The aim of this study was to make comparison of characteristic of p-methoxycinnamic acid from nanoemulsion vehicles containing VCO as oil phase, nonionic surfactants (Span 80 and Tween 80), ethanol 96 % as co-surfactant, and acetic buffer solution pH 4.2. The optimum combination of surfactant : co-surfactant (S:CoS) were 6:1. Three nanoemulsion formulas were made based on three different ratios of oil and water phase (1:20, 1:25, and 1:27,5). Their physicochemical properties were examined for the organoleptics, conductivity, droplets measurement, and polydispersity index, also the soluble capacity of p-methoxycinnamic acid. According to organoleptic evaluation, all formulas has clear yellow color and less viscous consistency. The conductivity results showed that nanoemulsion was oil in water (o/w) type. The size measurement evaluation showed that p-methoxycinnamic acid – loaded nanoemulsions have bigger size (62,63 – 196,13 nm) than unloaded formulas (23,70 – 96,60 nm). Polydispersity index of systems (with or without p-methoxycinnamic acid) were 0,5 – 0,8. In solubility test, formula 1 : 20 has the highest soluble capacity (0,37 %). Based on analysis of varians (ANOVA) test, the soluble capacity of formula 1:25 and formula 1:27,5 don't have a significant differentiation. But, formula 1:20 have significant differentiation from the others. From the solubility test, formula 1:20 (soluble capacity 0,37 %) was shown as the best formula than two others formula.


PREMISE OF THE STUDY
Despite its small size, New Caledonia is characterized by a very diverse flora and striking environmental gradients, which make it an ideal setting to study species diversification. Thirteen of the 19 Araucaria species are endemic to the territory and form a monophyletic group, but patterns and processes that lead to such a high species richness are largely unexplored.

METHODS
We used 142 polymorphic AFLP markers and performed analyses based on Bayesian clustering algorithms, genetic distances, and cladistics on 71 samples representing all New Caledonian Araucaria species. We examined correlations between the inferred evolutionary relationships and shared morphological, ecological, or geographic parameters among species, to investigate evolutionary processes that may have driven speciation.

KEY RESULTS
We showed that genetic divergence among the present New Caledonian Araucaria species is low, suggesting recent diversification rather than pre-existence on Gondwana. We identified three genetic groups that included small-leaved, large-leaved, and coastal species, but detected no association with soil preference, ecological habitat, or rainfall. The observed patterns suggested that speciation events resulted from both differential adaptation and vicariance. Last, we hypothesize that speciation is ongoing and/or there are cryptic species in some genetically (sometimes also morphologically) divergent populations.

CONCLUSIONS
Further data are required to provide better resolution and understanding of the diversification of New Caledonian Araucaria species. Nevertheless, our study allowed insights into their evolutionary relationships and provides a framework for future investigations on the evolution of this emblematic group of plants in one of the world's biodiversity hotspots.


ORIENTASI NILAI BUDAYA DAN POTENSI KONFLIK SOSIAL BATAK TOBA MUSLIM DAN KRISTEN DI SUMATERA UTARA (Studi Kasus Gajah Sakti Kabupaten Asahan)* Sakti Ritonga IAIN Sumatera Utara email@example.com Abstract In socio-cultural sense, cultural value orientation of Batak Toba people could be the media of social integration as well as potential in engendering social conflict. The meaning of Toba cultural value orientation in practical terms differs between those of Muslims and Christians. Migration process, cultural adaptation and Islam, each implys important roles in this regard. Yet, a long course of history, these processes tend to bring theme into two social groups competing with one another.This paper focuses on the analysis of cultural value orientation of Batak Toba and its relation to potential as well as social conflicts of Batak Toba community of Gajah Sakti of Asahan district, North Sumatra. The author found that the levels of Batak-value is lower among those Muslims of Toba compare to their Christians counterparts. It is based on the fact that the teaching of and their submission to Islam give rise a cultural conception of selection process at the level of conceptual and practical. Potential conflicts of Batak Toba than is higher to the other sub-tribes of Batak. The sources of conflict related to the struggle of realizing the value of culture, among others hamoraon, which is a source of perpetual conflict among Batak Toba.


We show how any asymptotically flat supersymmetric solution of minimal d = 5 supergravity with flat base space can be deformed into another supersymmetric asymptotically Gödel solution and apply this procedure to the recently found supersymmetric black-ring and black-string solutions.


Most of the developing countries of the world are facing a major problem of malnutrition. Due to rapid growth in the population, food and feed scarcity are prevalent leading to a deficiency of protein and essential nutrients amongst human beings and livestock. It is therefore important to take necessary measures to stem this trend by increasing protein production and making it available and more affordable to the population by utilizing methods available for the production of alternative sources of nutrients. The increased world demand for food and in particular protein has engineered the search for non-conventional protein sources to supplement the available protein sources. Since the early fifties, intense efforts have been made to explore these alternate and non-conventional protein sources. In 1996, new sources mainly yeast, fungi, bacteria and algae have been used to ferment biomass in the form of biological waste to produce single cell proteins. Microbial biomass has been considered an alternative to conventional sources of food and feed. Large scale production processes for SCP production reveal interesting features.


The method of interlacing of modules, like amalgamation of groups, is a way of getting new objects from old. Briefly, the interlacing module we consider is a certain factor module of a direct sum of copies (finite or infinite) of an original module M. The conditions given in a previous paper by the first author in order that the interlacing module (using finitely many copies) be indecomposable are here greatly weakened, and we further allow the number of copies of the original to be infinite. R. Colby has shown that if R is a left artinian ring, the existence of a bound on the number of generators required for any indecomposable finitely-generated left R-module implies that R has a distributive lattice of two-sided ideals. This result is extended to rings whose identity is a sum of orthogonal local idempotents. For these rings the same distributivity is proved in case every indecomposable interlacing module of the above type which begins with an indecomposable projective M is finitely-generated. A consequence is that any finite-dimensional algebra over a field having infinitely many two-sided ideals has infinite-dimensional indecomposables.


At present, as the source of remote sensing data getting more and more abundant and the resolution becoming very high, traditional change detection methods can't meet the application requirements any more. In this paper, an object-oriented change detection method for multi-source images using multi-feature fusion was proposed to solve this problem. On the basis of obtaining objects and detecting multiple features, the SVM was adopted for its outstanding character in high dimensional data classification. Through the efficient combination of binary classification algorithm based on SVM and object-oriented change detection, the accuracy and reliability of change detection between multi-source images were increased. With manual visual judgment, a computing method for ground objects oriented evaluation index was designed. The experiments were conducted among multi-source and multitemporal images, and the change detection accuracy of different ground objects were counted, which verified the effectiveness of this method.


Abstract Principal component analysis a multivariate statistical data analysis algorithm widely used as a dimensionality reduction algorithm in image processing task. In remote sensing data analysis, PCA used as a spectral enhancement preprocessing algorithm to reduce higher dimension space to lower dimension space with preservation of all the information in original variables. This paper provides a lucid approach to analyse and interpret PC images using statistical and logical approach. It also describe the dependency of the tonal variation of pixel vector of PCs image with magnitude and sign (negative or positive) of the coefficient of eigenvector and pixel value in original multispectral bands.


In the paper by Schwartz (1) it is claimed that Ca2 determination in aerobically handled but pH adjusted serum is superior to anaerobic Ca2+ determination. The reasons for this argument are based on technical problems occurring with anaerobic sample handling, plasma preparation, and measurement. In particular the author indicates that the liquid-ion exchanger flow-thru electrodes (e.g., Orion, Model 99-20) are not reliable enough for routine serum Ca2+ analysis. After six years of experience with such electrodes, including more than 10 000 analyses, we should like to contradict this proposal. A discussion concerning aerobic and anaerobic sample-handling in respect to Ca2+ analyses in serum or plasma is only valid when comparative investigations with both systems are performed and published. The author omitted these experiments and argued from data selected from the literature. According to the author, one advantage of the Electrion System is its serum standards. Unfortunately, he failed to demonstrate that the Ca2+ values of these serum standards are correct. The arguments he gives in this (1) and .a former paper (2) are not convincing, because it is only demonstrated that they are control sera but not standard sera. In addition, these sera could theoretically be used in every other electrode system and are not specific to the Electrion System. For routine serum Ca2+ analyses, Schwartz proposes adjustment of the sample pH to 7.4. We, however, cannot recommend such a routine adjustment, because of the very close interrelationship between serum pH and Ca2+. However, the author does concede that the Ca2+ values are most nearly accurate when the measurements are performed in separated sera at the previously determined patient's blood-pH value. Therefore, two analytical procedures are necessary, i.e. blood-gas analysis and Ca2+ determination. Discussion on the advantages of this accurate but complicated technique over anaerobic sample preparation by the Vacutainer#{174} or paraffin-oil technique would only have been of importance up to the end of 1974, since it does not reflect the present state of instrumentation in serum Ca2+ technology. The author should have mentioned the Orion SS-20 system, which has been commercially available fortwo years and which permits one to omit sample preparation. The crucial advantage of this system is based on its ability to determine plasma Ca2 in whole-blood samples with reliability. In a recent publication it was demonstrated that there is an excellent correlation between Ca2+ whole-blood measurements and plasma determinations with use of the Vacutainer#{174} technique (3). The necessity of heparinization of the blood samples is no drawback of this technique, because the heparin influence on Ca2+ values can be kept both systematic and negligible by using constant and small amounts of this anticoagulant. Because with the Orion SS-20 system the Ca2 determination is technically as easy as the blood-gas analysis, all the frustrating discussion over aerobic and anaerobic sample-handling has become obsolete.


Gladiolus (Gladiolus grandiflorus L.) is also known as the Queen of Bulbous Flowers owing to its brilliant colors, varying size, massive form, attractive shapes and excellent shelf life of flower spike and florets. It is grown for its attractive spike as cut flower and also in flower beds in gardens during winter. The conventional production system of gladiolus allows to get usually one sprout and one daughter corm from a mother corm but sprouting of more buds from a single corm favors to increase in production of corms. The minimum control over vegetative and floral traits is another drawback of conventional system, which is not in favor of meeting the market demands. The control over flowering time and floral characteristics according to the demand of market has been achieved in many cut flowers by adopting modern production techniques including the use of plant growth regulators (PGRs). The application of PGRs has become the part of their cultural practices in many ornamental plants to modify their vegetative and floral traits. Plant growth regulators are the organic chemical compounds which modify or regulate physiological processes in plants when used in small concentrations. The application of PGRs is modern techniques which have become the part of their cultural International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 6 Number 12 (2017) pp. 455-460 Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com


Critical thinking works productively by perpetually reconsidering terms and concepts. This is evident, for example, in the case of Sigmund Freud's concept of narcissism and Michel Foucault's notion of discourse. Both of these terms have prompted a range of interpretations and revisions, by these theorists themselves as well as by other critics. One could say that the more flexible and contested a term, the more lively and stimulating the critical debate about it. In this chapter, it will become evident that the debate around and criticism of autofiction should, in fact, be considered evidence of the strength of the concept, at least as long as one is open to a flexible mode of thinking. Since its 1977 appearance on the cover of Serge Doubrovsky's Fils in its oft-quoted, but somewhat enigmatic, description "Fiction, of strictly real events and facts; autofiction if you like"1 (Groneman 2019a, 241), the term "autofiction" has seen a lively reception in literary studies, especially in research on the genre of autobiography. The term's—or rather the


Observations on the biology of Pimeliaphilus plumifer Newell & Ryckman, an ectoparasite of 3 species of North American Triatominae, indicated the presence of an egg, deutovum, larva, protonymph, deutonymph, tritonymph, and adult in the ♀, and egg, deutovum, protonymph, and adult in the ♂. The life cycle from egg to egg, at 30°C and 15–20% rh, in the laboratory, required 60.2 ± 14.8 days. Females isolated as engorged deutonymphs or tritonymphs produced only ♂ progeny. Attachment of the adult ♀ mite to the host was permanent, while attachment by the ♂ to hosts was intermittent. The larvae and deutonymphs developed into proto- and tritonymphs after 1 host feeding. The biology of P. plumifer and other pterygosomids is discussed.


The paper aims to renew scientific debate concerning relations between borders and cartography, with an hermeneutic approach based on semiologic reading of cartographic border signs. This conceptual and methodological changing carry out to a passage from the content analysis to the language study and aims to reveal the cartographic "grammar", that is the philological origin of codes contained in cartographic representations of border landscapes. The interpretation model assumes a multidisciplinary approach and represents both as an hyperlink process to break up linguistic codes (image, toponym, symbol) and as a predictive process oriented to territorial planning (changing, preservation, development). In this way, the analysis * Università degli Studi di Trento, Dipartimento di Filosofia, Storia e Beni culturali email@example.com


Based on analysis of the nature of art is considered the author of Carnival potential of the individual, which is the base in the professions related to art and culture. In theory and practice of domestic pedagogics formation almost carnival culture of students of art schools are not comprehended pedagogy, which is reflected in the absence of procedures for the development of the carnival thinking of students in line with their future profession. In this regard, the author suggests consequential, alternative ways to identify and form carnival potential of students in the period of study at the university. The article presents the results of an experiment on the development of the profession by students MGUKI director of theatrical performances and mass holidays through art of clowning.


Combined the remote sensing explanation and indoor analysis numerical statement,the geological disaster distribution characteristics and development situation in Rong county were basically found out.According to the distribution characteristics of geological disaster of whole county,the degree of geological disasters occurred,the partition and evaluation of geological disaster prevention were carried out,so as to avoid and prevent the occurrence of geological disaster.


This article looks at some of the history of "Leibniz's series" and at Newton's riposte in a letter to Leibniz, the Epistola Posterior: On the way we shall take in Gregory's well known contribution to the problem, and Newton's own description of how he discovered the binomial theorem using a method that has considerable appeal in classrooms today. For light relief Newton's apples will make an entrance. I have tried to track down as many copies of the original manuscripts as possible, as these have a great motivating effect on students. Knowledgeable readers will realise that this article is really an extended review of three magnificent sources, The Mathematical Papers of Isaac Newton, edited by D.T. Whiteside, Leibniz in Paris 1672-1676, by J.E. Hofmann, and The Correspondence of Isaac Newton edited by H.W. Turnbull. My interest in the history of mathematics stems from a conversation with Professor Whiteside at the MA conference at Leicester in 1990, during which it became clear to me that despite having read and digested the works of Bell, Kline and Boyer, I knew nothing of the history of the calculus I was supposed to be teaching.


Through the Tangshan-Caofeidian expressway subgrade disposal, the composite subgrade of mixing cement pile is elaborated about the mechanism and the problems deserving attention. It canprovide reference for peers.


In the so called "Bolonian Process", teacher training tends to be considered a "crosscurricular objective" that each country will implement according to their own peculiarities. This implementation, among other aspects, will affect the mentoring in the practicum of the graduate and postgraduate new studying plans of the Teachers Training Degrees. In order to fulfill the process in the best way possible, we put in a tender for the foundings of the empirical investigation on this theme, in the present abstract. In order to carry out the review of the empirical literature, both national and international, we choose a qualitative design utilizing a "systematic" and "narrative" methodology. The data source was constituted by 137 investigation articles selected by the data basis: Educational Resources Information Centre (ERIC), British Education Index (BEI), Internet Society (ISOC), as well as the minutes of the ten International Symposiums on the Practicum, which took place in Poio (Pontevedra). Once the articles were selected, we passed on to a "factual" and "descriptive" coding. The descriptive results obtained show that, first, the benefits that mentoring contributes to mentors: professional and personal development, learning (reflection) and satisfaction at work; and for the "mentored": support for their professional development, help for the carrying out of learning (reflection) and socialization. And second, the necessary conditions to make the performance of mentoring "effective". Among them, the delimiting of the mentor's functions, the selection of mentors, and the assignation of "mentored", the mentor's formation and the mentoring strategies. We end up mentioning the work limitations, both methodological and personal.


The safe use of electric power is discussed from the devices of power and its protection, the use of safely automatic devices and the safety of upper grade electric net. The result of the discussion is that the electric power used at the riuer dam has some dangerous possibilities and some improving measures are suggested.


ABSTRACT. Under the rule of law, which is responsible for exercising public powers to the municipal government and what is its importance in the construction of a genuine rule of law? This is the question on which this work takes place, concluding that no public authority can be exercised any, outside the rule of law, which is essential to its definition and delimitation of the order of the municipal government. KEY WORDS : Municipality, public powers, rule of law, regulatory power of municipalities.


Very high regioselectivities in Baeyer-Villigeroxidations of some 4-substituted adamantanones with strongly electron-withdrawing substituents X are observed. If the substitutents have smaller inductive effects, regioselectivities are much lower and the substituents' stereochemical position is of significance. Generally, the axial epimers are less reactive, since their Criegeeintermediates suffer severe 1,3-diaxial steric interactions


Successes from anesthesiologist‐led perioperative surgical homes in the adult patient population have inspired similar initiatives by pediatric hospitals. Typically the care coordination for these perioperative homes is run through hospital‐funded, on‐site, preanesthesia clinics. Preliminary data from pediatric perioperative homes have shown promising results in improved patient outcomes and decreased length of hospital stay. The majority of pediatric surgeries within the country are performed in nonpediatric hospitals. Such centers may not have the infrastructure or financial resources for a freestanding pediatric preanesthesia clinic. Faced with this situation at the largest safety net hospital in New England, the authors present their experience designing and implementing a "Virtual Pediatric Perioperative Home," a telemedicine‐based triage and preanesthetic optimization for pediatric patients at Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA.


The Aris and Phillips Terence series reaches its half-way point with this volume (Frances Muecke reviewed The Brothers and The Self-Tormentor mJRS 79 (1989), 185-7). Ireland's translation is both reliable and readable, and his commentary is well-informed and intelligent. I find the play livelier than he appears to, and I fear that the lumpish style of some of his comments will do nothing to enhance his readers' enjoyment of the play. But he certainly covers the right sort of ground, and patient readers will be stimulated to think about interesting questions. There is much sensitive comment in the notes, and I. is well alive to the difference which the audience's knowledge or ignorance makes to the effect of a scene. The text (set throughout in iopt Times) is beautifully clear and easier to read than its two predecessors. The Latin text is essentially that of Kauer and Lindsay; the differences are helpfully listed on p. 18. There is a brief Apparatus Criticus on pp. 98—100, between the text and the commentary. The commentary (101-57, followed by appendices on 'The Odium-Morbus Theme' and 'The Timescale of the Pregnancy') very occasionally discusses details of the Latin text, but it is for the most part what it claims to be, a 'Commentary on the Translation'. The book ends with a 'Short Bibliography'; there is no index (The Brothers has one, The Self-Tormentor does not). Some letters have failed to print properly in lines 81 and 409 of the Latin text, 272-3 of the translation, and the end of the commentary on 12a. I. states his view of the play in the Preface: 'Terence's The Mother-in-Law is not a funny play . . . Terence was . . . developing a theme that contained more than a hint of potential tragedy . . . and only rescuing the obligatory happy ending in the closing lines of the action.' His commentary draws attention to some comic elements, but these are not what most attracts or strikes him (on p. 4 he refers to the play's 'sombre, almost tragic tones'). This has much to do with the lack of an expository prologue, and resulting missed opportunities for dramatic irony; and I. is not alone in his view. But he takes it to an extreme which at times seems ponderous. The expectation of a happy ending must create suspense if we cannot see how the ending will be achieved; but do we experience 'suspense and anxiety' (11 — my italics) ? And is there not more liveliness and simple entertainment in (for example) the presentation of Laches than is brought out in the notes on lines 207, 220, and 240 ff. ? A small example of lumpishness comes on p. 142: 'References at 358 and 582 ensure consistency as regards Sostrata's presence indoors up to this point'; on a larger scale, try the last sentence of the note on line 194. Some details: p. 14: the comparison between this play and Menander's Epitrepontes leaves a lot unsaid. Menander does not portray the two mothers; and it would be interesting to compare Habrotonon and Bacchis. Pp. 15-16 are unhelpful on metre. Who will understand 'scanned not by stress but by length' if they did not already know? Why is V used (without explanation) to indicate a 'short' syllable? P. 18:1. claims that the iambic septenarius is used 'for the production of suspense'. But he says nothing about 816-40, the monologue in which Bacchis solves all the problems; and is there really more suspense in 243 ff. or 769 ff. than in neighbouring scenes? Line 326: 'I've no choice but to die with you' surely mistranslates the tense of the infinitive in 'perisse me una haud dubiumst'. P. 129: I. speaks of 'a large theatre' (on 1. 352); but he nowhere says what kind of theatres the play was performed in, or where they were situated. P. 152:1. here (on 1. 752) accepts Bacchis' account as entirely truthful; this conflicts with his note on 11. 550-6.


A key component of turbo-Brayton cryocoolers is the cryogenic expansion turbine. This component removes work from the cycle gas at cryogenic temperatures, producing refrigeration. The design objectives for this component are high aerodynamic efficiency and low overhead losses. The latter objective is achieved in dual-temperature turbines by minimizing heat leak from the warm to cold end of the unit, and in isothermal turbines by minimizing electromagnetic and viscous losses. Turbines for space systems have adopted the use of electrical alternators (i.e., turboalternators) for turbine speed control and reduced cryocooler input power by recovering the turboalternator generated power. Creare recently built and demonstrated its smallest isothermal turboalternator. The turbine rotor diameter is 0.23 in. (5.8 mm), the shaft diameter is 0.08 in. (2.0 mm), and the rotor operates at nominally 3000 to 9000 rev/s. This turboalternator was optimized for operation in a cryocooler providing 1 to 2 W of refrigeration at 35 K. It is a 2/3-scale version of the flight-qualified NICMOS turboalternator and is our first turboalternator utilizing new fabrication techniques that enable higher aerodynamic efficiency. This turboalternator was tested at temperatures from 19 to 60 K and demonstrated high efficiency at all temperatures. In this paper, we review our turboalternator technology and heritage, and present results from the cryogenic testing of our ultra-miniature turboalternator.


The  major  objective  of  this  study  was  to  quantify  the  effects  of a  12-week  program  of  weight  bearing  exercises  on  weight  borne  through  the hand and grip pressures in children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy. This study also sought to monitor the change in spasticity immediately following weight-bearing  exercises.  A  quasi-experimental,  one  group  pre-test,  post-test  study  was used. Eleven children with hemiplegic type of cerebral palsy from a special school in KwaZulu Natal participated after fully informed written consent. The intervention consisted of a 12-week program of weight bearing. The Tekscan Grip system was used to quantify weight borne through the hand during extended arm prone and quadruped positions and whilst holding a pencil and a tumbler. The modified Ashworth grading of spasticity was used to monitor spasticity. The data was analysed using the random effects GLS model Wald Chi Square test. Significant increases in contact pressure in extended arms prone (p=0,012) and quadruped (p=0,002) and when holding a pencil (p=0,045) was noted post-test compared to pre-test. Significant increases in contact area of the hand was also noted in prone (p=0,000), quadruped (p=0, 03 at assessment 7) and when holding a pencil (p=0,035).  A significant decrease in spasticity during elbow extension (p=0,004), and wrist flexion (p=0,026) and extension (p=0,004) was noted. An overall significant effect of static weight bearing exercises on weight borne through the hands, grip strength and spasticity justifies the use of static weight-bearing in therapy.


The issues on representation of the people Institute formation in Russian empire come under review in this work. The author performs analysis of electoral system, used at the elections of lawmakers for pre-revolutionary State Dumas. The deputy mandate and Intraparliamentary associations are also studied in the paper.


We demonstrate the use of coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) spectroscopy for determination of degree of unsaturation in edible oils. To this end, we have measured CARS spectra of six kinds of commercial edible oils having different degree of unsaturation, and it was found that the spectral intensity ratio (IC–H/IC–H) of two specific bands in C–H stretch region depends on the degree of unsaturation of sample. Based on this relation, the mass unsaturation (NC–H/NC–H) of six oils was estimated through the results of CARS spectroscopy in five fatty acids (FA), which are major component of edible oils. In addition, we obtained the calibration curve for determining iodine value (IV), and the result of our work was well matched with referred IV. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Information Technology Infrastructure Library (ITIL) best practices enhance service level, and decrease operational costs without lowering proficient and agile employees or increasing investment. Of course, ITIL does not provide a step by step practice list to create an IT organization, but provides a framework and list from IT operational processes which has been acquired through myriads of human experiences during years. By using ITIL, organizations can establish a set of practices and processes to increase IT services delivery and support. The purpose of this thesis is to reveal how ITIL should be implemented in an organization in an efficient and effective way to achieve the goal of reducing wastage, cutting costs and increasing customers satisfaction. There are many books dealing with the ITIL. But these publications do not prescribe how to adopt, adapt or implement the guidelines as part of a service management strategy; it would seem useful to explore implementation strategies which are employed by organizations when they are using ITIL best practices.


Aging women sustain a large burden for stroke, an observation frequently overlooked in our popularized view of cancer as the killer of women. Accordingly, potential benefits and hazards of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) are of increasing interest to female patients at risk for stroke and cerebrovascular disease. Estrogen has been particularly well studied in animal and cell injury models of cerebral ischemia with nearly uniform favorable results, ie, cell salvage from ischemic death pathways. Nevertheless, our ability to translate these favorable data from the bench into positive clinical trials has been quite limited. Furthermore, recent data from large, randomized, clinical trials question the use of HRT for either the primary or secondary prevention of coronary heart disease and stroke. This review will evaluate experimental and clinical evidence for estrogen's efficacy, or lack thereof, and mechanisms of action in cerebral ischemia and stroke.

Animal studies clearly indicate that biologic sex and endogenous sex steroids influence experimental stroke outcome. Histological damage is less in female animals than in age-matched males after focal cerebral ischemia, and the source of this protection is linked to female reproductive steroids.1–3 Furthermore, emerging data suggest that molecular mechanisms of ischemic damage may not necessarily impact identically in male and female brains. For example, ischemic outcome in transgenic mouse strains can be sex-dependent, even when the deleted (or overexpressed) gene is not linked to reproduction.4

Estrogen has been widely shown to acutely protect brain from experimental stroke.5–8 These observations have been consistent across animal models, breeder source, and genetic strain, including strains with genetic hypertension or diabetes. Estrogen treatment to physiologically relevant plasma levels improves histological, physiological, and behavioral outcomes after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion, global forebrain ischemia, photothrombotic injury, and subarachnoid hemorrhage. Preischemic estrogen treatment …


Data acquisition is the first stage in reverse engineering. The quality of data is essential to determine if we can deoxidize the sample in the tolerance range. It analyzes the measured tolerance in acquiring data by CMM and optical measuring machine, puts forward the corresponding method. It is key to reconstruct CAD model with high quality and precision.


Aims of the thesis: The general objective of this project was to identify and to some extent remove obstacles in the incorporation of disease-specific quality of life and/or health-status assessments in the management of asthma and COPD patients in primary care. The measurement properties, the design and the administrative complexity of the instruments at hand have been scrutinized with the intent to make it possible for primary care to integrate a patient perspective in the treatment and monitoring of asthma and COPD. Methods: Psychometric analysis of the measurement properties and performance of the questionnaires ACQ and MiniAQLQ in primary care (paper I). Psychometric analysis of the measurement properties and the performance of the CCQ in primary care (paper II). A cluster randomised study of the influence of information and monitoring on asthma control. Analysis were made of group differences on the ACQ and the MiniAQLQ and estimates of responsiveness of both questionnaires were calculated (paper III) . Semi-structured interviews with patients with COPD with an extended version of the SEIQoL-DW (paper IV). Results: The Mini-AQLQ and ACQ correlated well with the criterion measure AQLQ(S). Reliability coefficients were good. Both questionnaires detected improvement or deterioration of patients at the group level (paper I). Overall correlations between the criterion measure SGRQ and CCQ were strong for all patients with clinical COPD (0.84). These correlations between CCQ and SGRQ were moderate to good, regardless of COPD severity. Reliability was good but not sufficient for individual level assessment (paper II). ACQ score changes differed between the study groups (p < 0.05). In the intervention group, these changes in asthma control were close to clinical significance (MID 0.5). Both groups improved in disease-specific quality of life scores. For the intervention group, which changed the most (p < 0.05), the change exceeded the threshold for the MID. (paper III). The cue areas rated as most important with the generic part was the subjects' own health and relation to partner and family. The cue areas rated most important with the disease-specific part was; worries about own health, and independence. When comparing the results of the SEIQoL with standardised questionnaires content it seems as several areas of importance as nominated by the COPD patients are not addressed in standardised questionnaires, especially the areas of social life and mental health (paper IV). Conclusions: The asthma-specific instruments ACQ and MiniAQLQ exhibited measurement properties that allow use on an individual level in primary care. The CCQ did not meet the measurement requirements set for use on an individual level. Further, development is proposed in order to enhance performance of the instrument.


Relative permeability of the nonwetting phase in a multiphase flow in porous media is a function of phase saturation. Specific expressions of this function are commonly determined by combining soil water retention curves with relative nonwetting phase permeability models. Experimental evidence suggests that the relative permeability of the nonwetting phase can be significantly overestimated by the existing relative permeability models. A new model for the prediction of relative nonwetting phase permeability from soil water retention curves is proposed in this paper. A closed form expression can be obtained in combination with soil water retention curves. The model is mathematically simple and can easily and efficiently be implemented in numerical models of multiphase flow processes in porous media. The predicting capability of the proposed model is contrasted with well‐supported models by comparing the measured and predicted relative air permeability data for 11 soils, representing a wide range of soil textures, from sand to silty clay loam. In most of the cases the proposed model improves the agreement between the predicted relative air permeability and the measured data.


Objective To evaluate clinical curative effect on hepatolith by the different surgical treatments. Methods 86 cases of gallstone patients who need to be taken to surgery was researched in the study. They were randomly divided into treatment group 42 cases and control group 44 cases. The operation time,postoperative bed time,intraoperative blood loss were compared in two groups. The postoperative complications and recurrence rate and patients' satisfaction were recorded for 2 years follow- up. Results The operation time,postoperative bed time and intraoperative blood loss in treatment group were less than that in control group,the difference was statistically significant. And a complication rate,relapse rates in treatment group were lower than control group,the overall satisfaction rate in treatment group was higher in patients. The differences were all statistically significant( P 0. 05). Conclusion Choledocholithotomy and biliary- enteric anastomosis for the clinical treatment of bile duct stones surgery to save time and reduce the amount of bleeding the patient's prognosis and efficacy of clear,high patient satisfaction,worthy of positive promotion and using.


A N-tracer method was used to study the absorption of nitrogen applied in the spring to Satsuma mandarin trees and Rat'stail fescue, Vulpia myuros, in a mandarin orange orchard covered with Rat's-tail fescue. The amount of nitrogen applied in the spring that was absorbed by mandarin orange trees in a plot covered with Rat's-tail fescue was markedly smaller, about 47%, than that in a clean cultivated plot; the difference was particularly large in new leaves. The amount of nitrogen absorbed by Rat's-tail fescue in a sod culture plot was about twice as large as that absorbed by the trees in the plot. Trees in the clean cultivated plot showed higher rates of N occupied by supplied nitrogen in all organs than trees in the sod culture plot did; the difference was particularly large in newly developed organs. However, Rat's-tail fescue in the sod culture plot showed a markedly higher rate of N occupied by supplied nitrogen than the trees showed. A comparison of the utilization rates of nitrogen applied in the spring to trees in two different plots demonstrated that the rate was 16.7% in the sod culture plot and 35.3% in the clean cultivated plot; the rate was markedly higher in the clean cultivated plot. However, the utilization rate including an absorbed amount by Rat's-tail fescue was 51.6% in the sod culture plot, which was about 1.5 times as high as that in the clean cultivated plot.


Review(s) of: Poems [1913], by C. J. Brennan, (Sydney University Press, Facsimile edition, 1972, $7.00 cloth, $4.00 paper); The poems of Kenneth Mackenzie, by Kenneth Mackenzie, (Angus and Robertson, 1972, $4.95); After martial, by Peter Porter, (Oxford University Press, 1972, $3.40); Preaching to the converted, by Peter Porter, (Oxford University Press, 1972, $3.40); Some poems of Verlaine, by R. H. Morrison, (The Hawthorn Press Pty Ltd, 1972, $2.95); Tides flow, by Marjorie Pizer, Marjorie Pizer, 1972, $1.50); For the record, by Anne Elder, (The Hawthorn Press Pty Ltd, 1972, $2.95); Australian poetry 1972, by R. F. Brissenden, (Angus and Robertson, 1972, $2.95).


The problem of reassigning a part of the open-loop spectrum of a linear system by feedback control, leaving the rest of the spectrum invariant, is called the partial eigenvalue assignment problem. In this paper, a projection method based on a direct use of the implicitly restarted Arnoldi method for the partial eigenvalue assignment problem in linear control systems is presented. The method is of interest in common situations where the system is very large and only a few of its eigenvalues need to be assigned. Numerical examples are given to display the performance and the accuracy of the proposed algorithm.


Grid environments more and more target novel domains such as eScience, eHealth or digital libraries that feature a variety of data-intensive applications. Consequently, issues related to data management in Grids are becoming increasingly important. In terms of data management, the Grid allows keeping a large number of replicas of data objects, possibly with different versions or levels of freshness, to allow for a high degree of availability, reliability and performance so as to best meet the needs of users and applications. At the same time, the seamless integration of replication management into the Grid while taking into account its special characteristics, needs to be done without any central component for managing data or metadata. In this paper, we report on the ongoing Re:GRIDiT project which aims at addressing all the above requirements. Re:GRIDiT distinguishes between potentially many updateable and read-only replicas which can be distributed across a Grid environment. First, Re:GRIDiT provides new protocols for the correct synchronization of concurrent updates to different updateable replicas and their subsequent propagation in a completely distributed way. Second, Re:GRIDiT takes into account the semantics of the data which is managed in the Grid: mutable data can be subject to updates; immutable data, in turn, cannot be changed once created, but may be subject to version control. Third, Re:GRIDiT will be dynamic in a way that according to the current load, new replicas (updateable or read-only) can be created or removed on demand. Fourth, Re:GRIDiT will provide read-only transactions the full flexibility to specify the freshness (for mutable data) or version number (for immutable data) -- which is particularly useful in order to trade accuracy for performance in the access to data in the Grid.


One in every five episodes, venous thromboembolism (VTE) occurs in patients with known cancer [1], but VTE may also be the first manifestation of an underlying (previously not known) malignancy [2,3]. This association is greatest within the first few months, thus suggesting these cancers are present at the time of diagnosis. A number of studies have been published on this issue, but there still exists controversy over the adequacy of performing some screening workup in patients with acute VTE in order to detect cancer in earlier phases. What a number of studies have already demonstrated is: (i) that a diagnosis of cancer is more likely to arise in patients without identified risk factors for thrombosis and apparently idiopathic VTE than in those in whom VTE occurs postoperatively or after immobilization [4,5]; (ii) that the variation in reported incidence reflects the different definitions for idiopathic and secondary cases, and variation in the intensity of cancer surveillance in each study; and (iii) that these cancers are more often in early stages of the disease [6,7]. However, there still remain some important unresolved questions: (i) is there any specific subgroup of patients with idiopathic VTE who may benefit more from an aggressive workup?; (ii) what is the most cost-effective workup to perform in these patients?; (iii) do early detection of cancer influence the survival of these patients? Firstly, as one in every two patients with VTE has idiopathic VTE, it would be interesting to know if hidden cancer is more frequent in any specific subgroup of patients. There is some evidence that patients with recurrent idiopathic VTE [5], bilateral DVT [8], upper-extremity DVT [9] or increased D-dimer levels at presentation [10] have an increased risk for hidden cancer. Besides, there is some controversy over the role of patient's age, with some reports finding occult cancer most commonly in the younger, others in the elderly. A large study is warranted in which all these findings might be validated. Secondly, although intuitively a search for occult malignancy is attractive, there is no evidence that such an approach identifies all occult malignancies and ultimately affects the course of the disease. The mere knowledge of the presence of a substantial risk for occult cancer has led to the common practice of performing at least some extra tests in the attempt to identify occult malignancies in addition to the standard clinical evaluation. In a prospective observational study, we demonstrated that in patients with acute VTE a routine clinical evaluation results in the identification of approximately half of the patients who harbor an undiagnosed malignancy at the time of the thrombotic event [6]. A further limited diagnostic work-up, including abdominopelvic ultrasound and tumor markers, identified a malignancy in an additional number of patients. However, follow-up revealed that approximately half of the remaining patients with occult malignancies were missed. Up to now, the only randomized trial comparing extensive screening vs. no screening in patients with idiopathic VTE has demonstrated that most cancers are potentially diagnosable at presentation [7]. However, a study including ultrasound and computed tomography of the abdomen and pelvis, stool guaiac examination, gastroscopy, colonoscopy, sputum cytology, mammography, and measurement of tumor markers is unlikely to be cost-effective. In this issue of the Journal, Di Nisio et al. [11] provide some evidence that some screening strategies may be cost-effective, comparing the total costs of a number of screening strategies, and the expected Live Years Gained with each of them. This is a useful study that has the limits of the original study (mainly, the small number of patients and the unknown life expectancy in patients with concurrent cancer and VTE), as acknowledged by the authors. Finally, there is no evidence to date that routine cancer screening would improve the prognosis of these patients. Any benefit associated with an extensive strategy of investigation should be considered in conjunction with the potential for


The interactions of three sectors: deteriorated environment, weakening host and pathogen aggression are required to cause a disease outbreak. This paper reviews the existing information about the effects of physiological factors and environmental factors on the immune response in decapod crustaceans, particularly of freshwater prawn Macrobarchium rosenbergii. Emphasis is placed on intrinsic f actors and natural environments like gender, size, molting cycle, feeding rate, circadian rhythm and season. Primary physicochemical changes such as temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, salinity, and pollutants such as ammonia and copper sulfate are also addressed. Immunological tools commonly used to evaluate immune response are hemocyte counts including THC (total hemocyte count) and DHC (differential hemocyte count), phenoloxidase activity, respiratory burst (release of superoxide anion), phagocytic activity, clearance efficiency (or antibacterial activity), and antimicrobial peptides. As an example, M. rosenbergii reared at high temperature (33-34℃), high pH (9.0-9.5), low pH (4.6-5.0), low DO (1.75-2.75 mg/l), and exposed to ammonia-N (0.55 mg/l) and copper sulfate (0.2 mg/l) experienced a decrease in phenoloxidase activity, leading to susceptibility to Lactococcus garvieae pathogen by reducing its immune ability. The immune responses of other decapod crustaceans under environmental changes and exposure to pollutants are also discussed.


In the context of economic globalization, the comparative advantages of developing countries and developed countries tend to be more complex. After the economic crisis in 2008, the challenges of developing countries are intensified, and the game is more cyclical; Especially in the critical period when the "Fourth Industrial Revolution" is pending, many countries have increased their efforts in policy formulation and efficiency improvement, focusing on industrial transformation and upgrading, and closely combining structural reform with the industrialization process. Therefore, it is particularly important to analyze, change and forecast the industrial structure of post-industrial regions in developing countries based on data science algorithms, and to reshape the understanding of the adjustment of the world economic order and the evolution of the international trade division system. Based on the proportion of gross regional product and output value of three industries in Heilongjiang Province of China from 2001 to 2020, the minimum deviation model of industrial structure in Heilongjiang Province is constructed through Markov theory. The Lingo software is used to obtain the transition probability matrix of the industrial structure state, and combined with the autocorrelation coefficient of each order and the transfer weight, the change trend of the proportion of the output value of the three industries and the change of the contribution rate of the three industries (to GDP) in Heilongjiang Province in the next 10 years are obtained; At the same time, through the grey correlation index and spss software, this paper analyzes the correlation changes between the three industrial adjustments and economic development in Heilongjiang Province in the past 20 years, discusses the new growth points of economic development in Heilongjiang Province and puts forward corresponding suggestions for the adjustment of different industrial structures in Heilongjiang Province, and finally extends the general rules of the development of post-industrialization in the world. This article believes that it is necessary to adjust the structure of the first, second, and third industries reasonably based on different historical and natural endowments, contemporary backgrounds, and other practical factors, in accordance with local conditions, circumstances, and each with its own emphasis. At the same time, it also requires the support and inclination of government policies; Adapting industrial structure to local economic development while actively leading productivity and local economic development.


The deactivation pathways of the lowest triplet state of benzaldehyde (BA), a series of substituted derivatives (OCH/sub 3/, CH/sub 3/, F, Cl, Br, CHO, and CN), and some related aromatic aldehydes were examined at room temperature by laser flash photolysis in several solvents including water. The triplet state (lambda/sub max/ = 325 nm for BA in acetonitrile) was identified by energy-transfer measurements. The rate constant for self-quenching is below the diffusion-controlled limit (BA: < 1 x 10/sup 8/ M/sup -1/s/sup -1/). Triplet quenching by (heavy) water was observed for the benzaldehydes whose lowest triplet has n,..pi../sup */ character. On increasing the (H/sub 2/O/(CH/sub 3/CN) ratio the triplet life time (BA: 1.5 ..mu..s in acetonitrile, 60 ns in water) passes through a minimum. The apparent quenching constant (k/sub obsd/(H/sub 2/O)), which remains unchanged only between about 1 and 20% water content (BA: 3.0 x 10/sup 6/ M/sup -1/ s/sup -1/), shows an increasing trend for benzaldehydes with electron-withdrawing substituents and a decreasing trend with electron-donating substituents. Triplet quenching of benzaldehydes by D/sub 2/O leads to H/D exchange at the formyl group. A new pathway for the photodeuteriation is considered which bypasses the classical benzolyl-..cap alpha..-hydroxybenzyl radical pair.


Three‐component (throughfall, soil water, groundwater) hydrograph separations at peak flow were performed on 10 storms over a 2‐year period in a small forested catchment in north‐central Maryland using an iterative and an exact solution. Seven pairs of tracers (deuterium and oxygen 18, deuterium and chloride, deuterium and sodium, deuterium and silica, chloride and silica, chloride and sodium, and sodium and silica) were used for three‐component hydrograph separation for each storm at peak flow to determine whether or not the assumptions of hydrograph separation routinely can be met, to assess the adequacy of some commonly used tracers, to identify patterns in hydrograph‐separation results, and to develop conceptual models for the patterns observed. Results of the three‐component separations were not always physically meaningful, suggesting that assumptions of hydrograph separation had been violated. Uncertainties in solutions to equations for hydrograph separations were large, partly as a result of violations of assumptions used in deriving the separation equations and partly as a result of improper identification of chemical compositions of end‐members. Results of three‐component separations using commonly used tracers were widely variable. Consistent patterns in the amount of subsurface water contributing to peak flow (45–100%) were observed, no matter which separation method or combination of tracers was used. A general conceptual model for the sequence of contributions from the three end‐members could be developed for 9 of the 10 storms. Overall results indicated that hydrochemical and hydrometric measurements need to be coupled in order to perform meaningful hydrograph separations.


Aiming at the velocity jump caused by joint failure of manipulator, a method is proposed to reduce velocity jumps in both Cartesian space and joint space. Based on the analysis of velocity jump, the reduction problem is turned into an optimization problem of finding the best compensation vector for joint velocity. The gradient of the reduced manipulability is applied to represent the weight for joint velocity redistribution, and the orthogonal matrix of null space is introduced to construct the compensation vector. As a result, the compensation for the joint velocity during the entire task cycle can be achieved. The simulation result shows the effectiveness of the proposed method in reducing the velocity jump in both joint space and Cartesian space, and the optimization coefficient of compensation vector can be achieved. Then the limitation of constant coefficient is studied in further and the coefficient form is corrected for better reduction performance.


Metamifop is an aryloxyphenoxypropionate herbicide that controls grassy weeds. Insufficient information is available on the dose of application of metamifop for post-emergence weed control. A field experiment was conducted during 2014-15 and 2015-16 at ICAR-National Rice Research Institute to determine the most effective dose of metamifop in direct-sown rice (Oryza sativa L.) and its impact in rice-rice cropping sequence. The treatments consisted of 4 doses of metamifop 10% EC at 75, 100, 150 and 200 g/ha along with oxyfluorfen 23.5% EC at 240 g/ha as standard check. Application of metamifop at 200 g/ha effectively controlled all the grassy weeds (weed control efficiency, 80-84%) except Leptochloa chinensis. Similar trend was observed with metamifop at 150 g/ha (weed control efficiency, 76-82%). Metamifop at 150 g/ha recorded 4.59 tonnes/ha grain yield and it was at par with metamifop applied at 200 g/ha (4.84 tonnes/ha). There was no negative effect of the herbicide treatments on the germination percentage, growth and yield of the succeeding rice crop in rice-rice cropping sequence. Therefore, metamifop 10% EC at 150 g/ha would be optimum recommendation for the control of grassy weeds in rice crop, considering the lower dose for reducing the herbicide load in the environment.


To obtain the fundamental information on the dissolution of nickel and copper into the slag formed in the nickel and nickel alloy smelting processes, the phase relations between Ni-Cu-Fe alloys and FeOX-MgO-SiO2 slags saturated with MgO were investigated under controlled oxygen partial pressure using CO and CO2 mixed gas at 1,673 and 1,773K. The MgO solubility in the FeOx-SiO2 slag increased from 16 to 30 mass% corresponding to 10 and 40 mass %SiO2 respectively at 1,773 K.Ni and Cu are concentrated in the metal phase while Fe is distributed mainly in


The karst area in southwest China is, in recent decades, one of the world's regions with the fastest vegetation growth and increase in aboveground biomass. The improvement in the ecological conditions within this region can, to a large extent, be attributed to ecological protection projects. However, it remains unclear whether the observed increase in vegetation cover could mitigate rocky desertification at large scale. In this study, we utilized information from large field campaigns in the years 2005, 2011, and 2016, supported by satellite imagery interpretation and statistics on ecological protection projects, to explore the impact of restoration efforts on rocky desertification mitigation and vegetation resilience/resistance. The results show that restoration efforts caused a net decrease of 26.14% in areas affected by rocky desertification from 2005 to 2016. The larger the restoration efforts, the stronger the decrease in rocky desertification areas, and also the vulnerability of landscapes towards desertification; the probability of rocky desertification occurring decreased almost linearly with increased restoration efforts. In addition, both vegetation resilience and resistance against climate variations increased with restoration efforts. Restoration efforts were mainly responsible for the recovery of the ecosystem, showing that human impact is the main driver for the reversal of rocky desertification. Our study provides scientific evidence on rocky desertification control being an important step towards a sustainable development of the landscapes of Southwest China.


Background and Aim: Oral and dental health and collecting data on the prevalence of dental caries are among the most important aspects of individual health. Thus, it is necessary to determine community's oral health status. Various epidemiological studies are required at different levels to assess the efficacy of preventive, oral and dental health control programs in a society. Thus, the aims of this study was survey of water fluoride and status of dmft and DMFT in elementary and medium school students in Kamiran Town Material and Methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study. Data were collected through interview and dental clinical examination using disposable dental explorer, dental mirror, and a flash light. A total of 217 students aged 6 to 14 years were evaluated for their oral health status in Kamiran Town aspect of dmft and DMFT in 2014. Fluoride concentrations were detected by IC. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 16 software. Ttest test was also used for analysis. Results: The results of this study showed that the dmft mean in elementary school students for boys and girls were 4.76 and 6.20 respectively. The mean of DMFT for medium school students in boys and girls were 5.40 and 7.95 respectively. Moreover, the results of this study indicated that was significant between number of brush and dmft and DMFT in elementary and medium school students (p < 0.05). The concentration of fluoride in Kamiran Town water was 0.2 mg/l. Conclusion: The status of dmft and DMFT among elementary and medium school students of Kamiran Town students was higher than the WHO standards and other area. Thus, to improve the current situation, a proper programming seems necessary. Furthermore, more attention must be paid to the education of families about dental and oral health.


In high-precision navigation applications, a well-designed self-calibration method is a convenient approach to ensuring the positioning performance of a rotational inertial navigation system (RINS). Benefiting from the gimbal structure, traditional inertial measurement unit (IMU) sensor errors, including gyro drifts, accelerometer biases, scale factor errors and installation errors, could be estimated through a filter process under a proper rotation scheme. However, when the IMU rotates, inner lever-arm effects may bring additional errors to the observations, which may reduce the self-calibration accuracy. In this paper, an improved self-calibration method that includes consideration of the inner lever-arm effect is proposed for a dual-axis RINS. Based on analysis of the error propagation characteristics, a novel rotation scheme with variable angular rate is designed. By adopting the proposed self-calibration method, traditional IMU sensor errors can achieve much higher accuracy, and the inner lever-arm parameters can also be well calibrated simultaneously. Long-term vehicle navigation indicates that the positioning accuracy was significantly enhanced after the compensation of the calibration results, fully illustrating the effectiveness of the proposed method in ameliorating navigation performance for the dual-axis RINS.


The present invention relates to a process for the synthesis of nucleating agent and the crystalline polymer, by containing a substituted alkyl group R 1 and R 2 substituted diaryl phosphate dissolved in an alcohol solution, and stirred under heating lye was added gradually, and then gradually added to an aqueous solution of rare earth chloride salt, the reaction was sufficiently filtered, dried and pulverized to give a final product. The present invention is based on the introduction of organophosphate on light rare earth elements, primarily lanthanum, cerium and other light rare earth elements, rare earth salts of organic phosphates are formed, non-toxic, non-radioactive, safety, and stability, after repeated Li Cheng Houcheng nucleating effect heat substantially constant, and has a high rate of crystal transformation, and the efficiency of the nucleating compound is a novel structure, but also a general-purpose plastics can be applied to both new nucleation applied to engineering plastics agents.


This paper provides an economic model and utilizes this model for comparing the viability of alternative system configurations of an electric power system currently under development. The paper describes the system configuration and the model used for economic comparison.


Hourly precipitation data sets are generated with a stochastic rainfall model and using a statistic disaggregation approach. The synthetic rainfall data are used as input for a continuous hydrological model applied to a mesoscale catchment in the Bode River basin in Germany. The simulated flows are analysed regarding the derived probability distributions of annual peak flows. The results show significant differences in flood probabilities for using spatially random rainfall, homogeneous rainfall or spatially structured rainfall. The direct calibration of the hydrological model using stochastic rainfall on flood probability distributions generally reduces both the bias and the variability in the simulated flows compared to the standard procedure using observed rainfall and runoff time series for calibration.


Abstract This paper considers the significance of organic food production in the Netherlands. It critically examines the social and political construction of food markets in the context of the dominance of industrial and corporate retailer‐led food supply chains. Two cases are used to illustrate counter or alternative trends: Frisian Organic Dairy Products (FEZ) and the case of Jan Fokke, a producer converting to organic production. Some key elements of actor‐network theory are developed which focus attention upon the social capabilities and incapacities involved in this transition. The paper highlights some of the inherently strong features of alternative food supply chains and networks, arguing for an expanded definition of 'organic' production as a form of social as well as technical organization.


Australian Journal of Psychology underwent a number of changes in 2009. The most noticeable is that it moved from three issues to four issues per annum. In order to accommodate the extra copy, the ...


The concern of this article is the theory of exculpatory defences in the criminal law of the common-law world.1 The term 'exculpatory defences' is here used to describe those general defences which negative criminal culpability despite the presence of the definitional elements of an offence. Culpability may be negatived because the actus reus occurred in a special context, as in defences like self-defence or duress. Alternatively, it may be negatived because of mental impairment, as where an incapacity to know that conduct is wrong grounds an insanity defence. Exculpatory defences arise independently of the definitional elements of offences. They are therefore separate from defences which negative actus reus or mens rea, including defences like intoxication and like insanity in the form where there is incapacity to understand the nature and quality of the conduct. Exculpatory defences are also separate from procedural defences like those which cover double jeopardy and those which control abuse of police powers. Procedural defences operate regardless of culpability, barring a conviction on grounds of defects or abuses in the handling of cases. Although self-defence and some of the other exculpatory defences have always attracted critical attention, the features of these defences as a group were neglected until recent years. For example, throughout the common-law world, texts on criminal law have typically analysed individual defences in the absence of an overall theoretical framework or with a framework of minimal proportions. This is in sharp contrast to the theoretical treatment which has long been accorded to questions of actus reus and mens rea. Consequences of this neglect are the inconsistencies and obscurities which permeate the law of the individual defences. There are now signs of growing and strengthening interest in the theory of exculpatory defences. This development may be a product of the attention which was earlier paid to elements of offences. Analysis of the concepts of actus reus and mens rea has clarified the role of exculpatory defences within principles of criminal culpability. Contemporary interest in these defences has also been stimulated by


A presentation on BYU's new frontend search interface. We'll share why we decided to replace the native interface, and the decisions we made in the custom interface. We will also show off our new responsive design.


............................................................................................................................. ii Acknowledgements .......................................................................................................... iii List of Figures .................................................................................................................... v List of Tables .................................................................................................................... vi List of Abbreviations ....................................................................................................... vi CHAPTER 1 | Introduction ............................................................................................. 1 1.


FIELD: processing and recycling of waste. SUBSTANCE: present invention relates to method of processing wastes containing one or more dangerous organic components, which includes treatment of wastes by plasma in apparatus for plasma treatment. Wastes contain: (i) soil and/or material and (ii) oil component. Prior to plasma waste treatment latter contain one or more dangerous organic components and from 5 to 50 % of water by weight of wastes. EFFECT: using this invention simplifies process of waste treatment. 18 cl, 3 dwg, 12 tbl


To conduct a systematic review and meta‐analysis to assess the efficacy, safety and tolerability of sodium‐glucose co‐transporter‐2 inhibitors vs placebo as add‐on therapy after metformin and dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitor dual therapy in type 2 diabetes.


Life cycle cost analysis is recognized by public agencies as an effective tool to assist in the selection of construction, rehabilitation, and maintenance treatments. The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) has developed a life cycle cost analysis (LCCA) approach which will likely become the standard in the industry. The approach can be used to evaluate the life cycle costs (LCC) of paving materials containing asphalt rubber binders as well as alternative treatments. For mixtures of asphalt rubber binders and aggregates to be more widely accepted, they must be shown to be cost effective (lower LCC than the alternatives). This paper presents: (1) a brief history of asphalt rubber use and cost information; (2) a description of the life cycle cost process used in this paper; (3) comparative results to evaluate the LCC for hot-mix structural overlays, non-structural surface courses, and chip seals containing conventional (or polymer-modified) binders with similar applications containing asphalt rubber binders. The findings indicate asphalt rubber is cost effective in many of the applications used by local agencies in Arizona and California. However, the reader should be aware that the estimated lives are based on interviews and on engineering judgment. Changes in the life estimates could affect the final conclusions. (a) For the covering entry of this conference, please see ITRD abstract no. E202467.


Objective: The authors sought to develop a better understanding of the sense of belonging to international students enrolled in graduate-level business programs.
Background: A theoretical framework exists to support the sense of belonging as a significant predictor of academic persistence. However, a paucity of literature exists that investigates international students' sense of belonging in graduate-level programs.
Method: The qualitative case-study research method was used to collect data via semi-structured focus groups and interviews with 13 participants. Data were recorded, transcribed, themed, and coded to establish research findings.
Results: Participants reported barriers such as loneliness, isolation, immobility, and language barriers in the development of academic and social belonging.
Conclusion: Campus-based support services focus on integrating international students into the campus community. However, little effort is placed on helping domestic students support the sense of belonging to their international peers. Furthermore, there is some evidence indicating that international students either failed to engage or were unaware of services that might help them overcome social and academic barriers.
Application: Educational institutions should improve the ease of access, enhance existing, and develop additional services to help improve the sense of belonging to international students.


Lifestyle modification is not a short-term endeavor, and maintaining a healthy weight requires sustained changes in dietary and physical activity. Intensive behavioral intervention can help modify deep-rooted behaviors and provide the support required to both initiate and maintain the behavioral changes that are needed to achieve weight loss goals.


Increases of residual stress stability and alternating bending strength of shot peened AISI 4140 are obtained by successive annealing treatments. This is caused by static strain aging effects, which lead to pinning of dislocations by carbon atoms and finest carbides. It will be shown that by short-time annealing of a quenched and tempered AISI 4140 it is possible to maximize the positive effect of static strain aging, while minimizing the detrimental effect of thermal residual stress relaxation, which was measured by X-ray diffraction method. Static strain aging effects were also found to be responsible for an increase of the quasi static and cyclic surface yield strengths.


Diastolic dysfunction (DD) and especially diastolic heart failure (DHF) are characterized by high prevalence and mortality. According to newer studies, up to 50% of patients suffering from symptoms of heart failure (HF) show a preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). Unfortunately, the diagnostic process for detecting DD using echocardiography is not well standardized and still under investigation. A serological marker would be helpful to reliably detect and monitor these entities. Therefore, we studied stable fragments derived from the synthesis of the neurohumoral peptides BNP (NT-proBNP), ANP (MR-proANP), Adrenomedullin (MR-proADM), Endothelin-1 (CT-proET-1) and Vasopressin (CT-proAVP). We conducted the multi centre, prospective and community-based cohort study Diast-CHF consisting of 1687 patients between 50 and 85 years with at least one risk factor for DD or a history of heart failure. For each patient with preserved left ventricular function (LVEF ≥50%) the grade of DD was determined using a scheme established within the German Competence Network on Heart Failure. The analysis of the serological parameters was performed using previously published methods (B.R.A.H.M.S. AG Hennigsdorf, Germany). The mean age of all included patients was 65.98 years, mean BMI was 29.12 kg/m². The cohort consisted of 49.9% men and 50.1% women. Arterial hypertension was the most frequent risk factor (78.7%). Echocardiographically determined E/A ratio and E/e ratio was 0.94 and 13.42, respectively. The grades of DD (LVEF≥ 50%) were distributed as follows: no DD (grade 0): 16.5%, DD grade I: 57.1%, DD grade II-III: 14.7%. In 3.7% of all patients DD could not be classified according to the given scheme. A LVEF <50% was observed in 8.0% of all patients. Higher grades of DD were characterized by significantly higher serum levels of the peptides: NT-proBNP: 120.10 pg/ml (grade 0), 141.76 pg/ml (grade I), 228.51 pg/ml (grade II-III), MR-proANP: 89.90 pmol/l, 96.22 pmol/l, 120.38 pmol/l. MR-proADM: 0.54 nmol/l, 0.61 nmol/l, 0.62 nmol/l. CT-proET-1: 53.89 pmol/l, 56.98 pmol/l, 58.58 pmol/l. CT-proAVP: 4.76 pmol/l, 5.81 pmol/l, 5.86 pmol/l. Patients with LVEF <50% had the significantly highest serum levels: NT-proBNP: 727.58 pg/ml, MR-proANP: 169.19 pmol/l, MR-proADM: 0.74 nmol/l, CT-proET-1: 68.88 pmol/l, CT-proAVP: 9.22 pmol/l. Furthermore, patients suffering from symptoms of HF showed augmented serum peptide levels compared to asymptomatic patients. This elevation was significant in all cases except for CT-proAVP. Regarding important echocardiographic parameters of DD there was a significant positive correlation between E/e and the peptides with CT-proAVP being the only exception. The E/A ratio showed a positive significant correlation with NT-proBNP and MR-proANP while the correlation with MR-proADM, CT-proET-1 and CT-proAVP was also significant but negative. In addition, we performed a ROC-analysis in order to describe the diagnostic accuracy of the peptides for detecting and discriminating certain grades of cardiac dysfunction. While MR-proADM yielded the highest area under the curve (AUC) for detecting any grade of DD (0.62) and DD grade I (0.62), NT-proBNP was superior for detecting patients with reduced LVEF (AUC 0.75). Both peptides showed an AUC of 0.62 when discriminating between grade I and grade II-III of DD. This study is the first to describe the changes of serum levels of different neurohumoral markers in presence and progression of DD and their possible role as surrogate parameters in a large and not preselected sample. The major findings yielded by this study were: In presence of DD the serum levels of the mentioned peptides were significantly elevated while higher grades of DD were characterized by significantly higher peptide levels. Furthermore, the serum levels correlated significantly with both the presence of HF symptoms and echocardiographically determined and prognostically relevant parameters of DD. However, the peptide fragments yielded relatively low AUC for detecting cardiac dysfunction and were unable to reliably detect cardiac dysfunction when used exclusively.


The paper describes the English Language Translation Program (LTP), as it is implemented in Israeli high schools. It further discusses the results of an empirical study designed to evaluate the students' achievements following the program. The LTP is a two-year option for the 11th and 12th grades. In a two-hour weekly course they practice written translation from English (L2) into Hebrew (L1), and discuss textually relevant translation problems with the aim of increasing language awareness and developing language competence. Evaluation of the program at the end of 1994 indicated that the LTP students improved the metalanguage skills related to translation, and also gained 5 extra percentage points in the regular English matriculation exams at the end of grade 12, compared to the non-LTP controls. Administrative, pedagogical, and conceptual problems in implementing the program are discussed. In the last decade, certain aspects of translation have been introduced into the Israeli high school curriculum, first as an experimental program (1985-1989), and then as an optional subject for the upper division (as from 1989). The introduction of translation as an independent subject into the English Language Teaching (ELT) in Israeli high schools represents a spiral closure of language teaching approaches. In this paper we would like to present the English Language Translation Program (LTP), as it is implemented in the high school system, and evaluate its achievements. After briefly delineating the historical development of Foreign Language Teaching (FLT) approaches, we will describe the translation program. Then we will present results of an empirical study designed to evaluate the LTP in promoting insight into native (first language L1) and foreign (second language L2) languages and improving English language skills 1. 2 Meta, XLIII, 1, 1998 LANGUAGE TEACHING AND TRANSLATION The use of translation as an inherent part of FLT was prevalent until early in the present century. The Grammar-Translationmethod, dominant during the first half of the century, stressed translation and grammatical analysis, and put greater emphasis on accuracy than on fluency, preferring academic erudition to communicative competence (Titone & Danesi 1985). At the turn of the century, the Grammar-Translation method gradually gave way to theDirect Method(more characteristic of ELT in Europe than in America (Rivers 1991)), which advocated maximum exposure to the target language, with no recourse either to L1 or to translation. During this period, "Translation used to be regarded as a necessary evil" (Levenston 1985a). The Direct Method made its way very prominently into the field of ELT in Israel during the British Mandate (Bamberger 1958). The American behaviorist school (Skinner 1938; Watson 1913) of language teaching ushered in theAudio-lingual Method, which concentrated on patterns and structure with an emphasis on drill and technique. The product, not the process, was important; there was to be minimal explanation of rules and no recourse to translation (Larsen-Freeman 1962). The reaction to the audio-lingual method, grounded in the Chomskian Revolution, was theCommunicative Approach(Ministry of Education 1988; Savignon 1987). Communicative competence "has come to be used in language teaching contexts to refer to the ability to negotiate meaning, to successfully combine a knowledge of linguistic and sociolinguistic rules in communicative interactions"(Savignon 1987: 16). At the same time, the advance of cognitive psychology, which was also influenced by the Chomskian revolution, made an impact on ELT (Titone & Danesi 1985). The findings of cognitive psychology indicated that "deductive, or rule-based, strategies play a prominent role in language learning. Deductive teaching methods are therefore based on the learning principles of cognitive psychology and its linguistic counterpart, transformationalism, and are generally known ascognitive-codeprocedures" (Titone & Danesi 1985: 110). "The role of the teacher is to recognize the importance of mental activity in learning" (Chastain 1971: 92). Teachers of FLT were now called upon to address the problems of consciousnessraising. (Bialystok 1986, 1988; Carrel 1989; Castillo 1991; Cohen 1986; Gerloff 1986; Hosenfeld 1978; Kern 1989; Rivers 1991; Rubin 1975; Templeton 1989; Thomas 1988; Vieira 1991; Wenden & Rubin 1987). It came to be realized that the study of translation skills might have value as a means of raising the learner's linguistic awareness with regard to his or her native as well as to the foreign language (Boersch 1986; Carton 1966, cited by Rubin 1986; Faerch & Kasper 1986; Hosenfeld 1978; Lehmann 1986; Levenston 1985b; Loerscher 1986; Ministry of Education 1990; Naiman 1978, quoted by Levenston 1985a; Rosenblith, stated in Ackerman 1992; Sharwood Smith 1981; Titford 1983). The contrastive analysis of the two languages, L1 and L2, which accompanies the translation process, is presumed to heighten the learner's metalinguistic awareness of both languages and to facilitate their perception as abstract language systems. This is the raison d'êtreof the program which is described below. THE ISRAEL ENGLISH LANGUAGE TRANSLATION PROGRAM English is taught as a second language in Israeli schools from grade four (age ten), starting with a frequency of two weekly lessons and increasing to five in the upper division (grades 10-12) of high school. It is a mandatory subject for the matriculation exams at the end of high school 2. Based on past achievements and students' choice, the upper division academic trend students study English at varying levels of intensity: a school leaving exam3 only, a three-point, four-point, or five-point matriculation exam 4. While at the TEACHING TRANSLATION IN ISRAELI HIGH SCHOOLS 3 school leaving exam, students are expected to understand "the overall message [...] of genres such as [...] instructions, or a short narrative" (Steiner 1995: 20), five-point matriculation candidates are expected "to follow the development of an argument" and "to recognize the attitudes of writers implicit in authentic passages" which include "genres such as [...] newspaper articles or expository texts" (Steiner 1995: 21). Translation studies are not part of these requirements 5. In 1983, Raphael Gefen, at the time Chief Inspector for English, published a paper advocating the introduction of translation skills into the secondary school English curriculum (Gefen 1982). From 1985 to 1991 translation was taught in the 11th and 12th grades as an experimental program "as a distinct skill, additional to the four basic language skills [...] Reading [...] Listening Comprehension, Oral and Written Expression" (Gefen 1985: 3). The 1988-89 school year saw the introduction of Translation Skills (HebrewEnglish, English-Hebrew) as an "optional subject for the Upper Division in the State and State-Religious schools". While before 1988-89 translation was an experimental program, from 1988-89 it was taught in the 11th and 12th grades as an independent course for two matriculation points. The LTP syllabus was prepared by a committee appointed by the Curriculum Centre of the Ministry of Education, and it was "designed to enable pupils to acquire an understanding of the skills of translation and an adequate proficiency in translating written materials of different kinds" (Ministry of Education 1990: 3). More specifically, the aims of the program are: "to develop the learner's insight into the nature and significance of language as such, as a result of the confrontation between the mother tongue and the foreign language while searching for equivalence in meaning. to stimulate in the learner an intellectual and linguistic challenge. to broaden the learner's competence in the mother tongue and the foreign language. to show the learner how to balance the competing claims of accuracy and fidelity to the source on the one hand, and appropriacy and idiomacity in the target language on the other." (Ministry of Education 1990: 3) Given the above mentioned aims, it is clear that translation is not conceived of as an end in itself, but rather as a means of increasing language awareness and developing language competence. The LTP is an option for Upper Division High schools. To take the program, students must have reached a high level of proficiency (at least 85/100) both in Hebrew and in English by the end of the 10th grade. Students study in the program in the 11th and 12th grades. They are taught two hours weekly, and take the final matriculation exam at the end of grade 12. In 1991 a total of 54 students throughout the country sat for this examination. In 1992, 1993, 1994 and 1995, the examination was taken by 149, 270, 335, and 288 students respectively, and, as from 1992 it was marked externally, i.e. not by the teachers of the schools. All the students that entered the program also took the regular five-point English matriculation program. Since the program focuses on English-Hebrew translation, teachers should have mother-tongue mastery in Hebrew, and an excellent command of English. In addition, they are required to undergo an appropriate course of training. Indeed, in the period in question most of the teachers fulfilled both requirements. While we have not conducted a systematic study of the classroom environment, personal observations have revealed certain teaching characteristics: compared with regular FL teaching, the translation lesson is usually conducted in an informal setting, reflecting a more egalitarian teacher-student rela4 Meta, XLIII, 1, 1998 tionship. Frequent teacher-student and peer collaboration seems to be related to the nature of translation as a problem-solving activity, as well as to the fact that translation students are high achievers in both English and Hebrew in their schools. At the period of study, classroom discourse was probably affected also by the absence of textbooks — although gu


A series of oxonitridosilicates phosphors Ba-Six-O-N /Eu2+ (x=Si/Ba=1~8, 5atom% Eu2+) were synthesized using traditional solid-state reaction. For x = 2~8, the main phase of the obtained samples was Ba3Si6O12N2. All Ba-Six-O-N /Eu2+(x = 1~8) materials could be efficiently excited in the UV to visible region(310~450nm) and had a green emission at 508~522nm, making them attractive as conversion phosphors for white LED applications. With increasing x values, the emission peaks shifted to the longer wavelength region, while the emission intensity had a maximum at x = 6. The influence of the firing times was also discussed, after twice fired, there was a tendency of single-phased formed of the obtained materials and the emission intensity was greatly improved.


Freeman and Job (1979) attempt to provide formal mathematical distinctions between predictions and forecasts in international relations. Serious problems exist, however, in their models. For example, they fail to clearly define "probability" in their models, which creates confusion regarding how, exactly, predictions are distinct from forecasts. Also, in their treatment of actual applications of the models, empirical generalizations are not clearly delineated from definitions and assumptions, further confusing their arguments. In general, no firm basis is given in the article to establish a probability value in their models that is distinct from the unscientific practice of "crystal ball gazing."


To find new crystal protein genes, we screened 42 Bacillus thuringiensis strains of serovar standards by Southern hybridization with a cryI-specific probe which was amplified from B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki HDl by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Two strains, B. thuringiensis subsp. entomocidus HD9 and subsp. subtoxicus HD109, generated weak signals under the low-stringency hybridization conditions. Further analysis with Southern hybridization revealed that the two strains contained cryIB genes which are slightly different from those of B. thuringiensis subsp. thuringiensis HD2. These results were confirmed by PCR with cryIB-specific primers followed by the restriction analysis of PCR products.


With the advent of smart clothing for health care and sports, the sophisticated designs with curved seams are drawing attention. One of the problems in those clothing is to determine the design curves in 2D pattern, such that it corresponds to the lines on the intended 3D body. Moreover, the difficulty increases when the original pattern needs to be changed for various sizes and body types. We compare two methods of pattern enlargement in this paper: one is the offset/projection type, and the other is the split grading type. For the enlarged pattern with offset/projection type, the 3D surface offset was first adopted to transform the standard lower body to the target larger size; next, the design lines were projected to the new 3D surface, following which the 3D pattern was developed from the newly transformed 3D surface. In the second method, the enlarged pant patterns were developed by the split grading method. Here, a 3D pattern was developed from the initial body, and then enlarged to the target size by the conventional split grading method. Two feminine pants patterns were examined by 3D virtual fitting. We observed that the 3D offset/projection pants pattern was well fitted, having an evenly distributed surplus, as compared with the sample developed using the split grading method. The difference between the two patterns were apparent at the location where several curved lines merged.


Despite enormous interest in calcium silicate hydrate (C–S–H), its detailed atomic structure and intrinsic deformation under an external load are lacking. This study demonstrates the nanostructural deformation process of C–S–H in tricalcium silicate (C3S) paste as a function of applied stress by interpreting atomic pair distribution function (PDF) based on in situ X-ray scattering. Three different strains in C3S paste under compression were compared using a strain gauge, Bragg peak shift, and the real space PDF. PDF refinement revealed that the C–S–H phase mostly contributed to PDF from 0 to 20 A whereas crystalline phases dominated that beyond 20 A. The short-range atomic strains exhibited two regions for C–S–H: I) plastic deformation (0-10 MPa) and II) linear elastic deformation (>10 MPa), whereas the long-range deformation beyond 20 A was similar to that of Ca(OH)2. Below 10 MPa, the short-range strain was caused by the densification of C–S–H induced by the removal of interlayer or gel-pore water. The strain is likely to be recovered when the removed water returns to C–S–H.


We have studied on Functionally Graded Material (FGM) which is composed of Cobalt- composition graded cemented carbide layers and a steel substrate. The graded cemented carbide powders stacked on steel were sinter-bonded by pulse-current resistance heating. We manufactured the desired structure and confirmed the stress relief, high bonding strength, and distribution of functionality of coated layers between the surface with high wear resistance and the inside with high toughness. We applied FGM to a stabilizer blade which is oil drilling tool. It was tested in the Ministry of International Trade and Industry's (MITI) Sanriku-oki well in Japan. The wear resistance of FGM blade was 20 times higher than conventional type of stabilizer in the MITI well. These results suggest that we might expect the new stabilizer to have high performance in deeper wells.


Activated sludge treatment systems for industrial wastewater effluents, or mixtures of industrial and urban wastewater, can be subjected to nitrifying nitrogen starvation periods. Because of the autotrophic decay, the maximum nitrification rate could be significantly reduced after a few days of nitrogen starvation. As published data on the autotrophic decay rate (bA) are scarce, little is known about the parameters influencing its value. The autotrophic decay rate of nitrifiers (bA) was estimated in an activated sludge pilot plant treating industrial wastewater under stable conditions of load, temperature and hydraulic parameters. The effect of environmental parameters on bA was investigated. Influent quality had a significant impact on bA: at 30°C, under aerobic conditions, changes in the quality of an industrial effluent from the same source induced bA variations from 0.08 to 0.16 d−1. The bA value doubled when small amounts of urban wastewater were added to the pilot plant influent. When 30% of the load was composed of urban wastewater, bA reached a value of 0.36 d−1. Microfauna grazing of autotrophic bacteria was shown to be partly responsible for bA variations, explaining why the bA value was found to decrease by at least 50% under anoxic conditions.


Abstract The cost and difficulty of applying lime on hilly pastures or small forage fields makes it appropriate to devote attention to efficiency of lime utilization. This study evaluated effects of calcitic and dolomitic lime on yield and mineral composition of 11 forage species grown on soil with a low base status of 0.46 cmolc as Ca and 0.18 cmolc as Mg kg‐1. Both lime types increased dry matter production, but only Lolium multiflorum responded more positively to dolomitic lime. The low Mg level in the soil was not a major factor limiting yield. Increase in yield was mainly attributed to the increase in pH with the concurrent decrease in Al level and to an increased Ca availability to plants. The species ranked as follows according to the magnitude of yield increase due to calcitic liming: Trifolium fragiferum > Trifolium pratense > Vicia sativa > Vicia villosa > Trifolium repens > Lolium perenne > Lolium multiflorum > Festuca arundinaceae = Lolium (multiflorum x perenne x perenne) > Trifolium subterra...


By analyzing the sealing and lubrication of the plunger matching parts of the fuel injection pump with the oil film theory and gap liquid flow theory, a basic theory and the analytic method are proposed to set the smallest gap between the plunger matching parts. Then aiming at the current typical in-line fuel injection system, a series of analogue computation are made to analyze the fuel leak of the plunger matching parts, the gap pressure, the pressure inside the chamber of the plunger, the fit clearance of the plunger matching parts, and their variations during the operational process. Thus a base is provided for the theory on the design and process improvement of the plunger matching parts


The paper introduces a new kinematics of the billet reheating furnace unloading door, by using a noncircular gear train in the drive mechanism. The main objective of the kinematics modification is to reduce the heat loss by increasing the unloading door speed, during the stroke, while kept it at the conventional value at the beginning and end of stroke. In order to modify the door kinematics, the drive mechanism output motion is controlled by noncircular gears whose transmission ratio is defined as a hybrid multiparameters function. A study is developed to analyse the influence of the defining parameters on the variation of the gears transmission ratio and on the discharging door speed, respectively. Based on the analytical study, a certain law of variation was chosen to describe the mechanism kinematics; in accordance to the kinematics variation, the mating noncircular centrodes/pitch curves were modelled and the gears teeth are generated, considering constant circular pitch and constant pressure angle, respectively.


Examples of simulation models applied to the long distance orientation of rodents, bees, salmon and pigeons are reviewed. In each case the models provide new insights which are contradictory to the current map hypothesis. Salmon and rodent performances are assumed to be consistent with a random process. Bees supposedly use non cognitive processes to perform map-like orientation procedures, and pigeons' homing is found to involve mainly stochastic processes. The efficiency of the simulated models as well as the fact that they point to hitherto underestimated aspects of orientation make them useful new tools for solving spatial problems.