Structural approximations to positive, but not completely positive maps are approximate physical realizations of these nonphysical maps. They find applications in the design of direct entanglement-detection methods. We show that many of these approximations, in the relevant case of optimal positive maps, define an entanglement breaking channel and, consequently, can be implemented via a measurement and statepreparation protocol. We also show how our findings can be useful for the design of better and simpler direct entanglement detection methods.


This paper intends to reveal that Eliot's life entered a profound influence upon his earlier poems, especially in the unpublished work, Inventions of the March Hare: Poems 1909-1917, which was edited by Christopher Ricks in 1996. Eliot said that there might be the experience of a child of ten, a small boy peering through sea-water in a rock-pool, and finding a sea-anemone for the first time: the simple experience (not so simple, for an exceptional child, as it looks) might lie dormant in his mind for twenty years, and re-appear transformed in some verse-context charged with great imaginative pressure. This paper deals with the personal experiences of his early years, from his boyhood to the time when he returned for the autumn term of 1911 and enrolled as a graduate student in philosophy; that is, the inhibiting circumstances from Unitarianism, the emotional conflicts between him and his parents from preparing for Harvard University, and from his mother's opposition to studying abroad in Paris in 1910. In his poetry, Eliot reveals his passion for studying abroad in Paris that he kept in his mind even before graduation from Harvard University, and he also expresses his circumstances through his poems indirectly, something which he would not dare communicate directly to his strict family. For example, in the situation that he already had lost interest in Boston, the streets already seemed so boring and also it seemed the "Mandarins" says the oppressed feelings of his family that had been against the abroad study. He also expresses himself as a clownesque or a marionette, which even can't make any decision about themselves.


Over 40% of columns in hundreds of millions of Web tables contain numeric quantities. Tables are a richer source of structured knowledge than free text. We harness Web tables to answer queries whose target is a quantity with natural variation, such as net worth of zuckerburg, battery life of ipad, half life of plutonium, and calories in pizza. Our goal is to respond to such queries with a ranked list of quantity distributions, suitably represented. Apart from the challenges of informal schema and noisy extractions, which have been known since tables were used for non-quantity information extraction, we face additional problems of noisy number formats, as well as unit specifications that are often contextual and ambiguous. Early "hardening" of extraction decisions at a table level leads to poor accuracy. Instead, we use a probabilistic context free grammar (PCFG) based unit extractor on the tables, and retain several top-scoring extractions of quantity and numerals. Then we inject these into a new collective inference framework that makes global decisions about the relevance of candidate table snippets, the interpretation of the query's target quantity type, the value distributions to be ranked and presented, and the degree of consensus that can be built to support the proposed quantity distributions. Experiments with over 25 million Web tables and 350 diverse queries show robust, large benefits from our quantity catalog, unit extractor, and collective inference.


The Trichel pulse is a typical kind of negative corona current observed in electronegative gases with a highly regular form. The characteristics of the Trichel pulse, such as the repetition frequency, the amplitude of each pulse, and the mean current, are dependent on different discharge conditions. Quite many scholars have studied the mean current and the current-voltage characteristic of Trichel pulses, yet the specific characteristics of the pulses have barely been investigated. In this paper, a series of experiments were carried out in a short point-to-plane discharge gap to investigate the detailed characteristics of Trichel pulses. After numerical fitting of the experiment results was performed, a new set of empirical formulas were derived to predict the specific characteristics of the negative corona current under different conditions. Different from existing literature, this paper uses as variables the average electric field intensity and the corona inception field intensity which is independent of the gap spacing in the empirical formulas. In the experiments, an inverse correlation between amplitude and repetition frequency of the pulses was observed. Based on the investigation of the remaining space charge in the discharge gap, this correlation is theoretically proved to be caused by the influence of space charges.


Building a high compatibility of information systems for each party involved in a construction programme is the key to solve the information island during the process of project construction. The framework of information integration for construction programme is designed considering the functional requirements of workflow management system for construction programme with information integration. And then a workflow management system of construction programme is devoloped based on the workflow reference model of WfMC. The management system based on this model is an automation and information management system,which can promote mutual communication,information exchange and coordination among the parties in the project construction process and provide a powerful support platform for information integration.


http://classic.bloodjournal.org/content/119/22/5201.full.html Updated information and services can be found at: (361 articles) Pediatric Hematology  (1843 articles) Lymphoid Neoplasia  (149 articles) Editorials  Articles on similar topics can be found in the following Blood collections http://www.bloodjournal.org/site/misc/rights.xhtml#repub_requests Information about reproducing this article in parts or in its entirety may be found online at: http://www.bloodjournal.org/site/misc/rights.xhtml#reprints Information about ordering reprints may be found online at: http://www.bloodjournal.org/site/subscriptions/index.xhtml Information about subscriptions and ASH membership may be found online at:


Recent advances in parametric processing in highly nonlinear fibers are reviewed. Physics of one- and two-pump parametric interactions in optical fibers is described. New applications and recent results in parametric amplification, wavelength conversion, all-optical regeneration and ultrafast sampling are discussed.


Basing on risk propensity and cognitive evaluation theory, this study explores the relationship between stock options and new product launch. A study based on archival data of 273 group affiliated Indian firms for 3 years demonstrates that the rate of new product introduction is a function of stock options provided to employees. Furthermore, ownership concentration of business groups and financial slack moderate this relationship.


It was well known that spectral reflectance information taken by using a CCD camera through X, Y and Z filters was much related to both brilliance and illumination. Also color information in the groups that composed of five similar colors under the different lighting condition was examined; the groups were achromatic color, red, green and blue. However, the similar color groups of cyan, magenta and yellow, which are complementary colors of red, green and blue, were not examined. Therefore, this paper examines the color features for the above three groups, and proposes a method due to fuzzy reasoning for estimating colors from seven similar color groups. First, we estimate a color group to which an objective color belongs in seven groups. Secondly, the objective color is extracted from five similar ones in the estimated group. The reliability of the proposed method is demonstrated on an experiment using the data on thirty-five colors.


It has analyzed the present situation and problems of the salary system from two perspectives for double-post staffs in university.After probing into roots of the problems.It proposes some proper suggestions,which can perfect personnel system and boost their work motivations.


The invention relates to a preparation method of Bi3NbO7, and the application of the Bi3NbO7. The preparation method comprises the following steps: Nb2O5 is taken as raw material to prepare a hydrosoluble niobium oxalate aqueous solution by a hydrothermal method; bismuth nitrate (Bi(NO3)3 question mark 5H2O) is added into a citric acid solution and then added with a mixed solution of EDTA and stronger ammonia water so as to form an aqueous solution of bismuth; then, the niobium oxalate aqueous solution is added into the aqueous solution of bismuth according to the composition of a mixture ratio, and the obtained solution is heated and stirred under 60 DEG C to 80 DEG C so as to obtain a precursor solution of Bi3NbO7 photocatalyst which is then treated with polyesterification and is burned to decarburize and then roasted under 450 DEG C to 750 DEG C to obtain the nanometer Bi3NbO7 photocatalyst. The activity of the nanometer Bi3NbO7 photocatalyst prepared by the invention is far higher than that prepared by the traditional solid phase method and the preparation method is characterized by low synthesis temperature and simple and convenient operation.


This study explores self-praise strategies utilized in Telstra CSRRs from 2016 to 2020 with a view of how these self-praising strategies contribute to Telstra images construction. The self-praise categories and the frequency of each self-praise category are analyzed. It is found that the indirect self-praise strategies are more frequently utilized than the direct self-praise strategies in Telstra CSRRs. In addition, through direct self-praise strategies, Telstra CSRRs construct Telstra as a responsive, pioneering and highly influential company in Australia while they depict Telstra as a caring, concerned about interest of society and employees, responsible enterprise via indirect self-praise strategies. This study provides some insight into self-praise in organizational settings as well as the construction of corporate image exhibited in CSRRs.


The otological symptoms and temporal bone findings in a 56-year old female with deafness due to subarachnoid metastases of adenocarcinoma of the lung are described. Hearing in the left ear was almost totally lost in about 3 days, and after 18 days the right ear became involved. She denied vertigo except for some unsteadiness on walking. There was slight left facial weakness and left IX th&X th nerve paralysis and severe bilateral deafness. However, hearing in the right ear improved about 35 dB during treatment (60Co radiation and chemotherapy). The caloric response to ice water was absent in the left ear. The galvanic nystagmus test revealed that the site of damage was the left superior vestibular nerve and ganglion. She died about 15 months after the onset of otologic symptoms. The temporal bones were removed approximately four hours after death, fixed, and processed in the usual manner. The left ear:The internal auditory canal was not filled with tumor cells, but the VIII th nerve was severely degenerated. There was marked loss of cochlear neurons and severe degeneration of the superior vestibular nerve and ganglion. The organ of Corti and the sensory elements in all the vestibular organs appeared to be intact. There was slight partial degeneration of the facial nerve. The middle ear and mastoid were normal. The right ear:The internal auditory canal was free of tumor. Part of the VIII th nerve was still intact, but the cochlear neurons were decreased. The organ of Corti and the sensory&neural elements of vestibular end organs appeared intact.


The purpose of this article is to analyze the application of administrative silence as it has been the subject of many controversies in the field of law, in our legislation there is no clear, detailed and pre-established procedure for the implementation of this institution, then to resort to Administrative Litigation Law to fill the legal gaps within the institution of Administrative Silence is very significant, because that source of law contributes with important elements to respond consistently and apply it. There is silence when the administration assumes an attitude of inertia regarding a behavior that requires a concrete pronouncement. Administrative silence is an institution that protects certain fundamental rights that are violated when the administration fails to comply with its obligation to respond to claims filed by individuals in due time and in due form. This research will not cover a gap in knowledge or attempt to formulate a new theory or interpretation, its value will revolve around the practical applications of the subject. The method applied in this research is the scientific method, as is the revision of secondary sources of valuable writers referring to the subject. Finally, with all the data that is collected, it will be verified if the legal institution of Administrative Silence is effective in its generation and application, taking into account the concepts and elements of each one of the topics that will be detailed in the present work


The DuPont analysis system is based on decomposing the profitability ratio in factors of influence. This paper describes the factorial analysis of profitability based on the DuPont system. Significant importance is given to the impact on various indicators on the shares value and profitability.


Though almost 20 years have elapsed since the introduction by the writer of the method of nutrient-solution purification for studying trace-element requirements of plants, no application of this procedure to studies with bacteria has as yet been made. For reasons readily apparent, it has long seemed desirable to the writer to obtain data affording a direct comparison of the effects of this technique on bacteria and on Aspergillus niger Van Tiegh. (14)-^ A direct comparison involves the use of the same equipment, chemicals, and technique by the same investigator, so far as possible. The organisms selected for this comparison were Bhizobium trifolii Dangeard and Azotobacter chroococcum Beij. The procedures employed necessitated, as usual, the ascertainment of the minimum quantities of the usual ash constituents required for maximum growth, together with the identification and study of the necessary trace elements. Again, it was found essential to devote some attention to the accessory growth substance required by rhizobium in order to limit the extent to which any mineral impurity it might contain would alter or vitiate the results on mineral nutrition. Though these experiments are, in a manner, incomplete, it should be recalled that their primary objective was a study of the applicability of the method of nutrient-solution purification to bacterial studies. It was considered undesirable, therefore, to go more deeply into the study of these organisms than was necessary for a general comparison with aspergillus. To have done so, even for the purpose of obtaining improved results with the trace elements, would have necessitated changes in equipment, to provide adequate aeration for azotobacter, besides considerable additional work on purification of the accessory growth bodies required by rhizobium.


A new type of perforated breakwater has been tested combining the advantages of cylindrical geometry with stepped wave energy dissipation. Thus, the new type of caisson implies a significant reduction of maximum wave forces, as well as loads transmitted to the foundation in comparison with conventional vertical breakwater and other types of perforated caissons. Starting from a brief description of the model and test results, this paper describes the development of a methodology for the estimation of maximum wave loads on this type of breakwater, in order to become a generalisable tool for predesign purposes. Construction and installation constraints of this new type of caisson are also assessed. These need to be taken into account in order to keep some advantages from the proposed design, while noting the key factors from a practical point of view.


Goody's essay overlaps with his recent work on the "search for metals" and, more generally, with his many books expounding the commonalities of Eurasian history. His critique of Eurocentrism remains invaluable. This review article argues that his emphasis on diffusion can be usefully supplemented with a concept of civilization, to facilitate comparative structural analysis. Goody's perspective might also be enhanced by an engagement with the literature on "Axial Age" cosmologies and with substantivist economic anthropology. It is worth revisiting Karl Polanyi's efforts to grasp the position of the economy in society, in order to recover in the neoliberal present the long-run Eurasian dialectic between redistribution and market exchange.


In any organization there is a limit on the amount of resources that can be used for risk reduction. By examining strategies for reducing the risk of fatalities on the East Japan Railway (JR East), a framework in which risk-reduction resources can be used well is described. Basic principles of risk assessment are introduced. Various analyses and models to study collisions, earthquake effects, level-crossing accidents, and operating policies regarding natural hazards are presented. The concept of a global risk assessment of JR East is included. The question of perceived versus objective risk is discussed in the context of safety-related investment.


A new method that involves marking DNA by changing its sequence may provide a more accurate understanding of developmental disorders and cancer in models of disease.


A new bicyclization strategy has been established, allowing a flexible and practical approach to 33 examples of pyrazolo[3,4-c]quinolines from low-cost and readily accessible triethylammonium thiolates with hydrazines. Notably, the features of this work include broad functional group compatibility, mild reaction conditions and good reaction yields.


National roaming is a measure that can be agreed commercially between operators to extend coverage or can be imposed or facilitated by governments as a means to increase competition amongst networks. It has been used with varying degrees of success in a range of countries, notably in the European Union. It has generally faced resistance from established operators, reluctant to assist prospective competitors and reduce their shares of the market. In some countries implementation has been so poor as to fail in the objectives. The absence of agreed procedures and performance indicators may have contributed to some of those failures. The costs of deploying third generation networks are causing some operators to look at more extensive agreements, sharing radio access networks, rather than national roaming. A further factor has been the lack of prospective entrants in mature markets, making national roaming less important than had been expected.


The fast prime-factor discrete Fouriertransform (DFT) algorithm [2?4] can be used to reduce the number of basic cells when the transform length of a DFT is not a highly composite number. This pipeline prime-factor DFT can be realised by a one-to r-dimensional index mapping by (r ? 1) one-to two-dimensional mappings. Hence, only the one-to two-dimensional shuffling algorithm is needed to realise a practical prime-factor DFT. Recently, it was shown that a new algorithm can be developed to perform the shuffling operations needed in implement the above-mentioned one-to two-dimensional mapping for a prime-factor DFT. In the paper, the new shuffling algorithm is established and proved for the general case. It is evident that this algorithm can be applied directly to many different implementations of the prime-factor DFT, including a pipeline VLSI implementation.


We propose a optical fibre sensor system based on performing measurements during the transient period of operation of fibre lasers which may have potential for realising several types of sensor. Detailed experimental and theoretical study of the dynamics of a erbium fibre ring laser have been carried out, with simulation of the full transient period in order to characterise its operation. The results reveal how certain features of the dynamic response may be analytically related to the cavity parameters but also indicate the important role of spontaneous emission in determining the exact details of the response due to the involvement of a large number of cavity modes during the relaxation period. The principles may be applied for sensing by use of an intra-cavity sensor element which modifies the cavity properties in response to the measurand and by analysis of the cavity output in both time and spectral domains.


Abstract In this paper, we describe the synthesis of some imine ligands bearing fluorinated chains and their metal complexes with Re(I). Whereas related ligands with hydrocarbon chains show nematic and SC phases, the new ligands show SA and SC phases. However, when both terminal chains are fully fluorinated, then the ligand additionally show a cubic phase. Metal complexes of the fluorinated ligands show a SA phase before decomposing. The mesomorphism of both the complexes and the ligands is discussed and the formation of cubic phases in these imines is explored in relation to other materials showing a cubic phase.


Hybrid Petri net is a mathematical and graphical modeling tool,which can represent the direct interaction of discrete event systems and continuous-time systems at the same level.In this paper,the basic concepts of HPN,IFS vector and phase diagram analysis were given,and they were applied to a specific chemical batch process for the establishment of its HPN model and phase diagram which could systematically describe dynamic characteristics of the hybrid chemical process.Results show the feasibility and effectiveness of this method,and it is a new approach for modeling and simulation and analysis of chemical batch process and has a high theoretical and practical value.


The objectives of the study are to assess and evaluate its existing recruitment and selection methods and provide some suggestions that can help Basic Bank in future for utilizing human resources as a distinctive competency. Basic Bank is one of the significant public sector employers in Bangladesh, which needs a large number of qualified, high potential and committed staff to attain the organization's goals effectively. The result of the study shows that Basic Bank discourages the employee referral based recruitment process and it relies more on external sources of recruitment. It is also found that this bank has an extensive selection process consisting of CV screening, employment tests, interviews and background checks. At the end of the study some suggestions are made to review the recruitment and selection policies of Basic Bank that will lead to higher employee retention and improved organizational performance.


Kshara is mentioned only in post-Vedic literature. Whilst Charaka Samhita applies only to Detailed description of its preparation, classification, indication and description for Kshara In Susruta Samhita, contraindications are available. Kshara is defined as one of the Upayantras or AnuSastras. It is a medicine, prepared out of the dried plants water soluble ashes by a special process known as Kshara kalpana.It is considered to be between Shashtra and Pradhan because of its Chedana, Bhedana, Lekhana and, Anushashtra Karma, as it is said, to be Tridoshaghna and for special techniques to be used. Susruta has characterised"TatraKsharanatKshananadva Kshara" The medication has distinctive Ksharan or Kshanan properties. Ksharan, meaning either good or unhealthy, kills fleshy mass. Paneeya Kshara is indicated in good number of diseases by ancient Acharyas. Tilanal Paneeya kshara is mentation in Rasatarangini and used in various diseases.


Referee Comment: This work consist in the interpretation of the time and spatial vari-ation of the concen- trations of fine (PM2.5) and coarse (PM2.5-10) particulate matter during a three years period at four urban and at two background sites in Denver. Levels of PM are ob- tained from the measurements carried out with TEOM and FDMS instruments. These measurements permitted to estimate the semi volatile PM. Concentrations obtained at each site were correlated with the other monitoring sites. A higher homogeneity was observed for PM2.5 whereas the spatial distribution of the coarse fraction showed a higher dependence on the distance to the source and on the wind direction and speed. Relative humidity was also fount to differentially influ-ence levels of fine and coarse PM. Thus, for RH >50%, levels of PM coarse tend to decrease whereas PM fine tends to increase. The method used is sound, although the correlation between the instruments used is not showed. Author Response: We appreciate the reviewer's careful reading and summary of our paper. Referee Comment: However, the wok presented here seems not to be a novel contribution. Thus, the work is similar to that previously published by the authors in 2012 about 1 year monitoring. The present paper extends the study period to 3 years and includes also the semi volatile fraction as derived from TEOM measurements, covering a number of sites. But, most of the conclusions obtained were presented before in the mentioned paper. manuscript


The new method of structuring settlement agreements makes structured settlements
available to all insurers who were previously unable to structure. The Advance Income Tax Ruling issued by Revenue Canada concerning the new method is unique in that it deals with the tax effect of a structure for the defendant and its casualty insurer and not merely its tax effect for the plaintiff. The previous impediments to the use of structures for self-insurers, foreign insurers and reinsurers and the
administration cost of structured settlement agreements for all insurers are avoided. The new method of structuring settlements requires the defendant or its casualty insurer to conditionally assign the performance of the structure. To avoid any adverse
tax consequences and to meet all other regulatory requirements, the assignee must
meet certain financial conditions; be an insurance corporation; and, the conditional assignment agreement must be in the form of an insurance contract.


Among the vulnerable road users including pedestrian and bicycle,motorcycle and scooter riders,the elderly and the vision-impaired are the most vulnerable because of their physical and psychological conditions.Therefore,it is necessary to provide specific protection and transportation services based on their needs.This research follows the proposition of the VIPS(Vulnerable Individual Protection Services) application planning of the Taiwan ITS Master Plan(2004).It intends to extend the accomplishments of the Ministry of Transportation and Communication(MOTC) projects,including Vulnerable Individual Protection Services Model Deployment(2004~2005) and Application of ITS Technology for the Aging Society(2003),to conduct a three-year research of the applications of location and guidance technologies for the elderly and the vision-impaired.The research includes the implementation of GPS and Zigbee to complete the development of the Seamless Guidance System.The functions provided include Pre-trip Routing Plans,Node Information,Bus Arrival Information,Acoustic Signal Integrated,and Destination Guidance.From the field test evaluations,positive feedback of the system is received,especially in terms of convenience.


A measurement of temperature, pressure, and chemical composition of the convective portion of the atmosphere of a hydrogenhelium planet can be coupled to a theoretical many-body calculation in the metallic interior to derive a constraint on the internal temperature distribution. (auth)


This study aims to investigate the students' motivational orientations in learning English. The method of this research is a quantitative method and a questionnaire is used to collect the data. The result from this research indicates that there are differences in the level of motivation possessed by female and male students. Females tend to learn English with the aim of understanding English in terms of literacy and culture. Meanwhile, males learn English because they want to get good privileges such as having broad insight, getting a good job, and social status. Males have a high level of instrumental motivational orientation with a total percentage of 72.50% while females have 67.50%. Besides that females achieve a high integrative level with a percentage of 92.50% and males reached 80%. It can be concluded that males and females have different motivational orientations.


We demonstrate nanoscale antireflection structures on GaAs substrate with linearly graded effective refractive index using a lenslike shape transfer for broadband light-absorbing device application. From reflectance calculation of cone- and parabola-shaped subwavelength grating (SWG) structures, it is found that the parabola shaped structures has lower mean reflectance compared to that of the cone shaped structures over a wide wavelength range. The fabricated SWG structures with parabola shape show the reflectance of below 5 % in a 300–1200 nm wavelength range.


AIM AND OBJECTIVE
It is interesting to find the gene signatures of cancer stages based on the omics data. The aim of study was to evaluate and to enrich the array data using gene ontology and ncRNA databases in colorectal cancer.

METHODS
The human colorectal cancer data was obtained from GEO databank. The down-regulated and up-regulated genes were identified after scoring, weighting and merging of gene data. The clusters with high-score edges were determined from gene networks. The miRNAs related to the gene clusters were identified and enriched. Furthermore, the long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) networks were predicted with central core for miRNAs.

RESULTS
Based on the cluster enrichment, the genes related to peptide receptor activity (1.26E-08), LBD domain binding (3.71E-07), rRNA processing (2.61E-34), chemokine (4.58E-19), peptide receptor (1.16E-19) and ECM organization (3.82E-16). Furthermore, the clusters related to the non-coding RNAs including hsa-miR-27b-5p, hsa-miR-155-5p, hsa-miR-125b-5p, hsa-miR-21-5p, hsa-miR-30e-5p, hsa-miR-588, hsa-miR-29-3p, LINC01234, LINC01029, LINC00917, LINC00668 and CASC11.

CONCLUSION
The comprehensive bioinformatics analyses provided the gene networks related to some non-coding RNAs that might help to understand the molecular mechanisms in CRC.


A single-pump multiple lasing wavelength semiconductor Raman pump laser, the semiconductor cooling within the housing, heat is provided within the semiconductor carrier transition stage refrigerator, it is provided in the semiconductor Raman pump heat carrier transition stage laser die, disposed respectively in the coupling lens group carrying heat transition stage, the thermistor probe and a backlight, a pump laser die, the backlight detector, a thermistor and the external cooling with a semiconductor laser shell pin for the electrical connection. Multiplexing the pumping means, a first signal transmitting optical fiber are connected in turn, the pump signal combiner and a second signal transmission fiber, the pump signal input of the multiplexer is connected to the output terminal of isolation polarization beam depolarizer, two spacer retention polarization beam depolarizer PM fiber input terminals respectively connected to a multi-wavelength lasing semiconductor single pump Raman pump laser. The present invention can save the number of the pump, the pump power to improve efficiency, reduce the size of the amplifier, to reduce manufacturing and operating costs of the amplifier.


: The article considers the main features of calculation of payments to employees in the international and Russian practice and complexity of implementation of international standards by Russian companies. We consider the provisions of the main normative legal acts regulating wages in the Russian Federation and abroad. We also consider the ways to converge Russian Accounting Standards (RAS) with IFRS. We suggest the ways to transform Russian accounting standards according to International Financial Reporting Standards.


Aim: In the present study, the role of three plant extracts as irrigant in root canal cleaning after instrumentation was evaluated. The effect of Syzygium aromaticum (S. Aromaticum), Ocimum sanctum (O. Sanctum) and Cinnamomum zeylanicum (C. zeylanicum) plant extracts was evaluated in smear layer removal. Methods: The study was divided into different groups having 5 teeth each using various irrigating agents to evaluate smear layer removal. Group A: O. Sanctum extract; group A1: O. Sanctum extract with EDTA, group B: S. Aromaticum extract; group B1 S. Aromaticum extract with EDTA, group C: C. zeylanicum extract; group C1 C. zeylanicum extract with EDTA and two control group of 5 teeth each in group D: 3% NaOCl; group D1 3% NaOCl with EDTA (as positive control) and group E: Distilled water (as negative control); group E1 3% Distilled water with EDTA. Each tooth was split longitudinally and prepared for examination by scanning electron microscopy. Results: The herbal extracts were effective in cleaning root canal walls when combine with EDTA with maximum activity of S. Aromaticum extract with EDTA group. Conclusion: Under the condition of present study the three herbal plant extracts were ineffective in removal of smear layer when used alone.


Experiments were carried out to study the impact of pressure change during dough mixing with a spiral dough mixer with the possibility of controlling the temperature. Three pressure and spiral tool speed conditions were used in this experiment: 50, 250 and 500 mbar and 100,150 and 200 RPM respectively. The objectives were to understand the effect of pressure and tool speed on dough during kneading in order to optimize dough kneading conditions. The results showed that dough aeration was proportional to the number of rotations of the spiral tool. Higher pressure and higher-speed mixing reduced the time to reach maximum power (tPEAK) means duration of mixing can be reduced. Bread specific volume, porosity fraction and pore size distributions were analysed for a better understanding of the impact of high pressure on bread quality.


The resin, catalyst, and filler of an epoxy-hollow glass microsphere encapsulant were evaluated to solve problems associated with encapsulated electronic assemblies and an alternate source of hollow glass microspheres was selected. Specific problems related to the use of this encapsulant are discussed. The results of attempts to modify the blowing agent of an epoxy foam are also included.


Abstract : Subretinal blood within the macula may play a causative role in visual loss in a number of macular diseases. The clinical and histopathologic effects of experimental subretinal hemorrhage were evaluated in the cat. Subretinal hemorrhages were produced by creating a focal neurosensory retinal detachment with micropipette techniques, then inserting a needle tip transsclerally to allow choroidal blood to fill the bleb. Experimental lesions were examined clinically and with light and electron microscopy over a 14 day postoperative period. Initial observations included clot organization with retraction of fibrin strands tearing photoreceptor outer segments. Later degeneration progressed to involve all retinal layers overlaying the clot. Hemorrhages into tissue plasminogen activator did not form fibrin strands nor cause photoreceptor tearing. These findings highlight the potential for improved retinal survival if organized subretinal clot can be eliminated soon after formation.


The effective reference plane position of the spectroradiometer measuring head determines the variation of the measured irradiance signal at different distances from the radiation source. Incomplete knowledge of the true reference plane position may result in significant measurement errors, if calibration and use of the spectroradiometer take place at different distances from the source. We describe a method for determining the effective measurement plane of spectroradiometer diffusers, based on distance dependence of the measured signal. The angular responsivity of the diffuser needs to be taken into account in the data analysis, especially if there are large deviations from the ideal cosinusoidal responsivity. A clear correlation was found between the measured shifts of the reference plane positions and deviations from ideal angular responsivity which may, in general, help to identify diffusers with large shifts of reference plane positions.


Over 4,000 British adults completed two widely used personality-type tests at an Assessment Centre, the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator and the Fundamental Interpersonal Relations Orientation-Behavior. Both correlational and regressional analyses showed modest overlap. Inclusion was related to Introversion–Extraversion and Control to the Thinking-Feeling Dimension. The Sensing–Intuition and Judging–Perceiving dimensions of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator had only weak correlations with the Fundamental Interpersonal Relations Orientation–Behavior scores (all values below .08). The difference scores between Wanted and Expressed on the Fundamental Interpersonal Relations Orientation–Behavior indicated that the Thinking, Perceiving, Extraverts had the highest differences between Perceived and Wanted scores.


Momordica sahyadrica is a new species occurring in a very narrow habitat range in Western Ghats of India. Formerly, material of it was placed under Momordica dioica, but it appeared distinct from that species in various morphological and ecological features. It is described and illustrated with a note on its distribution and ecology.


OF A THESIS Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Psychology at the Graduate School of Eas tern I l linois University . CHARLESTON , ILLINOIS 1976 Acknowle dsement This investigator expresses his sincere gratitude to his committee members, Dr . Frank Hussmyer, Dr . Herbert Morice, and Dr. Boyd Spence, for their interest, patience , and skillful guidance . Their direction and support through out my thesis was very valuable . This investigator extends a special thanks to the s taff of Stonehedge Foundation, especially the executive director, Dr . Robert Knol, for his gui dance, support, and enthusiasm. This inves tigator also recognizes the enthus iasm and hard work of Mr . Arthur Parker and Ms . Evelyn Gibson who through their training in and use of re laxation made an invaluable contribution. With special affection, this inves tigator recognizes the suppor t , tolerance, and many special things, that his wife, Cheryl, and three chil dren , Christine , Patrick, and Michael contributed . Lastly, this investigator wishes to extend special gratitude to Dr . Herbert Morice who served both as my undergraduate and graduate advisor . This inves tigator , also, recognizes and appreciates his efforts in helping me complete my thesis and earn my master degree .


We investigate the instability of purely poloidal magnetic fields in nonrotating neutron stars (NSs) by means of three-dimensional general-relativistic magnetohydrodynamics simulations, extending the work presented by Ciolfi et al. in 2011. Our aim is to draw a clear picture of the dynamics associated with the instability and to study the final configuration reached by the system, thus obtaining indications on possible equilibria in a magnetized NS. Furthermore, since the internal rearrangement of magnetic fields is a highly dynamical process and has been suggested to be behind magnetar giant flares, our simulations can provide a realistic estimate of the electromagnetic and gravitational-wave (GW) emission that should accompany the flare event. Our main findings are the following: (1) the initial development of the instability meets all the expectations of perturbative studies in terms of the location of the seed of the instability, the timescale for its growth, and the generation of a toroidal component; (2) in the subsequent nonlinear reorganization of the system, ∼90% of magnetic energy is lost in few Alfvén timescales mainly through electromagnetic emission, and further decreases on a much longer timescale; (3) all stellar models tend to achieve a significant amount of magnetic helicity and the equipartition of energy between poloidal and toroidal magnetic fields and evolve to a new configuration that does not show a subsequent instability on dynamical or Alfvén timescales; (4) the electromagnetic emission matches the duration of the initial burst in luminosity observed in giant flares, giving support to the internal rearrangement scenario; and (5) only a small fraction of the energy released during the process is converted into f-mode oscillations and in the consequent GW emission, thus resulting in very low chances of detecting this signal with present and near-future ground-based detectors.


The main target of this paper is to present and discuss different approaches that can be applied to manage the impact of wind power on transmission network stability already at the stage of network planning. This paper will concentrate on two specific items from transmission network planning perspective; the challenges related to management of the impact of wind power on damping of electromechanical oscillations and the possible issues related to the subsynchronous interaction phenomena between the wind power and meshed series compensated network.


In highly competitive markets, multiemployer bargaining may be a weak instrument for achieving price and wage stability, especially where a substantial portion of the industry's output is produced under nonunion conditions. Under such conditions, uniformity of wages and other conditions may even aggravate the instability by encouraging nonunion firms to expand output further. As described by the author, these generalizations find some support in the history of one attempt to stabilize output and wages in bituminous coal. (Author's abstract courtesy EBSCO.)


Calcaneal displacement osteotomy is a well-established surgery for correction of rigid heel varus or valgus deformity in young patients. We describe a percutaneous technique of doing this surgery which can help avoid possible complications of open surgery.


News back in July that primary care trusts' (PCTs) provider role was to be reduced to a minimum came completely out of the blue. Since then, nurses and others have lobbied hard to get ministers and NHS leaders to see the dangers in this plan, with some success. First, NHS chief executive Sir Nigel Crisp had to backtrack by making it clear to PCTs that the policy was to be implemented in 2008, not immediately as they first thought. Then health secretary Patricia Hewitt backed down and said the decision to employ nurses - or not - can be taken by local PCTs themselves.


We show that generalized gravity theories involving the curvature invariants of the Ricci tensor and the Riemann tensor as well as the Ricci scalar are equivalent to multi-scalar–tensor gravities with four-derivative terms. By expanding the action around a vacuum spacetime, the action is reduced to that of the Einstein gravity with four-derivative terms, and consequently there appears a massive spin-2 ghost in such generalized gravity theories in addition to a massive spin-0 field.


Gastric cancer can be divided into cardia and noncardia gastric adenocarcinoma (NCGA). Non cardia gastric cancer is a disease that has declined in global incidence but has remained as an extremely lethal cancer.


Productivity of arabica coffee (Coffea arabica L.) Sigarar Utang Variety in Indonesia is still relatively low, especially in Simalungun Regency, Sumatera Utara. Some factors that need to be considered in nurseries are growth regulator and shade. This study aims to find out information on the type of growth regulators and the best shade density for the growth of arabica coffee seedlings. The experiment was carried out from March to June 2022 in Nagori Ujung Bawang, Simalungun Regency and Research Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Sumatra Utara. The experiment used a Split Plot Design consisting of 2 factors and repeated 3 times. The first factor (main plot) consists of 4 levels, namely without shade, 50%, 70%, and 90% shade, while the second factor (sub-plot) consists of 3 levels are auxin growth regulator, cytokinin, and the combination of auxin with cytokinin. The results showed that the interaction of shade treatment and growth regulators had a significant effect on root canopy ratio. Root canopy ratio had a significant effect on the interaction of 90% shade treatment and a combination of auxin cytokinin of 5.27 g.


After analyzing the current problems of oil-spill monitoring management system,and the data for oil-spill incident management features and the actual demand,geographic information system technology and Database technology are proposed to be applied to monitor and manage oil-spill accident,Sea oil-spill monitoring and management information system is put forward and designed with secondary integrating development mode of using ComGIS and visualization language.Sea oil-spill monitoring and management information sys-tems' architecture,function modules and database design are introduced while information retrieval of the oil-spill,oil-spill impact analysis and database management are especially focused on.performances of the system which can provide scientific support for the marine sector to manage oil-spill are demonstrated by the application;therefore the loss caused by accidents is effectively reduced.


This paper reviews the key aspects associated with maintenance and safety of deteriorating infrastructure systems from a life-cycle perspective. The main conceptual aspects related to probabilistic optimization of maintenance and rehabilitation of structural systems are discussed. These aspects include life-cycle risk and sustainability assessment, risk-informed and utility-based decision making, and multi-objective optimization of interventions. In general, sustainability assessment is performed by quantifying economic, social, and environmental impacts associated with infrastructure management activities. This keynote paper also reviews various methods for determining optimum life-cycle maintenance, repair, and rehabilitation types and times, as well as the impact of such activities on the total life-cycle cost. The role of probabilistic performance indicators including reliability and risk, the sustainability assessment of deteriorating infrastructure systems, and risk- and utility-informed decision making are highlighted herein.


Abstiact ORTSTARS stands for Operational Readiness Test System Tech Assist Remote Support. ORTSTARS redefines what is possible in real-time Next Generation In-Service Engineering Agent distance support capabilities between Aegis Weapon System Class ships and shore support communities. The ORTSTARS concept improves Operational Availability, reduces Total Ownership costs and improves the quality of service and life for Sailors and shore support by instantly converting distributed information into value added real-time knowledge to ascertain weapon system readiness. ORTSTARS will change the way distributed naval sites cbllaborate by: 1) allowing remote sites to communicate as if everyone were onboard the ship in the same room; 2) allowing sites to work together in real time; and 3) allowing support organizations to see the scenario on a remote user's computer and correct the problem during the support call without having to physically travel to the remote site. Deploying the ORTSTARS concept today sustains the Navy's Sea Power in the 21" Century strategic plan for building a surge-capable force, as well as commands the precepts for embedding distance support requirements in the Next Generation system of warships: Littoral Combat Ship (LCS), DD(X) and CG(X). The ORTSTARS approach to proactive and predictive distance support provides a quantum leap in future distance support.


The section 2.2.1 SBA synthesis contains errors, the following is the correct presentation of the paragraph. The missed corrections have been highlighted in bold. Tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS, Aldrich 98%), Pluronic P123 (P123, BASF), deionized water, and hydrochloric acid (Macron Fine Chemicals), N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF, 99.8%, Sigma Aldrich) were employed for the synthesis of SBA-15. The SBA-15 catalyst was synthesized based on the synthetic protocol reported elsewhere [43]. Briefly, 2.0 g of P123 was combined with 30 g of water, 15 g DMF and stirred at 40 ◦C. Next 30 g of 4MHCl and 4.4 g of TEOSwere added.


Driver lassitude induced drowsiness accounts for a major of road accidents. To avoid such accidents, a precautionary system is needed. The idea is to develop driver sleep detection, drunk and drive monitoring system. Digital Image Processing (DIP) technique is used to detect fatigue. Haar cascaded algorithm is used for eye detection. In this paper, a system is proposed to avoid road accidents using the alert system along with collision information system. IOT module is used to get location information and to send messages. Wi-Fi module is used to update location information in the server.


Folk festival customs in the Song Dynasty include a lot of witchcraft factors, mainly in five forms of pleading, driving out devils, avoiding evil spirits, curing diseases and sacrifice, with the theme of begging for life and avoiding death, pursuing good fortune and avoiding disaster, and to a certain extent express the Song people's life consciousness, living will, ethical ideas and value orientations.


Background: There is much evidence indicating that natural substances from edible and medicinal plants possess powerful antioxidant and hepatoprotective activities. The objective of the present study was to investigate the potential hepatoprotective effect of silymarin in fish exposed to malathion. Methods: Zebra cichlid fish were allocated into five groups of which one group received normal feed and served as control. Fish from group 2 were treated with 0.1 mg.L-1 malathion. Fish from group 3 and 4 were fed with enriched diet with 1400 mg and 2100 mg silymarin per 1 kg feed, respectively. While fish from group 5 and 6 were fed with enriched diet with 1400 mg and 2100 mg silymarin per 1 kg feed, respectively and simultaneously were treated with 0.1 mg.L-1 malathion for 15 days. Activities of hepatic enzymes including alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase were evaluated. Oxidative stress was ascertained by measuring malondialdehyde as marker of lipid peroxidation and total cellular antioxidant capacity. Results: Exposure to malathion caused a significant increase in MDA levels and altered AST, ALT, ALP and LDH activities in liver tissues (p<0.05). The hepatic antioxidant capacity was significantly lowered in malathion treated fish as compared to the control group (p<0.05). Treatment with silymarin significantly ameliorated these changes in the malathion-treated groups.


A series of novel chelating resins were synthesized by incorporating heterocyclic functional groups such as 2-aminopyridine (AP), 2-amino-5-methylthio-1,3,4-thiadizole (AMTZ), 2-amino-5-ethyl-1,3,4-thiadizole (AETZ), and 2-mercaptobenzothiazole (MBZ) into macroporous crosslinked polystyrene via a hydrophilic spacer arm of polyethylene glycol containing sulfur. Structures of the above-mentioned resins were characterized by elemental analysis, Fourier transform-infrared spectra (FTIR), ASAP-2020 surface area and porosity analyzer, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 3220–3227, 2007


Patients with worsening heart failure (WHF) have increased risk of future WHF events and death. Guideline directed medical therapy (GDMT) reduces this risk in clinical trials, but few patients in the real-world receive optimal GDMT, leaving its comparative effectiveness unclear.

 Using Optum's de-identified Clinformatics® Data Mart Database, we identified patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) who filled HF prescriptions for components of GDMT ("Conventional GDMT:" i.e., ACEi or ARB, and beta-blocker) or first-line therapy from the most recent US guidelines ("2022 GDMT:" i.e., ARNi, MRA, beta-blocker, SGLT2i) between Jan2020 and Mar2022. The ongoing risk of HF hospitalizations (HFH), receipt of IV diuretics, and all-cause death, was assessed by history of (HFH, receipt of IV diuresis in past 12 months) WHF. Event rates reflect counts of first events, whereas cumulative incidence is first and recurrent events. Both are presented per 1,000 person-years.

 Conventional GDMT Cohort: Overall, 26,517 were in the cohort and 51% had WHF. Patients with and without WHF were alike in age (72 vs. 73 years) and a similar proportion were female (43% vs. 40%), and white (67% vs. 67%) (Table). Per 1,000 person-years, the event rates for death, HFH, and IV diuresis were 109, 404, and 106 among patients with WHF and 38, 194, and 29 among patients without WHF, respectively. The cumulative incidence, per 1,000 person-years, for HFH and IV diuretics use among those with WHF were 622 and 241 compared to 258 and 44 among those without WHF (Table). The time to WHF event or death was shorter for patients with WHF (Figure) and HR for all-cause death or WHF was 1.91 for those with WHF compared to those without.
 2022 GDMT Cohort: There were 2,775 patients receiving 2022 GDMT and just under half (47%) had WHF. Patients with and without WHF were both an average of 66 years of age, one-third were female, and 60% were white (Table). The event rates (per 1,000 person-years) for death, HFH, and IV diuretic use among those with WHF were 176, 395, and 87 compared to 106, 179, and 40, among those without WHF, respectively (Table). The cumulative incidence (per 1,000 person-years) for HFH and IV diuresis were 577 and 157 among patients with WHF and 268 and 63 among patients without WHF. The time to WHF event or death was also shorter for patients with WHF (Figure). The HR for all-cause death or WHF event comparing patients with and without WHF was 2.28.

 Our study quantified the excess risk of HF morbidity and all-cause death associated with WHF, regardless of extent of GDMT. WHF resulted in higher hospitalizations, morbidity, and deaths and was the strongest predictor of subsequent WHF and all-cause death. This places patients with WHF in a high-risk group. Results can help clinicians better assess the clinical trajectory of their patients and underscore the need for additional therapies and optimized care.Table.Patient CharacteristicsFigure.Clinical Trajectory


T he US Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit has long been sensitive to the role of courts in safeguarding individuals from threats to their health and well-being posed by potentially unlawful governmental policy. Thus, it came as no surprise that when the Trump administration issued its final Title X "gag" rule,1 most of the legal challenges were filed in Ninth Circuit trial courts. The rule would compel physicians to withhold essential information from patients regarding termination of pregnancy and would bar funding to any clinic that does not maintain complete physical separation between activities allowed and those (including full counseling and appropriate referrals) that the rule treats as promoting abortion. In cases involving potentially unlawful government regulations that threaten health, the courts play an extraordinary role because of their power to stop such rules from taking effect while their legality is fully reviewed. This extraordinary power to temporarily halt governmental regulation is known as equity power, which traces its origins to the English Court of Chancery. Equity power plays an essential role in cases such as the Title X legal challenges, since if allowed to take effect prior to full review, the rule potentially could drive away large numbers of providers, with enormous access implications. Equity power is not boundless; it hinges on certain prerequisites. Challengers must be able to show a likelihood of success on the legal merits—in other words, that their legal arguments have real power. Challengers also must be able to demonstrate real, irreparable injury if the government is allowed to proceed while the case is under review. In the legal battle over the "gag" rule, three different federal courts in the Ninth Circuit, in three different cases brought by states, professional societies, and nonprofit health care providers,2 used their equity power to prohibit implementation before full trial. They did so after concluding, on a preliminary basis, that the challengers' legal arguments against the rule were meritorious and, further, that the injury experienced by


A woman bound for a honeymoon cruise made some last-minute purchases at a pharmacy--birth control pills and pills for seasickness. The pharmacist was bemused. "It's none of my business, lady," he said, "but if it makes you sick, why do it?" Dissenting does not make me sick--I enjoy it, actually. But that answer, which would have been fine for the woman in the drugstore, is not really good enough if I am asked why I dissent--as I often do. When I am asked, I generally give a wise-guy answer along the lines of "because my colleagues make mistakes." But here, for once, I am going to take the question seriously. It is a serious question because if you are a judge, there are good reasons not to dissent, even when you disagree with the majority. Nothing you say in dissent, no matter how brilliant, is the law or makes the majority opinion one bit less the law. In that sense, a dissent is a useless exercise. And dissents can do harm. You may annoy your colleagues. You may--by giving into the temptation of making the majority opinion sound worse than it really is--actually increase the damage that it does to the law. I wonder if Justice Scalia has ever kicked himself for saying, in his dissent in Lawrence v. Texas, that holding state sodomy laws unconstitutional was the equivalent of granting constitutional protection to gay marriage. (1) And there is a legitimate argument that, when you dissent, you injure the institution of which you are a part by lessening its credibility--the air of infallibility which, even if only shakily founded on fact, helps the courts preserve their role as the final arbiters of hotly-disputed questions. And yet, I keep dissenting. Is it just because my ego makes me do it? Maybe. But I can think of better reasons--some of them more convincing than others. 1. Right will prevail. This reason is between ninety-nine and one hundred percent fantasy. The fantasy takes two forms: you may think that the brilliance of your dissent will bring a majority around to your side; or you may think that future judges will recognize your wisdom, and overrule the majority decision. Do not bet on either one. The first time I wrote a significant dissent--which I thought, as I usually do of my own dissents, was both lucid and unanswerable--I was really surprised that no member of the majority showed any sign of being even slightly influenced. As I remember, the author of the majority opinion (my colleague, Judge Victoria Graffeo) changed about four words of her draft, essentially as a courtesy to acknowledge the dissent's existence. Since then, I have been much less optimistic about the impact of my dissents on my colleagues, though a small corner of my mind still believes, each time, that my dissent is so persuasive no one can resist joining it. It actually has happened--I have a memory of two occasions, from among the more than eighty dissents I have written--that a single colleague's mind has been changed, but I have never flipped the majority by my eloquence. And, come to think of it, there were at least two other times when I circulated a draft dissent and lost votes. And yes, I dream, as perhaps every dissenting judge does, that future ages will recognize my wisdom--that my dissents will acquire the status of Justice Holmes's in Abrams and Gitlow, today iconic readings of the First Amendment. (2) But let's face it, the vast majority of cases are not important enough to make that dream even worth dreaming, and for the few that are, the odds are long against it. In the seven years I have been on the Court, I have yet to see one of my dissents become law. But I have seen it happen to some of my predecessors and colleagues. In Broadnax v. Gonzalez, (3) we held that a mother suing for medical malpractice could recover damages for emotional harm suffered as a result of a miscarriage or stillbirth; we overruled. Tebbutt v. Virostek4 adopted the reasoning of the Tebbutt dissents by Judges Matthew Jasen and Judith Kaye. …


The purpose of this article is to show the process of construction and discovery allowing determining the characteristics of an alphabetizing method capable to assure an efficient learning of the written language from working with integrating realities, mediated by reflection which teachers can use in classrooms to develop literacy. The learning of the written language through integrating realities is presented as a result of a research-action process from which derives a proposal that approaches literacy as an alternative to alphabetization that allows the learning experience to be continuous, dynamic, playful and linked to the child's reality.


In this paper, we represent an impression extraction method for music by relationship between acoustic features and impression terms. Our method extracts impression terms with weights from acoustic features extracted from music as wav file. We define the acoustic features as tempo, inter-onset interval, melody register, accompaniment register, and tonality. In this paper, we use 37 kinds of impression terms to describe musical impressions. We use a data set consisting of a music file and impression terms to create a model that relates acoustic features extracted from music with impression terms using clustering and TF-ICF (Term Frequency-Inversed Cluster Frequency). By using the model, our method can extract impression terms from music as wav file. We will realize a recommendation system according to impression by our method.


In recent years,governments at both the central and local levels have been attaching great importance to the development of cultural industries,and government input in this regard has reached an unprecedented level.The cultural industry has become one important factor in promoting both social and economic development.The jade culture industry in Nanyang,which has already become one of the pillar industries locally,occupies an important place in the overall economic structure of the cultural industry in Henan Province.However,a serious issue that can not be neglected in the development of the jade culture industry of Nanyang is "archives deficiency".Therefore,a study of this issue will serve as a point of reference to the development of the cultural industry as a whole.


According to 2011 national student physical health standard,this article staticly analyzes the test data of 20009 undergraduate in Yangtze River Delta area.The results shows that,the phenomenon of obesity still increasing,girls'vital capacity and weight has a relationship of time at school,endurance shows a declining trend,on the speed skill and flexibility boys better than girls.


Timeframe: publications from 1992–2003, in addition relevant publications from 1980–1992 and 2005 were considered. Type of publications: randomised control trials, case control or cohort studies, case series, case reports, reviews (expert opinion).


There are opinions that the part of the earth's mantle is not homogeneous. 1-g-1dφ/dr which was first introduced by SULLEN (1949), the calculation of velocities of seimic waves (BIRCH, 1939) and the density distribution based on WILLIAMSON-ADAMS-BULLEN'S method (BIRCH, 1954) have been thought as the evidences to show that these opinions are valid. The method developed in this paper shows that the density distribution can be derived without the assumption of hydrostatic equilibrium within the earth's mantle. The results obtained in the present paper show that the abnormal characters of the layer C (413-1000km) can be explained by the non-hydrostatic equilibrium state of the layer instead of its inhomogeneity.


by Ghazi Saiful Bari, Ph.D. Washington State University May 2017 Chair: Konstantin Matveev A source-based boundary element method (BEM) built on the potential flow theory is developed to study hydrodynamic characteristics of multi-surface planing hulls. Initially, both 2D and 3D numerical models are implemented and validated. Upon validation, the numerical model is applied for three specific hull types to predict their hydrodynamic properties. Firstly, the hydrodynamic performance of a stepped hull with variable deadrise angles is investigated. Secondly, the hydrodynamic inference effect on a symmetric catamaran hull is studied. And lastly, the hydrodynamic parameters are analyzed for the asymmetric catamaran setup. The validation results are presented for the lift coefficient, center of pressure, water surface elevation around the hull, and pressure coefficient. Numerical results are compared with those found in the technical literature. Parametric calculations are carried out for a stepped hull with variable deadrise angles in two-speed regimes and the results are shown for hydrodynamic characteristics of the hull. For the catamaran design, the hydrodynamic interaction between hulls planing parallel to each other is known to become significant when the spacing between hulls is


Madura Island is famous as the salt island and surrounded by Madura Strait and Java Sea has the potential for marine tourism development, one of which is a salt tourism in Pamekasan Regency. Dissemination of cosmetic salt (salt body scrub) to salt farmers in Pamekasan has been organized by Department of Marine Affairs and Fisheries of Pamekasan in 2018 so that they have the skill of local salt diversification into added value products. Diversification of salt as body care products (salt body scrub) can be packaged into an education-ecotourism package which is tourist attraction so that salt body scrubs have business potential to support salt tourism. This paper studies the use of unrefined salt as salt body scrubs and is expected to be a reference for coastal communities, especially salt farmers in Pamekasan that is to support salt tourism and increase the added value of local salt.


This paper aimed to propose diversity method for mitigating tropospheric attenuation in Thailand. Thailand experiences one of the strongest satellite attenuation conditions in the world. Three kinds of data—cloud calculation data, thaicom2&3 satellite beacon data, and rainfall data—indicate how severe tropospheric attenuation is at a moment, calling for some diversity methods to be applied Thailand's attenuation data to increase the efficiency of future satellite communication in Thailand, especially at high Ka band frequency and above.


This paper presents comparison of the Krško Power Plant simplified Spent Fuel Pool (SFP) dose rates using different computational shielding methodologies. The analysis was performed to estimate limiting gamma dose rates on wall mounted level instrumentation in case of significant loss of cooling water. The SFP was represented with simple homogenized cylinders (point kernel and Monte Carlo (MC)) or cuboids (MC) using uranium, iron, water, and dry-air as a bulk region materials. The pool is divided on the old and new section where the old one has three additional subsections representing fuel assemblies (FAs) with different burnup/cooling time (60 days, 1 year and 5 years). The new section represents the FAs with the cooling time of 10 years. The time dependent fuel assembly isotopic composition was calculated using ORIGEN2 code applied to the depletion of one of the fuel assemblies present in the pool (AC-29). The source used in Microshield calculation is based on imported isotopic activities. The time dependent photon spectrum with total source intensity from Microshield multigroup point kernel calculations was then prepared for two hybrid deterministic-stochastic sequences. One is based on SCALE6.2b3/MAVRIC (Monaco and Denovo) methodology and another uses Monte Carlo code MCNP6.1.1b and ADVANTG3.0.1. code. Even though this model is a fairly simple one, the layers of shielding materials are thick enough to pose a significant shielding problem for MC method without the use of effective variance reduction (VR) technique. For that purpose the ADVANTG code was used to generate VR parameters for the MCNP fixed-source calculation using continuous energy transport. ADVATNG employs a deterministic forward-adjoint transport solver Denovo which implements CADIS/FWCADIS methodology. Denovo uses a structured, Cartesian-grid SN solver based on the Koch- Baker-Alcouffe parallel transport sweep algorithm across x-y domain blocks. This was our first application of ANDVANTG/MCNP hybrid sequence for this type of calculation and the results where compared to SCALE/MAVRIC sequence which we regularly use for similar calculations. The comparison of gamma dose rates on different point detector locations (central above pool and at the top of pool periphery) showed a good agreement between Microshield (point-kernel) and deterministic-stochastic shielding methodologies for the cylindrical approximation of the pool geometry. More complicated cases for model with multi-source option and for cuboids showed very good agreement between SCALE/MAVRIC and ANDVANTG/MCNP calculations.


Purple rice is recognized as a staple food for humans and as a source of anthocyanins and micronutrients such as zinc (Zn). This study examined how nitrogen (N) and Zn fertilizers affected grain yield and grain N, Zn, and anthocyanin concentration among purple rice genotypes. Six purple rice genotypes (PIZ, KAK, KS, KH-CMU, KDK, and HN) were grown under two levels of N, the optimum N60 (60 kg/ha) and high N180 (180 kg/ha) rates, along with three Zn application methods (no Zn application (Zn0), soil Zn application (ZnS; 50 kg ZnSO4/ha), and foliar Zn spray (ZnF; 0.5% ZnSO4 at the rate of 900 L/ha three times at heading, flowering, and early milk stages). Grain yield of the five purple rice landraces increased by 21–40% when increasing N from N60 to N180, although no response was found with HN. The higher N rate increased grain N concentration by 10–50% among the genotypes, while anthocyanin concentration increased by 100–110% in KAK and KS, and grain Zn was increased in KS. Applying ZnS increased grain yield by 16–94% but decreased anthocyanin and N concentrations compared to the control Zn0. Applying ZnF effectively increased grain Zn concentration by 40–140% in the genotypes without adversely impacting grain anthocyanin or N concentration. This study demonstrated that the appropriate management of N and Zn fertilizers for specific purple rice genotypes would be one way to increase productivity and grain N, Zn, and anthocyanin concentration.


Diffuse pulmonary uptake of sulfur colloid was seen in a 35-year-old postpartum white female with the presumptive diagnosis of fatty liver disease of pregnancy. As the disease process resolved, the pulmonary uptake of sulfur colloid disappeared. To the authors' knowledge, this scan association has not been previously reported.


Summary form only given. Photonic systems hold the promise for realization of A/D converters capable of sampling and distribution of analog signals at THz sampling capability. The realization of these systems, however, crucially depends on timing sources that can significantly reduce clock jitter in A/D converters. In the work we report on the realization of a novel device that can provide ultra-low jitter timing pulses on an optical carrier. This architecture is particularly useful in photonics applications since the optical clock pulses are generated with a single device, eliminating the need for a RF based timing source to generate short optical pulses. The device, named the Coupled Opto-Electronic Oscillator (COEO) is based on the Opto-Electronic Oscillator (OEO), which has been described elsewhere. COEO readily accomplishes the two seemingly unrelated functions simultaneously: it acts both as a microwave source and a stable source of short optical pulses at the same time. Due to the mutual stabilization effect of the microwave and optical signals, no electronics is required to maintain the device at an optimum operation point.


Earlier controlled feeding studies have demonstrated that men with the common MTHFD1 variant 1958A have a much higher choline requirement than men without it (Kohlmeier et al., PNAS 2005). With choline intakes below their needs, creatine kinase (CK) activity increased greatly in some of these men as a sign of muscle dysfunction. We wanted to know whether physically active and fit men with elevated CK activity were more likely to carry the MTHFD1 1958A allele associated with increased choline requirement.


This chapter presents a contemporary overview of human factors psychology, including its origins, core problems, methodological approaches, and overviews of state-of-the-art research in three key areas likely to be relevant to industrial/organizational psychology. These include: human-automation interaction, or HAI; situation awareness, or SA; and distraction, multitasking, and interruption, or DMI. Each of these areas has arisen as a result of the increased challenges and opportunities provided by ever increasing levels of technological sophistication in the workplace. The chapter concludes by noting that human factors researchers are increasingly drawing on, and contributing to, social, in addition to cognitive, psychological research. This trend, motivated by both increasing levels of technological autonomy and opacity, as well as by the fact that social coordination and teamwork is increasingly mediated by information and communication technologies, bodes well for human factors and industrial/organizational psychology to have an even greater symbiotic and mutually informing relationship in the future.


This study aims to analyze the influence of Competency and Job Satisfaction on Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) With Servant Leadership as a Moderation Variables. The population in this study were all employees at the Central Statistics Agency (BPS) of Demak Regency, Kendal Regency, Semarang Regency and Semarang City as many as 144 people. The sampling technique used census method, 144 employees. Data was collected by questionnaire with Likert scale. Data analysis using SPSS version 22 includes, test instruments and multiple linear regression analysis for t test. The result showed that competency has a positively significantly influences on Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB), Job Satisfaction has a positively significantly influences on Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) and servant leadership as moderating variables the influences of both competency and job satisfaction on Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB). This has managerial implications that the BPS leaders of Demak Regency, Kendal Regency, Semarang Regency and Semarang City need to increase their confidence in their employees to be able to make their own decisions, provide work experience, improve honesty, empower and create value for the community. Keywords—competency; job satisfaction; servant leadership; OCB


Structured beef was prepared with eight combinations of the ingredients (sodium alginate, calcium carbonate, lactic acid/calcium lactate) used to bind meat with the algin/calcium gelation mechanism at nine pH values (4.1–6.4) in order to evaluate their influence on its physical and sensory characteristics. Products with alginate alone were similar to samples from the treatment without binders. The combination of alginate/calcium/lactate gave products of higher values (P>0.05) for parameters such as hardness in the raw state, bind and penetration than all other treatments. Decreasing pH values increased raw and cooked product hardness and penetration force. Products of pH values 5.7–5.8 were superior to other treatments in bind scores evaluated by a sensory panel.


SUMMARY. The accumulation of cadmium from an experimental medium by the freshwater amphipod Gammarus pulex is described.

Much of the uptake is internal as opposed to adsorption on the body surface, and after an apparent saturation of the exoskeleton the hepatopancreas becomes an increasingly important site of cadmium storage. The haemolymph cadmium concentration reaches a high level compared with marine crustaceans, achieving a concentration factor (ratio of internal Cd/ external Cd) of 100 after about 60 h uptake.

The cadmium uptake process is severely inhibited after exposure of experimental animals to 0.5 mM 2:4 Dinitrophenol, indicating the mediation of an active process. This fact together with the negative relationship between cadmium uptake rate and the calcium concentration of the animal suggests that cadmium accumulation by this species may be at least partially accounted for by a process of 'accidental' active cadmium uptake, with cadmium substituting for calcium on a calcium regulatory mechanism.

As yet it has not been possible to establish a true stoichiometric relationship between the two metals. Although calcium influx and cadmium uptake (influx) rates are similar over a wide range of external concentrations, calcium influx is clearly inhibited by a low external ratio of cadmium to calcium. This indicates that the relationship between the two metals is far from an equimolar one and the possibility of non-competitive inhibition of calcium influx by cadmium cannot be eliminated.


The Pan-American Symposium on the Upper Mantle, held in Mexico City from March 18 to 21, 1968, was attended by 27 participants from countries south of Mexico, by 22 from countries north of Mexico, and by 3 from Europe. A significant number of registrants and other guests attended from the host country. Forty scientific papers were presented in a program formally subdivided into collections of offerings pertinent to the geophysics of North America, Mexico and Central America, South America, and problems of general geophysical interest.

Because of the large number of papers presented, it is impossible to review all of them thoroughly. Only the highlights will be reviewed here. Much of the excitement at the Symposium was generated by information contributed to the geophysics of the Americas by recent results concerning global tectonics. These results are derived from direct observations of sea-floor spreading and the relative motion (or drift) of large blocks of matter of the surface of the Earth relative to one another. This point of view was elaborated by McKenzie in describing the 'paving block' theory of the motion of parts of the surface of the Earth relative to one another. The theory of McKenzie and Parker indicates that a surface area is being created at oceanic ridges, is disappearing into the oceanic trenches, and is neither created nor destroyed along transform faults; earthquake motions along the ridges are tensile, under the trenches are mainly compressional, and along the transform faults are of the strike-slip type. A global map of earthquake epicenters thus illuminates large plates or 'paving block,' each bounded by all three types of fault. The paving blocks move more or less as rigid bodies over the surface of the Earth. Where only two blocks are in contact, the relative displacements are in the same direction over their entire common boundary. The surface of the Earth can be described by at least six major blocks, all shifting about relative to one another.


A Comment on the Letter by Eugene Golowich, Sandip Pakvasa, and Alexey A. Petrov, Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 181801 (2007)


Preface Acknowledgements Introduction: Generations, war and intellectuals: towards a sociology of generations Generations and culture Generations, intellectuals and social movements Generations, national consciousness and intellectuals Generations, women and national consciousness Conclusion Bibliography Index.


Introduction: Muscle fatigue can be defined as a decrease in the performance of the neuromuscular system in generating force. This situation is considered a complex physiological process involving various body systems, in order to avoid irreversible damage or even cell death. Objective: The aim of this study was to measure muscle strength in order to assess the level of fatigue among footwear industry workers, and to determine a possible correlation between muscle strength and the perception of reported fatigue. Materials and Methods: The study included 32 male workers from the footwear industry with a mean age of 34.63 ± 11.98 years. The workers performed the handgrip strength test using a handheld dynamometer, and completed the Bipolar Fatigue Questionnaire. Results: The mean result of strength testing was 23.1 ± 8.3 kgf, and the mean score of the fatigue questionnaire was 2.28 ± 0.93 points. However, a low correlation was observed between the results of the fatigue questionnaire and the strength test results. Conclusion: The grip strength results of the footwear workers were below the values for the general Brazilian population, a fact that may indicate potential muscle fatigue. However, a low correlation with the perception of fatigue was indicated by the questionnaire.


Abstract Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: None. Background Catheter ablation is the most effective rhythm control treatment for atrial fibrillation (AF). While it was indicated as a symptomatic treatment in the past years, prognostic benefits of early rhythm control (ERC) were recently demonstrated and catheter ablation advances more and more into this indication. Restrictions in patient selection for catheter ablation seem to melt. Only few data on comorbidity burden in patients undergoing AF ablation is available. Purpose To determine prevalence of common cardiovascular and related comorbidities in patients undergoing left-atrial (LA) procedures between 2010 and 2021 at a large tertiary-care ablation center.. Method Eligible cases with LA procedures were identified through analysis of coded OPS data between 2010 and 2021. Analysis included patients with atrial fibrillation undergoing an ablation procedure including a transseptal puncture and mapping in the left atrium, not for other supraventricular tachycardias. Analysis accounted for different versions of the ICD-10-GM and OPS-ICHI catalogues. Comorbidities were defined as derived variables on a case-wise analysis from documented ICD-10 and OPS codes. CHA2DS2-VASc-score was calculated from these derived variables and demographic parameters. Procedures were clustered by intervention year in one of following ranges 2010-2012, 2013-2015, 2016-2018 and 2019-2021. Results 8396 left atrial procedures in 6184 individual patients (35% female, 63.6±11.0 years old at index procedure) were identified. Median CHA2DS2-VASc was 2 (IQR 1;3) in the overall cohort. Mean age increased constantly from 60.3±11.4 years in 2011 to 64.5±11.1 years in 2021. Median CHA2DS2-VASc-score remained constant at 2 points. While the share of non-paroxysmal AF patients was 52% between 2010 and 2012, it increased to 59% in 2016-2018 and decreased again to 55% in 2019-2021. The relative number of cases in which patients suffered from diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), pulmonary hypertension, coronary artery disease and prior myocardial infarction increased constantly between 2010-2012. While the share of patients with heart failure was highest between 2013 and 2015 (1368/2117 cases, 65%), it decreased to 833/2318 cases (36%) in 2019-2021. the absolute number of procedures nearly doubled from 2010-2012 to 2013-2015, it increased by only 36% from range 2013-2015 to 2016-2018. The number of procedures decreased again from 2016-2018 to 2019-2021 by 19%, likely due to COVID19-pandemic restrictions. Conclusion Over the last decade, the age and number of comorbidities increased in patients undergoing AF ablation procedures. These results put emphasis on offering safe procedures and perform adequate pre-procedural assessment of comorbidity burden.


An important problem in robotics is to determine an obstacle avoidance control which transfers the system along a collision-free path among obstacles in the work space. Most algorithms which have been developed to solve this problem are based on a mapping of the given problem into a finite state space which always resulted in a problem which can be solved by a computer but have a high computational complexity.
Certain previously developed algorithms worked directly with continuous problem space and are called continuum algorithms. These algorithms were relatively unsophisticated when compared to the continuous algorithms.
This observation served as a motivation for the research reported here, in which it was sought to provide continuum algorithms with a more rigorous theoretical base. The main result of this work is the development of a real-valued function which is denoted by the symbol $\Omega$ and called Omega, which characterizes the proximal relationship of two non-point convex bodies. This function is different from similar functions reported previously in that it also provides useful information when the sets under consideration intersect.
In this thesis, the need for such a function is established, and certain computationally useful properties of the developed function are proven. These result are subsequently used in a path-planning algorithm based on the use of the $\Omega$ function and the Potential Function approach. Results of this algorithm are presented and compared with those of previously developed algorithms.


The United States' foremost energy accomplishment of the past nine years is conservation, and it can be compared directly with energy alternatives. However, if the United States is to overcome the national security and economic problems posed by continued energy dependence on oil imports, it must mount a comprehensive multibillion-dollar conservation strategy by making investments in available conservation measures, in R and D of even more-efficient technology, and in alternative domestic sources.


The optimisation of product infant failure rate is the most important and difficult task for continuous improvement in manufacturing; how to model the infant failure rate promptly and accurately of the complex electromechanical product in manufacturing is always a dilemma for manufacturers. Traditional methods of reliability analysis for the produced product usually rely on limited test data or field failures, the valuable information of quality variations from the manufacturing process has not been fully utilised. In this paper, a multilayered model structured by 'part-level, component-level, system-level' is presented to model the reliability in the form of infant failure rate by quantifying holistic quality variations from manufacturing process for electromechanical products. The mechanism through which the multilayered quality variations affect the infant failure rate is modelled analytically with a positive correlation structure. Furthermore, an integrated failure rate index is derived to model the reliability of electromechanical product in manufacturing by synthetically incorporating overall quality variations with Weibull distribution. A case study on a control board suffering from infant failures in batch production is performed. Results show that the proposed approach could be effective in assessing the infant failure rate and in diagnosing the effectiveness of quality control in manufacturing.


Empirically, financial crises tend to follow credit booms in which high economic growth prospects do not materialise. I develop a model in which crises become possible following booms because of increased fragility of the banking sector. Banks raise financing from households to invest in long-term projects, but their ability to do so is limited by moral hazard. Demandable deposits create discipline by exposing misbehaving banks to runs, and thus help banks increase external financing. Normally, banks finance themselves with a mix of equity and deposits that maximizes discipline, but ensures that they always remain solvent. When growth prospects become sufficiently strong, however, worsening moral hazard induces banks to rely exclusively on deposits, leading to higher credit, asset prices, and investment. If the anticipated growth fails to come about, though, the excessive deposit financing leads to a systemic banking crisis. I also study policy implications of the model. *I am very grateful to Steve Bond, Sarah Clifford, Martin Ellison, Alistair Macaulay, Benjamin Moll, Genevieve Nelson, and Oren Sussman for helpful discussions, comments and suggestions. I also thank seminar participants at Saïd Business School and Department of Economics at the University of Oxford for invaluable feedback. †University of Oxford and Nuffield College, firstname.lastname@example.com


Having addressed the difficulties inherent in measuring civil work effectiveness, Elaine Hay of Humberside Probation Service and Will Hay and Adrian James of Hull University offer some suggestions for the kinds of performance indicators which might be appropriate, taking into account the diversity and less quantifiable features of practice and the views of all the key participants in the family court.


Postcombustion CO2 capture technologies need to undergo several costly scale-up stages before their deployment to the industry. Rigorous process models with uncertainty quantification generate more informative simulations that can offer increased design confidence, and a measure of the technical risk the modeled system carries, enabling the effective development of fewer prototypes during scale-up. To assist the development and scale-up of fixed bed CO2 adsorption technologies, we propose a framework for the quantification of uncertainty applied to the process of CO2 adsorption using zeolite 13X. Two major sources of uncertainty are considered at the small, laboratory scale in the Langmuir adsorption model: parameter uncertainty and model-form discrepancy. First, the parameter uncertainty is quantified and analyzed, followed by the quantification and analysis of the parameter uncertainty and model-form discrepancy together. The uncertainty is quantified via Bayesian statistical calibration of the Langmuir...


Unshrouded industrial centrifugal compressor impellers operate at high rotational speeds and volume flow rates. Under such conditions, the main impeller blade excitation is dominated by high frequency interaction with stationary parts, i.e., vaned diffusers or inlet guide vanes (IGVs). However, at severe part load operating conditions, sub-synchronous rotating flow phenomena (rotating stall) can occur and cause resonant blade vibration with significant dynamic (von-Mises) stress in the impeller blades. To ensure high aerodynamic performance and mechanical integrity, part load conditions must be taken into account in the aeromechanical design process via computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and finite element method (FEM) analyzes anchored by experimental verification. The experimental description and quantification of unsteady interaction between rotating stall cells and an unshrouded centrifugal compression stage in two different full scale compression units by Jenny and Bidaut ("Experimental Determination of Mechanical Stress Induced by Rotating Stall in Unshrouded Impellers of Centrifugal Compressors", ASME J. Turbomach. 2016; 139(3):031011-031011-10) were reproduced in a scaled model test facility to enhance the understanding of the fluid–structure interaction (FSI) mechanisms and to improve design guide lines. Measurements with strain gauges and time-resolved pressure transducers on the stationary and rotating parts at different positions identified similar rotating stall patterns and induced stress levels. Rotating stall cell induced resonant blade vibration was discovered for severe off-design operating conditions and the measured induced dynamic von-Mises stress peaked at 15% of the mechanical endurance limit of the impeller material. Unsteady full annulus CFD simulations predicted the same rotating stall pressure fluctuations as the measurements. The unsteady Reynold's Averaged Navier-Stokes simulations were then used in FEM FSI analyses to predict the stress induced by rotating stall and assess the aerodynamic damping of the corresponding impeller vibration mode shape. Excellent agreement with the measurements was obtained for the stall cell pressure amplitudes at various locations. The relative difference between measured and mean predicted stress from fluid–structure interaction was 17% when resonant blade vibration occurred. The computed aerodynamic damping was 27% higher compared to the measurement.


In this article, I examine the syntactic function of demonstratives using evidence from morphological agreement and discourse contexts in Blackfoot to argue for the inclusion of a κ:referential syntactic function within a Universal Spine Hypothesis framework (Wiltschko 2014). I argue that the primary function of demonstratives in Blackfoot is to provide referentiality to a syntactic argument, and thus that they associate with the referential layer of the syntactic spine.


The lattice parameters at 25°C are recorded for gold–manganese alloys quenched from the solid-solution phase field in the range 0–25 at. % manganese. The alloy compositions are believed known to at least ±0.2 at. % manganese, and the results enable parameter measurements to be used to determine the chemical composition of such alloys to this degree of accuracy.


From 17 to 22 December, chemists from around the Pacific Rim converged on Honolulu, Hawaii, for an assembly held every 6 years: the International Chemical Congress of Pacific Basin Societies. The researchers heard reports of many advances, including the invention of square molecules with twists and plants engineered to make insect-killing viruses.


This report describes the educational, occupational, and familial behavior a panel of sixty-four women exhibited during the first seven yearsfollowing their college gradua tion. Their career patterns are compared with the aspirations they held as seniors in college. The findings reveal high consistency between senior aspirations and actual behavior on some items, e.g., mariage and graduate school, but less consistency on others, including occupational choice. Generally the women worked more often and had children less frequently than they had anticipated. The actual life style patterns of these women and their aspirations for the future result from the fact that women pursue a contingency strategy in organizing their adult lives.


In this paper, He's variational iteration method is applied to solve linear 4 th order initial value problems. The numerical results obtained with minimum amount of computation are received only in two or three approximations. The results show that the variational iteration method is of high accuracy, more convenient and efficient for solving high order initial value problems.


Significance Frameshift mutations have been reported in rpoB, an essential gene encoding the beta-subunit of RNA polymerase, in rifampicin-resistant clinical isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. These have never been experimentally validated, and no mechanisms of action have been proposed. We show that Escherichia coli with a +1-nt frameshift mutation centrally located in rpoB is viable and highly resistant to rifampicin. Spontaneous frameshifting occurs at a high rate on a heptanucleotide sequence downstream of the mutation, with production of active protein increased to 61–71% of wild-type level by a feedback mechanism that increases translation initiation. Accordingly, apparently lethal mutations can be viable and cause clinically relevant phenotypes, a finding that has broad significance for predictions of phenotype from genotype. A fundamental feature of life is that ribosomes read the genetic code in messenger RNA (mRNA) as triplets of nucleotides in a single reading frame. Mutations that shift the reading frame generally cause gene inactivation and in essential genes cause loss of viability. Here we report and characterize a +1-nt frameshift mutation, centrally located in rpoB, an essential gene encoding the beta-subunit of RNA polymerase. Mutant Escherichia coli carrying this mutation are viable and highly resistant to rifampicin. Genetic and proteomic experiments reveal a very high rate (5%) of spontaneous frameshift suppression occurring on a heptanucleotide sequence downstream of the mutation. Production of active protein is stimulated to 61–71% of wild-type level by a feedback mechanism increasing translation initiation. The phenomenon described here could have broad significance for predictions of phenotype from genotype. Several frameshift mutations have been reported in rpoB in rifampicin-resistant clinical isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). These mutations have never been experimentally validated, and no mechanisms of action have been proposed. This work shows that frameshift mutations in rpoB can be a mutational mechanism generating antibiotic resistance. Our analysis further suggests that genetic elements supporting productive frameshifting could rapidly evolve de novo, even in essential genes.