The surface acoustic wave (SAW) controlled oscillator consists of a narrow band SAW delay line or resonator used as a feedback element, an amplifier with sufficient gain to overcome the insertion loss of the SAW device, and a means to couple out part of the signal. The SAW oscillator is related to the quartz crystal oscillator in that the stabilizing element is provided by the long delay time of an acoustic device. The surface wave device is also generally fabricated on quartz because of the inherent stability of this material. However, the planar technology of SAW devices allows fabrication of devices with operating frequencies up to the range of 1 to 2 GHz. Also, great flexibility is available in SAW design because either a resonator or delay line may be used. Delay line type oscillators are particularly useful for applications where frequency modulation is required since a tuning range of up to 1 percent can be achieved. In general, SAW controlled oscillators are small, simple, and rugged devices operating in the frequency range of 50 MHz to above 1 GHz.


The aim of the paper is to is to explore the determinants of the rationality in decision making among polish stock market investors with different level of expertise with investing. Rationality in decision making was defined from the behavioral finance point of view and was operationalized as the frequency of some behavioral biases (see: the certainty effect) within decision making process. In particular, this study aims to investigate the degree of susceptibility the certainty effect among people of various levels of expertise with investing. As  there is still a lack of data studies in behavioral finance literature investigating the issues mentioned in this article (or existing results are ambiguous) we treated our study as an exploratory research.


The primary data about the role of automotive manufacturing industry in emitting dichloromethane (DCM) to the environment in Iran are provided by a case study of SAIPA Automotive Manufacturing Company in 2012. The average emission rate and emission factor of DCM in the stack exhaust air streams of the solvent-based automotive painting plant were 6.8 kg·d−1 and 19.5 g per car, respectively. The spray booths had the highest portion (about 85%) of DCM emission in the stack exhaust air streams. The average concentration of DCM (± standard deviation) in the generated wastewater of the factory was 64 ± 12 μg·L−1, but in the effluent of the factory wastewater treatment plant, it was reduced to a nondetectable level. DCM was also observed in three groundwater wells out of five monitored water resources. To control DCM emission and prevent pollution, the replacement of solvent-based paints with water-based paints is highly recommended.


This note is devoted to the intertwining operator in the one–dimensional trigonometric Dunkl setting. We obtain a simple integral expression of this operator and deduce its positivity.


Postmodernism: A Challenge Against Modernism Technologic accumulation and economic development caused to instutional and cultural changing process, which has been called modernization, at 17. century in Europe. Modernization, has formed new way of life and social structure that effect all over the world. To become modern, it mean that not concerning to ancient and different from ancient. Modernization has been unable to fulfill its mission and solve its problems due to some reasons after II. World War. So, some intellectuals has attempted to new way of searching. At the end, postmodern situation has emerged and it accepted plüralism, localization and liberty instead of totalitarian philosophy, monopolisation of scientific information of modern view. Postmodernism is struggle to dilemma of modernism and it is alternative of modernism. According to postmodernists, postmodernism describes today's developed western societies and defines post modern society.


In symptomatic patients, a positive COVID-19 test is critical for securing life-saving services such as ICU care and ventilator support; it may cause septic shock, septic pneumonia, respiratory failure, heart difficulties, liver issues, and even death. CAD systems help people in rural places and doctors in the early detection of COVID-19. A diagnostic and severity detection technique utilizing transfer learning and a backpropagation neural network has been developed with the aid of a computer for this purpose. This study aims to compare and analyze multiple deep learning-enhanced strategies for detecting COVID-19 in CT scan medical images. The COVID-19 CT scan binary classification challenge utilized two powerful pretrained CNN models: Inception ResNet V2 and ResNet50. To achieve higher accuracy in the diagnosis of COVID-19 using CT scan images, a new approach called Inception ResNet was employed, and it resulted in 97.3% accuracy and 97.38% specificity. Transfer learning techniques were employed to reduce the training time and get around the shortage of data. The proposed approaches outperformed more than other papers in the literature by 0.2%.


We present a real-space view of one-dimensional (1D) to three-dimensional (3D) topological materials with 13 representative samples selected from each class, including 1D trans-polyacetylene, two-dimensional (2D) graphene, and 3D topological insulators, Dirac semimetals, Weyl semimetals, and nodal-line semimetals. This review is not intended to present a complete up-to-date list of publications on topological materials, nor to provide a progress report on the theoretical concepts and experimental advances, but rather to focus on an analysis based on the valence-bond model to help the readers gain a more balanced view of the real-space bonding electron characteristics at the molecular level versus the reciprocal-space band picture of topological materials. Starting from a brief review of low-dimensional magnetism with "toy models" for a 1D Heisenberg antiferromagnetic chain, 1D trans-polyacetylene and 2D graphene are found to have similar conjugated π-bond systems, and the Dirac cone is correlated with their unconventional 1D and 2D conduction mechanisms. Strain-driven and symmetry-protected topological insulators are introduced from the perspective of material preparation and valence-electron sharing in the valence-bond model analysis. The valence-bond models for the newly developed Dirac semimetals, Weyl semimetals, and nodal line semimetals are examined with more emphasis on the bond length and electron sharing, which is found to be consistent with the band picture. The real-space valence-bond analysis of topological materials with a conjugated π-bond system suggests that these topological materials must be classified with concepts borrowed from group theory and topology, so that a supersymmetry may absorb the fluctuating broken symmetry. Restoration of a thermodynamic system with higher entropy (i.e., the lower Gibbs free energy) is more appropriate to describe such topological materials instead of the traditional material classification with the lowest enthalpy for the presumed rigid crystal structure.We present a real-space view of one-dimensional (1D) to three-dimensional (3D) topological materials with 13 representative samples selected from each class, including 1D trans-polyacetylene, two-dimensional (2D) graphene, and 3D topological insulators, Dirac semimetals, Weyl semimetals, and nodal-line semimetals. This review is not intended to present a complete up-to-date list of publications on topological materials, nor to provide a progress report on the theoretical concepts and experimental advances, but rather to focus on an analysis based on the valence-bond model to help the readers gain a more balanced view of the real-space bonding electron characteristics at the molecular level versus the reciprocal-space band picture of topological materials. Starting from a brief review of low-dimensional magnetism with "toy models" for a 1D Heisenberg antiferromagnetic chain, 1D trans-polyacetylene and 2D graphene are found to have similar conjugated π-bond systems, and the Dirac cone is correlated with the...


The world is included of various entities and complex interdependencies between them that can be appeared in multi-layered networks. It may be the acting of some of these entities depends on the acting of the others such that the failure in one entity may cause failures in a number of others. In this paper we try to model these complex interdependencies in a interdependent network with a directed hypergraph model and then we propose an algorithm to determine minimum number of failure for total failure in the power grid and communication network as a special interdependent network.


EMI filter design is critical for power electronics equipment to be in compliance with the EMI/EMC standards. A good filter design realizes effective high frequency attenuation. Such a design is often achieved empirically, with good common sense, and deemed, by and large, as an art rather than a science. It is well known that the filter parasitics are detrimental to its ability to attenuate high frequency noise. In this paper, the critical effects of parasitics, including component self-parasitics and their respective mutual coupling effects, are first identified and their impact to both differential and common mode noise are quantified. Filter design techniques are proposed to mitigate these adverse effects due to self and mutual parasitics. While reduction of certain critical parasitics such as, ESE of filter capacitors and certain mutual couplings can be realized relatively easily in the conventional discrete filter design practice, reduction of the winding capacitance of the common-mode/differential mode inductor can best be implemented in an integrated filter design. Methods of reducing structural parasitics are investigated in this integrated filter design approach and a design technique proposed for canceling the winding capacitance of inductors that results in significant improvement of CM noise attenuation. A unique class of integrated distributed interconnect EMI filter is introduced. Experimental results are provided to substantiate all the claims made in the paper


This paper proposes a new Non-Superconducting Fault Current Limiter (NSFCL) topology. The bridge-type resistive NSFCL is simple, low-cost, and compact. The proposed topology is optimized to protect against short transients and to work in conjunction with other fuses or circuit breakers. A prototype has been designed and built for a 3-phase 600VRMS,L-L system. It has been tested in a UL certified high power test lab with 5A normal current, and 100kA potential fault current. Both simulation and experimental results are presented for proof of concept.


The antimicrobial activity of analogs obtained by substituting arginine and lysine in CL(14‐25), a cationic α‐helical dodecapeptide, with alanine against Porphyromonas gingivalis, a periodontal pathogen, varied significantly depending on the number and position of cationic amino acids. The alanine‐substituted analogs had no hemolytic activity, even at a concentration of 1 mM. The antimicrobial activities of CL(K20A) and CL(K20A, K25A) were 3.8‐fold and 9.1‐fold higher, respectively, than that of CL(14‐25). The antimicrobial activity of CL(R15A) was slightly lower than that of CL(14‐25), suggesting that arginine at position 15 is not essential but is important for the antimicrobial activity. The experiments in which the alanine‐substituted analogs bearing the replacement of arginine at position 24 and/or lysine at position 25 were used showed that arginine at position 24 was crucial for the antimicrobial activity whenever lysine at position 25 was substituted with alanine. Helical wheel projections of the alanine‐substituted analogs indicate that the hydrophobicity in the vicinity of leucine at position 16 and alanines at positions 18 and/or 21 increased by substituting lysine at positions 20 and 25 with alanine, respectively. The degrees of diSC3‐5 release from P. gingivalis cells and disruption of GUVs induced by the alanine‐substituted analogs with different positive charges were not closely related to their antimicrobial activities. The enhanced antimicrobial activities of the alanine‐substituted analogs appear to be mainly attributable to the changes in properties such as hydrophobicity and amphipathic propensity due to alanine substitution and not to their extents of positive charge (cationicity). © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 102: 58–68, 2014.


Time‐resolved spectroscopic study of the photoluminescence response to femtosecond pulse excitation and free carrier absorption at different wavelengths, thermally stimulated luminescence measurements and investigation of differential absorption are applied to amend the available data on excitation transfer in GAGG:Ce scintillators, and an electronic energy‐level diagram in this single crystal is suggested to explain the influence of codoping with divalent Mg on luminescence kinetics and light yield. The conclusions are generalized by comparison of the influence of aliovalent doping in garnets (GAGG:Ce) and oxyorthosilicates (LSO:Ce and YSO:Ce). In both cases, the codoping facilitates the energy transfer to radiative Ce3+ centers, while the light yield is increased in the LYSO:Ce system but reduced in GAGG:Ce.


Summary.

1
 No changes were found to take place in the histamine content of plasma or urine during parturition. In agreernent with earlier investigators urine was found to contain histamine in a free form and also in a conjugated form, from which it can be liberated through acid hydrolysis.

2
 The histarninolytic activity of placenta is very high. Inspite of this histamine is present in this organ. Contrary to what is thecase in maternal plasma the histaminolytic power of foetal plasma is low. No decrease in the histamine c, ontent takes place when foetal plasma flows through the placenta. The histamine content of maternal and foetal plasma is of the same order. Histamine seems t o be present in the plasma in a form which is ultrafilterable but not attacked by the histaminase.

3
 The size of the flare of the triple response caused by intra-dermal injections of histamine is of the same order in pregnant and non-pregnant women.


Resumen es: Memes have recently come into vogue in the context of 'viral' transmission of basic information units in online social networks. However, from their orig...


The article examines the origins and development of meteorological observations in Russia and particularly at the Southern Urals in the 19 th century.


An efficient regeneration protocol was established for two varieties (BARI tomato-9 and BARI tomato-15) of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) using three explants namely cotyledonary node, cotyledonary leaf and hypocotyls. Among the three explants, maximum number of shoots was produced from cotyledonary leaf explants of BARI tomato-15 on MS with 2.0 mg/l BAP and 0.5 mg/l IAA. In this combination of BAP and IAA 86%, on an average, cotyledonary leaf explants showed regeneration response 14.12 shoots/explants. Explants from hypocotyl showed best results in MS medium with 2.0 mg/l BAP and 0.2 mg/l IAA in both the varieties. In case of cotyledonary node, BARI tomato-15 showed 6.0 shoot/explant on MS with 2.0 mg/l BAP and 1.0 mg/l IAA. Molecular characterization of total ten varieties of tomato in Bangladesh was done by using six arbitrary oligonucleotide RAPD primers. A total of 140 bands were produced where the highest genetic distance (0.6769) was found between BARI tomato-3 and Mintoo tomato and lowest distance (0.1035) was observed between BARI tomato-7 and BARI tomato-8. This result will be useful for designing future breeding programs.
Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res.54(2), 117-124, 2019


Introduction: Aeolian sediments commonly are well sorted, but aeolian megaripples are exceptions, having bimodal grain size-frequencies. Distinguishing aeolian megaripple deposits from mixed grain size fluvial deposits is important for martian sedimentary rocks, because indicators of flowing water in the martian past (if revealed by legitimate fluvial deposits) are mission drivers for rovers and landers. Megaripples (aka granule ripples or coarse-grained ripples [1-3]) develop when saltating sand has sufficient energy to drive coarser grains in creep. Megaripples typically develop thin surface layers of coarse material overlying interiors dominated by finer, saltation-capable sand [1, 4]. Although crest heights can exceed 1 meter [5], megaripples are relatively minor components of terrestrial aeolian settings (e.g., as interdune features), so have attracted little attention for their potential to contribute to the sedimentary rock record [e.g., 4]. On Mars, however, megaripples have been encountered in many locations by landers and rovers as the most common aeolian bedform class [e.g., 3, 6-9]. Megaripples can be very long-lived on the martian surface [10] due to self-armoring surface layers of coarse materials that become indurated. For reasons of abundance and durability, aeolian megaripple deposits might be expected in the martian sedimentary rock record. Distinguishing aeolian megaripple deposits in martian sedimentary rocks is complicated by (1) most outcrops are never imaged at hand lens resolution; (2) outcrops typically are mantled in dust; (3) stand-off images of outcrops typically are obtained from only a single point of view, and usually are returned to Earth only after the rover has already moved on. Therefore we have undertaken wind tunnel experiments, fieldwork, and image analysis to assist interpretations distinguishing aeolian megaripple deposits from mixed grain fluvial materials. Field Investigations of Active Bedforms. Active megaripples were examined for grain size distribution and internal structures at White Sands, NM, Coachella Valley, CA, and Great Sand Dunes, CO. Coarse fractions were 1-2 mm very coarse sand, with the saltating fraction ~250 μm sand. The presence of internal structures, particularly foresets of coarser grains, varied widely with setting. Medano Creek borders the main dune field at Great Sand Dunes, CO, and when the creek bed is dry, grain sizes from dune sand to cobbles are exposed to the wind. Megaripples develop from this mixture and rapidly achieve good sorting of the coarse material (1-2 mm) over relatively short migration distances. Wind Tunnel Experiments. All experiments were conducted at the 1-atmosphere wind tunnel at the Arizona State University Planetary Aeolian Laboratory. Sorting during megaripple development and migration was investigated using 250 μm sand, impacting coarser grains 600-2800 μm divided into nine equal (by mass) fractions. At 10-12 m/s, megaripples with sorted crests 850-1180 μm developed spontaneously. Other experiments indicate that creep rates of individual saltationdriven coarse grains decline exponentially with increasing grain size (Fig. 1), leading to very effective sorting within a meter of migration downwind.


Microbiological analysis of soils from a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)‐contaminated site resulted in the enrichment of five microbial communities capable of utilizing pyrene as a sole carbon and energy source. Communities 4 and 5 rapidly degraded a number of different PAH compounds. Three pure cultures were isolated from community 5 using a spray plate method with pyrene as the sole carbon source. The cultures were identified as strains of Burkholderia (Pseudomonas) cepacia on the basis of biochemical and growth tests. The pure cultures (VUN 10 001, VUN 10 002 and VUN 10 003) were capable of degrading fluorene, phenanthrene and pyrene (100 mg l−1) to undetectable levels within 7–10 d in standard serum bottle cultures. Pyrene degradation was observed at concentrations up to 1000 mg l−1. The three isolates were also able to degrade other PAHs including fluoranthene, benz[a]anthracene and dibenz[a,h]anthracene as sole carbon and energy sources. Stimulation of dibenz[a,h]anthracene and benzo[a]pyrene degradation was achieved by the addition of small quantities of phenanthrene to cultures containing these compounds. Substrate utilization tests revealed that these micro‐organisms could also grow on n‐alkanes, chlorinated‐ and nitro‐aromatic compounds.


Text: As part of a regional groundwater monitoring project, groundwater levels and meteorological data are being collected in the Sunny Glen area near Alpine, Texas. These data will contribute to an aquifer characteristics study. The Sunny Glen area is located in the arid northern Chihuahuan desert and is the location of the municipal water supply for the city of Alpine and is the water source for a commercial orchard. The groundwater assessment includes three basic components. First, a study of groundwater recharge rates is being conducted This component includes a topographically controlled catchment surface water redistribution model and requires detailed precipitation data and observation of rare surface water flow in this arid system. The second component includes a hydrogeologic assessment of the aquifer, which is located in volcanic rocks. Pumping tests are underway to determine whether this volcanic stratigraphy behaves as a homogenous aquifer with uniform permeability or as an inhomogeneous fractured rock system. The third component is to determine the storage capacity of this system. A lineament analysis based upon Landsat imagery and aerial photography has been completed as part of this study. The integration of the data collected during this study will be used to assist in the completion of a physical groundwater model, and the techniques developed for this study will then be applied to other similar regional aquifers. This type of research is important to assess the groundwater resources in the arid far west Texas region where municipal and agricultural water sources are strictly groundwater, and the potential for water marketing could result in local water export.


An image processing system has been designed, implemented and experimented for use in the Liquid Crystal Display fabrication. To improve the efficiency of throughput while LCDs conveyed in the fabrication process, an automatic system of the alignment and the dispensing detection are undertaken using image capture on an XY table. An explanation on the configuration of optics and the panel orientation correction are introduced. A cross marked key for alignment is captured by a CCD camera which provides us the coordinates and the orientation of the LCD. Implementations of the algorithm of the binarization, the edge detection and the thinning/skeletonization are executed in the Visual Basic language. The dispensing performance is investigated by calculation the dege width of the gluing material on the panels. The experimentation reveals us a satisfactory result and a user-friendly interface to personal computers.


To overcome the voltage regulation difficulty of permanent-magnet synchronous machine(PMSM),a hybrid excitation synchronous machine(HESM)with the radial structure of magnetic shunting type was designed.The magnetic shunting was employed to adjust the air-gap magnetic field of the HESM by adjusting excitation current.The paper describes the machine's structure and principle.The concepts of the magnetic shunting point,the magnetic non-shunting point and the load balanced point were discussed.The air gap flux at magnetic shunting point and the magnetic non-shunting point were analyzed.The two-dimensional finite-element method(FEM)was employed to determine the positions of magnetic shunting point,the magnetic non-shunting point and the load balanced point.The theoretical analysis and experimental results show that the air gap flux of machine is the lowest at magnetic shunting point and the air gap flux of machine is the biggest at magnetic non-shunting point.The output voltage of machine can be kept constant by adjusting the excitation current when the power factor or the load changes.


Pecan scab is caused by a fungus that for almost thirty years has been called Cladosporium effusum (Wint.) Demaree (1928). Originally, Winter (1885) described this species as Fusicladium effusum, but Demaree transferred it to Cladosporium primarily because the conidia may be produced in chains. The type specimen was collected on Carya alba, which is a synonym for either C. tomentosa Nutt. or C. ovata (Mill.) K. Koch. Three years later, Ellis and Langlois, in an article by Ellis and Everhart (1888), reported the occurrence of a similar fungus on living leaves of C. olivaeformis Nutt. [= C. illinoensis (Wang.) K. Koch]. Although they recognized that this new fungus was scarcely distinct from F. effusum, Ellis and Langlois distinguished it on the basis of its epiphyllous, maculicolous growth and darker hyphae, and named it F. caryigenum Ell. & Langl. Orton (1905) reported that F. caryigenum is identical with F. effusum Wint. Many years before C. effusum (Wint.) Demaree was used as the name for the pecan scab fungus, Berkeley and Curtis, in an article by Berkeley (1875), had described an altogether different fungus which they named C. effusum Berk. & Curt. The description was based on four specimens collected on hosts unrelated to Carya. These collections are now recognized as belonging in Cercospora (Chupp, 1953, pp. 356, 357). Nevertheless, C. effusum (Wint.) Demaree is a later homonym of C. effusum Berk. & Curt. and thus cannot be used as a name for the pecan scab fungus (cf. Lanjouw et al., International Code of Botanical Nomenclature, 1956, arts. 63, 64). This presents the necessity of selecting some other name for this fungus. The procedure necessarily involves re-examining the morphological relationships of the pecan scab organism. If it is found to be a Fusicladium, as originally presented, Winter's name may be accepted. If Demaree is correct in believing it to be a Cladosporium, consideration may be given to making a new combination based on F. caryigenum. However, this would be feasible only if F. caryigenum is found to be conspecific with C. effusum (Wint.) Demaree.


We collected carabid beetles with pitfall traps in patches of lush coniferous forest on five small islands (3-4 km off the shore) and in five similar sites on the mainland on the Aland Islands, south-west Finland, with identical sampling effort in each site. Four times more individuals were caught on the mainland than on the islands (1069 v. 245). Species number was also greater on the mainland (25 v. 18); however, when sample sizes were standardized by rare- faction, species numbers did not differ significantly. Striking differences were observed in species composition and abundances between the mainland and the islands; the dominant species of the mainland (Patrobus atrorufus, > 50% of the total mainland sample) was represented in the island samples by only two in- dividuals, and several other abundant mainland species were scarce on the islands as well. Two species (Cychrus caraboides and Pterostichus niger) were more abundant on the islands than on the mainland. Relative differences in community structure were smaller among the mainland sampling sites than among the island sampling sites. 'Passive sampling' is an inadequate model for the colonization of the island habitat patches by carabid beetles. Factors that probably affect the colonization process include environmental differences, especially differences in the composition of habitats in the surroundings of the sampling sites, and aute- cological characteristics of the species, such as dispersal ability and habitat pre- ferences.


Abstract : Two automatic algorithms for synchronizing the GPS time standard to the UTC time standard are evaluated. Both algorithms control GPS-UTC offsets to within 10 nanoseconds, reduce operator workloads, and are simple to implement and maintain.


A new estimation of distribution algorithm based on normalized mutual information (NMIEDA) is proposed for overcoming the premature convergence of bivariate estimation of distribution algorithms. NMIEDA first uses normalized mutual information to measure the interaction between two variables and then generate a dependency forest model. Second, based on the concept of sporadic model building and a reward and punishment scheme in Selfish Gene, NMIEDA provides a new updating mechanism that accelerates the convergence speed. Finally, a new sampling mechanism is adopted in NMIEDA to improve the efficiency of sampling, which combines stochastic sampling, the opposition‐based learning scheme and the mutation operator. The simulation results on benchmark problems and real‐world problems demonstrate that NMIEDA often outperforms several other bivariate algorithms.


Household Determinants of Malaria in Mutasa District of Zimbabwe by David Takudzwa Zinyengere MSc, University of Derby, 1999 BTech, Pretoria Technikon, 2001 PGDip (HIV &AIDS Management), Stellenbosch University 2013 Dip Public Health –Royal Society of Health, 1979 Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Public Health Walden University August 2018


Optical burst switching (OBS) is considered as a promising paradigm for the next generation Internet. In the OBS networks, the data channel scheduling algorithm is one of key issues. The object of channel scheduling algorithms is to improve the performance of burst dropping probability and to decrease the complexity of computation. Based on the idea, a new scheduling algorithm, called buffer-based latest available unscheduled channel (BLAUC), is proposed in the paper. Its basic idea can be depicted as follows: to buffer more than one burst control packets (BCP) at first, and then to schedule the corresponding data bursts (DB) by the order of burst arrival time. The max buffer time is an important parameter in the BLAUC algorithm. It is deduced in the paper that the optimisation of the max buffer time is the maximum difference of offset time in the core node. Based on latest available unscheduled channel (LAUC) algorithm, BLAUC only adds buffering and changes the scheduling order. So BLAUC is as simple as LAUC. And adopting the policy of scheduling by burst arrival time, BLAUC has better performance than LAUC in terms of burst dropping probability. Simulation results show that BLAUC not only outperforms LAUC in terms of burst dropping probability, but also outperforms LAUC-VF in the condition of enough buffer time.


If the coefficients in the power series for f( z) are sufficiently small ihen f( z) must have finite valence in the unit disk. On the other hand, we can find an f (z) for which an →0 as n → z, and f( z) has infinite valence in the unit disk. In this article we make these statements a little more precise, and ask if the gap between these two conditions can be improved.


Acute liver failure (ALF) is a lethal disease with limited life‐saving therapy. Because lack of whole organ donors for liver transplantation, a substitute treatment strategy is needed for these patients. Preclinical and clinical findings have proved that treatment with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is beneficial for recovery from ALF. In this approach, however, the appropriate sources of these cells are unclear. In the present study, we investigated and compared the therapeutic potentials of bone marrow‐mesenchymal stem cells (BM‐MSC) with those of adipose tissue (AT‐MSC) in carbon tetrachloride (CCL4)‐induced acute liver failure in mice. Murine BM‐ and AT‐MSCs obtained from normal mice were cultured and labelled. The cells were transplanted to CCL4‐induced ALF mice models intravenously. After cell transplantation, blood samples and liver tissues were collected daily for 72 h to analyze liver enzymes and liver histopathology, respectively. We found that survival rate of AT‐MSC transplanted (AT‐TR) mice was significantly higher than that of control (ALF) group. Liver histopathology was superior in the AT‐TR mice, but not significantly, compared to that in BM‐MSC transplanted (BM‐TR) ones. Furthermore, in the AT‐TR mice the level of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT), in some time points were significantly less than those of BM‐TR. Taken together, these data suggest that in comparison to BM‐MSC, AT‐MSCs is an appropriate choice for cell therapy in the case of acute liver failure.


The contents of Sushi's letters present the readers some trifles of Sushi's life.Researching Sushi's letters can make people understand him deeply and appreciate his intelligence and his glamour.This article tries to make a reasonable intepretation and understanding to his letters from or to different people,such as his relatives,friends,workmates,teachers and students.


The possibility of measuring an unknown impedance Z=R+jX by including it in one arm of a Wheatstone bridge, whose other arms are purely resistive, is examined. It is shown that by adjusting the variable resistance for minimum bridge output and measuring this output, one can calculate the magnitude ?Z?, the resistive part R, and the magnitude of the reactive part ?X? of the unknown impedance. Using a fixed auxiliary capacitor whose reactance is less than 2?X?, the sign of the reactive part can also be determined. The sensitivity of the bridge decreases as the ratio ?X?/R increases; this can be remedied by adding a suitable series resistance to Z and/or by measuring the bridge output when its rate of variation with the adjustable resistance is maximum. An alternative method not involving voltage measurements, but requiring a suitable fixed, standard inductor or capacitor, has also been discussed. The theory involved in these measurements is pretty well within the reach of a sophomore student of electrical engineering and as such, this may constitute a simple, but interesting, laboratory exercise at that level.


Considering the tedious and complex problem of solving joint probability with the bucket elimination algorithm, a parallel joint probability inference algorithm was proposed. The logical relation was analysed among each node variable and the inverse order method of the bucket elimination was used to introduce the mathematical expressions of joint probability and calculate the probabilities of one or more node failures when the network fails. The method is applied into the example of reliable analysis of electronic products and is demonstrated the simplicity and effectiveness of the method in the process of two-way Bayesian network inference. The results can be used to identify the weak links of electronic products and also provide a theoretical basis for reliability and maintenance strategies for electronic products.


316L steel specimens with three different shear zones made by SLM (Selective Laser Melting) were subjected to dynamic tests using the Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar method. The effect of high-speed deformation on changes in microstructure was analyzed. In addition, the stress-strain relationship was determined from the SHPB results. To visualize the deformation process of the specimens during the tests, a camera with a high frame rate was used. It was shown that as the plastic deformation increases, the hardness of the material increases. Microstructural analysis of dynamically loaded areas revealed numerous defects. Twinning was found to be the main deformation mechanism. Large plastic deformation and many other microstructural changes such as shear bands, cracks and martensite nucleation were also observed.


We consider the discrepancies between the experimental data and the three-body calculations of the total cross section for γd → π 0 d. It is shown that additional static ΔN interaction slightly improves the description but its effect is insufficient to explain the disagreement.


Poro-elastic systems have been used extensively in modeling fluid flow in porous media in petroleum and earthquake engineering. Nowadays, they are frequently used to model fluid flow through biological tissues, cartilages, and bones. In these biological applications, the fluid-solid mixture problems, which may also incorporate structural viscosity, are considered on bounded domains with appropriate non-homogeneous boundary conditions. The recent work in [ 12 ] provided a theoretical and numerical analysis of nonlinear poro-elastic and poro-viscoelastic models on bounded domains with mixed boundary conditions, focusing on the role of visco-elasticity in the material. Their results show that higher time regularity of the sources is needed to guarantee bounded solution when visco-elasticity is not present. Inspired by their results, we have recently performed local sensitivity analysis on the solutions of these fluid-solid mixture problems with respect to the boundary source of traction associated with the elastic structure [ 3 ]. Our results show that the solution is more sensitive to boundary datum in the purely elastic case than when visco-elasticity is present in the solid matrix. In this article, we further extend this work in order to include local sensitivities of the solution of the coupled system to the boundary conditions imposed on the Darcy velocity. Sensitivity analysis is the first step in identifying important parameters to control or use as control terms in these poro-elastic and poro-visco-elastic models, which is our ultimate goal.


A high-frequency AFMR branch is found in the hexagonal antiferromagnet CsMnF3 and the size of the gap for this branch is determined. At high temperatures the temperature dependence of the gap is described by the Brillouin function. The temperature dependence of the AFMR line width is also investigated. The AFMR spectrum for CsMnF3 is calculated on the basis of an expression for the thermodynamic potential satisfying the crystal symmetry.


This paper presents the evaluation results on operational and safety performance of group-based signal control, based on a field test undertaken in Japan recently. Starting response time (SRT), start-up lost time (SULT), clearance lost time (CLT), saturation flow rate (SFR), and approach delay (AD) are selected to represent operational performance. Certain occurrence frequencies and rates of stop-line crossing during amber (SCA) and red-light-running (RLR) act as the measures to safety performance during intergreen intervals. The results from the before-and-after analyses supported that the group-based control itself generally didn't significantly affect SRT, SULT, CLT, and SFR, while remarkably improved AD. Meanwhile, it substantially decreased SCA and RLR at the exclusive through and right-turn lanes. It reveals that both operational and safety benefits might be expected by applying such a policy.


During human pregnancy, the trophoblast develops as the fetal compartment, while in bidirectional communication with the maternal decidua. The trophoblast is responsible for the adequate implantation of the embryo, supply of nutrients and environmental protection of the fetus along the progress of pregnancy. To perform these functions trophoblast cells, undergo a complex and finely tuned differentiation into specialized groups of cells, in a process regulated by several hormones, growth factors and cytokines. Abnormalities in trophoblast function result in several pregnancy complications.
In this review, we focus our attention on two growth factors with pivotal roles during human pregnancy. The Insulin-like growth factor (IGF) family and the Transforming growth factor (TGF-β) axis are important regulators of the proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, migration and invasion of human trophoblasts. We summarize what is described in the literature on how these factors and their receptors are expressed on the different subsets of trophoblasts, the signaling pathways that transduce their corresponding actions and functional biological effects. We describe the associations that have been found between these growth factors and the group of pathologies known as Gestational Trophoblastic Diseases (GTD).


The article surveys German-language ayurvedic cooking and nutrition books from 1990 until today. The semantic analysis reveals a market diversification that corresponds to the following categories: health, diet, spirituality, and individualism. These are main attractors of Ayurveda along with its promises of holistic balance and cosmological integration. Because this development can be interpreted as a reaction to the Western scientific formation of "Ayurveda" within popular life advice literature, this essay uses the concept of reflexive nutrition as derived from M. Stausberg's reflexive ritualization (ZRGG 1/2003). Furthermore, the success of these books indicates an absence of Christian dietetics in Germany's religion landscape.


ABSTRACT Wind-tunnel measurements were used to study the characteristics of the unsteady separation bubbles on a NACA 0015 aerofoil with simulated two-dimensional leading-edge glaze ice accretions. The unsteadiness present in the iced-aerofoil flowfield was determined using measurements of the time-dependent aerofoil surface pressure distribution at Reynolds number of 1.0 × 106. Additionally, the unsteady flow features were investigated through the power spectrum of the stream-wise velocity fluctuations using a hot-wire anemometry. The results showed that the highest value of root-mean-square fluctuation of the surface pressure consistently occurred upstream of the mean shear-layer reattachment location. Spectral analysis of stream-wise velocity fluctuations near reattachment location revealed evidence of the regular frequency at Strouhal numbers of 0.5-0.63. Moreover, the low-frequency oscillations associated with shear-layer flapping was also identified in the wake velocity spectra on the order of 10 Hz that resulted in Strouhal numbers of 0.0186-021.


This course has proven very helpful for most of the engineering students but students from some educations are more reluctant to follow the course and do the exercises than other. Students studying Bachelor in IT (BAIT) has for two years showed less interest in the course than e.g. Software and Computer Science students. The consequences of this are that app. 1/3 of the BAIT students don't develop their team work skills and competences to the level that is expected.


Communication signal serves as an increasingly important function in modern basketball game.It can convey the instructions of the coach,and also it becomes the key factor to a successful strategy which leads the team to victory.


This paper presents a DES IP core equipped with a AHB Slave Interface.It works perfectly with a bus frequency of 500 MHz.The maximum sustained conversion rate for DES is around 1.6Gb/s.And it is around 615Mb/s for 3DES.After simulating by VCS and synthesizing by DC,results show that it fulfills the design require.


The system of pseudo-color coding of real-time image based on DSP is introduced,and the hardware designation and software realization are described in detail.The hardware is the single input and output structure with DM642 as CPU.The software is carried out in single-track pipeline way orderly.These approaches improve the efficiency of the implementation of the programs,and meet the requirements of realtime and stability.In the end,the experiments of this project and practical effects are introduced.


Based on stack filter theory, a new filter called multi-level omnidrectional detail preserving stack filter is developed for processing noisy image, by threshold decomposition of input signal and using multi-directional structural elements. The second stage of the filter can automatically select corresponding positive Boolean function (PBF) according to the different area of input noisy image by designing detail detection unit in the filtering algorithm. So the class of filters can effectively preserve image edge details on removing noise of image, which is also proven by simulation experiment


The article deals with the peculiarities of historicism in Volodymyr Rutkivsky's novel "Dzhuras of Cossack Shvaika". The historicism of V. Rutkivsky's works is presented not in its narrow interpretation – as an appeal to real historical facts and introduction of as many historical heroes as possible into the fabric of the text, but in a broad sense – as an artistic attempt understanding of Ukrainian history. It is emphasized that, despite the lack of historical facts and historical characters, the author managed to recreate the historical era of the late fifteenth century. This is the period of Cossacks emergence on Ukrainian lands. Thanks to artistic conjecture, the writer described the motives that moved Ukrainians at a crucial time to comprehend their own identity, which later led to the emergence of the center of Ukrainian statehood. The aim of the writer is to outline the historical landmarks for the formation of the Ukrainian national idea at the present stage with his historical adventure novels. This goal is realized through the reception of historical reconstruction. The reference points of the assertion of historical memory are the mentions of Kievan Rus, the battle of Blue Waters and the Cossack victory in the defense of the native land. The writer tries to instill to young reader a reverent attitude to the history of his land, presents an effective mechanism of self-determination of Ukrainians in the context of social and political relations – to respect himself as a descendant and successor of the traditions of his predecessors. V. Rutkivsky's artistic imagination helped to comprehend the causes and consequences of Ukrainian-Tatar contacts, to depict the historically accurate experience of previous generations. As a true historian, V. Rutkivsky shows the past not only of the Ukrainian ethnolinguistic community, but also of the foreign one, which lived in the territory that is now part of the Ukrainian state. The analysis of the artistic mastery peculiarities of the specific historical content in V. Rutkivsky's works proved the commonality of approaches in the depiction of historical reality in the novels "Blue Waters" and "Dzhuras of Cossack Shvaika". It is proved that the mention of historical events in the novel performs several functions – contribute to the fabula unfolding, affect the vicissitudes of the novel, help to show the characters better.


There is widespread agreement among the members of the various foreign services of our government that they are not logically organized. Few innovations have been made in their structure in more than forty years, although there has been a major study of one or more of them every two years since World War II. The Foreign Service Act of 1946, drafted by members of the foreign service themselves and containing the only really successful innovations, has not been fully implemented, and the problems of organization and personnel-administration are increasing rapidly with the multiplication of our foreign services and the broader definition of "diplomacy" today. There should be a single Foreign Service of the United States, directed by an independent board analogous to the Civil Service Commission. In this way, uniform policy could best be assured, and an efficient and progressive personnel-administration could be designed to attract and hold good people in an increasingly competitive employment market.


Flight privacy is an emerging problem in aviation - ADS-B substantially increases privacy threat surface compared to Mode A/C/S No privacy solution in high-end GA aircraft ADS-B standard RTCA DO-260B Privacy weaknesses in DO-282B temporary, random ID solution Encryption based privacy solutions may be impractical for GA We can potentially enhance DO-282B and DO-260B standards to protect GA user privacy, without the need for key encryption. We can potentially enhance DO-282B/260B to enable privacy preserving beneficial access to ATC services.


Pin joints are widely used in heavy-duty machinery such as aircrafts, cranes and offshore drilling equipment to transfer multi-dimensional shear forces. Their strength and service life depend on the clamping force in the contact region that is provided by interference fits. Though the interference fits provide full contact at the pin-hole interface under pretension loads, the contact interface reduces when the pin is subjected to an external load and hence a smaller contact surface leads to dramatic increase of the contact stress. The PIN joint of Bondura® Technology, investigated in this study, is an innovative solution intended to reduce the slack at the contact surface of the pin joint of heavy-duty machinery by using tapered sleeves on each end of the PIN. The study is aimed to better understand the contact pressure build-up and stress distribution in the supporting contact surface under pre-loading of the joint and the influence of temperature difference between part assembly and operation conditions. Numerical simulation using finite element method and diverse experimental tests were conducted. The numerical simulation and the test results, particularly the tests conducted with lubricated joints, show good conformance.


In order to communicate with a PLC (Programmable Logic Controller) flexibly and freely, a data communication model based on the PLC's free port is designed. In the structure of the model, a distributed data communication environment is constructed by using Ethernet and serial adapters. In the communication algorithm, a method of queue-buffer for multi-threaded is used to improve the real-time of the control. This communication model has good scalability and portability because the realization of it is not restricted by the number of PLC slave stations and the type of operating system of the host computer. A corresponding communication algorithm is applied to data collection and devices monitoring for a pipe pneumatic conveying system. The practice shows that not only the stability and reliability of the model can meet the needs of automatic control but also the communication performance and efficiency of the model is outstanding.


In the present study the steel fibres coming from the end-of-life tires were applied as a reinforcement of self-compacting concrete. The influence of the recycled fibres and their mixture with glass or polypropylene fibres (hybrid mixes) on the flexural behaviour of SCC was tested. The research revealed that the dosage of 1.5% of recycled fibres is highly effective in the SCC matrix. The values of the residual flexural tensile strengths obtained in the tests classified the R-SCC to be used as a partial replacement of the conventional reinforcement. The addition of other types of fibres to R-SCC caused the further enhancement of flexural parameters with no negative effect on the distribution of the fibres in the mix.


Abstract The purpose of this study was: (a) to analyze and compare the school health practices in three separate census groupings using random sampling techniques where necessary; (b) to show by an analysis of the options separately for each census group what differences there are, if any, in school health service practices in communities of varying sizes; and (c) to show what different practices are related to different plans of administration of the school health services. On the basis of the criticisms of 15 experts from the areas of medicine, health education, and public health, an inquiry form was developed with 61 categories and 620 options arranged under six major divisions.


A family of convolvers for high sample rate is proposed, based on the composition of subconvolvers characterized by one bit samples and by modular, regular structures decomposable in identical bit-slices. Samples are represented in parallel or in skew form and the whole circuit is a sequential circuit whose combinatorial part is an array of full adders, assuring a high sampling rate. Fault tolerance provisions are also discussed.<<ETX>>


All though coats of arms are interesting indicators of human behaviours, they are seldom considered under this perspective. From a function of simple differentiation, of identity sign, they often become exponents of the lineage traditions. This paper analyses the causes and circumstances of these changes in Spain, paying special attention to the forms of evolution of the perception of the past.


Experimental observations of dopant diffusion and defect formation are reported vs ion energy and implant temperature in Si-implanted GaAs. In higher energy implants (>100 keV), little or no diffusion occurs, while at energies less than 100 keV, the amount of dopant redistribution is inversely proportional to energy. Extended defect density shows the opposite trend, increasing with ion energy. Similarly, Si diffusion during post implant annealing decreases by a factor of 2.5 as the implant temperature increases from -2 to 40 C. In this same temperature range, maximum depth and density of extrinsic dislocation loops increases by factors of 3 and 4, respectively. Rutherford backscattering channeling indicates that Si- implanted GaAs undergoes an amorphous-to-crystalline transition at Si implant temperatures between -51 and 40 C. A unified explanation of the effects of ion energy and implant temperature on both diffusion and dislocation formation is proposed based on known differences in sputter yields between low and high energy ions and crystalline and amorphous semiconductors. The model assumes that the sputter yield is enhanced at low implant energies and by amorphization, thus increasing the excess vacancy concentration. Estimates of excess vacancy concentration are obtained by simulations of the diffusion profiles and are quantitatively consistent with a realistic sputter yield enhancement. Removal of the vacancy-rich surface by etching prior to annealing completely suppresses the Si diffusion and increases the dislocation density, lending further experimental support to the model.


Stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) is a resonant nonlinear optical interaction with the material that results in transmitted light being scattered back towards the input. Although high power lasers are available to overcome the intrinsic loss of standard single mode optical transmission fibers (0.2 to 0.3 dB/km) but SBS places an upper limit on the optical power that can be transmitted through the link. Usually, SBS normally has a lower threshold power (≤1.4 mW) than other nonlinear effects. In this paper we see the SBS effect in optical fiber transmission system and different types of methods to eliminate this effect. Here we propose two new approaches to eliminate this effect.


We introduce a neural network (NN) strictly governed by Newton's Law, with the nature required basis functions derived from the fundamental classic mechanics. Then, by classifying the training model as a quick procedure of 'force pattern' recognition, we developed the Newton physics-based NS scheme. Once the force pattern is confirmed, the neuro network simply does the checking of the 'pattern stability' instead of the continuous fitting by computational resource consuming big data-driven processing. In the given physics's law system, once the field is confirmed, the mathematics bases for the force field description actually are not diverged but denumerable, which can save the function representations from the exhaustible available mathematics bases. In this work, we endorsed Newton's Law into the deep learning technology and proposed Newton Scheme (NS). Under NS, the user first identifies the path pattern, like the constant acceleration movement.The object recognition technology first loads mass information, then, the NS finds the matched physical pattern and describe and predict the trajectory of the movements with nearly zero error. We compare the major contribution of this NS with the TCN, GRU and other physics inspired 'FIND-PDE' methods to demonstrate fundamental and extended applications of how the NS works for the free-falling, pendulum and curve soccer balls.The NS methodology provides more opportunity for the future deep learning advances.


PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a virtual white line setting technique that gives no discomfort or fear to vehicle occupants. SOLUTION: A front camera 10 is used for detecting white lines of the traffic lane where a relevant vehicle is running and objects on the traffic lane obstructive to the running of the vehicle, and upon the detection of such an object, virtual white lines are set according to formula (1): virtual white line position=detected white line position+virtual white line curvature, and an equation indicated by formula (2) on the basis of the distance between the vehicle and the object and the speed of the object both detected by an on-vehicle radar 30 and the speed of the vehicle detected by a speedometer 40. The virtual white line curvature in formula (1) is formula (2), where X r is a distance of departure of the object from the white line, X m is an avoidance margin, ttc is a collision time, ttc start is a virtual white line curvature start time, ttc end is a virtual white line curvature end time, and α is a coefficient for computing virtual white lines forward of the vehicle position. COPYRIGHT: (C)2011,JPO&INPIT


Three Chilli varieties/lines including 7-ph, Biaddy and Tatapuri were sown to check the comparative efficacy of different insecticides and plant extracts. Three insecticides including Imidacloprid, Bifenthrin and acetameprid and three different plant extracts including onion extract, Garlic extract and parthenium were evaluated against Chilli leaf curl virus (ChiLCV) and whitefly. Bifenthrin was very much effective in reducing whitefly population while Acetameprid was least effective as compared to control.Garlic extract at 5% concentration was very much effective in reducing whitefly population while parthenium extract at 5% concentration was least effective compared to control. Correlation of environmental factors (maximum and minimum temperature, relative humidity and rainfall) chiLCV disease incidence % was also determined. There was a significant correlation of environmental variables with ChiLCV disease incidence %. The use of Bifenthrin (10%EC) proves to be significant option in case of epidemiological occurrence of environmental variables followed by acetamaprid (20%SL) and imidacloprid (25%WP) respectively.


Modern scientific circles believe the global warming had been speeded up and causing various diseases. WHO's report in 2000 points that many mosquito-borne diseases such as malaria, dengue, and yellow fever would bounce back due to the fast global warming. As the entomologists already knew, cold weather can limit mosquito's activities and rest area. Therefore, the morbidity rates of these mosquito-borne diseases reduced. Although extreme temperature can hurt mosquito, in most of the time, mosquito's activity increases when the weather getting warmer. Environmental changes certainly cause high risk of infection of the mosquito-borne diseases. However, global warming should be the only one to blame. Before the global warming became a overwhelming public concern, land use or natural exploitation had locally caused changes in mosquito living environment and fluctuation in infectious rates. The infection and geographic distribution of filariasis and malaria in Taiwan prove such phenomena happened and disclose the possible relation between disease and natural exploitation.


Six new species of the doryctine wasp genus Notiospathius (Braconidae) are described for the states ofJalisco, Oaxaca and Veracruz, Mexico: N. bisulcatus sp. n., N. chinanteco sp. n., N. crypticus sp. n., N. laurae sp. n.,N. mariachi sp. n. and N. tuxtlaensis sp. n. DNA barcoding sequences are provided for these species. They representthe first confirmed records of species of Notiospathius in Mexico.


The objective of this research was to find out whether or not the use of Quiz-Demonstration-Practice-Revision (QDPR) learning model can improve students' pronunciation especially in pronouncing sound /f/, /v/, /θ/, and /t/. The method of this research was pre-experimental with one group pre-test and post-test as an instrument of the research. The population of the research was the eleventh grade of SMA Negeri 11 Pangkep that consisted of 240 students. The number of samples was 30 students. The data collection consisted of pre-test, treatment and post-test. Forms of pre-test and post-test were oral test that contained 20 words that related with the focus sounds. The findings of the research showed that the students' mean score of pre-test before treatment was (39.17). While after treatment, the mean score of post-test was (76.83). Therefore, the significant between pre-test and post-test was 96%. In order that, the researcher assumed that using Quiz-Demonstration-Practice-Revision (QDPR) could improve students' pronunciation correctly especially in pronouncing sound /f/, /v/, and /θ/, /t/. Thus, QDPR can be an alternative model to English pronunciation instruction in English classrooms


The disciplines of Computer Game Playing and Automated Theorem Proving have a lot in common and insights to share. From huge search spaces to heuristics and evaluation function, from learning to domain analysis to competition, both of these areas of Artificial Intelligence have much to gain from each other. This paper describes the use of a logic based language to describe games and a game playing system, named Monster, built from an automated theorem prover.


In a systematic study of 18,000 pictures taken at the Cosmotron with the Yale diffusion cloud chamber two DELTA /sup O/ decays were found having origin in a lead plate at the upstream edge of the chamber. With corrections for the geometric efficiency of the chamber and for the scanning efficiency, this leads to an upper limit of approximately 8 mb per lead nucleus for the production of DELTA /sup O/ particles. Thirtyseven nuclear interactions, found in the methane gas of the chamber, indicate a cross section of 155 plus or minus 45 mb for star production in carbon. A two-dimensional Monte Carlo calculation of the internal pion-nucleon cascade in carbon was carried out for 45 events. Computed values for the pi /sup +// pi /sup -/ ratio and for the number of emerging charged pions per event are compared with those for the experimental carbon stars. It is concluded that the Monte Carlo calculation exaggerates the cascade and thus provides an upper limit to the multiplicity of cascade-induced events. A lower limit is provided by considering only the first collision of each Monte Carlo evcnt. A count of the Monte Carlo fast internal pion collisions for which the productionmore » of a hyperon is energetically possible leads to an upper limit of 0.7 mb and a lower limit of 0.1 mb per carbon nucleus for / DELTA /sup O/ production via the intermediate pion mechanisnm. Correction by Jastrow's lead-to-carbon production ratio yields Monte Carlo cross sections for lead which indicate that this mechanism may dominate over production in direct collisions between the incoming proton and internal nucleons. (auth)« less


1 Introduction.- I Trade and Transportation.- 2 Spatial Effects of European Transport Policy: a CGE Approach.- 3 Combined Model of Interregional Commodity Flows on a Transportation Network.- 4 Why Do Countries Pursue Reciprocal Trade Agreements? A Case Study of North America.- 5 The Regional Impact of Foreign Direct Investment: Structure and Behavior in an Ownership-Disaggregated Computable General Equilibrium Model.- 6 Economic Landscapes: An Application to the Brazilian Economy and to the Sugar Cane Complex.- 7 On the Economic Impact of the Transport Sector: A Critical Review with Dutch Bi-Regional Input-Output Data.- 8 The Influence of Transport Investments on Economy and Environment: An Analysis from the Perspective of Taiwan.- 9 The US Regional Ferrous Scrap Model.- II Structure and Structural Change.- 10 The RAS Structural Decomposition Approach.- 11 Structural Changes in the Chicago Economy: A Field of Influence Analysis.- 12 Modeling Structural Linkages in Dynamic and Spatial Interindustry Systems.- 13 Restrictions in Integrated Econometric+Input-Output Modeling.- 14 Regional Input-Output, Leontief-Strout and Uncertainty.- 15 Using the REAL Models to Understand Midwest Restructuring.- 16 Keystone Sector Identification.- 17 A Spatial Output Decomposition Method for Assessing Regional Economic Structure.- 18 New Explanatory Models for Analyzing Spatial Innovation: A Comparative Investigation.- 19 Vertical Specialization and Interregional Trade: Hierarchy of Spatial Production Cycles and Feedback Loop Analysis in the Midwest Economy.- 20 Miyazawa-Sraffa-Leontief Income Distribution Models.- III Methodological Issues.- 21 Frame-Shifting in Regional General Equilibrium Models.- 22 Input-output Systems in Regional and Interregional CGE Modeling.- 23 Direct and Indirect Industrial Pollution Generation: A Field of Influence Approach.- 24 Regional Economic Modeling in Denmark: Construction of an Interregional SAM with Data at High Levels of Disaggregation, Subject to National Constraints.


Retropharyngeal abscess (RPA) is a deep-space neck infection that is uncommon in young children. Diagnosis is difficult and is usually made when the investigation of severe neck pain leads to CT or plain radiographic imaging of the neck. These investigators reviewed RPA cases that presented to a …


We report DWIA calculations on the reactions ({gamma},{pi}N), (e,e`{pi}N), and ({pi},{gamma}N) from complex nuclei in the {Delta}-region. The ingredients needed are single particle bound wavefunctions, the elementary production operator and pion and nucleon optical potentials. We will discuss the sensitivities to each of these ingredients, particularly the optical potentials. We will also compare our calculations to recent data from Bates, SLAC, and TRIUMF.


Both Bacon's unity of knowledge,Descartes' universal mathematics and Hobbes' physicalism originated from the pursuit of an absolute certainty and tried to make knowledge a universal,eternal and absolute truth through a 'scientific method' truth,consequently,'scientific method' was endowed certain capacity which could apply to the fields of politics,economics and literature,even gained a position which could dominate everything,this was the important reason that scientism generated in the seventeenth century.


Background: COPD is a chronic disease which may have substantial effect on quality of life of patients. Aim: The aim of this study is to study the impact of COPD on activities of daily living and quality of life of patients and to correlate the impact with severity of disease in the set up of Indian conditions. Materials and methods: In this prospective study conducted at a tertiary level hospital, stable COPD patients without any other coexisting co-morbidity were enrolled. The severity of COPD was classified as per GOLD 2006 guidelines. The quality of life and impact of COPD on activities of daily living was assessed using Seattle obstructive lung disease questionnaire translated in local language, 6 minutes walk test and visual analog scale for dyspnoea. Results: Seventy eight patients and 20 controls were enrolled for the study. The scores for physical functions, emotional functions, coping skills and treatment satisfaction obtained from questionnaire were decreased in COPD patients. The physical function and emotional function score, decreased significantly ( P 1 values in spirometry ( r =0.855 and r = 0.735 respectively) There was a significant fall in the six minute walk distance as the stage of disease progressed. The Visual analog scale score significantly increased ( P < 0.05) with the stage of COPD. Conclusion: Assessing quality of life and ability to perform activities of daily living is also important for assessing the disease severity.


Services sector has emerged as the largest and fastest-growing sector in the world economy in the last two decades, providing more than 60 per cent of global output and, in many countries, an even larger share of employment. Not only has the services sector grown in terms of its share in global output and employment, its share in total trade has also grown rapidly in this period. Along with this, we find that global FDI is also shifting away from manufacturing towards services sector. Now services trade grew at the same rate as goods trade in the 1990s, i.e., about 6.5 per cent. In the FDI mode, share of services investment in the global annual flow of FDI has been over 50% in the late 1990s. Consequently, the importance of service activities in the global stock of FDI has risen to a share of about 43 per cent. According to the WTO, the value of commercial services has grown sevenfold as compared to fivefold increase in trade in goods during the period 1980 to 1999. Accordingly, we find that the share of services in GDP has increased steadily in both developed as well as developing countries in the last two decades. This study tries to build a case for, FDI in the retail sector in India by evaluating current FDI regime and looks at the Market size, market potential of the retail in the future and how this industry can grow at a very fast rate provided FDI is opened up.


In the Fall Semester of 1992 there were 477,008 full-time instructional faculty and staff and 240,325 part-time instructional faculty and staff who met the criterion for inclusion in our analysis. In order to place decisions about possible retirement plans in perspective, we analyzed those full-time faculty who were age 55 or older. Age 55 was chosen as a criterion for the analysis because it is the minimum retirement eligibility age for many state defined benefit plans, and because it is ten years in advance of the " normal " retirement age under Social Security. In 1992 twenty-six percent of the faculty were age 55 or older. Thirty percent of the male faculty were age 55 or older, as compared to 17 percent of the female faculty. The distribution of faculty age 55 or older varies by institutional type (Figure 1). Private comprehensive, private research , and institutions in the " other " category had the highest proportions of faculty age 55 or older at 29, 28, and 28 percent respectively. Public two-year, private doctoral, and public doctoral had the lowest proportion at 24 percent each. Important differences in the proportion of faculty age 55 and older exist by program area (Figure 2). Thirty-one percent of engineering, 30 percent of humanities, 29 percent of education, and 28 percent of agriculture/home economics faculty were age 55 or older. In comparison, 26 percent or less of faculty in the remaining program fields were 55 or a b o v e. Twenty-six percent of nonmi-nority faculty were 55 or older compared to 23 percent of minority faculty. During the past decade there has been increasing speculation about the age at which faculty members will retire. This interest has been motivated by a number of factors including (1) the increasing proportion of faculty who are age 55 and older and (2) the passage in 1986 of the amendments to the Age Discrimination in Employment Act which abolished the mandatory retirement age. Questions have arisen in recent years about what the retirement plans of faculty will be in the absence of a mandatory retirement age. This analysis of plans for retirement of instructional faculty and staff (hereafter faculty) is based on data from the 1993 National Study of Postsecondary Faculty (NSOPF). Instructional faculty and staff in this report refers to individuals on college and university campuses who have been designated as faculty by their institution and …


Growth of newly planted apple trees in orchards from which a pot test had shown an apple replant problem was significantly better at soil sites fumigated with chloropicrin than at nonfumigated sites. In a 6-year-old orchard poor tree performance was associated with a replant problem that did not appear to be caused by nematodes. Growth was less at high arsenic soil sites but it was not proven that arsenic was responsible.


HRIS or Human Resource Information System is a system of gaining, storing, manipulating, retrieving and distributing pertinent information about an organisation's human resources. It is a vital part of Management Information System when applied widely in the organisation. It can be referred as an integration of HRM and Information Technology. MIS is a computer based information system for collecting and organising information which facilitates decision making.  HRIS is one of the subsystems within the information systems which provide an opportunity for HR professionals to become strategic partners with top management. With the constant ever changing global environment, HRIS acts as a fulcrum for organisation's inclusive growth. Such advancements become very essential for realising sustainable strategies that are planned for an organisation. The efficiency of HRIS acts as life blood of an organisation as it enhances it in a faster way and easy access of information. This paper details on various factors that influences the adoption of HRIS. The various factors found to be technological factors, organisational factors, environmental factors and psychological factors. It has become an essential criterion for the manager to focus on these factors before introducing any new technological system in an organisation. Hence the researcher has derived at the conceptual model which has to be further validated by instrument and development. Keywords: Human Resource Information System, Technological Factors, Environmental Factors.


As retirements surge, shortages threaten to slow advances in cancer therapy, diagnostics, and improved understanding of the physiological impacts of radiation.


Mid-infrared laser spectroscopy provides an ideal platform for trace gas sensing applications. Despite this potential, early MIR sensing applications were limited due to the size of the involved optical components, e.g. light sources and sample cells. A potential solution to this demand is the integration of hollow fiber waveguide with novelty quantum cascade lasers.Recently QCLs had great improvements in power, efficiency and wavelength range, which made the miniaturized platforms for gas sensing maintaining or even enhancing the achievable sensitivity conceivable. So that the miniaturization of QCLs and HWGs can be evolved into a mini sensor, which may be tailored to a variety of real-time and in situ applications ranging from environmental monitoring to workplace safety surveillance. In this article, we introduce QCLs and HWGs, display the applications of HWG based on QCL gas sensing and discuss future strategies for hollow fiber coupled quantum cascade laser gas sensor technology.


others visit the area seasonally. All are highly individualized even by African standards, and their utterly separate economies revolve around grass for the Fulani, water for the Bozo and Somono fishermen, and land for the Marka, Nono, and Bambara. None has mastered the area politically for any great length of time and, more to the point, none has mastered the area technically, as have the farmers of the monsoon delta lands of Asia. Change, especially through any major development scheme, would be to the severe disadvantage of one or more of these major groups, and would be fiercely contested. In any case, the few that have been attempted have all failed technically. Furthermore, the soils of the area are, in general, poor, for the Niger carries exceedingly little silt, and what it does transport is poor. Dunes limit the area on the north, and very infertile sandstones on the other sides. Although the author is a geographer his scope is wide. There are very full accounts of the various peoples in their environmental settings, including most useful accounts of the individual leydi or territories of the Fulani, who came nearest to dominating and organizing the region. There are detailed analyses of the borderlands and of the several towns, particularly Dia, San, Djenne, and especially Mopti. Their economies, social and demographic structures (as also of the region as a whole) are discussed, together with the traditional and new village markets. The future is not promising, for although rice would seem the obvious crop, the peoples are not rice growers by tradition and have evolved no useful techniques for its cultivation and protection. Tank irrigation might be the most useful form of aid to them. The longdistance trade in smoked fish to Ghana and the Ivory Coast is threatened by the development in these countries of coastal fisheries. Livestock improvement awaits the eradication of the tsetse, a complete revolution in Fulani attitudes, and, anyway, this area is remote and poorly served by transport, especially for transporting cattle. This then is one of Mali's depressed areas, whose development is likely to be difficult and long, depending as it does upon social change rather than upon economic or technical solutions. These volumes are an encyclopaedic source of reference, and are illustrated by excellent end-paper and other maps. There is a full bibliography but no index.


The opportunistic or disruption tolerant networking (DTN) paradigm shows up in a variety of settings, from military to disasters to the developing world to deep space; anywhere that fixed infrastructure is either unavailable or expensiv e. Simple messaging applications have substantial value for c ommunication and coordination. We posit that these settings can also leverage applications that are computationally co mplex and will benefit from distributed computing to take full advantage of nearby computational resources. Computing over these networks is not trivial, however, since network disconnections are common and persist over many time scales . In this paper we present the design and implementation of Serendipity, a general purpose distributed computing plat form designed to run over a DTN. We have designed a simple but powerful job structure that is suitable for such an un derlying network. As opposed to traditional distributed co mputing platforms in data centers and clusters, where a central master is used to allocate tasks and monitor the working nodes, Serendipity relies on the collaboration among DTN nodes on these functionalities. Smart task allocation algo rithms are designed to disseminate tasks among mobile devices by accounting for the special properties of DTNs. The extensive evaluation of our system on Emulab demonstrates that Serendipity efficiently speeds up various kinds of distributed computing jobs by a factor of 2.3 to 10.1 in a diverse set of DTN environments.


WSN is often a technology used within an IoT system that assists in monitoring, tracking, and sensing different environmental activities when WSN is integrated into the IoT. They faced a major challenge due to excessive energy ingesting in their sensor nodes and network lifetime. Therefore, the fundamental issues in WSN are high energy consumption in nodes, packet delivery, routing distance, and packet delay. An energy-effective routing scheme that encompasses the system's generation and recovers its performance and connectivity. Primarily, the sensing region is segregated into different regions depending on the organized sinks and deployed sensor nodes using random deployment. To locate the ideal location for the sinks and accumulate the information from sensor nodes, a sojourn location determination algorithm is constructed finally, using multi-objective evolutionary algorithms, sojourn location determination algorithms are used to analyze the optimized mobile sink paths. While the proposed work's performance was assessed in terms of energy consumption, throughput, packet delivered ratio, packet loss, average routing length, and accomplishment time of the sinks Algorithms for determining sojourn location.


The operation process of the Chinese provincial industrial system consists of four stages, namely the production (P) stage, wastewater treatment (WWT) stage, solid waste treatment (SWT) stage, and sulfur dioxide treatment (SDT) stage. Based on this structure, a four-stage data envelopment analysis (DEA) model is developed to evaluate the eco-efficiency, production efficiency, wastewater treatment efficiency, solid waste treatment efficiency, and sulfur dioxide treatment efficiency of provincial industrial systems in China, considering the undesirable output and variable returns to scale (VRS). Based on the objective data from 2011 to 2015, the following conclusions are drawn: Firstly, the eco-efficiency of the Chinese provincial industrial system has not been significantly improved during the study period, and the average eco-efficiency score is low, only 0.3805. Secondly, the reasons for the low eco-efficiency of the industrial system are different in the Eastern, Central, Western, and Northeastern regions. Thirdly, compared with the P stage, industrial WWT stage, and SWT stage, the efficiency of SDT stage is still relatively weak.


Axisymmetric geometries often appear in electromagnetic device studies. The authors present an original formulation for Boundary Integral Equation methods in scalar potential problems. This technique requires only 2D boundary in the r-z plane and evaluation of the equations only on those boundaries.


141Arbitration — Arbitration between two Member States of European Union — Delimitation of maritime and land borders — Arbitration agreement breached — Arbitration agreement unilaterally terminated — Final arbitration award — Validity of arbitration award contested — Arbitration award not implemented — Relationship between arbitration agreement and European Union law — European Union not a party to arbitration agreement between Member States Jurisdiction — Treaties — European Union — Jurisdiction of the Court of Justice of the European Union — Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, 2007 — Article 259 — Alleged failure of Member State to fulfil obligations — Competence of the European Union in border dispute — Alleged infringements of EU law ancillary to alleged infringement of arbitration agreement — Relationship between European Union law and arbitration agreement and award International tribunals — Arbitration agreement — International law governing arbitration agreement — Arbitration award — Relationship between arbitration agreement and arbitration award and European Union law — Obligations of Member States of the European Union — Accession to European Union — Arbitration agreement referred to in accession agreement — Validity of arbitration award contested — Competence of European Union in border dispute — Ratione materiae of European Union law with respect to international legal instruments International organizations — European Union — Member States — Obligations of Member States of the European Union — Accession to European Union — Arbitration agreement referred to in accession agreement — Where validity of arbitration award contested — Arbitration award not implemented — European Union not party to arbitration agreement between Member States — Relationship between arbitration agreement and arbitration award and European Union law — Scope ratione materiae of EU law in relation to international legal instruments — Competence of European Union in border dispute Territory — Sea — Slovenia — Croatia — Delimitation of land and sea borders — Power to determine territory retained by European Union Member States — Delimitation of borders contested — 142Arbitration award delimiting borders contested — Action would require determination of borders between two European Union Member States — The law of the European Union


Great thankful be for ALLAH, so: This research titled as "Tayammum impact in raising (removing) the event (impurity resulting from the emission of semen)" Through this research the researcher aims to answer an important question for every Muslim which is: Does Tayammum have the same rule which the water has in raising (removing) the event (impurity resulting from the emission of semen)?, Or Tayammum permits only doing what purity requires with the survival of the event (impurity resulting from the emission of semen)?. And the importance of this research is coming from the fact said that: "this issue is an origin where a lot of Tayammum issues were built upon it ". The scholars differed in a number of issues relating to Tayammum chapter based on these differences in this issue. For so, I confined (through this research) a number of eighteen issues. After the presentation of this research, the main topic of this research was written into two issues as shown below: The first issue: Preliminary multiple demands which included three demands: a- The first demand: The main title intended. b- The second demand: Legality of Tayammum. c- The third demand: The impact of the dispute about the research issue in scholars different about other Tayammum issues The second issue: Tayammum impact in raising (removing) the event (impurity resulting from the emission of semen), where the researcher reviewed the scholars opinions in this issue and their arguments, and guessed that Tayammum looks like the water in raising (removing) the event (impurity resulting from the emission of semen), but it is a temporarily raising (removing) till the ability to get the water. ALLAH blesses that is good


The superconductivity is discussed from the viewpoint of the symmetry breaking in the framework of the classical field theory. The classical Schrodinger field of an electron is assumed to be a Grassmann algebra. The interaction with a radiation field is introduced through the gauge field theory. In the Nambu representation, the Lagrangian of the system is invariant under the rotation about the z axis in the spin space, so that the Goldstone theorem suggests that the condensation occurs on the x–y plane. In the absence of any external field, the system is invariant under the phase transformation. This symmetry breaks due to the condensation, and then the massless Goldstone boson which is the supercurrent will follow. The presence of the photon field, however the photon field itself becomes massive due to the gauge symmetry breaking (Higgs phenomenon), which is the Messner effect.


Firefighters are entrusted with an important mission of being responsible for the disaster safety of the people. The safety gloves they use are one of the major tools that assist them in their safety and various activities. Nevertheless, there hasn't been much research on the design of these safety gloves. Furthermore, there aren't enough gloves that reflect the functions grasping each of the firefighters' activities and work situations. Hence, this study was conducted to figure out design requirements to design safety gloves that can enhance functions as well as work efficiency, by grasping the actual usage conditions of firefighting gloves and analyzing firefighters' work situations and environments. The research method is based on literature study for firefighting gloves market situation and activities. The requirement for firefighting gloves is developed by in-depth interview with 15 firefighters as the empirical study. Also, some objective requirement is derived from the broadcasting program related to firefighting. In order to find competitiveness of oversea firefighing gloves, typical commodity is surfed from internet sites of advanced countries, and compared with domestic gloves. As the research scope is the fundamental research work in accordance with work situation, the study is limited for only design requirement of safety gloves. The duties of a firefighter are very diverse, and their representative ones can be classified into four major roles; extinguishing fires, saving lives, investigating the cause of fires, and being in charge of first-aid in case of emergencies. Since they mostly work in a dangerous environment for a short period of time, customized safety gloves for work situations to allow efficient working needs to be separately made. As a result deriving design requirements by analyzing the results of interviewing the requirements of firefighters and domestic and foreign safety gloves, the requirements can be divided into common factors and individual factors for design. As for common factors, first of all, the most important factor of safety gloves is ensuring the safety of the firefighter. Therefore, it is important to use proper materials, and since there are aspects where existing developed materials cannot be used, safety should be enhanced by properly applying specially improved material mixing technologies by design parts to comply with KFI standards. Secondly, wearability should be optimized by creating ergonomical 3D patterns customized for the body shape of Korean firefighters. Work efficiency needs to be enhanced by improving grip feeling, flexibility, movement convenience, etc. Thirdly, gloves made through 3D patterns should be diversified into various sizes suiting the hand sizes of Koreans to enhance the effectiveness of body type customized development. Fourthly, work efficiency needs to be enhanced by making the gloves lighter. Fifthly, a design that applies the requirements for the work characteristics of firefighters is needed. As for individual factors, first of all, gloves for extinguishing fires should have excellence in protection performances, flame proof, water proof, heat-resistance, insulation, strength, and durability. As for design enhancement parts, the hand and wrist area between the glove and firefighting suit should be protected. Also, it should be designed so that it comes off easily when it gets wet during work so that the inner part doesn't be dragged out. Secondly, gloves for investigating fires should be developed with materials that protects the hands from foreign substances and with a structure convenient for movement. Also, the use of investigation tools should be suitable. Thirdly, gloves used for rescues should have improved palm slip-proof functions, enhanced functions for preventing hand bumping, strengthened joints between the back of the hand and the tip of the hand, improved length adjusting functions, and so on. Fourthly, gloves for first aid activities should have better flexibility, ensure the convenient use of smart devices, and be improved in terms of preventing hand slipping. If firefighting gloves are developed customized for work environments by reflecting the above design factors, it will help the safety of the firefighters who are at hard work for fire safety. Also, the research of firefighting gloves is expected to have great contributions to disaster safety by being responsible for the safety of firefighters as well as the people, improving glove functions of public institutions such as the police, Korea Forest Service, etc. and even be of use as safety gloves in industries that deal with dangerous substances.


Since the US carried out its first nuclear detonation on 16 July 1945 the world has witnessed over 2000 nuclear explosions. With the exception of the bombs dropped on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 60 years ago this month, these explosions have been used to test the performance of nuclear weapons – to ensure that they work as intended. But since the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty was adopted in 1996, the principal nuclearweapon states have had to monitor the performance of their weapons without testing, instead using experiments, computer simulations and, in some cases, non-critical tests.


With the maturity and wide application of the bridge rotation construction technology, the single-fulcrum spherical hinge balance rotation can not meet the need of crossing over the high-speed railway catenary and other obstacles, so the unbalanced rotation construction is often needed. In order to ensure the stability and safety of the unbalanced rotation process, a multi-pivot rotation method is proposed. In this paper, the railway cable-stayed bridge over Harbin West Avenue is taken as the research object, and the multi-fulcrum rotating construction method over the metal contact network is adopted. The Abaqus finite element model is established, the influence of different rotation angular velocity, friction coefficient of slideway and position of support foot on the force of support system in the course of rotation is studied. The results show that, compared with the traditional single-pivot rotation, the force on the multi-pivot rotation support foot becomes the main force component, and the force on the spherical hinge decreases. The rotation angular velocity is positively correlated with Mises stress of the support foot and the spherical hinge. The friction coefficient of the slideway has a great influence on the force of the support foot. When the friction coefficient of the slideway changes in order of 0.02,0.04,0.06,0.08 and 0.1, the friction stress of the outer edge of the support foot increases linearly. Considering the force of spherical hinge and support foot, the best position of supporting foot is 7.3 m from the center of spherical hinge. The research in this paper can be used for reference in the future multi-pivot unbalanced rotation construction.


Teledyne Judson Technologies (TJT) has developed high operating temperature (HOT) mid-wavelength infrared (MWIR) photodetectors based on InAs/InAsSb type-II superlattice (T2SL) with an electron barrier. Large area discrete detectors of 0.25mm and 1mm diameters were designed and fabricated for front-side illumination. Comprehensive E-O characterization was performed at room temperature and thermo-electric cooled (TEC) temperatures. The unique fabrication process was developed for a quasi-planar structure, enabling simplified fabrication for low-cost large volume production. The detector shows a 50% cut-off wavelength of ~5.5μm at room temperature. Peak responsivity of 2.47 A/W was achieved on 1mm detectors at peak wavelength ~ 4.24μm, -0.3V bias and 295K. Peak quantum efficiency (QE) was 72% with an antireflection coating. The 1mm detectors showed peak detectivity (D*) of 1.9x109 cm-√Hz/W at -0.3V bias, 295K and 10 kHz. Dark current density as low as 1.17 A/cm2 was achieved at -0.3V bias and 295K on 1mm detectors. The dark current was diffusion-limited at higher temperatures above ~120K while it was dominated by either tunneling or surface leakage currents at lower temperatures. Similar results were obtained on 0.25mm detectors.


The paper discusses the effectiveness, relevance and necessity of updating the operational and investigative activities as a science and one of the types of state law enforcement at the present stage of social development. The authors justify the conclusion that this type of legitimate activity is an essential tool in the fight against criminal manifestations in our country.


The purpose of this work is to 'see the un-seen', to locate the movements and lives of slaves in the Roman archaeological record from better preserved sites in Pompeii, Herculaneum and Ostia. J. and P. work to correct a previous trend in scholarship that was satisfied with rarely locating the experience of slaves within the context of Roman material culture. The authors apply new techniques to reading previously examined sites to determine how slaves might have existed in the spaces of houses, workshops, streets and villas. Specifically, they examine the strategies that could have been used by masters in controlling slave movements in these spaces through architecture, surveillance and even decoration, and alternately, the tactics developed by slaves to choreograph their own movements and resist the masterly conscription. These slave tactics often took the form of performing tasks slowly and poorly, making noise at inopportune moments, hiding and escape, or even simple disruption. More than merely re-examining maps and plans of buildings and streets, J. and P. make use of personal experience of these spaces to draw conclusions on their use, rather than analysis drawn from 'looking from above' onto a plan or layout. The goal of this work is not only to develop new methods for mapping the movements of slaves otherwise overlooked in modern readings of sites, but it is also, through understanding these movements, an attempt at reconstructing something of the social and lived experience of slaves in the Roman world. Chapter 1, 'Introduction', provides background to the text, focusing on the gap in scholarship that the authors aim to fill and a very useful discussion of the definitions of 'strategy' and 'tactics' used by masters and slaves in the Roman social environment borrowed from the work of Michel de Certeau (1988). Here, the authors lay out the strategies and tactics (discussed above) that feature throughout the book deployed by master and slave alike and offer an outline of the argument that is wrapped up succinctly in the final chapter. Chapter 2, 'Slaves in the House', works to map the choreography of slaves within rooms and houses and to determine the tactics they might employ in these urban domestic settings. J. and P. take as their case studies, among others, the House of Menander (I.10.4, 14–16), the House of Julius Polybius (IX.13.1–3) and the House of Sutoria Primigenia (I.13.2). Through plans and images, the authors argue convincingly for the use of architectural design such as door heights, hallways and stairwells to script the movements of slaves within Roman households. A substantial part of the chapter is focused on the opportunities for enacting slave tactics at the banquet, determining what these tactics may have been by re-reading literary accounts that discuss slave behaviour, and attempting to map these onto the layout of houses. Beyond the banquet, the authors discuss ways in which slaves might appropriate masterly space for their own use, something they also did in the villas, and attempt to find the spaces of slave life within the household in the kitchen, hallways and gardens. Chapter 3, 'Slaves in the City Streets', perhaps the most fascinating and original discussion in the book, uses literary, legal and iconographic evidence of the presence of slaves in Roman streets to uncover spaces and places for slave activities at Pompeii. This chapter looks at the aptly described 'backdoor culture' of Roman houses to the fountain areas and bars where slaves could enact their tactics by shirking responsibilities, and also importantly for this study, places for socialising and hubs for lived experience. The authors THE CLASSICAL REVIEW 217


We investigated changes in dung beetle β‐diversity components along a subtropical elevational gradient, to test whether turnover or nestedness‐related processes drive the dissimilarity of assemblages at spatial and temporal scales.