Typically, a geochemical evaluation is performed after an initial screening for COPC has occurred because concentrations below screening levels would not typically warrant a geochemical evaluation. Depending on the applicable guidance, soil chemical concentrations are compared to risk-based screening values alone or to the higher of two screening values: the risk-based screening value or background (default or site-specific). Any chemicals with site concentrations that exceed their associated screening values are then included in the site-specific geochemical evaluation. The geochemical evaluation is typically used to determine whether the site concentrations are consistent with background conditions ("backgroundrelated"), and thus that the element need not be evaluated further in the risk assessment even if concentrations exceed risk-based screening values. As discussed in Section 5.2, moderate or low-level contamination may be present in the site dataset that is not representative of background. Such concentrations may be lower than some of the higher naturally occurring background concentrations. Geochemical evaluation can assist in distinguishing low-level contamination from naturally occurring background, allowing the risk assessor or risk management team to decide whether a chemical should be retained as a COPC for risk evaluation. Some advantages of geochemical evaluations at the screening (COPC selection) stage in the process are:


This inquiry is first interested with the soteriology of Cyril of Alexandria. By reading his works. It is noteworthy that he has no interest for a philosophical reflection on man, but only for a theological one: nothing about soul, mind, or about the links between soul and body. . . Cyril speaks only about sin (the transgression of Adam), death, corruption, salvation, incorruptibility, Holy Spirit. . . The Adam Christ typology proves to be a structure of Cyril's theology, a key to an understanding of his view of salvation. But the notion of participation is also decisive to understand how men can receive the gifts that Christ has received for himself. Eucharist plays a very important role (more than baptism). We can discern two logics, the physical and the ethical, when Cyril describes the primitive fall and its effects, and the salvation and its ways of transmission. These two logics must be connected with the Adam Christ typology, and with the theology of participation. At last this work tries to pass "from the work of salvation to the being of the saviour". By this soteriological approach of the Christology, it is possible now to show that the logos-sarx Christology is not a satisfactory explanation of what Cyril teaches about Christ's being: humanity of Christ, physically and ethically considered, has an essential place in his system.


Colorectal injuries are associated with septic complications in a high percentage of abdominal injuries. Proper initial management of colorectal injuries will significantly reduce septic complications and consequently mortality. The management of colorectal trauma has evolved considerably over the past several decades. The objective is to study the current surgical management of colonic and rectal injuries and to compare the morbidity and mortality of primary repair with faecal diversion. This is a prospective descriptive hospital based multicenter study conducted at Omdurman Military Hospital, El Obeid Military Hospital and Omdurman Teaching Hospital in the period from March 2014 to February 2015. Fifty two patients fulfilled the criteria for inclusion and analysis. More than half of colorectal injuries were managed with diversion. When comparing left with right-sided injuries, there was a trend toward increased stoma placement in patients with left-sided injuries (87.5% vs. 4.3%) P value 0.000. The morbidity of the right colonic injury was 26.1% and the mortality was 8.7% compared with 41.7% morbidity and 12.5% mortality in left colonic injury (P value 0.752). The complication rate for patients with colonic injury requiring a colostomy was 50% (11/22) versus 20% for the primary repair group (P value 0.382). Six out of seven patients (85.7%) with rectal injuries were managed with colostomy (P value 0.269).In conclusion; the current practice of most surgeons for management of colorectal injuries is to divert left colonic and rectal injuries and repair or resection and primary anastomosis for right colonic injuries. Patients whom were managed with colostomy were found to have higher morbidity and mortality than those managed with primary repair.


Nosocomial infections have tremendous health and financial costs with an estimated incidence of 2,000,000 infections per year, 20,000 deaths per year, and added costs of 2 billion per year (Pfaller and Diekema, 2007). During times of prolonged antibiotic treatment and severe immunosuppression, fungi as opportunistic organisms can cause hospital acquired infections. This group includes


This paper addresses the problem of determining the productivity of a horizontal well in a pan-layered anisotropic inclined media. The influence of the stress-strain state is accounted in the model.


ABSTRACT Kevin Dawson has recently argued in Undercurrents of Power (2018) that waterscapes and aquatic culture played a crucial role in the African diaspora, and contemporary scholars "must move beyond landlocked paradigms." This forms a necessarily transnational depiction of Black identity, one that eschews notions of nation and state. This essay follows Dawson's lead by proposing a material confrontation with water vis-à-vis Langston Hughes. His writings emphasize this oceanic power of kinship by recurrently referencing waterways and transatlantic travel. More than merely tracing the appearance of water symbolism, this essay contends that these frequent literary allusions grant key insights into his burgeoning kinship with the greater African diaspora. Using Hughes's emphasis on water as both metaphorical and material geographical space as the key example, this essay demonstrates the fertile application of an oceanic approach to the African diaspora.


Computer network is two or more computers that are interconnected with one another, communicate electronically with each other, sharing resources (eg printers, file sharing, internet, etc.) and also are able to utilize the same resource. In making this network is just a simulation but can save time and cost. The simulation network that was created later can be implemented in the real world. For network security, we use Access Control Lists. That would look like a real office network.


This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper OTC 29389, "Single Independent Riser: A Cost-Efficient Ultradeepwater Riser," by François Lirola, Eric Revault, and Jean-François Lunven, Saipem, prepared for the 2019 Offshore Technology Conference, Houston, 6–9 May. The paper has not been peer reviewed. Copyright 2019 Offshore Technology Conference. Reproduced by permission.
 The single independent riser (SIR) is a hybrid riser configuration optimized for ultradeepwater field development. The SIR is composed of a flexible jumper and a rigid part vertically tensioned by means of distributed or continuous buoyancy. This configuration features improved dynamic behavior under fatigue and extreme environmental conditions for the rigid riser section thanks to its compliant shape. The design is versatile and can be staggered easily to comply with design constraints or congested layouts.
 Introduction
 The SIR is adapted to both turret-moored and spread-moored vessels as well as most other types. The configuration is also suitable for a wide spectrum of environments, from the mild conditions of west Africa to those in the Gulf of Mexico or the North Sea. The configuration can be designed for production risers, whether single-pipe or pipe-in-pipe, and injection and export risers. The strength of this configuration lies in its compliant, fatigue-resistant behavior. Its steep-wave configuration facilitates the mitigation of potential interference; the relative position of the sag and hog of each neighboring riser can be adjusted while reducing the load at the hang-off location.
 Overview
 The SIR features a steep-wave shape. The upper part is a flexible jumper, and the lower part is a rigid, steel-pipe string maintained in a near-vertical position either by means of continuous buoyancy or distributed buoyancy modules. These methods are used instead of a conventional air can in order to provide the up-thrust necessary to keep the riser vertical. The use of continuous or distributed buoyancy implies that each section compensates for its own weight, meaning that the concept is applicable to any water depth for which buoyancy materials are qualified.
 The transition between the rigid and the flexible parts is achieved with a sub-sea connector. An overview of the SIR configuration is given in Fig. 1.
 The SIR features the following technical advantages:
 The design relies on field-proven technology such as rotolatches to connect the rigid section to its anchor or standard shallow-water flexible-jumper technology to perform the transition between the rigid section and the floater. Though the SIR can be deployed in any water depth, the cost of the flexible jumper limits the suitability of the SIR for water depths below 1000 m, which should be considered the minimum applicable water depth.
 The SIR is compatible with any installation method.
 The fabrication process of the SIR can be reversed fully, meaning the system can be retrieved for relocation or maintenance purposes.
 The SIR features a small dynamic response, thus leading to less-stringent fatigue and welding requirements.


A special three-port which may be constructed in integratable form from transistors and resistors is defined. Its use in the realization of integratable ideal transformers (which may also be active) with dc response is demonstrated, and the circuit diagram and performance of an experimental model is given.


The purpose of this paper was to examine the outcomes from the William Randolph Hearst Scholars Program (HSP) conducted at Maine Medical Center, Portland, Maine from September 2005 to September 2006. The HSP was an interdisciplinary (nursing, rehabilitation therapies, social work, clergy, pharmacy, physicians, respiratory therapy, physician's assistant) educational opportunity (12 months, 50 hours of education) with the goal of improving the quality of care for older adults in an acute care medical setting. The focus group participants (21 out of 39 Hearst Scholars) participated in a 1.5-hour focus group immediately following completion of the program. After analyzing the data, the results revealed an overarching theme of empowerment in four specific topical areas: knowledge, connection, barriers, and hopeful trends, with specific themes emerging from each topic. This demonstrated the importance of the HSP for the participants.


We analyze the algebraic structure of the Connes fusion tensor product (CFTP) in the case of bi-finite Hilbert modules over a von Neumann algebra M . It turns out that all complications in its definition disappear if one uses the closely related bi-modules of bounded vectors. We construct an equivalence of monoidal categories with duality between a category of Hilbert bi-modules over M with CFTP and some natural category of bi-modules over M with the usual relative algebraic tensor product.


Central emergency evacuation lighting system is now widely used in modern buildings. This paper briefs the system and introduces measures to effectively supervise and control the installation and adjustment of the system for satisfactory and effective performance.


With medium sand and 0# diesel oil as targets,this paper has qualitatively and quantitatively described the distribution of diesel leakage in unsaturated zone through the indoor physical simulation testing and the multiphase flow dynamics modeling.The results show that the indoor two-dimensional flow device can better reveal the migration process of diesel in the underground environment after the leak.The numerical simulation shows that the oil front kept vertical movement at the initial stage of diesel leakage due to the gravity as it has not arrived at the edge of the capillary zone.The diesel migration kept the rule of arc movement and the saturation level of the contaminated area decreased gradually from the center towards the outside. The centered oil saturation was nearly 0.6 but the water saturation in capillary zone did not change.The diesel frontal has still maintained the initial distribution.After the oil front reached the capillary zone, the oil flow front broadened as a whole because of the capillary force jacking and the centered saturation was found slightly lower than the center area near the top sources.If the leakage continued,the front would expand horizontally.Combined with the physical simulation and mathematical modeling of diesel leakage migrating through the medium sand,the oil frontal can be divided into residual oil zone above the capillary zone and capillary band as well as aggregated oil zone from the capillary zone to underground water phase.The paper provides a theoretical basis and experimental support for the study on diesel pollution control and pollution prediction.


Flemingia sootepensis Craib (Leguminosae-Papilionoideae) has been collected from the Western Ghats. This paper is the first report of the species from India. In addition, the binomial F. sootepensis is lectotypified, and a detailed description and colour photos are provided to facilitate identification of this species.


The electrocrystallization of EOET in the presence of (Bu 4 N)AuBr 2 afforded two kinds of complexes. β"-(EOET) 2 AuBr 2 shows metallic behavior down to liquid helium temperature, while α'-(EOET) 2 AuBr 2 is a Mott-Hubbard type semiconductor.


The event calculus is a logical formalism that provides the ability for a software agent to understand sequences of events and how they can affect system states. We are interested in the application of this formalism to the web at large through semantic web languages which offer access to a continually growing body of interconnected knowledge bases. We describe a simplified version of the event calculus that deals with discrete time points, hereafter referred to as the discrete event calculus (DEC). We justify the organization of our ontology and show how it can express some DEC axioms. We discuss a software prototype that enables the construction of statements in the DEC by doing the work of the DEC axioms that cannot be expressed in SWRL. We show how our ontology can be used to define the well-known Hanks-McDermott Problem as proof of concept. We suggest how the DEC implementation could be deployed in the context of semantic web services.


In this paper, we have proposed the testing of the Graphical User Interface (GUI) applications using the idea of finite state machines. Results have been compares with the model generated using Simulink's script, represents the machine that tested the actual GUI. This environment can help in writing efficient test cases to test the actual graphical interfaces of the application under the test. For the testing of our system, a small GUI for the calculator has been developed, and then the finite state diagram for the same design has been used as a machine for the simulation. The results from the Simulink model are compared with the actual application. The defects are also identified and have been presented.


Recently, Network coding has been proved to be the breakthrough in the research field of network and communication. It is an effective technique to increase network capacity and improve the robustness and reliability of networks. In this paper, there is application of network coding in wireless network. In order to improve the reliability and the throughput of wireless network, we do extensive research on network coding incorporated with the multicast communication in WLAN, the routing optimization in multi-hop network and the retransmission efficiency for wireless broadcast system, and focus on the protocol design and the theory for the performance analysis. On the basis of introduction on basic idea and method of network coding, we proposes a new physical layer network coding scheme for two-way relay channel model based on a belief propagation approach. Then we make performance analysis through numerical simulation.


The author supports the ritual of the white coat ceremony for first-year medical students as an initiation into the medical profession. Virtual Mentor is a monthly bioethics journal published by the American Medical Association.


The aim of the research on brick masonry degradation supported by the D.G. XII is presented. The project is delivering the following: ► Damage Atlas of ancient brick masonry, a book with a description of the types of damage, and their possible causes, in ancient brick masonry structures; ► Masonry Damage Diagnostic (expert)-System (MDDS), an expert computer system allowing the user to define damage types and damage causes in ancient brick masonry structures; The scientific methodology used for the development of both documents is given. It illustrates the type, processes and cause of damage that occurs to historie brick masonry structures and the way non-destructive techniques are introduced in the evaluation procedure


In quantum theory its action is usually taken to be real, but we can consider another theory whose action is complex. In addition, in the Feynman path integral, the time integration is usually performed over the period between the initial time $T_A$ and some specific time, say, the present time $t$. Besides such a future-not-included theory, we can consider the future-included theory, in which not only the past state $| A(T_A) \rangle$ at the initial time $T_A$ but also the future state $| B(T_B) \rangle$ at the final time $T_B$ is given at first, and the time integration is performed over the whole period from the past to the future. Thus quantum theory can be classified into four types, according to whether its action is real or not, and whether the future is included or not. We argue that, if a theory is described with a complex action, then such a theory is suggested to be the future-included theory, rather than the future-not-included theory. Otherwise persons living at different times would see different histories of the universe.


Based on the analysis of the necessity and feasibility of the construction of the mode of personalized education for self-taught examination,this paper outlines the new model of self-taught examination according to the principle of personalized education,including both education form and management system of self-taught examination,also involves the mode and mechanism of operation of self-taught examination.There is certain innovation value for the basal theory,the reform of the specialty management and the way of examination of self-taught examination.


Purpose : To evaluate the findings of US, CT and MRI in the hepatic involvement of hypereosinophilic syndrome. Materials and Methods : We reviewed imaging findings of hypereosinophilic syndrome with hepatic involvement in nine patients. Imaging studies were US (n=9), conventional CT(CCT, n=6), dynamic incremental CT( DICT, n=3), and MRI with conventional spin-echo sequence(MRI-CSE, n=3). For DICT, we obtained images of the early arterial phase(n=1 ), portal venous phase(n=3) and the late venous phase(n=3). T1WI were obtained with 600-700 msec/13-17 msec(TR/TE) and T2WI were obtained with 1850 2300 msec/ 80-90 msec(n= 3). Gadoliniumenhanced T1 WI werealsoobtained(n=2). Results : US showed multiple hypoechoic or isoechoic nodules(7/9) and appeared normaI(2/9). CCTshowed multiple hypodense nodules(5/6) and appeared normaI(1/6). DICTshowed patchy, multiple hypodense nodules and showed hepatic nodules during the portal venous phase only(3/3). MRI-CSE showed one to several focal high-signal nodules on T2WI and subtle low-signal nodules on T1WI (2/3), and showed several subtle high-signallesions on Gd-enhanced T1WI(1/2) and appeared normal on T1 , T2WI(1/3). Conclusion : Hepatic involvement of hypereosinophilic syndrome showed varied imaging findingson US, CTand MR I.


Based on the excavation of portal section in Linwu neighborhood tunnel, items of the blasting vibration, vault settlement and level convergence are measured in the field construction. And according to the actual exposed surrounding rock, the finite element analytical model is established. The results of monitoring measurement and numerical analysis indicate that, under the circumstances of advance large pipe-shed roof support and varied surrounding rock, the original excavation method is not reasonable, still existing the optimization space. The construction of changed step method is feasible, which reflects the requirement of dynamic design and construction in New Austrian Tunneling Method.


We perform a detailed comparison of the IRAS PSCz and 1.2-Jy spherical harmonic coefficients of the predicted velocity fields in redshift space. The monopole terms predicted from the two surveys show some differences. Faint galaxies are responsible for this mismatch that disappears when extracting a PSCz subsample of galaxies with fluxes larger than 1.2-Jy. The analysis of PSCz dipole components confirms the same inconsistencies found by Davis, Nusser and Willick 1 between the IRAS 1.2-Jy gravity field and MarkIII peculiar velocities. Shot-noise, which is greatly reduced in our PSCz gravity field, cannot be responsible for the observed mismatch.


Purpose: To demonstrate a capsulorhexis technique using predominantly shearing forces with a cystotome on a virtual reality simulator and on a human eye. Method: Our technique involves creating the initial anterior capsular tear with a cystotome to raise a flap. The flap left unfolded on the lens surface. The cystotome tip is tilted horizontally and is engaged on the flap near the leading edge of the tear. The cystotome is moved in a circular fashion to direct the vector forces. The loose flap is constantly swept towards the centre so that it does not obscure the view on the tearing edge. Results: Our technique has the advantage of reducing corneal wound distortion and subsequent anterior chamber collapse. The capsulorhexis flap is moved away from the tear leading edge allowing better visualisation of the direction of tear. This technique offers superior control of the capsulorhexis by allowing the surgeon to change the direction of the tear to achieve the desired capsulorhexis size. Conclusions: The EYESI Surgical Simulator is a realistic training platform for surgeons to practice complex capsulorhexis techniques. The shearing forces technique is a suitable alternative and in some cases a far better technique in achieving the desired capsulorhexis.


The present work is a continuation of the previously reported studies on the solubilities of various amino acids in water and their thermodynamic properties (1). No precise solubility determinations on l-proline and/-hydroxyproline appear to have been carried out previously. Due to the high solubility of l-proline and l-hydroxyproline, it was not feasible to carry out solubility determinations over as great a temperature range as in the previously reported studies. There is a tendency for these amino acids, especially hydroxyproline, to darken at higher temperatures. I t was necessary to modify somewhat the previously reported technique for the determination of solubility and partial molal volumes. A micro pipette of about 100 c.mm. capacity was used. I t possessed a uniform capillary stem whose diameter was about 0.3 ram.; 1 ram. of the capillary corresponded to about 0.07 c.mm. The volume of the pipette was calibrated with the aid of mercury. The amount of amino acid solution which was contained in the pipette was estimated by measuring the distance on the stem which was not filled with the solution. For the estimation of density, the pipette was filled to a certain point on the stem and the tip of the pipette was wiped with wet cotton. The pipette was left in the balance room at 25 ° for 15 to 30 minutes, after which it was weighed on a Kuhlmann micro balance. The capillary stem and the tip of the pipette were so


The Grenfell fire has yet to be analysed to understand the event's implications in relation to construction of social boundaries for British Muslims. In this current research, two methodological approaches are applied to gain understandings of social boundary construction on twitter: thematic analysis of the content of tweets and social network analysis (SNA) of how messages are diffused and contested. Twitter is shown to be an important platform in spreading positive narratives about Muslims during the fire, enabling individuals to spontaneously contest fake news and hate narratives. Social media acts counter to established knowledge, demonstrating that it is not, per se, a conduit for fake news and hate speech. Furthermore, it demonstrates how twitter offers Muslims an international space to voice and articulate themselves where they can be influential in debates that effect Muslim diasporas in other national contexts.


The Lepsy fault of the northern Tien Shan, SE Kazakhstan, extends E‐W 120 km from the high mountains of the Dzhungarian Ala‐tau, a subrange of the northern Tien Shan, into the low‐lying Kazakh platform. It is an example of an active structure that connects a more rapidly deforming mountain region with an apparently stable continental region and follows a known Palaeozoic structure. Field‐based and satellite observations reveal an ∼10 m vertical offset exceptionally preserved along the entire length of the fault. Geomorphic analysis and age control from radiocarbon and optically stimulated luminescence dating methods indicate that the scarp formed in the Holocene and was generated by at least two substantial earthquakes. The most recent event, dated to sometime after ∼400 years B.P., is likely to have ruptured the entire ∼120 km fault length in a Mw 7.5–8.2 earthquake. The Lepsy fault kinematics were characterized using digital elevation models and high‐resolution satellite imagery, which indicate that the predominant sense of motion is reverse right lateral with a fault strike, dip, and slip vector azimuth of ∼110°, 50°S, and 317–343°, respectively, which is consistent with predominant N‐S shortening related to the India‐Eurasia collision. In light of these observations, and because the activity of the Lepsy fault would have been hard to ascertain if it had not ruptured in the recent past, we note that the absence of known active faults within low‐relief and low strain rate continental interiors does not always imply an absence of seismic hazard.


We present a microscopic theory of the excitonic Stokes and anti-Stokes energy transfer mechanisms between two widely separated unequal quantum wells with a large energy mismatch ({Delta}) at low temperatures (T). Exciton transfer through dipolar coupling, photon-exchange coupling and over-barrier ionization of the excitons through exciton-exciton Auger processes are examined. The energy transfer rate is calculated as a function of T and the center-to-center distance d between the two wells. The rates depend sensitively on T for plane-wave excitons. For located excitons, the rates depend on T only through the T-dependence of the localization radius.


As a result of 3-D computer modeling, the availability of geometric data in an electronic form makes possible the use of computers for purely construction activities in ways that were impossible or impractical before. The use of 3-D computer models for construction planning, simulation and training has tremendous potential for reducing construction costs and schedules. This paper describes some of the software capabilities available today, in particular the real-time simulation of construction operations.


Abstract  Two patients with aortic right ventricular tunnel and anomalous origin of the right coronary artery from the tunnel are reported. The literature on this condition is reviewed. (J Card Surg 2011;26:521‐526)


The utility model discloses a plastic elastomer device for a building or road engineering expansion joint, which comprises a cast-in-situ concrete layer and an asphalt concrete pavement layer arranged at the upper end of the cast-in-situ concrete layer; an expansion joint is arranged in the center of the cast-in-situ concrete layer; a sponge body or a foam body is filled inside the expansion joint; a notch is arranged in the center of the asphalt concrete pavement layer and is filled with a flexible elastomer and gravel; a cover plate is arranged in the notch; lower expansion bolts are eudipleurally arranged at the upper part of the cast-in-situ concrete layer; side expansion bolts are eudipleurally arranged on the inner side of the asphalt concrete pavement layer; and reinforcing steel bars are arranged between the end parts of the side expansion boles and the end parts of the lower expansion bolts. The plastic elastomer device has a simple structure and a reasonable design and is convenient and quick for construction; and the requirement for expansion joint performance can be better met, the installation of a special expansion member is avoided and the problem that the service life of the other expansion devices is short under small flexibility can be effectively solved. Meanwhile, the plastic elastomer device has the characteristics of bearing performance for vehicle load, favorable elasticity and attractiveness and smoothness in surface.


This book is an examination of the Japanese educational and economic systems and their impact on American education. In asking how much the United States can learn from Japan, the author's key distinction is between economic and cultural conservatives. Walter Feinberg uses first-hand material and his own expertise in the philosophy of education to present a wide-ranging argument which sheds new light on this international debate.


The Northumbrian port of Blyth is becoming established as a leading centre for wind energy development. During 1992, nine 300 kW wind turbines were installed along the harbour's east pier, to create the UK's first semi-offshore wind farm. This pioneering scheme has now been followed by the commissioning of the Blyth Offshore wind farm-a joint venture between Shell, Powergen Renewables, Nuon and Amec-comprising two 2 MW wind turbines located 1 km off the coast. Blyth Offshore represents the World's first multi-megawatt wind farm in serious seas. Blyth Harbour and Blyth Offshore were both developed by Hexham-based AMEC Border Wind. The period between these two projects has seen a dramatic increase in the size of wind turbines, represented by the jump from 300 kW to 2 MW, along with marked improvements in reliability allowing the maintenance interval to be increased from fortnightly to annually. These two factors, which significantly reduce installation and operating costs, combined with the difficulty in obtaining planning permission for onshore sites, have stimulated a growing interest in offshore schemes. The success of Blyth Offshore, along with specific governmental support for offshore wind power via the Renewables Obligation could lead to around six 50 MW wind farms in UK waters in the next few years. This paper discusses the technical aspects, design parameters, foundation design, the turbines, electrical infrastructure, installation and initial operation of the wind farm.


R ECENT scholarship on the German revolutions of 1848 has tended to emphasize the importance of the artisan class and the workers.' These groups provided, in Jacques Droz's. phrase, the "shock troops" of the revolution.2 There can be no question, however, that leadership for these masses often came from the more radical middle class, the Democratic Left of the Frankfurt Parliament, the various state assemblies., and the network of democratic clubs. Wherever mass uprisings occurred, one notes the sympathetic attitude and sometimes the participation of the small shopkeepers and traders and of the professional men, the lawyers, doctors, teachers, and journalists. It is agreed that this segment of the middle class was neither socialistic nor uncompromisingly revolutionary. In the last analysis most men of the Left remained the middle-class products that they were by origin and training. They shared in the privileges of higher education and were at least in relative terms economically favored. As a group they showed no sounder grasp of the emergent social question than did the moderate


Background: Of all patients prescribed antimuscarinic therapy for overactive bladder, those aged under 60 years are more likely to discontinue treatment earlier than their older counterparts. The cause of this reduced adherence to treatment regimens remains unclear, however may be attributed to either lifestyle changes or age-related physiological changes. This project aimed to investigate the influence of ageing on contractile activity of the urinary bladder urothelium/lamina propria (U&LP), and detrusor tissue layers in response to clinically prescribed antimuscarinics. Methods: Porcine U&LP or detrusor strips from either young or old pigs were mounted in gassed Krebs-bicarbonate solution at 37ºC and carbachol concentration-response curves recorded in the presence and absence of selective muscarinic antagonists (1μM for all antagonists). pEC50 values for each curve were obtained and the differences between young and old tissues were analysed using ANOVA (multiple comparisons) with Dunnett's post-test (p<0.05 being significant). Results: In aged U&LP, carbachol exhibited contractions 40.12±4% higher when compared to responses in younger bladders (p<0.01, n=32). In responses to carbachol, tolterodine produced parallel right-shift curves from the control, with an estimated pKD of 7.56 in young U&LP (n=8) and 8.14 in aged (n=8, p<0.05). Tolterodine also inhibited detrusor responses, with an estimated pKD of 7.52 in young (n=8) and 8.07 in aged (n=8, p<0.05). This demonstrated that tolterodine had a greater effect inhibiting bladder contractions from aged animals. Oxybutynin's estimated pKD in young U&LP was 7.81 (n=7), yet 8.48 in aged (n=8), demonstrating a significantly greater inhibition in older tissues (P<0.05). Oxybutynin also demonstrated increased inhibition in the detrusor, with an estimated pKD 8.52 in young (n=8) and 7.95 in aged (n=8, P<0.05). Oxybutynin also inhibited the maximum contraction to carbachol. Solifenacin and darifenacin equally inhibited the contraction to carbachol in U&LP and detrusor, and their effectiveness was not influenced by age. Conclusions: All antimuscarinics examined inhibited contractile responses to carbachol, with tolterodine and oxybutynin having increased inhibition in old tissues compared to young tissues. This suggests that the observed increased persistence for overactive bladder treatment regimes in older adults may be, in some cases, attributed to a heightened effectiveness of antimuscarinic therapy.


These are the proceedings of the 29th Winter Workshop on Nuclear Dynamics, which was held in Squaw Valley, California, USA in February 2013. As in previous years, the unique character of this conference series has allowed us to bring together nuclear scientists, with very different interests, to discuss recent progress and scientific achievements. A total of 63 selected talks were presented at WWND-2013. The proceedings of 31 of these talks can be found here. The topics ranged from novel ideas for hydrodynamics modeling to the very exciting first results from the p-Pb runs at the LHC. On the experimental side, the RHIC experiments were highlighted in contributions summarizing the beam energy scan program as well as the first results from the U-U collision program. The LHC experiments presented new results, in particular in the heavy flavor and quarkonia sector. On the theory side, the most recent continuum extrapolated results from lattice QCD were complemented with a wide variety of phenomenological approaches and their latest progress in successfully modeling relativistic heavy ion collisions. These proceedings of the 29th Winter Workshop on Nuclear Dynamics provide a snapshot of the status of the field. The articles, many of which were written by some of the most promising young scientists in the field, are documenting the excitement and achievements that are characteristic for modern day nuclear science. Rene Bellwied University of Houston


"STUDIES ON THE EFFECT OF PRE-PLANTING TREATMENTS OF CORMS (MINISETTS) WITH DIFFERENT ORGANIC AND INORGANIC SUBSTANCES ON SPROUTING, GROWTH, YIELD AND QUALITY ATTRIBUTES OF ELEPHANT FOOT YAM UNDER AGRO-CLIMATIC CONDITION OF CHHATTISGARH PLAINS"


One of the foremost critical design problems in cognitive radios is the need to process wide bandwidth and reliably detect the presence of primary users. This places significant requirements on sensitivity, dynamic range and linearity of the RF front-end. In order to counter effects of different adverse scenario of sensing channel it is necessary to perform distributed measurements to detect the primary user with high reliability. This paper presents the architecture of a sensing probe for wideband measurement and distributed measurement method to measure, characterize and model the utilization of the spectrum. Here, we have presented the sample spectrum measurement result using described sensing probe in cellular band.


We investigated the electrolocation performance of the weakly electric fish, Gnathonemus petersii, in novel and familiar environments. By selectively interfering with the fish's sensory input, we determined the sensory channels necessary for navigation and orientation. The fish's task was to locate a circular aperture (diameter: 64 mm) in a wall dividing a 200–1 aquarium into two equal compartments. To assess the fish's performance, we measured (1) the time it took the fish to locate the aperture, (2) the height at which it contacted the divider, (3) its electric organ discharge rate, and (4) the frequency of divider crossings. In the first experiment (novel environment), 50 naive G. petersii assigned to five groups of 10 fish each (intact, blind, electrically "silent," blind and "silent," and shamoperated animals) were tested with the aperture presented randomly in one of three positions (aperture center: 7.6, 17.7, 27.8 cm from the bottom). In a novel environment, G. petersii depend on active electrolocation. Despite the changing aperture position, over the 15 trials, fish with a functioning electric organ found the aperture, whereas those without one did not. The electric organ discharge rate was inversely correlated with the amount of time spent searching for the aperture. In a second experiment (familiar environment) 20 intact fish learned the position of a fixed aperture. When we subsequently denervated the electric organ in 10 of these animals, their performance did not differ significantly from that of their conspecifics. Thus, once the fish were familiar with the aperture's position, they no longer depended on active electrolocation. We interpret and discuss this behavior as evidence for a "central expectation" and discuss its possible role in electronavigation.


Through analyzing the importance of information technology to modern logistics industry,the paper points out the problems existing in its current development prompted by the Chinese logistics enterprises and suggests corresponding measures for improvement.


The visualization measurement of internal flow field in a curved expansion
 duct is experimentally studied using particle image velocimetry technology
 and the influence of flow rate on flow field is analyzed. The streamline
 distribution and related performance curve in the internal flow field can be
 figured out through further analysis of experiment data. The results show
 that fiber orientation is mainly affected by velocity gradient, the fibers
 near the wall are aligned with the flow direction more quickly than the
 fibers in intermediate region, and the fibers near the concave wall are more
 quickly aligned with the flow direction than the convex wall. The larger
 inlet flow rate which will accordingly lead to increase inlet velocity
 enables the more quick adaptation and steady of fibers in flow direction.


Northwest China is rich of coal energy. Mining activities bring serous impact on the environment and scarce water resources because of its shallow buried and severe mining impact. Stowing mining is one of the most effective measures to control strata movement and reduce surface subsidence. Based on the local surface widespread wind-blown sand for aggregate and combined with the knife pillar mining,this paper introduces the stowing mining technology.


: Manavendra Nath Roy ( M.N.Roy) known as the Father of Indian communism. He was the first revolutionary leader of India. He was born in 1887 in Arebelia, a village near Calcutta. Swami Vivekananda philosophy of life and national devotion of Bipan Chandra Pal played a vital role in developing the personality and viewpoints of M.N.Roy. From the very early age, Roy joined the extremist politics of India. While living in Mexico, Roy's interest in terrorism began to decline and interest in communism developed. He took communism as the best way of life because he was very much convinced of Marxist philosophy of Materialism. Like Marx he also believed that the economic order is the best law of governing the social order. Unless the economic system is controlled on the line suggested by Marx and Engels, there is no way to end the exploitation of man by man. Hence M.N.Roy became the ardent advocate of communism. His sole ambition was to make India a communist country.


The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of Good Corporate Governance (GCG), firm size, and dividend policy on firm value in 100 non-financial companies in Asia that are included in the Forbes version of The World's Biggest Public Company in 2017-2020. The independent variables used in this study are Good Corporate Governance (GCG) (number of the board of directors and audit committee), Firm Size (total assets), and dividend policy (Dividend Payout Ratio). The dependent variable used in this study is firm value (Tobins'Q). The source of data used in this study is secondary data sourced from annual reports and company financial statements for the 2017-2020 period. The sampling method used purposive sampling technique. The model used in this study is the Random Effect Model (REM). The results obtained are that the variables of the board of directors, audit committee, and firm size have no effect on firm value, while the dividend policy variable has a positive effect on firm value. This results are in line with agency theory which requires company managers to think of the best solution to increase shareholder wealth


In this study, the influence of thermal treatment at temperatures 70, 80, and 90°C for 0 to 45 minutes on the quality of soursop puree was investigated in terms of physicochemical properties and antioxidant activity. Total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of the sample were evaluated using spectrophotometric methods, ascorbic acid was tested using the titration method.  The result showed that high temperature and prolonged heat treatment accelerated the degradation of physicochemical properties in soursop puree. The kinetic degradation of polyphenol, ascorbic acid, and antioxidant activity belonging to temperature was performed by Arrhenius equation with the Ea values were 54.42 kJ/mol, 48.83 kJ/mol, and 20.07 kJ/mol, respectively. Total aerobic counts and ∆E values of all samples were less than 1 x 102 CFU/g and 2.51, respectively. The soursop puree reached a good quality for all the tested attributes at 80°C for 15 minutes.


Objective To summarize the experience in performing pneumonectomy through video assisted thoracoscopic surgery.Methods 116 cases of pneumonectomy with VATS were performed in our hospital during Oct 1999 to Dec 2006.The patients were 21-74 years old,including 38 cases of benign lesions and 78 lung cancers.Wedge resection of lung was performed in 38 cases,lobectomy(include double lobectomy) in 67,pneumonectomy in 13.Hilar and mediastinal lymph nodes were dissected in cases of lung cancer.Results There were no mortality and serious complication associated with procedure.But 2 cases were switched to conventional thoracotomy during operation,and one case had to reoperation to stop bleeding.Conclusion Our evidence shows that VATS pulmonary resection is a kind of mini-invasive operation and patients has rapid recovery with slight pain and the hospital stay is markedly less compared with conventional thoracotomy.


Methods This is a cross sectional study which has been conducted in the period of 12 months from 1st October 2010 till 30th September 2011. A total of 345 patients were recruited. Two samples were taken from all patients by physician directed smear (Thin Prep) and vaginal self-sampling (Fournier's sampler). Both samples were tested for HPV DNA and cytology. Both results were then compared for its efficacy.


In order to meet the demand for nursing care of the elderly, this paper introduces fall detection principle, overall composition, design scheme, main control circuit and the control program of a fall detection system based on ADXL345 sensor. The system selects MSP430F149 as the microprocessor to complete the signal analysis and processing functions, and judge whether the individual falls through the fall detection algorithm. The attitude angle which is related to the acceleration of the output of the ADXL345 sensor is considered as the judgment standard. According to the electrical signals change, the system can make accurate judgments, send out the alarm and start up the protective device. It has the characteristics of compact structure, simple and reasonable design, flexible control.


Bell's palsy is an acute disorder of the
facial nerve in which full or partial loss of the movement on one side of face
occurs. The Bell's palsy gets better without treatment in most, but not all,
people. Swelling or inflammation of this nerve can also c...


This article describes the surprisingly diverse matching requirements for new federal housing programs that were introduced by the National Affordable Housing Act of 1990 and analyzes their development through the political compromise of the federal legislative process. It explains how the matching requirements reflect the divergent interests of the federal government and state and local governments in the policy outcomes of the new programs.


Au/rutile catalysts were activated in hydrogen and in air, and their catalytic activity for the oxidation of CO was analyzed as a function of time. The catalysts were characterized with X-ray powder diffraction, the refinement of the crystalline structures, transmission electron microscopy, and infrared spectroscopy. The activation atmosphere determined the interaction between the gold atoms and the support, which in turn determined the mobility of the gold particles with time and, with that, the gold particle dimensions and, consequently, their catalytic activity for the oxidation of CO. This catalytic activity was also affected by the adsorption, with time, of carbonate species on the active sites, species that were eliminated by heating the aged catalysts in air at 200 °C, recovering the catalytic activity.


Though Gil Vicente was court dramatist for Manuel the Fortunate and for John III of Portugal and wrote his short dramatic pieces primarily for performance at court festivals, he recognized the worth of reproducing in his dialogue the rich and racy speech of the common people, and whenever possible he availed himself of all sorts of folk-lore material. Thus, we find him weaving ballads into his dialogue, ornamenting his plays with lyrical passages inspired by traditional songs and dances, and making use of games, superstitions, incantations, terms of abuse, and other popular elements. Gil Vicente, then, antedates Juan de la Cueva in his employment of ballad verses in the dialogue, and so becomes the first to essay a practice which later, under the genius of Lope de Vega, made popular poetry an integral part of the Spanish comedia.


Objective To investigate the expressions of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3(STAT3) in mouse endometri during early pregnancy.Methods Uterine sections of non-pregnant mice in estrum and pregnant mice of the 1st day to 8th day after pregnancy were obtained.Immunohistochemical staining and image techniques were used to examine the expressions of STATS.Results STATS mainly appeared in luminal epitheli,glandular epitheli and decidual cells.The expressions of STATS of luminal and glandular epitheli of pregnant mice became enhanced gradually with the pregnant stages.Highly-positive expressions appeared on the morning of the 4th day,peaked on the afternoon of the 4th day,and then declined gradually,but the expressions in decidual cells became enhanced from the 5th day after pregnancy.Weak expressions were found in endometria of non-pregnant mice.Conclusion STAT3 participates in the blastocyst implantation and the establishment of uterine receptivity.STAT3 may also participate in the trophoblast outgrowth,differentiation and decidualization of endometrium.


Understanding the response of land use/land cover (LULC) change and climate change to the streamflow of the Nile River has become a priority issue for water management and water resource utilization in the Nile basin. This study assesses the long-term trends of rainfall and streamflow to analyze the effect of LULC and climate changes on the hydrology 15 of the Upper Blue Nile River basin. The Mann-Kendal (MK) test showed statistically insignificant increasing trends for annual, monthly, and long rainy-season rainfall series whereas no trend for daily, short rainy, and dry season rainfall series . However, the Pettitt test failed to detect any jump point in basin-wide rainfall series except for daily rainfall time series. In contrast, the MK test' ul for daily, monthly, annual, and seasonal (long and short rainy season and dry season) timeseries streamflow showed a statistically significant positive trend. Landsat satellite images for 1973, 1985, 1995, and 2010 20 were used for LULC change detection analysis. The LULC change detection findings indicate significant expansion of cultivated land area and the reduction of forest coverage before 1995. After 1995, the forest coverage increased while the amount of cultivated land diminished. Statistically, forest coverage changed from 17.4 % to 14.4 %, 12.2 %, and 15.6 % while cultivated land changed from 62.9 % to 65.6 %, 67.5 %, and 63.9 % from 1973 to 1985, in 1995, and in 2010 respectively. The hydrological model result showed that mean annual streamflow increased by 16.9 % between the 1970s 25 and the 2000s due to the combined effect of LULC and climate change. The isolated effect of LULC change on streamflow suggested that LULC change affects surface runoff and base flow. This could be attributed to the 5.1 % reduction in forest coverage and 4.6 % increase in cultivated land area. Effects of climate change revealed that the increased rainfall intensity and number of extreme rainfall events from 1971 to 2010 have significantly affected the surface runoff and base flow. The isolated impacts of climate change are more significant as compared to the impacts of LULC change for the hydrology of 30 the study area.


Unlike many countries, public health responsibilities are very clearly the responsibility of the National Health Service (NHS) and Local Authorities. In this presentation we will outline the responsibilities of local government and the National Health Service to reduce inequalities. In each primary care trust in England is a Director if Public Heath, often jointly appointed with the local authorities with responsibility for a wide area of issues in relation to health improvement, including the reduction of inequalities. Methods In this presentation we will also discuss the way in which targets for reducing inequalities have been established in England and how these are implemented at national, regional and local levels. We will discuss the ways in which inequalities are addressed and how improvements are achieved. Regional Comparisons – a case study To illustrate how targets are utilised in reducing inequalities, we will present data relating to both London and the North East. We will reflect on the inequalities that exist and the options for action, taking into account the differing environments of a major capital city and a region of England. The North East of England is an area of urban decline, previously dependent on heavy industry, steel fabrication, shipbuilding and coal mining. Overall the population of the North East continues to decline and has not benefited from the economic regeneration of other parts of the country. There is some evidence that regeneration is beginning to take root. This is growing out of the regional centre Newcastle upon Tyne. However, progress in other parts of the region, especially those previously dependent on the coal industry has been much slower to improve. Inequalities have increased.


Introduction: In patients with idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIM), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been proposed as a useful tool for diagnosis and follow‐up. It may identify muscle inflammation (edema) and fatty infiltration for evaluation of disease activity and damage. Little information is available on the role of MRI in assessment of large cohorts of adult patients with IIM. Methods: Fifty‐one patients underwent MRI of the thigh muscles, laboratory tests, and clinical evaluation, including Physician Global Assessment (PGA) of myositis activity and the Manual Muscle Test 8 (MMT8). Results: Muscle edema correlated significantly with creatine kinase values (P = 0.017) and PGA (P < 0.001). A significant correlation between edema and MMT8 values (P = 0.025) was observed when patients with muscle fatty infiltration were excluded. With respect to clinical diagnosis, the sensitivity of MRI was 92.3%, and specificity was 83.3%. Conclusions: MRI appears to provide additional information that complements clinical and biochemical examinations. Muscle Nerve 54: 666–672, 2016


Adolescent Sexuality: A Historical Handbook and Guide. Edited by Carolyn Cocca. Westport, CT: Praeger, 2006, 188 pages. Hardcover, $59.95. Reviewed by Sara I. McClelland, Ph.D. candidate, CUNY Graduate Center, Psychology Program, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10016. E-mail: email@example.com. In my classes, I am often looking for ways to teach undergraduates about adolescent sexual development and the antecedents of contemporary sexual attitudes, behaviors, and outcomes. I was pleased, therefore, to see that Carolyn Cocca, editor of the volume Adolescent Sexuality: A Historical Handbook and Guide, had collected a good deal of useful theory and research in the field of adolescent sexuality, focusing particularly on how adults historically have constricted the right of young people to develop sexually. Cocca has constructed a book with three interlocking parts. Part One consists of five essays covering theories about teen sexuality, statutory rape laws, teen pregnancy, sex education, and teen sex on television and in movies. Part Two offers a unique companion to these essays: Included here are the primary sources that were discussed in Part One. This inclusion of original texts—either in their entirety or excerpted—offers the reader the rare opportunity to read influential pieces, such as Freud's theories of sex or an opinion of Justice Rehnquist's, and to think for themselves about the relationships between history and current interpretations of these writings. These primary sources encourage students to trace how fundamental thought influences contemporary attitudes, laws, and everyday practices. Part Three offers a bibliography for each essay, allowing the reader to easily look for more information based on his=her area of interest. The volume sets out to provide a great deal of information. The goal of the text is to be, ''the first comprehensive, historical, and multidisciplinary account of how discussions about adolescent sexuality are about far more than just the biological ages of young people. . .'' (p. xiv). This is a big task—perhaps too big. While there are useful and interesting discussions throughout, there are some important gaps in the structure and the content of the book. In her introduction, Cocca highlights her overall aim:


Leather assembly blade cartridge interior wet shaving implement and blade cartridge has a handle (12) including a cartridge end (18) having first and second arms (20, 24) which is located away from each other. Each arm (20, 22) comprises first and second projecting portion (24, 26). The razor cartridge (14) includes a housing (28) including a first and second side portions (30, 32), and a frame (34) extending between the first and second side portions. At least one blade is supported by a frame, generally extending between the first and second side portions. Each of the first and second side portions, first protrusion corresponding leather handle (24) and pivotally receiving opening (38) surface facing outwardly defining a (36), corresponding leather handles the second protrusion which (26) are slidably received, and a curved path to pivotable cartridge (40) relative to the handle.


The reaction of the 16-electron (16e) half-sandwich complex CpCo(S2C2B10H10) (1; Cp = cyclopentadienyl) with ethynylferrocene (Fc–C≡CH) in CH2Cl2 at ambient temperature leads to (CHCFc)(S2C2B10H10) (2), where the alkyne is added to the o-carborane-1,2-dithiolate ligand at the two sulfur sites with the loss of the CpCo unit. However, in MeOH the reaction gives rise to an additional product, CpCo(S2C2B9H9)(CH2CFc)(CH2═CFc) (3), in which one alkyne has been reduced to an alkane containing a B–CH2 unit and the second alkyne is present as a terminal alkene at the second sulfur site. If silica and moisture are present, CpCo(S2C2B9H10)(CH═CFc)(CH2C(O)Fc) (4) could be generated, in which one alkyne is stereoselectively inserted into one Co–S bond and the second alkyne is present as an acetyl ferrocenyl group at the second sulfur site. Both 3 and 4 contain a nido-C2B9 unit. Moreover, in boiling toluene the reaction leads to CpCo(S2C2B10H10)(CHCFc) (5), where the cleavage of the weaker Co–C and C–S bonds and the fo...


A new concept for detecting cavitation inception has been studied experimentally. In this exploratory study, cavitation is generated by varying the flow velocity and pressure around a circular cylinder. Cavitation inception has been detected by sensing the natural charges and electrification generated during cavitation. The agreement between visual determination and detection using electrostatic probes was quite good. The background and possible mechanisms are reviewed and discussed.


Confidence may follow from practitioners giving special attention to the children in a setting who rarely speak up for themselves. Michael Jones explains one approach.


Machine translation software has become heavily integrated into our daily lives due to the recent improvement in the performance of deep neural networks. However, machine translation software has been shown to regularly return erroneous translations, which can lead to harmful consequences such as economic loss and political conflicts. Additionally, due to the complexity of the underlying neural models, testing machine translation systems presents new challenges. To address this problem, we introduce a novel methodology called PatInv. The main intuition behind PatInv is that sentences with different meanings should not have the same translation. Under this general idea, we provide two realizations of PatInv that given an arbitrary sentence, generate syntactically similar but semantically different sentences by: (1) replacing one word in the sentence using a masked language model or (2) removing one word or phrase from the sentence based on its constituency structure. We then test whether the returned translations are the same for the original and modified sentences. We have applied PatInv to test Google Translate and Bing Microsoft Translator using 200 English sentences. Two language settings are considered: English-Hindi (En-Hi) and English-Chinese (En-Zh). The results show that PatInv can accurately find 308 erroneous translations in Google Translate and 223 erroneous translations in Bing Microsoft Translator, most of which cannot be found by the state-of-the-art approaches.


A high Level signal processing system is presented consisting of the abstract signal processing language SIPROL, a translator system and a general purpose signal processor GPSP. SIPROL is derived from PASCAL including useful extensions on abstract data types. A SIPROL program is compiled into an intermediate language program and then transformed onto various target machine levels by table-driven codegeneration. The hardware modules of the GPSP are derived from the virtual machine associated to the intermediate language. The kernel feature of the system facilitates a flexible transition and migration from software to hardware with respect to the signal processing speed requirements.


A new electrocatalyst (denoted as Pd-PdOx/GS-NH2) was fabricated by anchoring Pd nanoparticles with surface enrichment of palladium oxide species (PdOx, including palladium oxides and palladium hyd...


Recent multi-disciplinary efforts demonstrate a correlation between continental flood basalt (CFB) volcanism and major environmental catastrophes associated with four out of the five largest Phanerozoic mass extinctions. Unique among these is the end-Cretaceous mass extinction, which is potentially coincident with both the Chicxulub bolide impact and the Deccan volcanism. Among these two drivers, the role of the Deccan volcanism is crucial in order to decipher if there is a causal relationship between volcanism and environmental stress, and if so, how stressed the environment was during the latest Maastrichtian. To assess the cause-and-effect relationship between Deccan volcanism and climate change and mass extinctions, high-resolution biostratigraphy, quantitative species analysis coupled with geochemical measurements have been performed on complete sections of Mudurnu-Göynük and Haymana basins (Turkey).


Objective This study aimed to determine the association between psychological distress and leisure-time exercise/socioeconomic status by age group, using data from a cohort study in Japan during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted among participants in the ME-BYO cohort, aged 20–85 years, living or working in Kanagawa, Japan. A questionnaire was disseminated to 1,573 participants (51.7% men) between December 2020 and March 2021. The questionnaire items included psychological distress (using the 6-item Kessler Psychological Distress Scale [K6]), leisure-time exercise, and socioeconomic status. Multivariate analyses were conducted using logistic regression analysis for each age group. Results We found that 47.4% of 20–39-year-olds, 40.6% of 40–64-year-olds, and 28.3% of 65–85-year-olds experienced psychological distress (K6: ≥5 points). For those aged 20–39 years, leisure-time exercise (odds ratio [OR] (95% confidence interval) = 0.45 (0.28–0.73)) and higher annual household income [0.53 (0.32–0.90)] were associated with less psychological distress. For those aged 40–64 years, older age was associated with less psychological distress, while full-time work [1.98 (1.05–9.71)] was associated with more psychological distress. In the 65–85-year age group, higher education and higher annual income tended to be associated with less psychological distress. For those over 40 years of age, living with other(s) was associated with reduced psychological distress. Conclusion In the general population of Japan, not engaging in leisure-time exercise and low income affect psychological distress among young adults. Further detailed studies are needed to consider overall physical activity, job type, and work style.


North′s analysis of institutional change evolutes gradually from the "system equilibrium" to the "system evolution",which is not only the results that North reflects equilibrium analysis,but also is the needs deepening power source of institutional change and its path dependence.Comprehensive understanding on North′s view change about institutional evolution has great significance on studying and promoting economic institutional innovation.


Fracture dimensions and process mechanisms that resulted from cyclic steam stimulation above fracturing pressure in German and Canadian tar sands are analyzed with numerical modeling. Horizontal fracture radii of 100 ft (30.5 m) and vertical fracture half-lengths of 250 ft (76.2 m) with fracture surface areas of 30,000 to 70,000 sq ft (2787 to 6503 m/sup 2/) are sufficient to reproduce steam injectivity into reservoirs containing highly viscous oil and negligible amounts of movable water saturation. Mechanisms that are important during fluid loading and unloading of induced fractures include thermal expansion of tar oil, countercurrent imbibition of water and oil caused by capillary pressure effects, and fracture compressibility.


The sedation threshold is a determination of the amount of intravenous sodium amytal required to produce certain EEG and speech changes. This paper presents data showing the relationship between the threshold and psychiatric diagnosis in 750 consecutively tested patients. There were also 45 nonpatient control subjects. A large number of statistically significant differences between the thresholds of various diagnostic groups was demonstrated. These differences suggested the use of the threshold for several diagnostic problems, which included: a. measuring degree of manifest anxiety; b. differentiating between hysterical and obsessional personality trends; c. confirming presence of organic psychosis; d. differentiating acute from chronic schizophrenia; e. differentiating neurotic from psychotic depression; f. predicting therapeutic outcome with ECT. It was emphasized that, for clinical purposes, the threshold should be applied within the context of the total clinical picture.


The purpose of this text is to justify the teaching and learning of Politics in a civilian perspective of the Political Science studies in the Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana. It starts from a biblical myth to recognize the difficulty of any academy to establish a perfect educational curriculum because of the existence of multiple languages, methods, lexicons, and objectives of what Political Science means. It focuses its attention on the dichotomy, the identity and difference, in order to understand the stressful story of the existing political relation approaches. &e previous context provides the perspective of three of the cultural determinations that cuts through the teaching of politics, namely: the cultural perspective, the historicist perspective and the legalistic perspective typical to Western life. &e paper comes to the idea that if the intellectual effort is directed this way, it might lead to an academic and social domain in which the political culture can help in understanding, giving sense, and offering civic alternatives to face the conflicts of Colombian reality.


A method for providing an interactive service in association with service moving images, in which the moving image is presented to a viewer by a receiver (12 to 15) which is capable of modifying the moving image presented to viewer and having a connection bidirectional network, a plurality of participants are connected to an interactive session moving image (32), the plurality of participants viewer comprising a selection of a target area in the moving image is received, a selection of a graphical element to associate with the target area, wherein the method comprises receiving: dividing television screens of the plurality of participants in a grid (20, 460), the dimensions of the grid the same for the plurality of participants, the purpose of the grid providing position information of the graphic element; move the target area to the coordinate system grid shared by each of the participants in the interactive motion picture session (32); providing the graphic element and the position information of the graphic element in the grid to the plurality of participants; and scale the graphic element by the receivers of the plurality of participants, based on the number of pixel within a grid cell in televisions of the respective participants, so that the graphic element is similar in size on the television screens of the plurality of participants.


South Africa's existing social security and labour law framework is inadequate to protect employees in the formal sector during the Covid-19 lockdown. However, commendable temporary income replacement measures have been introduced to counter this situation. Nevertheless, South Africa's biggest shortcoming lies in the lack of protection for its considerable informal sector. Government did not respond adequately.  When informal sector workers don't work, they remain hungry.


In the title compound, C23H21N3Se, the C-bound phenyl ring is almost coplanar with the central five-membered ring [dihedral angle = 2.84 (10)°], but the N-bound benzene ring is inclined [dihedral angle = 47.52 (10)°]. The dihedral angle between the Se-bound rings is 69.24 (9)°. An intramolecular Se⋯N interaction of 3.0248 (15) Å is noted. In the crystal, C—H⋯π interactions connect molecules into double layers that stack along the a axis with no directional interactions between them.


Using STM, infrared absorption reflection spectroscopy experiments and density functional calculations we show that low temperature adsorption of CO on gold surfaces modified by vacancy islands leads to morphological changes and the formation of nanosized Au particles. These results demonstrate a dynamic response of a surface during adsorption with consequences for the surface reactivity.


We report in this paper the studies on protonation, exfoliation, and self-assembly of birnessite-type manganese oxide single crystals. The protonation was carried out by extracting K+ ions from the potassium manganese oxide single crystals in a (NH4)2S2O8 aqueous solution heated at 60 °C, exfoliation to nanosheets by the intercalation of TMA+ ions followed by water-washing, and the self-assembly of MnO2 nanosheets in a dilute NaCl solution. The structures of the samples at these stages were systematically investigated using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared, thermogravimetric analysis-differential thermal analysis, and chemical compositional analysis. Electron density distribution in the protonated single crystal was visualized by whole-pattern fitting based on the maximum entropy method. The results indicated that the protonated single crystals can be exfoliated to MnO2 u...


with the discovery of new medicines for treating chronic illnesses (e.g. diabetes, high blood pressure, etc), the life expectancy of the world's population has risen by around 10 years. This, along with other factors, has led the Brazilian government to create programs to improve the nation's health, in which the pharmaceuticals industry plays a key role. This article presents an overview of the Brazilian pharmaceuticals market, since an understanding of this topic is essential for effective health policy-making. Thus, the aim was to answer the knowing questions: What is the current state of the pharmaceuticals market in Brazil? And are the structure and output of Brazil's pharmaceutical industries compatible with technological developments?


Antimicrobial peptides from plants are a type of small_size peptides, which at least display antimicrobial activity in vitro and can be induced by many factors such as bacteria, fungi and other physical and chemical methods or be constitutively expressed. Up to this day, a lot of antimicrobial peptides have been founded in plants, including thionins, plant defensins, lipid transfer proteins and heveins and so on. Almost all of these peptides isolated from plants contain even numbers of cysteins, which are all pairwise connected by disulfide bridges, thus providing high stability to the peptides. Detailed three_dimensional structure information has been obtained for one or more members of these peptide families. Antimicrobial peptides studied thus far appear to exert their antimicrobial effect at the level of the plasma membrane of the target microorganism, but the different peptide types are likely to act via different mechanisms. Many researches indicated that, antimicrobial peptides from plants, with thermostability, strong antimicrobial activity and unique antimicrobial mechanism, perhaps will be very useful in agricultural , industrial and medical fields.


People with physical disabilities are vulnerable to self-acceptance problems because their different physical conditions. Gratitude is one of the factors related to self-acceptance. This study aims to determine the relationship of gratitude with self-acceptance among people with disabilities in Bantul. Subjects in this study were 35 disabled people living in Balai Rehabilitasi Terpadu Penyandang Disabilitas (BRTPD) Pundong, Bantul. Self Acceptance Scale and Gratefulness Scale used in this research. The analysis technique used is quantitative correlational. The hypothesis in this study is that there is a positive relationship between gratitude and self-acceptance in persons with disabilities. The results showed the hypothesis was accepted. There is a positive relationship between gratitude and self-acceptance (p <0.05 and r = 0.784).


Restrictions in range of motion of the upper extremity are common in patients with unilateral cerebral palsy (CP). The purpose of this study was to investigate movement deviations of the upper extremity in children with unilateral CP by means of 3D motion capture as well as by the use of easy to use scores and questionnaires (MACS, MRC, MAS, ABILHAND-Kids). 16 children with a spastic, unilateral CP were included and compared to a group of 17 typically developing adolescents (TD). The movement time and range of motion (ROM) of six uni-and bimanual daily tasks were compared and correlated with the scores and questionnaires. Movement times increased significantly with involvement according to MACS in all tasks. The restrictions in ROM were pronounced in the forearm. As a compensatory mechanism the children of the MACS 2 and 3 groups showed increased trunk movement. Furthermore, there was a positive correlation between the MACS and the ABILHAND-Kids Questionnaire. In contrast to previous studies, which reported a correlation between the restrictions in ROM and the MACS, this study showed no consistent correlation between the restrictions in ROM neither with the MACS nor with the ABILHAND-Kids. While the MACS and the ABILHAND-Kids function as a simple rating tool for clinical use, the detailed analysis of different daily tasks using 3-D-motion capture provides more detailed information about the movement deviations and spatiotemporal parameters. OBJECTIVE: To systematically examine the research literature on the effectiveness of constraint-induced movement therapy on improving arm function in children with cerebral palsy, and to assess the association 2 between the study effect size and the characteristics of the patients and intervention protocol. DATA SOURCES: A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed, PsycINFO, Cochrane, CINAHL, Web of Science, and TRIP Database up to May 2014. REVIEW METHODS: Studies employing randomized controlled trial design, children with cerebral palsy, comparing constraint-induced movement therapy with another intervention with a focus on arm function, and upper-extremity measures were included in this review. Methodological quality was evaluated using the Physiotherapy Evidence-based Database (PEDro) scale. RESULTS: The literature search resulted in 27 randomized controlled trial studies with good methodological quality that compared constraint-induced movement therapy with other intervention therapy. Overall, constraint-induced movement therapy provided a medium beneficial effect (d = 0.546; p < 0.001) when compared with conventional therapy. For the subgroup analyses, presence of a dose-equivalent comparison group, intervention location, and time of follow-up were significant factors. Studies …


1 From the Editor Jonathan Alexander 2 Introduction M. Paz Galupo THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES: FRAMING BISEXUALITY IN THE SAME-SEX MARRIAGE DEBATE 3 Supremacy by Law: The One Man One Woman Marriage Requirement and Antimiscegenation Law Jacqueline Batterlora 4 The Dyadic Imaginary: Troubling the Perception of Love as Dyadic Danielle Hildago, Kristen Barber and Erica Hunter 5 On the Potential and Peril of Same-Sex Marriage: A Perspective from Queer Theory Ajnesh Prasad RESEARCH PERSPECTIVES: ATTITUDES TOWARD BISEXUALITY AND SAME-SEX MARRIAGE 6 Bias Toward Bisexual Women and Men in a Marriage-Matching Task Angela L. Breno and M. Paz Galupo 7 "This is Not a Lesbian Wedding": Examining Same-Sex Marriage Between Bisexual-Lesbian Couples Pamela Lannutti 8 Make Love, Not Law: Perceptions of the Marriage Equality Struggle Among Polyamorous Activists Hadar Aviram 9 Bisexual Attitudes Toward Same-Sex Marriage M. Paz Galupo and Marcia L. Pearl BISEXUAL PERSPECTIVES ON SAME-SEX MARRIAGE 10 Bisexuals Are Bad for the Same-Sex Marriage Business Mia Ocean 11 A Bisex-Queer Critique of Same-Sex Marriage Advocacy Hameed Williams 12 Dancing with My Grandma: Talking with Robyn Ochs About Complex Identities and Simple Messages in the Marriage Equality Movement Laurie Kendall


Emission from electron-positron annihilation at 511 keV was the first extrasolar gamma-ray line ever detected. Despite more than 30 years of theoretical and observational progress, the origin of the positron population has yet to be identified, with potential candidates ranging from microquasars and X-ray binaries to annihilation or decay of dark matter particles. At energies between 200 keV and several MeV, where positron annihilation and most other gamma-ray lines of interest are located, the largest source of instrumental background are secondary protons, neutrons, and photons produced by the spacecraft when it is irradiated by cosmic rays in a space environment. This background is the main factor limiting the sensitivity of current gamma-ray spectrometers, and is proportional to the amount of mass around the detectors. We present progress towards a compact, modular, high-purity Germanium spectrometer that can be integrated into future astrophysics payloads and be the basis of small-satellite missions. A CubeSAT or SmallSAT-class mission based on compact spectrometer modules could have up to 30% of the total spacecraft mass in active germanium crystal, compared to 0.6% in current missions like INTEGRAL, leading to more than an order-of-magnitude improvement in signal-to-noise ratio due the reduction in overall spacecraft mass.


Author(s): Wang, Nan | Advisor(s): Heritage, John; Stivers, Tanya J | Abstract: Antibiotic over-prescribing and bacterial resistance is one of the biggest public health crises in the world today. Despite high prescription rates and growing resistance rates in China, our understanding of the contributors to the problem is still lacking. The existing literature has mostly concluded that antibiotic over-prescription is a supply-side problem driven by physicians' financial incentives; however, the role of demand-side factors has been largely neglected and unattended to. This dissertation is motivated by this gap. Using a community-based and cross-sectional survey, I examined caregivers' pre-visit behavior and attitudes regarding antibiotics for children's common cold symptoms. The results showed that 38% of the respondents used non-prescribed oral antibiotics before they visited physicians, and this behavior was not only associated with their desires for physicians' antibiotic prescriptions, but also with them receiving antibiotics during the medical visit. To understand the process of antibiotic prescribing in medical interactions, I used Conversation Analysis to investigate physician-caregiver communication behavior in pediatric encounters. The results revealed that, first, compared to the American pediatric context, caregivers not only advocated for antibiotic treatment more overtly in Chinese context, but also did so more frequently (9% vs. 54%); second, physicians did not promote antibiotics enthusiastically – although antibiotics were prescribed 59% of the time, they were initially recommended by physicians 40% of the time; in addition, when examining the effect of caregivers' treatment advocacy on physicians' prescriptions, it was found that caregivers' overt advocacy for antibiotics increased the likelihood of physicians' prescriptions by over 9 times (OR=9.23, 95% CI: 3.30-33.08), and the effect was particularly strong on IV drip antibiotic prescriptions (OR=14.03, 95% CI: 5.77-38.70). In conclusion, this dissertation has revealed that demand-side factors played an important role in antibiotic over-prescribing in China. Contrary to the prevailing theory that over-prescribing is a supply-side problem, I found that physicians' prescribing behavior was significantly influenced by caregiver treatment advocacy during the medical visit. Based on the findings, I recommended that first, regulations of non-prescribed antibiotics should be strictly enforced; second, health education campaigns about the rational use of antibiotics can be implemented among key population groups; and third, physicians can be given training in communication skills for resisting caregiver treatment advocacy.


By analyzing the relationship between sustainable development and education, the author developed the guidelines proposal for the practical work in environmental education and its application to guide instruction and research in Vietnam.


Observation of epitaxial overlayer of metals at atomic level has been successfully observed in field ion microscope with 5 ns pulsed-laser heating.The condition of superlattice layer growth depends on the surface free energy and the lattice misfit.Many defects,such as vacancies,va- cancy clusters,voids,dislocations and twins are produced during epitaxial growth because of the lattice misfit even though the condition of surface free energy is satisfied.Alloying is ob- served to occur on the surface of the metal during the epitaxial growth.Diffusion is probably via the exchange mechanism.


Recently, there is increased interest in naturally produced active compounds as alternatives to synthetic substances. Although these compounds often show lower activity, they are nontoxic and do not leave residues. It has already been reflected by the projects of new law regulations in EU countries that have imposed legal restrictions on the use of xenobiotics as plant protection products or preservatives. In the European Union there are plans of new directives that impose additional environmental taxes, primarily because of the residues of active substances in the environment. This implies that there is a need to develop new and safe products of biological origin, with properties similar to the synthetic, in particular antimicrobial, antifungal, antioxidizing compounds, and colorants. These natural compounds are found in algal extracts (Table 1.1). Algal biomass have been used for centuries as food and medicine. The health promoting effects of algae were discovered as early as 1500 BC [1]. However, the biomass of algae gained interest as a source of chemicals and pharmaceuticals only recently. Nowadays, the production regime requires the use of extracts rather than the biomass itself, because of the formulation requirements (consistency, stability, color, flavor, etc.). Until now, algal products were available mainly as tablets, capsules, or liquid extracts, and sometimes were incorporated into food products, cosmetics, or products for plants [2]. In 2006, the market of microalgal biomass produced 5000mg dry biomass/year and generated a turnover of 1.25× 109 USD [2]. The global sector of macroalgae is worth 6 billion USD, with main contribution from hydrocolloids and crop protection products [3]. Recently, compounds derived from algae (carotenoids, β-carotene astaxanthin, long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), docosahexaenoic acid) began to be produced on industrial scale [4]. Novel compounds isolated from algae possess a great further potential to be applied for their pharmacological and biological activity [4]. Seaweeds produce a vast spectrum of secondary metabolites because they live in nonfriendly environment but are not damaged photodynamically as they synthesize protective compounds and develop protecting mechanisms


Abstract Models describing the buildup of mantles on cometary nuclei are reviewed and their predictions are compared with observations. Mantles restrained by gravity forces only are unstable under almost all conditions. A new model that emphasizes the importance of cohesive forces within the refractory material of cometary nuclei is introduced to explain the prevailing inactivity of nuclear surfaces. Numerical calculations describe the growth of depleted layers of refractory matrix material (crusts), their activity levels, and the vapor pressure under such crusts. It is found that over a wide range of parameters cohesion of the matrix material is stronger than the vapor pressure building up underneath the crust. These conditions lead to stable crusts but per se do not explain the activity of cometary nuclei. Structural inhomogeneities of cometary nuclei with varying dust-to-ice ratios and physical parameters are inferred to explain the restricted and in many cases persistent activity of comets.


The digital transformation of almost every aspect of our lives is probably the most radical change observed in human history. As part of this revolution, almost every piece of sport equipment can be instrumented with sensor technology now or in the future. The massive amount of data that can be generated by these systems can be utilized to help athletes to optimize their movement technique and load management and also offers great opportunities to perform research studies on a much larger scale, with a much better temporal resolution. Nonetheless, the widespread rise of digital feedback and measurement systems needs careful consideration of comparability, reliability and validity issues and puts new demands on the skills of sports biomechanists. During my talk I would like to highlight these challenges in a systematic way using examples coming from my own scientific work. This includes examples from instrumented starting blocks and reaction detection systems, sensor equipped running shoe insoles that monitor load and performance variables of their users and finally load monitoring systems used in team sports. I will discuss issues arising from the use of different sensor technologies and technical constructions, issues of comparing the results of novel systems with the existing body of knowledge in our field and challenges arising in data reduction and reporting. From this, I will briefly derive requirements for the education of sports biomechanists to allow for keeping up with and making ideal use of the opportunities involved in the transformation of sports equipment into digital systems.


This research project examines modern applications of von Bertalanffy's (1950, 1968) general systems theory (GST) as well the related theoretical lenses of systems thinking and systems engineering (e.g., Checkland, 1999) within the information systems (IS) domain. While there have been calls to more deeply incorporate contemporary systems science into the IS discipline (e.g., Lee, 2000; Xu, 2000), scholars indicate that little IS research is informed through systems science (Demetis & Lee, 2016). We feel that state-of-the-art concepts and methods from fields that align with systems science can generate new, boundary-expanding research within the IS discipline. We attempt to accomplish this through a structured literature review of systems science concepts in distinguished IS publications as well as an examination of trends in recent systems science literature. Specifically, current literature spanning systems engineering, systems psychology, and system dynamics are explored. Our findings reveal that systems science concepts can provide multiple productive paths for future IS research. Furthermore, lessons learned through the deeper integration of systems thinking into other disciplines, such as operational research, can provide valuable lessons (e.g., Mingers & White, 2010). This TREO talk will present initial findings from this research-in-progress and encourage discussion concerning the examined models, methodologies, taxonomies and technologies.


An extensive literature exists that describes how to categorize students by a plethora of learning styles, including recommendations for teachers on how to match curriculum, pedagogy, and assessment to optimize student learning. Two recent review articles are discussed, both of which conclude that no experimental evidence exists to support the hypothesis that instruction designed in response to student learning styles can actually improve achievement.


Objective To explore the timing and techniques for placing retaining catether in patients on general anesthesia. Methods Ninety patients were divided into 3 groups at random, with 30 cases in each group. In Group 1, conventional catheterization was conducted 15 minutes before general anesthesia. In Group 2, 3 ml of 2% lidocaine and 2 ml liquid paraffin were injected into the urethra before catheterization on the basis of technique for group 1. In Group 3, regular catheterization was performed 15 minutes after anesthesia. The postoperative heart rates (HR), blood pressures (BP), restlessness after gaining conciousness, and the ratios of successful one-off catheterization were recorded. Results There were no significant differences in HR and BP between basic values and values after gaining conciousness in groups 1 and 2 (P0.05). Group 3 showed significant difference between the basic values and values afer gaining consciousness (P0.01). The one-off success rates of groups 2 and 3 were significantly higher than that of group 1 (all P0.05). The rate of restlessness after gaining consciousness was higher in group 3 than those of groups 2 and 1(P0.05, P0.01). Conclusion The timing and technique of catheterization for group 2 can improve the success rate of catetherization and reduce pain of the patients.


Recently, America has begun to experience significant declines in civic engagement. At the same time, nearly half of all Americans are currently living in suburban communities that are fraught with challenges ranging from a lack of community institutions, traffic congestion, isolation, pollution and high levels of land consumption. This paper explores the hypothesis that improved urban planning, new tax structures, and more effective municipal government participation in planning will enable communities to develop in a way that will increase civic engagement among their residents while reducing the damaging effects of poorly planned suburban sprawl.


Carbon isotopic compositions of leaf wax‐derived n‐alkanes (δ13Cwax) and bulk organic matter (δ13CSOM) in surface soils from ca. 1000 to 3800 m above sea level along Mount Gongga, China were investigated for their altitudinal variations. There is a breakpoint, suggesting a precipitation threshold, at 2050 m in both δ13Cwax and δ13CSOM trends. Above the threshold, δ13Cwax and δ13CSOM increase in a similar pattern of the average species‐level response to altitude reported from various humid mountainous areas. However, a significant decreasing trend with altitude occurs below the threshold, within which climate changes upward from arid to humid, consistent with plant foliar δ13C response to precipitation at water‐limited areas. Because δ13Cwax and δ13CSOM naturally integrate plant species and time, this work demonstrates that the altitude‐induced environmental impact on plant species‐level δ13C has been conveyed to soils, and that the species‐level δ13C could be linearly scaled up to the community level.


Replication protein A (RPA) is a eukaryotic single stranded (ss) DNA binding (SSB) protein that is essential for all aspects of genome maintenance. RPA binds ssDNA with high affinity but can also diffuse along ssDNA. By itself, RPA is capable of transiently disrupting short regions of duplex DNA by diffusing from a ssDNA that flanks the duplex DNA. Using single molecule total internal reflection fluorescence and optical trapping combined with fluorescence approaches we show that S. cerevisiae Pif1 can use its ATP-dependent 5' to 3' translocase activity to chemo-mechanically push a single human RPA (hRPA) directionally along ssDNA at rates comparable to those of Pif1 translocation alone. We further show that using its translocation activity Pif1 can push hRPA from a ssDNA loading site into a duplex DNA causing stable disruption of at least 9 bp of duplex DNA. These results highlight the dynamic nature of hRPA enabling it to be readily reorganized even when bound tightly to ssDNA and demonstrate a new mechanism by which directional DNA unwinding can be achieved through the combined action of a ssDNA translocase that pushes an SSB protein.


Executive power weakness is a universal problem faced by all types of enterprises, as well as a major potential crisis in the enterprises. The boots and character of executive power weakness is analyzed, the way of executive power of enterprise middle is found from the view of the middle core power. Then the framework model is build, which includes enterprise middle core power model and core radiation model. It put forwards a new way to promote executive power of enterprise middle and the whole enterprise. The case verified the validity of the model.


Photo-induced absorption in poly (bis (p-toluene sulphonate) ester of 2,4-hexadiyne-1, 6-diol) (PDA-TS) single crystal is studied theoretically. A mechanism of photo-induced absor-ption is proposed as exciton excitation. The binding energies for single and triple excitons are calculated and the photo-induced absorption peak at 1.35eV is considered as resulting from the transition 3Ag→3Bu. This agrees with experimental data.


Acknowledgements Introduction The Island Carib as anthropological icon, Neil L. Whitehead Island Carib archaeology, Arie Boomert Language contact, war, and Amerindian historical tradition: The special case of the Island Carib, Berend J. Hoff The Island Caribs: New approaches to the question of ethnicity in the early colonial Caribbean, Jalil Sued Badillo Ethnic plurality and cultural continuity in the native Caribbean: Remarks and uncertainties as to data and theory, Neil L. Whitehead Elegy for a dying race: The Island Caribs and their visitors, Peter Hulme Towards romanticized Amerindian identities among Caribbean peoples: A case study from Bonaire, Netherlands Antilles, Jay B. Haviser Communicating Caribness, Charles J.M.R.C. Gullick Index


This essay aims to reexamine discourses on the identity of Korean dance from a poststructuralist view, and to provide critical vision of the discourses for the 21th century. I argue that the discourses are socially, historically constructed. I do not intend to establish another standard for the discourses. Rather, I reveal a paradox which the discourses include. That is, if the discourses take more nationalist views, based on a binary premise that the West is universal and the non-West is particular, they will reinforce Western-centered thought and Orientalism. I historicize the discourses in the context of modernity, nationalism and Orientalism. In chapter II, I discuss what poststructuralism is and how it provides research questions for reexamining the discourses. In chapter III, I review the discourses, written by four dance scholars. In chapter IV, I argue that the discourses were written in the schema of co-figuration of the West and the East as Naoki Sakai calls. And then I argue that the discourses have a nationalist view because they reconstruct Korean identity by emphasizing the uniqueness and superiority of Korean culture. But some of their arguments reproduce Orientalism as Yanagi Muneyoshi argues. In chapter V, I suggest critical considerations for the future study.


T he summer of 1981 saw the first recognized cases of AIDS in North America. Six years later, Canadian health care workers are growing increasingly concerned about what has become a developing epidemic. What should they do to avoid being infected by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)? What can they do? Concerning their leisure activities, health care workers must heed the general rule of caveat emptor let the buyer beware but that advice may not be enough to avoid HIV exposure in the workplace, where the ability to "check out the goods" is either nonexistent or severely compromised. The requirement to have written consent before administering an AIDS-antibody test has created a formidable barrier that affects doctors' ability to identify infected patients. Some American surgeons have resolved their dilemma by turning away patients who are HIV positive or who they think might be positive. One American orthopedic surgeon refused to treat a patient whose HIV status


The theme of this issue is the critically important topic of young adult smoking cessation. Young adulthood is a time of many transitions, including changes in smoking behavior. Adolescents who experiment or smoke intermittently often progress to daily smoking in young adulthood.1 For example, Tercyak et al.2 reported that among 12th grade ever smokers (defined as persons who have ever smoked in their lifetimes), 39% were smoking more frequently or intensely by the following year. Some adults smoke their first cigarettes after the age of 18, but little initiation occurs after age 25.1 There is evidence that smoking initiation has increased among young adults in recent years.3 Consistent with this, Tercyak et al. noted that among never smokers in high school, 25% initiated smoking in the year after 12th grade.2 Young adulthood is also a time when some smokers make quit attempts. Unfortunately, young people who try to quit are likely to relapse, similar to older adults.1 Often, it is with their first quit attempt that young smokers realize that they have become addicted to tobacco and will not be able to quit easily.