Learning, in a broad sense, is an endlessly interactive process between the learner and environment. Whether the learning environment is appropriate or not plays an important role during the learning process. As educators and administrators in school, we are responsible for providing the most desirable environment both for teachers and students. Unlike other research focused on evaluation from schools, this paper aims to discover student's viewpoints toward learning environment through a well -designed inventory. The Inventory is divided into two categories: students' background and graduation plan. In students' background, individual differences such as their identifications will be taken into account. The test results conclude that no matter students choose to study or work in the future; the stage from junior to senior year is a turning point. Moreover, those students are satisfied with civil engineering department and its teaching environment as well as other facilities. Students' occupational interests in civil engineering will help establish positive mutual relationship between students and school.


were the first, the only, or even necessarily the largest of the fees which the poet obtained from publishers at one time or another. The evidence of his privileges and assignments of them, and of documents like his contract for the 1560 collected works with Gabriel Buon, all faithfully printed in their place in the Laumonier/Lebegue/Silver edition, suggests that he was thoroughly businesslike in these matters. Michel Dassonville somewhat disappointingly broaches this subject only in a footnote (pp. 111-112, n. 7), quoting Pierre de Nolhac's statement (which was correct when he made it, in 1921, but no longer is) that the payment of May 9, 1553, was 'le plus ancien document connu en France qui fasse mention des droits d'auteur.' Ronsard's earnings from this source are at any rate worth considering as an element in his career. May he not have been emboldened to pen one of his more defiant antiCourt utterances, with gold pieces in his purse which he had got without having to beg for them, and which attested the support of publisher and public—until necessity prompted him once more to fawn upon 'Les Grands'? SOMERVILLE COLLEGE, OXFORD Elizabeth Armstrong


In this paper, Discrete wavelet transform available in Wavelet toolbox, MATLAB/SIMULNIK has been used to analyze harmonics presented in DFIG. The wavelet toolbox is successfully used to calculate the energy levels presented in the harmonics of the voltage and current waveforms generated in the DFIG. A technique to find out the THD independent of FFT is implemented in MATLAB and the THD for all the phases in both the current and voltage waveforms are computed and tabulated in the simulation results. It is observed from the case study that the discrete wavelet transform is an effective tool to detect and quantify the harmonics present in the DFIG. The simulation results in each phase are presented in the simulation results. The results of the proposed approach has been compared with theoretical result and FFT and it is found from the results that the proposed approach provides better results.


summary Environmental education programmes can only deal with some of the environmental issues that people face through their life. People will need, therefore, to transfer learning to new situations. In this article factors that could foster transfer are identified, and collected in a model. This model suggests that work in environmental education should be relevant, started by exploring the previous knowledge of those who learn in order to carry out a new learning process valid for resolving authentic environmental problems, and practising the application of what has been learnt to different cases. It also suggests that related content fields should be consciously used: culture, valuation, performance, reasoning, and communication. In each field resources of different cognitive scope, belonging to specific domains, general domains, and meta‐domain, have been identified. The model appears to be interesting for the theoretical development of environmental education, and could also facilitate the design of...


The author comments in the form of an approving commentary the content of the verdict of the Supreme Court of 22 June 2017, Ref. No. IV KK 189/17. Against this backdrop, he presents the recent legislative changes on Article 76 of the Criminal Code, which was the main legal basis for the decision. The reciprocal relation of this provision and Art. 108 of the Criminal Code is discussed. Within the scope of the amendments, the views of the doctrine and the case law are discussed. The problem of the possibility of taking in aggregate sentence imprisonment with conditional suspension of punishment after the end of the probation period and the expiry of the period referred to in Art. 75 § 4 of the Criminal Code is discussed.


OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the safety and efficacy of an implanted neuroprosthesis for management of the neurogenic bladder and bowel in individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI).

DESIGN
Prospective study comparing bladder and bowel control before and at 3, 6, and 12 months after implantation of the neuroprosthesis.

SETTING
Six US hospitals specializing in treatment of SCI.

PATIENTS
Twenty-three neurologically stable patients with complete suprasacral SCIs.

INTERVENTION
Implantation of an externally controlled neuroprosthesis for stimulating the sacral nerves and posterior sacral rhizotomy.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
Ability to urinate more than 200mL on demand and a resulting postvoid residual volume of less than 50mL.

RESULTS
At 1-year follow-up, 18 of 21 patients could urinate more than 200mL with the neuroprosthesis, and 15 of 21 had postvoid volumes less than 50mL (median, 15mL). Urinary tract infection, catheter use, reflex incontinence, anticholinergic drug use, and autonomic dysreflexia were substantially reduced. At 1-year follow-up, 15 of 17 patients reduced the time spent with bowel management.

CONCLUSIONS
Neural stimulation and posterior rhizotomy is a safe and effective method of bladder and bowel management after suprasacral SCI.


A number of film schools around the world have ceased teaching celluloid (film) capture, while others have reduced the emphasis on film in their programs. Among the numerous reasons are the high cost of film capture; the unavailability of processing laboratory and telecine facilities; the vast improvements in the quality of digital capture; the availability of cinematography-friendly digital cameras; substantial advances in the scope and subtlety of digital post-production; the cessation of film cameras manufactures; the decreasing availability of motion-picture stocks; and the current popularity of 3D cinema. Many other schools, however, maintain celluloid acquisition as a core study. This report examines the reasons why these schools still teach 'Film' practice and argues that the celluloid medium provides an important curriculum component for teaching and leaning the visual, conceptual, practical and professional skills required by cinematographers for 21st Century.


Removal of metal ions such as chromium, iron and nickel from synthetic wastewater studied using tree leaves and activated carbon of tree leaves as adsorbent at ambeint temperature. Five different kinds of tree leave species and its activated carbons tested at the room temperature. The experiments were carreid out with 2gm of 0.60 mn to 1.60 mn leaf size in 200ml synthetic wastewaer containing 20-ppm metal ions. The initial pH of the synthetic wastewater was about 6. The experimental resuls indicate that highest removal rates were in activated carbon tree leave species that tree leaves. It was 85% chromium (Cr +6 ) by activated Neem, 76% iron (Fe +2 ) by activated Neem and Ber and 72% nickel (Ni+2) by activated Tea-waste.


Abstract Social media optimization (SMO) is programmatic strategy for building and engaging community through social networks. This issue of Library Technology Reports (vol. 52, no. 8), "Social Media Optimization: Principles for Building and Engaging Community," by Doralyn Rossmann and Scott W. H. Young, offers practical guidelines for implementing this flexible and comprehensive community-building model, structured around five interrelated principles: * Create shareable content. * Make sharing easy. * Reward engagement. * Proactively share. * Measure use and encourage reuse. SMO ultimately benefits both the library and library users by introducing a model for connecting users with relevant content, listening to the community, and building sustainable relationships. Introduction Introduction to Social Media Optimization Setting the Foundation for Building Community Scott W. H. Young Social media optimization (SMO) is a programmatic strategy for building and engaging community. By following this series of interrelated principles for creating and sharing content through social networks, the library can become an active voice in a thriving community. With SMO, your library's unique personality emerges on social networks, thereby activating a rich multitude of community interactions. SMO fundamentally offers a framework for connecting with people. SMO benefits your library and your community of users by establishing a plan for creating and sharing relevant and meaningful content. The primary goal of SMO for libraries is to encourage social media engagement and content sharing through the major social networks that constitute our users' learning and research environments. The primary outcome of SMO is an engaged community of library users. An engaged community can then generate many secondary effects, including increased Web traffic to library pages and increased library resources usage, as well as establishing and reinforcing the library as a trusted member of the community. As an overall concept overview, it will be helpful to outline what SMO is and what SMO is not. Content is a key element of SMO. Content can include resources shared through the Web and through social networks, whether in a URL, a hashtag, a geolocation, an image, or the text of a social network post itself. While content is a central element of this strategy, SMO is more than just content, and more than marketing the library. While those aspects are well represented within SMO, the underlying focus is grounded in a sense of community. In this way, SMO is not just about the library pushing out content, but about being active on social networks to the benefit of your community. SMO offers a wide-reaching and flexible structure for connecting with users, listening to the community, and building relationships. SMO encourages the library to develop and demonstrate a genuine interest in the community for the benefit of both the library and the library's users. This issue of Library Technology Reports is intended for beginning and intermediate social media practitioners who wish to implement an effective method for sharing content and building community. Our discussion primarily centers around the social networks of Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram, and we also touch on Tumblr, Pinterest, Google+, LinkedIn, YouTube, Snapchat, and Yik Yak. The terms social network and social media can be applied both to these specific platforms and to the work of SMO in general. We focus our usage on the terms social network and social networking, though we also employ the term social media in more colloquial settings, especially when communicating directly with our community through these platforms. The five principles of SMO are closely intertwined and often share complementary concepts. In the chapters of this report, we sequentially present and discuss each principle separately. …


of trees in cattle pastures in the Lacandon Forest of Chiapas, Mexico. We observed interspecific aggression much more frequently than intraspecific aggression. Although aggression by Yellow Warblers was directed at a minimum of 37 species, resident and migrant alike, attacks on Magnolia Warblers (Dendroica magnolia) comprised 35% of the total observed. We found that individual Magnolia Warblers use overlapping home ranges where one warbler tends to be the predominant occupant of a single Yellow Warbler territory. Overlap between neighbors was promoted by the aggressive chasing of Yellow Warblers. Arthropods were twice as abundant in the canopy as in understory shrubs. Exclosure experiments showed that birds harvested approximately 80% of the arthropods available in the canopy and 50% of those available in the understory vegetation. Yellow Warbler defense may be responsible for this difference in density in foliage arthropods between the canopy and understory. To avoid aggression, subordinate species depended on the presence of refugia, comprised of dense understory vegetation. Maintaining the structural heterogeneity of arroyo vegetation may provide critical habitat for many species of migratory birds in cattle pastures. Taken together, the interspecific aggression, intraspecific territoriality, and high rates of resource depletion indicate that competition plays an important role in determining the carrying capacity of second-growth remnants for migratory birds and their use of habitats. Received 27 August 1992, accepted 25 November 1992.


The study's aim was to examine the professional role of the Special Education Teachers, working with students in socio-emotional difficulties with focus on externalizing behavior. The study is qual ...


The genital swelling patterns and birth records of female mandrills housed at the Tulsa Zoo between 1979 and 1992 were examined to determine various reproductive parameters. Mean age at first adolescent genital swelling was 2.7 years (sd = .55), first adult swelling was 3.7 years (sd = .64), and first conception was 5.1 years (sd = 1.30). Genital swelling cycle duration averaged 39.6 days (n = 33 cycles), with the swelling phase averaging 19.5 days (n = 51 cycles). There was no interindividual difference in cycle length (F = 1.26, P = .31) or swelling duration (F = 0.65, P = .58), nor was there a difference in cycle length (F = 0.47, P = .50) or swelling duration (F = 1.27, P = .27) before and after first parturition. Duration of gestation was estimated to be 165.9 days (sd = 3.3; n = 17 pregnancies). Lactational anestrus averaged 10.1 months, whereas mean interbirth interval was 17.9 months (n = 11). There was a significant negative correlation between age of the mother and interbirth interval (r = −;0.648, P = .03). Data presented in this report provide a comprehensive profile of reproductive parameters for zoo-housed mandrills, which may aid other facilities in the reproductive management of their captive groups. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.


Dietary fiber can be classified according to their functionality in soluble and insoluble. Insoluble dietary fibers have porosity, low density, ability to increase fecal bulk due to the hydration there of and to be higher and transit time enhances bowel. In contrast, the soluble fraction is characterized by forming gel, acting as an emulsifier and suffers fermentation. Due to the viscosity and fermentation, soluble fiber has greater relevance to health as it acts in reducing blood cholesterol levels, blood glucose control helps with the immune system, prevent diseases, among these cancer, and contributes to the decrease of hollowing stomach. Soluble fiber can be incorporated in a larger quantity without changing the texture and tastes of food when compared with the insoluble fractions, in this sense, several studies are conducted in order to assess the addition of fiber in meat products. Meat and meat products are recognized by high lipid composition unwanted health, such combined rheological and functional characteristics of the fibers, attribute allows the replacement of fat by non-digestible carbohydrates. Another highlight advantages such as increased water retention capacity, increased emulsion stability that helps product yield , besides the development of a functional product without changing its acceptability.


In quasi-normed space, the limit of normed γ-quasi-subadditive operator sequence or normed γ-max-quasi-subadditive operator sequence being equi-continunous operator sequence in quasi-normed space is bounded in any quasi-bounded set, and its normed γ-quasi-subadditivity or normed γ-max-quasi-subadditivity is invariable.


Background In the general population, polypharmacy (PP) is associated with increased risk of adverse events. The relationship between adverse outcomes and PP in Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) has not been studied in depth. The mantra of treatment in RA encourages PP through combination Disease Modifying Anti-Rheumatic Drugs (DMARD). Objectives To study the relationship between PP and serious adverse events in RA, including the influence of DMARDs within the PP count. Methods Data from the British Society for Rheumatology Biologics Register were analysed. PP was defined as number of drugs co-prescribed at baseline, with two models: (1) including DMARDs (2) excluding DMARDs from the medication count. PP was stratified by 0–5, 6–9 and >10. Patients were studied from initiation of 1st biologic until 1st serious adverse event (SAE), 3 years of follow up, or last available visit, whichever came first. A Cox-proportional hazard model was used, with adjustment for a priori selected cofounders. Results This study included 15,004 patients commencing biologics. The demographics are shown in table 1. Excluding DMARDs from the PP cohort, 7,115 (47%) of the patients were taking up to 5 drugs; 6,010 (40%) were taking 6 to 9 drugs; 1,870 (12%) were taking 10 or more medications. Higher levels of PP associated with older age, more severe disease, and longer disease duration. PP predictably associated with comorbidities; the relationship was not linear: comorbidity count appeared to show a ceiling effect. The overall incidence of SAEs was 25.5/100 person years (95% CI 24.7–26.3). The rate of SAEs increased across the PP counts (See Table 1). The relationship remained significant after adjusting for comorbidities. Including DMARDs within the PP count attenuated the association.Table 1 All Patients 0–5 drugs 6–9 drugs >10 drugs PP count excluding DMARDs N=15,004 n=7,115 n=6,019 n=1,870 Baseline characteristics  Mean Age in years 56.3 54.0 57.6 61.0  Mean DAS 28 (SD) 4.30 (1.76) 4.17 (1.79) 4.51 (1.67) 4.88 (1.67)  Mean HAQ (SD) 1.93 (0.64) 1.85 (0.65) 2.10 (0.56) 2.15 (0.58)  Mean Disease Duration (SD) in years 12.59 (9.72) 11.96 (9.32) 13.79 (10.26) 14.67 (10.96)  Comorbidity (SD) 1.87 (0.80) 1.65 (0.74) 2.29 (0.73) 2.57 (0.68) Analysis of Serious Adverse Events  Exposure time (person-years) 14,200 9,690 3,706 804  Event count (single failure model) 3261 2002 1251 368  Incidence rate (95% CI) 25.5 (24.7–26.3) 20.6 (19.7–21.5) 33.7 (31.9–35.6) 45.7 (41.3–50.7)  Including DMARDs in PP model  Unadjusted HR (95% CI) – Ref 1.20 (1.11–1.29) 1.82 (1.66–1.99)  Adjusted HR (95% CI) – Ref 1.05 (0.97–1.13) 1.39 (1.26–1.54)  Excluding DMARDs in PP model  Unadjusted HR (95% CI) – Ref 1.63 (1.52–1.75) 2.21 (1.98–2.47)  Adjusted HR (95% CI) – Ref 1.18 (1.09–1.28) 1.35 (1.19–1.53) Adjusted for age, sex, DAS, HAQ, disease duration and comorbidities. Conclusions PP is common in patients with RA and is associated with adverse outcomes especially when patients are on >10 drugs. Including or excluding DMARDs from the PP model had negligible impact on findings. The relationship between PP and comorbidity is worthy of further research, as PP represents a potentially simple but valuable predictor of adverse outcomes, and a suitable surrogate for comorbidity in epidemiological analyses. Disclosure of Interest None declared


Although the beneficial effect of ICD treatment has been proven in selected patients, the population assessed in large clinical trials does not reflect the population with ICDs in the real
world. The aim of the current thesis is to give better insight in these patients at risk for lifethreatening
arrhythmias by studying a large population of patients treated with an ICD, outside the setting of a clinical trial.
In part I, the actual need for defibrillator backup during long-term follow-up is evaluated.
Chapter 2 describes differences in mortality and the occurrence of ventricular arrhythmia between
patients receiving an ICD as primary vs. secondary prevention of SCD. The actual need for device replacement after an event-free first battery service-life is studied in Chapter 3.
In part II, an attempt is made to improve risk stratification by evaluating currently available parameters and the additive value of novel parameters. In Chapter 4 all classic baseline variables are combined to construct a clinically applicable mortality risk score in primary prevention ICD recipients with ischemic heart disease. Chapter 5 demonstrates the importance of atrial fibrillation in patients with ICD or CRT-D. Chapter 6 shows that usage of a risk model can
predict the risk of non-benefit (death, prior to first ventricular arrhythmia) which might have important clinical consequences. In Chapter 7 the spatial QRS-T angle is evaluated in the prediction of ventricular arrhythmia. Chapter 8 demonstrates the risk of lead failure in smalldiameter defibrillation leads compared with a benchmark cohort.


A stroke decrease in blood flow to the brain due to a clot or bleeding—is a medical emergency. And doctors often say "time is the brain". Stroke is a 'brain attack'. It is a sudden loss of brain function. An ischemic stroke which is an interruption of blood flow to the brain, usually as the result of a blood clot. Hemorrhagic stroke is the result of bleeding or a rupture of a blood vessel in the brain. The resulting leakage into surrounding brain tissue causes damage to nerve cells. Early warning signs of a stroke are clues that your body sends to indicate that your brain is not receiving enough oxygen and nutrients. If your brain does not receive oxygen and nutrients for a period of time, permanent damage (i.e., a stroke) can result. This deprivation of oxygen and nutrients can lead to the death of the brain cells. Paralysis is the loss of voluntary movement as a result of damage to nerve or muscle function. The brain controls the different muscles that are responsible for movement. When the brain is damaged, it can impair the function of the muscles. The damage can be lasting especially when the damage is within the area of the brain that controls the motor movements of the body. Balance and coordination are controlled by the brain. The vision can become blurry. Embolic stroke is a condition occurred when blood flow to a part of the brain stops. "Diabetes + Hypertension = Silent Stroke". Women Recover Worse Than Men after a Stroke. Every two seconds someone has a stroke and one in six people will suffer a stroke in their lifetime. Stroke is the third leading cause of death worldwide, with over 6 million people dying from strokes each year. A sudden weakness or numbness of the face, arm or leg on one side of your body. Sudden dimness or loss of vision, particularly in one eye. Loss of speech, or trouble talking or understanding speech. Sudden severe headache. Unexplained dizziness (1) usually, hiccups are a minor nuisance. But when stroke affects the brain's breathing center, it can trigger a sudden, protracted case of hiccups, more commonly in women.


It is argued in this article that human trafficking-related cases in South Africa are difficult to measure in terms of statistics. However, research suggests that the problem of human trafficking is relatively widespread. On 29 July 2013 Pres. Jacob Zuma signed the Prevention and Combating of Trafficking in Persons Act, 2013 (Act No 7 of 2013), giving South Africa, for the first time, a single statute that addresses human trafficking holistically. Previously, the legislative framework dealing with human trafficking had been fragmented posing challenges for the Criminal Justice System (CJS) to adequately respond to human trafficking related cases. Before this legislation was signed into law, a study was conducted for a period of two years (2012-2013) within Gauteng, Kwazulu-Natal as well as the Western Cape. The aim of this study was to solicit the views of experts within the South African Police Service (SAPS), the Department of Home Affairs (DHA) as well as the National Prosecution Authority (NPA) regarding the challenges posed by human trafficking, as experienced by these role-players, and how the CJS responded to such challenges. Thus, this article reflects the experiences of these experts regarding the challenges brought by human trafficking and their preparation to address these challenges; the characteristics of investigated cases; and the investigation and prosecution of human trafficking cases in the absence of human trafficking legislation. With the 'enabling legislation' just been signed into law, an important question is: Are we yet there? This article provides recommendations based on the findings as well as the operationalisation of the Act on regulations that are required to be made by key role-playing departments.


Conforming to financial integrated circuit card specifications (PBOC2.0) of the People's Bank of China, we find it has some security flaws which are easy to lose and reveal key. Biometric encryption is becoming a hot research recently. Fuzzy vault schemes have been popularized approaches to biometric cryptosystem scheme. In this paper we propose a method of card personalization and cardholder verification by fuzzy vault algorithm. The proposed algorithm aims to create a fuzzy vault to generate security and stable secret key. It also can be used for payment in online transactions environment, formed revoked key and anti-attack security framework.


The transport of perishable goods like horticultural products and fish has been a major problem due to the lack of refrigeration in transit vehicles resulting in produce going bad thus losses and also leads to reckless over speeding which causes accidents. Those equipped with refrigeration facilities are diesel powered which is not environmentally friendly and is expensive in cost and maintenance. Therefore, a renewable energy powered refrigeration system needs to be installed, which significantly reduces refrigeration costs, and reduces the dependency in fossil fuels reducing carbon emissions. This will be achieved by the use of a hybrid solar-wind energy system to power the refrigerator. The solar photovoltaic array will be mounted on top of the truck whereby an inverter system will be used to convert the DC output to AC. The system will incorporate a charge controller to monitor battery charging and also artificial intelligence technique-perturb and observe to optimize its performance. The wind turbines will be mounted at the truck's wind deflector to harness the wind energy which is further amplified when the vehicle is in motion. The output is integrated with that of the solar PV system, goes through a stabilization circuit then it is used to power up the refrigeration circuit. Excess energy is stored in the batteries to supplement any shortfall. This will reduce transportation costs, losses and accidents.


This investigation has been concerned with heat transfer between a jet and the inside surface of a circular cylinder whose axis was normal to the jet axis. Such a jet system could be used to direct cold air on to the inside surface of a sheet metal nozzle guide vane in a gas turbine engine. As will be seen later high rates of heat transfer can be obtained in the vicinity of the point of impingement, so that this method of cooling could be particularly valuable for reducing the temperature of a "hot spot."


OBJECTIVE
In this retrospective study, we compared the functionality and clinical outcomes of patients with severe varus knees who underwent total knee arthroplasty (TKA) that used prostheses with either a posterior stabilized (PS) design or an ultra-congruent (UC) design.

PATIENTS AND METHODS
Primary TKA was performed in 161 patients; the UC device was used in 82 (51%) cases and the PS device in 79 (49%). Preoperatively and at the final follow-up examination, all patients were evaluated by orthoroentgenography. The mechanical axis angle and radiolucent lines were evaluated according to the Knee Society Roentgenographic Evaluation System on preoperative and 5-year follow-up radiographs. Total Knee Society Score (KSS) (knee score/function score) and Visual Analog Scale scores were obtained at the final follow-up examination. Demographic and surgical data and revision rates were evaluated for all patients.

RESULTS
Postoperative angle values were significantly decreased in both the UC and PS groups (p<0.001 and p<0.001, respectively). Postoperative flexion range of motion values were significantly increased in both the UC and PS groups (p<0.001 and p<0.001, respectively). The postoperative KSS function scores were not significantly different between the groups (p=0.194). The mean surgical time of the PS group (54.99±4.18 minutes) was significantly higher than that of the UC group (46.02±4.48 minutes) (p<0.001).

CONCLUSIONS
No notable differences were found between the UC and PS groups with respect to the clinical and functional parameters examined. Based on these results, UC TKA can be considered a safe alternative to PS TKA in severe varus knees.


Having known Michel since the first stages of his career, when he was engaged in the study of early Christianity, I have seen him exemplify the role of teacher-scholar for those of us who have attempted to follow in his footsteps. His approach has been to empower students by creating conversations, to balance opposing positions and to allow students to come to their own conclusions (rather than arriving at the "right answer"). This approach not only occurs in the classroom, but also within the academy. Indeed, I propose that Michel's role as a researcher is largely an extension of his role as a teacher, or co-learner. In this paper, I explore some of the pedagogical implications and lessons that I have learned from Michel's example as a teacher-scholar. Specifically, I discuss attachment theory, student empowerment, and collaborative pedagogy.


"The future never just happens; it is created. Even though change and information are exploding, they aren't going to explode in your organization unless you have an effervescent culture, and managers driving it who are skilled at assimilating and mastering change. There will be no twenty-first century health care in our hospitals unless we learn how to birth it." —Dr. Clay Sherman, Creating the New American Hospital


The orangutan is an iconic and endangered species of ape found only in Borneo and Sumatra. In Sarawak, orangutans that are undergoing rehabilitation are kept in national parks and nature reserves such as Semenggoh Wildlife Centre and Matang Wildlife Centre. These parks are open to the public and they also contain other attractions apart from the orangutan, such as plants, other wildlife and activities such as trekking. This study aims to find out the economic value of the orangutans and the other park attractions to the visitors) This is done by trying to elicit their willingness to pay (WTP) to see the orangutans and other park attractions using the contingent valuation method, that is, by directly asking them for their WTP using questionnaires. The study found that visitors do indeed give a higher value to the orangutan and the parks than the existing entrance fee, and this value can be used by park authorities in decision making regarding the use of these natural resources.


Psychological resilience is said to be an important key component when considering how workers deal with workplace stressors and whether they will respond negatively and in turn experience outcomes such as anxiety, compassion fatigue, depression and burnout (Rees, Breen Cusack & Hegney, 2015). Resilience training and interventions aim to support well-being and work-related outcomes when an individual is faced with adversity which could potentially affect their productivity and mental health.


A high-speed hardware efficient 41-tap, 15-bit word length Finite Impulse Response (FIR) Compensation Filter has been designed as a component in a Delta-Sigma Modulator (DSM) Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC). The filter is targeted for high-throughput by pipelining its adders and multipliers. Efficient circuit-level techniques, namely customized adders, multipliers and D-flip-flop (DFF) are used to further improve performance. The FIR filter is implemented in CMOS 0.13 µm technology which contains approximately 180K transistors and occupies 2.69 mm2 area. The filter is capable of operating at a maximum clock rate of 1.25 GHz.


Adolescents engage in smartphones cognitively and emotionally. More evidence suggests that they tend to be dependent on and addicted to smartphones. However, smartphone usage is inevitable during the COVID-19 pandemic since students need to attend online class. Previous studies have developed measurement method to evaluate smartphone addiction. This study evaluated 13 to 15-year-old adolescents' self-awareness of smartphone addiction using problematic use of mobile phones (PUMP) approach. Group discussions were conducted with adolescents who did self-assessment using the problematic use of mobile phones scale. The main findings of group discussions include drivers of excessive smartphone use, smartphone usage behavior when they are with family or friends, barriers to healthier smartphone use, and nighttime habits. Despite its advantages during the COVID-19 pandemic, parents need to supervise and to encourage their children to use smartphones wisely.


A teleconferencing system (10) comprising: a network (40); and a plurality of nodes configured to communicate with each other through the network with audio streams of live talking being configured to transmit between them to form a conference nodes, each node can detect an overload condition in which there is more than a predetermined number of simultaneous audio streams of live talking being transmitted by the nodes and along with the other configured to control the number of audio streams being transmitted simultaneously to nodes end the state of overload.


In Retzius neurones of the medicinal leech, Hirudo medicinalis , kainate activates ionotropic glutamate receptors classified as AMPA/kainate receptors. Activation of the AMPA/kainate receptor–coupled cation channels evokes a marked depolarization, intracellular acidification, and increases in the intracellular concentrations of Na (cid:2) ([Na (cid:2) ] i ) and Ca 2 (cid:2) . Qualitatively similar changes are observed upon the application of carbachol, an activa-tor of acetylcholine receptor-coupled cation channels. Using multibarrelled ion-selective microelectrodes it was demonstrated that kainate, but not carbachol, caused additional increases in the intracellular free Mg 2 (cid:2) concentration ([Mg 2 (cid:2) ] i ). Experiments were designed to investigate whether this kainate-induced [Mg 2 (cid:2) ] i increase was due to a direct Mg 2 (cid:2) influx through the AMPA/kainate receptor–coupled cation channels or a secondary effect due to the depolarization or the ionic changes. It was found that: (a) Similar [Mg 2 (cid:2) ] i increases were evoked by the application of glutamate or aspartate. (b) All kainate-induced effects were inhibited by the glutamatergic antagonist DNQX. (c) The magnitude of the [Mg 2 (cid:2) ] i increases depended on the extracellular Mg 2 (cid:2) concentration. (d) A reduction of the extracellular Ca 2 (cid:2) concentration increased kainate-induced [Mg 2 (cid:2) ] i increases, excluding possible Ca 2 (cid:2) interference at the Mg 2 (cid:2) -selective microelectrode or at intracellular buffer sites. (e) Neither depolarizations evoked by the application of 30 mM K (cid:2) , nor [Na (cid:2) ] i increases induced by the inhibition of the Na (cid:2) /K (cid:2) ATPase caused comparable [Mg 2 (cid:2) ] i increases. (f) Inhibitors of voltage-dependent Ca 2 (cid:2) channels did not affect the kain-ate-induced [Mg 2 (cid:2) ] i increases. Moreover, previous experiments had already shown that intracellular acidification evoked by the application of 20 mM propionate did not cause changes in [Mg 2 (cid:2) ] i . The results indicate that kain-ate-induced [Mg 2 (cid:2) ] i increases in leech Retzius neurones are due to an influx of extracellular Mg 2 (cid:2) through the AMPA/kainate receptor–coupled cation channel. Mg 2 (cid:2) may thus act as an intracellular signal to distinguish between glutamatergic and cholinergic activation of leech Retzius neurones.


The article aims, play a lactate threshold test field for triathlon cycling mode and determine the athlete's performance level using continuous increasing intensities. He participated in the work an athlete with ten years' experience in the sport. The test was performed with an interval of three months and each assessment was divided into seven stages, each with different levels of effort. The results showed that in the first evaluation athlete 300 watts generated with FC 165 bpm, lactate 6.0 mm, speed 38 km/h average rate of 87 rpm. For the second test was its HR 162 bpm, lactate, 5,9 mm, power 300 watts, speed 38 km/h and average cadence of 87 rpm. And third evaluation HR was 158 bpm, lactate, 5.0 mm, power 300 watts, speed 38 km/h average cadence 95 rpm. In conclusion can be said that the test applied is feasible to determine the athletic level.


Purpose. The article is devoted to the actual in the conditions of modern reality issue of the status of a Russian woman and her stereotypical image. The subject of analysis is the practice of forming the ideal female image, which existed in the Soviet reality. Methodology. The research is based on the idea of the beauty standard in a particular society. The author characterizes the aesthetic ideal through the category "image", considering the individual and ideological level of its formation. To disclose the system of connections, the historical-comparative method, analysis and synthesis of the material were used. Results. The author shows historical practices of the female image transformation in the Soviet society, the relations of new images with the stages of the country's development. The constructed female images visualized ideology and were used as a means of propaganda. It is noted that fashion was an important component of the image. At the same time, the ideologically approved image was evaluated by society and could be subject to adjustment. Practical implications. The results of the research can be used by pedagogical and scientific pedagogical workers, public servants in the field of socio-political design of value-normative base of the Russian society.


The Policy Forum "Assisted colonizaion and rapid climate change" (O. Hoegh-Guldberg et al. , 18 July, p. [345][1]) proposes moving species outside their historic range to mitigate biodiversity loss induced by climate change. However, this approach will be successful only if legal policies, especially the implementation of the Endangered Species Act (ESA), change as well. Establishing a new population requires both availability of adequate habitat and strong legal protection.

Policy-makers should recognize that areas predicted by bioclimatic models to be the most suitable for a species in the long term should now be considered "essential for conservation" under ESA section 3 and therefore designated as critical habitat. This should occur even if these areas are not currently suitable for the species. Designation of new populations established by assisted colonization as "experimental" under ESA section 10(j) should be avoided; this provides weaker protection than exists for naturally occurring populations and will ultimately jeopardize the populations most critical to a species' long-term survival ([1][2]).

1. 1.[↵][3] 1. J. Kostyack, 2. D. Rohlf
 , Environ. Law Report. 38, 10203 (2008).
 [OpenUrl][4]

# Response {#article-title-2}

The letters in response to our Policy Forum highlight many of the risks and consequences of making bad decisions, the logical consideration of which is the focus of our decision framework. The robust risk assessment framework we propose includes assisted colonization as one option among the full array of other strategies available to ecosystem managers.

Davidson and Simkanin correctly note that there are serious risks associated with ill-conceived assisted colonization, including the effects on source populations and the impact of translocated organisms at their destinations, which we mentioned in our Policy Forum. It is true that some short-distance translocations will be ill advised for recipient ecosystems and human communities, but the literature indicates that this risk escalates as organisms and ecosystems become more divergent. Evidently, there is no single strategy that will work across the board for all taxa, ecosystems, and regions. This is why we presented a decision framework rather than a prescription. The decision framework allows risks and benefits to be reviewed systematically, prior to any attempt to move species, communities, or ecosystems in response to climate change.

Neither Davidson and Simkanin nor Huang acknowledge that the risks of action must be balanced against the risks of inaction, which have frequently been high. During past periods of major climate shifts (changes of 6° to 10°C), the Earth experienced massive changes to the distribution and abundance of its biological systems. Recent temperature increases in many parts of the world exceed those seen during previous shifts ([1][5]). Redistribution in the modern world is also curtailed by human-dominated landscapes, which severely limit the total area of suitable natural habitats and create barriers to dispersal and migration. Even though the risks of translocation may be prohibitive in most situations, to ignore this option as species, communities, or ecosystems dwindle to extinction is not an option. Our framework systematically examines the advantages and risks of assisted colonization along with the full suite of other conservation options.

We agree with Chapron and Samelius that policy must be developed to recognize the importance of future habitats for organisms in a world that is changing from decade to decade. Equally important is the necessity for developing new policies that provide protection for newly transferred colonies, especially given that these are intended to be long-term as opposed to experimental translocations. Without the rapid evolution of policy in concert with innovative biological solutions, attempts to move species and communities to new locations ahead of climate change will be doomed to failure.

1. 1.[↵][6] 1. O. Hoegh-Guldberg 2. et al.
 , Science 318, 1737 (2007).
 [OpenUrl][7][Abstract/FREE Full Text][8]

 [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.1157897
 [2]: #ref-1
 [3]: #xref-ref-1-1 "View reference 1. in text"
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 [5]: #ref-2
 [6]: #xref-ref-2-1 "View reference 1. in text"
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Plasmonic antennas offer promising opportunities to control the emission of quantum objects. As a consequence, the fluorescence enhancement factor is widely used as a figure of merit for a practical antenna realization. However, the fluorescence enhancement factor is not an intrinsic property of the antenna. It critically depends on several parameters, some of which are often disregarded. In this contribution, I explore the influence of the setup collection efficiency, emitter's quantum yield and excitation intensity. Improperly setting these parameters may significantly alter the enhancement values, leading to potential misinterpretations. The discussion is illustrated by an antenna example of a nanoaperture surrounded by plasmonic corrugations.


Agreement on medical treatment for temporary visitors between the Government of Australia and the Government of the Kingdom of Norway. Canberra, 28 March 2003


In this paper ageing phenomena of polymer insulating materials due to exposure to mineral oil is investigated with focus on dielectrical properties of cable insulations. Silicone specimens were immersed into mineral oils such as gasoline, diesel fuel or motor oil. The dielectric parameters show a significant increase both in permittivity and loss factor. A Simultaneous Thermal Analysis has been performed in order to indicate changes in specimen polymer structure. It could be shown that the specimens with decreased electrical performance suffered from permanent chemical degradation.


In BS], Bjj orner and Sagan deene certain subspace arrangements embedded in the Coxeter hyperplane arrangements of type B n and D n. They give formulas for the exponential generating functions for the MM obius function and for the characteristic polynomial for a class of subspace arrangements embedded in B n. The purpose of this paper is to give simpler proofs of those formulas and also to generalize to a much wider class of subspace arrangements. As a corollary the exponential generating function for the Euler characteristic is also calculated.


The problem of internalization of knowledge in psychological and pedagogical science. The authors analyzed scientifically pedagogical literature, leads to the conclusion that the result of this process is not just the acquisition of new knowledge and the transformation of the structure of personality. The author defines the internalization of professionally-oriented knowledge social teachers in the learning process at the university as a process and the result of assimilation and transformation of knowledge into professional-oriented, characterized by specific cognitive transformation of objects into an internally-assigned, personal and meaningful, allowing to solve professional problems for future activities, the acquisition of social experience that not only summarizes formed, but later used in the course of professional activity, with the educational environment of the university and modern training requirements define the content of the professionally-oriented knowledge, and their assignment provides the professional development of social workers.


A memory device for performing a post-package repair (PPR) operation is disclosed. The memory device receives the post-package repair (PPR) command and the defective row address from the memory controller, stores the defective row address in the nonvolatile memory or volatile memory according to the PPR command, and the defective word line selected by the defective row address And performs a PPR operation for writing data into redundant memory cells connected to the redundant word line to be replaced. In the redundancy memory cells, data of memory cells connected to the defective word line are written or data `0` or data` 1` is written.


FIELD: medicine. SUBSTANCE: method involves an anterior inguinal approach, dissecting aponeurosis of abdominal external oblique muscle, separating a space under the aponeurosis for placing a synthetic mesh, separating a femoral arch and a spermatic cord. A hernia sac is separated and processed. The synthetic mesh is used to repair a posterior wall of inguinal canal. Flaps of the aponeurosis of the abdominal external oblique muscle are sutured in the medial direction under the spermatic cord with single sutures at intervals 0.5-1 cm, and in the lateral portion - above the spermatic cord. The most lateral suture is applied so as to underrun the synthetic mesh. The most medial suture is applied so as to underrun fibrous tissue within pubic spine. In the recurrent inguinal hernia in the medial portion of the inguinal space after Liechtenstein's repair of hernia, plastic repair of the posterior wall of the inguinal canal is produced with the use of a portion of the mounted synthetic mesh to be sutured to the tissues along the perimeter of the inguinal defect, whereas the flaps of the aponeurosis of the abdominal external oblique muscle in the medial portion are sutured above the eliminated hernia defect. The flaps of the aponeurosis are sutured so as to involve the synthetic mesh into the suture. In the recurrent inguinal hernia in the medial portion of the inguinal space after Liechtenstein's repair of hernia, if the mounted synthetic mesh is not sufficient enough to eliminate the hernia defect, plastic repair of the posterior wall of the inguinal canal is produced so as to cover a portion of the hernia defect with the mounted synthetic mesh. The remained hernia defect is closed with a rigid mesh prosthesis to be fixed to tissues along the periphery, whereas the flaps of the aponeurosis of the abdominal external oblique muscle in the medial portion are sutured above the specified rigid mesh prosthesis. The most lateral suture is applied so as to involve the mounted synthetic mesh. EFFECT: effectiveness of the prosthetic plastic repair of inguinal hernias ensured by suturing the flaps of the aponeurosis of the abdominal external oblique muscle in the medial portion under the spermatic cord, and in the lateral portion - above the spermatic cord. 9 cl, 4 dwg, 3 ex


A FISH procedure was adopted to physical mapping rice RFLP marker RZ69 and the BAC clone 38J9 screened by RZ69 which is linked to gene Bph3 in Oryza sativa L. and O. officinalis Well ex Watt. The FISH results showed that both 38J9 and RZ69 were located in the middle of 4S in O. officinalis and the centromere area of 4S in O. sativa . In O. officinalis the percentage distances from the centromere to the hybridization sites were 20.00±5.40 and 22.12±3.44, the detection rates were 50.00% and 6.14%, but in O. sativa they were 0 and 0, 56.10% and 6.29% correspondingly. The results obtained from the BAC and RFLP clone were almost the same in the cultivated rice and O. officinalis . It was suggested that the marker RZ69 of the cultivated rice and its homologous sequence in O. officinalis were in the same BAC clone, the homologous sequence of Bph3 in O. officinalis should be located at the sites hybridized by both RZ69 and 38J9. Many signals on different chromosomes of O. officinalis were observed under no blocking with Cot_1 DNA, showing that the repetitive sequences were also homologous between O. sativa and O. officinalis . The identification of chromosome 4 of O. officinalis is based on comparative map with RG214 and BAC clone screened by RG214. The feasibility of comparative physical mapping performed between O. sativa and O. officinalis with rice BAC clones was discussed.


Geminal disubstitution at the β- and γ-position of the alkyl chain of γ-aryl ketones significantly increases the yield compared to unsubstituted ketones.


Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to show which models, uncertain or certain, simple or complicated, are more suitable when they are faced with incomplete information and inaccurate data.Design/methodology/approach – The characteristics of fuzzy mathematics, grey system theory, rough set theory and the basic characteristics of incomplete information and inaccurate data in uncertain systems are analysed.Findings – The similarities and differences among fuzzy mathematics, grey system theory, rough set theory and probability statistics are compared. The principle of simplicity of scientific theories, methods, and models are discussed.Practical implications – It is suggested that the tendency to concentrate on a complicated model isn't always necessary when faced with the condition of incomplete information and inaccurate data.Originality/value – The paper shows that a more satisfied result can be obtained with an uncertain model than with a meticulous model on a certain situation.


Spent cabbage juice (SCJ) is a by-product of sauerkraut manufacture. In this study, the potential of SCJ to be used as a growth medium for lactic cultures and probiotic bacteria was evaluated. Lactobacillus plantarum S 1, Leuconostoc mesenteroides S4, Lactobacillus plantarum ATCC 10241, Lactobacillus acidophilus LB45 and Lactobacillus casei LB 10 all grew well in fresh cabbage juice (FCJ). In fermentations carried out under external pH control (constant pH of 5. 8 maintained by alkali addition) in FCJ or SCJ, growth of Leuc. mesenteroides S4 and L. plantarum S 1 was similar in both media and reached populations well above 10 9 CFU/mL. The maximum growth rates of the cultures in FCJ were similar to those in MRS, but biomass levels were higher in MRS. The higher biomass levels reached in MRS were not due to lack of carbohydrates in SCJ because both media were supplemented by glucose and fructose to 25 and 20 g/L, respectively. The addition of 5 g/L yeast extract (YE) or 15 g/L of soy peptones to SCJ did not improve the biomass yields. Some preliminary data suggest that there could be important effects of SCJ lot on biomass production. Automated spectrophotometry could be used to assess the quality of the lots in this respect.


Public and Government attention has been focused not only on better methods of understanding stresses on public telecommunications networks, but also on protecting against these stresses. The development of new standards provides one method of understanding the issues of telecommunications stress. Likewise, these standards provide guidelines and data for building specifications to protect public telecommunications networks from stress threats.


The historical shoreline changes from 1980 to 2020 along the Manamelkudi coast is studied using toposheet, satellite time-series Landsat data, and observed data. An attempt is made to recognise possible factors which are responsible for shoreline changes and spit growth at south Manamelkudi coast (Palk Strait), Eastern part of Pudukkottai district, Tamilnadu. During 1980–2020, the regions showed distinct spatio-temporal variability, which is discussed in relation to spit evolution and shoreline changes. The study also generated a long-term (1980-2020) shoreline change statistics (EPR, LRR, SCE and NSM, WLR) using the Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS) at every 150 m interval for the Manamelkudi coast covering 42 km, identified the erosion and accretion and divide the shoreline into different classes of erosion and accretion. Identified lengths of shoreline with high erosion, low erosion, stable, low accretion and high accretion are, respectively, based on LRR. The results indicate that spit evolution is predominant along the Manamelkudi coast, with the highest percentage of erosion and accretion.


Although much has been written about elevator maintenance from the engineering perspective, little has been written about elevator maintenance from a business perspective.  This paper explores some of the business diagnostic tools useful in evaluating elevator maintenance performance and setting elevator performance objectives.  These tools may also be applied to other types of maintenance operations.


To date 74 products (in each case KONV, Bio-ZZU and, in part Bio-EU) have been evaluated: dairy products (47 products), fruit and vegetables (currently 15 products), bread products (currently 12 products). This summary only presents the results of selected products in the KONV and Bio-ZZU categories.


GRANICH, A. R. Effects of lime addition in asphalt concrete fatigue life with basalt aggregate and conventional and modified binders. 2015. MSc. Dissertation. Department of Civil Engineering. Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre. Increasing commercial road traffic demands the development of new technologies to provide higher performance and durable pavements. In this context, since 2006 it"s been studied, in the pavements laboratory of UFRGS, improvements in asphalt concrete properties due to the lime incorporation. Following previous study reported by Bock (2012) which showed an increase of resilient modulus, tensile strength, the resistance to permanent deformation and damage induced by moisture, in this dissertation is presented and analyzed the results of fatigue tests. They were performed in controlled stress mode, in cylindrical specimens, consisting of six asphalt mixtures with basalt aggregate, conventional binder (CAP 50/70) or modified binder (CAP E 60/85) with and without addition of lime (calcitic or dolomitic). The results were modeled as a function of tensile stress, the stress difference, and especially the specific strain at baseline. Employing the fatigue models obtained in the study through curves it was found that: on the asphaltic concrete made with the conventional binder, the addition of 1% of calcitic lime increased fatigue life about 4.5 times in the case of thin asphalt layer (5 and 10 cm) and 2.9 times and 1.9 times in the case of thicker asphalt layer (15 and 20 cm, respectively). The addition of dolomitic lime mixtures with CAP 50/70 affect the fatigue life in a even more remarkable way with an increase ranging from 42 times to asphalt concrete with 5 cm to 2.7 times to 20 cm. When are examined the effect of adding lime in polymerized binder mixtures, it was found that the behavior was homogeneous, with increased fatigue life between 31 (5 cm asphalt mixture) and 35 times (20 cm asphalt mixture) when the added lime is calcitic, and with slight decrease (10%) in fatigue life when dolomitic lime was added. As expected, the modified binder asphalt concrete presented greater fatigue life, and the effect was further identified when calcitic lime was added. The results suggest that there is a chemical interaction between the type of binder and the type of lime. Overall, the research results showed that the incorporation of calcitic lime always increased the fatigue life of asphalt concrete, which was used when the conventional binder (CAP 50/70) may also obtain significant increases with dolomitic lime. In addition to the benefits in resistance to permanent deformation, and induced by moisture damage already expected for the mixtures studied, the results presented in this thesis can be concluded that the incorporation of lime allows to obtain asphalt concrete with high-performance and durability.


It is very difficult to study soil moisture spatial distribution because of its great spatial variability affected by many factors.The spatial pattern identification is one of the ways to deal with the soil moisture spatial data,which can obtain clustering of soil moisture spatial data.The self-organizing neural network models find wide uses in identification spatial soil moisture pattern,which based on the self-organizing reflection and self-adaptive resonance theory.A dynamic soil moisture spatial identification model is developed against at the soil moisture observation data in the Tarrawarra Catchment in Australia using self-organizing neural network.The semi-variance function is used to verify the identification result,and the results of verification indicate that the method is a valid one.


Objective:The study was to investigate the effects of epidermal growth factor receptor(EGFR) antibody(cetuximab,C225) combined with cyclooxygenase 2(COX-2)inhibitor(nimesulide) on the proliferation and apoptosis of colon cancer HT-29 cells,and explore the potential molecular mechanism.Methods:C225 and nimesulide alone or in combination were incubated with HT-29 cells.MTT assay was used to measure the cell proliferation.AO/EB staining and flow cytometry were used to measure the cell apoptosis.RT-PCR was used to detect the COX-2 and non steroidal anti-inflammatory drug-activated gene(NAG-1) mRNA expression levels.The expression of Akt and phosphor-Akt protein was examined by Western blotting.Results:The inhibitory effect of nimesulide combined with C225 was significantly stronger than that of nimesulide alone [(72.8±2.3)% vs(51.8±1.8)%,P0.05]at 48 h.Typical changes of apoptosis in HT-29 cells were observed in nimesulide combined with C225 treatment group.The apoptosis rate of combined group was significantly higher than that of single nimesulide group [(57.67±0.86)% vs(33.27±1.47)%]and single C225 group [(6.27±0.55)%,P0.05].C225 down-regulated the expression of COX-2 mRNA.The expression of NAG-1 mRNA was up-regulated in all treatment groups and the expression of phosphor-Akt was significantly down-regulated in combined treatment group than single nimesulide or C225 group.Conclusion:Nimesulide combined with C225 has obvious synergistic effects in inducing apoptosis.The potential mechanisms may be that EGFR signaling pathway is involved in the regulation of cycloxygenase-2 expression in HT-29 cells and finally influence the proliferation and apoptosis of HT-29 cells through the up-regulation of NAG-1 and down-regulation of phosphor-Akt expression.


The chapter discusses the importance of assessment of interference degree for various attributes of safety-critical instrumentation and control (I&C) systems and proposes applicable metrics. An approach to analysis of safety-critical I&C systems is presented. Such approach relies on performance of gap analysis and consideration of influence of human, technique, and tool. The approach is applicable to cyber security assessment for various safety-critical I&C systems, including complex instrumentation and control systems and field-programmable gate arrays (FPGA)-based systems.


Cellular pathology Inflammation and repair Immunology Neoplasia The cardiovascular system The respiratory tract The gastrointestinal system The liver and pancreas The urinary and male genital tract The female genital tract The breast The endocrine system Haematology The nervous system The skin Bone and joints.


Travel broadens the mind, they say. Spending a year in the United States of America alters one's perspective on democratic public administration very considerably. The United States is often assumed to be the source of many of the managerial reforms we have faced in this country over the last fifteen years. For instance, in the United States and increasingly in the United Kingdom, many relationships between government agencies, as well as between private suppliers of goods and services and their public authority customers, are regulated by contracts enforceable in the courts. At least since the publication of the Ditchley Conference book in 1971 (Smith and Hague, 1971), we have been debating the development of the &dquo;Contract State&dquo; both there and in the UK. This discussion has been greatly sharpened by the introduction of compulsory competitive tendering in local government and more recently, the development of &dquo;Market Testing&dquo; in the Civil Service. These innovations have produced not only profound changes in the structures and working practices of local authorities, Civil Service departments and executive agencies; they have also significantly changed the nature of the accountability of public services and servants to the


The dynamic and static dipole polarizabilities of pyrazabole (PYRZ) were investigated using a refractometric method and theoretical calculations. The experimental properties were studied within the Singer–Garito and Proutiere and co-workers' approaches for dilute cyclohexane, THF and CH3CN solutions. These methodologies were appropriate to quantify the electronic polarizability and electric deformability of pyrazabole in the optical regime. The static dipole polarizabilities of pyrazabole were obtained from extrapolation to zero frequency of the corresponding dispersion Cauchy-type curves, which gave a monotonic increasing in function of the squared frequency. The differences between these curves were analyzed as a function of the solvent effects. Additionally, a comparative study with pyrazole was carried out. The results indicated that both the static and dynamic electronic polarizability of pyrazabole are determinated from the linear optical response of the pyrazole ring. In fact, the polarizability of the two pyrazole rings is approximately 80% of the overall value for pyrazabole. The theoretical static properties were evaluated by using ab initio (Hartree–Fock) and DFT (B3LYP) methods with the 6–31+G(d,p) and 6–311++G(3d,3p) basis sets. The calculations were performed with fully optimized geometries. The B3LYP average static electronic polarizability value of pyrazabole is 1.877 × 10−23 esu, and the differences from the experimental static values are within −1.2 to 8.5%. These variations are mainly due to the solvent effects. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Abstract The war in Iraq has been accompanied by the highest ever number of casualties among members of the Iraqi and foreign press. While the end of the Saddam Hussein regime has reopened the way for vibrant media activity, the absence of security for members of the media has had a high human cost. The US-led war on Iraq, which was aimed at liberating its people from authoritarian rule, has not seen any serious attempt by the Western or even Arab media to focus on the human side of Iraq. Iraqi civilian death tolls are treated as nothing more than statistics.


Angiotensin-converting enzyme(ACE)isazinc-containing dipeptidyl carboxypeptidase thatcatalyzes the conversion ofangiotensin Itothepotent vasoconstrictor angiotensin II. Byanalyzing cDNAandgenomic DNA, wehaveconstructed aconsensus sequence encoding thetestis isozyme ofmouseACE.Testis ACE cDNA contains 2,435 basepairs andencodes aprotein of732aminoacids. TheN-terminal 66aminoacids areunique tothetestis isozyme, while theremaining 666areidentical tothecarboxyl half ofmousesomatic ACE.The overall conservation ofaminoacid sequence between thetestis isozymes ofthemouse, rabbit, andhumanis78 to84%.Theconservation ofaminoacids fortheN-terminal domain uniquely expressed within thetestis is63 to67% between these species. Primerextension andRNaseprotection experiments showthatRNA transcription ofthetestis ACEisozyme begins 16or17bases upstream fromthetranslation start site. A sequence element resembling aTATAboxisfound25bases 5'ofthetranscription start site. Tocreate its unique isozyme ofACE,thetestis begins mRNA transcription inthemiddle oftheexonic-intronic structure of somatic ACE,within asequence treated asanintron bysomatic tissues. Testis ACE isnottheresult of alternative RNA splicing butseemsduetothestart oftranscription ataunique site within theACEgene.


In automated speech assessment, adaptation of language models (LMs) to test questions is important to achieve high recognition accuracy However, for large-scale language tests, the ordinary supervised training, which uses an expensive and time-consuming manual transcription process, is hard to utilize for LM adaptation. In this paper, several LM adaptation methods that require either no manual transcription process or just a small amount of transcriptions have been evaluated. Our experiments suggest that these LM adaptation methods can allow us to obtain considerable recognition accuracy gain with no or low human transcription cost.


An enhanced adaptive processing nodes in energy optimization based on network data classification was proposed considering the exposure of energy loss for motion detecting applications in Tianjin airport site.The proposed scheme makes adjustment to original CSMA/CA algorithm,ACK frame and data collision with the existing MAC layer protocol.The paper sets up mathematical modeling and analysis,using OPNET network simulation software to create scenarios.The analysis on simulation result indicated that the optimized network performs significantly better than the original one in life span of network,performance of throughput and many other indicators.Therefore,the optimized mechanism is a better solution for the exposed problems in the energy field application system.


Poly[4,4′-bis(butylsulfanyl)-2,2′-bithiophene] modified conventional-size and (ultra)microelectrodes are first investigated in acetonitrile and quasi-neutral aqueous solution with respect to the repeatability of the responses obtained both in cyclic voltammetry and in differential pulse voltammetry. The reactivity towards ferrocene and hydroquinone, chosen as benchmark oxidizable substances in the two media, respectively, is considered. Comparison is made with the behavior of poly(3-methylthiophene) as electrode coating, which is one of the most commonly used redox mediators in amperometric sensors based on coatings consisting of conducting polymers. The results confirm the appealing properties of poly[4,4′-bis(butylsulfanyl)-2,2′-bithiophene], previously evidenced by us in different electrochemical studies: it exhibits particularly high stability and the characteristics of the current/potential curves obtained make it particularly suitable for analytical purposes. After performing these tests, the quantitative determination of dopamine by modified microelectrode is examined and the simultaneous voltammetric determination of ascorbic acid and dopamine is considered. The possibility of working profitably with a microelectrode at very low buffer-supporting electrolyte concentration is ascertained.


The file download process over Internet is usually slow. This paper presents design and simulation of a distributed and co-ordinated file transfer protocol for the internet applications. Presented approach, known as Hybrid Parallelized File Transport Protocol (HPFTP), consist of a centralized server that distributes the download process across multiple file servers based on QoS parameters as available bandwidth. H-PFTP client monitor the FTP flows to detect slow servers and adjust the file distributions accordingly. The Hybrid parallelized FTP (H-PFTP) approach, attempts to solve the problem of slow downloads of large multimedia files while optimizing the utilization of mirror servers. HPFTP proposes simultaneous downloads of file from multiple file servers. H-PFTP is combination of DAP and P-FTP. Slow server detection algorithm and link failure algorithm is used to increase performance of H-PFTP. In this paper, simulation of Hybrid Parallelized File Transfer Protocol (H-PFTP) is presented. The simulation is carried out by using widely used network simulator, Network Simulator 2 (NS2). The results show at least 50% reduction in download time, when compared to the traditional file-transfer approach.


Since at least the end of the twentieth century, it has been increasingly evident that the evolution of US–China relations will prove a major determinant in the history of the twentyfirst. Whilst C...


Condensing xenon gas onto a quantum dot photonic crystal slab nanocavity at 10-25K produces a shift of the nanocavity mode wavelength b; much as 5nm. Strong coupling anticrossing curves were obtained using this technique.


This article examines the conceivable rationales as to why Korean students' English-speaking proficiency scores are not as outstanding as other international standardized test scores such as the Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) and the Program for International Student Assessment (PISA). Despite the efforts of the Korean government to impose compulsory English education policies such as starting English education earlier and arranging for native English speakers to co-teach in English classes, the English knowledge of Koreans is still lacking. Without knowing the details of the English Program in Korea (EPIK) and the curriculum of English education, the Ministry of Education's (MOE) strategies may sound ideal in terms of effective language pedagogical approach, yet in this article I examine why they are ineffective. I begin by analyzing the results of three tests: PISA, TIMSS, and the Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL) to assess Korean students' scholastic aptitudes. Next, I examine the current stage of compulsory English education in Korea according to the data from the MOE. Finally, prospects and recommendations are proposed on how the Korean compulsory English education could be improved based on the discovery of three critical drawbacks: insufficient instructional time, eligibility of EPIK, and the need for teacher evaluation.


This study attempts to demonstrate that the spatial usage and physical attributes of Thinnai (house front sit-out) has the potential to promote prosocial behavior of the occupants. In pursuit of this, Darley and Latane's (1969) helping behavior model is applied and the findings revealed the potential of the physical setting in an objective manner. The research questions examined here are: 1) Does the spatial usage and physical attributes of Thinnai facilitate the occupants in providing help in way finding for a stranger. 2) Does the spatial usage and physical attributes of Thinnai facilitate the occupants to return the dropped wallet to the person 3) Does the spatial usage and physical attributes of Thinnai facilitate the occupants to return the dropped Voter's Identity card to the card holder.4) Does the spatial usage and physical attributes of Thinnai facilitate the occupants in providing help by lifting and carrying the domestic load for the one who finds difficult to do so. Data collected with questionnaires completed by 143 respondents from rural residential setting were analyzed and the results indicate that The spatial usage and attributes of Thinnai is significant in promoting Helping behavior of the occupants besides the other uncontrolled variables.


Operating and maintenance for femto network is becoming one of the main challenges for telecommunication operators as the femto base station (BS) is indoor, portable, distributed, switching on and off frequently. According to the characteristics of femto network, a management information model (MIM) is proposed to provide information support for management of femto network, including managed objects, management information, measurements and their monitoring granularities. Since the link between femto BS and femto gateway (FB-FBGW) changes dynamically, FB-FBGW model adopts a status attribute to keep instance of the link stable, which would be helpful for operators to aggregate traffic volume over one link conveniently and quickly. Based on the MIM, a femto network autonomic configuration management system (FACMS) with its architecture is given. The MIM is validated by illustrating autonomic configuration procedure of femto BS with FACMS. FACMS could fulfill autonomic configuration of femto BS considering radio environments. Comparing with traditional fixed method, FACMS moves the optimization procedure of radio environments ahead to avoid potential interference, which help to improve transmission efficiency and quality of telecommunication services.


The question whether aliettite be accepted as the name of a regular mixed-layer talc-saponite was discussed. It was agreed that the name should be accepted only if it is adequately demonstrated that a mineral exists containing ta lc and saponite layers with a strictly regular alternation of the layers. It was considered that a Fourier transform should be made available to show the statistical sequence of layers in the minerals hitherto studied. (See F. Veniale and H. M. van der Marel, Proc. Int. Clay Conf., Tokyo 1969, Vol. I, pp. 233-244).


Objective:To investigate the clinical value of laparoscopy in treatment of gynecologic diseases.Methods:The clinical data of 271 cases with gynecologic diseases who underwent laparoscopic procedures were retrospectively analyzed.The parameters,such as average operating time and estimated blood loss were evaluated.Results:All the procedures were completed through laparoscopy,including 83 cases of laparoscopic total hysterectomy,80 cases of laparoscopic subtotal hysterectomy,42 cases of myomectomy,33 cases of adnexectomy,28 cases of adnexal cystectomy,and 5 cases of salpingotomy.Complications occurred in 2 cases (0.74%).Conclusions:Laparoscopic procedure embodies the advantages of less trauma and quicker recovery.Most benign gynecologic diseases can be operated under laparoscopy with strict operative indication.


Case Report Objective: Describe the different therapeutic modalities of glottic stenosis due to Wegener's granulomatosis. Material and method: We report the case of a 49-year-old man who presented with a glottic localization of Wegener's granulomatosis. Clinical case: Mr. AB presented a laryngeal dyspnea on a laryngeal stenosis due to a Wegener's disease with renal, cutaneous, naso-sinus, and glottic localization. A life-saving tracheostomy was performed first. The medical treatment allowed a regression of all the lesions. . Two months after starting treatment, the patient is stable and the laryngeal stenosis no longer affects the patient's daily activities. Conclusion: The appearance of upper respiratory symptoms in may be indicative of Wegener's disease and should alert and seek for laryngo-tracheal stenosis. Intralesional corticosteroid injection is a recent and less invasive method than dilation. It seems to give satisfactory results. Sometimes a tracheostomy is necessary.


More and more evidence has shown that strengthening layer interactions can enhance the representation power of a deep neural network, while self-attention excels at learning interdependencies by retrieving query-activated information. Motivated by this, we devise a cross-layer attention mechanism, called multi-head recurrent layer attention (MRLA), that sends a query representation of the current layer to all previous layers to retrieve query-related information from different levels of receptive fields. A light-weighted version of MRLA is also proposed to reduce the quadratic computation cost. The proposed layer attention mechanism can enrich the representation power of many state-of-the-art vision networks, including CNNs and vision transformers. Its effectiveness has been extensively evaluated in image classification, object detection and instance segmentation tasks, where improvements can be consistently observed. For example, our MRLA can improve 1.6% Top-1 accuracy on ResNet-50, while only introducing 0.16M parameters and 0.07B FLOPs. Surprisingly, it can boost the performances by a large margin of 3-4% box AP and mask AP in dense prediction tasks. Our code is available at https://github.com/joyfang1106/MRLA.


Please cite this article as: Devi V et al., A Study Of Method Development, Validation and Forced Degradation Studies of Clotrimazole by Using UV Spectrophotometry . American Journal of PharmTech Research 2019. A Study Of Method Development, Validation and Forced Degradation Studies of Clotrimazole by Using UV Spectrophotometry Devi velmurugan , Sekar vairavel, Rajasekar chandran, Saranya, Siva Kumar nayak Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, JKK Nattaraja College of Pharmacy, Komarapalayam, Namakkal (DT), TN, India ABSTRACT To develop a simple, precise, accurate, and stability indicating a UV-method for estimation of Clotrimazole. In bulk and formulated dosage form. The method was under subjected to stress degradation at different conditions recommended by the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH). The drug samples are generated and used for the degradation studies. The λmax of the Clotrimazole was found to be 220 nm. The linearity of calibration curve (Absorbance Vs Concentration) in pure solution was checked over the concentration ranges of about 5-30μg/ml for Clotrimazole respectively, with the correlation coefficient higher than 0.999. The regression equation of the curve was Y = 0.0168x + 0.0041. The % RSD was found to be within the limit as per ICH guidelines. The obtained percentage recovery of Clotrimazole was found to be within the limit 100% ± SD. The proposed method can be successfully applied for the method development, validation and stress degradation studies of Clotrimazole. The percentage degradation limit should be 5-20%. The drug Clotrimazole was found to be within the limit.


PET fabrics were finished by self-made intumescent flame retardant IFR-1.The influences of IFR-1 dosage,baking temperature and time on the flame-retardant results were investigated,and the optimal process was determined.The thermal and degradation properties were investigated by thermogravimetric.The results showed that intumescent flame retardant could impart good performance on PET fabrics,and also could depress dripping.LOI of treated polyester was 28.5%,both of after flame and smoldering time was 0 s and residue char reached 9.52% in air,which were all far over pure polyester.The flame retardant had good char forming performance,which promoted the polyester forming char.The initial degradation temperature of finished polyester was lower than that of the control polyester,and the decomposion temperature range was broaden.


This chapter will first look back at the pre-1999 period to assess the role played by the FN in challenging the traditional bipolar format of French politics. It will then move on to analyse the historical and political factors underlying the split, the electoral performances of the two parties that emerged from this critical breakdown and the key features of party ideology within the Extreme Right pole. Thirdly it will address the electoral prospects of the FN and MNR in the light of their results in the presidential and legislative elections of Spring 2002.


Equilibria are constructed for classes of game models of sequenced second-price auctions having identical common-valued objects In some of these the equilibrium price falls on average, and in others the seller loses on average by committing to announce publicly something that he knows. Both of these possibilities are surprises.


When risk managers develop firm-wide measures of risk, the efforts can impose substantial costs both of developing information systems and, on an ongoing basis, of computation and aggregation. These costs can lead risk managers to base risk measures on a set of risk factors (including asset prices) of lower dimension than the dimension of underlying sources of risk. Such truncation of the set of risk factors, however, could cause risk measures to systematically underestimate a portfolio's risk. This paper presents examples where risk aversion leads a firm to hedge risk factors that have high explanatory power for many asset returns; however, the firm may remain exposed to other, less-important risk factors if their market price of risk is sufficiently high. Statistical techniques for identifying sources of risk that choose risk factors based on the variability of asset prices without taking account of the market price of risk could systematically underestimate portfolio risks. * We thank Henri Pages for helpful comments and suggestions. The views expressed in this paper are the authors' and do not necessarily reflect positions of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, the Federal Reserve System, the Euro-Currency Standing Committee, or the Bank for International Settlements.


The spread of Buddhism started the statuary art in China,which evolved gradually from grotto statues to the clay ones.The clay Arhat sculptures in the Arhat Temple of the West Garden Temple,in the Zijin Buddhist Convent of Dongshan,and in the Baosheng Temple of Luzhi are of styles distinctive from each other.The perfect space combination of the circular-engraved Arhats and relief works brings painting skills into sculptures,which boasts of the unique charm of the Buddhist art works in regions south of the Yangtze River.The feature also demonstrates the interaction between artistic creation and artistic appreciation at that time,which is enlightening to today's artistic activities.


conditions. Ionospheric losses on the order of 10 25 O2 ions per second are found for quiet solar wind conditions. This is of the same order as that estimated from Phobos 2 measurements. Varying the orientation of Mars' magnetic anomalies relative to the incident solar wind direction leads to only minor variation in the ionospheric loss rates of O2 for each set of solar wind conditions studied. Solar wind parameters were varied from nominal solar wind conditions to conditions with high-speed flows, high densities, and large IMF magnitudes. Outflow rates on the order of 10 26 O2 ions per second were seen for storm-like conditions. The simulations indicate that ionospheric outflow rates increase by a larger percentage for high solar wind number density when compared to high solar wind speed or strong IMF conditions alone. This is due to the higher solar wind density and temperature of the precipitating ions. The results also indicate a significant influence of pickup on ionospheric loss.


We live our lives like chips in a kaleidoscope, always part of patterns that are larger than ourselves and somehow more than the sum of their parts (Minuchin, 1983; p. 3).


In applications of structural equation modeling, the assumptions of correct model and normal data for maximum likelihood (ML) estimation almost never hold. Currently, the most common solution is to use a sandwich covariance estimator that is robust to (a) nonnormal data only (denoted as MLM), or (b) nonnormal data and incorrect model (denoted as MLR). In this paper, we propose new methods that perform even better than do MLM and MLR given model misfit, nonnormal data, and sample sizes typical of the behavioral sciences. In particular, we propose one standard error estimator and two confidence interval methods. The new methods also have analytic formulas and are thus light on computation burden. We first use statistical reasoning to show the new methods are superior to MLM and MLR, and then carry out simulations to compare ML, MLM, MLR, and the new methods. The simulation results confirm the superiority of the proposed methods.


In this paper, the conservative difference schemes for two mixed initial-boundary value problems of generalized nonlinear Schrdinger equations are considered. Using the inequality of difference operator, Gronwall's inequality and imbedded Theorem, we make prior estimates of the difference solution and pove the stability and convergence of the difference schemes. The difference schemes belong to transcendental equations. In order to solve it, computation formulas of catch-ran iterativc method are presented and the iterative convergence is proved.


Background: Pancreatic cancer (PC) remains a lethal disease worldwide and is estimated to become the 2nd leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the United States by 2030. Recently, existence of cancer stem cells (CSC) has been reported in several malignancies, including PC and have been considered as seeds for cancer initiating cells. However, the molecular mechanism governing the maintenance of CSC traits and their self-renewal remain unclear. Upregulated expression of fat mass and obesity-associated protein (FTO), which demethylates N6-methyladenosine (the most prevalent eukaryotic RNA modification), has been associated with cancer progression of various types. Nevertheless, our current understanding on the role of FTO in modulating biological processes relevant to PC is in infancy.
 Methods: In this study, we first analyzed and compared the FTO expression in various PC cells vs normal pancreatic ductal epithelial (HPDE) cells. We then depleted FTO in PC cells using lentiviral-mediated and pharmacological inhibitor (CS1) approaches and analyzed the effects on cell growth, proliferation, apoptosis, cell cycle, migration, invasion, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, CSC growth and self-renewal, and xenograft tumor formation.
 Results: We found that PC cells expressed markedly higher mRNA and protein levels of FTO compared to HPDE cells. FTO depleted PC cells showed impaired growth in both the solid and semi-solid medium, and also a G1 phase cell cycle arrest which correlated with the increment in the expression of CDK inhibitors: p21cip1 and p27kip1. FTO loss in the PC cells also led to an increase in early apoptotic cell population with a concomitant increase in the expression of caspase 3 and 9. Of note, FTO depleted PC cells displayed marked delay in the wound closure and reduced capabilities to invade through matrigel. This further corroborated with the enhanced expression levels of epithelial (E-cadherin) and decrease in the mesenchymal (N-cadherin, vimentin, and fibronectin) markers. Mechanistically, MET in FTO depleted cells correlated with impaired tumor sphere formation and reduced expression of markers of cancer stemness (CD44, NanoG, Sox2, ALDH1, and CD133). Replating of single cell derived from these spheroids revealed that FTO loss hampered the secondary spheres formation; thus, FTO is necessary for spheroid formation, their maintenance and self-renewal potential of CSC. Additionally, FTO loss in PC cells led to delayed as well as decreased tumor growth in nude mice. Tumor extracts from FTO-depleted xenografts displayed induction of apoptosis, decreased expression of proliferation marker Ki67, and a MET phenotype.
 Conclusion: Through a comprehensive mechanistic analysis we explicitly demonstrate the biological and functional significance of FTO in governing PC tumorigenesis and maintenance of CSC; thus, targeting FTO may represent an attractive therapeutic approach for PC.
 Citation Format: Rachana Garg, Laleh Melstorm, Jianjun Chen, Chuan He, Ajay Goel. Targeting FTO suppresses pancreatic carcinogenesis via cancer stem cell maintenance [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 5711.


Small group work is a common learning format in higher education.  Whilst numerous positive learning outcomes are associated with this approach, there are also pitfalls scattered along the way that can undermine the entire process.  In this Viewpoint paper, I reflect on my experiences of teaching a small group work module.  It discusses new strategies I have employed to nurture communication and interaction within the student groups, and considerations I took when constructing them.  My challenge was to build a positive socio-cultural context for learning to take place, as the learning environment can exert considerable influence on the experiences students have whilst trying to work cooperatively with their peers.


Almost all civilizations of the world are inextricably linked with rivers where all civilizations originated and developed [1]. Rivers in any means are enormously cherished and valued by all human communities due to their significant services on which human civilization's survival is dependent [2]. However, nowadays due to many natural and anthropogenic pollution problems, the riverine ecosystems of the world are under great pressure which are affecting the deliverables of the river systems all over the world [3,4] (Table 1). Unplanned urbanization, changing land use patterns, intensified agricultural processes, huge hydroelectric power projects, heavy industrial use of waters, polluted effluent discharge, and contaminated runoffs are major contributing factors of pollution to these fresh water sources [5,6]. With these concerns, the climate change is another colossal crisis which is aggravating the problems of riverine ecosystem by increasing temperatures, altering rainfall-runoff patterns, and disrupting biological communities of river bodies which impart an imbalance to these ecosystems [7-9]. Numerous other indirectly related climate change stressors also increase the extent and magnitude of pollution problems and thus impacts become much wider along different dimensions of a river regime [10,11]. In consequence, many riverine ecosystems may totally collapse under these complex and unidentified impacts of climate change [4,12,13]. In its fifth assessment report, IPCC has projected 1.5-4.5°C increase in average global temperature (IPCC, 2013). The present assessment projects that, the globally averaged combined land and ocean temperature shows a warming of 0.89°C (0.69 to 1.08°C) over the period 1901-2012; with the rate of warming at 0.05°C (–0.05 to +0.15°C) per decade over the past 15 years (1998-2012). This report indicates the freshwater-related risks of climate change has also increased significantly where each degree of warming is projected to decrease renewable water resources by at least 20%. These trends and changes may intensify the problems of raw water quality by increasing water temperature; more loading of sediment, nutrient and pollutant due to abrupt and heavy rainfall; reduced dilution of pollutants during droughts, and unmanageable treatment facilities during floods [14-16].


Following a stroke, there can be many problems with management of tasks and coping with daily life. It can be frustrating to attempt tasks that were previously carried out with ease or, in many cases, automatically. It is important to support and empower individuals to enable them to regain control of their own lives and to manage activities of daily life more easily. This article describes some techniques and equipment to help restore abilities in self-care activities.


The invention relates to a method for manufacturing a steel wire rod for a pipe line steel submerged arc welding wire, which belongs to the technical field of pipe line steel. The method comprises the following steps: adopting a small square billet continuous casting and controlled rolling and controlled cooling process to produce the steel wire rod for an X60-X70 pipe line steel submerged arc welding wire, and adopting Mo, Ti and B for microalloying; performing dual-slag operation in a converter, and performing skimming tapping at a tapping temperature of between 1,670 and 1,690 DEG C; adopting Si-Al-Ba for deoxidation; adding 200 to 300 kilograms of synthetic slag in each furnace; controlling the oxygen activity to be less than or equal to 10 ppm; performing inclusion denaturation treatment on a Ca-Si line; performing constant pulling rate full protection casting in a reasonable secondary cooling system; and adopting a temperature control rolling technique and a slow-cooling technique to ensure the moderate strength of the steel wire rod. The method has the advantages that the internal and surface quality of the steel wire rod can be controlled stably, an economic technical route for producing the steel wire rod for the pipe line steel submerged arc welding wire by using 130 mm continuous casting small square billets is opened up successfully, the quality of the steel wire rod product is good, and the yield accounts for 1/2 of the total domestic demand.


This article expounds that a university should adapt its function to the needs of society through analysing formation of a research-oriented university. By anatomising its characters, the authors demonstrate the function and proper role of a research-oriented university in the combination of industry, education and research.They also point out the shift of university's role from an operator of high-tech industry to an incubator supporting high-tech enterprises. With its advantages in technology, talents, culture and resources, a university can provide in-depth service for high-tech enterprises and do credit to its reputation as a prestigious university and get rewards as well. The five-year experience of the Research Institute of Tsinghua University in Shenzhen (KITS) has proved that the rewards can be realistic and of high additional value. Furthermore, considering the present situation in China, this "third industry" existing in high-tech industry fits the form of research institutes or high-tech industrial parks which are affiliated to universities but enjoy independent operation.


A large literature is currently contesting the impact of religion on prosocial behavior. As a window into this discussion, I examine the close social networks of American adults and consider whether religious traditionalists are more likely than other network members to supply several basic forms of social support. Analysis of the Portraits of American Life Survey reveals three main findings. First, a majority of Americans—religious or not—count at least one perceived religious traditionalist among their close network ties. Second, American adults are more likely to receive advice, practical help, and money from ties identified as religious traditionalists than from other types of ties, a pattern that held among both kin and nonkin network ties. Finally, although perceived traditionalist network members appear especially inclined to assist highly religious people, they nevertheless offer social support to Americans across a broad spectrum of religiosity. Beyond its relevance for debates on religion and community life, this study also proposes a novel strategy to assess prosocial behavior. Asking people to recount the deeds of their network members can reduce certain self-reporting biases common to survey research and helps locate prosocial activity in concrete and meaningful social relationships.


Critical injury and illness induce a number of metabolic, immunologic, and functional responses which influence clinical outcome and normal defenses. Raised levels of counterregulatory hormones, immobilization, respiratory failure, and violation of host defenses with intravenous catheters and endotracheal intubation alter the balance between the bacterial assault and immunologic host defenses. One of the largest surfaces vulnerable to assault by pathogenic organisms is the gastrointestinal tract, which contains between 1 and 1.5 kg of bacteria, the total number of which exceeds the total number of cells in the body by an order of magnitude. Normally, the single layer of columnar epithelium, along with associated specific and nonspecific immune defenses, maintains an effective barrier between luminal contents and the internal areas of the body. The metabolic perturbations induced by injury and illness, and changes in the normal oral intake of nutrients, affect the integrity of this gut barrier system. Clinical studies suggest that enteral feeding reduces infection on moist mucosal surfaces of the body by helping to maintain these barriers. In this overview I will focus on the clinical and experimental data that have accumulated on the mechanisms involved.