The fight for legally recognized same-sex marriage dominates the contemporary gay rights movement and has ignited national debate. However, missing from the current discourse is a critical view of the privileges of marriage. Arguments for legal, same-sex marriage center on the many rights and benefits married heterosexual couples enjoy but from which same-sex couples are excluded. However, lesbian and gay activists and social workers are notably silent on whether it is fair that marriage bestows such privileges. Following is a critique of the privilege of marriage from a queer theory perspective and its implications for social action and future directions of the lesbian and gay rights movement. MARRIAGE PRIVILEGES In U.S. culture, marriage is indeed privileged. Among the many benefits available to married people are coverage under a spouse's insurance and the ability to inherit his or her Social Security benefits, pension, and personal assets without excessive taxation (Chauncey, 2004). Married people are virtually always able to visit spouses in the hospital and can make health care decisions when their spouses are rendered incapable. Husbands and wives cannot be forced to testify against each other in court and may pursue litigation in their wrongful deaths. In addition, there are many social benefits attached to marriage. Being married is seen by society as healthy and normal, and the mental health and maturity of those who remain single is considered suspect (Warner, 1999). As the fight to legalize same-sex marriage proceeds, it is important to question why such privileges are bestowed on marriage and why social work, with its commitment to social justice, has not challenged this privileging. WHY PRIVILEGE MARRIAGE? Since the 1960s, the proportion of people in the United States who marry each year has decreased by 50 percent, and the proportion of marriages ending in divorce has increased to 50 percent (Whitehead & Popenoe, 2004).The decline of marriage is a likely result of the growing financial independence of women, the increased effectiveness and acceptability of contraception, and the historical transformation of Western culture, which up to 150 years ago emphasized obedience to authority and now prizes personal freedom, pleasure, and individual choice (Graff, 2004). Conservatives concerned about this trend believe marriage must be privileged to stem its waning importance (Haskins, McLanahan, & Donahue, 2005).They argue that heterosexual marriage is healthy for men and women, provides the optimum environment for children, and is therefore worthy of advantages and status (Santorum, 2003; Spalding, 2004). To bolster their arguments, conservatives selectively cite findings to declare that compared with singles, married people are better off physically and psychologically and that children living with married rather than single or divorced parents fare better physically and emotionally. These conclusions, however, do not stand up to more comprehensive, critical reviews of the available research (Manning & Lichter, 1996; McClanahan & Sandefur, 1994; Waldron, Hughes, & Brooks, 1996). For example, it is unclear whether marriage actually makes people better off, or that wealthier, healthier people are more likely to marry. Furthermore, for children in single and divorced families, it is difficult to untangle the effects of parental status from the higher rates of poverty, parental stress, and discord these families also experience (Graff; Lamb, 1997). Conservatives also argue that marriage tames sexuality, and this taming is necessary to ensure the survival of civilization. To make the limiting of one's sexuality to marriage more palatable, society must provide rewards and reinforcements as well as punishments for noncompliance (Warner, 1999). Conservative Christianity in tandem with the U.S. government has historically attempted to limit nonprocreative sexuality not only outside but also within marriage (Graft, 2004). …


To investigate the improved crossbreeding effect of the introduce male American black silver silver-black fox on the local fox,the method of grading-up crossbreeding improvement was used for the statistical analysis of the growth data from 496 hybrid foxes. The results showed that there were highly significant differences( P 0. 01) in the body weight and tail length of local silver-black fox,the F1,F2 and F3generations in each period of sub-nest,the 3,5 and 8 months of age and adult foxes. There were highly significant differences( P 0. 01) in the body length between local silver-black fox and the F1 generation in each period of sub-nest,the 3,5 and 8 months of age and adult foxes. There were significant differences( P 0. 05) in the body length of the F1,F2 and F3 generations in each period of sub-nest,the 3 and8 months of age,and adult foxes,while there was a highly significant difference( P 0. 01) in the body length at the stage of 5 months of age.


INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE:Organ ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI) is unavoidable in kidney transplantation and induces reactive oxygen species and causes organ damage. Although the effectiveness o...


OBJECTIVES
To study nutritional abnormalities in adolescent anorexia nervosa and to establish whether certain abnormalities persist after short-term refeeding.

METHOD
Sixty-one patients (10-19 years old) admitted to a reference unit for eating disorders between 1999 and 2000 with a diagnosis of anorexia nervosa were evaluated at admission and at discharge. A range of biochemical, nutritional, and hormonal parameters were determined.

RESULTS
At admission, no protein or lipid deficiencies were found, although many patients presented with hormonal abnormalities and red blood cell folate and zinc deficiencies. Hormonal abnormalities reverted significantly (p <.000) after renutrition. There were decreases in erythrocytes and in levels of hemoglobin (p <.000) and folic acid (p <.05). Red blood cell folate and zinc increased but did not reach normal levels.

CONCLUSIONS
In a large proportion of adolescent anorexic patients, supplementation of folic acid and zinc is recommended although protein or hormonal replacement does not seem to be necessary.


We consider the wave equation with a cubic convolution $\partial_t^2 u-\Delta u=(|x|^{-\gamma}*u^2)u$ in three space dimensions. Here, $0<\gamma<3$ and $*$ stands for the convolution in the space variables. It is well known that if initial data are smooth, small and compactly supported, then $\gamma\ge2$ assures unique global existence of solutions. On the other hand, it is also well known that solutions blow up in finite time for initial data whose decay rate is not rapid enough even when $2\le \gamma<3$. In this paper, we consider the Cauchy problem for $2\le \gamma<3$ in the space-time weighted $L^\infty$ space in which functions have critical decay rate. When $\gamma=2$, we give an optimal estimate of the lifespan. This gives an affirmative answer to the Kubo conjecture (see Remark right after Theorem 2.1 in Kubo(2004)). When $2<\gamma<3$, we also prove unique global existence of solutions for small data.


A system has been developed for exposing small animals to a low pressure-high oxygen environment. Several unique features such as 1) pressure control, 2) an electronic watering device, and 3) a con...


Introduces a new type of mine hoist called continuous hoist with rotary bucket.Briefly expounds the composition of its structure,and separately detailedly explains its working principle at two different layout structures.At last,point out the hoist's biggest feature different from existing mine hoist.


Studies have examined the intention of home buyers to adopt Islamic home financing without considering the effect of religion. The present study, therefore, examines the moderating influence of religion on the adoption of Islamic home financing. The study used the decomposed theory of planned behaviour and SEM multigroup analysis approach. Data collected from 518 prospective home buyers in Nigeria using survey questionnaires indicates a difference between Muslims and non-Muslims. The chi-square result shows that the difference is significant and that religion moderates the relationship between independent variables (attitude, subjective norms, perceived behavioural control) and dependent variable (intention). This paper discusses the implications for academicians to replicate the method used in this study and the stakeholders and bankers to promote Islamic finance. It suggests that religious disparity should be avoided in order to promote Islamic finance and create awareness irrespective of religion.


Cultural shock is an anxiety produced when a person moves from a familiar culture to an entirely different cultural or social environment. This paper is an attempt to describe how Bangladeshi students experience cultural shock while studying in different foreign universities. The main purpose of this study is to examine perceptions of cultural shocks among the Bangladeshi students and its psychological impact on them. This study follows quantitative research methodology. This study reveals that there is a considerable cultural shock exists among the students staying abroad. These shocks include but not limited to food complicacy, financial intricacy, environmental complexity, a new pattern of dress-up, and language barrier.


Abstract Observations of four cold-frontal systems traversing the coastal region of southeast Australia in late spring and early summer are described in terms of process occurring on the mesoscale. A conceptual model is presented which summarizes the main results of the data analysis. Features found in common with other studies of cold fronts include: (i) the multiple-line nature of the frontal transition zone (FTZ); (ii) concentration of cyclonic relative vorticity at a height z≈1 to 1.5 km in the rear of the FTZ; and (iii) the existence of a prefrontal jet at z≈1.5 km, northerly in our case, southerly in the Northern Hemisphere. The change lines within the FTZ (and at the leading edge if there is no sea breeze) are most probably convective instability lines whose alignment and movement depend on the large-scale, cloud-layer winds. The lines are evident as mesoscale cloud bands from satellite imagery and as rainbands from radar. At least one of these develops into a vigorous squall line whose cold outflo...


Abstract Large-scale population-based data collecting repeated measures of biomarkers, follow-up data on events (incidence of diseases and mortality), and extensive genetic data provide excellent opportunities for applying statistical models for joint analyses of longitudinal dynamics of biomarkers and time-to-event outcomes that allow investigating dynamics of biomarkers and other relevant factors (including genetic) in relation to risks of diseases and death and how this may propagate to the future. Here we applied one such model, the stochastic process model (SPM), to data on longitudinal trajectories of different variables (comorbidity index, body mass index, cognitive scores), other relevant covariates (including genetic factors such as APOE polymorphisms and polygenic scores, PGS), and data on onset of Alzheimer's disease (AD) in the Health and Retirement Study. We observed that different aging-related characteristics estimated from trajectories of respective variables in SPM are strongly associated with risks of onset of AD and found that these associations differ by sex, APOE status (carriers vs. non-carriers of APOE e4) and by PGS groups. The approach allows modeling and estimating time trends (e.g., by birth cohorts) in relevant dynamic characteristics in relation to the disease onset. These results provide building blocks for constructing the models for forecasting future trends and burden of AD that take into account dynamic relationships between individual trajectories of relevant repeatedly measured characteristics and the risk of the disease. Such models also provide the analytic framework for understanding AD in the context of aging and for finding genetic underpinnings of such links between AD and aging.


Use of Internet and social networks by university students. The purpose of this research was to analyze different facets of the use made by university students of social networks on the internet: frequency and purpose, perception of risk or negative consequences of their use, and value by the user of the social relationships made there. The Social Networking Questionnaire on the internet was used for this in a sample of 164 students at the University of Almeria (Spain). The results showed a daily mean of over three hours as the frequency of use of social networks by university students, mainly to contact friends. The negative consequences of the use of social networks were related to misunderstandings and jealousy. Although that frequent use of social networks as a channel for socialization has been shown, the percentage of students who denied the usefulness of this means for improving their social relations was very high.


Enzymatic processing technology of basic material of protein beverage by com germ was studied in this paper. The results showed that Alcalase could remarkably promote the extract rate of protein and its hydrolvsates, and the better extracting parameters of enzymatic method were :corn germ/liquid ratio 1:6,enzyme/substract 0. 2% (protein).pH7.0,temperature 60℃,time 5 hours.


Vocabulary is the basis of English writing,and the use of rich vocabularies is one of the obvious characteristics of high-quality writings.However,empirical studies on the correlation between lexical richness and writing quality have been rare both home and abroad.This empirical study aims to find out whether lexical richness has any effect on writing quality and whether there is a significant difference on lexical richness between high-score compositions and low-score compositions as to high English level students.The subjects are sixty-four seniors of English major.The result shows that,as to high English level students,lexical richness has a significant effect on writing quality,and there is also a significant difference between high-score compositions and low-score compositions.


Professor R. A. Peters: Up to the present time seven entities have been described in the vitamin-B complex [1]. It is not yet certain that there are seven different chemical substances, but there are almost certainly five. Only two of these, vitamin B1 (also known as aneurin or thiamin) and nicotinic acid (the antipellagra factor) are important in the nutrition of man, though it is unlikely that lactoflavin is not also important, because it forms part of a tissue respiration system. The other parts of the complex are known at present only as animal factors. In the nutrition of the growing animal, deficiency of a factor soon makes itself felt by failure to grow. With the adult it must always be remembered that a deficiency only shows up when a factor is easily lost; the more tenaciously any vitamin is held by the body, the less will it be likely to be a serious element in causing gross pathological change. It is for instance hard to deprive an adult rat of lactoflavin sufficiently to cause symptoms, though the young rat cannot grow without a substantial addition to the daily diet. The most important vitamin in the group as well as the earliest to be properly defined is vitamin B1; the constitution of this we now know even by synthesis [1], and the amounts available make work upon the clinical and physiological sides more possible. For the earlier literature dealing with this vitamin, the reader is referred to an earlier paper [2], and to the book by Williams and Spies [3], and for later references to the Annual Review of Biochemistry. There is now little doubt that most if not all living cells require this factor; some bacteria, will not grow without it, and others which grow well in its absence synthesize it. Its function in the metabolism of yeast is of the greatest interest, because there is reason to believe that without it we could not have wine or alcoholic drink. It has been known for a long time that an essential stage in the production of alcohol from sugar was the conversion of pyruvic acid (CH3COCOOH) to acetaldehyde (CH3CHO) and C02, and that this w,as carried out by a special enzyme carboxylase (Neuberg [1]) ; a co-enzyme is necessary for this change called co-carboxylase (Auhagen [1]), which was lately shown to be vitamin B1 pyrophosphate by Lohmann and Schuster [4]. This is therefore essential in the production of the acetaldehyde which is subsequently converted to alcohol by reduction. It may be noted that, even in this low form of life, the vitamiin is concerned with a stage in carbohydrate metabolism, because the pyruvic acid is an intermediary in sugar degradation. In recent years, work which preceded the above discovery in yeast has shown that vitamin B1 is also concerned with carbohydrate metabolism in the higher organism. Before proceeding to a description of the more recent work on this problem, some general remarks are necessa,ry upon carbohydrate metabolism to clear the point at issue. In the higher animal there are two rather distinct phases of the sugar metabolism, that of the individual cells and that of the body as a whole. We can induce changes in the blood-sugar level (alteration in tolerance, &c.), without changing appreciably the details of the breakdown of sugar in the cells of individual tissues. On the other hand, we can imagine that there might be conditions in which locally the sugar metabolism of an individual tissue might be at fault without much effect upon the blood-sugar level. If it happened that the normal functioning of tissue cells whose metabolism of sugar was upset, was an important condition in the control of


Abstract Ferroelectric domains in a triglycine-sulphate crystal have been directly observed and photographed using second-harmonic light produced by a 1.06 μ laser beam in a phase-matching direction. The origin of the effect is explained and the experimental set-up described. Some results obtained on the observation, with second-harmonic light of Dauphine twins in a quartz crystal, are also presented.


Photograph of California Crossing Park and its surrounding area in Dallas, Texas. The park, which sits in front of California Crossing Road, is located in the center of the photo, just to the right of the National Guard building. It contains part of the Elm Fork Trinity River, which extends up the right side of the picture. Lake Carolyn is visible in the top right corner.


In Christopher Alexander's pattern of this name, he says, "No social group - whether a family, a work group, or a school group - can survive without constant informal contact among its members. " For a software development team, the practice of sitting together goes a long way in providing this informal contact and, ultimately, making it a team instead of a collection of individuals assigned to a project. It is easily the best first step toward agility.


The growth and coarsening of Laves phase at 600 and 650°C in a modified 12% chromium steel was simulated. The simulation, which was carried out with the program package DICTRA, is based on the assumption that thermodynamic equilibrium is established locally at the moving phase interface. The diffusion data was taken from a multicomponent diffusion data bank, MOB. The simulations were compared with experiments and the agreement between simulation and experiments is good.


A total of 147 species of macrobenthos were collected in the North Yellow Sea,including 50 Molluscs(34.0%),32 Crusteans(21.8%)and 28 fish(19.0%).Fish,mollusc and crustacean form the majority of the dominant species,including 15 species of fish,14 species of mollusc and 13 species of crustacean.The subrogation rate of fish is the highest.The biodiversity index in the North Yellow Sea is low.Biodiversity index in inshore waters is higher than that in deep waters.At a few stations the seasonal variation of biodiversity index is obvious.


Multiphysics coupling is becoming of large interest in the nuclear engineering and computational science fields. The ability to obtain accurate solutions to realistic models is important to the design and licensing of novel reactor designs, especially in design basis accident situations. The physical models involved in calculating accident behavior in nuclear reactors includes: neutron transport, thermal conduction/convection, thermo-mechanics in fuel and support structure, fuel stoichiometry, among others. However, this thesis focuses on the coupling between two models, neutron transport and thermal conduction/convection.The goal of this thesis is to develop a multiphysics solver for simulating accidents in nuclear reactors. The focus is both on the simulation environment and the data treatment used in such simulations.This work discusses the development of a multiphysics framework based around the Jacobian-Free Newton-Krylov (JFNK) method. The framework includes linear and nonlinear solvers, along with interfaces to existing numerical codes that solve neutron transport and thermal hydraulics models (APOLLO3 and MCTH respectively) through the computation of residuals. A new formulation for the neutron transport residual is explored, which reduces the solution size and search space by a large factor; instead of the residual being based on the angular flux, it is based on the fission source.The question of whether using a fundamental mode distribution of the neutron flux for cross section homogenization is sufficiently accurate during fast transients is also explored. It is shown that in an infinite homogeneous medium, using homogenized cross sections produced with a fundamental mode flux differ significantly from a reference solution. The error is remedied by using an alternative weighting flux taken from a time dependent calculation; either a time-integrated flux or an asymptotic solution. The time-integrated flux comes from the multiphysics solution of the accident on a subdomain and an integration in time. The integration can be broken into several "chunks" that capture similar time-dependent behavior. The asymptotic solution comes from an alpha-eigenvalue calculation and uses one or several alpha modes as the weighting flux. Between the two methods, the time-integrated flux is more accurate, but takes longer to obtain a solution.The usability of these new homogenization methods is further developed by studying the effects of spatial heterogeneities and of the discretization of the time-chunks. First, a case with spatial heterogeneities and a localized perturbation is used to show that these methods can be applied to assembly level homogenization. The new methods are shown to perform well with spatial heterogeneities when compared to using a traditional, fundamental mode, homogenization method. Second, an a priori estimate for an optimal time discretization is obtained for the time-integrated flux method. It is shown that further divisions of the time domain reduce the error for several metrics until numerical errors become dominant.To show that these methods work well for industrial sized calculations, a reduced size BWR core calculation is performed. This simulation is based on a rod-drop accident in a BWR core during startup.


Objective—Plasma pentraxin 3 (PTX3) levels are increased in patients with acute myocardial infarction, yet its involvement in unstable angina pectoris (UAP) remains unclear. To critically evaluate the role of PTX3 in UAP, a sensitive and precise measurement of PTX3 concentration is needed. Methods and Results—We established a high sensitive plasma ELISA assay system for the detection of PTX3 using monoclonal antibodies. The lower limit of detection of our ELISA was 0.1 ng/mL, sensitivity far greater than the current commercially available kit. Plasma samples were obtained from 162 consecutive patients treated for hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus, or cardiovascular disease at a physician's office. PTX3 was not associated with any known coronary risk factors. Additionally, we collected plasma samples from 252 consecutive subjects admitted to a university hospital for coronary artery assessment by coronary angiography. PTX3 was significantly increased in patients in whom coronary intervention was performed. We further analyzed the plasma level of PTX3 in 52 patients with effort angina (EAP) and 16 patients with UAP. Compared with the control group, PTX3 were significantly higher in the UAP group. Conclusions—The levels of plasma PTX3 were increased in patients with arterial inflammation, especially UAP. This PTX3 detection system will be useful for the prediction of UAP.


Analysts generally agree that considerable technological innovation will be necessary to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions to "safe" levels while minimizing economic impacts. Market failures related to both environmental pollution and innovation reduce the likelihood that the private sector will provide that innovation without public intervention. Meanwhile, cap-and-trade programs (CTPs) for GHG reductions are rapidly becoming the world's dominant climate policy instrument. Despite the claim that CTPs are better than other policy instruments in providing an incentive for innovation, the recent economics literature does not reflect such a consensus. For the most part, recent studies raise concerns about the validity of the assumptions underlying the dominant comparative modeling approach that compares policy instruments regarding their effects on innovation. This paper tries to shed some empirical light on the influential theoretical economics literature regarding CTPs and innovation, in the context of the climate safety challenge. It focuses first on whether the major innovation sources related to existing CTPs, as well as five major technology options for GHG abatement, are typically the polluting firms that are allotted allowances, or non-polluting third parties. Patent analysis here supports other evidence that non-polluting third-parties appear to be the primary sources of innovation. This implies that the innovation process under a CTP will include uncertainties that are not otherwise present under either emissions taxes or traditional environmental regulation. The second part of the paper assesses the innovation effects of the three most prominent CTPs in existence that have lengthyenough operations for evaluation and strong similarities to climate CTPs. In each CTP, lower-than-expected allowance prices emerged that led to smaller-than-expected markets for a wide range of emissions reduction technologies. Further, in two of the three CTPs, significant cancellations of technology orders already in process compounded the reduced market expectations for these technologies during CTP operations. In addition, dramatic declines occurred in patenting activity – the most widely used indicator of the levels of inventive effort involved in developing technologies for commercialization – in a wide range of technologies when CTPs were operating, as compared to periods of time dominated by more traditional environmental regulation. The paper concludes by raising concerns about whether CTPs will be able to induce the levels of innovation necessary to achieve climate safety without careful policy design and possibly complementary policy efforts. Classification Codes and


In today's world of increased connectivity, authentication issues are becoming more important. The process of verifying a user's identity is typically referred to as user identification and authentication. There are many authentication factors available for proving one's identity like one factor authentication, two factor authentication, three factor authentication etc. When the third authentication factor fails, where the procedure of submitting human biometric characteristics to provide authentication leads to a disaster, this paper gives a solution by generating a key using Diffie-Hellman key exchange algorithm.


The bipolaronic insulating (BI) state can cause the emergent superconducting phase when the strength of electron–phonon interaction is deliberately reduced. In this report, we have investigated ele...


Abstract This study was conducted to determine the effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) symbiosis on plant growth and nutrient uptake under combined drought and salinity stresses. A pot experiment was carried out with a factorial arrangement of treatments in a completely randomized design with three replications. Experimental treatments included two plant types (Atriplex canescens and Haloxylon ammodendron) with three levels of inoculation of fungal species (Funneliformis geosporus, Funneliformis mosseae, and control), two levels of soil salinity stress (7 and 14 dS m–1), and two levels of drought stress (50% and 80% of management allowable depletion). Vegetative parameters, as well as root N, P, and K concentrations and uptakes, mycorrhizal growth response, mycorrhizal nitrogen response, mycorrhizal phosphorus response, mycorrhizal potassium response, and root colonization were measured. The results showed that the application of AMF increased the plant growth variables such as stem diameter, root length, shoot dry weights, and shoot to root ratio as well as nitrogen and phosphorus uptakes. The application of both AMF types was effective as compared to the control. However, F. mosseae indicated better performance especially, in terms of the effect on plant growth variables. Also, F. mosseae was more effective to relieve stress (i.e., salinity and drought) than F. geosporus. There was a significant difference between plant types and H. ammodendron had better efficiency than A. canescens under drought and salinity stresses. Based on the results, planting of H. ammodendron inoculated with F. mosseae might be recommended for soil conservation in the arid environments.


Introduction This paper resulted from discussions between a technology teacher educator and a colleague who has served in various education outreach roles with NASA. The basis of the paper was developed by the NASA director and two engineers, one serving with NASA and the other with the National Institute of Aerospace. That colleague is also a professor of mechanical and aerospace engineering at a major research university. The technology teacher educator read the original paper as published in the NASA Technical Report Server (NTRS) ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp (as document 20080018711) and realized that, though it addressed an audience of engineers, its implications for technology educators were obvious. As evident in the paper, the engineering community seeks a means to reach into the K-12 curriculum at the same time that leaders in technology education are promoting design and engineering in our curricula nationwide Since we are both on the same page, it is important to cross-communicate—this revised version of the engineering paper with added implications for technology education provides support for current trends in our profession and shows how the linkages can best be implemented. Some disclaimers are needed before proceeding. The reader will note that the perspective in much of the following discussion is that of the engineer as he or she describes their own role and differentiates it from the role of a scientist. Further, it is the engineering community of the United States. Hence, there are quotations and excerpts that may be perceived by some readers as extremist, parochial, exclusionary–perhaps even rudely so. Additionally, of the four letters in the oft-used acronym STEM, we in Technology Education frequently decry that the T is under stressed in our education community while the " S " and the " M " are emphasized. However, in this paper the perspective of the engineer makes much mention of " S " , " T " , and " E " while rarely mentioning the " M. " ____________________


Military composite bridges offer many unique advantages to the army—for example their high strength-to-weight ratio and superior corrosion and fatigue resistance properties—compared to current steel and aluminum bridges. This paper presents the results of part of a comprehensive, on-going research program sponsored by the US Army to develop innovative field repair techniques for military composite bridges. The virtual tests were performed on the composite treadway under four different loading cases: (i) maximum shear static loading case, (ii) maximum bending static loading case, (iii) fatigue progressive failure analysis for the moving load case, and (iv) fatigue progressive failure analysis for the maximum flexural loading case. Results of virtual testing and progressive failure analysis (PFA) simulation conducted on a composite army bridge (CAB) prototype demonstrated a good match with the full-scale laboratory test results conducted in an earlier study. For instance, the variation between the maximum deflections predicted by the GENOA simulation for the maximum shear and those obtained from the full-scale tests was only 3.2%. In addition, the location and type of damages at the ultimate load were very close to those obtained from the full-scale laboratory tests.


This article reviews the role of the social worker in home care, briefly describes the literature concerning the psychosocial impact on wound care patients, and suggests opportunities for expanding this area of inquiry. The literature suggests that patients who have leg, foot, or pressure ulcers experience quite a number of psychosocial problems related to the presence and treatment of the wounds. The author is of the opinion that wound care research should include more disciplines, specifically social workers.


Scale Fluidized Bed." 1989 Combustion Inst. Can. Sect. Spring Tech. Meeting, Canada, 125 (1990). anigan, V. J., et ai., "Technical Feasibility of Generating Electric O " -7 ower From Oat Hull Gasification." Am. SOC. Mech. Eng. (1990). 92. Eriksson, S., and Prior, M., "The Briquetting of Agricultural Wastes for Fuel." F A 0 Environ. Energy Pup., 11 (1990). 93. Faborode, M. O., "Analysis of Extrusion Compaction of Fibrous Agricultural Residues for Fuel Applications." Biomass (G. B.), 21, 115 (1990). 94. Larson, E., et ul., "Biomass-Fired Steam-Injected Gas-Turbine Cogeneration for the Cane Sugar Industry." Int. Sugar J. (G. B.), 92, 62 ( 1990). 95. Jenkins, B. M., et ai., "Development of Test Procedures to Determine Emissions From Open Burning of Agricultural and Forestry Wastes. Final Report on Phase I ." ( 1990). 96. Jenkins, B. M., et a!., "A Combustion Wind Tunnel for Direct Determination of Emission Factors." 200th Am. Chem. Sue. NatL Meeting, 200 (1990).


A composite is a mixture of two or more materials which are mutually insoluble and as a whole make up a new and improved material. Composites are becoming the desired materials of the future as many new organic and inorganic materials are improved. But in order to keep up with this advancing technology, machining methods must also advance in parallel.


Corporate culture, as a resource, could internally drive the corporate to grow up and develop. According to the questionnaire and field study by our research team, this paper typically analyses the present culture construction of highway management enterprises, and then reason out how to improve the culture construction for highway management enterprises.


Summary This article discusses the formation and development of the British Columbia Open Learning Agency and summarizes the principal features of its current activities in providing open learning opportunities in the fields of adult basic education, technical‐vocational training and undergraduate degree programmes.


The invention discloses a novel halogen-free low cost copper-clad plate material. The copper-clad plate material comprises 195-205 parts of phosphorus-containing epoxy resin, 4-5 parts of a dicyandiamide curing agent, 18-20 parts of a phosphorus-containing fire retardant, 80-85 parts of an aluminum hydroxide filler and 90-100 parts of a DMF solvent by mixing stirring. The novel halogen-free low cost copper-clad plate material utilizes the low cost phosphorus-containing epoxy resin and phosphorus-containing fire retardant, replaces the existing high-cost phosphorus-containing curing agent, reduces a production cost and improves market competitiveness. The novel halogen-free low cost copper-clad plate material utilizes a large amount of epoxy resin so that sheet material toughness is improved. A PCB copper-clad plate prepared from the novel halogen-free low cost copper-clad plate material has good performances.


This paper attempts to describe Chilean monetary policy during the first half of the 90s. During that period, an explicit exchange rate target zone prevailed. The center of the exchange rate band was set according to a real exchange rate rule (RERR). The Central Bank's main objective in the above mentioned period was to reduce the inflation rate gradually. Monetary policy was conducted through changes in the level of short-term (90 days) central bank domestic debt, whose interest rate was set in real terms. The level of that rate used to be quite above the external rate, promoting a great amount of capital inflows. Interest rate differential stimulated speculation against the exchange rate rule and a huge accumulation of international reserves as well as operating losses for the Central Bank. In order to keep the ability of controlling aggregate demand movements, the Chilean Central Bank undertook several actions. The band width increased, and reserve requirements on external lending was imposed. This paper describes and analyzes the policy reaction toward capital inflows.


Feng Shui has endured as an art of site selection in East Asia for more than 3,000 years and still remains popular in Chinese societies. It may have positive values for human welfare. This paper argues that Feng Shui has evolutionary and ecological values for selecting optimal human habitations. Certain landscape features signal a suitable habitat that can offer the necessities of life with low risks. Information encouraging exploration identified by evolutionary theory can also be found in an ideal Feng Shui location. Feng Shui integrates both natural and cultural considerations to pursue a harmony and balance between people and nature as well as among people. It not only promotes a close understanding of, and interdependence between, the environment and people but also enforces prudent behavior in terms of resource utilization and cultural values. Feng Slmi has been profoundly interwoven with many aspects of Chinese life and has significantly contributed to a stable and sustainable agricultural civilization. Through objective examination, the usefulness and validity of Feng Shui can be understood. Feng Shui's folk wisdom, which is not yet fully understood, probably is not pure superstition. A synthesis of ancient eastern and modern western perspectives might–provide a more comprehensive understanding of landscapes.


The thesis studies the effect of inflation on an inventory model over a finite planning horizon, where the inflation rate may be constant or random. It concentrates on a periodic review inventory policy for deteriorating items allowing shortages and under permissible delay in payment, where demand is price dependent, and due to the effect of inflation on price, changes over time. Chapter One studies the literature review and preview of the current work. The thesis is summarized below Chapter Two studies an inventory model for deteriorating items with constant inflation rate, allowing shortage under linearly price dependent demand. Three types of permissible delay in payment are considered – (i) when the trade credit period is a constant independent of the order quantity, (ii) when the period is dependent on the order quantity, and (iii) when the payment has to be made in two fixed installments. The sensitivity of the model to change in the parameters has been carried out numerically. In Chapter Three an attempt has been made to study the effect of constant inflation rate on the optimal replenishment policy under iso-elastic and hybrid demand. We determine the optimal number of replenishments and optimum cycle lengths for the different inventory cycles. A sensitivity analysis is also carried out for both the cases. Chapter Four investigates an inventory model with permissible delay in payment and stochastic inflation conditions. Here we assume that the inflation rate is random variable or mixture of two random variables over an inflationary period in an economy. The optimum policy determined so as to maximize the total profit over the finite planning horizon. In Chapter Five we describe the inflation rate evolution as a continuous stochastic process and we focus on commonly used processes suggested by the financial literature, such as the OrnsteinUhlenbeck process (Vasicek and Cox-Ingersoll-Ross (CIR) model). The last 5 years inflation rate (CPI) data from the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MOSPI) has been used to estimate the parameters of the models by the maximum likelihood method. The optimal policies have been determined by carrying out a "mean-risk" analysis. The policies have been obtained under linear and iso-elastic demand rates.


Abstract The Upper Cretaceous Frontier Formation in northwestern Wyoming consists of alluvial-plain to offshore-marine lithofacies deposited near the western edge of the Cretaceous Interior seaway. Excellent outcrops along the Gros Ventre River, northeast of Jackson, provide an opportunity to observe vertical and lateral facies changes and to determine paleoenvironments of deposition. The Frontier Formation in this area is composed of two major clastic wedges, the lower of earliest Cenomanian to early Turonian and the upper of middle Turonian to middle Coniacian age. Recognizable genetic units in the Frontier outcrop along the Gros Ventre River are organized into five members that conform to the member-level nomenclature developed for the Frontier in southwestern Wyoming and north-central Utah. The Frontier Formation conformably overlies the upper Albian Aspen Shale. At its base are a series of three upward-coarsening, shoreface sequences that are assigned to the Longwall Sandstone Member. This unit is overlain by fluvial sandstones and shales of the Chalk Creek Member which, on outcrop, is characterized by numerous colorful ashfall marker beds. The Longwall and Chalk Creek members constitute the lower of the two clastic wedges. Nonmarine deposition was terminated by transgression of the shoreline near the peak of the Greenhorn transgressive-regressive cycle, which culminated in deposition of the Allen Hollow Shale Member. The upper clastic wedge of the Frontier Formation is also represented by two members. The lower of these, the Oyster Ridge Member, is a thick, wave-dominated shore-face sandstone that gradationally overlies offshore-marine shale of the Allen Hollow. The Oyster Ridge Member is overlain by alluvial-plain to bayfill facies assigned to the lower part of the Dry Hollow Member. The upper part of the Dry Hollow includes a series of shoreface to tidal channel sandstones. They are believed to interfinger eastward with the lower part of the Cody Shale and record westward shifting of facies during the Niobrara transgression. Frontier deposition in northwestern Wyoming was terminated by transgression of the Cody Sea in middle Coniacian time.


As older mainframe architectures become obsolete, the corresponding legacy software is increasingly executed via platform emulators running on top of more modern commodity hardware. These emulators are virtual machines that often include a combination of interpreters and just-in-time compilers. Implementing interpreters and compilers for each combination of emulated and target platform independently of each other is a redundant and error-prone task. We describe an alternative approach that automatically synthesizes specialized virtual-machine interpreters and just-in-time compilers, which then execute on top of an existing software portability platform such as Java. The result is a considerably reduced implementation effort.


Permanent magnet (PM) machines have been used widely for industrial applications. However, the operating speed range in most of these applications is very limited due to the difficulty of achieving field weakening in most PM structures. This difficulty is one of the major stumbling blocks to widespread application of PM machines. A new doubly salient PM motor topology is proposed in this paper which offers the possibility of low cost, high performance and robust realization of field adjustment. It is shown that by controlling the field winding, 100% field weakening and 2 p.u. torque capability can be achieved without sacrificing other performance characteristics of the machine. Hence, machines of good efficiency throughout a field weakened speed range exceeding five to one can be readily devised. This feature makes this new motor a potential candidate in future motor drive systems.<<ETX>>


Hydraulic transient events are the result of time related changes of hydrodinamical quantities in a hydraulic passage system. Treatise of transient events is essential to ensure safe operation of the hydropower plant, and for suitable design of turbine components and related hydromechanical equipment. Causes of transient events and their characteristics in different hydraulic passage systems are presented in this work. Basic system of water hammer equation was derived, consisting of the momentun and the continuity equation. The system is solved using the characteristic method. Hydraulic turbines were defined and a description of the Francis turbine was given. Calculation of hydraulic transient events was performed for a study case of hydropower plant Cariblanco, and on the basis of comparison between numerical results and measurement, the calculation model and the calculation process was confirmed.


Graphs of the theoretical pressure distribution resulting from diffraction of a weak shock by a rigid right‐angled corner are presented and compared with graphs of measured pressure distributions. The agreement is found to be satisfactory. A graph of the electric field resulting from diffraction of an electromagnetic pulse by a perfectly conducting right‐angled corner is also presented.


: In this cutting-edge world, the quantity of vehicles is quickly developing once each day, however there is an emergency for space to leave these vehicles. To make an enhance answer for this emergency "An IOT Based Car Parking System" model assists the client with finding a parking spot for his/her vehicle through a portable application. The client can enquiry on accessibility of parking spot closest to his/her area without battle to track down an ending degree and without pondering where there is an unfilled parking spot with the assistance of versatile application that shows the quantity of empty openings in any stopping region and explore the driver to that area. Likewise, this model is being carried out utilizing sensor circuit, IR sensors is utilized to observe the presence of vehicle in separate leaving region and all subtleties are gotten to from a distance by utilizing IOT. This framework utilizes less human collaboration which expands adaptability and security.


Seven Gardenia jasminoides var. radicans populations (three cultivated and four wild populations) and six G. jasminoides for. grandiflora populations (four cultivated and two wild populations) in Korea were analyzed for the genetic diversity and population structure by randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. Shannon's information indices of diversity Ho were 0.767 and 0.776 on average for G. jasminoides var. radicans and G. jasminoides for. grandiflora, respectively. For both taxa the means HPOP of wild populations were higher than those of cultivation populations although there did not show significant difference (paired t-test). It was suggested that domestication processes via artificial selection do not have eroded the high levels of genetic diversity. The RAPD markers were effective in classifying wild populations of wild G. jasminoides in East Asia as well as cultivated G. jasminoides. The information about the phylogenetic relationship of G. jasminoides var. radicans and its closely related species is very valuable of the systematics of genus Gardenia, the origin of cultivated G. jasminoides, and future G. jasminoides breeding.


Gelatin is a flavorless solid substance along with translucent colorless and brittle than present in dry form. Gelatin (mixture of peptide) is produced by hydrolysis of collagen and is an important part of extracellular matrix and provides mechanical protection to the tissues. Collagen is extracted from the different parts of animal such as skin, bones and connective tissues and also is extracted from different animals like cattle, chicken, pigs and fishes. Collagen is a triple helix molecule comprised of three Alpha helix of glycine and X-Y in which X and Y is mostly Proline and hydroxyproline, respectively. Collagen is rapidly used in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, tissues engineering construction and most mostly used in dressing system. Gelatin which is obtained from hydrolysis is of two types, type of gelatin 'a' and type of gelatin 'b' with isoelectric point 7 to 9 and 4 to 5 respectively is obtained from acid pretreatment and basic pretreatment. Gelatin nanoparticles are important in biomedical field that instigate the development of new nanoparticles of different synthetic Polymers like that poly ethylene glycol, poly glycolic acid, poly lactic acid, poly alkyl cyanoacrylate and natural polymers (a chitosan, gelatin and dextran) are used for the development of nanoparticles for biological application and drug delivery system. Among all, gelatin nanoparticles are mostly used because of inexpensive, non-toxic, bioactive and biodegradable properties. In gelatin, type-B shows good potential for drug delivery as compared to the gelatin type A. Gelatin based material must be cross linked with glutaraldehyde.


Abstract Combining peer assessment and role play into one activity can produce an effective assessment method. Incorporating peer assessment into the project results in reduced faculty grading time and increased student learning. This paper describes an assignment that combined the two, the results, and recommendations that faculty can use to readily adapt the technique to their own content areas. Introduction Good faculty members are constantly seeking ways to both involve students in classes and increase learning. Long lectures can be boring for students, and studies consistently show that discussion-oriented teaching methods result in increased student engagement and learning. Role play, or simulation, is an established teaching methodology that has been used in education for many years (Bernstein, Scheerhorn, & Ritter, 2002; Taylor & Walford, 1978; Van Ments, 1983). It is viewed as a particularly powerful strategy because it can create learning experiences that are varied and realistic. In role play situations, students are active participants rather than passive observers. Participants must make decisions, solve problems, and react to the results of their decisions. Collier (1998, 2000) has written about the emotional experience for the student and the increased learning as a result of this level of participation. With the recent increased emphasis on assessment in higher education, a logical extension of using role play or simulation as a teaching method is to use it as an evaluation of student learning. However, a drawback to using it as an assessment tool is the extensive amount of time that is required for the faculty member to review and appraise the performance of each student (Bernstein, Scheerhorn, & Ritter, 2002). Peer assessment as a method to evaluate student performance has increased substantially over recent years as a way to reduce faculty time, and some studies have reported that it can increase the understanding of students conducting the assessment as well (Bangert, 2003). Peer assessment typically involves students exchanging assignments and providing feedback to their peers through the use of rating scales or checklists (Airisian, 1996; Topping & Ehly, 1998). This technique has been used to evaluate student performance in a wide variety of disciplines such as psychology (Haaga, 1993), mathematics (Bangert, 2003; Earl, 1986), biology (Falchikov, 1986), geography (Mowl & Pain, 1995), and computer science (Marcoulides & Simkin, 1991). The project described in this paper combined role play and peer assessment into one assignment used in an education course. Peer Assessment to Evaluate Role Play The purpose of the project/assignment described in this paper was to explore the use of peer assessment to evaluate role play in a graduate level higher education administration course. By using peer assessment, I hoped to increase the feasibility and benefit of using role play as an assessment instrument in the classroom. This paper describes the assignment, feedback from students about the value of the project, and lessons learned, and then provides recommendations that faculty can use to implement this technique in their own classes. Feedback from the students was obtained through a written questionnaire completed immediately at the end of the activity. Description of the Project/Assignment As a faculty member in an Adult and Higher Education Graduate Program in a 4-year institution located in a rural environment, I decided that our program would provide a good arena to explore combining role play and peer assessment. Students are typically nontraditional age with job experience, and some travel distances of over 100 miles to take courses in the program. Most courses are taught in 3-hour evening time periods or in a weekend format. The assignment was used in "Resource and Program Management," a required course for students in the program, and a variety of topics are covered throughout the semester. …


The purpose of this study is to examine the direction of the multicultural curriculum development in the schools with a high number of multiculturalbackground students. In order to attain this purpose, we interviewed with teachers who in charge of developing curriculum of three multiculture global elementary schools. We extracted common contents and system of multiculture curriculum based on content analysis. The results of this study are as follows: First, we recommend a bilingual immersion class for multicultural students who are difficult to speak Korean and for Korean students who want to learn foreign languages. Second, we recommend to rearrange Korean classes in line with students' proficiency level because there are many students whose fisrt langauge is not Korean. Customized Korean language classes provide an opportunity for multicultural students to learn Korean in accordance with their needs and proficiency level, and in turn, the students can expect to improve academic attainment. Third, there need to be more integrated curriculum for multicultural topics. It is necessary to develop a curriculum that will lead to critical thinking reflecting social-behavioral approaches. Forth, there need to be scaffolding classes and counselling sessions for multicultural students. Fifth, there need to be appropriate evaluation systems for students and curriculum. Sixth, multi-directional support from national and regional education offices is required. These findings could have a significance contribution to develope multicultural curriculum for everyone.


The p- and m-substituted 3-(arylhydrazono)methyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinoxalines 1a-i and 2a-d exhibited tautomeric equilibria between the hydrazone imine A and diazenyl enamine B forms in a series of mixed dimethyl sulfoxide/trifluoroacetic acid media. The substituent and solvent effects on the tautomer ratios of A to B in a series of mixed media were studied for compounds 1a-i and 2a-d by the nmr spectroscopy. The linear correlation of the Hammett σp and σm values with the tautomeric equilibrium constants KT ([A]/[B]) was found in the dimethyl sulfoxide media of compounds 1a-i and 2b-d. On the other hand, the linear correlation of the Hammett σp and σm values with the log C'(A:B = 1:1) was also observed in a series of mixed media of compounds 1a-h and 2a-c, wherein C'(A:B = 1:1) indicated the concentrations of trifluoroacetic acid (mol/l) giving 1:1 tautomer ratios in a series of mixed media. The increase in the Hammett σp or σm values decreased the KT values in dimethyl sulfoxide media and augmented the C'(A:B = 1:1) values in a series of mixed media. The Hammett σp or σm values controlled the electron density of the side chain nitrogen atom, which influenced the C'(A:B = 1:1) values. In the KT value temperature dependence, the higher temperature provided the larger KT values in dimethyl sulfoxide media regardless of the Hammett σp or σm values.


The article explores and summarizes the approaches of scientists to the definition of "personnel management", forms the author's definition as a set of interrelated methods, principles and forms of organizational mechanism for the formation, reproduction, development and utilization of personnel, creating optimal work conditions and employee motivation. The application of personnel management methods in successful business entities is analyzed on the example of companies included in the rankings of the best employers of Ukraine, in particular, whose production facilities are located in Sumy region - "Mondelis Ukraine" (Trostyanets) and "Farmak" (Shostka). It is concluded that the successful implementation of personnel management strategy (HR-strategy) is possible only with the correct composition of tools of administrative and economic influence, which can be supported (depending on financial capacity, management sentiment, accepted business practices, etc.) by socio-psychological methods. According to Hay-McBerAssociates' approach, six leadership styles have been identified. The author's vision presents their evolution (from the use of mostly administrative to the most modern methods (including coaching). The personnel management system of the «Sumy Road Maintenance Department Branch» has been studied. An assessment of the capabilities of this company to improve the efficiency of the existing personnel management system was made. Proposals for modernization of personnel management policy within the framework of administrative and economic methods in their interconnection and effective interaction are given. The most appropriate style of personnel management at the current stage of development of the organization is "visionary", which contributes to the formation of a successful long-term development strategy and the creation of perspectives for staff. But in today's reality, this style must be abandoned with the prospect of moving to a democratic version, reducing the share of administrative methods and increasing the importance of economic methods as more progressive methods of stimulating labor. In addition, it is determined that to increase the efficiency of personnel management of the Branch it is proposed to use modern HR-software with the use of cloud technologies for application in management activities. The analysis of IT-operators and their products allowed to identify quite interesting proposals (Microsoft, SAP, Terrasoft), but the main limitation to the use of these programs in the activities of the Branch is the high cost of use (up to 50,000 UAH / month). That is why we offer to utilize the software product "PeopleHR" of the company "PeopleFource", which has not yet gained much popularity in the Ukrainian market. This is a fairly full-featured program aimed at medium-sized businesses. It was also decided to focus on the system of additional bonuses for staff depending on the length of service and compliance with labour discipline, as the most effective method of improving the efficiency of employees.


Summary When the borderline concept is discussed in different contexts (psychiatry, psychology or psychotherapy) people frequently think they are talking about the same patient. However, different definitions arise upon reviewing this concept. Does it refer to a specific personality disorder? To a clinical syndrome? To a functioning level between neurosis and psicosis? Is it a subtype of an affective, schizophrenic or epileptic disorder? For the most part, the confusion comes from two different approaches striving to define the concept: the descriptive approach which emphasizes the diagnostic symptomatology vs. the psychodynamic approach that points out structural, dynamic and development considerations as diagnosis criteria. These two approaches, even though separated, are not totally unrelated. They reamin independent because their observations stem from different emphasis, contexts and methodology. Within different methods and theoretical frames, their conclusions cannot be compared although they theoretically might complement each other. The description-oriented approach representad by the DSM-IV views borderline as one of a number of distinct personality disorders, and attemps to differentiate this category from the other personality disorders. Kernberg's psychodynamic approach, in turn, considers borderline as a psychic level of functioning or a stable ego organization -somewhere in between the neurotic and the psychotic- that might give room to various types of personality.


In the context of globalization, the goal of improving Brazilian science competitiveness has set into motion several actions towards the development of researchers' and scholars' foreign language proficiency. The efforts focused on higher education engender transformations at other educational levels, due to their interrelationships. As a result, unintended consequences may emerge from short and medium-term goals to meet specific demands. The Federal Government Program "English without Borders" (EwB), created in 2012, is an example of a language policy attached to a competitiveness development project of the country in the international scenario with the potential to impact English language teacher education at university level and the teaching of English at the Basic Education level. Like other governmental Programs which have been implemented and researched by the universities themselves (e.g. Pibid, Parfor), EwB has also been the object of investigation. In this article, we present an overview of such studies, through lexico-semantic analyses of oral presentations' abstracts from three conferences of national relevance and reach in the area of language studies: V Congress of the Brazilian Association of University English Language Teachers (ABRAPUI), V Latin American Congress of Language Teacher Education (CLAFPL) and XI Brazilian Congress of Applied Linguistics (CBLA). The analyses aim at highlighting aspects of EwB development and how these relate to the initial education of English language teachers at university level. Keywords: English without Borders, Language Policies, Internationalization.


The problem of determining the dimension of the bivariate spline space is considered. It is shown that for a large class of triangulations the dimension of the spline space is equal to Schumaker's lower bound. An algorithm to determine whether a given triangulation ▵ belongs to such a class is presented.


As part of a general study concerned with improving the food value of crop plants, a number of experiments have been conducted to determine the factors which control the ascorbic acid content of plants. The most important papers on this subject have been reviewed by Re?d (6) and more recently by Maynard and Beeson (3). In spite of some inconsistencies in their results, these investigations lead to the following general conclusions : 1. Mineral nutrition has little influence on the ascorbic acid content of plants except under conditions where normal growth is seriously disturbed by deficiencies in one or more essential elements. 2. Genetic factors play an important r?le. Different varieties of the same species frequently show large differences in the quantity of vitamin C they contain. 3. Some data indicate that the growing temperature affects the rate at which ascorbic acid accumulates in the plant. Moldtman (4) and Re?d (5) observed that at moderate temperatures an inverse relation exists between the ascorbic acid content of plants and the temperature at which they are


The activation of C−H bonds in hydrocarbons (saturated, unsaturated and aromatics) by single atom catalysts immobilized in a solid support is an active research front in catalysis. On the one hand, different examples of transition metal catalysts atomically dispersed on inorganic, organic and hybrid supports are constantly designed, synthesized and characterized using advanced microscopy and spectroscopic techniques. On the other hand, active, selective and stable single metal sites are recently developed as high performant heterogeneous catalysts for the C−H activation of organic molecules. This review covers recent examples of selective alkane and arene C−H oxidations, dehydrogenations of alkanes, as well as C−H/C−H oxidative couplings involving arenes, alkenes and alkynes, based on the use of supported single atom catalysts.


This report presents principal optical properties of semiconducting large-sized nanocrystalline (LSNC) material with thickness within 10–50 nm range. A quantitative parameter for description of the LSNC state is introduced. Influence of the surrounding polymer matrices on the properties of the LSNC is shown. Role of the surrounding polymer matrix background in the manifestation of material optoelectronic properties is studied. Superposition of long-range ordering with the localized nano-quantized effects is analyzed within a framework of different one-electron band energy approaches. Manifestation of the LSNC nonlinear optical (NLO) properties will be presented separately. It is clearly demonstrated that appropriate choice of LSNC geometry parameters together with proper modification of chemical composition could enhance the key NLO parameters. Keywords— nanocrystallites, nonlinear optics.


Wavefield manipulation of surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) is one of the fundamental subjects in nanophtonics. In this paper, based on the analyses of the plasmonic and photonic modes of the L-shaped slit samples with different widths, the dependence of the wavevector, amplitude and phase of the scattered wavefields on the slit width are experimentally determined. The excited plasmonic mode and photonic mode wavelets by arbitrary slit element is analyzed theoretically. Au ring-slits with different widths are also experimented as general slit structure to show the polarized patterns originated from the superimposition of the two modes, and the evolution of total and polarized intensity patterns with the ring-slit widths is studied systematically. The wavefield patterns of the polarization components are also calculated with the obtained components of wavefields and Huygens–Fresnel principle, and results of calculations and experiments are coincident. In addition, the results are validated by performing finite-difference time-domain simulations. The work may enhance the efficiency of slit engineering for SPP pattern manipulations and can be a helpful reference for the fabrication of nano-optics devices.


Objective To observe effect of fluorescence in situ hybridization(FISH) on prenatal diagnosis of abnormal number of chromosomes in amniotic fluid cells.Methods The amniotic fluid of 1 121 cases of pregnant women with down syndrome screening in high-risk or age higher than 35 years old,were got by amniocentesis,and udenvent rapid prenatal diagnosis by FISH.Then the G banding karyotypes from standard cytogenetic analysis after cultured amniotic fluid cells were compared to the FISH results.Results 16 cases were found abnormal result,including 7 cases of trisomy 21,4 cases of trisomy 21,and other 5 cases with abnormal.It was consistent with G banding karyotypes results.Conclusion Prenatal diagnosis of chromosome humber sbnormality by FISH is satisfactory.


With the help of its favorable position in the hinterland of the metropolitan area of Split, the town of Sinj is regarded as an oasis of demographic stability in a country hit by a severe demographic crisis. At the time of the new mass wave of emigration, the economic crisis and the unstable governments, Sinj did not show negative demographic trends as the rest of the state. However, the processes that have long been present in the country have also affected this area therefore this paper deals with the analysis of the current situation of the subject of research and tries to answer the question of whether the recent population trends are indicative of the future demographic breakdown of Sinj. By analyzing spatial and demographic indicators, major developmental problems will be identified, and a causal link between demographic trends, educational structure, labor force and economic development will be explained. The basic purpose of the work is to predict the future trends of the population through an analysis of the current situation and based on these, propose measures of renewal necessary for the revitalization of the human and natural potential of this area.


The main trends in Soviet sociolinguistics over the past few decades have been as follows: 1. the study of general theoretical problems, such as the subject of sociolinguistics, its concepts, methods and techniques, as well as its relation to other linguistic and nonlinguistic subjects; 2. analysis of Soviet peoples' linguistic practices characterized by i ) the further development, spurred by the growth Soviet peoples' material and spiritual culture, of languages which have long existed as written ones or became such in the Soviet period; ii) the use of Russian as the language of intercourse between the peoples of the USSR ; iii) growing bilinguism, esp. that in which the second component is Russian; 3. sociolinguistic study of Russian, including the relations between the literary language and dialects, common speech and jargons, social and functional explanation of the use of language variants; 4. the study of the impact of ideology on both the functioning and functional development of language and its structure; 5. analysis of relations between language and culture, both spiritual and material, through simulation of the reflection of culture in language; 6. sociolinguistic study of mass media language including that of periodicals, radio, T V and cinema.


Skills of early reading   are very urgent to be stimulated in early ages. The purpose of research is to reveal the "Secil" Educational Game (Small Learning Series) effect on Early Childhood Early Reading Skills in Kindergarten Fadhilah Amal 3 Padang. This research used an approach in quantitative in the shape of a Quasi Experiment. The technique for data collection was in the shape of action test (pre-test and post-test). The technique for sampling was Purposive Sampling, we know as class B1 and class B2, all of which consisted of 10 children. The technique for data analysis was conducted by using statistics with the support of the SPSS 21.0 application for windows. The result given that, there were an increase score of the control class which is at 254 for pre-test and post-test at 315. Meanwhile, the control class average is for pre-test is at 25.4 and post-test at 31.5. Thus, there is an improve in children's early reading skills by using the "Secil" educational game in the experimental group with pre-test score is at about 265 and a post-test at about 443. Overall, the average score for the pre-test is 26.5 and the post-test is 44.3. The result given that, there is an improve of early reading skills in the class for experimental compare to control class. Therefore, the android-based "small" educational game is very effective to increase early children early reading skills.


Some 1% of the earth's crust has heat flux significantly above the global average. Concentrated in areas of the order of 10km2 associated with volcanic zones, such energy can be tapped for local power projects commonly generating 10MW km2. Such systems are of great value to those areas of developing countries, and elsewhere, lucky enough to possess this resource, but could never be seen as a 'solution' to the world energy problem. Long-term effects of field development are unknown, for instance development of the Wairakei field in New Zealand has only been active for 25 years. The vital choices for management of such fields are in how quickly energy is required, and how much. These choices will dertermine whether the resource must be 'mined' or whether it is possible to recharge the system and maintain a long-term supply. If the former, geothermal energy must be regarded as a 'finite' resource, for it is non-renewable, unless fluid extracted is replaced. Mining, resource definition, field development and theoretical background to these aspects are discussed and illustrated using a model of a typical development.


OBG Management | November 2017 | Vol. 29 No. 11 obgmanagement.com I t is no surprise that the law is playing an ever more important role in the practice of medicine. Concerns about legal issues are a source of stress for ObGyns, including increasing worries about the economics of professional liability, the anxiety of defending a legal claim, and ambiguity about what is required for compliance. In this article my goal is to demystify some of the most important legal principles affecting your practice and provide suggestions for avoiding legal problems.


Principles of Optical Fiber MeasurementsFundamentals of Quantum MechanicsThe Possibility PrincipleBasic Principles and Techniques of Molecular Quantum MechanicsQuantum Principles and ParticlesQuantum MechanicsQuantum Mechanics for MathematiciansQuantum Principles and Particles, Second EditionGeneral Theory of RelativityIntroduction to Quantum MechanicsPrinciples of Quantum MechanicsThe Physical Principles of the Quantum TheoryQuantum Theory from First PrinciplesFeynman's ThesisPrinciples Of Newtonian And Quantum Mechanics, The: The Need For Planck's Constant, H (Second Edition)Principles of Quantum MechanicsThe Multi-Universe CosmosThe Physics of Quantum MechanicsHow to Understand Quantum MechanicsOn the Principles of Elementary Quantum MechanicsPrinciples and Applications of Quantum ChemistryIntroduction to Quantum Mechanics with Applications to ChemistryThe Mathematical Principles of Quantum MechanicsPrinciples of Quantum Scattering TheoryPrinciples of Quantum MechanicsThe Quantum WorldThe Principles of Quantum MechanicsThe Principles of Quantum Theory, From Planck's Quanta to the Higgs BosonPrinciples of Quantum ChemistryPrinciples Of Physics: From Quantum Field Theory To Classical Mechanics (Second Edition)Development of Quantum Theory from Physical PrinciplesLectures on Quantum MechanicsIntroduction to Quantum MechanicsGeneral Principles of Quantum MechanicsQuantum MechanicsNew Symmetry Principles in Quantum Field TheoryPrinciples of Quantum MechanicsThe Fundamental Principles of Quantum MechanicsQuantum Physics for Scientists and TechnologistsGeometry of the Time-Dependent Variational Principle in Quantum Mechanics


Abstract Mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) is an alternative anthropometric measurement to assess undernutrition but a universally accepted cut-off is yet to be established. The objectives of the present study are to determine whether the proposed sex-specific global cut-offs are suitable across several tribes in India. This cross-sectional study was conducted among nine tribal populations in India (1046 males, 1087 females). Weight, height and MUAC values were obtained, and body mass index (BMI) was calculated. The BMI cut-off (<18.5 kg/m2) was used to determine chronic energy deficiency (CED). The ROC Curve analyses of binomial logistic regression for MUAC versus CED revealed optimal cut-off point of MUAC as 23.8 cm (in males) and 21.8 cm (in females). MUAC cut-offs were similar in females, relative to males, in all tribes. Males with MUAC<24cm and females with MUAC<22 encompassed significantly higher numbers of CED than those with MUAC≥24 and ≥22 cm, respectively (χ2-value males: 254.9, p<0.001; females: 493.60, p<0.01). A single cut off point of MUAC may not be universally applicable for diverse populations and both sexes as well. It seemed that there is no alternative than to undertake further validation studies in various populations before using the MUAC cut off to identify undernourished or CED condition.


The article attempts to examine the abusive nouns in Nayden Gerov's dictionary and to describe some relations that exist between them. Partly describe the word-forming suffixes characteristic of the category. It is necessary to conclude that there is some volatility in formation and correlations that have not been eliminated to this day. It is assumed that in the case of the relative names formed with suffixes - sota and - the theotraum, the second formations do not have a completely pejorative significance, which is characteristic of modern Bulgarian language.


The term Visual Analytics has been around for almost five years by now, but still there are on-going discussions about what it actually is and in particular what is new about it. The core of our view on Visual Analytics is the new enabling and accessible analytic reasoning interactions supported by the combination of automated and visual analysis. In this paper, we outline the scope of Visual Analytics using two problem and three methodological classes in order to workout the need for and purpose of Visual Analytics. By examples of analytic reasoning interaction, the respective advan- tages and disadvantages of automated and visual analysis methods are explained leading to a glimpse into the future of how Visual Analytics methods will enable us to go beyond what is possible when separately using the two methods.


Pertussis or whooping cough, generally considered as the disease of infants and children, is an acute respiratory tract disease responsible for around 300,000 deaths annually. However, recent reports from many countries of the world clearly indicate that people of all age groups including adolescent and adults could be suffering from this disease. Pertussis remains an underestimated and under reported disease in adolescent and adults due to atypical symptoms in these age groups. Moreover, pertussis has been re-discovered as a frequent cause of prolonged cough in adolescents and adults in the recent past but the diagnosis still is often missed unless specific diagnostic tests are applied. The affected adolescents and adults act as reservoirs of the disease to the vulnerable population of infants. There have been increasing reports of pertussis outbreaks in adults' population in many western countries and vaccination of this group is being planned. Additional booster doses of acellular pertussis vaccine may help to control and prevent pertussis. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjmm.v5i1.15819 Bangladesh J Med Microbiol 2011; 05 (01): 31-34


"What is bothering me incessantly is the question… [of] who Christ really is…." Dietrich Bonhoeffer was not the first to ask this question, nor will he be the last: Jesus Christ is an inexhaustible mystery. He is not, however, the sort of mystery that one simply puzzles over, like a calculus problem that proves a bit too difficult. Rather, he is mystery in the same sense as Raphael's stunning colors, or Henryk Gorecki's Symphony of Sorrowful Songs: mystery as overwhelm, as the source of unceasing awe.This is the great insight of Hans Urs von Balthasar, one of the twentieth century's most unique theologians. The Jesuit master saw aesthetic theory as a great vein to be mined for the praise of Jesus Christ's mystery. This paper will run alongside Balthasar's systematic theology as found in Seeing the Form. Rather than serving as an exegesis of Balthasar, or an attempt to situate his thought within the great cosmos of Christian thought, this paper aims to join its teacher Balthasar in elucidating something of the mystery of Jesus Christ. It aspires to sing out praise in response to Bonhoeffer's question. Naturally, it will encounter thinkers other than just Balthasar along the way—Saint Augustine in particular, one of Balthasar's predecessors in seeing form as inseparable from understanding Jesus Christ, will make recurring appearances.But the real touchstone this paper wishes never to leave is Jesus Christ himself. Certainly, it will seek to examine him from different angles, to behold several of the infinite dimensions in which he subsists. Here is Jesus Christ, the revealer and concealer of transcendent divinity! There he is again—the great attuner of the universe, and of human freedom! Can he even be glimpsed in the midst of the believers, lovingly impressing his form on those who love him?Consider this, then, a work of love.


Land use in upstraight watershed consist of forest, agriculture land and agroforestry. Different various composition of standing crops will impact soil condition in soil physics and chemichal character. This research was aims to get the characteristics of soil physics for various standing crops in Petani watershed. It was located at Buluh Awar Village Sibolangit Subdistrict Deli Serdang Regency North Sumatera, Soil Physic Laboratory, Research and Technology Laboratory Agriculture Faculty North Sumatra from March until August 2015. The sampling techniques based on purposive sampling method with 4 treatments and 5 replications. The results tested with the Anova and Least Significant Difference (HSD) test standard 5%. The results showed that the highest permeability was soil permeability's durian plants (7,310 cm/jam) and significantly affected about sugar palm plants (3,842 cm/jam) and rubbers plants (4,606 cm/jam). But it wasn't significantly affected about forest (5,712 cm/jam). The forest and multipurpose trees weren't significantly affected about bulk density, porosity and water content.


Computer aided technology is used in biomedical image processing. In biomedical analysis features are extracted and then the proposed method will detect any abnormalities present or not in the system to be considered. In recent days the detection of brain tumour through image processing is made in medical diagnosis. The separation of tumor is made by the process of segmentation. Brain in human is the most complicated and delicate anatomical structure. There are various brain ailments in human but the indication of cancer in brain tumour may be fatal for the human. Brain tumor can be malignant or benign. The neurologist or neurosurgeon wants to know the exact location, size, shape and texture of tumor from Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) of brain before going to the operation of the brain tumour or decided whether operation of removing brain tumour is at all necessary or not. The disease is analyzed since operation may cause death to the patient. Initially they took a chance by prescribing medicines to see whether there is any improvement of the condition of the patient. If the result is not satisfactory then there is no option other than operation of the tumor. Doctors also take an attempt to find the texture of the tumor since it may help them to know the progress of the tumour. In addition to Brain tumor segmentation, the detection of surface of the texture of brain tumor is required for proper treatment. The chapter proposed methods for detection of the progressive nature of the texture in the tumor presence in brain. For this process segmentation of tumor from other parts of brain is essential. In the chapter segmentation techniques are presented before the texture analysis process is given. Finally, comparisons of the proposed method with other methods are analyzed.


Abstract In this paper, the researchers present a theoretical discussion of the notion of "child" in traditional African communities. The researchers' premise is that different societies have unique conceptions of child and childhood hence each group of people have a peculiar philosophical outlook of a 'child' notwithstanding some similarities in places. While the researchers acknowledge that there is a multiple range of socio-cultural communities present in Africa, they submit that there are common threads that connect the African worldview. Their thesis is founded on their Shona background although they attempt to make comparisons with other African cultures. The researchers survey the different conceptions of the notion of child in traditional Africa from a historico-philosophical perspective.


The development of a prototype digital road model (DRM) is necessary to improve the efficiency of traffic management and ensure road safety by using the capabilities of road infrastructure facilities. Intelligent transport systems (ITS) apply innovative solutions in the modeling and regulation of traffic, providing road users with information and safety. DRM is a part of the ITS and is implemented in the form of information and software components. The introduction of road safety standards on the road, where the participation of unmanned vehicles is possible, allows transport and the road complex to interact as efficiently as possible, improve the availability and quality of transport services to meet the needs of users and the country's economy.


An experiment was conducted to quantitatively study the effect of application of biogas slurry on yield,nutrition quality of purple cabbage and soil quality.The results showed that the application of biogas slurry could remarkably improve yield,biogas slurry application could not only increase the content of vitamin C and decrease the content of reducing sugar,nitrate and heavy metals in purple cabbage,but also increase the organic matter content in the soil.Applying 120 kg biogas slurry as basal fertilizer and 0.6 kg chemical fertilizer and 75 kg biogas slurry as top dressing could increase the yield and vitamin C content by 16.06% and 16.21% respectively,decrease the content of nitrate,Cd,Pd and Cr in the vegetable by 13.12%,25.49%,18.48% and 17.86% respectively,increase soil pH-value and organic matter content to 6.64 and 17.45g/kg respectively,and decrease the content of Cd,Pd and Cr in the soil by 12.31%,5.70% and 1.18% respectively.Under this experiment conditions,the above coordinative application rate of biogas slurry and chemical fertilizer is the best for purple cabbage.


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More than 350 educational sessions covering 60 topics will be offered at this year's AAP National Conference & Exhibition (NCE) Oct. 17-20 in Washington, D.C. Here, AAP News offers a sample of sessions, such as media's impact on children, diagnosing bipolar disorder and the


Southern Hemisphere humpback whales are divided by the IWC into seven breeding populations or stocks. Breeding Stock B (BSB) off the west coast of Africa is further divided into two substocks referred to as BSB1 and BSB2, based primarily on genetic evidence of population separation (mtDNA & nuDNA) between study locations in West South Africa (WSA at ~33°S) and Gabon (~0-4°S). However, very little data are available in the ~3500km between WSA and Gabon and the location of BSB2's breeding ground remains unknown. Here we collate all available data on humpback whales in Namibia (~23°S) from 2005-2012 and compare these with existing data and catalogues from Gabon (2000-2006) and WSA (1983-2007), including a photographic catalogue of dorsal fin and tail fluke images, seasonality and a photographic assessment of scarring and wounds from cookiecutter sharks (Isistius brasiliensis) and killer whales (Orcinus orca). The Namibian catalogue consisted of 132 individuals (69 by tail flukes only) photographed between 2008 and 2012. Only two possible matches were made to the WSA catalogue by dorsal fin ID, none to Gabon. Probability of resighting animals between these catalogues is reduced by their size and relative ages. The bimodal seasonality, with a lack of singing and low number of calves observed during the smaller secondary peak, suggest the central Namibian coast acts primarily as a migration route to areas further north, although the lack of directionality and low numbers suggest it is not a major stream and many animals are further from shore on their southward migration. The proportion of killer whale bite scars on humpback flukes was similar in all sites. Healed scars from cookiecutter sharks were highest in Gabon and similar between Namibia and WSA, while fresh bites were highest in Gabon, intermediate in Namibia but almost nonexistence in WSA. These results support the hypothesis of multiple migration streams within BSB with animals seen in NAM striking the coast directly from offshore warmer waters (where cookiecutter sharks are prevalent) on their northward migration, while animals encountered in WSA, where they were feeding after the southward migration, were likely to have followed a slow coastwise migration southwards within the cold Benguela Ecosystem, allowing time for cookiecutter bites to heal. These results do not support the concept of BSB2 lying within Namibian waters to the south of the Walvis Ridge. HUMPBACK WHALES, BREEDING STOCK B, MARK-RECAPTURE, MIGRATION, PHOTO-ID, KILLER WHALE, COOKIE CUTTER SHARK, ISISTIUS


The dysfunctional immunoinflammatory response to SARS-CoV-2 infection leads to excessive infiltration of monocytes, macrophages and T cells, non-neutralizing antibody, systemic cytokine storm, microthrombi mediated by tissue factor and oxidative stress, lower platelet counts, increased D-dimer, C-reactive protein and coagulation abnormalities, increased vascular permeability, pulmonary edema and pneumonia, and widespread inflammation and multi-organ damage. Periodontal diseases have a chronic and multifactorial inflammatory profile, of infectious origin, with bidirectional systemic interactions linked to over 50 systemic conditions/diseases. Immunoinflammatory response of periodontal tissues to the microbial challenge, protective/repair response and the local destruction of periodontium influence and are influenced by systemic conditions/diseases. Renin-angiotensin system/ACE inhibitors are also related to pathogenesis of COVID-19 by SARS-CoV-2-ACE2 and to pathogenesis of periodontitis, through bone resorption regulated by the ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/MasR axis and IL1-b, positive regulation of the kinin/receptor pathway B2 due to Toll-like receptor 2 inflammation and Th1/Th17 responses, the expression of the type 1 angiotensin II receptor in the inflamed gingival tissue, and modulating IL-1β-induced IL-6 production in human gingival fibroblasts. It is possible that SARS-CoV-2 infection increases local inflammatory events in periodontal tissue leading to destruction of periodontal tissues, probably enhanced by the systemic effects of periodontitis. Despite limited or non-existent scientific evidence on the effects of COVID-19 on periodontal diseases and their systemic interactions to date, it is possible to expect its impact on periodontal medicine research from the natural history of periodontal diseases to their pathogenesis and relationship with systemic conditions and response to treatment, as an environmental and acquired risk factor.


Recently, the rough-set theory has been used in reasoning and knowledge acquisition for expert systems. The rough-set theory, proposed by Pawlak in 1982, can serve as a new mathematical tool to deal with data classification problems. It adopts the concepts of equivalence classes to partition the training instances according to some criteria. The original rough set model is however quite sensitive to noisy data. When noisy data exists, the lower and the upper approximations cannot normally be formed. Ziarko proposed the variable precision rough set model to deal with noisy data and uncertain information. In this paper, we propose a new algorithm to produce a set of maximally general rules for approximate coverage of training examples based on the variable rough set model. The proposed algorithm first calculates the β-lower and the β-upper approximations, and then adopts an iterative induction process to derive the maximally general rules. The rules derived can be used to build a prototype knowledge base.


Background: There is high-quality evidence that bariatric–metabolic surgery (BMS) generates positive health outcomes in patients with obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Objectives: To understand the regional variations in the coverage and uptake of BMS, with a focus on T2D. Setting: An Australian diabetes research institute. Methods: A survey was conducted via a questionnaires sent to national leaders in BMS. The respondents provide their nations' BMS annual numbers, general and any T2D-specific indications for surgery, and source of surgical funding. The total population and adult diabetes prevalence (age 20–70 yr) of the countries were used to model the uptake of BMS for those with T2D. Results: Data were provided from 22 countries, representing approximately 75% of BMS procedures performed in 2014. BMS uptake varied from 885 per million total population per year in Belgium to 2 per million per year in Japan. The estimated proportion of eligible individuals with diabetes treated annually varied from 1.9% in The Netherlands to o.01% in China and Japan. Few countries treat 41% of estimated eligible patients annually. Of 22 countries, 19 have national guidelines for BMS, and all incorporate BMI in the selection criteria. Several countries have specific criteria for patients with T2D. Conclusion: Results indicated that BMS has a negligible impact on the global burden of T2D. The low uptake indicates that BMS has not become an established treatment for T2D and emphasizes the need to define when it should be recommended as a standard of care. BMS needs to be integrated into the clinical pathways for managing T2D. (Surg Obes Relat Dis 2016;12:1171–1177.) r 2016


A paper machine and a press felt for use in the press section of the improved A papermaking machine dewatering of the paper web in the press section of a press felt for this. Felt is composed of at least one base fabric, at least one batt layer, needling, or in another suitable way, it is attached thereto. Woven fibrous scrim or nonwoven fibrous scrim, or between at least one layer of the base fabric and batt material, or can be included in or between any two or more layers. At least one of the base fabric, at least one layer or fabric scrim batt material is composed of a polymer fiber to be fiber blended, the elastic modulus of these fibers, substantially lower than the elastic modulus of the polymer fiber. Press felt produced according to the teachings of the present invention, following the intermediate nip point of the press section, resulting in the felt of the vertical (i.e., Z) the delay of springback with elastic in the direction. Delay of the spring-back is advanced separation position after nip felt and the paper web towards the intermediate nip point, thereby reducing the rewetting of the paper sheet. Fiber composed of regenerated cellulose derivative such as viscose rayon, proved to be effective in use of the press fabric of the present invention as the low modulus component fibers. .FIELD 1


Introduction The Potomac Formation is a heterogeneous assemblage of ancient river deposits consisting chiefly of unconsolidated and poorly consolidated sands, silts, clays, and small amounts of gravel, along with localized zones of diamictons of uncertain origin. It is the dominant geologic unit in the City of Alexandria. It crops out or is close to the surface everywhere west of Old Town and Del Ray except for a small strip along Holmes Run in the extreme western section of the city, where it has been stripped off by erosion to expose the underlying bedrock. The Potomac Formation also forms the large majority of the Coastal Plain section beneath Old Town and Del Ray, but is covered in that area by thick, younger alluvial deposits of the Potomac River, referred to herein as the "Old Town terrace".


Growths of bone tissue in muscles and in their tendinous insertions after trauma, in muscle tissue about joints after dislocations or in soft tissues about a simple fracture of a bone or after a minor injury commonly are given such designations as traumatic myositis ossificans, parosteal callus or some other appropriately descriptive term. Summaries of the data on such growths have been written by Fay, 1 Painter, 2 Lewis, 3 Carey, 4 Gruca, 5 von Dittrich, 6 Goto, 7 Geschickter 8 and others. All these reviews have emphasized trauma as the initiating factor. No age group is immune, but the incidence is greatest in young men. Fay stated that this indicates merely the frequency of trauma in a group leading an active life. The usual sites of these traumatic osseous growths are those exposed to injury in occupation, avocation or accident. According to Cahier, 9 three fifths of the bone


In this article, we have reported the fabrication of stable macroporous ceramic support using low-cost inorganic raw materials by uniaxial dry compaction technique. The supports were prepared by mixing of inexpensive raw materials such as kaolin, quartz, calcium carbonate, sodium carbonate, boric acid, sodium metasilicate, and polyvinyl alcohol as a binder. The prepared green supports were sintered at different temperatures ranging between 900 and 1000°C. The raw materials and the sintered supports were characterized by thermogravimetric analysis, particle size distribution (PSD), X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy analysis. The influence of sintering temperature on the membrane structure, porosity, flexural strength, chemical stability, and the pure water permeability was also examined. It was observed that the average pore size and the flexural strength of the sintered supports increase with an increase in the sintering temperature. The porosity of the sintered supports was obtained in the ranges between 22 and 40%. The chemical stability of the sintered supports was found to be good. Based on the results obtained, the support sintered at 950°C (porosity of 30%, mechanical strength of 28 MPa, and average pore size of 3.45 µm) was considered as the optimum support for membrane applications. The ceramic support cost was estimated to be $67/m2 according to the raw material price. Henceforth, these low-cost membrane supports with better properties could be suggested for cheaper application in chemical and biochemical processes.