell Chris that she/he will feel included or part-of-the-gang if he/she does drink" (M = 1.68, SD =.46). Lastly, "Positive Expertise – If you comply you will be rewarded because of "the nature of things. For instance, you tell Chris that Italians believe that dinking wine is good for lowering cholesterol. So, drinking is good for Chris" was the third most likely used technique (M = 1.88, SD = 1.24). The second research question looked at the frequency of how often participants used a certain compliance-gaining technique. Findings revealed two frequently strategies. First, debt (M = 1.56, SD =.46)., which is a situation where the other individual should comply because of past favors. "You point out that you have sacrificed and saved up money to drink at the bar and he/she owes it to you to be your drinking buddy." Second, negative expertise (M = 1.78, SD =.72)., which was defined as, "if you do not comply you will be punished because of 'the nature of things. "You point out to Chris that others will not find Chris sociable or friendly if Chris does not drink." The third research question explored what compliance-gaining strategies college students perceived as effective. The highest rated strategy was threat (M = 1.22, SD =.14), which states "if you do not comply I will punish you". The second highest was negative self-feeling (M = 1.34, SD =.56), which states "You will feel worse about yourself if you do not comply." An example of this is, "You tell Chris that she/he will feel excluded or indifferent if he/she does not drink." The third highest rated strategy was negative esteem (M = 1.47, SD =.34), which occurs when "people you value will think worse of you if you do not comply" or "You tell Chris that everyone at the bar will be very disappointed (in him) if does not drink." The fourth research question looked at differences between men and women. A ttest was conducted between men


Molecular beacon strategies using PNA are currently restricted to fluorophore attachment to the ends of the PNA. We report the synthesis of PNA oligomers wherein fluorophores can be attached to the PNA backbone from novel gamma-lysine PNA monomers. Oligomers incorporating the modified PNA showed comparable thermal stability to the corresponding aegPNA oligomer with DNA. When the modified PNA oligomer was annealed with complementary DNA, the fluorescence intensity increased 4-fold over the unbound PNA. [structure: see text]


In 1997 a ministerial council representing four Australian states and the capital territory took a remarkably bold step: The council instituted a firm limit on the total volume of water that could be extracted from the Murray‐Darling River basin. "The Cap," as it became known, froze water use at a level equal to ~ 40% of the average annual volume of river flow.


When we consider the problem of governments collaborating through international organizations, we tend to think only in terms of foreign policy and of issues involving conflict among countries. This is, of course, natural since these are the questions uppermost in the news. But there is another side to international collaboration. If international organizations are to be successful in dealing with world problems, the policy organs through which negotiations are conducted and the secretariats which handle the administrative work must be properly organized and administered. Successful international administration depends upon efficient organization and management, much like any governmental or private endeavor depends upon them.


The article examines the implementation of the category of the tragic in The Monk's Tale, which is part of The Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer. The purpose of this work is to clarify the concepts 'tragedy' and 'the tragic' in the culture of the Late Middle Ages, as well as their interpretation in Chaucer's oeuvre. The focus is on the specific understanding of these terms in the Middle Ages: since the genre of dramatic tragedy became a thing of the past along with Antiquity, the word 'tragedy' began to be used by poets and scribes of the Middle Ages to specify a distinct type of narration that deals with the power of fate as the main theme. The need to identify what works Chaucer used as examples to follow, as well as to study the peculiarity of the category of the tragic in The Monk's Tale, determined the choice of methods for the analysis of the material. The research employs culture-historical, comparative-typological, and biographical methods of analysis. It has been established that, relying on the Latin (Boethius) and Italian models (Francesco Petrarca, Giovanni Boccaccio), Chaucer perceived 'tragedy' as a variation of the 'fall of princes' story. Both Chaucer and Boccaccio were interested in the study of earthly life, the search for a connection between human behavior and human fate, and the image of Fortune. However, the Italian poet did not call his works 'tragedies', while Chaucer did: his character, the Monk, tells seventeen stories about the victims of Fortune, among which there were both sinners and relatively innocent people. Our analysis has shown that the main point in Chaucer's understanding of the category of the tragic is the fundamental incomprehensibility of the ways of fate. Focusing on the category of the tragic, Chaucer receives the opportunity to explore the irrationality of human existence.


(24), the reality would have been that Snow Falls and Christophe belonged to the clan mother, and it would have been her decision as to the fate of Bird's prisoners. Taking this into consideration, one might also consider the results if Boyden had chosen to deviate from the customary exoticized and sexualized representations of Aboriginal women (Snow Falls and Gosling) and opted for alternatives. Perhaps a fiery and outspoken clan mother (the Jesuit Relations include many accounts of women such as this) might have been included or the daughter of an Anishinabe and Wendat couple, whose character could unravel the complicated multicultural relationship of her ancestors? There are other possibilities, I am sure. Overall, The Orenda is a welcome contribution to a twenty-firstcentury resurgence in Wendat studies. It is not only an award-winning source of fiction but also a useful tool to encourage people to take the next step and look into the history behind the story. kathryn labelle University of Saskatchewan


The position of the Touton giant cell in relation to the foreign body and Langhans type of giant cell is considered. (A short account of Karl Touton's life is also included.) After reviewing the historical development of the concept of giant cells and current interpretations of their nature, the uni


Objective To analyze the characteristics of imported malaria cases in Shenzhen City from 2007-2008 . Methods The data of imported cases were collected and discriptively epidemiological mathod was used to analyze the infections and plasmodium in blood samples of the cases was detected and species identified by Opti -MAL, immunochromatography and PCR. Results The age of imported cases was from 21 to 55 years old,and 21 patiants were local residents,the others were foreigners. There 21 of the 24 imported cases,were imported from Africa and 3 from South- East Asia,and 54% of the cases mainly occurred in December,January and February. According the microscopical smears, 16 cases were falciparum malaria,4 cased vivax malaria,and 4 cases not differentiated that were identified as falciparum malaria by Opti-MAL test and PCR. Conclusion The imported malaria cases were mainly the returned local residents from hypeendemic areas outside China and most of them were falciparum malaria.The Opti-MAL and PCR tests were proved to be the alternative of the microscopy for identification of plasmodium species.


A sample injection port specially suited for the gas-liquid chromatographic analysis of irradiated organic compounds is described. The non volatile portion of the injected sample is retained in the evaporation chamber while other volatile components pass over into the chromatographic column. After analysis the evaporation chamber could be easily opened, cleaned and then re-covered to be ready for the subsequent analysis. Long term use of the reported device showed it to be satisfactory in use and that there were no bad effects on peak shapes or on the quantitative analysis of samples.


It has recently been predicted that the surface plasmons are allowed to exist on the interface between a topological insulator and vacuum. Surface plasmons can be employed to enhance the optical emission from various illuminants. Here, we study the photoluminescence properties of the ZnO/Bi2Te3 hybrid structures. Thin flakes of Bi2Te3, a typical three-dimensional topological insulator, were prepared on ZnO crystal surface by mechanical exfoliation method. The ultraviolet emission from ZnO was found to be enhanced by the Bi2Te3 thin flakes, which was attributed to the surface plasmon – photon coupling at the Bi2Te3/ZnO interface.


Abstract In the last 60 years, milk, meat, and egg worldwide consumption per capita increased 2-, 3-, and 5-fold, respectively. In the same period, several studies have reported a drop of semen quality and an increased incidence of cryptorchidism, hypospadias, and some hormone-related cancers (testicular, prostate, breast, endometrial cancer) in humans. A possible reason for these disruptions is increased exposure to exogenous hormones in food of animal origin. Hormones in food are considered to affect the endocrine system and cell signaling and thus disrupt homeostasis in the consumers. Since food safety assurance is a part of the veterinary service, the risk assessment of hormones in food as potential disruptive compounds is a significant challenge. Numerous cohort and epidemiologic studies and meta-analyses have been performed with respect to find an association between the consumption of food of animal origin and particular health disorders. Additionally, several studies in animal models have been performed to explain the mechanisms of disruptive effects of exogenous hormones. Since contradictory results have been reported, there is no general conclusion about the disruptive effects of exogenous hormones. Further experiments on animals in which long-term treatment with exogenous hormones is performed and further comprehensive endocrinological, toxicological, and human epidemiological studies are needed to confirm or deny the role of exogenous hormones in human health disorders. Moreover, long-term exposure to a combination of several exogenous compounds, such as environmental pollutants and dietary hormones and their additive effects, are also not well known and should be a topic for further studies.


From the basic principles of statistical physics, we have obtained the more general conditions that the convolution law of the density of states of the system and its subsystems or that of the high-dimensional system and low-dimensional system is satisfiled. We also analysed the transition of densities of states from the l-dimension to the 3-dimension in the free electron and tigkt-binding periodic systems.


Introduction: Patients suffering from chronic kidney disease (CKD) experience a number of associated comorbidities, including anemia. Relative deficiency in renal erythropoietin (EPO) production is thought to be a primary cause of anemia. Interestingly, CKD patients display low levels of hydrogen sulfide (H2S), an endogenously derived renal oxygen sensor. Previous in vitro experiments have revealed that H2S-deficient renal cell lines produce less EPO than wild-type renal cell lines during hypoxia. Methods: We postulated that H2S might be a primary mediator of EPO synthesis during hypoxia, which was tested using an in vivo murine model of whole-body hypoxia and in clinical samples obtained from CKD patients. Results: Following a 72-hour period of hypoxia (11% O2), partial H2S knockout mice (lacking the H2S biosynthetic enzyme cystathionine γ-lyase [CSE]) displayed lower levels of hemoglobin, EPO and CUAJ – Original Research Leigh et al H2S deficiencies and impaired renal erythropoietin production cystathionine-β-synthase (CBS) (another H2S biosynthetic enzyme) compared to wild-type mice, all of which was rescued by exogenous H2S supplementation. We also found that anemic CKD patients requiring exogenous EPO exhibited lower urinary thiosulfate levels compared to non-anemic CKD patients of similar CKD classification. Conclusions: Together, our results confirm an interplay between the actions of H2S during hypoxia and EPO production. Introduction Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) suffer from a number of associated comorbidities including the development of anemia, which eventually occurs in almost all end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients.1 While anemia associated with CKD can be attributed to a variety of factors, relative deficiency in renal erythropoietin (EPO) production is thought to be a primary cause.1 EPO synthesis occurs primarily in the interstitial cells of the peritubular capillaries in response to low oxygen tension, and it goes on to promote erythrogenesis in the bone marrow. CKD patients with anemia are often prescribed erythropoietin stimulating agents (ESAs), which are associated with a variety of adverse effects including hypertension and the development of drug resistance.2,3 There is an evident need for novel and alternative ways to treat anemia associated with CKD. While the correlation between renal failure and development of anemia has been well established, the exact underlying mechanisms have yet to be confirmed. Patients suffering from CKD have regions of tubular hypoxia due to the progressive interstitial fibrosis that develops around the peritubular capillaries, which are known to sense oxygen tension.2,4,5 This suggests that inadequate EPO production in CKD, despite a state of persistent renal hypoxia, may be due to decreased renal tubular oxygen sensing abilities.4–7 The typical cellular response to hypoxia involves activation of the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) pathway to help cells to adapt to reduced oxygen partial pressure, that occurs through stabilization of the HIF-α proteins and subsequent transcriptional up-regulation of a number of genes, including EPO.5,7–14 In order to allow for an adequate response to low oxygen levels and the initiation of the HIF pathway, cells must be able to sense any changes that may occur in oxygen availability that may occur. Current understanding surrounding this process highlights gasotransmitters as oxygen sensing molecules. There are three gasotransmitters currently believed to act as oxygen sensors: carbon monoxide (CO), nitric oxide (NO), and hydrogen sulfide (H2S). These three gasotransmitters are all believed to fulfill second messenger functions in oxygen sensing.15,16 Emerging evidence suggests that H2S, in particular, may be beneficial during hypoxia, due to interactions with various already wellestablished hypoxic responses including the HIF pathway.15,17–20 H2S is endogenously produced in mammalian cells from the metabolism of L-cysteine via the biosynthetic enzymes cystathionine-βsynthase (CBS), cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE), and 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (3-MST). The resultant H2S is oxidized in the mitochondria to thiosulfates and sulfates. When oxygen levels fall, the mitochondria are unable to catalyze this oxidation, which leads to H2S accumulation that may have a CUAJ – Original Research Leigh et al H2S deficiencies and impaired renal erythropoietin production potential role in the mediation of hypoxic responses.15,16,18 Our earlier in vitro work revealed that renal and hepatic cell lines deficient in H2S produce less EPO than their wild-type counterparts during hypoxia.21 Additionally, animal models of CKD demonstrate a decreased ability to produce H2S, which contributes to disease progression.22 This decreased capacity is due to initial down-regulation of CBS, which is followed by a decline in both CSE and 3-MST activity. Thus, it is essential to explore whether H2S deficiency plays a role in the inadequate EPO production experienced by CKD patients to further understand the mechanism underlying anemia in CKD. This study is the first to elucidate the effect of H2S on in vivo renal EPO production. Using an in vivo murine model where mice were subjected to a 72h period of hypoxia (11% O2), we discovered that CSE knockout mice displayed lower levels of hemoglobin, EPO, and other HIF-regulated genes compared to wild-type mice. Interestingly, hemoglobin levels and the expression of HIF-regulated genes, EPO, and CBS were rescued by exogenous H2S supplementation. In correlation, we report, for the first time, that anemic CKD patients requiring exogenous EPO exhibited lower urinary thiosulfate levels compared to non-anemic CKD patients of similar CKD classification. This suggests that administering H2S exogenously to anemic CKD patients may potentially have some therapeutic benefit. Overall, our findings highlight the importance of H2S as an oxygen sensor during erythropoiesis and provide evidence that supports the postulate that H2S regulates EPO production through the HIF pathway.


In maize, enhancement of maternal haploid frequency may be obtained by using specific inducer lines as pollen parent. Haploidy induction potential of an inducer material was increased, through three cycles of full sib selection, from 0⋅16% to more than 3%. Results from the selection experiment suggest that high haploidy inducing potential is a highly heritable trait not appreciably influenced by environment and is controlled by a large number of genes with additive effect. Further improvement in haploidy induction frequency in the inducer line may be obtained through testing and selection.


This paper uses the OECD's indicators of product market regulation (PMR) to assess the extent to which the regulatory environment in Russia supports competition and to draw attention to the areas where further reform efforts would pay dividends. The indicators show that, despite improvements in some areas, many aspects of Russia's regulatory framework are still restrictive, which provides considerable scope for reaping gains from bringing regulation into line with international best practice. In particular, the scores suggest that Russia's economic performance would greatly benefit from a reduction in the role of the state enterprise sector in markets that are inherently competitive and reinvigorated efforts to liberalise foreign trade and direct investment regimes. In some network sectors, recent regulatory changes have significantly improved the scope for competition. However, ongoing work needs to focus on separating competitive and monopoly market segments and eliminating barriers to entry. In addition, the authorities need to develop the capacity and strengthen the hands of the sectoral regulators. Introducing an overarching competition policy would also help bring the issue of competition to centre stage and spread a competition ethos through different levels of government.


As a result of the famine of 1932–1933, those peasants of Ukraine who were lucky enough to survive had deep psychological traumas. No one provided them with professional assistance, it simply did not exist at that time in the Soviet Union, people perceived life as a reality that was deprived of those who were less fortunate. The daily realities of life forced people, instead of professional psychological and rehabilitation care, to work hard and implement five-year plans in factories, mills and collective farms. The authority of the clergy and parents in the Ukrainian countryside was replaced by the undeniable authority of Lenin's party and its leaders. Obedience and obedience of the Ukrainian population arose as a result of repressive activities of the Stalinist regime, unsuccessful peasant revolts and uprisings. For fear of entering the Stalinist camps, at first the responsible persons, and later the whole ordinary population, spoke little and clearly; and everyone knew that every careless word said could cost a life. This laid the foundations of slavish psychology, which is characteristic of more than half of Ukrainian society during the Soviet era. The life orientations of the majority of Ukrainian peasants have changed – their plans and aspirations have been directed to cities and towns. Due to the terrible realities of the famine in Ukraine, witnessing the brutality of the Soviet authorities, people in Ukrainian villages are becoming obedient and submissive en masse. Classical agricultural traditions have been replaced by new priorities. It is during this period that the so-called double morality, or system of double standards, emerges – when the same person quite consciously expresses one opinion at home, and in public – quite another. The root causes of this double standard were fear for his life and his family. Young children subconsciously noticed this, and acted in the same way as adults – so unconsciously formed the experience of generations. Over time, Ukrainians become Russified, treat Russian-speakers very loyally and calmly. Absolutely Russian-speaking Ukrainians are appearing in Ukraine, and few have paid attention to this threatening phenomenon.


type="main"> We analyze the direct and indirect demographic contribution of immigration to the foreign-origin composition of the Canadian population according to various projection scenarios over a century, from 2006 to 2106. More specifically, we use Statistics Canada's Demosim microsimulation model to assess the long-term sensitivity to immigration levels and the frequency of mixed unions of the share of immigrants in Canada and of persons who have at least one ancestor who arrived after 2006. The results of the simulations show that the population renewal process through immigration happens at a fast pace in a high immigration and low fertility country such as Canada. Under the scenarios developed, immigrants who entered after 2006 and their descendants could form the majority of the population by 2058 at the earliest and by 2079 at the latest and could represent between 62 percent and 88 percent in 2106. They also show that mixed unions are a key element of the speed at which the changes are likely to occur in the long run.


Abstract Crystalline cerium-zirconate (CZ) powders were synthesized via solution-assisted combustion synthesis route and calcined at 850°C for 8 h to obtain coarse crystalline powders. SEM (scanning electron microscopy) characterization studies were done to evaluate the morphology of the powders. XRD analysis of the resulting powder confirmed the presence of crystalline α-Ce2Zr2O7 along with a Ce2Zr2O8 phase having a disordered fluorite cubic lattice. Phase composition, lattice parameters, and the atomic positions were also investigated. Refinement of XRD data was done to quantify the amount of α-Ce2Zr2O7 and Ce2Zr2O8 phases. Ni-base superalloy Inconel 625 was chosen as the coating substrate, and the powders were coated using an air plasma spraying (APS). A thermally grown oxide (TGO)/Al2O3 layer was observed owing to the high temperature of the substrate as well as the diffusion of bond coat material into the substrate. Coated samples were characterized by SEM to study the surface morphology, coating thickness, and interface microstructures. The thickness of the coated sample was found to be 400 μm. Thermal cycling test of the coated sample was carried out at 750°C for 50 h to evaluate the thermal shock resistance of the coating as well as the spalling behavior of the coating. Preliminary oxidation tests were carried out for 50 h at 750°C to evaluate the oxide growth by measuring weight gain of the oxide layers formed. Oxide growth signifies the gradual increment of layers over a period with a parabolic rate constant of about Kp= 1.18 × 10–3 mg2 cm–4 h–1.


In the U.S. economy over the past twenty five years, house prices exhibit fluctuations considerably larger than house rents. These price-rent dynamics tend to move together with business cycles and have a predictive power for house returns over the long horizon. We develop and estimate a dynamic general equilibrium model to account for these facts and offer structural interpretations. The model's transmission mechanism transforms a very small persistent shock to the stochastic discount factor into a large price-rent ratio fluctuation. The same shock generates the comovement between the price-rent ratio and output. Moreover, the rent-price ratio predicts the house return over the long horizon. Date: December 19, 2014.


American foulbrood, caused by the Gram‐positive bacteria Paenibacillus larvae, is one of the most severe bacterial diseases of the European honey bee. The bacterium has been known for long, but only the last decade the mechanisms used by the pathogen to cause disease in its host are starting to unravel. In this study, the knowledge of this virulent behaviour is expanded and several possible virulence factors are suggested.


PURPOSE: A system and method for bidirectionally guiding a study book is provided to increase the effect of an education by enabling a student and a teacher to bidirectionally share contents of study book in real time using the internet and short-distance communication. CONSTITUTION: A teacher client(10) is used for presenting questions of study book made by the teacher. A student client(11) charges interface of a student who receives a study book service. An EDUCE(Education platform for Distance learning Using Computer Environments) server(16) provides a study book service to the teacher and the student through the teacher client(10) and the student client(11). A LAN(Local Area network,12) connects the teacher client(10) with the student client(11). In addition, the LAN(12) is used as a network of a study book service. A study book shared database server(15) is connected with a system server(16). In addition, the study book shared database server(15) stores and manages data on study books in order to perform a real-time learning between the teacher and the student through the internet(13).


We present GBT neutral hydrogen observations of two nearby galaxy groups. The M 81/M 82 and NGC 2403 groups represent opposite ends of the range in intensity of galaxy interactions, and have remarkably different properties in Hi. We have discovered 5 new Hi clouds in the highly interacting M 81/M 82 group of galaxies. Based on the velocity and angular distributions of these clouds, we conclude that they are relics of ongoing interactions between galaxies in the group. In contrast, the non-interacting NGC 2403 galaxy group shows no signs of Hi clouds or faint, extended Hi. We also detect a compact Hi cloud at v = −205 km s −1 , which we believe to be part of HVC Complex A. Our observations suggest that the number density of Hi clouds in galaxy groups is strongly correlated with the level and age of ongoing galaxy interactions in the group.


In the article the actuality of the role of fine art in the society, its importance in the education of young repentance is discussed, the problems of visual activity in the initial stage of education in preschool institutions and their implementation in life are considered.


The problem of fatigue life predictions for variable amplitude loading is considered. A prediction model is proposed that is based on a level crossing count of the effective load, where the effective load is defined according to the crack closure concept. The proposed model is applied to block load sequences presented in the literature and compared to experimental data and other prediction methods. It can be concluded that, provided that the crack opening level can be determined, the model gives reasonable predictions.


Named entity recognition is important for semantically oriented retrieval tasks, such as question answering, entity retrieval, biomedical retrieval, trend detection, and event and entity tracking. In many of these tasks it is important to be able to accurately normalize the recognized entities, i.e., to map surface forms to unambiguous references to real world entities. Within the context of structured databases, this task (known as record linkage and data de-duplication) has been a topic of active research for more than five decades. For edited content, such as news articles, the named entity normalization (NEN) task is one that has recently attracted considerable attention. We consider the task in the challenging context of user generated content (UGC), where it forms a key ingredient of tracking and media-analysis systems.
 A baseline NEN system from the literature (that normalizes surface forms to Wikipedia pages) performs considerably worse on UGC than on edited news: accuracy drops from 80% to 65% for a Dutch language data set and from 94% to 77% for English. We identify several sources of errors: entity recognition errors, multiple ways of referring to the same entity and ambiguous references.
 To address these issues we propose five improvements to the baseline NEN algorithm, to arrive at a language independent NEN system that achieves overall accuracy scores of 90% on the English data set and 89% on the Dutch data set. We show that each of the improvements contributes to the overall score of our improved NEN algorithm, and conclude with an error analysis on both Dutch and English language UGC. The NEN system is computationally efficient and runs with very modest computational requirements.


A characterisation of a low pressure SF 6 discharge was undertaken, by means of plasma diagnostics, including radiofrequency electrical probes, Langmuir probes and optical emission spectroscopy. Chemical kinetics modeling of the discharge was performed too. This was aimed to the understanding of a reported transition in the plasma induced surface modification on poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) fibres by SF 6 plasma treatment which can be characterized as a striking wettability modification reverse displayed by plasma treated fibres as the SF 6 pressure in the discharge exceeds a threshold value. Here we have investigated the modification also on different polymeric surface such as that of a PET film and of cellulose (paper). We point out that the observed transition could be understood as a switch between an increased surface hydrophilicity, induced by plasma treatment at low pressure, which produces also surface etching and activation, and an increased surface hydrophobicity, imparted by plasma treatment at higher pressures, due to extended surface fluorination.


The official inclusion of the teaching of graphing in school curricula has motivated increasing research and innovative pedagogical strategies such as the use of media graphs in school contexts. However, only a few studies have investigated knowledge about graphing among those who will teach this curricular content. We discuss aspects of the interpretation of media graphs among primary school student teachers from Brazil and England. We focus on data which came from questionnaires which gives evidence of elements of "Critical Sense," which involves the mobilisation of several kinds of knowledge and experiences, in the interpretation of statistical graphs.


Human identification proof received at a distance has as of late gained increased interest from computer vision specialists. Gait recognition points basically to address this issue by recognizing individual's identity on the manner in which they gait. Presently, straightforward yet effective gait recognition algorithm utilizing spatial-temporal silhouette investigation is proposed. For each image arrangement, a background subtraction algorithm and a simple communication technique are first used to section and track the moving silhouettes of a walking figure. At that point, eigenspace transformation on Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is applied to time-varying distance signals got from a grouping of silhouette images to diminish the dimensionality of the information feature space. Supervised pattern classification methods are in long run acted in the lowerdimensional eigenspace for recognition. This strategy certainly captures the basic and transitional attributes of gait. Broad trial results on outdoor image groupings show that the proposed algorithm has an empowering recognition execution with generally low computational expenses.


This Essay was prepared for a 1999 symposium on "Supermajority Rules as a Constitutional Solution," and comments on John O. McGinnis & Michael B. Rappaport, Supermajority Rules as a Constitutional Solution, 40 Wm. & Mary L. Rev. 365 (1999). Although we agree with many aspects of the McGinnis & Rappaport analysis, we discuss two aspects which trouble us. First, we do not believe they have demonstrated that the interest groups that benefit under the existing majoritarian system would in fact support the adoption of a constitutional amendment that required the consent of a supermajority to pass certain spending legislation. Second, we contend that even if such an amendment could be formally proposed and ratified that it would do little to decrease the aggregate cost to society of she special interest legislation that Congress enacts.


Colorectal cancer (CRC) has the second highest cancer mortality rate in Australia. The Australian National Bowel Cancer Screening Program (NBCSP) aims to increase early detection of CRC by offering free Faecal Occult Blood Testing (FOBT), although uptake is low for culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) groups.


The problem of estimating MTBF when the malfunction factor r=0 in fixed time truncated test is presented. Two MTBF algorithms are given. It is shown that a more objective and accurate estimation for the equipment reliability can be obtained and a practical example is provided.


The basic objective of ongoing performance assessment studies, conducted by the Basalt Waste Isolation Project (BWIP), is to quantify the waste isolation capability of the deep basalt flows beneath the Hanford Site. This fiscal year a preliminary performance assessment study was initiated to examine and compare the long-term performance of candidate repository horizons within the reference repository location. This paper outlines the BWIP performance assessment approach and summarizes the results from recent analyses of postclosure performance.


The surface acoustic wave electromechanical coupling coefficient Ks 2 of piezoelectric material expresses the energy exchange efficiency of surface acoustic wave and electrical field. It is also a significant parameter for development of piezoelectric material and surface acoustic wave devices design and fabrication. Two kinds pattern of double delay lines were designed. The first is a surface acoustic wave double delay lines with free surface, in order to calculate Vf. The second is a surface acoustic wave double delay lines with metallized surface, in order to calculate Vm. Both of the delay lines were fabricated on the same wafer, then sampling some devices for delay time measurement by Agilent E5062A vector network analyzer. The average of Vf and Vm were calculated respectively. The Ks 2 was calculated using above-mentioned formula. The test and calculation were completed with 128deg Y-X LiNbO3, 6deg Y-X LiNbO3, Y-Z LiNbO3 and X-112deg YLiTaO3, 36deg Y-X LiTaO3 respectively. The results accord with Sadao measure's results in the materials integration.


Sheep shearing at the Great Yorkshire Show will have a 'new look' this year, with the introduction of a class specifically for women shearers. ...


We propose a real-time visual road detection based local path planner for autonomous navigation in unstructured environments. The system consists of two parts: road detection and local path planning. Road boundary model based on convolution neural network is trained for local road detection in image frame. After perspective transformation, the result is transformed to the vehicle's frame for path planning. The road midline generated from the road boundaries is used to represent the reference local path. Priori information with the global navigation topology map is combined to solve multi-roads selection. Finally, data fusion with historical detection results and predictive control of vehicle model is used for path optimization. In addition, obstacle avoidance combined with LIDAR perception is also taken into account to complete an autonomous navigation task in complex scenarios.A large number of experiments with various road conditions shows that the proposed method has a good adaptability and versatility for unstructured scenarios. The algorithm can effectively reduce the dependence on absolute positioning and LIDAR perception. So it is of great importance for autonomous navigation in scenarios without satellite or in unknown scenarios.


Based on the analysis of the mode matching problem between heterogeneous Web data and unified query interface,an adaptive data integration method based on mixed decision tree is proposed.By introducing the new concept of impact analysis of suspicious instances,the mode matching problem between data source and unified query interface is solved,and at the same time the suspicious instances are divided and the classification rules are reordered.This method can improve the automatic level and the accuracy of data integration,and its effectiveness is demonstrated by analyzing some practical data collection on different domains.


Through questionnaire, interviewing, and inspecting, we investigated the management current situation of the tennis clubs in some main cities over Jiangsu province; and we found out several problems as follow: lack of commercial activities and specialized talents, and higher price. According to these issues, we propose some suggestions for them to develop the tennis in Jiangsu province.


The present invention discloses a cell switching transformer economic scheduling method, characterized by comprising the following steps: Step a: read cell parameters of the transformer and in parallel: obtaining peak load according to the load prediction; Step Three: calculated peak load available means ; step four: forming a set of available sequences; step five: forming a set of frequencies optimized sequence; step six: the optimal path selection and chooses the optimum sequence; step 7: scroll through the updated load forecast peak load day of the next two days; step eight: the future using the updated peak load on the 2nd of rolling test sequence corresponding to the optimum economic security on the 2nd of combinations. The present invention is capable of simultaneously switching the setting time of the transformer and the corresponding cell combinations next seven days, the cell achieved a switching transformer economic dispatch. The present method can meet the safety operation of the transformer, while controlling the transformer switching frequency and density, and in accordance with the scheduling cell operating practices substation.


The traditional batch learning classification methods need to obtain all kinds of data once before training. This makes them unable to recognize the data from the unseen types and cannot continuously enhance their classification ability through learning the testing data in the testing process, because they lack continual learning ability. Inspired by the continual learning mechanism of the biological immune system (BIS), this paper proposed a continual learning classification method with single-label memory cells (S-CLCM). The type of testing data is identified by memory cells, and the data type from unseen types is determined by an affinity threshold. New memory cells are cultivated continuously by learning the testing data to enhance S-CLCM's classification ability gradually. Every memory cell has the same size and a unique type. It becomes a standard batch learning classification method or a standard clustering method under certain conditions. Take the experiments on twenty benchmark datasets to estimate its classification performance and possible superiority. Results show S-CLCM has good performance when it becomes a standard batch learning classification method, and S-CLCM is superior to the other classical classification algorithms when the data from unseen types or new labeled data appear during the testing process. It can improve the classification accuracy by up to 33%, and by at least 14%.


Suicides on rail systems constitute a significant social concern. A pilot study was conducted to identify possible patterns in suicides associated with urban commuter rail systems in California. The Caltrain commuter rail system in the San Francisco Bay Area was used as the subject system for the pilot study. Pattern detection in this study was conducted primarily on the basis of time and location. Because the data were readily available, the gender factor was also included in the analysis, although this is not a factor that is connected to the rail system. It was concluded that the data did show some patterns for suicides with respect to time and location. Some of the patterns can be explained while the reasons for some are not immediately obvious.


The kinetics of distribution and elimination of lidocaine and two of its metabolites, monoethylglycinexylidide (MEGX) and glycinexylidide (GX), were studied in 4 uremic patients on chronic hemodialysis. Each patient received a loading dose of 75 mg of lidocaine, followed by a 30 µg/kg Imin lidocaine infusion. No toxic side effects from lidocaine were seen during the study. Average values for lidocaine steady‐state plasma levels (2.3 µg/ml) clearance (12.3 ml/min/kg), terminal half‐life (148 min), and total volume of distribution (1.9 L/kg) were found, and are similar to those values reported for normal subjects. MEGX plasma levels during and after lidocaine infusion averaged ⅕−⅔ of the corresponding lidocaine level, as in nonuremic subjects, and plateaued by 6–8 hr. GX levels did not reach plateau level by 12 hr and remained relatively unchanged after infusion. 1t is concluded that lidocaine infusion in uremic patients is safe, with no abnormal cumulation of lidocaine or MEGX. GX levels, however, may increase progressively, even after 12 hr.


In his thesis Toussaint calls for a "general project to develop theories on adaptation processes that account for the adaptation of representations". The theory developed in this paper is a contribution to this project. We first define the simple concept of a genotypic theme and define what it means for mutation operators to be theme preserving and theme altering. We use the idea of theme preservation to develop the concept of subrepresentation. Then we develop a theory that illuminates the behavior of a mutation-only fitness proportional evolutionary algorithm in which mutation preserves genotypic themes with high probability. Our theory shows that such evolutionary algorithms implicitly implement what we call subrepresentation evolving multithreaded evolution, i.e. such EAs conduct second-order search over a predetermined set of representations and exploit promising representations for first order evolutionary search. We illuminate subrepresentaiton evolving multithreaded evolution by comparing and contrasting it with the behavior of island model EAs. Our theory is immediately useful in understanding the significance of the low probability with which theme altering type 2 mutations are applied to genotypes of the evolutionary systems in Toussaint's thesis.


The Asian men's health report which was published in 2013 is supported by the Malaysian Men's Health Initiative and is endorsed by the International Society of Men's Health. It was a review of the state of men's health in Asia based on data collected from the WHO databases, country/region Governmental databases, United Nation Social and Economic Commission for Asia Pacific Region (UNESCAP) and individual studies on issues that are not found in the key databases, such as sexual health. We have updated the data and will be presenting the key findings from China's perspective. The data which will be discussed includes life expectancy, lifestyle risk factors, communicable diseases, non-communicable diseases, cancers, andrology related problems, mental health and injuries.


Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore the significance of cross‐cultural training and career attitudes for expatriation career move in the context of China, whether cross‐cultural training is perceived necessary, and the consequence of providing such cross‐cultural training.Design/methodology/approach – Data were collected from 82 expatriates from a Chinese firm, some of whom were expatriated to a foreign country and others who were expatriated from foreign countries to China.Findings – Expatriates adjusted well, and having a protean career attitude was a decisive factor. While the impact of cross‐cultural training prior to departure was not statistically significant, it was well received and considered important.Research limitations/implications – A limitation is the limited sample size. Implications are presented for conducting cross‐cultural training.Practical implications – Developing cross‐cultural training programs could add value to the firm and its people.Originality/value – Using a pa...


The utility model relates to a tea table capable of adjusting area through rotation. The tea table comprises supporting legs, wherein the upper ends of the supporting legs are fixedly connected with a fixed panel; grooves are formed in bilateral symmetry in the left and right ends of the fixed panel respectively; each groove is provided with an upward opening and an outward opening; the grooves are semicircular; movable panels are symmetrically hinged to the front and rear sides of the circle center of each groove respectively; and the movable panels are quarter circular. The utilization area of the tea table can be increased at the left and right ends of the fixed panel by rotating the movable panels, and the tea table is simple to operate and convenient to use.


The major reason that the fully automated generalization of residential areas has not been achieved to date is that it is difficult to acquire the knowledge that is required for automated generalization and for the calculation of spatial similarity degrees between map objects at different scales. Furthermore, little attention has been given to generalization methods with a scale reduction that is larger than two-fold. To fill this gap, this article develops a hybrid approach that combines two existing methods to generalize residential areas that range from 1:10,000 to 1:50,000. The two existing methods are Boffet's method for free space acquisition and kernel density analysis for city hotspot detection. Using both methods, the proposed approach follows a knowledge-based framework by implementing map analysis and spatial similarity measurements in a multiscale map space. First, the knowledge required for residential area generalization is obtained by analyzing multiscale residential areas and their corresponding contributions. Second, residential area generalization is divided into two subprocesses: free space acquisition and urban area outer boundary determination. Then, important parameters for the two subprocesses are obtained through map analysis and similarity measurements, reflecting the knowledge that is hidden in the cartographer's mind. Using this acquired knowledge, complete generalization steps are formed. The proposed approach is tested using multiscale datasets from Lanzhou City. The experimental results demonstrate that our method is better than the traditional methods in terms of location precision and actuality. The approach is robust, comparatively insensitive to the noise of the small buildings beyond urban areas, and easy to implement in GIS software.


Hereditary spherocytosis (HS) is the most common inherited hemolytic anemia with heterogeneous clinico‐laboratory manifestations. We evaluated the flow‐cytometric tests: eosin‐5'‐maleimide (EMA) and flow‐cytometric osmotic fragility test (FOFT) and the conventional osmotic fragility tests (OFT) for the diagnosis of hereditary spherocytosis (HS).