Proper modelling of the temporal correlations of the zenith wet delay (ZWD) is important in some of the Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) applications such as estimation of the Perceptible Water Vapour (PWV), and methods such as Precise Point Positioning (PPP). The random walk (RW) and the first-order GaussMarkov (GM) autocorrelation model are commonly used for the dynamic modelling of ZWD in Kalman filtering of GNSS measurements. However, it was found that the GM model consistently underestimates the temporal correlations that exist among the ZWD estimates. Therefore, a new autocorrelation dynamic model is proposed in a form similar to that of a hyperbolic function. The impact of the proposed dynamic model on the near-real time estimation of the ZWD was tested and its results were compared to that of the GM model as well as the RW model. In this test, GPS dual-frequency data collected on the 25 Jan 2010 at two Western Australian IGS stations, namely, Yarragadee and Karratha, were used. Results showed that the proposed model outperformed the GM model, and when added to hydrostatic models were able to provide near real-time (with 30 seconds intervals) ZTD estimates to within a few cm accuracy. INTRODUCTION In GNSS, the zenith tropospheric delay (ZTD) can be divided into two components, the hydrostatic delay and the wet delay. The zenith hydrostatic delay (ZHD) can be estimated with external models (e.g., Saastamoinen, 1973) to a few millimetres in accuracy. However, determination of the zenith wet delay (ZWD) represents a difficult task due to the dynamic nature of atmospheric water vapour. Due to changes of the temporal and spatial variability of the water vapour, the wet delay cannot be consistently modelled with millimetre precision by any existing tropospheric models. However, precise estimation of the ZWD is essential for high-precision positioning applications, the PPP technique, and Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) modelling. The ZWD values determined from GNSS measurements can be used to estimate the PWV. The impact of GNSS PWV estimates on weather forecasting is well documented (e.g., Kuo et al., 1996; Vedel and Huang, 2003; Gutman et al., 2004; Vedel and Huang, 2004; Vedel et al., 2004; Smith et al., 2006; Macpherson et al., 2007). These studies reported improvements in the humidity and precipitation forecasts when GNSS PWV estimates are assimilated into NWP models. The impact of GNSS PWV estimates was emphasised by a multi-year experiment over the period 1999-2004 by Smith et al. (2006), whereby improvements were evident in the 6-h and 12-h relative humidity forecasts. An experiment for a three month period in the corresponding campaign also witnessed the strongest improvements in the 3and 6-hr forecasts in March-May, 2004. A well-defined statistical description for the GNSSderived tropospheric estimates is important for NWP modelling. The statistical correlation includes the autocorrelation, which describe the temporal correlations between pairs of GNSS tropospheric estimates in a time series as a function of time differences (Borre and Tiberius, 2000). These autocorrelation values also play a role in determining the autocorrelation time length, which can then be used in recursive data processing procedures such as GM Kalman filtering with state vector augmentation (e.g., Borre and Tiberius, 2000). In this paper, a brief overview of the classic KF process is provided. Then, two of the more commonly-used dynamic models in the KF process, namely the RW and GM models, are outlined. A new dynamic model is then proposed to model the transition of the ZWD in the state vector of a moving entity. The proposed model is later analysed for ZWD with real GNSS data, and its results are compared to those of the RW and GM models. KALMAN FILTERING Kalman filtering (KF) is a technique that allows the state vector of a moving object, which is characterized by its non-stationary position and velocity, to be computed as a function of time. Kalman filter works as an adjustment process with time updates of the state vector and its covariance matrix (Hofmann-Wellenhof et al., 2001), and it is often applied in real-time GNSS applications such as positioning and navigation. The observation equation of the GNSS observations at time i (yi) can be modelled as a function of the state vector of the unknowns (Xi) as: yi = Ai Xi + ei (1) where i A is the design matrix and ei denotes the measurement residuals. At the initial epoch, the state vector X0, which includes the ZWD, and its covariance matrix 0 X Q are assumed to be known. The state transition matrix that relates two consecutive state vectors Xi and Xi-1 at times i and i-1 reads (Xu, 2003): i 1 i 1 i / i i u X X + Φ = − − , for , 1 i = , 2 m (2) where 1 i / i − Φ is the transition matrix. The system noise i u is assumed to follow a normal distribution with zero mean and a known covariance matrix, u Q . Using the covariance propagation law, the covariance matrix for the state vector in Eq. (2) is given by (Xu, 2003): u T 1 i / i X 1 i / i 1 i / Xi Q Q Q 1 i / 1 i + Φ Φ = − − − − − (3) Eqs. (2) and (3) are known as the time update (predicted) values for the state vector at epoch i. By applying the least-squares principle to correct for the predicted values, the estimated values of the ZWD, along with the other parameters of the state vector can be calculated by: 1 i / 1 i 1 i / i 1 i / i X X − − − − Φ = (4) ( ) 1 i / i i i 1 i / i i / i X A L K X X − − − + = (5) ( ) 1 i / i i i / i Q KA I Q − − = (6) with ( ) 1 yy T i i / i i T i i / i Q A Q A A Q K − + = (7) where I is the identity matrix, i L is the misclosure vector, and yy Q is the corresponding covariance matrix of measurements. The KF outlined above is of the classical case. There are several other more refined versions of the KF, such as the extended KF, the robust KF and the adaptively robust KF. Interested readers are referred to Hofmann-Wellenhof et al., (2001), Xu (2003), Leick (2004) and other relevant texts for more details. In static positioning, the positional state vector, i X does not change with time, i.e. 1 i i X X − = , which implies that I 1 i , i = Φ − in Eq. (2), and also, u Q is assumed to be zero. However, the ZWD parameter will vary with time due to the fluctuations of the water vapour in the atmosphere. In this instance, an appropriate representation of the transition between adjacent ZWD measurements of sampling interval t ∆ is needed. The next sections of this paper will focus only on the dynamic modelling of the ZWD through addressing the transition matrix and its corresponding stochastic parameter in the Qu matrix. For the purpose of simplicity, the subscript i will be used instead of i/i. Random Walk Model A random walk (RW) model defines a random process whereby the value of the current variable, say i X , is composed of the past variable 1 i X − plus an error term defined as a white noise i e with zero mean and unit variance. Algebraically, a RW model is given by: i 1 i i X X e + = − (8) The associated variance of the RW process noise i e is: ( ) 2 2 2 i t E ∆ σ = e (9) where 2 σ is the variance of the RW process noise. First-Order Gauss Markov Model Assuming that the correlations among the ZWD decays smoothly with time, the first-order Gauss Markov (GM) model can be called upon to describe the temporal dependence of the adjacent ZWD, such that the dynamic model of the state vector is:


Abstract Introduction This tutorial was designed to address the existing gaps in women's health training. It provides modules in a variety of electronic formats that can be used by medical educator...


Numerical simulations using either molecular or hyper-viscosity are carried out to study the temporal evolution of large-scale energy and pressure statistics in decaying two-dimensional incompressible isotropic turbulence. Initial Gaussian velocity fields peaking at small scales are considered. For each set of initial parameters, multiple realizations are performed to achieve reasonable statistical convergence. A wide range of Reynolds numbers (based on an equivalent Taylor microscale) is explored. For an initial energy spectrum E(k,0) ∝ k s 0 as k → 0 with s 0 ≥ 3, and at high enough Reynolds number, the numerical simulations display an important energy backscatter at subsequent times: E(k,t) ∝ t γ e k s , where s ≈ 3 and γ e converges at high times towards 2.5. The pressure spectrum E pp (k,0) is initially proportional to k 1 at small wavenumbers, in agreement with the predictions of quasi-normal theory. After a short transient decay, the infrared pressure spectrum increases significantly with time, whi...


The need to base programmes for young deaf children on an understanding of the composite of their capacities is stressed. A number of these capacities, among many, are cited in regard to sensory input and language acquisition and pertinent questions associated with them are raised.


The aim,design scheme,key techniques and application of the advanced application function for relay protection and fault information system in Guangdong power grid are described.The system enables advanced applications such as comprehensive analysis and information releasing for actual trip-out accidents,and routine management of substation relay protection and filtering equipment,thus greatly accelerating the disposal of system faults.


The desire to overcome the alienated labor of capitalism manifests itself in the daily actions of people everywhere. John Holloway argues that social movements must build upon this liberatory impulse, challenging not only the rate of exploitation but also workers' loss of control over the process of production and allocation (and, by implication, the loss of control in other arenas of life). Revolutionary change, in turn, will result from these movements creating thousands of 'cracks' in the capitalist system by asserting alternative ways of living. Holloway's argument for prefigurative movements is ambiguous on several points, however: the role of political organizations, the role of alternative institutions, and the appropriate approach of social movements to the state. We propose some friendly amendments, placing greater emphasis on the need for strong political organizations and counter-institutions, but also for selective engagement with dominant institutions. A revolutionary strategy must combine the construction of prefigurative counter-institutions with struggles for reform of existing structures. Yet the dangers of oligarchization and hierarchy within movements are very real, and thus there is a need for structures that are ruthlessly democratic and ideologies that are explicitly intersectional in their approach to fighting different forms of oppression.


Abstract : Modern tactical communications systems are becoming increasingly compatible with existing civilian systems. This compatibility allows the military to take advantage of the equipment available commercially and spare the expense of developing costly customized systems. It also increases the interoperability of various communications systems employed by allies involved in multinational operations. Finally, the compatibility allows the military to augment its telecommunications assets with existing commercial equipment and networks during times of conflict. One civilian communication standard that has recently been adopted by the military for tactical communications is that of facsimile. Facsimile is now commonly used on the battlefield for the transmission of tactical maps and situation reports. This technical note examines the requirements for facsimile transmission. An overview of the various facsimile standards are given, followed by a detailed description of the most commonly used standard; CCITT Group Ill. The Group III specifications are a composite of various CCITT modulation and encoding standards. These consist of V.21, V.27ter, and V.29 modulations, as well as T.4 image encoding standards, and T.30 signalling specifications. Each of these standards is described in the context of facsimile transmissions. A complete description of the handshaking which occurs between the facsimile transmitter and receiver is given.


It is essential for teachers to accept disaster education,and its content includes responsibility consciousness,knowledge on disaster,organizing faculty,psychological quality.The form of disaster education can be through systematic training,topic lecture,disaster exhibition and scene simulation.The way of disaster education can be carried out with the aid of teachers' further education schools,working schools and social media so as to promote the ability of resisting natural calamities.


The article identifies and substantiates the Russian universities EMERCOM cadets practice-oriented skills structure in their professional training process, considers possible ways and conditions for the practice-oriented skills effective formation. The Russian Emergency Situations Ministry higher educational institutions cadets concept "practice-oriented skills essence" is revealed and their list is specified. A practice-oriented skills formation structural diagram in the Russian Emergency Situations Ministry higher educational institutions cadets professional training process has been developed, which is represented by interrelated components: normative-target, content-technological, reflexive-evaluative. Practice-oriented skills formation the criteria, parameters and levels in the Russian Emergency Situations Ministry universities cadets professional training process being determined. Organizational and pedagogical conditions for the Russian universities EMERCOM cadets practice-oriented skills have been identified and developed, including cadets orientation to mastering actions aimed at successfully solving professional problems; knowledge enrichment, skills and competencies under the professional standards requirements by solving situational problems at


Recently we demonstrated that ethidium bromide altered the plasma and subcellular membrane glycoproteins in control and virus transformed cells. It is reported here that ethidium bromide also stimulated the membrane associated process of sugar transport. The Km of the virus transformed cells and the ethidium bromide treated cells is the same as that of the control cells while the maximum velocity as compared to the control cells is significantly increased. The transport of 2‐deoxy‐D‐glucose was inhibited by glucose, cytochalasin B and neuraminidase but was unaffected by variations in cell density or pH of the incubation medium.


A Validity Study of the Cognitively Guided Instruction Teacher Knowledge Assessment Debra Smith Fuentes Educational Inquiry, Measurement, and Evaluation, BYU Doctor of Philosophy This study reports the development of an instrument intended to measure mathematics teachers' knowledge of Cognitively Guided Instruction (CGI). CGI is a mathematics professional development framework based on how students think about and solve problems and how that knowledge guides instruction for developing mathematical understanding. The purpose of this study was to (a) analyze and revise the original CGI Teacher Knowledge Assessment (CGI TKA), (b) administer the revised CGI TKA, and (c) analyze the results from the revised CGI TKA. As part of the revision of the original CGI TKA, distractor analysis identified distractors that could be improved. Experts in CGI content were interviewed to identify ways in which the content of the CGI TKA could be improved, and some new items were created based on their feedback. Formatting changes were also made to administer the assessment electronically. After the original CGI TKA was revised, the revised CGI TKA was administered to teachers who had been trained in CGI. Two hundred thirteen examinees completed the revised CGI TKA and the results were analyzed. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses showed 21 of the items loaded adequately onto one factor, considered to be overall knowledge of CGI. The Rasch model was used to estimate item difficulty and person abilities as well as to compare models using dichotomous and partial credit scoring. Advantages and disadvantages of using partial credit scoring as compared to dichotomous scoring are discussed. Except under special circumstances, the dichotomous scoring produced better fitting models and more reliable scores than the partial credit scoring. The reliability of the scores was estimated using Raykov's rho coefficient. Overall, the revised CGI TKA appears to validly and reliably measure teachers' CGI knowledge.


Since 1972 there has been a continuous research program at the Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research to develop techniques for rearing penaeid shrimps for restocking purposes and also for subsequent commercial cultivation to market size. During this period research has been concentrated on Penaeus semisulcatus, the major commercial species in the Arabian Gulf, although Penaeus japonicus and Metapenaeus affinis have also been reared. A summary of the experimental results and the economic feasibility for commercial production in Kuwait is provided.


A new compound, 1,4,4-trifluorocyclobutene (144FCB), has been obtained as a byproduct in the reduction of perfluorocyclobutene with sodium borohydride. A comprehensive spectroscopic study of 144FCB has been undertaken including microwave, IR, Raman and NMR data. Ground state rotational constants, A = 3629.34, B = 2600.74, and C = 2098.93 MHz, were derived from the microwave data and used to distinguish 144FCB from other possible isomers and to propose a structure. NMR chemical shifts and coupling constants and the vibrational fundamentals are assigned and compared to other members of the cyclobutene family. Frequencies of vibrational fundamentals of 144FCB (cm-') are: (a') 3126,2967, 1679, 1457, 1377, 1245, 1179, 1045, 914, 752,690,577,453,263,213; (a" ) 3000,1198,1061,938,821,577,381,190, . A small amount of 3,3,4trifluorocyclobutene has also been found in the products of the reduction reaction, and its NMR spectra and its IR spectrum are reported.


When we talk about international integration, trade and investment, the it's-all-about-geographic-proximity is a tempting argument to make. While the importance of geographic closeness cannot be denied, empirical evidence suggests existence of other, perhaps equally significant factors that bring countries closer together. The aim of this paper is to sketch some light on an often overlooked aspect of international integration, recently introduced as the 'new regionalism' paradigm. Based on the proposed 'mentoring' and 'the training ground' concepts we analyze such integration within the Baltic Sea region, suggesting an alternative approach to international economic convergence.


This article aims to present an overview of tourism flows evolution in Romania during the last decade and discuss its recent dynamics, taking into account challenges of the global economic crisis. Accordingly, we synthesize the results of some comparative analyses of the main indicators reflecting the flows of visitors (foreigners and residents) based on official statistics. Thus, after presenting the trends of yearly evolution in 2000-2009 comparative with 1990, we analyze monthly dynamics in 2007, 2009 and the first seven months of 2009 looking for the early signs of crisis. In addition, we point out the main evolutions and challenges of the tourism industry, as identified by recent studies of some representative organizations in the world and EU.


The most common problem encountered in working on speech development in hearing impaired children is their lexical fund. The question of vocabulary development can be observed from two aspects - as the increase in the number of words which are useful for written, oral and sign forms of expression, but also as the development of various meanings within the scope of one word. The aim of this paper was to examine the function of lexical dexterity in hearing impaired children within written, oral and sign mode of expression. The sample consisted of 111 examinees of both sexes, attending grades 1 to 8 of elementary school. The research was carried out in two elementary schools in Belgrade, which are attended by hearing - impaired children. One segment of the Lexical Dexterity Test (N. Dimitrijevic, D. Đorđevic), that is, its abridged version, was used in the research. The part of the test which was applied comprised nine following domains: parts of the body, food and beverages, clothes and shoes, animals, means of transportation. A quantitative and qualitative analysis of the obtained results, which shall be presented by means of tables and graphs, were conducted.199 The total number of used words was established within each tested domain, as well as the number of different words (depending on age), and the ten most frequently used words in all of the hearing - impaired children who were examined. Depending on the age group, great individual differences were observed in the range of vocabulary. Inadequately arranged words by the lexical domains were particularly interesting as well as the selection of words used. The majority of used words were obtained within sign vocabulary.


of rarefaction, compression and shock waves; subsequently, the separate wave systems are combined to analyse the flows occurring in simple shock tubes of finite length. Every possible wave-interaction process is covered in this exhaustive section. Reflection at boundaries, refraction at contact surfaces, head-on collisions and overtaking of shock waves and rarefaction waves are evaluated; and the nature of all possible resulting wave systems are clarified. Part 3 reports observed flows in constant area shock tubes and was written in early 1958. (Actually this volume is a slightly revised version of University of Toronto UTIA Review No. 12 dated May, 1958.) Since that date, significant advances have been made, particularly in the understanding of boundary layer growth and transition. Indeed, Reference 95 of Section 5 by Hartunian, Rosso and Marrone clarifies the exposition of Section 3.2 while Anderson (/. AerolSpace Sci. Vol. 26, No. 3, pp. 184-5, March 1959) has successfully computed real gas testing times in agreement with experiment. He shows that the difference between the actual and the theoretical test time may be explained by the loss of test gas to the boundary layer behind the contact surface rather than to mixing of the driver gas and test gas at the contact surface. In Part 4 a comprehensive review is given of shock tube modifications designed for the production of strong shock waves. Comparative evaluations are made of multiple diaphragm and area change techniques for various gas combinations. These sections contain much useful data for the prediction of specific shock tube performance. Part 5 deals instructively with the multifarious applications of shock tubes; their uses as intermittent wind tunnels, in aerophysics research and in chemical research are discussed. However, here (and again in Part 7) recent research has modified the emphasis of certain sections and for further reading the following are recommended:— 1. D. W. Holder On the use of shock tunnels for research D. L. Schultz on hypersonic flow. Paper presented to Second International Congress of the Aeronautical Sciences, Zurich, 1960. (See also ARC 22152.) 2. A. R. Collar Hypersonic flow. A Symposium. ButterJ. Tinker (eds.) worths, London, 1960. 3. A. Hertzberg Studying hypersonic flight in the shock C. E. Wittliff tunnel. IAS Paper 60-67. July 1960. Shock tube design and construction are dealt with briefly in Part 6 and some useful diaphragm data is given. More emphasis might have been given to the practical difficulties associated with a typical shock tunnel installation, particularly where driver volumes of several cubic feet at pressures up to 4,000 atmospheres are required in close proximity to dump volumes of several hundred cubic feet under vacuum of a few microns. In the final Part 7 a comprehensive review of shock tube instrumentation is made and this should prove valuable to experimenters entering the shock tube field. More recent developments, particularly force measurements, are described by Hertzberg and Wittliff in their above mentioned paper. This 3i lb. volume offers amazing value for $3.75 and is strongly recommended to everyone interested in unsteady gas dynamics.—BRIAN D. HENSHALL.


In the management education, the idea of emotional intelligence has legitimate applications and significance for the way the faculty members educate and the way they see their part in adding to the prosperity of the students. The faculty having emotional literacy has a high degree of self-control and is also able to exert a high degree of influence over others. Such a man can identify with others viably and his practices reflect confidence, sympathy and lucidity of thought and judiciousness. In concurrence with the ascertained importance of emotional intelligence in the working of faculties in the education system, the present research is an attempt to studythe level of emotional intelligence of business school faculty members with respect to age, gender, qualification, designation and marital status. Faculty members' emotional intelligence was accessed with the help of Emotional Intelligence scale developed by Anukool Hyde and Sanjyot Pethe and Upinder Dhar (2001). The descriptive survey method was adopted for the study. The sample of 545Business school faculty members from various macro and micro cities of India has been selected adopting convenient sampling technique. The data obtained from the survey has been analysed using t-test and one-wayANOVA. The study reveals that a significant difference exists between age, gender, qualification, designation, marital status and emotional intelligence of the faculty members with special reference to business schools in India.


This paper tests the feasibility and estimates the cost of climate control through economic policies. It provides a toolbox for a statistical historical assessment of a Stochastic Integrated Model of Climate and the Economy, and its use in (possibly counterfactual) policy analysis. Recognizing that stabilization requires supressing a trend, we use an integrated-cointegrated Vector Autoregressive Model estimated using a newly compiled dataset ranging between years A.D. 1000-2008, extending previous results on Control Theory in nonstationary systems. We test statistically whether, and quantify to what extent, carbon abatement policies can effectively stabilize or reduce global temperatures. Our formal test of policy feasibility shows that carbon abatement can have a significant long run impact and policies can render temperatures stationary around a chosen long run mean. In a counterfactual empirical illustration of the possibilities of our modeling strategy, we show that the cost of carbon abatement for a retrospective policy aiming to keep global temperatures close to their 1900 historical level is about 75% of the observed 2008 level of world GDP, a cost equivalent to reverting to levels of output historically observed in the mid 1960s. This constitutes a measure of the putative opportunity cost of the lack of investment in carbon abatement technologies.


Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of the frequency of information acquisition on the frequency of stock trading. The authors also examined if the Big Five personality traits of investor influence the association between information acquisition and stock trading behavior. Design/methodology/approach - The authors adopted NEO Five-Factor Inventory (Costa and McCrae, 1989) inventory to measure the Big Five personality traits of investors and examined the data collected from 541 individual investors of the Chinese stock market. To overcome the potential endogeneity bias, the authors followed two-stage least square method for estimating endogenous covariate by employing instrumental variable analysis. The authors performed probit regression to evaluate the moderating influence of investor personality traits on the association between information acquisition and stock trading behavior. The authors also performed several other tests to check the robustness of the key findings. Findings - This research confirmed the previous findings that the more frequently investors acquire information, the more often they trade in stocks. Moreover, the authors added to the existing literature by providing empirical evidence that the Big Five personality traits moderate the relationship of information acquisition with stock trading behavior. Information acquisition tends to increase stock trading frequency in investors with conscientiousness, extraversion and agreeableness traits. On the other hand, it also has the tendency to decrease the intensity of stock trading in investors with openness and neuroticism traits. Research limitations/implications - The theoretical model in this study seeks to explain that the psychological factor, namely, investor personality, influences the way an investor interprets signals from information which in turn influences the investor decision to trade in securities. This research suggests that psychological characteristics of investors can be of relevance for policy makers in their attempts to improve their business in the financial services industry. Originality/value - This study combines both information search literature and behavioral finance literature to investigate whether or not the information acquisition that relates to investors' asset allocation decisions is influenced by investor personality. The study offers new theoretical insights into investors' behavior due to the characteristics of the Chinese stock market which are uniquely different from other stock markets in the world. No previous study has been conducted so far in the Chinese stock market to explore variations in the impact of investors' information acquisition on their stock trading by the Big Five personality and this paper strives to fill this research gap.


Biodiesel is considered as a renewable fuel because it can be obtained from the transformation of vegetable oils, cooking greases or animal fats. Currently, oleaginous plants like rapeseed, sunflower, palm oil and soybean are the most important sources of biodiesel. However, the productivity of some of these crops are considered relatively low and they require long extension of lands. In this context, microalgae has been emerged as a source of natural oil due to its lipids, starch and hydrocarbon contents. Microalgae produces about ten times more oil than oleaginous plants and it can be grown in systems like open ponds and photobioreactors. Open raceway ponds are well known because they have been used to grow algae for food, nutritional complements and others. Their construction is less expensive compared to photobioreactors, but their productivity is lower. Photobioreactors can be found with different configurations (e.g. tubular, annular, plastic bags) and they have numerous advantages over open raceway ponds: superieur control of nutrients, light exposition and carbon dioxide absorption, as well as contamination avoidance with other microorganisms. These culture systems receive special attention because they can use carbon dioxide from flue gases and nutrients from wastewater to perform microalgae growth. The most common species to be found in literature and experimental studies are Chlorella sp., Spirulina sp. and Dunaliella sp. Several universities, organizations and governmental departments have been working in microalgae production systems, their design as well as the factors that influence microalgae growth. In this context, this study develops a review about current systems, microalgae species, their requirements and their oil production. Also, the potential production of algal biodiesel is compared with the current biodiesel production.


KNAPP, S., 1991. A revision of theSolatium sessilespecies (sectioGeminata pro parte: Solanaceae). The taxonomy of the Solanum sessile species group (a part of the large and unwieldy section Geminata) is reviewed, based on detailed field and herbarium studies. Members of the group are found from Mexico to Bolivia in a variety of habitats. Ten species are recognized: S. obovalifolium, S. sessile, S. monadelphum, S. turgidum, S. triste, S. chlamydogynum, S. rovirosanum, S. palmillae, S. oppositifolium and conferliseriatum.


Several research teams attended the 1st International Workshop on Adverse Drug Reactions and Liposdystrophy in HIV. Under discussion were the effects of reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitors and nucleoside RT inhibitors (NRTIs) on lipodystrophy, also known as fat redistribution. Key findings included correlating lipodystrophy with long-term treatment by RTs, linking fat redistribution to Stavudine (d4T), and determining effects of various protease inhibitors which contribute to lipodystrophy. Results from an Italian study showed women were more likely than men to have fat abnormalities. An Australian research team presented a cohort study detailing risk factors for lipodystrophy. Harmful consequences of lipodystrophy were reviewed, such as increased cardiac risk due to elevated plasma triglycerides and cholesterol, and increased incidence of diabetes. The drawbacks of antiretroviral treatment tactics were also discussed. In addition, lipodystrophy treatments include aerobics and resistance training, injections of recombinant human growth hormone, and lipid-lowering drugs.


The Program of People's Online Services and Complaints (LAPOR –from Indonesian: Program Layanan Aspirasi dan Pengaduan Online Rakyat) is a means of delivering information from the public to the government to resolve the problems that arise in the city of Bandung. To support the program, there is a need of program socialization to the public. The socialization needs a good strategy. Therefore, this study reveals a socialization strategy Communications and Information Agency of Bandung for the program. The analysis covers several elements of the communication strategy, namely the determination of the target communication, message content, and the use of communication media. In addition, this study also revealed reasons for the use of social media-based programs as a means of delivering information. This research used qualitative method with case study approach. Author collect, process and analyze dissemination strategies through conducting interviews, observation, and literature study. The results showed socialization strategies used Communications and Information Agency of Bandung is by grouping all the people of Bandung through districts are active, open, and care about the programs created by the government. Message content strategy used one-side issue. In this case, the message includes the goodness LAPOR program that includes definitions, functions, procedures for the use and benefits of the program. Media used include radio, banners, leaflets, brochures, and booklets. In addition, the Office of Communications and Information Technology of Bandung City also used new media such as websites, instagram, and twitter. The use of social media-based has been selected because the media is practical, easy, and fast.


Objective: To learn about interns' interest in basic nursing operation items and analyze the reasons for the reference of school and clinical teachers. Methods: questionnaires were used to investigate the nurse interns to learn about their interest in basic nursing operations and viewpoints of social position and future perspective of nursing profession. Results:nurse interns are most interested in professional operations like venous transfusion, and dislike mainly washing hair on bed, aspiration of sputum and other evacuation and life care. The interest percentage of undergraduates is much lower than that of three-year college students. Conclusion:interest level of nurse students in basic nursing operation is related to their inclination to the major, technology content in the operation, monotonousness of operation and educational level.


The invention relates to a control system of parking management that includes center managing system that includes first processing module, first communicating module, database and charging module, controller that includes the second process module and the second communicating module, control keyboard, display and power supply module. It also relates to a control method of parking managing that includes the following steps: parking, controller sending parking information to center managing system; center managing system starting timing; when car stops parking, controller sending information to managing system; system calculating time and gaining parking charge; sending parking time and charging information to controller from center managing system; display the parking time and charge on controller. The invention realizes real time and accurate control to car parking management.


Due to the continuous deep in the concept that education is a kind of service and the background of overall improvement of education quality,colleges and universities are supposed,based on the principle of supply and demand equilibrium,to make the transformation from the supply management to demand management,construct the new and professional working mode from demand to service and even to development,and innovate steadily the management of students' affairs for the organic unity between the supply for students and the reasonable demand from student's desire.


Summary Craig, A.J.F.K. 1989. A review of the biology of the Blackbellied Starling and other African forest starlings. Ostrich suppl. 14: 17–26. The Blackbellied Starling Lamprotornis corruscus is the only true forest starling in southern Africa. At the southern end of its coastal range it is an irregular visitor, and it may move according to food availability. The limited data on breeding, moult and seasonal occurrence are discussed. Only two subspecies are recognised. A brief survey of the 12 African starlings of evergreen forests shows that little is known about their basic biology or their role as highly mobile frugivores.


Chinese blood centers use Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) rapid test (RT) in pre‐donation and two rounds of screening with different enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays in post‐donation. Nucleic acid testing (NAT) on screening non‐reactive (SC‐) donations has been gradually implemented since 2010. Yet RT+ and SC‐/NAT+ donors are seldom included in hepatitis B virus (HBV) positive rate estimates in Chinese blood donors.


In this theoretical paper, I have tried to attract the attention of all concerned towards the importance of the teaching of English; teaching of spoken English; and in spoken English, the teaching of fluency from the earliest level of education as an important policy matter. Since language learning is most successful in early childhood, especially in terms of spoken English and pronunciation, the teaching of spoken English should be introduced at the very beginning levels so that the learners master the spoken language before the inherent faculty of language learning in their mind atrophies by the age of twelve. Further, I have also discussed the roles of "fluency" and "accuracy" as two specialised terms in language teaching and have stressed the need for a greater role for fluency activities in the spoken English class, in which there is no error correction and the focus is on getting the message across. I have also underscored the need to explicitly teach strategies of communication to our learners which can assist them in conveying their message.


This study aims to empirically test and obtain evidence on the effect of intellectual capital, inventory intensity, and managerial ownership on effective tax rates. This study used samples of mining sector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (BEI) in 2016-2020 with a population of 48 companies. The method of determining the sample was purposive sampling method obtained by 14 companies with a 5-year observation period obtained from 70 research data. This type of research is quantitative research. The analysis technique used is regression of panel data processed using Eviews software version 9. The results of this study show that in part (1) intellectual capital has a significant effect on effective tax rates, (2) inventory intensity has no significant effect on effective tax rates, and (3) managerial ownership has no significant effect on effective tax rates. Simultaneous intellectual capital, inventory intensity and managerial ownership have a significant impact on effective tax rates.


The objective of this work was to evaluate the potential of the processed coconut fiber (coconut powder) and composted pine bark, isolated and in combination, in promoting the growth of umbuzeiro seedlings. This work was conducted in a greenhouse in a completely randomized block experimental design, with five treatments and four replications. The treatments consisted of the following formulations, in volumetric proportions: 100% pine bark (CP); 75% CP + 25% coconut powder (PC); 50% CP + 50% CP; 25% CP + 75% CP and; 100% PC). The coconut powder substrates or the formulation containing 75% coconut powder + 25% composted pine bark provided Imbu seedlings with higher vegetative quality. The lower density, higher total porosity and higher percentage of available water were the physical characteristics of the substrates that most influenced the growth of Imbu seedlings.


ATREASURE TROVE of architectural members was discovered during the excava17~. tions of 1939 and 1959 at the Athenian Agora, built into the Post-Herulian Wall and tower adjacent to the remains known as the Southeast Temple (Fig. 1).1 Among them is a series comprising marble Doric entablature blocks (A 1, B 1-3, C 1, 2, D 1-8), marble Doric column drums and capitals (E 1-6), one Doric anta capital (F 1), and several related wall blocks (G 1-8). The entablature series consists of an epistyle block, three epistyle backers, eight triglyphs, and two metope fragments, all of which had apparently been reused together on a structure of the early Roman period.2 The re-used column drums and capitals belong to four columns of milky white marble which, because of their scale and finding place, have been associated with the same Roman structure. The anta capital has the upper part of the anta shaft carved on it; this shaft has a width which is the same as the lower diameter of the columns and therefore presumably was employed along with the columns in their second use. Incorporated into the wall as well, just beneath two of the epistyle backers, are five wall blocks which were set in a row; these are of the same milky white marble-used for the columns and are to be associated with them. Other blocks from this series now lie on the ground near by.


The effects of Ca addition on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the extruded AM50 magnesium alloy have been studied.The results show that the Ca addition can reduce the quantity of Mg17Al12phase and form a new Al2Ca phase distributing along grain boundaries.When Ca is added with an amount of more than 2wt.%,needle-shaped Al2Ca precipitates are observed inside grain interiors,and the grain sizes of both as-cast and as-extruded AM50 alloy are decreased from 200μm and 15μm to 40μm and 7.5μm,respectively.It is found that the yield strength of the extruded AM50 alloy are improved with increasing Ca content in the studied temperature range,while the improvement in ultimate strength can be observed only at low temperature.


Mass deployment of Electric Vehicles (EVs) in the automobile sector is increasing the load on the distribution sector, necessitating better load control. Due to the frequent charging needs of EVs, more and more charging infrastructure needs to be built. With the inclusion of Fast Charging Stations (FCS), the load imposed on the grid is far greater than usual because of the higher charging currents. The existing literature proposes charging scheduling as the solution, which suggests a coordination process that starts with an EV reaching the Charging Station (CS) or booking a reservation for charging. However, this paper discusses the Peer-to-Peer (P2P) trading of charging quota between FCS as a solution to the overall load management problem. A smart contract with all the relevant information regarding the amount of power and price executes the trade. Based on CS congestion, FCS may have a surplus or deficit of power; by trading off that surplus power, overburdened CS will be able to manage their loads while the FCS having surplus energy maximize their profit. The paper also discusses how coordination strategies determine the proper amount of quota that can be traded. Quantification of coordination contributed by the EV user is also done in order to encourage the users to participate in the coordination process by offering some incentives.


The study by Xian et al.,1 published in JAMA (June 27, 2012), adds to the growing literature on the safety of IV thrombolysis among stroke patients undergoing anticoagulation treatment. This study, which uses data from the American Heart Association Get With The Guidelines (GWTG)–Stroke Registry, concluded that there was no association between IV thrombolysis and symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (SICH).1 These findings are in agreement with some2–4 but contrast with other studies (including 2 meta-analyses).5–8 The study by Xian et al. is the largest study to date drawing from hospitals throughout the United States, including 23,437 patients who received IV thrombolysis.1 Nearly 8% of these patients had prior warfarin use and 48.6% of the warfarin-treated patients who met the eligibility criteria did not receive IV thrombolysis.1


Abstract The 60 MHz 1H NMR spectra of racemic vinclozolin, 1, have been studied at 28° in CDC13 solution with the chiral reagent tris[3-(heptafluoropropylhydroxymethylene)-d-camphorato]europium(III), 2, by incremental additions of (6,6,7,7,8,8,8-heptafluoro-2,2-di-methyl-3,5-octanedionato)silver(I), 3. Although the solution of 1 with 2 displayed substantial downfield lanthanide-induced shifts, Δδ, and enantiomeric shift differences, ΔΔδ, for selected nuclei, relative to the spectrum of unshifted 1, additions of 3 to the solution of 1 and 2 were unexpectedly found to dramatically reduce the magnitudes of both Δδ and ΔΔδ.


The paper explores the correlation between the universal categories of modus and modality in scientific discourse. It is claimed that the two categories demonstrate different ontological nature and, consequently, should be treated separately. In this light the domain of modality needs to be reduced to the expression of truth value, while the functional potential of modus will include all the other ways in which the speaker assesses his/her utterance. Hence, it's more expedient to characterize modality as a functional-semantic category, with modus assuming communicative-pragmatic dimensions. It has been revealed that in scientific discourse there is absolute domination of modus, which can be attributed to the unique nature of communication in this field. The category of modality, in its turn, has a limited application and is mostly restricted to combinations with different modi. Further investigation has found out that English and Belarusian scientific discourses share their major modus-modality characteristics but differ in terms of modi their authors prefer to modalize and concrete language means used for the purpose.


Background: Dissemination of fungal spores emerges as a major problem in the spread of spore derived allergic pulmonary diseases. Fungal infections with multidrug resistances have posed a great threat in tropics and emerge with resistance to antifungal agents. Phytotherapy is an arena practiced among the folklore traditional healers for various diseases and disorders. Objectives: This study was aimed to quantify the phytoconstituents and to determine the antifungal activity of acetone and aqueous extracts of Syzygium sps,. Material and methods: Among the two solvents utilized for the study acetone was found to be the best phytoconstituent extractor as compared to aqueous and higher percentage of antifungal activity was observed with acetone extracts of S.jambos as compared to S.cumini. Results: The most significant 100% inhibition was observed on SCACE against C.neoformans and T.rubrum and SJACE against C.neoformans with MIC at 500µg/mL and 250µg/mL with their IC50 values from 291 µg/mL, 52.67 µg/mL and 34.36 µg/mL respectively. In addition, 80-100 µg/mL at MIC >1000 µg/mL was observed to be the inhibitory level of SJACE against all five fungus pathogens and considerable IC50 values were noted. Conclusion: Acetone was more effective for the extraction of Phytoconstituents and antifungal components from leaves of Syzygium sps.


Background: Withdrawal symptoms associated with switch between two typical antipsychotics are generally rare and mild. In contrast, switching from clozapine to risperidone can be lead to severe withdrawal symptoms. Different pathophysiologic aetiologies have been suggested for explaining these severe symptoms, including cholinergic superÍsensitivity and rebound. Theoretically, the switch from clozapine to olanzapine should not lead to any problems because those two agents have the same affinity in vitro for muscarinic receptors.


The Advanced Test Reactor (ATR), currently operating in the United States, is used for material testing at very high neutron fluxes. Powered with highly enriched uranium (HEU), the ATR has a maximum thermal power rating of 250 MWth. Because of the large test volumes located in high flux areas, the ATR is an ideal candidate for assessing the feasibility of converting HEU driven reactor cores to low-enriched uranium (LEU) cores. The burnable absorber - 10B, was added in the inner and outer plates to reduce the initial excess reactivity, and to improve the peak ratio of the inner/outer heat flux. The present work investigates the LEU Monolithic foil-type fuel with 10B Integral Cladding Burnable Absorber (ICBA) design and evaluates the subsequent neutronics operating effects of this proposed fuel designs. The proposed LEU fuel specification in this work is directly related to both the RERTR LEU Development Program and the Advanced Test Reactor (ATR) LEU Conversion Project at Idaho National Laboratory (INL).


Photonic quantum computing has been dramatically scaled up recently by the promising approach of combining the continuous-variable" and time-multiplexing" schemes. We report on our recent development of time-multiplexed programmable continuous-variable photonic quantum computing, including a programmable loop-based quantum processor for single-mode multi-step Gaussian gates and a programmable time-multiplexed squeezed light source for initial state preparation. Our works pave the way to large-scale programmable continuous-variable quantum computing.


The aim of this work is to develop an automatic system that can be used as an assistant tool for the detection and diagnosis of different kinds of sleep Apnea (Obstructive, Hypopnea and Central Apnea, respectively). Three nonlinear techniques were used for feature extraction: Central tendency measures (CTM), Lempel-Ziv complexity (LZC) and Approximate Entropy (ApEn) for oxygen saturation signals (SaO2). A statistical Comparison using (t – test) was performed for comparing the population mean of normal group with each of the Sleep Apnea groups for the nonlinear parameters. Three Hidden Markov Models (HMMs), based on Baum–Welch algorithm were proposed to estimate the optimal number of the parameters. The results have showed that the use of HMM and the nonlinear features gave promising results used for classifying Sleep Apnea diseases. ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ *,**,*** Department of Electronics and Communications Engineering, Mansoura Universit, Egypt **** Cairo Center For Sleep Disorder, Cairo, Egypt Proceedings of the 8 ICEENG Conference, 29-31 May, 2012 EE030 2


We study the knapsack problem with graph theoretic constraints. That is, we assume that there exists a graph structure on the set of items of knapsack and the solution also needs to satisfy certain graph theoretic properties on top of knapsack constraints. In particular, we need to compute in the connected knapsack problem a connected subset of items which has maximum value subject to the size of knapsack constraint. We show that this problem is strongly NP-complete even for graphs of maximum degree four and NP-complete even for star graphs. On the other hand, we develop an algorithm running in time $O\left(2^{tw\log tw}\cdot\text{poly}(\min\{s^2,d^2\})\right)$ where $tw,s,d$ are respectively treewidth of the graph, size, and target value of the knapsack. We further exhibit a $(1-\epsilon)$ factor approximation algorithm running in time $O\left(2^{tw\log tw}\cdot\text{poly}(n,1/\epsilon)\right)$ for every $\epsilon>0$. We show similar results for several other graph theoretic properties, namely path and shortest-path under the problem names path-knapsack and shortestpath-knapsack. Our results seems to indicate that connected-knapsack is computationally hardest followed by path-knapsack and shortestpath-knapsack.


The tree legume Pongamia {Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre [syn. Millettia pinnata (L.) Panigrahi]} is emerging as an important biofuels feedstock. It produces about 30 kg per tree per year of seeds, containing up to 55% oil (w/v), of which approximately 50% is oleic acid (C18:1). The capacity for biological N fixation places Pongamia in a more sustainable position than current nonlegume biofuel feedstocks. Also due to its drought and salinity tolerance, Pongamia can grow on marginal land not destined for production of food. As part of the effort to domesticate Pongamia our research group at The University of Queensland has started to develop specific genetic and genomic tools. Much of the preliminary work to date has focused on characterizing the genetic diversity of wild populations. This diversity is reflective of the outcrossing reproductive biology of Pongamia and necessitates the requirement to develop clonal propagation protocols. Both the chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes of Pongamia have been sequenced and annotated (152,968 and 425,718 bp, respectively), with similarities to previously characterized legume organelle genomes. Many nuclear genes associated with oil biosynthesis and nodulation in Pongamia have been characterized. The continued application of genetic and genomic tools will support the deployment of Pongamia as a sustainable biofuel feedstock.


FIELD: packaging industry. SUBSTANCE: invention relates to plastic cover, molded from polymer materials and having improved characteristics, including higher impact strength and resistance. According to one aspect of invention cover comprises upper wall section and annular, lowering down from it bell section, which determines plurality of columns spaced along circumference and passing in axial direction, each of which comprises radially thickened section and formed by set of gripping ribs, made on bell section external surface, wherein each group of gripping ribs has relatively small recesses between adjacent ribs. EFFECT: wherein there are alternating groups of ribs with relatively small recesses and relatively deep recesses between adjacent ribs of each group. 11 cl, 9 dwg


Studies seeking to explore the implications of the discourse of medicalgenetics using four different methodologies are overviewed. Research on genetics discourse using critical methods, audience studies, persuasion studies and institutional studies suggest results that are at odds with one another. Rather than selecting one approach based on a preference for the methodology itself or the results it provides, a clearer picture of how genetic discourse may function is provided by integrating the findings of the various methods.


Driven by challenges on competition, rising customer expectation and shrinkingmargins, banks have been using technology to reduce cost. Apart from competitiveenvironment, there has been deregulation as to rate of interest, technology intensivedelivery channel like Internet Banking, Tele Banking, Mobile banking and AutomatedTeller Machines (ATMs) etc have created a multiple choice to user of the bank. Thebanking business is becoming more and more complex with the changes emanating fromthe liberalization and globalization. For a new bank, customer creation is important, butan established bank it is the retention is much more efficient and cost effectivemechanism.


Electricity production in highly hydrological‐dependent systems is determined by different weather phenomena, which strongly impact spot prices. To account for such stylized facts, we propose a stochastic process with a mean reversion and switching regime component to represent the dynamics of the spot price. The short‐term movements are represented by semi‐nonparametric (SNP) distributions, in contrast to previous studies that traditionally assume Gaussian processes. We consider the Colombian electricity market as a study case, in which 68% of its electrical generation comes from water resources, and the El Niño phenomenon represents a critical source of risk for maintaining long‐term supply, sustainability of investments, and efficiency of prices. We show that under scarcity seasons, the spot price mean, variance, and some superior‐order moments of electricity price distribution increase, as does the risk level of the system. In particular, the switching regime model with SNP distributions for the random components outperforms traditional models, leading to accurate estimates and simulations, thus being a helpful tool for resource planning, risk management, and policy‐makers for electricity markets with high climatic dependency.


From abstract: A high speed motion picture study was conducted of boiling flow in a vertical, rectangular channel at atmospheric pressure. Three different visual flow regimes were defined and described.


This article intends to address issues relating to the process of racialization around the character of the priest Daniel Pedro Marques de Oliveira, that during the decade of 1870 was Provincial Deputy in the Amazon, not the rid of deep-rooted prejudice against the former slaves and free blacks in a society marked by social hierarchies.


We consider the extension of the Gutzwiller trace formula to systems of two or more identical particles. We first study the case of two noninteracting particles. Important considerations are the structure of the periodic orbits, which come in families and the symmetry decomposition of the density of states. Interactions cause the periodic orbit families to degenerate to a discrete set of isolated orbits. We explore the effect of weak interactions which can be analysed using classical perturbation theory. We then generalise the analysis to multi-particle systems.


The invention relates to provide a new solid-state lighting device that utilizes a thick injection molded lens fabricated by utilizing the two-stage injection process of injecting the same resin into two spaces. The present invention, at the time of primary injection, to produce a first layer of thick lens by injecting a predetermined amount of the molten resin. This layer comprises at least two long baffles matches the mold gate. During secondary injection, becomes the first layer is a portion of the mold space, is to inject the same material in the first layer, this time, is injected between the baffle through other mold gate. The mold gate for forming the alignment with baffles, charging path for the secondary injection along the baffle is formed. Further, by removing the gas by performing the proper ventilation of the mold, no bubbles at all inside the lens. .BACKGROUND 9


The invention relates to novel amino acid salts of the racemic or an enantiomeric or tautomeric form of rosiglitazone and the solvates of these salts.


The influence of hydraulic retention time(HRT, 24, 18, 15 and 12 h) on the performance of double circle(DC) anaerobic reactor for treating traditional Chinese medicine wastewater was investigated. Additionally, the characteristics of granular sludge were studied, including particle size distribution(PSD), extracellular polymeric substances(EPS), and distribution of microbial communities. When HRT was reduced from 24 h to 12 h, the DC anaerobic reactor demonstrated good COD removal of 90%. Although concentration of acetate increased to 339.69 mg·L-1, the process was operating favorably without acidification. But humic acid-like and fulvic acid-like absorption peaks were stronger and coenzyme F420 absorption was weaker in the EEM spectra of soluble microbial products(SMP) at HRT 12 h. It was not recommended to further reduce HRT. The contents of EPS, protein, and polysaccharide decreased in the sludge at HRT 12 h, and tyrosine played an important role in maintaining stability of the sludge. The phospholipid fatty acids analysis showed that reducing HRT affected significantly distribution of microbial community in the second reaction area of the DC anaerobic reactor. Gram-positive bacteria decreased from 44.24% to 32.69%, while gram-negative bacteria increased from 32.69% to 38.66%.


While extensive research has been conducted among college students consuming alcohol with energy drinks, there is limited research exploring how extracurricular activities could have an impact on energy drink consumption and sleep. Understanding the association between student involvement and the impact it could have on sleep and energy drink consumption among college freshmen is essential in promoting healthy behaviors while in college.


Purpose: The purpose of the present study was to analyze design factors for energy conservation and the initial cost for zero energy building rating systems through case studies. Method: First, design factors for energy conservation were selected and these were referred the building energy saving design standard. These were insulation of wall, roof, and floor, thermal property of door and window, high-efficient mechanical ventilation and the installation ratio of LED. There were three levels for energy saving strategies. Level 1 was the building energy code and level 2 was the future energy code which will implement from Sep. 1, 2018. In the level 3, about 20% of thermal performance was better than level 2. Second, the primary energy consumption of the case study by level was analyzed by using ECO2. Lastly, the energy self-sufficiency ratio of zero energy building rating systems was computed by considering renewable energy systems and the cost of them was also calculated. Result: The primary energy reduction ratio by thermal performance of wall, roof, and floor and window and door was 2%-3% and about 3%, respectively. By designing the mechanical ventilation and the installation of LED, the energy reduction were about 8% and 9%. To certify the zero energy building 5 rating system, the cost of renewable energy was about 35,000 KRW per square meter. For future research, development of applicable renewable energy systems in each unit of multi-family residential buildings is needed.


ABSTRACT
This work presents through a bibliographical revision of the freudian texts the path he has taken in the elaboration of psychoanalytic theory and practice. We address the first observations of Freud on the functioning of the psychic apparatus and his work in the clinic of the hysterics advancing up to his records on infantile sexuality and the Oedipus complex in order to demonstrate how his production was permeated by the notion of Nachtraglich, translated in portuguese as "a posteriori", central point that freudian production. We show how the functioning of the psychic apparatus and the whole process of psychoanalytic practice is based on the proposal of atemporality of the unconscious. From his research it was perceived that the life of the human creature is not constituted outside this specific time, it is in the retroaction of the infantile past that the history of each one is constituted.In the constant return of the first infant marks that the Nachtraglich gives the rhythm of the movement in the repetition of the unconscious that does not stop trying to make it self represent.


The membrane-associated F1Fo-ATP synthase of bacteria plays a vital role in the production of energy molecule, i.e. adenosine triphosphate (ATP). However, under alkaline conditions, ATP synthesis in bacteria is not thermodynamically feasible due to external high pH. Various studies reported motifs in ATP synthase c-subunit as alkaliphile-specific features for adaptation under alkaline condition. Some conserved residues in alkaliphiles were observed in Stenotrophomonas species DL18 isolated from Indian alkaline Soda Lake, Lonar, which has pH 10.5. The above-mentioned specific amino acid features in the studied alkaliphile may involve proton translocating mechanism for ATP synthesis. The studied motifs of F1Fo-ATP synthase csubunit of Stenotrophomonas species DL18 have GXGXGXA in the inner helix and GXXDXXF in the outer helix. The overall interacting residues of the csubunit structure may be responsible for the ATP synthesis in particular pH conditions.


In the realism life, the objects of query involve a great deal of fuzzy data besides accurate data. The tradi- tional query is unable to satisfy the need. In this paper fuzzy theory and database system are combined, and a new data query technique is provided. After introducing the expression of fuzzy query and fuzzy data, the paper offers a fuzzy database based on possibility, and applied it to an instance. A theoretical frame is built for query in the fuzzy database.


The present invention discloses a nuclear power plant and method for a digital video surveillance system, wherein the digital video surveillance system comprising: IP network camera, the video data acquisition monitoring sites; switch unit connected with the switch via an access network IP cameras, IP network camera obtained from video data convergence to the core switches; background control center, from the core switches acquired video data centralized storage; remote user terminal groups, by acquiring control of nuclear power plants from the internal private network and play back video data center. The present invention achieves all of the digital video surveillance network management system, using standard network protocols to improve the stability and reliability of the video monitor; while eliminating the need codecs apparatus, the wiring is simple, reduces the cost of digital video surveillance system.


PSO Algorithm can search the extreme point of the complex objective function more effectively in contrast to tradition optimization algorithm. Based on PSO algorithm and geometric implication of the reliability index, a global optimal method is put forward to calculate the reliability index. In recently years, multi-pile composite foundation is widely used. The classification and the computation methods of bearing capacity of multi-pile composite ground are generalized, and the ultimate bearing capacity equation is deduced in this paper. The PSO algorithm is used in reliability analysis of multi-pile composite foundation. The program of computing reliability index is developed in MATLAB. Three practical examples using Monte-Carlo method and PSO algorithm show that PSO algorithm has the advantages of rapid convergence and high perecision in the reliability analysis of bearing capacity of multi-pile composite ground. This electronic document is a "live" template.


We analyze the emergence of large-scale education systems in a framework where growth is associated with changes in the con guration of the economy. We model the incentives that the economic elite could have (collectively) to accept taxation destined to nance the education of credit-constrained workers. Contrary to previous work, in our model this incentive does not necessarily arise from a complementarity between physical and human capital in manufacturing. Instead, we emphasize the demand for human-capital-intensive services by highincome groups. Our model seems capable to account for salient features of the development of Latin America in the 19th century, where, in particular, land-rich countries such as Argentina established an extensive public education system and developed a sophisticated service sector before starting signi cant manufacturing activities. We thank the comments of M. Garibotti, P. Gerchuno , J. Fanelli, F. Weinschelbaum and seminar participants at DEGIT conference of Growth and Development, Universidad de las Americas and Universidad de San Andres. We also thank M. Appendino for valuable research assistance. Corresponding Author: Sebasti an Galiani, Universidad de San Andr es, Vito Dumas 284, (B1644BID) Victoria, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina, Tel: (54-11) 4725-7000, e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com.


While an increase in funding for cooperative education in the United States has seen the growth in work integrated learning, the reduction of government funding support in Australia for work placements has had the unintended eff ect of threatening the academic integrity of work placement programs. Th e pedagogy around work integrated learning programs is based on experiential learning theory and can be described by Kolb's (1984) learning cycle. Th e key to learning, particularly deep level learning, through work integrated learning, however, rests on the students' ability to refl ect on the work experiences, to integrate these experiences with their academic lessons and to conceptualise their learning so that they are able to ultimately bring together their work and their academic experiences to solve problems in unfamiliar environments. Th e role of academics in supporting student learning through work integrated learning has long been debated and while the evidence in the United States shows that programs that do not have the support and commitment from academics tend to fold, in Australia the commitment from academics to supporting student learning through work integrated learning is very variable. Th e change in the funding model for work integrated learning programs introduced in Australia by the Deapartment of Education, Science and Technology (DEST) in 2005 could be seen as an incentive to strengthen the academic support in these programs. Th e impact of the changes has however, not necessarily had the desired outcome. Th is paper outlines the pedagogy underpinning work integrated learning, highlights the benefi ts of cooperative education to all stakeholders and examines one university's response to the change in DEST funding for work integrated learning programs. In the paper it is argued that despite the connection of work integrated learning to major performance indicators such as the Course Experience Questionnaire results, and despite the encouragement of the Australian government to promote learning through work integrated learning, academics are still resistant to the need to engage with the students in a way that will further promote deep level learning. Th e easy option is to push this responsibility to employers however in this paper approaches to bringing about attitudinal changes in academic staff will also be explored.


The next advance took place when S. Amelinckx et al. showed in 1957 that a screw dislocation can become helical by absorbing vacancies. Then a problem arose: the magnitudes of Burgers vectors experimentally measured for crystalline structures with hollow cores and Eshelby twists were found to be considerably larger than the Burgers vectors of elementary screw dislocations in a number of materials including germanium sulfide (GeS), lead sulfide (PbS), lead selenide (PbSe), and magnesium oxide (MgO). To solve this puzzle, J. Narayan, who is the John Fan Family Distinguished Chair Professor at North Carolina State University, proposed in a published perspective that the helical dislocations having some edge and mostly screw character can pair up through attractive interaction to form a double helix (Materials Research Letters, https:// doi. org/ 10. 1080/ 21663 831. 2021. 19731 31). This attractive interaction between two helices is derived through the edge component of mixed dislocations and Dislocation does the twist with a double helix


Personal income tax is separated from corporate income tax in Chinese law.The tax law fits for concentrate employment;it plays a positive role for adjusting the personal income gap.While in the information conditions,the emergence of increasing traffic congestion,flexible employment and home office,the separation of the two income taxes has resulted in large efficiency losses owing to bringing unnecessary concentration of production.It was proven that there are not insurmountable gap between the two taxes by models.Some suggestions and proposals were proposed for the current income tax system reform in order to maximize social benefits.


Mobile IPv6 protocol allows a single Mobile Node (MN) to keep the same IPv6 address independently of its network of attachment. One of these extensions, Network Mobility (NEMO) Basic Support protocol is an extension Mobile IPv6. NEMO signaling is performed with extended Mobile IPv6 messages. NEMO Basic Support protocol is concerned with managing the mobility of an entire network, it provides for devices or vehicles which move to another point of attachment to the Internet. This paper proposes a distributed mobility solution based on NEMO for mobile IP networks. This distributed mobility solution that is simple to overcome the drawbacks of the traditional NEMO protocol which is centralized mobility management.


To investigate the relationship between histidinemia and developmental disorders, a longitudinal study was performed in 26 patients. Neuropsychological and psychological testing was carried out. The results indicate the range of DQ and IQ for these subjects, and suggest an autistic tendency and poor language/ visual abilities. Abnormal EEG patterns were observed.


The Hailar Basin is situated in the northwestern margin of the Jiamusi-Mongolia Block. It was a continent marginal basin to the south of the Mongolia-Okhotsk Ocean during the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The basement of the basin is a late Paleozoic marine deposit. The filling of the basin is characterized by terrestrial volcanic rocks, as well as fluvial and lacustrine sedimentary rocks, named as Early Cretaceous Xing'anling and Zhalainuoer groups in ascending order. This is the first time that several oilbearing layers have been discovered in siltstones intercalated by basalts overlain unconformably by the Early Cretaceous Xinganling Group in Hong 6 Well in the Hongqi Sag of the Hailar Basin. As such, a significant progress in oil and gas exploration in the Hailar Basin was achieved in 2018, showing the immense potential for the exploration of new layers deep in the basin. The strata characterized by volcanic rocks and inter-layered sedimentary rocks with oil can be correlated lithologically to the Middle–Late Jurassic Tamulangou Formation outcropped in the Chaoer area of Hulunbuir City, Inner Mongolia, China. To ascertain the horizon of the oilbearing strata, 18 samples were collected systematically for palynological analysis. Three of these were productive in terms of pollen and spores, and 56–75 grains were counted in each sample, which enabled the establishment of the sporopollen assemblage, as well as the determination of the geological age of the strata.


In this report, we present a new software project intended to provide a platform for daptive finite element computation in both research and education. The software DOLFIN is implemented in C++ and ...


Timely and quantitatively evaluating regional eco-environmental quality (EEQ) is of great significance for realizing regional sustainable development goals. Especially for cloudy areas, it was a great challenge to construct a regional EEQ dataset with high quality and high resolution. However, existing studies failed to consider the influence of land surface and season elements in evaluating regional EEQ. Therefore, this study aimed to promote an accurate EEQ-evaluating framework for cloudy areas. Zhaotong city, a typical karst and cloudy region, was chosen as the study area. First, we integrated multi-source spatiotemporal datasets and constructed a novel eco-environmental comprehensive evaluation index (ECEI) to assess its EEQ from 2000 to 2020. Next, standard deviation ellipse (SDE) and trend analysis methods were applied to investigate regional EEQ's change trends. Finally, ecological index (EI) values for different years were calculated to validate the effectivity of the ECEI. The main findings were as follows: (1) The EEQ of Zhaotong showed an upward-fluctuating trend (0.0058 a−1), with average ECEI values of 0.729, 0.693, 0.722, 0.749, and 0.730. (2) The spatial distribution pattern of the EEQ showed high values in the north and low values in the south, with Zhaoyang district having the lowest ECEI value. (3) From 2000 to 2020, the standard deviation of the major axis of the ellipse moved northeast of Zhaotong city with θ of SDE changing from 57.06° to 62.90°, thus, indicating the improvement of northeastern regions' EEQ. (4) The coefficients of the determinant (R2) between the EI and ECEI were 0.84, which was higher than that of EI-RSEI (R2 = 0.56). This indicated that our promoted framework and the ECEI could acquire more accurate EEQ results and provide suggestions for relevant policymakers.


Summary. Aim: to investigate the inhibitory effect of spermine (Spn) and the modifying effect of aminoguanidine (AG) on the structural and functional characteristics of human prostate cancer cells of the LNCaP line, depending on the mode of their use. Object and methods: studies were conducted in vitro on human prostate cancer (PC) cells of the hormone-dependent LNCaP line. Cell survival was determined by the trypan blue exclusion. The concentration of Spn used in the study was 1.5 and 5.0 mM, and AG in combination with Spn 1.5 mM. Changes in the morphology of LNCaP cells were evaluated under microscopr on the fixed cytological specimens of cells grown on coverslips and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Results: Spn at a concentration of 1.5 mM exhibites a pronounced inhibitory effect on the growth of LNCaP cells reducing their survival. Cells die at a Spn concentration of 5.0 mM. The presence of AG (1.5 mM) in the culture medium contributes to a significant recovery of cell survival. Conclusions: the increase in Spn concentration from 1.5 mM to 5.0 mM seems to result in apoptotic death of LNCaP cells. In sublethal concentrations, Spn reduces the synthetic and suppresses the mitotic activity of LNCaP cells, while AG shows a certain protective effect.


Campus building is where students undergo of learning process and perform various activities. In learning process, campus should provide universal design facilities for students all, including students with disabilities. The design of campus is  important factor in operation and service of a higher education. Universal design concept on lecture space in CADL ITB building can make it easier of activity for students with hearing disabilities. The purpose of this research is test a universal design strategy for reducing hearing impairment, visual communication barriers and assistive  technology strengthen, but universal design concept to hearing disabilities that is much different and usually involves visual signs.This research uses 3 stages of method that is descriptive qualitative, classification analysis, and proposal design solution method. Using the parameters of universal design principles, factors involved in  application can be classified to determine the problem of lecture space in CADL ITB as a case study. Then observation of interview result through questionnaire of 60 respondents of students / alumni / drop out of hearing disability in various universities stated that it is still difficult to be accessed in lecture space because there is no universal design facility available. While informants 10 persons academic and not academic people understand and universal design knowledge for disabled except hearing disability. Research results of this study indicate that universal design concept on lecture space in CADL ITB building not optimal, then  existing problems will be given a design solution to maximize of universal design concept.


The pre-crisis growth of Central and Eastern Europe was based on significant external fundraising. The gross external debt of the 11 new Member States last year reached 80 per cent of the GDP, doubling in the course of eight years. The reason for the indebtedness in Baltic and South-East Member States was the foreign trade balance deficit, while in Central European countries the deficit of the current account balance due to capital gains. This indebtedness was in great part the result of private sector borrowing, made up of one third bank loans, and two thirds cross-border loans of companies. Half of the external indebtedness of the corporate sector was related to the inflow of operating capital. A trend-like relation may be observed between the volume of cross-border loans and the volume of foreign capital influx. The indebtedness of the state was only strong in Hungary, though in the spirit of anti-cyclical fiscal policy, the level of public debt did increase in the majority of countries. Caution must be taken – due to the demand decreasing recession effect – during the deleveraging process.


Engine operating uniformity can be improved if manufacturing tolerances of injector can be controlled to a certain degree.An injection compensation technology had been drawn out in the paper,and principle of statistics was used to validate various operating conditions of injector quality and pulse-width data.Compensation data of reference points can be extended to whole characteristic curve of injector according to the statistical method,so injection fuel quantity can be much closer to its ideal fuel quantity.It was showed by test-bench and engine experimental results that the method proposed in the paper was fully effective.


The activation of GnRH pulsatile release is a key step of animal sexual development.Studies show that kisspeptins/GPR54 system,playing a pivotal role in activation of GnRH pulsatile release,is a regulator of sexual development onset.Studies regarding the intracellular signaling pathways on kisspeptins/GPR54 confirm that kisspeptins can activate a wide variety of signals via GPR54 to exert the other roles.Additionally,some factors such as photoperiod and energy reserve affect animal sexual development remarkably.


INTRODUCTION
The ideal burn dressing for children should aim to alleviate pain, decrease length of hospital stay and minimise complications such as conversion and infection. The current literature is still inconclusive with regard to the gold standard burn dressing for the paediatric population.

METHODS
We retrospectively reviewed children with superficial partial thickness burns admitted to our paediatric burns unit from January 2014 to April 2015. A total of 30 patients were included in our study, of whom 13 had Biobrane® dressing. The remaining 17 patients were treated with conventional silver foam dressing (i.e. Biatain® Ag) and served as matched controls. Long-term follow-up scar evaluation was carried out at an average interval of two years after injury.

RESULTS
In the Biobrane group, the length of hospital stay was significantly shorter (Biobrane vs. silver foam: 4.76 ± 2.64 days vs. 8.88 ± 5.09 days; p = 0.01) and the infection rate was significantly lower (Biobrane vs. silver foam: 0% vs. 35.3%; p = 0.02). The Biobrane group had no hypergranulation or wound infection and did not require skin grafting. Long-term follow-up scar evaluation did not reveal any statistical difference between the patient groups at the two-year interval.

CONCLUSION
Paediatric patients with partial thickness burns treated with Biobrane dressing had shorter hospital stay and lower incidence of infection compared to those treated with conventional silver foam dressing. Biobrane and silver foam dressings did not demonstrate any significant difference in terms of long-term scar outcomes over an average follow-up duration of two years.


The cold polar glaciers of the McMurdo Dry Valleys (MCMDV), Antarctica, are characterized by low accumulation (10 cmw.e. a), high sublimation (7–9 cmw.e. a) and low melt rates (1–3 cmw.e. a) (Fountain and others, 1998). Meltwater production and flow is limited to the near surface of these cold polar glaciers, where the average ice temperature at 15m depth is –178C. Meltwater flow, as on other glacier surfaces, is confined to discrete hydrological basins, which consist of series of ice-topped pool and riffle sequences of varying dimensions (Fountain and others, 2004). The larger ice-topped pools, 10–50m in diameter, are called 'cryolakes' (Tranter and others, 2010) and are the focus for supraglacial meltwater flow and sediment transport on Canada Glacier. They function similarly to hydrologically connected cryoconite holes (Fountain and others, 2004). We show below that water flow through this system is highly episodic during the melt season. The supraglacial drainage system of Canada Glacier, one of the most extensively studied glaciers in the MCMDV, is ice-topped for much of the year, so that flow largely occurs below a veneer of up to 0.5m of surface ice. The drainage system consists of a series of interconnected channels, riffles and cryoconite holes (<1m diameter), the latter connected to the pool and riffle system by a series of linear passageways (<10 cm wide), probably the traces of former crevasses. About half the cryoconite holes are hydrologically connected, while the other half remain isolated (Fountain and others, 2008; Tranter and others, 2010). The drainage system is frozen solid throughout winter and reactivates by melting in November. Increasing solar radiation in spring melts the cryolakes internally due to a solid-state heating effect arising from the relatively low albedo of the lake ice (compared to the glacier ice) and the subsurface sediment concentrated in the lake bottom (Brandt and Warren, 1993; Podgorny and Grenfell, 1996; Fountain and others, 2008). Similar processes occur in the frozen channel beds connecting the cryolakes. The surface ice over the channels, in particular, may rot and melt out completely when air temperatures are >08C for a few days. Melt enlargement of the channels also occurs under these same conditions. Drainage system closure due to refreezing usually begins in late January. We had assumed that the cryolakes steadily melted out as the ablation season progressed (Fountain and others, 2004). Occasional observations of empty cryolake basins have been recorded, but it was presumed that the lake drainage was gradual (Johnston and others, 2005; Tranter and others, 2005). Observations in the 2008/09 ablation season show that, by contrast, episodic filling and drainage of these lakes is both possible and probably frequent. Figure 1a shows a typical cryolake on Canada Glacier on 7 December 2008. Figure 1b shows the cryolake 3 days later, after the lake rapidly flooded and the water level rose by 2m in <24 hours. At no point during this period did the air temperature reach 08C (Fig. 2). The mean air temperature prior to the flood (1–6 December) was –5.78C, with a maximum of –1.28C. During the flood (8–10 December), the mean air temperature was –2.98C and the maximum was –0.58C. We infer that the increase in total diurnal solar radiation during three consecutive cloud-free days (7–9 December) was sufficient to increase production of subsurface meltwater. We further surmise that a number of upstream pools also filled during this period. Their subsequent and progressively rapid drainage, due to channel opening or downcutting, led to the rapid flooding of the cryolake under observation. Meltwater drainage from the monitored cryolake was restricted because the outflow channel was still largely frozen. We observed that smaller cryolakes higher up the same drainage basin did indeed show evidence of having filled and drained back to their former water levels during the same period. This evidence included perched ice ceilings above the cryolakes with clear void space beneath and distinctive downcut and flowenlarged outflow channels. We can quantify the relative fluxes of water into and out of the monitored cryolake before, during and after the flood as follows. The estimated volume of the lake increased by 300% during the flood, from 180 to 630m. The mean discharge during the peak summer ablation season for a number of different supraglacial streams on Canada Glacier was 2 L s (personal communication from M. Hoffman, 2008). By contrast, the maximum discharge flowing into a similar nearby cryolake during the flood, recorded using salt tracing (Moore, 2004), was nearly a factor of 40 higher at 75 L s. The monitored cryolake would flood in 2.3 hours if this maximum discharge were maintained and outflow were negligible. The flooded lake would drain in 88 hours if the outlet stream flowed at the usual mean rate and no other water inputs occurred. In reality, the cryolake only drained Journal of Glaciology, Vol. 56, No. 196, 2010


Objective To explore the etiology and diagnosis experience of unilateral vocal fold paralysis in the aged for improving the diagnosis rate. Methods The clinical data of an old male patient with mediastinum metastatic tumor first presented with unilateral vocal fold paralysis was retrospectively reviewed. Results The patient with sudden hoarseness and choke and cough for 3 months was diagnosed with left vocal fold paralysis in local hospital. After treatment with neurotrophic drugs,the patient had no improvement of symptoms and was admitted to our hospital. No positive findings were found in swallow esophagogram,gastroscopy and ultrasonography of the neck and abdominal cavity. The patient was diagnosed with idiopathic unilateral vocal cord paralysis by laryngoscopes and chest X-ray. Then vocal fold augmentation by autologous fat injection was performed via suspension laryngoscope,and the patient was discharged after his symptoms basically disappeared. But four months later,the patient returned to hospital for cough and choke while eating. Combining the results of chest CT,neck ultrasonography and the aspiration biopsy of the left supraclavicular lymph nodes,the patient was finally diagnosed with mediastinum metastatic tumor.Gamma knife radiotherapy was used for management of mediastinal and supraclavicular lymph nodes. The patient died of systemic metastasis one year later. Conclusion The vagus nerve and recurrent laryngeal nerve invaded by head and neck tumor or thoracic tumor are the most common causes of the vocal fold paralysis in the aged. A careful history,detailed examinations,a careful analysis of imaging examination results of head,neck and chest and a close follow-up are necessary for finding the causes of the vocal fold paralysis in the aged,so that misdiagnosis and delayed treatment may be avoided.


The publication of several studies on health disparities between men and women in medically advanced countries such as the USA and UK around the 2000s reflected an increasing interest in this topic among medical scientists. Metabolic diseases, such as obesity and diabetes, were rapidly increasing worldwide at this point, and an urologist had called attention to male health in this context by establishing a relationship between metabolic and urological diseases. Subsequent developments led to the expansion of urology as a specialty, and providing many opportunities for urologists to contribute to treating more general health problems. Urologists must improve male health by implementing appropriate early therapies, understanding the wide range of diseases related to male health, and encouraging patients to adopt preventative methods such as lifestyle changes, dietary improvement, and regular checkups.


I am closing out my first year with SEG as executive director, and I wanted to share some of the highlights of my journey thus far. In previous issues of TLE, I have shared observations from my first 90 days (see October 2019 President's Page) and a report on the year 2019 (see April 2020 Executive Perspectives). Noteworthy accomplishments over my first year included realigning staff resources with SEG's new portfolio structure; refreshing the SEG strategy; completing the sale of SEG's Tulsa, Oklahoma, real estate; expanding SEG's international presence; convening a successful SEG 2019 Annual Meeting; enhancing operational rigor; and launching new products such as a new partner event, new early-career and membership programs, an open-access journal, and a new platform for the SEG Library.


Mycorrhiza-resistant and non-nodulating pea mutants provide a model system for identifying common genes regulated during the early events in mycorrhiza and nodule establishment. Inoculation of pea roots with Glomus mosseae or Rhizobium leguminosarum can induce overex-pression of seven defense-related genes (pI 206, pI 49, pI 176, PR 10, basic A1-chitinase, transcinnamic acid 4-hydroxylase, chalcone isomerase), depending on the plant genotype and the time point of interaction between the plant and the microsymbiont. Expression of the pI 206 gene is closely correlated with appressorium formation by the mycorrhizal fungus on both mutant and wild-type pea roots. The gene is also induced by the pathogen Aphanomyces euteiches. Transcript accumulation was higher in mutant than in wild-type genotypes for five and six of the studied genes during early stages of root interactions with G. mosseae and R. leguminosarum, respectively, and this is discussed in relation to the symbiotic-defective phenotype of Myc-1Nod¯ p...


Adolescents have immense vigor in them, which they sometimes articulate in the form of aggression (Kumar et al., 2016). Aggression is an external behaviour that involves at least two people with intends to harm another person (Bushman & Huesmann 2010). Several longitudinal researches that were carried out unveiled and proved that social-emotional competencies were associated with lessening of numerous problem behaviours including aggression (CASEL 2015; Farrell et al., 2001). SEL programs when well implemented linked to reduce the level of aggression (Osher et al., 2016).


Based on the semantic knowledge resource of HowNet,a duplicate removal method focusing on the questions from CQA is proposed through computing similarity between sentences.The questions which own a high degree of similarity with others were selected and removed by calculating the semantic similarity between them.In this way,we increased the efficiency of users obtaining needed information and improved user experience.The experiment results on the questions from the URL "http://iask.sina.com.cn/" show a good duplicate removal effect.


DR. BIOBAKU'S monograph forms the second Nigerian historical study published by the Oxford University Press, the first being Dr. Dike's Trade and Politics in the Niger Delta. Like its predecessor it is based on a doctoral thesis, but it covers a shorter period, and is confined to a narrower canvas—the city of Abeokuta in its external relations. Its sources are very much more complete than those of the Niger Delta, or rather of that part of it with which Dr. Dike's study was concerned and which could more properly be referred to as the Eastern Delta. The result is in some ways a more satisfactory work. Instead of having to rely solely on Foreign Office correspondence for his primary sources, Dr. Biobaku was able to refer to Church Missionary Society records as well; and whereas Dr. Dike could only speculate on the internal history of Bonny or endeavour to interpret it in the light of what the Rev. Hope Waddell had to say about political events in Old Calabar—a state with a totally different political and social structure—Dr. Biobaku had the journals and reports of Europeans who were themselves involved in local politics, and who were in some cases resident there and actively engaged in local political leadership.


The use of Moringa oleifera leaves extract as plant growth hormone on cowpea plant ( Vigna unguiculata ) has been studied at the biological garden of Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto. An extract was made by grinding young moringa leaves and diluted with water at the ratio of 1:30 25 mls, three blocks were made labelled M, F and D, with three replications each, the extract prepared was applied on block 'M' only, while a small pinch of synthetic fertilizer (Urea) was applied in block 'F' and a control treatment was set up using distilled water, which applied to each plant in hill D. results indicates that in the 3 rd week of observation the cowpea plants treated with moringa extract have the highest mean of stems, number of leaves and branches, length of leaves and branches, and thickness of stem. Then followed by those treated fertilizer mean and finally those treated with distilled water this result show that moringa leaves extract has an improving effects on the growth of cowpea. Moringa leaf extract (MLE) is rich with numerous growth hormones, particularly zeatin that has been reported to increase the crops yield in the range of 10-45 %. Moringa leaf juice also contains micronutrients in sufficient quantities and suitable proportions that increase the growth, yield components and yield of a variety of crops.