Despite recent advancements in 3D printing technology, which allows users to rapidly produce 3D objects, printing tall and/or large objects still consumes more time and large amount of support material. In order to address these problems, we propose Pop-up Print, a method to 3D print an object in a compact "folded" state and then unfold it after printing to achieve the final artifact. Using this method, we can reduce the object's print height and volume, which directly affects the printing time and support material consumption. In addition, thanks to the reversibility of folding/unfolding, we can reversibly minimize the printed object's volume when unused for storage or transportation, and expand it only in use. To achieve Pop-up Print, we first conducted an experiment using selected printed sample objects with several parameters, in order to determine suitable crease patterns that make both the unfolded and folded state mechanically stable. Based on this result, we developed an interactive design tool to convert 3D models - such as a Stanford Bunny or a Huffman's cone - to the folded shape. Our design tool allows users to decide non-intuitive parameters that may affect the form's mechanical stability, while maintaining both functional crease patterns and the object's original form factor. Finally, we demonstrate the feasibility of our method through several examples of folded objects.


A nozzle development program was undertaken to produce a time-dependent flow at the nozzle exit. The oscillatory character of the flow was achieved without the use of moving parts by incorporating a fluidic feedback loop into the nozzle design. The nozzle thrust efficiencies approached 90% and the half-width spreading rates attained exceeded that of the slot nozzle by a factor of more than three.


Prohibition on use of synthetic amino acids, GMO or products derived there from, and limited access to approved raw materials restrict possibilities to compose a nutritionally balanced diet in organic egg production. Differences exist between genotypes of birds to resist feather pecking and cannibalism. An experimental genotype (SH), selected for egg production for over 25 generations on low protein diet, was tested against two common commercial hybrids; LSL (Expt. 1) and Hyline (Expt. 2). The birds were fed a control or organic diets, with different sources of protein. LSL and Hyline had a higher production (20-76/80 weeks) than SH, but production deteriorated more severely in the former genotypes when fed the low protein/methionin diet (2 g methionine/kg). Plumage condition was better in SH, compared to LSL. In Expt. 2, feathering was almost complete throughout the whole cycle. However, all genotypes were inferior when fed the low protein diet. SH used the outdoor runs more than LSL, as well as the groups fed the low protein diets, probably due to an increased feed scavenging. On the contrary, Hyline used the outdoor-area twice as much as SH. The experiments showed differences between genotypes but all performed better on a diet with a high protein quality. Consequently, it is difficult to fulfil KRAV ́s standards of 100% organic feed stuffs, without supplements with synthetic methionine or fish meal. Introduction Prohibition on use of synthetic amino acids, GMO or products derived there from, and limited access to approved raw materials restrict possibilities to compose a nutritionally balanced diet in organic egg production. The main challenge for poultry nutritionists is to fulfil the protein requirement, especially regarding the amino acid methionine. Shortage of methionine is known to reduce production in singel hen cages (Schutte et al, 1994). In floor systems a methionine deficiency may also cause severe welfare problems such as feather pecking and cannibalism (Tiller, 2001). It is known that differences exist between genotypes of birds to resist feather pecking and cannibalism (Hughes and Duncan, 1972; Odén et al., 2002; Wahlström et al., 1998). In many countries beak trimming is practised to prevent feather pecking and cannibalism, but this is not allowed in Sweden, Finland and Norway. The aim of the present study was to study effects of a low dietary protein supply on performance of three different layer genotypes. Two common commercial hybrids, Lohmann Selected Leghorn LSL (Expt.1) and Hyline (Expt. 2), were tested against an experimental genotype, SLU-1329 (SH, "Swedish Hen"), selected for egg production for over 25 generations on a low protein diet (13,5 % cp, 0,23 % met, 0,59% lys). The SH is a cross-bred of Rhode Island Red and White Leghorn experimental strains, founded in the 70 ́s. The selection procedures and formation of the experimental strains were described by Liljedahl & Weyde (1980).


Charge transport (CT) in dynamically disordered molecular systems is still unclear; though it is fundamentally important to understand the semiconducting properties of molecular devices. In this regard, we explore vibronically coupled polaron hopping transport in the extended hopping systems (N + 1 sites) of thiazolothiazole (TZTZ) based molecules. The molecular vibrations correlated charge transfer integral and site energy fluctuation effects on polaron transport are analyzed by kinetic Monte-Carlo simulations. In order to quantify the CT properties more precisely, we have proposed the continuum time delayed CT mechanism, which takes account of typical disordered (static or dynamic) effect via dispersion on each CT quantity (like charge transfer rate, diffusion coefficient, mobility, current density and etc) at each hopping. The charge compressibility analysis further addresses the electronic level understanding of all CT quantities, which originally relates the thermodynamic density of states with CT. Using differential entropy-dependent charge density and diffusion expressions, the drift-diffusion transport has been elucidated for different extended systems of TZTZ derivatives. Besides, we have mainly developed entropy-ruled diffusion-mobility relation for both degenerate and nondegenerate materials to study the validity and limitations of original Einstein relation, which directly pertain to the device performance. Here, the traversing chemical potential along the hopping sites is the deterministic parameter of diffusion-mobility ratio. Using our continuum time delayed model, we can categorize the typical disordered transport in the molecular semiconductors; whether is dynamic or static or intermediate disordered transport.


In recent studies, capillary nozzles were analyzed and tested as electrostatic inkjet devices. These devices consist of capillary tubes and counter electrodes. Printed materials are set between these two parts, so that the material thickness affects the gap length. In order to overcome this constraint, we propose a planar electrostatic inkjet device with gate electrodes to expand the application and also enhance the conformity to micro process. In this paper, we investigate the inkjet behavior in the proposed device by fabricating a prototype planar device.


This paper presents the performance characteristics evaluation of MEMS capacitive pressure sensor. This type of absolute pressure measuring sensor is used for pulse rate measurement. Polysilicon material provides a higher sensitivity when chosen as diaphragm material. Two MEMS capacitive pressure sensors with varying geometries are analyzed in Matlab simulation software. The geometries are very common having parallel plates with spring loaded. In first stage the shape of the parallel plates is circular and in second case of the parallel plate is square. During modeling of these two diffident shaped sensors, the area of parallel plates in both cases is considered as equal. Once the geometries are formed, the electromechanical analyses have been performed. It is observed that these types of pressure sensors can withstand a wide range of absolute pressure from kilo Pascals to several order of mega Pascals. In this work, Matlab environment is employed to model this sensor and accurate model is devised to study its performance. Simulation results are obtained and compared with published work of FEM (Finite Element Method) based Multiphysics simulation platform and full argument is obtained. The proposed model allows handling different parameters affecting the performance of this sensor.


Recorded 51 molluscal species in the intertidal zone along Qingdao coast, which belong to 3 classes 27 families. Among them thereare 2 species of Amphineura, 25 species of Gestropoda, 24 species of Lamellibranchia. The paper also reports the situation of molluscaresource in this region.


Although consultation models have expanded, research demonstrating the effectiveness of consultation has lagged far behind, thus limiting the acceptance of consultation as an accountable method of intervention in schools. This study, which has implications for all "internals," presents a preventive consultation framework and demonstrates its effectiveness in working with school principals to change the climate of staff meetings.


One of the most recent innovations in manufacturing engineering has been the assistance of machining, finishing and superfinishing processes with vibrations as a means of improving the mechanical properties of the workpieces. Furthermore, vibrations have also shown their potential in improving and optimising the productivity parameters of a manufacturing process, by making the cutting and deforming operations faster and more efficient. This paper focuses on a vibrations-assisted ball-burnishing operation, offering an analytical model to explain how vibrations affect that process, and supporting them with experimental measures of the energy induced into the system by a self-design vibrating tool. Precisely the lack of commercial ball-burnishing tools assisted by vibrations, and the consequent ignorance about how the process would work, was the motivation for the development of this work. In effect, the tool used for the purpose of this paper has been self-designed and manufactured, thus offering an exclusive source of information to the matter. This paper deals with the ball burnishing of two different materials (aluminium alloy 2007 and steel alloy 1.1181) and evaluates the effectiveness of burnishing in the presence of vibrations, estimating the addition of energy they produce to the system.


The small molecules development has dominated the design of new drugs until the rise of nucleic acid-based therapies, either by modifying a gene or by preventing it from being effectively transcribed. Taking advantage of this new approaches, the pharmacological intervention in therapeutic targets that are considered unmodifiable up to now with small molecules were allowed.
However, these new approaches are not devoid of defects such as low bioavailability due to their stability and pharmacokinetic problems, in addition to being irreversible DNA modifications in many cases, with the subsequent risk of suffering chronic adverse effects.
Alternatively, a series of chimeric heterobifunctional compounds, called PROTACs (Protein Targeting Chimeras), have emerged with force in recent years. These PROTACs are able to bring E3 ligases closer with proteins of interest in space to label them with ubiquitin. Finally, it was degraded by the proteasome. This approach enables the generation of different PROTACs structures by rational design and, also, allows the chemical structure modification to improve their stability and pharmacokinetic profile keeping their activity.
This review aims to give a comprehensive approach of what PROTACs are, what E3 ligases recruit, relevant factors in PROTAC development, and other approaches similar to this but that use non-proteasomal degradation pathways.


Managed care has become the dominant force in the delivery and ®nancing of American health care. The effects of managed care on academic medicine and academia's responses to managed care have been widely studied. Medical students and residents, taking their cues from their peers, faculty and academic health centre leaders, don't like managed care ± or, at least, what they perceive managed care to be. Yet, despite the profession's and even the public's distaste for it, managed care (or `managing care') appears unlikely to disappear. Therefore, we believe that students and residents can ± and must ± be educated and trained to understand the principles of managed care and to practice effectively and compassionately in a managed care environment. At present, most residents in the United States are not being adequately trained in managed care. Simon et al. found that, on average, residents perceived that they spend less than 10% of their clinical time in managed care settings. Residents rated their preparation for practice in a managed care setting as 6á8 (on a 0-to-10 scale, with 10 indicating the best preparation possible), signi®cantly lower than their self-assessed preparation for communicating with patients or critically analysing the medical literature. Surveys of graduating medical students also con®rm that trainees feel poorly prepared for managed care practice in the future. Thus, there is clearly a need for more (and improved) educational experiences in and about managed care, and experts have agreed on the core competencies for practice in a managed care environment. In this issue of Medical Education, Zoorob and Sidani describe such a managed care curriculum for primary care residents. They present a comprehensive curriculum that would meet the criteria of most national organizations advocating residency education in and about managed care. At this point, their curriculum has not been implemented and evaluated. Although widespread adoption of their approach would be premature, their proposed design raises useful and critical questions. One of these questions relates to negative faculty and student perceptions about the changes occurring in American medical care. In a 1997 survey, medical students and residents reported negative views toward managed care in general and felt that fee-for-service care was superior to managed care for a variety of clinical quality measures: access to care, potential for ethical con ̄icts, the doctor±patient relationship, care at the end of life, continuity of care, and care for patients with chronic illness. Background work for that study revealed wide variation in students' and residents' understanding and conceptualization of what managed care is. As a result, students and residents in the survey reported their views of managed care as they perceived managed care. Our experience, and that of others (personal communication, Dr Mary Lee, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, 2 5 May 1999) is that many students and residents harbour strong prejudice against managed care when they hear the term used. For most uninitiated students and residents, `managed care' conjures up visions of gatekeepers and bean counters, not evidence-based medicine, cost-effective practice, preventive health services or integrated delivery systems. Many faculty harbour similar views. One important concern for those contemplating teaching about managed care is, how can such a curriculum be implemented when the ambient environment toward managed care is so negative? How can leaders in academic medicine and in managed care organizations hope to change the attitudes of students and residents ± to break down their prejudice against managed care ± when those attitudes are widespread, propagated by faculty and academic leaders, and surrounding us in the media and in our everyday lives? Another question is the competition of such a curriculum with other activities and responsibilities of the residents and faculty. How will resident participation be ensured? Will residents be freed from clinical duties to participate in the didactic components of the programme? How will faculty be recruited to participate? Given the pressures of balancing academic duties with clinical practice in a managed care setting, not to mention the pervasive negative attitudes toward managed care Correspondence: Steven R. Simon, MD, MPH, Department of Ambulatory Care and Prevention, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care, 126 Brookline Avenue, Suite 200, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA Commentaries


The significant variability observed in fatigue crack growth experiments requires application of probabilistic modeling techniques to fatigue analyses. In this work, philosophical and practical concerns for probabilistic modeling are discussed. Several probabilistic fatigue models are derived from the Virkler data and then used to make predictions under a different loading condition. This comparison of predictions demonstrates their sensitivity to the choice of model. In this effort a method for inference of random process parameters and corresponding confidence limits from highly statistically dependent observations is developed.


The research showed the contribution of domestic single-industry towns to the total GDP of the country. We identified the main features and the definition of a «single-industry town» or «mono-profile settlement» based on the perspective of its functional purpose. The research also analyzed and systematized factors affecting the decrease in the economic potential of domestic single-industry towns. We summarized a number of measures to achieve a stable socio-economic situation in the territory of a mono-profile settlement. The research pointed out the necessity of reproducing housing facilities in the context of the main areas of financial recovery of problematic single-industry towns. The possibilities and scope of specialized approaches developed specifically for the reproduction of housing in single-industry towns with low economic potential were investigated. The authors developed a universal analytical model to determine necessary volumes of housing reproduction within the framework of the policy of financial rehabilitation of mono-profile cities.


The discovery of acid-stable, active, and affordable electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is crucial for the advancement of energy conversion and storage technologies to achieve...


Aiming at the current situation, main problems and the characteristics of structure monitoring of GIS equipment, the principle and method of deformation monitoring of key points in GIS are put forward based on photogrammetry technology. A non-contact monitoring and early-warning system for structural deformation of GIS equipment is designed and developed. Moreover, the monitoring results are compared with the results of finite element simulation. The reliability of the system is verified.


Shale gas reservoirs have extremely complex structures with nano-pores
and fractures. And the multiscale flowing states are also existed
in it. The gas flowing characteristic is apparently different with
normal gas reservoirs. In this paper, gas flow in porous media is
was researched studied under different gas flowing state by the Knudsen
number and the flowing mechanism, and the characteristics are explained.
Then we build a unique general flowing shale gas model with multi-scale,
by comprehensively considering Darcy flow, slip flow, diffusive flow
and non-Darcy flow with high speed at the bottom hole, which are all
the non-linear effects. A new shale gas model with combining original
shale and fracturing areas is introduced to calculate the gas productivity
by considering settled pressure conditions. The simulative results
are calculated by the gas productivity functions and analyzed the
sensitivity of parameters with the real productivity. The results
show that shale gas productivity would increase by the increasing
on the diffusion coefficient, parting coefficient and the radius of
fractures, but the increasing rate would have the opposite effect.
The productivity with considering non-Darcy effect was a little lower
than the result without considering this effect. And the high speed
non-Darcy had less effect on gas productivity when comparing with
the slippage-diffusion. This model has offered a series of theories
for forecasting and optimizing the productivity of shale gas with
SRV.


— Plastic zone size and shape and the distribution of strain within the plastic zone are determined for the high-strength aluminium alloys 2024-T4, 6061 T6, and 7075-T6 using the technique of selected area electron channeling. Plastic zone size is found to correlate with the work done in creating a unit of new crack surface and the yield stress, rather than with the stress intensity factor and yield stress. Plastic strain distribution is found to be a logarithmic function of distance from the crack tip, in agreement with the mathematical analysis for a moving crack in plane strain.


In this paper, we are concerned with exponential integrability for logarithmic potentials of functions in generalized Lebesgue spaces $L(\log L)^{q(\cdot)}$ over non-doubling measure spaces. Here $q$ satisfies the loglog-Holder condition.


In this study, using a threshold error-correction model, we investigate price transmissions between the real estate and stock markets in Taiwan over the 1986Q1 to 2003Q2 period. The results from Granger-Causality tests based on corresponding threshold error-correction model (TECM) clearly point to unidirectional causality running from the real estate market to stock market in the short run. Furthermore, we find asymmetric price transmissions between these two markets in the long run. These findings ought to be made readily available to individual investors and financial institutions holding long-term investment portfolios in these two asset markets for their likely implications today. JEL: C32; G11


Human identity identification based on channel state information (CSI) using commercial WiFi devices has drawn increasingly attention, and it can be used in many applications such as smart home, intrusion detection, building monitoring, activity recognition, etc. However, most of the existing identity identification approaches are sensitive to the influence of random noise derived from indoor environments, and thus their identification accuracies are far from satisfactory. In the present paper, a device-free CSI based human identity identification approach using deep learning (Wihi) is proposed. Wihi mainly utilizes three key techniques to identify different people. Firstly, to eliminate the influence of the random noise, discrete wavelet transform (DWT) strategy is introduced to denoise raw CSI data by leveraging signal decomposition. Secondly, in order to characterize human's gaits profoundly, several representative features are exploited from different statistical profiles, including channel power distribution in time domain (CPD), time-frequency analysis (TFA), and energy distribution in different frequency bands (ED). Thirdly, a recurrent neural network (RNN) model with long short-term memory (LSTM) blocks is employed to learn the representative gait features extracted above and encode temporal information for realizing human identity identification. The proof-of-concept prototype of the proposed Wihi approach is implemented on a set of commercial WiFi devices, and multiple comprehensive experiments have been carried out to evaluate the performance of identity identification. The experimental results confirm that the proposed Wihi can achieve a satisfactory performance compared with some state-of-the-art approaches.


To enhance the quality and efficiency of handling office work and the leaders' management level,and to push information construction of enterprise,the office automation plays a key role.Starting from the development of office automation technology,its feature and shortcoming in each stage were expounded,and its latest solution of realization technology,and the future tendency were analysed.


Computer system for conveying compliance data of a respirator that includes a processor and a network interface configured to receive input data including compliance data of a respirator through a network, format the compliance data in a destination format according to formatting data and transmitting the conformance data formatted over a network to a receiving system in accordance with routing information.


Fingerprint identification has been an accepted forensic discipline for more than 110 years. But how far have we come with respect to the interpretation and reporting of fingerprint evidence? Should the discipline follow the DNA lead and introduce mathematical models for the assessment of fingerprint evidence, with the 'statistic' – the number generated by the model – then becoming the evidence presented in court? Further to this, and with respect to evidence that can be given a statistical value, to what extent are we meeting our professional obligation to ensure that the weight of the evidence we present in court is fully understood and not misinterpreted?


Strained layer semiconductor structures provide possibilities for novel electronic devices. Heteroepitaxial Si{sub 1{minus}x}Ge{sub x} thin films deposited on silicon substrates exhibit surface roughening via surface diffusion under the effect of a compressive stress which is caused by a lattice mismatch. In these films, surface roughening can take place in the form of ridges which can be aligned along or directions, depending on the film thickness. In this paper, the authors investigate this anisotropic dependence of surface roughening and present an analysis of it. They have studied the surface roughening behavior of 19% Ge and 22% Ge thin films subjected to controlled annealing experiments. Transmission electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy have been used to study the morphology and microstructure of the surface ridges and the dislocations that form during annealing.


Technological change blurs the distinction between 'men's work' and 'women's work' and raises questions concerning the nature and definition of skill. This case study focuses on changes in the organization of work in the classified advertising telephone room following the introduction of computerized photocomposition into a Melbourne newspaper publishing organization. Account is taken of the design of the women's jobs both before and after technological change as well as the specific historically developed nature of both product and labour markets. The study demonstrates the extent to which women's skills are devalued when analysis focuses on the nature of changes in traditional male occupations like trades and crafts. When conventional approaches to skill analysis are used, a significant aspect of 'women's work'—emotional labour—is ignored. Consequently the lower value of traditional female occupations is reinforced. Some tentative suggestions are advanced for a reappraisal of the notion of skill.


A model reduction problem of certain large-scale Markov chains under an optimal criterion for Hankel-norm approximation is discussed. The multi-dimensional Markov chain under investigation is assumed to have a finite-dimensional stationary state-transition matrix, which is first reformulated as a multi-input/multi-output (MIMO) linear time-invariant (LT1) stochastic system. Consequently, the resulting large-scale MIMO LTI stochastic system has a closed-form best approximant in the Hankel-norm from a specified class of stable lower-dimensional MIMO LTI systems.


We show results from a positive degree-day (PDD) model of Greenland ice sheet (GrIS) surface mass balance (SMB), 1870-2012, forced with reanalysis data. The model includes an improved daily temperature parameterization as compared with a previous version and is run at 1 km rather than 5 km resolution. The improvements lead overall to higher SMB with the same forcing data. We also compare our model with results from two regional climate models (RCMs). While there is good qualitative agreement between our PDD model and the RCMs, it usually results in lower precipitation and lower runoff but approximately equivalent SMB: mean 1979-2012 SMB (± standard deviation), in Gt a-1, is 382 ± 78 in the PDD model, compared with 379 ± 101 and 425 ± 90 for the RCMs. Comparison with in situ SMB observations suggests that the RCMs may be more accurate than PDD at local level, in some areas, although the latter generally compares well. Dividing the GrIS into seven drainage basins we show that SMB has decreased sharply in all regions since 2000. Finally we show correlation between runoff close to two calving glaciers and either calving front retreat or calving flux, this being most noticeable from the mid-1990s. © The Author(s) 2016.


This paper presents a pulse radar system to detect drones based on a target fluctuation model, specifically the Swerling target model. Because drones are small atypical objects and are mainly composed of non‐conducting materials, their radar cross‐section value is low and fluctuating. Therefore, determining the target fluctuation model and applying a proper integration method are important. The proposed system is herein experimentally verified and the results are discussed. A prototype design of the pulse radar system is based on radar equations. It adopts three different pulse modes and a coherent pulse integration to ensure a high signal‐to‐noise ratio. Outdoor measurements are performed with a prototype radar system to detect Doppler frequencies from both the drone frame and blades. The results indicate that the drone frame and blades are detected within an instrumental maximum range. Additionally, the results show that the drone's frame and blades are close to the Swerling 3 and 4 target models, respectively. By the analysis of the Swerling target models, proper integration methods for detecting drones are verified and can thus contribute to increasing in detectability.


Contractor Morgan Est is currently meeting a multitude of challenges in extremely mixed ground conditions for the new Belfast sewer tunnels. Technical journalist Adrian Greeman reports


Abstract Linked data solutions for name authority control in digital libraries are an area of growing interest, particularly among institutional repositories (IRs). This article first considers the shift from traditional authority files to author identifiers, highlighting some of the challenges and possibilities. An analysis of author name strings in Duke University's open access repository, DukeSpace, is conducted to identify a suitable source of author URIs for Duke's newly launched repository for research data. Does one of the three prominent international authority sources—Library of Congress Name Authority File (LCNAF), Virtual International Authority File (VIAF), and Open Researcher and Contributor Identifier (ORCID)—demonstrate the most comprehensive uptake? Finally, recommendations surrounding a technical approach to leveraging author Uniform Resource Identifiers (URIs) at Duke are briefly considered.


The stages of carrying out the judicial reform in the Russian Federation since 1991 are investigated. The legislative basis of its realization is analysed in the article. The success and failures of the reform and the perspectives of the development of judicial system and of the improvement of quality and efficiency of its activity with the purpose of the rights protection and freedom of a person are considered.


Zhou Xu\|cheng was a member of the Chinese Vocational Education Association. In 1933, he, recommended by Huang Yan\|pei and appointed by Wan Zhan\|xu, who was a very important person in Sichuang army, came to Chongqing to work as the headmaster of Basu School, and took charge of the school for 17 years. In accordance with his ideas and viewpoints, he not only made Bu Su School famous but also got a series of systematic and good results in educational thinking: the popularity of the educational object, the nationality of educational goal, the entirety of the educational model, the overall planning of teaching contents, and the democracy of the school spirit. All of the principles mentioned above are worth learning by us.


The West Nile virus has appeared in at least 4 provinces this year and is likely to continue spreading, an expert at the Canadian Science Centre for Human and Animal Health says. Mike Drebot, head of Health Canada's Viral Zoonoses Section, also says that the presence of the virus in the southern US


Received: 20 January 2020 Accepted: 9 March 2020 Agriculture plays a significant role in the social and economic development of a country. To get optimum farm outputs; decisions such as crop allocation, crop combinations, operational activities performed for crop production are very crucial. All these factors are needed to optimize in each growing season. Proper farm planning and resource allocation play a significant role in optimizing farm revenues. Thus, the study is carried out to analyze the cropping pattern in different districts of Rajasthan. The survey is conducted, to get an insight about the difficulties faced by the growers in each season. It is observed that the farmers in a region often practice crop rotation to enhance the farm output. The Linear programming approach is an effective tool to determine optimal crop combinations and feasibility of decision variables. Thus, a Linear Programming approach is used to determine the solution of the proposed farm model. The results of the mathematical model formulated show an increase in farm output by adopting optimized cropping pattern. The proposed model provides an alternative so as to maximize farm revenues. LINGO 18.0 Software is used to analyze the result of Linear Programming Model. To establish the crop preference WSM is applied to the model.


This paper presents a novel enhancement filter as a preprocessing step in the early detection of lung cancer. The identification and enhancement of the nodular structures is the initial stage in computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) for improving the sensitivity of nodule detection and reducing the number of false positives. Based on nodular texture feature and mathematical morphology, our proposed enhancement filter is simpler and automatic to extract and enhance the contrast of the region of interests (ROI) in thoracic computer tomography (CT) images. The proposed algorithm consists of the segmentation methods using gray-scale threshold, mathematical morphologic analysis and texture-based segmentation, and the enhancement method using contrast limiting adaptive histogram equalization (CLAHE). In our preprocessing stage, the automated segmentation and reconstruction of the pulmonary parenchyma has been performed. Then the ROI extraction based on nodular texture has been processed. Finally, the contrast of the ROI is enhanced by CLAHE. We applied our enhancement filter to two-dimensional (2D) CT images from LIDC using DICOM standards to show its effectiveness in the enhancement of the ROI. We believe that the enhancement filter developed in this study would be useful in the automated detection of nodules in 2D medical images


The aim of this paper is to develop a design of autonomous flight control system for a small-scale unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). The hardware of autopilot is based on ATmega 2560, which is one of the best low-power MCU. High accuracy sensors including MPU6000, HMC58831, MS5611 are integrated into the autonomous flight control system. Laser distance sensor is used in measuring the altitude in auto landing, because of the zero drift of barometer. Flight control laws of lateral and longitudinal loops are designed. Finally, flight tests are carried out to verify the designed autonomous flight control system, the results of which indicate that the aircraft can fly stable with acceptable precision.


The implementation of PUFs is usually based on the existence of minor imperfections in hardware modules produced using the exact same manufacturing process. Such imperfections do not affect the normal operation of the hardware module in a notic(e)able way, but introduce unique (secondary) characteristics. These characteristics are then exploited under specific conditions, being referred to as the challenge that is fed into the PUF, in order to extract a unique (binary) response from the hardware module, based on its unique imperfections and characteristics.


ILCs are an emerging family of innate immune cells that exhibit phenotypic and functional heterogeneity that is remarkably similar to effector subsets of CD4 Th cells [1, 2]. As such, ILCs can be placed into three groups based on expression of cytokines, cytokine receptors, and transcription factors, including T-bet Group 1 ILCs that are comparable with Th1 cells, GATA3 Group 2 ILCs that are comparable with Th2 cells, and retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor t Group 3 ILCs that are comparable with Th17 cells and Th22 cells [1, 2]. Early studies investigating the functional potential of ILCs have identified that similar to CD4 T cell effector subsets, ILCs can orchestrate context-dependent immunity or tissue inflammation via production of canonical effector cytokines. For example, Group 3 ILCs can promote IL-17or IL-22-dependent antibacterial immunity and intestinal inflammation, whereas Group 2 ILCs can promote IL-5or IL-13-dependent antiparasite immunity and allergic inflammation [3–7]. However, whether ILC subsets also have novel functions that extend beyond rapid expression of classical CD4 T cell-associated effector cytokines remains poorly understood. In this issue of the Journal of Leukocyte Biology, Locksley and colleagues [8] identify that in addition to Th2 cell-associated cytokines IL-5 and IL-13, Group 2 ILCs express the enzyme arginase-1 in the lungs of mice. Arginase-1 is a manganese metalloenzyme that catalyzes the conversion of the amino acid L-arginine into L-ornithine and urea [9, 10]. This enzymatic reaction is the final step of the urea cycle that is essential for hepatocyte conversion of harmful ammonia into urea prior to excretion from the host. Expression of arginase-1 in the liver is essential to maintain mammalian homeostasis, and mice genetically lacking Arg1 develop symptoms of hyperammonemia and die soon after birth [9, 10]. In addition to hepatocytes, arginase-1 is expressed within the mammalian immune system in response to parasites or allergens. Whereas not expressed in T cell populations, arginase-1 is expressed in myeloid cells during type 2 immunity or inflammation and is a hallmark of AAMacs along with other classical AAMac-associated genes, Ym-1 and RELM [10, 11]. Intriguingly, Locksley and colleagues [8] identify that unlike AAMac expression of arginase-1, which is induced by IL-4or IL-13-mediated activation of STAT6 [9, 10], ILC-intrinsic expression of arginase-1 occurs independently of STAT6, suggesting a novel pathway for induction. Consistent with this, Group 2 ILCs were found to constitutively express arginase-1 in multiple tissues derived from naive mice, including the lung, spleen, mesenteric LN, and small intestine. The cellular and molecular signals regulating constitutive ILC-intrinsic arginase-1 expression remain elusive; however, it was identified that IL-33–IL33R interactions in vivo could expand STAT6-independent arginase-1 ILCs and STAT6-dependent arginase-1 AAMacs. These data suggest that IL-33 can orchestrate arginase-1 responses indirectly by promoting expansion of arginase-1 Group 2 ILCs and mediating AAMac differentiation via STAT6 signaling from ILC-derived IL-13or IL-5-mediated recruitment of IL-4 eosinophils (Fig. 1). Further studies will be necessary to define the STAT6-independent pathways responsible for ILC-intrinsic expression of arginase-1 in the steady state and following infection or inflammation. Some potential insight may be drawn from studies identifying a novel pathway of arginase-1 expression in macrophages following Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, which involves TLR/MyD88 stimulation and STAT3dependent signals [12, 13]. Intriguingly, this STAT3-regulated pathway did not induce coexpression of other classical AAMac-associated genes, which is more similar to the low or absent coexpression of Ym-1 and RELM in arginase-1 Group 2 ILCs described by Locksley and colleagues [8]. AAMac-intrinsic arginase-1 expression has been proposed to be a critical regulator of immunity and tissue fibrosis in response to parasitic infection or allergic inflammation [9, 10]. These properties are a function of L-arginine metabolism by arginase-1 AAMacs. For example, AAMac-derived arginase-1 can counter-regulate other enzymes requiring the L-arginine substrate, including NOS that catalyzes production of ROS and play a critical role in immunity to bacteria and tumors. Furthermore, a byproduct of L-arginine metabolism is L-ornithine, which can be processed further to L-proline, a critical amino acid for collagen synthesis and fibrotic responses. In contrast to these proposed functions for AAMac-intrinsic arginse-1, Locksley and colleagues [8] demonstrate that genetic deletion of arginase-1


Cavernous malformations (also known as cavernous angiomas) are abnormalities of the central nervous system vasculature that affect approximately 0.5% of the population often leading to clinical sequelae such as headaches, seizures, hemorrhage and/or progressive neurological deficits. Non-familial and familial (autosomal dominant) forms of CM exist. Diagnosis is definitively made by surgery, autopsy or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain. Increased availability of MRI has recently made pre-symptomatic diagnosis possible, and reveals that familial CM may represent up to 70% of patients. This is a larger percentage than previously appreciated. A large Hispanic family from Arizona with CM was studied by MRI, and blood samples collected for DNA isolation and linkage analysis. Twenty-seven family members underwent brain MRI to determine disease status, regardless of clinical symptoms: 18 were positive for CM and 9 were unaffected. DNA samples were obtained from 19 of the imaged individuals (12 affected, 7 unaffected). Using a panel of highly informative polymorphic markers, the CM gene was localized to a 27 cM region of chromosome 7q. A maximum pairwise lod score of 4.2 was attained from this family alone. One individual within this pedigree may be a recombinant, which if proven by further analysis, will significantlymore » narrow the region of localization. We are also studying another unrelated Hispanic pedigree with familial CM. Fourteen members have been imaged by brain MRI. DNA samples have been obtained from 10 of these (7 affected, 3 unaffected). Linkage analysis within this additional pedigree will help refine the map position and could provide evidence for genetic heterogeneity for this disease. Additional members from both pedigrees are being added to the analysis to further refine the linkage map. This work provides the first step in identifying the gene and etiology of this medically important disease.« less


Fermentation is one of the techniques for making Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) which is not widely known by the public. This technique has advantages over other methods because it is easy to do, inexpensive, and produces clear oil. However, the people of Karanglayung village are unfamiliar with the fermentation technique for making VCO. However, Karanglayung village has great potential for coconut plantations. Because of this, it is necessary to hold VCO processing training to improve the economic level of the community. Community Service Activities are carried out through three main stages: preparation, implementation, and evaluation. The community obtained information, benefits, and direct skills in processing VCO with fermentation techniques from this activity. VCO produced by participants had the largest volume of 276 mL with clear quality but sour smell. The evaluation showed that participants were satisfied with the activities, the lecture material, and feedback on questions asked during the activity. Besides being satisfied, 74% of participants are also interested in establishing their own VCO business.


A dilute suspension of hard sphere impurities in a host gas is described by the Boltzman-Lorentz kinetic theory, modified to account for active particles. The case of heavy particles is discussed via the Fokker-Planck limit and the corresponding Langevin equations. Effects of activity on diffusion are calculated in a truncated cumulant approximation.


The dominant approach to monetary policy builds on simple linear policy rules, assumed to describe the systematic response of central banks to various shocks. The last financial crisis has shown that in difficult times central banks follow more sophisticated strategies. We argue in this paper that such responses can be defined as optimal responses of the policymaker and not as deviations from a simple linear rule. For so doing, we propose an alternative approach inspired by the financial management literature. The central bank is represented as a portfolio manager that gears the policy instrument in order to achieve multiple policy goals in a stochastic continuous-time setting. Possible asymmetries in the reaction function are considered, translated in the form of calls and puts. The optimization program solution is interpreted in the light of the principles governing the portfolio manager optimal behavior. A novel result is also provided as to the necessity to incorporate the stock price stabilization term in the central bank decision rule.


Abstract The choice of the empirical pseudopotential method for studying the electronic band structure of SbSI-type crystals is discussed. The method is applied to study the SbSI crystal in the paraelectric and ferroelectric phases. Differently from previous studies, a covalent crystal structure is assumed. The total density of states is calculated using the tetrahedron technique modified for treating orthorhombic crystals. The calculated total density of states is compared with the experimental X-ray spectroscopy data indicating good agreement between the theory and experiment. The composition of the bands is discussed. According to the calculations, in PEP the SbSI crystal shows indirect transition between points U and Z of the Brillouin zone, and in FEP it is between points R and Z. The minimum direct gap is for both phases at point U of the Brillouin zone.


This cohort study examines the progression of depressive symptoms and their associations with demographic, socioeconomic, clinical, lifestyle, and quality-of-life characteristics in women with invasive stage I to III breast cancer.


European agriculture is undergoing a deep process of change. The continuous re forms in the Common Agricultural Policy, the volatility of food prices, and the e mergence of new driving forces will determine the future of farming activities. Within this context, the main objective of this paper is to analyse the socio-eco nomic and environmental impacts of different future scenarios on irrigated agri culture. For this purpose, simulation models based on Positive Mathematical Pro gramming have been built in order to simulate agricultural producers' behaviour within these scenarios. The results enable us to quantify the influence of individ ual driving forces, and provide evidence of the utility of this type of prospective analysis in support of public decision-making in agriculture.


This paper aims at studying the problem of face recognition using very few examples. Face recognition is a tough problem yet is important for several practical applications. Contemporary techniques require thousands of samples to recognize them effectively. However, constructing such a dataset is not always feasible for practical applications. Therefore, we analyze the effectiveness of such techniques with few shot learning paradigms on benchmark datasets with standard evaluation metrics.


BACKGROUND : The incident rate of oral cancer is ranked number one cancer for males and third most common cancer for females, when compared to other types of cancer in India and it affects more than 481,000 new patients worldwide1. In spite of much treatment advancements, the death rate due to oral cancer was around 45% within five years from diagnosis2 . One of the reasons for this high mortality rate was due to diagnosis only at the advanced stage. The Salivary Autofluorescence spectroscopy is a new diagnostic modality with the potential to bridge the gap between clinical examination and invasive biopsy. Saliva shows presence of detectable levels of FAD, NADH fluorescence at an early stage which promises to be a potential biomarker for the detection of dysplastic changes in the squamous epithelium.
AIM :
To evaluate the efficacy of Autofluorescence of saliva as an adjunctive diagnostic aid in potentially malignant and oral carcinoma patients and also to evaluate autofluorescence as a prognostic indicator in patients treated by radiotherapy.
OBJECTIVES :
To evaluate and compare spectroscopic intensity of saliva in potentially malignant, oral cancer and patients under radiotherapy from normal saliva for efficacy of autofluorescence in early diagnosis and also to evaluate prognosis of patients under radiotherapy.
METHOD :
Unstimulated Whole saliva was collected under resting conditions in a quiet room, between 8 am and noon, patient was advised not to take any food or water for atleast 1 hour. The saliva was collected in sterile container stored in ice packs at 40c and transported within 4- 6hrs. Saliva was subjected to laser induced autofluorescence at room temperature and spectrum was recorded.
RESULTS :
When spectral intensity was evaluated in potentially malignant, oral cancer and patients under radiotherapy were evaluated for efficacy in diagnosis and efficacy as prognostic indicator, Statistically significant results with p-value < 0.001 was obtained in all four groups.


There are few nationwide descriptive studies of longitudinal drug use and residual cardiovascular risk in patients with myocardial infarction (MI) in contemporary clinical practice. The objectives of this work were to describe characteristics and longitudinal cardiovascular drug use of patients with a first acute MI in Norway, and to quantify residual risks of cardiovascular events and death. Using nationwide health registries in Norway, we identified 43 750 adults with a first MI (2010 to 2015) and ≥1 prescription for antiplatelet medication. We described cardiovascular medication post‐MI and calculated residual cardiovascular risks. Between 3 months and 13–15 months post MI, medication use dropped from 93.3% to 75.1% for low‐dose aspirin, 78.1% to 11.0% for dual antiplatelet therapy, 91.6% to 78.7% for antihypertensives, and 88.0% to 70.7% for lipid‐lowering therapy. Incidence rate ratios (IRRs) for recurrent MI were similar between subpopulations at 12 months and notably different at 12–36 months. IRRs (95% CIs) at 12–36 months were 1.52 (1.26–1.82) for 65–74 years, 2.26 (1.88–2.71) for 75–84 years, and 3.97 (3.29–4.79) for ≥85 years (vs. 18–49 years), 2.42 (2.18–2.69) for those with ischaemic heart disease (IHD), 2.26 (1.97–2.59) for peripheral artery disease (PAD), 2.17 (1.98–2.36) for hypertension, and 1.82 (1.65–2.01) for diabetes. In conclusion, secondary prevention medication use 13–15 months following a first MI is suboptimal among patients in Norway. The elderly and those with IHD, PAD, diabetes, or hypertension are at high‐risk for recurrent MI/stroke/death and should be managed closely beyond the first year.


A clear and exact nomenclature of the macroscopic iris structures is essential not only in ophthalmology. There is an urgent need of it, e. g., in genetics and in anthropology, because the well-known heredity of the iris pattern cannot be judged correctly except by considering the single hereditary components of the rather complex iris relief. Yet, in ophthalmology such a detailed description of the normal iris appearance has often been neglected, because physiological findings, such as "collarette", "crypts", folds and furrows, "moles", stromanodules etc., seem to be only of secondary importance. The most striking feature of the iris relief is the crypt. In the textbooks, as a rule, every hole or pit in the iris surface is denominated as a "crypt". Moreover, the origin of all the crypts is generally deduced from the involution of the pupillary membrane. But this explanation is only true, to a certain degree, of the small "collarette crypts" along the axial border of the anterior stroma leaf. A more thorough examination shows that there are several kinds of iris crypts which differ considerably in respect to their origin, morphology, and physiological significance (Purtscher, 1962). These differences must be kept in mind when judging the intricate promiscuity of the visible iris structure, especially in a light-eyed person. At least, three forms of iris crypts have to be distinguished: the "lacunas" (fig. l ) , the "collarette crypts" (s. fig. 5b and 6), and the "pores" (s. fig. 4 and 6). It should be emphasized, moreover, that in the human eye all these different kinds of crypts, as a rule, may be mutually combined, or may display manifold transitions from the one to the other.


In this paper, the power transfer efficiencies (PTEs) of magnetic resonance (MR) wireless power transmission (WPT) and radio frequency (RF) WPT are compared as a function of the distances between resonators (or antennas). The PTE of the C-loaded loop resonators during MR WPT was theoretically calculated and simulated at 6.78MHz, showing good agreement. The PTE of the patch antennas, whose area is the same as the C-loaded loop resonator during MR WPT, was theoretically calculated using the Friis equation and the equation by N. Shinohara and simulated at 5.8 GHz. The three results from the Friis equation, the equation by N. Shinohara, and from a full wave simulation are in strong agreement. The PTEs, when using the same size resonators and antennas are compared by considering the distance between the receiver and transmitter. The compared results show that the MR WPT PTE is higher than that of the RF WPT PTE when the distance (r) between the resonators (or antennas) is shorter. However, the RF WPT PTE is much higher than that of the MR WPT PTE when the distance (r) between the resonators (or antennas) is longer since the RF WPT PTE is proportional to r2 while the MR WPT PTE is proportional to r6.


Sperm capacitation, a cyclic-adenosine monophosphate-dependent phenomenon, is an important initiation step for penetration into oocytes. In porcine IVF, the use of caffeine, as a nonspecific phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitor, is common to accelerate sperm capacitation and penetration. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of PDE inhibitors (cilostamide, rolipram, and sildenafil as PDE type 3-, type 4-, and type 5-specific inhibitors, respectively) on the capacitation of boar sperm and the penetration into porcine oocytes in the absence of caffeine and other capacitation inducers in a chemically defined medium. After washing sperm samples collected from an ejaculated sperm-rich fraction of different individual Berkshires, the sperm were resuspended in capacitation inducer-free (theophylline- and adenosine-free) PGM-tac4 (mPGM-tac) at 5 × 105 cells mL–1. The suspension was cultured in mPGM-tac nonsupplemented or supplemented with 2.5 mM cilostamide, rolipram, or sildenafil for 90 min at 39°C in an atmosphere of 5% CO2 in air, and then the capacitation status was assessed by chlortetracycline fluorescence assay. Other sperm suspensions were used to co-culture with denuded in vitro-matured oocytes in the same medium for 8 h in an atmosphere of 5% CO2 in air and fixed, and sperm penetration was then examined. Statistical analyses of results from 4 replicated trials were performed by ANOVA with a Bonferroni-Dunn post hoc test (significance, P < 0.05). In our result from the chlortetracycline fluorescence assay, although the incidence of intact sperm was significantly reduced in the presence of rolipram (54.3%) and sildenafil (52.7%) as compared with controls (66.7%), there were no differences in capacitated sperm among experimental groups (24.3 to 34.3%). The incidence of acrosome-reacted sperm was higher in the presence of cilostamide (17.3%) than in the others (9.0 to 13.0%). High sperm penetration was observed only in the presence of sildenafil (76.6%) as compared with the control (0%) or the presence of rolipram (4.4%) or cilostamide (1.8%). These results demonstrate that inhibition of PDE type 5, but not PDE type 3 and type 4, significantly accelerates the penetration of boar sperm into the oocytes in a capacitation inducer-free chemically defined medium, whereas inhibition of PDE type 3 may induce an acrosome reaction.


A new efficient route for the synthesis of a cyclic monomer of perdeuterated poly(ethyl-methylsiloxane) (PEMS) is reported. The perdeuterated cyclotrisiloxane has been prepared for the first time in an eight-step reaction starting from fully deuterated methanol and ethanol. Chromatographic and spectroscopical methods indicate a high purity as well as almost total deuteration of the 2,4,6-tri(pentadeuteroethyl)-2,4,6-tri(trideuteromethyl)cyclotrisiloxane. All the reaction steps have been previously investigated by the similar preparation of the protonated 2,4,6-triethyl-2,4,6-trimethylcyclotrisiloxane as a model for the synthesis of the corresponding perdeuterated monomer.


Wireless communication technology is one the most vibrant fields in scientific researches, it breaks the restriction of the physical aspects in wired communication. Thus, everyone can communicate with others all hours in areas where radio could be radiated, it brings greatly expands of communication on the temporal and spatial scales. Channel estimation, as an important technology in wireless communication system, has been required more and more demanding since a huge increase of data volume and faster transmission speed in the communication systems. In this paper, three pilot-assisted channel estimation algorithms are introduced in detail, including Least Squares (LS), Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) and Minimum Mean Square Error (MMSE) channel estimation algorithms. In addition, three different interpolation algorithms are also investigated and compared.


The ground state tunnel splitting for the biaxial spin model in the magnetic field, ℋ = − DSx2 + ESz2 − gμBSzHz, has been investigated using an instanton approach. We find a new type of spin instanton and a new quantum interference phenomenon associated with it: at a certain field, H2 = 2SE1/2(D + E)1/2/(gμB), the dependence of the tunneling splitting on the field switches from oscillations to a monotonic growth. The predictions of the theory can be tested in Fe8 molecular nanomagnets.


This study used sweet potato,blank corn,peanut,sunflower seed and sugar as major material,and by blending sweet potato flour,blank corn flour,peanut and sunflower seed crushed,we can get the instant porridge of sweet potato and blank corn.The result of the experiment indicate:The sweet potato is cooked and ground,and then dried(temperature is 80℃)and crushed,we can get savory sweet potato flour which has good color.The blank corn is cooked and inflated(The pressure is 10.61×105Pa),then we can get the best savory food.When sweet potato flour,blank corn flour,sugar,sunflower seed,peanut'proportion respectively are 57.5%,23.0%,8%,4.7% and 6.8%,the product'color,smell,savor,the character of dissolution and the avail of economy are the best.


Massive Open Online Courses( MOOCs) are called "The Campus Tsunami",and have been changing the traditional education mode with the momentum of a landslide. Aiming at characteristics and the present situation of the open educational resources,this article probes into the existing problems,presents the countermeasures,identifies the norms and contents about the intellectual property and technical application,and standardizes the work in the exploitation of educational resources. The author holds that the library should convert the concept and function of service and reset the identity so as to provide better services to the broad users.


This article explores assessment practices in initial teacher education in Sri Lanka and Australia from the perspective of two initial teacher education academics. Both are committed to teaching approaches that equip their students to productively handle their professions and see assessment as a key element in achieving this goal; both are constrained by the contexts of their teaching, albeit differently. We describe these different contexts and the ideal for sustainability through assessment before exploring the different yet complementary responses from these two academics, linking these responses to their different contexts.


The article presents the results of research of the psychological contents and professional specificity of an image of the world and a way of life of the geologist (professionals and students). Research includes three stages: job analysis and a way of life of employees in geological party during a season, studying of an image of the world and a way of life of geologists in cameralistic works, studying of an image of the world and the relation to a professional way of life of students-geologists. For the decision of research problems theoretical models of the description - three-layer model of an image of the world and three-level model of a way of life are used. The author confirms theoretical position about necessity of formation for professionalizing of the expert of specific characteristics of an image of the world and a way of life of the professional.


This study explains the rationale of a methodology developed by the Universidad Politécnica of Madrid (UPM) group TechPeopleCare as applied to the e-Health Inclusion through ICT Training project partly funded by the European Institute of Technology EIT-Health in 2019. An initial sample of 168 participants with different lifestyles and migrant backgrounds, with high female participation, were recruited in three different countries by three different organisations following strict ethical protocols that limit the data that can be shared. The learning materials were aimed at people lacking the operational and formal skills to use digital media, for example, using a mouse, a keyboard, and navigating the Internet. This learning would enable these cohorts to become beneficiaries of e-Health interventions, such as making a doctor's appointment, accessing a health record, finding the location of a health centre or the nearest open pharmacy. By the end of the training programme, we found that the motivation to learn was high. The possibility of reviewing learning content at the individual's pace and without the need of an instructor was appreciated, especially by younger cohorts with migrant backgrounds. A majority reported being satisfied with their learning of the health systems, unique to each country, and willing to learn more regardless of the training method. However, allowing for individual and independent learning "by doing" appears more accessible to suit different lifestyles and more sustainable than traditional computer classes. Since social and digital inequality are intertwined, sustainable and innovative learning programmes in developing countries within communities specifically addressing the acquisition of operational and formal skills are a pre-condition to move forward and bridge the gap of being on the wrong side of the digital divide.


Bisphenol A (BPA), one of the most common endocrine disrupting chemicals, is a carbon-based synthetic compound used in the production of water bottles, cans, food packaging, dental materials, medical equipment, thermal paper, toys and articles for children. Bisphenol A has been associated with serious health effects in humans. It elicits several disorders and plays a role in the pathogenesis of several tumors such as breast, ovarian, prostate and colorectal cancer. The aim of the research is to review the latest literature assessing participation of BPA in the process of neoplasia. There is not much research on this subject and the role of BPA in the carcinogenesis is still not understood. The present review summarizes the current knowledge of the role of BPA in carcinogenesis.


In low winds (≲2 m s−1), diurnal warm layers form but shear in the near-surface jet is too weak to generate shear instability and mixing. In high winds (≳8ms−1), surface heat is rapidly mixed downward and diurnal warm layers do not form. Under moderate winds of 3–5 m s−1, the jet persists for several hours in a state that is susceptible to shear instability. We observe low Richardson numbers of Ri ≈ 0.1 in the top 2 m between 10:00 and 16:00 local time (from 4 h after sunrise to 2 h before sunset). Despite Ri being well below the Ri = 1/4 threshold, instabilities do not grow quickly, nor do they overturn. The stabilizing influence of the sea surface limits growth, a result demonstrated by both linear stability analysis and two-dimensional simulations initialized from observed profiles. In some cases, growth rates are sufficiently small (≪1 h−1) that mixing is not expected even though Ri < 1/4. This changes around 16:00–17:00. Thereafter, convective cooling causes the region of unstable flow to move downward, away from the surface. This allows shear instabilities to grow an order of magnitude faster and mix effectively. We corroborate the overall observed diurnal cycle of instability with a freely evolving, two-dimensional simulation that is initialized from rest before sunrise.


Kenneth Rexroth, American poet, essayist, and social critic, wrote "As the Full Moon Rises" in 1976 when he was living in Japan, where he chose to spend the last years of his life. The poem is inscribed on his tombstone. (1) >From its brevity, singularity, and haiku-like imagery, anyone unfamiliar with Rexroth would be surprised to discover the breadth and boldness of his writing and the depth of his passionate interest in the human impulse toward community. "As the Full Moon Rises" is one of the Love Poems of Marichiko, originally published as if they had been written by a young Japanese woman and Rexroth, a virtuoso linguist, had merely translated them. Actually, Marichiko did not exist; her love poems had all been written by Rexroth himself. Rexroth's book Communalism: From Its Origins to the Twentieth Century will be thirty years old next year, yet its record of human beings' efforts to create and sustain authentic communities remains relevant today. (2) Rexroth's book lays out detailed historical evidence suggesting a strong connection between the human need for community and spiritual life with moral imperatives and parameters. The case for such a link, and its implications for the health of American children and adolescents, is the subject of Hardwired to Connect: The Scientific Case for Authoritative Communities. (3) If Rexroth were alive today, I suspect he would be writing about it, too. This report deserves the serious attention of educators, librarians, museum professionals, and other cultural institution managers and program planners. Hardwired to Connect is the product of thirty-three pediatricians, research scientists, and mental health and youth service professionals working under the aegis of the Commission on Children at Risk, an independent, jointly sponsored initiative of the YMCA, Dartmouth Medical School, and the Institute for American Values. The Commission on Children calls on all United States citizens to help strengthen what it calls "authoritative communities" as the best strategy for improving children's lives. "Authoritative communities" are defined as "groups of people who are committed to one another over time and who exhibit and are able to pass on what it means to be a good person." In an interview given to Lawrence Lipton in the 1950s, Rexroth described "the social lie" as "the old deliberate confusion between society and the state, culture and civilization." The state, he said, is "fraudulent," but community is authentic, arising from "an organic relationship which has endured from the time that man became a group animal." Community "is as essential a part of his [humankind's] biology as his fingernails." (4) In his essay "Beginnings of a New Revolt," Rexroth wrote, "The great problems of the world today are immediate worldwide peace, immediate race equality, and immediate massive assistance to the former colonial peoples. All of them could be started toward solution by a few decisive acts of moral courage among the boys at the top of the heap." (5) Seeing no signs of those acts of moral courage initiated by political leaders of the mid-twentieth century, he was not surprised. Nor would he be surprised by the state of the world today. Governmental authority based on fraud continues "to justify its police and war-making powers" while "The demand for freedom, community, life significance, the attack on alienation, is largely inchoate and instinctive." (6) If Rexroth is correct that the instinctive, enduring, biologically-based human need for community cannot be satisfied by states and other "fraudulent" structures, how will it be satisfied? Few among us are inclined to abandon our present lives to join a monastery or commune. Yet most of us have experienced firsthand the fragmentation, alienation, separation from nature, information overload, and sheer speed of contemporary life in the developed world. For some, respite and renewal are found in faith communities. For others, the best hope of recovering hope itself may reside in frequent visits to cultural institutions, chiefly libraries and museums. …


Agonists such as serotonin (5‐HT) mediate pulmonary artery (PA) contraction, in large part, through membrane depolarization, activation of L‐type Ca2+ channels (CaL) and subsequent cytosolic Ca2+ increases. The sequence leading from 5‐HT receptor stimulation through to contraction remains controversial. Experimental evidence suggests that calcium activated chloride channels (ClCa) are pivotal to the depolarization response and that ryanodine receptors (RyRs) are important to the activity of ClCa. These associations led us to test the hypothesis that ClCa‐mediated contractility is dependent on coordination with RyR as well as CaL. These hypotheses were tested by performing wire‐myography on isolated PA from adult chronic hypoxic sheep, where hypoxia was induced by housing sheep at 3,801 m for 100+ days. 5‐HT elicited dose‐dependent contractions were attenuated by inhibitors for ClCa (100 μM niflumic acid, NFA), CaL (10 μM nifedipine, NIF), and RyR (10 μM dantrolene, DAN) separately and combined. NIF alone or the combinations of NIF+NFA or NFA+DAN reduced 5‐HT elicited contractility to similar extents. NFA or DAN alone blocked contractility less effectively. These results support the proposal that 5‐HT receptor activation promotes PA contractility in chronic hypoxic sheep through the cooperative activity of RyR, ClCa and CaL. NIH P01HD031226, R01HD003807 (LDL), and R01 HL075477, NCRR P20 RR15581 (NL)


Abstract Following the reintroduction of the Bearded Vulture (Gypaetus barbatus) in the western Alps in 1987, the species reappeared in the Gran Paradiso National Park, Italy, where it had not been recorded since 1930. We analysed 1157 sighting records collected inside the park borders from 1989 to 2007. The number of sightings per year was not correlated with the number of captive-bred individuals released during the same year in the western Alps but was positively correlated with the number released one year prior and two years prior. Bearded Vultures were recorded mainly at higher altitudes during warmer months, and at lower altitudes when the terrain was mostly covered by snow, as were the two most abundant ungulates of the park, the alpine ibex (Capra ibex) and the alpine chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra), whose carcasses were primary food sources for vultures. Three habitats were used with a frequency significantly higher than expected based on availability: vegetated cliffs and screes, forest-scrub mosaic, and agriculture. Bare rocks and deciduous forests were used less frequently than expected, and other habitats were used in the same proportion as expected, including alpine grassland, coniferous forests, and alpine heaths and scrubs.


Language tests are used in many contexts and for many purposes. Language test scores are used to make many types of decision about people and programs.

Keywords:

applied ethics;
assessment methods in applied linguistics;
assessment


Investigation of a Malagasy endemic plant identified as Symphonia pauciflora Baker (Clusiaceae) for antiproliferative activities against the A2780 ovarian cancer cell line led to the isolation of a new compound identified as 2-(3,3-dimethylallyl)-7-methoxy-1,5,6-trihydroxy-2″″,2″″-dimethylpyrano(6″″,5″″:3,4) xanthone (1) and the two known guttiferones A (2) and I (3). The structure elucidation of 1 was based on the analysis of its 1D and 2D NMR and mass spectral data. Compound 1 showed good antiproliferative activity with an IC50 value of 3.8 μM against the A2780 human ovarian cancer cell line, while the known guttiferone analogues (2 and 3) exhibited moderate activities with IC50 values of 8.3 μM and 7.8 μM, respectively.


The embodiment of the invention provides a media stream transmission method and a media stream transmission device. The method comprises the following steps of: acquiring the bandwidth information of a client and the user information of a client user; determining a transmission code rate according to the bandwidth information and the user information; and transmitting a media stream with the transmission code rate to the client. The embodiment of the invention can determine the transmission code rate according to the acquired bandwidth information of the client and the acquired user information of the client user, thereby transmitting the media stream with the transmission code rate to the client to further improve the quality of service of the media stream of the client and save network resources.


Romanian rural economy is dominated by the agricultural sector, whose main characteristic given by the significant portion of subsistence and semi-subsistence farming, producing only for their own consumption and only occasionally marketing a small portion of their output. In this context, rural economy still remains unsatisfactorily integrated into the market economy. In this respect, we performed a comparative analysis of agricultural potential and the productivity of this sector in Romania and European Union countries.


In the seventh plenary session of the CCDI, JIANG Zemin set forth the importance of construction of cadre troops. Organization departments as an important function department must realize deeply the important significance of the work, heighten sense of mission, sense of responsibility, sense of urgency, must clear further the intension of the day of "virtue" and "ability", consist on the standard of selecting cadres and use cadres of having both ability and political integrity, achieve appointing people on their merits, knowing one's subordinates well enough to assign them jobs commensurate with their ability, must deepen further reform of cadres system, build up scientific and good mechanism of selecting cadres and use cadres, to create good environment for excellent talented persons.


The electrophoretic deposition from sols and colloidal suspensions of ceramic powders has many advantages over conventional ceramic powder processing methods. In this way it is possible to control the thickness and microstructure of the sintered layers. The deposition of homogeneous boehmite (AlOOH) layers of controlled thickness on titanium was investigated. The deposition process from aqueous boehmite sols took place at different constant voltage values and deposition times. It is shown that applied voltage and deposition time affect the morphology and the mass of the boehmite deposit. It is also shown that at increased applied voltage the boehmite film of more porous structure was formed (detected by SEM), due to increased amount of evolved hydrogen.


In modern India, the poultry industry is one of the largest and fastest growing segments of the agrarian economy. Due to standardized farming management and excellent manufacturing practices, chicken output has been steadily increasing in recent years. Automation is crucial in the modern world, and the Internet of Things (IoT) concept is also evolving rapidly. It is possible to automate manual processes using acertain technique. The project's objective is to use IoT technologies to automate management-related chores on a chicken farm. Environmental factors like temperature and humidity are just a few that have an impact on chicken wellness. By keeping an eye on the chicks according to their cycle, the proprietor is informed. The weight of the chicken is taken into consideration for high - quality manufacturing. If all these factors remain consistent, chicken production and quality increase.


The state estimation problem is considered for a class of nonlinear singular systems.The linearized model was obtained by using Taylor's series expansion method;based on singular value decomposition,it was changed into a order-reduced equivalent normal system.By classical Kalman filtering theory,the state Kalman estimators for the nonlinear singular system was obtained.A numerical example shows the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.


Application of laser radiation (He-Ne laser) in surface metrology of porous construction materials is relatively new concept. Non-contact measurement of surface alterations is based on analysis of the reflected light parameters. Although such analysis can be very complex due to highly developed roughness of surfaces they proved to be very informative. In this paper, two methods – laser speckle method and reflected light intensity method are presented and compared. The average surface modification factor, obtained from the laser speckle method and from reflected light intensity method shows a very good correlation.


The caliche profiles on the southern High Plains, Texas and eastern New Mexico, are of Pliocene, Pleistocene, and Holocene age. The Pliocene caliche is colloquially known as the "caprock." Differences in age, physical factors, and chemistry allow classification of the caliche into young, mature, and old types. Young caliche is incompetent and powdery except when formed as a laminated zone over an underlying plugged profile. Mature caliche is characteristically nodular, grading downward into old caliche which contains diagenetic quartz. Massive caliches form on semiarid, rapidly aggrading, flat surfaces of desert loess (regional eolian sand ergs), on thick calcareous sands providing local climate fluctuates between humid and semiarid, and on near-surface carbonate rocks. The base and sequential development of the caliche, regardless of parent material, are determined by extent and amount of infiltration of water during humid periods following accumulation of calcareous loess, permeability of the parent material, and rapidity of plugging in the caliche profile. Caliche anticlines, or expansion structures, form only in mature caliche or preexisting carbonates due to expansion of the entire zone caused by filling of horizontal and vertical desiccation cracks by vadose silt and calcareous dripstone. The horizontal desiccation cracks are termed "buckle cracks." The most intense expansion structures form on interbedded lacustrine clays and sands; however, isolated structures due to other causes, such as solution and collapse, injection of lacustrine clays, or structures which antedate the caliche, also exist. Induration of the upper part of a thick caliche results mainly from exposure, induration of the lower part of the profile resulting from deposition of diagenetic quartz and carbonate.


This study aims to assess the properties and classification of 40 variable stars in Sagittarius, little studied since their discovery and reported in the Information Bulletin on Variable Stars (IBVS) 985 and update. Using data from previous studies and several astronomical databases, we performed our analysis mainly utilizing a period analysis software and comparing the photometric characteristics of the variables in a Colour-Absolute Magnitude Diagram. For all stars, the variability is confirmed. We discovered new significant results for the period and/or type of 15 variables and highlighted incorrect cross-reference names on astronomical databases for 5 stars. This assessment also identifies 9 cases for which results from the ASAS-SN Catalog of Variable Stars are systematically not consistent with the original light curves. A correct identification of NSV 10522 is provided.


Vehicle scheduling at the intersection is a challenging topic for the intelligent transportation system (ITS), and various efficient methods have been developed based on different methods. Essentially, compared with the traditional traffic-light-based approach, the improvement of the scheduling performance comes from the increasing information on the states of vehicles collected by the controller. In this paper, we focus on specifying the relative significance of the information for the scheduling performance and propose an efficient vehicle scheduling algorithm when the total information is constrained. Specifically, the scheduling problem is modelled as a sequential decision process, and the required information is the arrival times of vehicles. We first propose a method to determine the decision time sequence by analyzing the state of the intersection. Then an adaptive scheduling algorithm is developed at the decision times, where the information demand is different for each decision according to its relative importance defined by the regret of a wrong choice. The proposed algorithm is verified by simulations that competitive performance can be obtained with much less information required.


Abstract. Released in 1961, The Exiles is a low‐budget docudrama that chronicles the lives of three American Indians over a period of twelve hours in a downtown Los Angeles neighborhood in the late 1950s. Contemporary neorealist filmmaking appears to have influenced the film, whereas itsg narrative is ethnographic in form. An examination of the film and its dialogue reveals the ways in which American Indians who recently migrated from their reservation to the city have socially constructed the urban spaces within the framework of the physical setting provided to them. The nature of the engagements of the male and female protagonists with the sites and with other American Indians in this small urban sphere provides substantive clues to the nature and level of their respective transitions into the realm of the white‐dominated society of Los Angeles and beyond.


Chronic renal disappointment (CRF) is characterized as the presence of kidney harm, which evaluated by estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR). CRF has arisen as a worldwide general wellbeing trouble for its expanding number of patients, high danger of movement to end-stage renal illness (ESRD), and helpless forecast of dreariness and mortality Multiple common danger factors for ongoing kidney sickness (CKD) and hearing misfortune incorporate age, diabetes, hypertension, and prescriptions that are both ototoxic and nephrotoxic. In addition, in patients with set up CKD, different danger factors have been speculated to cause hearing misfortune including the utilization of ototoxic prescriptions, hypertension, and diabetes, especially in relationship with hypertension, electrolyte aggravations, and hemodialysis itself. The two organs are associated with body liquid homeostasis, The internal ear and the kidney share a progression of fundamental cycles for water and particle guideline just as some particular cell water channels known as aquaporins, which are known to have a vital function in the practical movement of the two organs. the two organs have epithelium containing a sodium–potassium energy-requiring measures connected to the severe need of keeping up the equilibrium of particles and a steady pH. Point of the Work: to decide the presence, type, and seriousness of hearing misfortune (HL) in patients with constant kidney sickness on ordinary hemodialysis and on moder ate administration and to assess the relationship of announced HL with the span of hemodialysis of kids with persistent renal disappointment on standard hemodialysis. This examination will be a case control study remembering 30 patients with ongoing renal disappointment for customary hemodialysis in the Nephrology Unit, Pediatric Department, Benha University Hospitals and 20 Patients with persistent kidney sickness on traditionalist administration and 30 sound kids as a benchmark group. All youngsters are exposed to standard and expanded unadulterated tone audiometry and tympanometry. Our examination found that 43.3 percent of CKD patients on haemodialysis had sensorineural hearing misfortune and 40 % of CKD patients on traditionalist administration . SNHL was predominantly at high frequencies (47.6%) and of gentle and moderate seriousness. Our examination demonstrated that there was measurably critical connection found among SNHL and hypertension in CKD patients yet there was no huge connection found with the span of hemodialysis or hematological boundaries and biochemical boundary aside from serum sodium level.


monic analysis, the coupler curve and output angle function of spatial mechanism can be described as a series of harmonic characteristic component. For the path generation problem of the spatial mechanism, a technique of normalization processing eliminates the effects of scale, translation, and rotation; in other words, the harmonic characteristic component of the coupler curve is just determined by the basic dimensional type of spatial mechanism but not by the real dimension and the installing position. The numerical atlas database of coupler curve or output angle function of spatial mechanism can be created by the harmonic characteristic components and associated basic dimensional type of spatial mechanism. The best suitable basic dimensional type of spatial mechanism for prescribed function can be decided by using fuzzy identification method and numerical atlas database. On the basis of the basic dimensional type and formulas, which compute the coupler point, true size, and installing dimensions of the spatial mechanism, the dimension synthesis of the spatial mechanism is made possible. This paper takes the RSSR mechanism and RRSS mechanism as an example to illustrate the analysis process and application of this method. DOI: 10.1115/1.4001774


We use the informational content of VIX derivatives to infer implications on the non-affine modeling of the stock returns' variance dynamics. We find that both a non-affine diffusion and variance jumps are necessary to capture the short- and long-term implied volatility distribution. In- and out-of-sample, a linear CEV jump-diffusion model leads to valuation errors that are negligibly affected by the VIX options' maturity and moneyness. For this setup, we obtain parameter estimates that are comparable to the stock option pricing literature. Compared to a linear specification, we find that estimating the diffusion exponent freely does not lead to significantly better results.


Intravenous injections of Al gluconate enhances immediately the aluminium content of the Rat liver. The cell nuclei are mainly involved in Al accumulation which still remains 10 min. After injection. This experimental model of Al overload is of great potential interest to study Al-nucleic acid interactions.


ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iv TABLE OF CONTENTS v LIST OF TABLES viii LIST OF FIGURES xi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xiii CHAPTER 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1.1 COLORECTAL CANCER 1 1.1.1 PHYSIOLOGY AND ANATOMY OF THE COLORECTUM 1 1.1.2 HISTORY AND EPIDEMIOLOGY OF COLORECTAL CANCER 2 1.1.3 RISK FACTORS 4 1.1.4 SCREENING, STAGING, AND PROGNOSIS 6 1.1.5 MOLECULAR PATHWAYS IN CRC (CIN/MSS, MSI/MIN, CIMP) 8 1.1.6 HEREDITARY SYNDROMES, PATHOLOGY AND PRESENTATIONS 23 1.2 MISMATCH REPAIR (MMR) 30 1.2.1 SOURCES OF DNA NUCLEOTIDE MISMATCHES 30 1.2.2 MMR SYSTEM OVERVIEW AND HISTORY 32 1.2.3 REPLICATION ERROR REPAIR 32 1.2.4 MMR IN DNA DAMAGE SIGNALLING, CELL CYCLE ARREST, AND APOPTOSIS 41 1.2.5 OTHER ROLES OF MMR 43 1.2.6 ROLE OF MMR SYSTEM IN CANCER 47 1.3 GENETIC VARIATION 49 1.3.1 POLYMORPHISMS (DEFINITIONS AND INTRODUCTION) 49 1.3.2 UTILITY AND ROLES OF SNPS IN GENETIC EPIDEMIOLOGY 51 1.3.3 IDENTIFICATION OF LOW-PENETRANCE ALLELES IN CRC AND FOUNDER POPULATIONS .53 1.3.4 SNPS IN MMR GENES 55 1.4 HYPOTHESIS AND OBJECTIVES 56


Introduction Whole-genome sequencing of cancer tumours is more a research tool nowadays, but going to be used in clinical settings in the near future to facilitate precision medicine. While large institutions have built up in-house bioinformatics solutions for their own data analysis, robust and portable workflows combining multiple software have been lacking, making it difficult for individual research groups to utilise the potential of this research field. Here we present Sarek, a robust, easy-to-instal workflow for identification of both somatic and germline mutations from paired tumour/normal/relapse samples. Material and methods Sarek is open source and implemented in Nextflow; a domain specific programming language to enable portability and reproducibility. With the help of docker containers the versions of the underlying software can be maintained. Furthermore, with Singularity it is possible to run the workflow on protected clusters with no internet connexion. The workflow starts from raw FASTQ files, and follows the GATK best practices to prepare the recalibrated files with joint realignment around indels for both the tumour and the normal data. Reads are alignment to the GRCh38 human reference in an ALT-aware settings using BWA, however, it is possible to assign other references. HaplotypeCaller and Strelka2 germline calls are collected for both the tumour and the normal sample, and Manta provides germline structural variants. The somatic variations are calculated by running MuTect2, Strelka and FreeBayes (and MuTect1 optionally). Somatic structural variants are delivered by Manta, and ASCAT estimates ploidy, tumour heterogeneity and CNVs. The resulting variant call files are annotated by SnpEff and Ensembl-VEP. The annotated calls are further filtered and prioritised by our custom methods. During running the workflow quality control metrics are also calculated and aggregated by MultiQC. Results and discussions Sarek was validated on a real dataset with known golden set of somatic mutations. In a real settings, whole-genome sequencing (WGS, 45–60x coverage) of patient-matched tumour and blood derived-DNA is being performed on a set of 80 paediatric brain tumour samples of the Swedish Childhood Tumour Biobank. The workflow helps to produce, filter, prioritise and characterise both germline and somatic variations. Conclusion Sarek is a portable bioinformatics pipeline for WGS normal/tumour matched samples, aiding precision medicine by improved subtyping and to gain novel functional insights in a reproducible framework.


The development of interventional neuroradiology (INR) has increased rapidly during the past few years. A majority of cerebral aneurysms today are treated using more and more sophisticated endovascular techniques dedicated to the different types of aneurysms (fusiform/saccular, large and giant/small, wide neck/small neck, ruptured/unruptured). Also, endovascular techniques for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke are increasingly being used with highly effective results, particularly in the management of large-vessel occlusions, whereas angioplasty and stenting have a significant place in the prevention of stroke by treating cervical and intracranial stenoses. INR is the principal technique for the treatment of intracranial and spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas and also plays a significant role in the management of brain and spinal arteriovenous malformations, as well as in the presurgical embolization of cranial and spinal hypervascular tumors and in the devascularization of patients with, for example, epistaxis.

Although the creation and development of INR were initiated by neuroradiologists, other medical specialists have become progressively more involved with the techniques, particularly neurosurgeons and, to a lesser extent, neurologists. Because it was a new medical practice, no specific medical training was initially available but, over time, several scientific societies began to propose guidelines for the training and practice of INR.1,2 Until now, training in INR has been a matter between trainee and teacher and, thus, the result has often been less-than-optimal training with a long learning curve, with patients paying a high price.

The Union Europeenne des Medecins Specialistes (UEMS)/European Union of Medical Specialists) is the officially recognized and permanent consulting nongovernmental organization for European medical institutions; today it represents 35 national organizations and ≈1.6 million medical specialists. The UEMS is involved in professional issues important to European specialists and has a significant influence on how these issues are formulated in the directives and laws …


Because the rate of indirect photon-electron conversion for scintillator materials coupled with arrays of photodiodes is at least 25 times smaller than the rate of direct conversion, we examine the conditions to be fulfilled by semiconductors undergoing such direct conversion to be applied to x-ray imaging. Bulk grown materials are not well suited to this application, because large defect concentrations give rise to strongly nonuniform electronic properties. We argue that only epitaxial layers are suitable for use as imaging devices and we illustrate our argument using the case of thick epitaxial GaAs layers. Detectors made with such layers exhibit a good energy resolution, a charge collection efficiency which approaches 1, linearity over more than three orders of amplitude, no afterglow (a response time shorter than 20 μs), and no charge-induced polarization effects.


The utility model discloses a closed-loop testing system of a GPS simulator and a GPS receiver, which comprises the GPS simulator and the GPS receiver. The testing system is characterized in that the GPS simulator is mainly composed of a signal processing unit, a radio frequency signal outputting unit, a synchronous pulse signal outputting unit and a reference signal outputting unit. The radio frequency signal outputting unit, the synchronous pulse signal outputting unit and the reference signal outputting unit are respectively connected on the output end of the signal processing unit. The GPS receiver is mainly composed of an actual-measurement receiving unit and a positioning calculating unit. The radio frequency signal outputting unit and the synchronous pulse signal outputting unit of the GPS simulator are connected with the input end of the actual-measurement receiving unit of the GPS receiver. The output end of the actual-measurement receiving unit is further connected with one input end of the positioning calculating unit. The reference signal outputting unit of the GPS simulator is directly connected with the other input end of the positioning calculating unit of the GPS receiver. The two output ends of the positioning calculating unit of the GPS receiver are together connected to the input end of the signal processing unit of the GPS simulator.