There is an urgent need to reduce energy use in our cities. In Europe, energy consumption in the building sector represents more than 40% of the final energy use. This sector, as well as the transportation and industrial sectors, is considered as a major contributor to climate change caused by the release of carbon dioxide and others greenhouses gases. Promoting energy efficiency in buildings is often presented as a viable approach to the mitigation of climate change.


1984 was a crucial year for the Trade Union movement. The frequency and momentum of strikes increased. A large number of these strikes had political motives. In tune, the Trade Union Enactment was amended to provide for the registration of federations of Trade Unions and the restrictions of their memberships to trade unions whose members were employed in similar trade, occupations or industries. A state of emergency was declared on 16 June 1948 and it was to last until 1960. The post-independence government appeared sympathetic to Trade Unions and conc2rned with Industrial In 1963, confrontation was declared with Indonesia and racial riots led to a proclamation of Emergency in 1969. Therefore, strict legislative controls over the Trade Union movement have continued with a view of preventing them from being used for purposes which threaten internal security and economic development.


Several scholars of comparative politics, including Juan Linz and Arend Lijphart, have argued that presidential democracies are inherently less stable and representative than parliamentary regimes. This viewpoint, which had dominated the discipline, was challenged by Matthew Soberg Shugart and John Carey in Presidents and Assemblies, in which they argued that presidential government per se was not problematic; rather, Shugart and Carey demonstrated that particular institutional designs, such as the concentration of legislative powers in the hands of the president and incoherent party systems, tend to lead to regime instability. This paper is an attempt to contribute to that debate by showing a different approach to the problem. Previous studies have been qualitative in nature and have tended to focus on particular regions of the world; by contrast, we approach the problem using a quantitative approach that looks at democracies across the world since World War II. Despite some serious limitations in the data we were able to analyze (most notably, the limited years of data we have available and a lack of control variables), we believe our preliminary results tend to reinforce Shugart and Carey's argument that presidential government, in and of itself, is not problematic. One prominent debate in the comparative politics literature has been over the comparative merits of presidential and parliamentary systems of governance in democracies. Until the early 1990s, it was generally believed (see, e.g., Linz 1990) that parliamentary systems were inherently more stable than presidential systems. However, Shugart and Carey (1992) advanced the debate by demonstrating that it was not presidential systems per se that were unstable, but that particular configurations of presidential powers— particularly, the concentration of legislative powers in the hands of the executive (against the advice of James Madison in Federalist 51)—that was particularly problematic. However, the underlying question remains unsettled in that there has been no comprehensive cross-national comparison of regime stability that takes into account both the existence and powers of a presidency. This paper seeks to redress that balance by including all independent states within the international system in a cross-national, time-series analysis of regime stability. Theoretical Background. Traditionally, the literature has argued that presidential government is inherently less stable than parliamentary regimes. This argument has its origin in a more general problem that has been identified: the "exportation" of institutions by advanced industrial societies—particularly the United States—to contexts in which they may not be appropriate. For example, in a somewhat broader context, Arend Lijphart argues that Britain's "Westminster" model of majoritarian democracy was inappropriate for Northern Ireland, because of the presence of a relatively large Catholic minority population with very diffrent interests than the majority Protestants (1999: 32–33). Majoritarian structures, such as presidential regimes, are in this view incompatible with plural societies. Nowhere has this critique been more forcefully argued than by Juan J. Linz in var-


The optimum parameters for slot waveguide using quantum confinement was designed to achieve maximum nonlinearity using finite element method. The Slot waveguide was composed of silicon-rich silicon nitride wall and Si nanocrystal slot. The effects on the field confinement of the slot width, height, slot thickness of slot waveguide with Si-nc were investigated, considering CMOS processing and coupling efficiency (single mode condition).


Having an accurate statistical model of room impulse responses with a minimum number of parameters is of crucial importance in applications such as dereverberation. In this paper, by taking into account the behaviour of the early reflections, we extend the widely-used statistical model proposed by Polack. The squared room impulse response is modelled in each frequency band as the realisation of a stochastic process weighted by the sum of two exponential decays. Room-independent values for the new parameters involved are obtained through analysis of several room impulse response databases, and validation of the model in the likelihood sense is performed.


DYSPNEA12score is a reliable method of grading patient perceived dyspnea.The distance covered by 6min walk test is used to grade performance
capacity.FVC percentage by spirometryisused to assess disease severity in DPLD patient. After taking detailed history and clinical examination
6minute walk test,spirometry,HRCT thorax carried out in all patients with DPLD.Dyspnea score calculated in all patients.Correlation of dyspnea
12 score is made with 6minute walk testndings,spirometric analysis.mild,20% had moderate and24% had severe on dyspnea12score.
Study conducted among 50 patients showed 56% patients had mild,20% had moderate and24% had severe on dyspnea12score. By 6MWT 28%
patients had normal distance covered(>350m),38% patients had mildly reduced distance(250-349m)covered,12%patients had Moderately
reduced distance(150-249m)covered and22%patients Had severely reduced(<149m)distance covered. spirometry analysis showed 28%patients
had mild restriction,26%patients had moderate restriction,8%patients had normal spirometry interpretation and 38%patients had severe
restriction. Dyspnea12score has positive correlation with 6minute walking distance covered and FVC percentage(by spirometry).
Dyspnea12score has positive correlation with 6minute walking distance covered and FVC percentage(by spirometry).


www.ccmjournal.org January 2015 • Volume 43 • Number 1 Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a multietiology inflammatory condition of the pancreas that varies in severity from a self-limiting inflammation of the gland to a rapidly deteriorating, often life-threatening condition involving multiple body organs. Well-recognized local complications of AP include peripancreatic fluid collection, pancreatic pseudocyst formation, acute necrotic collections and walled-off necrosis (both infected and sterile), peripancreatic vascular complications such as splanchnic venous thrombosis and pseudoaneurysm formation, and rarely the development of abdominal compartment syndrome. Optimal treatment of AP usually requires a multidisciplinary approach for the best patient care outcome. In this issue of Critical Care Medicine, Liu et al (1) report in a retrospective clinical cohort study that abdominal paracentesis drainage (APD) ahead of percutaneous catheter drainage (PCD) benefits patients with AP and fluid collections. One hundred two consecutive patients with AP from 2009 to 2011 seen at a large military hospital in China were subjected to a stepup treatment approach. All patients received medical management, PCD with or without previous APD, and necrosectomy, if necessary, according to indication. The patients were stratified into two groups of comparable demographic data and severity scores: 53 patients underwent APD followed by PCD (APD + PCD group) and 49 patients were managed only with PCD (PCD-alone group). Observed variables included mortality, infection, organ failure, inflammatory factor levels, indices of further intervention, and drainage-related complications. In this study, compared with the PCD-alone group, the mortality rate was lower in the APD + PCD group (3.8% vs 8.2%), the deranged laboratory variables of the APD + PCD group decreased more rapidly, the mean number of failed organs was lower, and the interval from the onset of AP to further interventions was much longer. However, there was no significant difference in the prevalence and duration of infections between the two groups. It was also noted that more patients in the PCDalone group had recurrent acute or chronic pancreatitis than in the APD + PCD group as determined by 2-year follow-up. Based on this retrospective report, the authors express the view that performing APD prior to PCD to treat patients with AP with fluid collections results in a better curative effect for several postulated reasons: 1) easing the inflammatory response by eliminating inflammatory factors; 2) preventing new-onset or secondary infection by removing the nutritive medium for bacteria; 3) hampering the development of organ failure by lowering abdominal pressure; and 4) deferring further intervention by serving as a transitional method. For reference, the 2012 revision of the Atlanta classification of AP, in an attempt to classify AP in a way that will allow a consistent, worldwide classification, has updated the terminology used to describe inflammatory pancreatic fluid collections in order to better reflect the underlying pathophysiology (2). The role of PCD in the management of pancreatic fluid collections (3, 4) and infected pancreatic necrosis (5) historically remains both exciting and controversial, the technique dating back more than 2 decades (6–8). Recently, PCD has become increasingly popular as a minimally invasive technique in the treatment armamentarium for treating patients with necrotizing pancreatitis requiring intervention (9), often competing with endoscopic (10) and surgical approaches (11). When successful, it may obviate the need for surgery and its attendant morbidity in a considerable number of patients in this setting. In this interesting preliminary retrospective study, Liu et al (1) have shown that a step-up approach incorporating APD ahead of PCD significantly enhances the outcome in a number but not all variables in these patients. Clearly, further study of this form of step-up therapy is warranted. The take-home message from this report is certainly consistent with Dr. Kenneth Wayne Warren's admonition to the medical community from 5 decades ago.


The invention discloses a vertical axis permanent magnet superimposed type wind power generator capable of automatic tracking and speed regulating, comprising permanent magnets 3, a movable disk 1, a movable disk 2, a static disk 8, a main shaft 5 and a bearing 4, wherein, the permanent magnets 3 are embedded in the movable disk 1 and movable disk 2; the static disk 8 is sleeved on the main shaft5 and is supported by the bearing 4 in the movable disk 1; coils 9, a hall element 10 and a temperature sensor 11 are embedded in the static disk 8 and are connected with a control box 13 by a lead 7and a signal wire 12. The wind power generator is characterized in that an automatic tracking and speed regulating system is arranged in the generator, and the shell and the machine are integrally arranged, thus overcoming the problem that the wind power generator is difficult in generating at low wind speed or is low in generating efficiency and unstable in output at high wind speed, increasing the wind energy utilization ratio and ensuring safe operation of the generator. Meanwhile, new methods that the shell and the machine are integrally arranged, the magnetic fields are assembled in a superimposed way and the main shaft is manufactured by steel pipes with large caliber dramatically decrease the weight and volume of the generator, omit the upper and lower end covers and the shell and ensure less generator components, rapid heat dissipation, low manufacturing cost, long service life and more extensive application range.


Exploiting high-efficiency, cost-effective and robust platinum group metal-free (PGM-free) oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) electrocatalysts is significantly vital for the development of renewable energy storage and conversion technologies. However, the rational design of PGM-free catalysts and accurate control of the well-defined active sites are still the tough challenges. Herein, we report a combined chemical polymerization–spontaneous redox-pyrolysis approach for synthesizing Fe–N–C ORR catalysts, which are derived from the ternary nitrogen precursor chitosan cross-linked poly(1,5-diaminoanthraquinone)/Prussian blue (PDAA/PB) nanocomposite. After calcination, acid etching and temperature-controlled secondary pyrolysis, the best catalyst Fe–N–C/800-HT2 (secondary pyrolysis temperature of 800 °C) exhibited comparable and even superior ORR activity to the state-of-the-art Pt/C in neutral and alkaline media. In-depth structure-to-property correlation indicated the synergistic effect between the porous graphene-like structure and the finely dispersed Fe–Nx active moieties. The well-arranged porous and Fe–Nx modulated graphene-like carbon nanostructure is responsible for the prominently enhanced ORR performance. Evaluation of microbial fuel cells (MFCs) and a Zn–air battery assembled with the Fe–N–C/800-HT2 air-cathode showed high open-circuit voltage, high maximum power density, and excellent durability, demonstrating the great potential of the Fe–N–C/800-HT2 catalyst as a substitute for the commercial Pt/C catalyst in energy conversion devices through the rational choice of appropriate precursors and pyrolysis strategy.


The hospitality industry has shown remarkable growth in the Asia Pacifi c region. As the industry grows, it requires human capital and skills to cater to the growing market. Out of 2023,338 million jobs in tourism worldwide, two-thirds of them alone are in Asia. The need for skilled employees to address this growth has become even more important in the competitive global environment. Higher education institutions are often considered unable to prepare students for future employment, and leadership positions in the tourism industry. Recently, several initiatives have been developed to bridge the gap between academia and industry. This paper reviews an employment programme developed in Malaysia by a private university. The STudent Employability Programme (STEP) was created in partnership with global hotel groups. STEP programme is a strategy to link students and engage them in the recruitment, retention and talent management within hospitality organizations. This paper fi rst reviews the literature, and then discusses the implementation of the STEP programme since its inception in 2011 based on the interview of STEP stakeholders (faculty, students and industry partners). The fi ndings show positive feedback emphasizing the commitment and implementation of an integrated and strategic approach to human resource management. Industry and faculty share the belief that human resource management is the primary source of competitive advantage and an essential asset to decrease shortage of supply of manpower. Developing the awareness of value of such employment programmes would be benefi cial to alleviate the current mismatch between graduates capabilities and industry expectations. However the capacity to innovate and develop original programmes of employment of future graduate remains the exception rather than the norm.


Accurate and reliable process measurements play a key role in the success of process control. In addition to selecting the instrumentation hardware, it is important to determine which variables should be measured in a process. Therefore it is important to study techniques for placing sensors on the processes. Dually the problem of placing actuators on the processes is equally important. In this paper, the problem of determining optimal sensor and actuator locations for the linear systems is addressed. The problem of the sensor locations is viewed as the problem of maximizing the output energy generated by a given state and for the actuator locations is viewed as the problem of minimizing the input energy required to reach a given state. Such design problems occur in many applications, and therefore have been studied extensively. Unfortunately, the results in this context, which have been proposed so far, only support stable systems. However, in industrial practices it is often the case that the system, which is needed to be controlled, is not stable. The method which is proposed in this paper is a general method in the sense that it supports both stable and unstable systems. The technique is successfully used for determining the optimal sensor locations of the linearized Continuous Stirred-Tank Reactor unstable model.


The growth of prostate cancer dependent on androgen,however most of prostate cancer may result in progression to androgen independence after ADT(androgen deprived therapy).Even so androgen receptors express in majority of androgen indepen-dent prostate cancer.Therefore androgen receptor is important in the progression of prostate cancer.The Akt signaling pathway promotes the aggressive of prostate cancer,by the maintenance of cell survival,cell metabolism and angiogenesis,inhibiting apoptosis.In this review,we described interaction between androgen receptor and the Akt signaling pathways by summarizing previous research.Akt sig-naling pathway can be positive or negative regulation of AR protein expression,and its stability and transcriptional activity,thereby maintaining cell survival,metabolism.In addition,androgens regulate the Akt pathway by both genomic and non-genomic effects.The synergy between Akt and AR signaling that is sufficient to initiate and progress native adult murine prostatic epithelium to frank carcino-ma and override the effect of androgen ablation.


Eight cases of S-SHL were investigeted by clinicopathological analysis and immunohistochemical stains, in which 2 cases were observed under electron microscope. The main histologic appearance was cuboidal cells and pale polygonal cells. Immunohistochemically, the cuoidal cells were positive for Sp-B,TTF-1 ,CK and EMA, but negetive for vimentin. The pale polygonal cells were positive for TTF-1,but negative for Sp-B and CK . Vimentin, NSE, Syn, CgA, EMA and ACTH showed positive in few pale polygonal cells. The cuboided cells and pale polygonal cells were negative for MC, CD34, FMRAg, CEA and SMA. Ultrastructurally, the cytoplasm of the cuboided cells showed annulate lamellae. The pale polygonal cells showed abundant mitochondria, rough endoplasmic reticulum, neurosecretory granules and annulate lamellae. The cuboided cells of S-SHL is derved from pulmonary alveolar fi cell. The pale polygonal cell is derived from primitive respiratory multipotent stem cell. The pathological diagnosis depends on histology, irnmunohistiochemistry and the observation with electronic microscopy. ImmunohistLochemistry plays an important role in the diagnosis.


Floating gate (FG) devices using barrier-engineered (BE) tunneling dielectric have been studied both theoretically and experimentally. Through WKB modeling the tunneling efficiency of various multi-layer tunneling barriers can be well predicted. Experimental results for FG devices with oxide-nitride-oxide (ONO) U-shaped barrier are examined to validate our model. Furthermore, a large-density array (1Mb) was studied to provide chip-level reliability understandings. Finally, these results are compared with barrier engineered charge-trapping (CT) devices. Our results suggest that BE FG device is not promising in terms of serious reliability degradation and tail bits. Moreover, the speed enhancement is not better than using the conventional gate-coupling ratio (GCR) improvement or tunnel oxide scaling. On the other hand, CT devices do not have GCR and it need BE tunneling barrier to solve the erase and retention dilemma. We also prove that BE-SONOS device is immune to tail bits due to the nature of discrete trapped charge storage.


Abstract : Peking 6 is a winter wheat variety which took four consecutive years to breed. Peking 8 is the offspring of a hybrid of Pi-ma 4 and Yso-yang-mai. Peking 6 has a long beard, white husk, and red grain. Peking 8 is a variety of the common wheat species, graecum, with long beard, white husk, and white grain. It was originally highly resistant to contagious stem rust, strip rust, and leaf rust diseases, but it has gradually lost this resistance in the last few years. Peking 8 has the advantages of early ripening, rust-resistance, high yield, and quality grain. (Author)


The authors analyse the Russian speech of immigrants' descendants from Russia to the Chinese Three Rivers region in the Inner Mongolia in the 20th century. The relevance of the study is due to the need to study various forms of existence of the modern Russian national language, including those in foreign countries. The research is based on both oral and written sources collected by the authors in 2017-2018 during their expeditions to Enhe Russian Ethnic Township (China). The research has shown deviations in the speech of immigrants' descendants from the norms of the Russian literary language due to the use of Russian in its dialect form, as well as interference from Chinese. The authors have proved that the Russian dialects of the Three Rivers region are genetically related to the Russian dialects of Eastern Transbaikalia, which, in turn, are related to the North Russian dialects. The dialectal features of the Russian dialects of the Chinese Three Rivers quialify them as the translitional dialects on the North Russian basis. Since there were no external factors of influence on the dialectal Russian language from its other idioms, the stated dialectal form of the Russian language remained unchaged until the early 21st century. The article considers both the dialectal originality of Russian speech in the Three Rivers region at different language levels (phonetics, morphology, syntax, vocabulary), and the cases of interlingual interference resulting from the influence of the Chinese language on the Russian dialect system. The authors describe the following factors that determine the intensity of interference: generation, education, profession, and language environment. Having described the active zones of interaction between typoLogicaLLy different Chinese and Russian and determined the areas of interference in the Russian speech of bilinguals, the authors detected "weak points" of the Russian language system in the situation of Russian-Chinese bilingualism. Thus, the authors have studied the variant of the Russian language specific for the Chinese Three Rivers region and concluded that it preserves the Russian dialect base influenced by the interference from Chinese, which is an understudied fact of the Russian language environment in emigration.


The solvolysis of 2,2-dimethyl-1-(p-methoxyphenyl)propyl p-nitrobenzoate in phenol provides a novel example of the common ion salt effect (rate depression) which arises at the stage of the second ion pair intermediate (Int-2; the rear-side shielded ion pair intermediate), not the dissociated (free) carbocation intermediate as generally supposed so far. This example demonstrates that "the common ion rate depression" could not give evidence for the intermediacy of the dissociated carbocation intermediate in the SN1 solvolysis, but an indicator for the stability of solvolysis intermediates including the ion pair intermediate.


This research is a study of Thai identity as it appears in the period of westernized diplomatic policy during the reign of King Rama Ⅳ and RamaⅤ. There are 3 purposes of this study which are: 1) to study Thai identity of westernized period, 2) to study the diplomatic policy of imperialism era and 3) to study the ways to implement Thai identity in diplomatic policy and the results. The researcher intends to use historical method in this study to present and analyze historical facts taken from both published and unpublished official documents. The findings of this study are as follows: Thai identity utilized by King RamaⅣ and RamaⅤ in the westernized period which enabled Thailand to escape from the occupation of the western imperialists consisted of: 1. compromise 2. balance of power 3. corporate profits In dealing with imperialist countries especially England and France, King RamaⅣ and Rama Ⅴ reached an agreement to yield some erritories to them. Thailand used diplomatic policy in balancing powers among imperialism countries, for instance, Thailand signed treaties with 10 western countries after signing Bowring Treaty with England. Another method that Thailand used successfully dealing with western countries was to initiate corporate profits with them. Experts of various fields from western countries were also utilized to develop Thailand. The prominent results of using Thai Identity in diplomatic policy during the imperialism era were: 1) Thailand became the only self reliant country in South East Asia 2) the beginning of westernized era caused new developments in politics, society, and economy.


Antimicrobial resistance is an increasingly serious threat to global public health that requires innovative solutions to counteract new resistance mechanisms emerging and spreading globally in infectious pathogens. Classic organic antibiotics are rapidly exhausting the structural variations available for an effective antimicrobial drug and new compounds emerging from the industrial pharmaceutical pipeline will likely have a short-term and limited impact before the pathogens can adapt. Inorganic and organometallic complexes offer the opportunity to discover and develop new active antimicrobial agents by exploiting their wide range of three-dimensional geometries and virtually infinite design possibilities that can affect their substitution kinetics, charge, lipophilicity, biological targets and modes of action. This review describes recent studies on the antimicrobial activity of transition metal complexes of groups 6–12. It focuses on the effectiveness of the metal complexes in relation to the rich structural chemical variations of the same. The aim is to provide a short vade mecum for the readers interested in the subject that can complement other reviews.


This is a sequel to "The Coming of the Barbarians" and deals with the period from the accession of Emperor Meiji to the end of the Ruso-Japanese war. In the author's own words, it is "a story of Meiji Japan through the eyes of the Westerners who were involved in the process of its rapid modernization." The Japanese reactions to this process are recorded and explained. The author has written "A Curious Life for a Lady", "To China With Love", "The Memsahibs" and "Taming the Jungle".


The present work pursues the aim to draw attention to unique possibilities of the skew-symmetric differential forms. At present the theory of skew-symmetric exterior differential forms that possess invariant properties has been developed. In the work the readers are introduced to the skew-symmetric differential forms that were called evolutionary ones because they possess evolutionary properties. The combined mathematical apparatus of exterior and evolutionary skew-symmetric differential forms in essence is a new mathematical language. This apparatus can describe transitions from nonconjugated operators to conjugated ones. There are no such possibilities in any mathematical formalism. In the present work it has been shown that the properties of exterior or evolutionary forms are explicitly or implicitly accounted for in all mathematical (and physical) formalisms.


To the authors' knowledge, end‐of‐life (EOL) care outcomes among adolescents and young adults (AYAs) with cancer who are living in poverty remain poorly understood. The primary aim of the current study was to examine the effect of poverty on EOL care for AYA patients with cancer.


A comprehensive review of Acute High-altitude Sickness is presented and discussed. Among them, Acute Pulmonary Edema and Acute Brain Edema are stressed for its clinical implicances. Preventive and therapeutic indication are puntualized.


This article introduces the general investigation information about Xin Yun lake bottom material, makes a statistics and analysis of the results, and analyzes the correlation.


Abstract : An analytic theory for the large (passive) scalar derivative skewness for turbulent transport in a mean scalar gradient has been devised using Lie Algebraic methods to solve the Hopf equation. This Reynolds independent skewness strongly contradicts Kolmogorov's theory occurs in shear flows, which are being studied numerically, emphasizing the analogies between scalar and momentum transport. (AN)


In this work, an endeavor has been made to consolidate adjusted SLM and PTS with DCT improves the PAPR decrease execution and limit the computational unpredictability without debasement in BER execution. This methodology has sensible PAPR decrease and computational multifaceted nature increments exponentially with increment in the subcarriers. In addition, when huge quantities of subcarriers are utilized, there exist high PAPR. So huge improvement is required for PAPR decrease and this can be accomplished utilizing changed SLM and PTS joined with DCT alongside CMA, interleaving and heartbeat forming. Despite the fact that, both these strategies give worthy PAPR decrease it conjures unsuitable multifaceted nature and influences data transfer capacity effectiveness.


An interpolation method of estimation and the corresponding semiparametric representation are proposed for the distribution of the duration of excursions of a nonstationary non-Gaussian random process. The connectivity of discrete samples of a time series with respect to the covariance criterion serves as the smoothing parameter of estimation. Expressions for the hypothesis probabilities for the semiparametric estimation as well as expressions for the higher order terms of the Rice series are obtained. These results provide a reasonable compromise between acceptable computational expenditures and the estimation error for the distribution of the duration of excursions for a wide class of random processes. The sample and interpolation estimates for the experimental results are compared for the distribution of intervals between zeros.


Currently, an unprecedentedly vast amount of videos are hosted on the Internet and shared by users across the world. Within these videos, a considerable portion is duplicate or near-duplicate. Consequently, building an effective yet efficient content-based redundancy detection system is of importance, as this research would be beneficial to a variety of applications. Despite the progress in this field, designing a practical detection system for web videos continues to be difficult, because of the contradictions between the accuracy and speed requirements. In this paper, we propose a novel near-duplicate video detection system, CompoundEyes, whose design philosophy deviates from the conventional feature-centered paradigm. Instead, the focus of our system has been shifted from the design of an advanced feature representation to the design of system architecture. This design methodology not only ensures a decent detection accuracy by the collaboration of the classifiers but also substantially accelerates the detection speed due to the low dimensionality of the feature representations and the exploitation of the parallelism among the components. Experiments have been conducted to demonstrate that the CompoundEyes is both accurate and fast.


Abstract Low-energy ion detection in space is one of the most important interests of space exploration. An accurate calibration of this type of instrument is necessary to ensure the effectiveness and scientificness of the obtained data. And the ion source is the most critical equipment in a calibration facility. In this study, an ion beam system based on Kaufman ion source is designed, which can meet the ground calibration of space low-energy ion detection instrument in the low-energy range of 100–1,000 eV. The experimental research shows that when the beam intensity of the ion source is about 100 mA, the Faraday Cup collects about 1 mA of current, and the generated ion beam fluctuates less than 5% within 60 min, which can meet the ground calibration requirements of space low-energy ion detection instruments.


The article shows that the international military cooperation of the USSR in the 1930s, relied on the historical Russian experience; not limited to Germany; cooperation was often initiated by foreign partners, not the Soviet side. New technologies were offered to the Soviet Union and at the same time they requested advice from Soviet specialists on various issues, including aviation medicine The expansion of military contacts contributed to the development of military linguistics. The USSR provided support to foreign countries that allowed the careless handling of weapons, and also participated in the development of international agreements on the transparency of military spending.


The present invention discloses an optical scanning unit and an image forming apparatus having the unit, the light scanning unit comprising: at least one light beam generating and radiating source corresponding to the image signal; deflected and scanned by a light beam deflector of the radiation beam ; and a beam deflected by the deflector to the f-θ lens is to form an image of the beam on the scan surface, wherein the shape of the f-θ lens satisfies the following formula (2) is a single lens: -0.2 2 2 is the center thickness of f-θ lenses.


Maurice L. Hartung is Associate Professor of Education at the University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois. ALTHOUGH the current outbreak of criticisms of public education has not centered upon mathematics instruction, there are widespread opinions that achievement in this field has been steadily deteriorating. There is, however, no substantial evidence for this view. On the contrary, there are many reasons for believing that, in this field, instruction and achievement are better today than ever before. A brief summary of the basis for this statement follows.


The major causes of death in the world are heart attack, stroke, and cancer. The main contributing factors for chronic diseases complications are unhealthy behaviors; so, health behavior change has become imperative in the world today. There are several models and theories for health behavior change. They are, however, far from public reach because they are not easy for people to understand and apply in their daily lives. The seven-step model (7SM) is the result of integrating key constructs from different theories and models and putting them in a way that the public may understand and apply. The model has seven steps that individuals, families, and small groups can use to change behavior, and three more tools for maintenance. An exploratory study done in the Philippines and Peru with graduate students from 30 different countries shows the potential of the 7SM in changing different unhealthy behaviors and installing new healthy behaviors.


Land subsidence in North Jakarta is dangerous enough and can become a hazard to the people which live around there. The hazard come in two ways, such as a rob from the sea area and a slope in onshore area. Both of them need a comprehensive treatment, one of best solution is through the make of counterfort walls as a way to hold water from the offshore to the ground area in onshore. The Height of wall is around 3.7 meters with a strengthening wall around 3 meters.  Another problem is the lateral pressure of water and a weight of counterfort will be a load to the soil in area. It need to be analysed to determine the strength that needed by counterfort wall.


1. Abstract This paper deals with a finite element formulation based on the classical laminated plate theory, for active control of thin plate laminated structures with integrated piezoelectric layers, acting as sensors and actuators. The control is initialized through a previous optimization of the core of the laminated structure, in order to minimize the vibration amplitude. Also the optimization of the patches position is performed to maximize the piezoelectric actuator efficiency. The simulating annealing method is used for these purposes. The finite element model is a single layer triangular nonconforming plate/shell element with 18 degrees of freedom for the generalized displacements, and one electrical potential degree of freedom for each piezoelectric element layer, which can be surface bonded or imbedded on the laminate. To achieve a mechanism of active control of the structure dynamic response, a feedback control algorithm is used, coupling the sensor and active piezoelectric layers. To calculate the dynamic response of the laminated structures the Newmark method is considered. The model is applied in the solution of an illustrative case and the results are presented and discussed. 2.


The following description is based on a nearly complete skeleton, very perfectly preserved, found in the Middle Miocene (Pawnee Creek Beds) of northeastern Colorado, by Mr. Barnum Brown of the American Museum Expedition of19oI. The expense of this expedition was defrayed by the generosity of the late Mr. W. C. Whitney. My special acknowledgments are due -to Professor Osborn for the privilege of describing this very pretty and interesting animal. Two groups of the higher ruminants (Pecora) are found in the American Miocene, each combining characters now peculiar to distinct families. The first includes small hypsodont species related to the antelopes, but with branching. deciduous antlers like those of the deer. The second includes brachydont species, mostly of large size, related to the deer, but with horn-cores or antlers unbranched, probably non-deciduous.' The hypsodont group includes AMerycodus (= Cosoryx) and the true Blastomeryx; the brachydont includes a number of species which have been variously referred to Dicrocerus, Blastomeryx, and Palkomeryx, and which I leave provisionally under the last-named genus.. Neither group can be regarded as directly ancestral to any modern animals; they represent side branches which have not survived. Most authors have grouped these Miocene genera, along with the European Palhomeryx, Dicrocerus, Amphitragulus, and Dremotherium, under the Cervida, either as allied to the Muntjac (Cervulus) or without particularizing their position. Schlosser refers the European genera to a distinct family, the Palaeomerycida 2; and would no doubt refer the brachydont American species with them. In view of the relationship of I But the evidence in regard to this point is not positive. 2 Proposed by Lydekker in I883, without definition.-Ind. Tert. and Post. Tert. Vert., I, v, p. 32.


Genetic variability greatly impacts on the human immune system an the basis for inter-patient variability in alloimmune responses and graft rejection. While human leukocyte antigen (HLA) polymorph clearly has a dominant impact on the cellular immune response, we vestigated if allelic sequence variation within T-cell receptor (TCR) represents another genetic variable influencing the T-cell allorespo Based on previous reports that some variable (V) gene polymorphi encode for TCR regions that make contact with the peptide-HLA c plex, a pyrosequencing techniquewas used to determinewhether T-c expressing certain TCR V gene alleles preferentially responded to H mismatched stimulator cells. Frequently occurring polymorphisms w both TCR-α and -ß gene segments were shown to significantly influe T cell responsiveness to cells expressing a single mismatched HLA lele. The most striking bias was observed with TRAV8-7 and TRB whereby individuals who were heterozygous for the two alleles sponded to particular alloantigens with over 95% of T cells expres only one of the alleles. Thus, polymorphism in the TCR loci is another netic variable that may contribute toward inter-individual variability cell alloresponses and allograft rejection. t -


of (β-III-tubulin), astrocyte (GFAP) oligodendrocyte (O4) all three CNS cell types the neurosphere derived cells. Further characterization of neuronal, astroglial, oligodendroglial and stem cells markers been performed by real-time PCR. In our analysis identified several stem cell genes and pluripotency-associated gene in neurosphere cells, including nestin, Nanog, and Sox2. By means of real-time PCR the of genes of cells such as β-III-tubulin and astrocyte such GFAP. NSCs features of A1 mes-c-myc cells, self-renewal ability of neurospheres.


Background: The R.E.N.A.L.(radius, exophytic/endophytic properties, nearness of tumor to the collecting systemor sinus in mm, anterior/posterior location relative to polar lines) nephrometry scoring system was recently introduced as an objective reproducible means to describe salient renal tumor anatomy. Objective of this study is to evaluate the role of R.E.N.A.L. Nephrometry score in predicting tumor histology and grade.
 Methods: It is a prospective study carried out in Lilawati Hospital and Research Centre, a tertiary care centre consisting of 40 patients including male and female who had T1 renal mass.  Preoperative R.E.N.A.L. Nephrometry scoring  done for every patient and after treatment (Open Partial Nephrectomy, Laproscopic partial Nephrectomy, Radical Nephrectomy)  tumor sent for histopathology to predict tumor histology and grade for solid renal mass.
Results: Clear cell histology also increased with R.E.N.A.L score, from 2/6 (33.3%) in patients with low R.E.N.A.L scores ( 4–6) up to 15/17 (88.24%) for patients with high R.E.N.A.L scores( 10–12) . Conversely, the probability of the potentially more indolent papillary RCC decreased with increasing lesion complexity (from 66.67% in low score to 11.76% in moderate score).The Fuhrman grade is an important prognostic indicator for RCCs. In our study Fuhrman grade 1 tumours represented 4/40 (66.7%) low and 2(13%)high- complexity lesions . Conversely, there is no grade 3 lesion in low score (0.0%) compared with 5/40 (33.3%%) moderate complexity lesions, respectively showing more the nephrometry score higher will be Fuhrman grade.
Conclusions: Proportion with
clear cell histology also increases with R.E.N.A.L score and the probability of the potentially more indolent papillary RCC decreased with increasing lesion complexity. The Fuhrman grade also increases with increase in nephrometry score
Keywords:  R.E.N.A.L  Nephrometry score, Fuhrman grade, Tumor histology


With the increasing pressure to reduce greenhouse gas emission and protect the environment, effective leak detection in all pipelines has become more critical in recent years. This applies to multi-phase pipelines too. Little progress has been made in multi-phase pipeline leak detection in the last decades. Some of the main challenges in detecting leaks in multi-phase pipelines include:
 • Complex and variable hydraulic conditions with flow regime changes when the fluid composition and flow-rate vary in a pipeline
 • High cost and poor performance of flow meter instrumentation
 • Feasibility of retrofitting leak detection hardware or equipment on operational pipelines.
 Over the past few years significant research and field tests have been carried out to develop possible solutions to address the above challenges.
 This paper describes some of the technologies tested on a few multi-phase pipelines. It addresses both the hardware and software used to detect leaks, the fluid withdrawal tests carried out and performance achieved. Potential applications and further development are outlined at the end.


Copaxone (glatiramer acetate, GA), a structurally and compositionally complex polypeptide nonbiological drug, is an effective treatment for multiple sclerosis, with a well‐established favorable safety profile. The short antigenic polypeptide sequences comprising therapeutically active epitopes in GA cannot be deciphered with state‐of‐the‐art methods; and GA has no measurable pharmacokinetic profile and no validated pharmacodynamic markers. The study reported herein describes the use of orthogonal standard and high‐resolution physicochemical and biological tests to characterize GA and a U.S. Food and Drug Administration–approved generic version of GA, Glatopa (USA‐FoGA). While similarities were observed with low‐resolution or destructive tests, differences between GA and USA‐FoGA were measured with high‐resolution methods applied to an intact mixture, including variations in surface charge and a unique, high‐molecular‐weight, hydrophobic polypeptide population observed only in some USA‐FoGA lots. Consistent with published reports that modifications in physicochemical attributes alter immune‐related processes, genome‐wide expression profiles of ex vivo activated splenocytes from mice immunized with either GA or USA‐FoGA showed that 7–11% of modulated genes were differentially expressed and enriched for immune‐related pathways. Thus, differences between USA‐FoGA and GA may include variations in antigenic epitopes that differentially activate immune responses. We propose that the assays reported herein should be considered during the regulatory assessment process for nonbiological complex drugs such as GA.


A data collection system includes: a plurality of wireless tags; and a data collection device that performs time-division multiplexing communication with the plurality of wireless tags, the wireless tag including a tag-side transmission unit that transmits a signal in a frequency band higher than the LF band to the data collection device, a tag-side reception unit that receives an LF signal transmitted from the data collection device, a timer that performs time measurement, and a storage that stores information.


This study investigates associations between resilience factors (optimism and positive affect) and self-rated health during the COVID-19 pandemic. Longitudinal data were collected (N = 292) across five assessments. Multilevel modeling tested main effects of the resilience factors and how they interacted with stress to predict health. Greater optimism and positive affect were prospectively associated with fewer depressive symptoms (ps < 0.01) and a lower burden of physical health symptoms (ps <0.01). Positive affect interacted with stress to predict depressive symptoms (p < 0.05), suggesting a stress buffering effect. These findings suggest that resilience factors may improve health during COVID-19.


The linear slope compensation effect on peak current and load capability of DC-DC converter is proven in this paper. In order to solve the problem of low dropout operation with heavy loads, the circuit for counteracting part of the slope current is proposed on the basis of piecewise linear slope compensation. And adjustable slope current and low dropout operation is achieved during clamp state, which extends the battery life and suits for portable applications. The circuit is concise, simple to implement and has been fabricated in a current-mode DC-DC buck converter with 600mA load current for validation. Experimental results show that the low dropout operation with 600mA load current and output voltage of 2.5V and 3.3V at duty cycle of 100% is realized.


This article is introductory for the topic "The living and the dead" of the fourth issue of our journal. The attitude towards the living and the dead, the of the fourth journal issue. The attitude towards the living and the dead, the life, the death and the immortality is everlasting and relevant as it affects any person in one or another way regardless of the times a person lives. Throughout the whole history the image of the dead in culture and society has served as a certain key to the world of the living. Analysis of death sheds light on the structure of human identity and changes it goes through. Attitude towards the dead is a yardstick of culture and helps to analyze parameters of humanity. The image of the "after world" has been formed as a reflection of "this world", and notions of the "after life" influence the image of the mortal life. The living has expanded rules into the dead society. Death played a very special role in maintaining and framing the social space. For understanding traditional societies the idea of constant presence of the dead in the world of the living is important. The profile of the journal allowed to present an approach to the topic from a stand point of different sciences, i.e. anthropology, archaeology, philology and philosophy, in the section "topic of the issue" and in a number of presentations in other sections and in discussion materials.


A dispersible moist wipe generally comprises a nonwoven tissue web having regenerated fibers in an amount of about 10 to about 30 percent by weight and natural fibers in an amount of about 70 to about 90 percent by weight. The regenerated fibers and the natural fibers are hydroentangled such that the web has a geometric mean tensile strength of at least 150 grams per inch and a slosh-box break-up time of less than 15 minutes.


Investigated laser-induced electrical characteristics of seeds of wheat variety Mironovskaya 808. The resulting distribution of surface gradients of bioelectric potentials (BEP) of the seeds along their longitudinal axis in the stationary state and after laser illumination. Demonstrated correlation of axial gradients of BEP with indicators of sowing qualities of seeds. Suggested possible regulation of axial gradients of BEP external physical factors (for example, the influence of the local monochromatic radiation), which can provide controlled changes in the physiological electrical activity and other vital parameters of seeds and their sowing qualities.


Researchers have suggested that the fate of a shock-induced wave front at the edge of a "virtual anode" (a region hyperpolarized by the shock) is a key factor determining success or failure during defibrillation of the heart. In this paper, we use a simple one-dimensional computer model to examine propagation speed through a hyperpolarized region. Our goal is to test the hypothesis that rapid propagation through a virtual anode can cause failure of propagation at the edge of the virtual anode. The calculations support this hypothesis and suggest that the time constant of the sodium inactivation gate is an important parameter. These results may be significant in understanding the mechanism of the upper limit of vulnerability.


The problem of planar registration consists in finding the transformation that better aligns two point sets. In our setting, the search domain is the set of planar rigid transformations and the objective function is the sum of the distances between each point of the transformed source set and the destination set. We consider a Branch and Bound (BnB) method for finding the globally optimal solution. The algorithm recursively splits the search domain into boxes and computes an upper and a lower bound for the minimum value of the restricted problem. The main contribution of this work is the introduction of a novel lower bound, the relaxation bound, which corresponds to the solution of a concave relaxation of the objective function based on the linearization of the distance. In the BnB we also employ the so called cheap bound, equal to to the sum of the minimum distances between each point of source point set, transformed according to current box, and all the candidate points in the destination point set. We prove, both theoretically and practically, that the novel relaxation bound dominates the cheap bound over small boxes. More precisely, from the theoretical point of view, we prove that the relaxation bound is a second-order approximation of the minimum value, i.e., its distance from the minimum value decreases quadratically with respect to the diameter of the box (see Theorem 1), while the cheap bound is a first-order one (see Proposition 3). From the practical point of view, we show through different computational experiments that the addition of the relaxation bound considerably enhances the performance of the BnB algorithm, compensating the higher cost of its computation with respect to the cheap bound with a strong reduction of the number of BnB nodes to be explored.


Elemental bismuth and its compounds host strong spin-orbit interaction which is at the heart of topologically non-trivial alloys based on bismuth. These class of materials are described in terms of 4x4 matrices at each v point where spin and orbital labels of the underlying electrons are mixed. In this work we investigate the single impurity Anderson model (SIAM) within a mean field approximation to address the nature of local magnetic moment formation in a generic Dirac Hamiltonian. Despite the spin-mixing in the Hamiltonian, within the Hartree approximation it turns out that the impuritys Green function is diagonal in spin label. In the three dimensional Dirac materials defined over a bandwidth D and spin-orbit parameter γ, that hybridizes with impurity through V, a natural dimensionless parameter V2D/2πγ3 emerges. So neither the hybridization strength, V, nor the spin-orbit coupling γ, but a combination thereof governs the phase diagram. By tuning chemical potential and the impurity level, we present phase diagram for various values of Hubbard U. Numerical results suggest that strong spin-orbit coupling enhances the local moment formation both in terms of its strength and the area of the local moment region. In the case that we tune the chemical potential in a similar way as normal metal we find that magnetic region is confined to μ ≥ ε0, in sharp contrast to 2D Dirac fermions. If one fixes the chemical potential and tunes the impurity level, phase diagram has two magnetic regions which corresponds to hybridization of impurity level with lower and upper bands.


Increasing evidence indicates that peripheral immune cells play a prominent role in neurodegeneration connected to protein misfolding, which are associated with formation of aberrant aggregates, including soluble protein misfolded oligomers. The precise links, however, between the physicochemical features of diverse oligomers and their effects on the immune system, particularly on adaptive immunity, remain currently unexplored, due partly to the transient and heterogeneous nature of the oligomers themselves. To overcome these limitations, we took advantage of two stable and well‐characterized types of model oligomers (A and B), formed by HypF‐N bacterial protein, type B oligomers displaying lower solvent‐exposed hydrophobicity. Exposure to oligomers of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) revealed differential effects, with type B, but not type A, oligomers leading to a reduction in CD4+ cells. Type A oligomers promoted enhanced differentiation towards CD4+CD25HighFoxP3+ Tregs and displayed a higher suppressive effect on lymphocyte proliferation than Tregs treated with oligomers B or untreated cells. Moreover, our results reveal Th1 and Th17 lymphocyte differentiation mediated by type A oligomers and a differential balance of TGF‐β, IL‐6, IL‐23, IFN‐γ and IL‐10 mediators. These results indicate that type B oligomers recapitulate some of the biological responses associated with Parkinson's disease in peripheral immunocompetent cells, while type A oligomers resemble responses associated with Alzheimer's disease. We anticipate that further studies characterizing the differential effects of protein misfolded oligomers on the peripheral immune system may lead to the development of blood‐based diagnostics, which could report on the type and properties of oligomers present in patients.


Factors affecting the fiber dispersion and uniformity of chopped strand mat,such as glass strand quality,equipment, environment and personal factors,are introduced and analyzed.By studying these factors,means of testing strand quality, equipment,etc.are investigated to improve the appearance quality of products.


A simplified computational approach of free-electron lasers is proposed,which is suitable to the operation on micro-computers. The saturation output laser powers from the simulation on a micro-computer (AST386/33L)by means of this simplified approach are in agreement with the data measured in the MIT's experiment.


The present invention provides a current control semiconductor element and a control apparatus using it, can be performed with high accuracy current detection within a single-chip IC by the gain (a) and the offset variation (b) dynamically corrected. On the same semiconductor chip, a transistor (4), the current - voltage conversion circuit (22) and the AD converter (23). A reference current generating circuit (6,6 ') superimposed current pulses (Ic) in the current load 2, the voltage change of the digital value output by the AD converter. A gain offset correction section (8) of the reference current generating circuit (6,6 ') a digital value the voltage variation caused by the signal processing, to obtain the dynamic AD converter (23) the output voltage of the current digital value of the digital value of the load gain in linear relationship (a, a ') and the offset (b, b'). A current digital value calculation unit (12) using gain and offset correction obtained by the gain offset section (8), the voltage value of the output of the AD converter is corrected.


A solution of CA digital certificate promotion and construction which is to build a security platform based on CA digital certificate as application middleware is introduced.This solution supports various CA certificate systems and EKEY ID authentication device produced by different organizations and companies.It is a revolution of CA and improves the speed to construct CA security platform and promote CA digital certificate application.There is a significant meaning of this creative solution to be used in Automotive Trading System in Shaanxi Province for implementation and verification.


Abstract : A five-year storage test was conducted on Disinfectant, Germicidal and Fungicidal, Phenolic, Dry-Type, Specification MIL-D-51061 in order to obtain data on storage stability and performance under adverse climatic conditions. The storage sites were located at Fort Churchill, Canada (arctic, cold-dry), Maynard, Massachusetts (temperate, cold-wet), Yuma, Arizon (desert, hot-dry) and Panama Canal Zone (tropic, hot-wet). After five years of storage in arctic and temperate climates the disinfectant showed no significant change in appearance or composition, and no decrease in bactericidal activity. The samples exposed in the hot environments showed varying degrees of alteration evidence by darkening and liquefaction of the dry powder. Bactericidal activity was lower than control values but sufficient to meet the performance requirements. (Author)


Sonars are used by the Alaska Department of Fish and Game (ADF&G) to obtain daily and hourly estimates of at least four species of migratory salmon during their seasonal migration which lasts from June to beginning of September. Suspended sediments associated with a river's sediment load is an important issue for ADF&G's sonar operations. Acoustically, the suspended sediments are a source of both volume reverberation and excess attenuation beyond that expected in fresh water. Each can impact daily protocols for fish enumeration via sonar. In this talk, results from an environmental acoustic study conducted in the Kenai River (June 1999) using 420 kHz and 200 kHz side looking sonars, and in the Yukon River (July 2001) using a 120 kHz side looking sonar, are discussed. Estimates of the volume scattering coefficient and attenuation are related to total suspended sediments. The relative impact of bubble scattering and sediment scattering is also discussed.


The strong interaction effect on the vector boson distributions is discussed by using modified Altarelli-Parisi equations. The moments of the distributions in the leading approximation and in the next-to-leading approximation are calculated. The [ital x] dependence of the distributions is obtained by using a method based on the Jacobi polynomial expansion. The result shows that the strong interaction effect modifies not only the [ital x] dependence but also the [ital Q] dependence for the vector boson distributions even at the leading approximation, which is different from the result in the discussion of photon distributions.


The objectives o f this study were to: (i) determine the unsaturated transport characteristics of chlorsulfuron, a sulfonylurea herbicide, in disturbed and undisturbed soil columns and investigate the capability o f LEACHM, a computer transport model, for predicting chlorsulfuron transport, (ii) evaluate soil depth and temperature effects on 2,4-D degradation rates, and (iii) investigate the effects of organic cosolvents on degradation, volatilization, and unsaturated transport of naphthalene in soils. Disturbed and undisturbed column experiments were conducted with either o f two Montana surface soils under unsaturated flow conditions. Unit gradient was established on all columns by balancing surface water (with or without methanol or acetone cosolvent fractions) input with outflow at the bottom of each column fitted with a stainless steel microporous plate connected to a vacuum source. A nonlinear least-squares computer program (CXTFIT) was employed to analyze fraction-collected effluent breakthrough curves (BTCs) for Br , 14C-chlorsulfuron, 3H2O, and 14C-naphthalene and derive dispersion coefficients and retardation factors. Observed Br and 3H2O breakthrough curves (BTCs) were adequately described using the local equilibrium assumption (LEA) model. Observed chlorsulfuron and naphthalene BTCs demonstrated significant chemical nonequilibrium during transport. LEACHM-predicted BTCs for chlorsulfuron utilizing independently measured or estimated soil physical parameters as input data did not adequately reflect observed chlorsulfuron BTCs because the model had no capabilities for accepting input parameters relating to nonequilibrium conditions. The experimentally determined chlorsulfuron BTCs confirmed the high mobility o f this chemical at neutral soil pH values. Naphthalene sorption decreased in a log-linear relationship as the fraction of cosolvent increased, resulting in an increase in naphthalene transport. Degradation kinetics of 2,4-D were studied in soils from 0-30, 30-60, and 60-120 cm depths of two Montana soils at three different temperatures of 10°C, 17°C, and 24°C. Air-dried and sieved (2 mm) soil samples were placed in reaction flasks and treated with a solution of 14C-2,4-D simulating field rates. A carrier gas (air) was used to continuously evacuate evolved 14CO2 into NaOH traps as a measure of 2,4-D degradation. Quantitative treatment comparisons of soil depth and temperature effects were made by fitting the experimental data to both logistic and first-order kinetic models. Degradation rates of 2,4-D decreased significantly with increasing depth and with decreasing temperature. Naphthalene degradation kinetics were investigated using a similar system with the addition of an activated carbon trap to assess 14C-naphthalene volatilization. Experiments were conducted at 24 °C using soil from the 0-30 cm depth o f the ' Amsterdam silt loam. Treatments included 100% water (control) and 25 % methanol and 10% acetone cosolvent fractions. Naphthalene degradation decreased in the methanol and increased in the acetone cosolvent treatment compared to the control. Volatilization increased as the cosolvent fraction increased.


Objective:To explore long-term effects of community-based rehabilitation(CBR) on upper extremity function and activities of daily living(ADL) in stroke patients.Method:Eighty stroke patients were randomly di-vided into control group(n=40) and rehabilitation group(n=40).The patients in rehabilitation group were treated with CBR and regular following-up,functional assessment,while the patients in control group only treated with fol-lowing-up and functional assessment,no rehabilitation treatment.The Barthel Index(BI) and Clinical Neural Impair-ment Measures Scale(NIM) were applied to assess patients at the beginning of enrollment,and the end of the 5th and 17th month.Result:At the beginning of enrollment,the difference in scores of NIM and ADL between two groups was not obvious(P0.05).There were significant differences in scores between two groups 5 and 17 months later(P0.05).In rehabilitation group there was a better outcome than that in control group.In control group there was no significant difference in scores from the 5th month to the 17th month(P0.05).Conclusion:Community-based rehabilitation can provide long-term effects on upper extremity function and ADL in stroke patients.The ear-lier the CBR received,the better the improvement on upper extremity function and ADL acquired.


The Wind Characteristics Program Element (WCPE) provides wind information, through the Wind Energy Conversion Program (WECP), for those involved in energy program planning, design and evaluation of performance of wind energy conversion systems (WECS), selection of sites for WECS installation, and WECS operations. Currently the technical work within the WCPE is divided among four program areas. These areas are to provide wind characteristics for design and performance evaluation; site slection; resource assessment; and operations. Work is being undertaken in the first three areas.


Methionine adenosyltransferase 1A (MAT1A) is responsible for S‐adenosylmethionine (SAMe) biosynthesis in the liver. Mice lacking Mat1a have hepatic SAMe depletion and develop NASH and HCC spontaneously. Several kinases are activated in Mat1a knockout (KO) mice livers. However, characterizing the phospho‐proteome and determining whether they contribute to liver pathology remain open for study. Our study aimed to provide this knowledge.


In his work, D. H. Lawrence has paid particular attention to the question of (in)visible alliances between the sexes, where the position of power and dominance often is not fixed but is negotiable and constantly in the process of (re)vision. My paper examines Lawrence's experimentation with definitions and boundaries of public and private gender roles. Both The Rainbow and Women in Love are a good starting point for this inquiry, since the relationship between the male and female characters are problematized in a conscientious and distinctive fashion. Therefore, it is interesting to study the relationship between the characters and see how femininity and masculinity influence each individual's gender identity, and as a result their gender performance. Additionally, Lawrence consolidates a feminine significance remarkably similar to the disruption, excess, and pleasure celebrated by poststructuralist French feminists as écriture féminine. These novels represent the disruptive power of feminine signification, both on personal and sociopolitical levels, and end with that power still in play. They get to the heart of the conceptual difficulties of gender differences, gender identity and gender performance. They also take on this feminist imperative to define the intensity and changes necessary in personal and cultural life of the modern age, manifesting and maintaining new and different possibilities for subjectivity. I use Luce Irigaray, Hélène Cixous and Judith Butler's discussions on the concepts of femininity and the feminine subject. I also refer to their gender theories as foundational models to study the conflict and shift between the gender roles in the two-gendered system of cultural norms and ideals in the world of these two novels.


The gold content of gold foil was determined directly by dissolving gold with hydrogen peroxide and hydrochloric-volumetric analysis method,optimal parameters to dissolve the sample was obtained when the dosages of hydrogen peroxide and hydrochloric acid were respectively 8 and 6 times of theoretical dosage,the reaction temperature was 80℃,the dissolution of gold was 100 % after gold was added into the solution of H2O2 and HCl. This method of dissolving gold had such advantages as better security,less pollution,and easier operation in comparison with aqua regia method. The precision and reliability of the methods were fit for the analysis on macro-elements.


Alpha haemoglobin stabilizing protein (AHSP) is encoded by a gene abundantly expressed in erythroid cells whose function is to chaperone α-chains in the process of haemoglobin assembly (Yu et al, JCI2007; 117:1856). The central role of the excess of α-chains in the pathogenesis of β-thalassemia and the AHSP ability to limit the toxicity of excessive α-globin suggest that increases of AHSP expression might ameliorate the clinical phenotype of β-thalassemia. To clarify the relationship between AHSP and globin gene expression, we measured the levels of mRNA for these genes in erythroblasts generated in vitro from the blood of 30 normal donors and 8 β-thalassemic patients. Normal erythroblasts presented a marked donor-to-donor variability in the expression levels of all the genes analysed. Inter-quartile range (IQR) analyses indicates that the gene whose expression has the highest variability is α-globin (IQR=31.5), followed by β-globin (IQR=8.74), AHSP (IQR=2.82) and γ-globin (IQR=0.86). The IQR value for the α/non-α globin ratio (1.91) is higher than that of the γ/γ+β ratio (0.11), an indication of the existence of donor variegation in the levels of unbalance between expression of α- and non-α globin genes in cells from different donors. The extent of this variegation is even more apparent by the high IQR level of the α-(non-α) expression difference (IQR=38.6). β-thalassemic erythroblasts expressed normal levels of α- and γ-globin, significantly ( P F test ( P =.0023). Statistical analyses of these results indicates that, as expected, the levels of α-globin mRNA are positively correlated to those of the non-α globin genes in normal erythroblasts (R 2 =.93, P 2 =.22, P 2 =.86, P 2 =.66, P 2 =0.86, P 2 =.45, P=.066) might be due to the limited experimental points available for analyses. In conclusion, this statistical analyses provides evidence for the existence of a regulatory mechanism that balances expression of AHSP with that of excess of α-globin mRNA in erythroid cells. It is suggested that this regulatory mechanism may represent a target for eventual gene modifiers of the β-thalassemic trait. MEF is the recipient of a Marie Curie training Network Fellowship from EU.


In the article we describe our experience treating a patient with a giant solitary fibrous tumor of the small pelvis. Since the tumor was highly vascularized, the patient underwent preoperative embolization of the vessels perfusing the tumor to reduce the risk of intraoperative blood loss.


The emerging labor market stratification and crime perspective has drawn on dual labor market theory and social control theory to examine the influence of labor market stratification and resulting job characteristics on criminal behavior. With empirical studies finding consistent support for this relationship, it has been suggested that parents' work experience may also influence their children's law-violating behavior. Using data from the National Survey of Families and Households, the current research examines whether parents' job characteristics, indicative of the primary- and secondary-sector labor market division, influence children's bonds to conformity and resulting levels of delinquency. The findings suggest that parents' job characteristics have significant effects on levels of parental supervision, children's feelings of attachment and efficacy, as well as educational aspirations and grade point averages, all of which directly or indirectly affect levels of delinquency


The sidewalls of vertically aligned, multiwalled carbon nanotubes were functionalized using azide photochemistry, and DNA oligonucleotides were synthesized in situ from the reactive group on each photoadduct to produce water-soluble DNA-coated nanotubes. The functional DNA sites on the nanotubes were visualized from gold nanoparticles modified with complementary DNA and using TEM. The sidewall functionalization enabled further DNA-directed modification of the nanotubes' surfaces with nanoparticles. The DNA-coated vertically aligned nanotubes offer the architecture for a highly loaded three-dimensional DNA chip.


Based on writer observation, there are few works on work ethic. There is no sole theory could explains all phenomena and how to make weak to become stronger and better. Sometimes work ethic influenced by belief, like a religion. Sometimes it is affected by economic growth in a community. As a complex religion, Islam explains about work ethic in adequate manner. At least, this could be understood through worship concept that poses unlimited meanings, which work ethic is included in. Kata Kunci: Etos Kerja, masyarakat Islam, produktifitas


In the treatment of rheumatic fever by the administration of massive doses of salicylates, the importance of maintaining an optimum blood level of the drug has been generally recognized. The therapeutic level, however, is very close to the toxic level, and, since different patients receiving the same dosage of salicylates may have widely differing plasma levels, repeated blood estimations may be of great value, particularly during the first few days of treatment. The methods available for the estimation, though numerous, have certain inherent drawbacks in their routine use. The chief of these is the comparatively large volume of serum or plasma usually required. Also, most methods give appreciable values when applied to the blood of patients not receiving salicylates, due to the presence of interfering substances in the blood. This may entail the application of an approximate correction, by the use of a calibration curve constructed from pooled normal blood serum or plasma. Finally, many methods are not simple or rapid enough for routine use by technicians in small laboratories. The methods which have been most commonly employed are based on the violet colours formed when ferric salts are added to salicylate solutions. Keller (1947) and Peters (1947) used direct addition of acidified ferric nitrate to serum or plasma, but Brodie, Udenfriend, and Coburn (1944) extracted the plasma with ethylene dichloride, and then returned the salicylates to an aqueous phase as a coloured ferric complex. A micro-method based on the same colour reaction has recently been published by Miller and Whitehead (1949), but a special technique is required. The colour reaction of Jorrisen, obtained when salicylate solutions are boiled with copper sulphate and nitrous acid, was utilized by Mallick and Rehmann (1945) and by Reid (1948) for the estimation of blood salicylates, while Volterra and Jacobs (1947) first nitrated the salicylates and then estimated the nitro derivatives colorimetrically in alkaline solution. Weichselbaum and Shapiro (1945) and Smith and Talbot (1950) have used the blue colour which results when a, salicylate solution is mixed with Folin and Ciocalteau's phenol reagent and made alkaline with sodium carbonate. Diazo reactions have been widely employed for the estimation of p-aminosalicylic acid in blood, but do not appear to have been used for the determination of salicylic acid itself. This, no doubt, is due to the comparative slowness of coupling diazo compounds with salicylates. The difficulty, however, can be overcome by using a


Practical teaching is main component of the quality engineering emphasized by Ministry of Education,and it is very important to train innovative and sustainable developed undergraduates.Based on our practical experiences,advice and solutions were presented to fit present situations from the point view of developing practice base and teacher team,to reform the practice model and to reinforce practical function.


In recent years, the WWW has seen rapid expansion in several web fields. It lead to large volume of Information on web and because of which the Information Overloading delimma arisen in various domains of web. Besides that, just bulky assortment of data lacking knowledge, its of no use. So Recommendation Systems came for rescue with Personalization which permit to present contents to user founded on explored patterns using data mining techniques. At begin of Work, the surroundings of Recommendation Systems and Personalization is presented. With this, subsequently the comprehensive outline of Recommendation System approaches like Collaborative Filtering, Content Based Filtering and Hybrid Filtering with other approaches described. So while prefering specific, one must be capable to differtiate among them using diverse parameters like advantages, disadvantages, underlying principle etc. so this work is for presenting the comparison and verdict of various approaches.


Thanks guys. I'd managed to brick my computer, and am finally somewhat back up and running. I did have semantic-linkbacks running, albeit apparently with a


One of the important reason for industry laying behind is the lack of the talent in developing area.Not only they can't attract the talent to come and work there, but they can't keep the talent from leaving off. The key to the problen is to renew concept,hew up a new way and create a proper talent encouragement mechanism


Motivated by numerous applications, active research is being conducted worldwide to explore the terahertz (THz) region of the electromagnetic spectrum. Waveguides are key components for the generation, propagation, and utilization of THz waves. This paper addresses two types of commonly-used waveguides in their simplest implementation: the single-wire and hollow metallic waveguides. Research on these two types of waveguides has appeared rather separately in literature. Yet they are based on a common formalism. This suggests a treatment on the same theoretical footing for an examination of their basic properties in terms of the field behavior, power flow, dispersion relation, and attenuation rate. Here, we present a comparative study on their similarities, differences, and relative merits, along with physical interpretations.Motivated by numerous applications, active research is being conducted worldwide to explore the terahertz (THz) region of the electromagnetic spectrum. Waveguides are key components for the generation, propagation, and utilization of THz waves. This paper addresses two types of commonly-used waveguides in their simplest implementation: the single-wire and hollow metallic waveguides. Research on these two types of waveguides has appeared rather separately in literature. Yet they are based on a common formalism. This suggests a treatment on the same theoretical footing for an examination of their basic properties in terms of the field behavior, power flow, dispersion relation, and attenuation rate. Here, we present a comparative study on their similarities, differences, and relative merits, along with physical interpretations.


As the blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) response during the recovery period can be inluenced by size of activated muscle mass, it is possible that this variable also has some distinct effects on post-exercise rate pressure product (RPP). The aim of the present study was to investigate and compare the systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), HR, and RPP responses during recovery to resistance exercise with different body regions. Twelve normotensive young men randomly performed three resistance exercise trials with upper limbs (UL), lower limbs (LL), and whole body (WB), and a control session (CON). All exercise trails included 3 sets of 10 repetitions, with 65% of 1-repetition maximum (1RM) with 2 min rest interval between sets and exercises. SBP, DBP, HR, and RPP were measured before and at each 15 min after exercise until 60 min. Blood lactate (bLAC) was also measured before, and at the 1st minute after the end of exercise. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Bonferroni post hoc were used to analyze the data, with a P < .05. The SBP decrease for 60 min after UL, LL, and WB exercise trials was similar, whereas there was no change in post-exercise DBP after the trials. Signiicant increases were observed in RPP for 15 min after LL, and 30 min after UL and WB. The blood lactate concentration signiicantly increased after UL, LL and WB resistance exercise when compared to the rest values, as well as in the CON sessions. UL, LL and WB resistance exercise lead to post-exercise hypotension, similar in magnitude and duration, and almost produce the same cardiovascular responses, despite different muscle mass involvement. © 2016 Consell Català de l'Esport. Generalitat de Catalunya. Published by Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.


In this paper proposed a new method which adaptively eliminates comparator offsets using the threshold voltage shift by the Fowler-Nordheim stress. The method evaluates the sign of comparator offset and gives the FN stress to the stronger MOSFETs of the comparator, leading to offset reduction. We have used an appropriate stressing operation, named 'stress-packet', in order to converge the offset value to zero. We applied the method to the latch-type comparator which is prevalently used for DRAM bitline sense amplifier, and verified through experiments that offsets of the latch-type comparators are nearly eliminated with the stress-packet operations. We also discuss about the reliability issues that must be guaranteed for field application of this method.


Robotic systems are often used for remote operations in Department of Energy Environmental Management applications because they allow the removal of personnel from dangerous environments. Typically, these systems are operated in pure teleoperation mode by a human operator. While these systems are capable of performing many tasks, their performance can be greatly enhanced through the use of telerobotics (a combination of teleoperation, automation, and decision making). This paper describes an analytical approach to decision making for robotic systems used in remote operations. This approach utilizes redundancy in the system or the task to improve the overall system performance based on analytical criteria. The approach is illustrated by application to the dual arm telerobot at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) and the pit viper system at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL). In both instances, decision making clearly reduces the operator involvement in tedious tasks while improving performance.


Fix $m\geq 0$, and let $A=\left( A_{ij}\left( x\right) \right) _{1\leq i\leq N,1\leq j\leq M}$ be a matrix of semialgebraic functions on $\mathbb{R}^{n}$ or on a compact subset $E \subset \mathbb{R}^n$. Given $f=\left( f_{1},\cdots ,f_{N}\right) \in C^{\infty }\left( \mathbb{R}^{n},\mathbb{R}^{N}\right) $, we consider the following system of equations
\begin{equation} \sum_{j=1}^{M}A_{ij}\left( x\right) F_{j}\left( x\right) =f_{i}\left( x\right) \text{ }\left( i=1,\cdots ,N\right) \text{.} \end{equation}
In this paper, we give algorithms for computing a finite list of linear partial differential operators such that $AF= f$ admits a $C^m(\mathbb{R}^n, \mathbb{R}^M)$ solution $F=(F_1,\cdots, F_M)$ if and only if $f=(f_1,\cdots, f_N)$ is annihilated by the linear partial differential operators.


FIG. 1. Bodyweight changes in BALB/cmiceondifferent diets.Female mice, 21 days ofage, received fourdifferent diets. All dietshadthe samecontentsofcalories andnutrients withtheexceptionofprotein. The mice were weighed separately every day. Each pointplotted is the meanofthe weights of10 mice per diet expressed


Abstract Non-destructive Raman microscopy (RM) applied to geomaterials in the cultural heritage is reviewed by means of explaining selected examples representative of the different kinds of geomaterials that can be characterized and of the different kinds of analytical configuration that can be employed. To explain the versatility and considerable analytical potential of RM that result from its unique combination of capabilities, the first sections summarize the theory and practice of the method and its advantages and disadvantages. The most modern configurations (mobile RM (MRM) and ultra-mobile RM; micromapping and imaging; telescopy) are described. Applications in the new age of 'don't move it, don't even touch it' archaeometry have previously been classified into 10 domains, seven of which concern geomaterials: gems; rocks; ceramics; corroded metals; coloured vitreous materials; and mineral pigments on an inorganic or organic substrate. The representative examples here include all these domains and cover the time range from Prehistoric through Egyptian, Roman, Meso-American, Medieval, Chinese, Renaissance and Mogul cultures to modern colouring of glass and a contemporaneous simulation of submarine archaeology.


This statement is remarkable in several ways: it focuses on the notion of "establishment" (total language history), and not on genetic relationship; it is the judgement of a sophisticated linguist who has devoted much effort to the study of Altaic; and it mentions Malayo-Polynesian, a term found in JA0A1 only in Poppe's circumspect foreword (xi). Equally remarkable is the following from Miller's introduction (12):


The author investigated the influence on fast grown poplar veneer color caused by acid-based dye stains at various concentrations,times,and temperatures.She developed a quadratic regression model between the influencing factors and the color performance using a response surface method.She found the optimized parameters were: 0.52% dye concentration,4.2 hours dyeing time,and 72 ℃ temperature.The veneer color difference under the optimized condition was 62.54 NBS.


This paper reports the annotation accuracy of the Pronunciation Scaffolder (ver. 2.0), an online tool to help learners of English read presentation scripts aloud. Scripts are automatically annotated using rule-based pattern matching. Colour, font sizes and symbols are used to provide intuitive visual prompts. Annotation accuracy was evaluated by systematically checking the accuracy of all the annotation functions on a political speech. Each instance of false positive, false negative and true positive results was tagged using predefined hashcodes. The hashcodes were counted. The results show that the Pronunciation Scaffolder performed extremely well for content words and reasonably well for most other functions. However, the word stress function resulted in the many false negative results and the linking function resulted in many false positive results. These results inform the development of version 3.0.


Arshan-Chaihe volcanic cluster is a part of north-eastern China's volcanic eruption zone and is of significance in studying the tectonics since Cenozoic.This paper,based on field investigation and data review,by using the existing classification,classifies the volcanic geological relics in detail and studies their categories and features.Arshan-Chaihe area is complete in volcanic structures,abundant in volcanic geological relics categories,intact in their reservation and diversified in volcanic eruption ways.This paper expands the values and significance in science.


The effects of posture on the nasal cycle were studied in 26 normal subjects whose spontaneous nasal cycle had been confirmed before the experiment. Nasal resistance was measured by anterior rhinomanometry with nozzles. With 14 subjects, the changes in nasal resistance were observed consecutively on changing from sitting to supine and from supine to sitting. Six reversals of the cyclic phase occurred in 56 postural changes (reversal rare: 10.7%). The reversal occurred once per 2.9 hours. By contrast, with 12 subjects, 27 reversals were induced in 60 postural changes (reversal rate: 45%), on changing from one lateral recumbent position to the other. The reversal occurred once per 27 minutes. Lateral recumbency tends to switch the phase of the cycle and affects its duration.


The authors previously conducted the synthesis of macrocyclic lactones, unstaturated macrocyclic lactones and macrocyclic ketones consisting of various numbers of carbons by photocyclization. Photocyclization of precursor [A] obtained in that study was carried also in this work for the synthesis of macrocyclic oxalactone having the same scent as musk perfume. [A] was obtained in 4 steps from 1,6-hexanediol. A new method for the synthesis macrocyclic oxalactone is proposed.


Do some or all of the religious traditions have anything unique to contribute to understanding, and to solving, our global environmental problems? Or are some or all of them obstacles to doing so? We will have trouble answering these questions about all religions, even all major religions, both because there are so many such religions and because environmental problems are so numerous and so various. To make this topic, which is the subject of a vast contemporary literature, more manageable, I introduce a two-part environmental goal that is part of any adequate environmental ethic – though I cannot defend that judgment here. I then explore ways in which religions may encourage or be consonant with, or for that matter inhibit, pursuit of this goal.

Keywords:

practical (applied) ethics;
religion;
biodiversity;
ecology;
nature


In this paper we model, from a given attitude effect of intensional motion (arm perturbations), the equilibrium state of a human. For that, a multi-chain mechanical model of a human body is proposed with a general control architecture. The strategy is composed of two levels: the "coordinator" level and "legs and arms" level. The coordinator level is devoted to control leg movements and to ensure global stability of the robot. Actual perturbation effects threaten the equilibrium of the "human" and can be compensated using only a dynamic control strategy. This strategy is based on dynamic stability studies with a"centre of mass acceleration control" and a force distribution on each leg and each arm. We have emphasized both of these aspects and realized some simulations to demonstrate our approach.


The notions of mass and range of a Brans–Dicke-like scalar field in scalar–tensor and f(R) gravity are subject to an ambiguity that hides a potential trap. We spell out this ambiguity and identify a physically meaningful and practical definition for these quantities. This is relevant when giving a mass to this scalar in order to circumvent experimental limits on the PPN parameters coming from solar system experiments.


Objective To determine the total contents of astragaloside in astragalus grown in different areas.Methods Compared to Astragaloside Ⅳ,total contents of astragaloside in astragalus grown in different areas were measured by ultraviolet spectrophotometry.Results Contents of total astragaloside(unit:mg/g) were,Neimenggu:2.386;Shanxi:3.307;Hebei:2.098;Shanxi:1.183;Jilin:2.327;Gansu:1.013;Qinghai:1.372.Conclusion The total content of astragaloside in astragalus grown in different areas could be ranked as follows:ShanxiNeimengguJilinHebeiQinghaiShanxiGansu.


The present works is interested in the study of the fatty acid composition of cocoa butter extracted from dried beans from a solar device (experimental tray) and a microwave oven (MO) at three power levels (2400W, 2800W and 3200W). The results showed that the cocoa butter is essentially composed of three fatty acids close to 90%. These are palmitic acid, stearic acid and oleic acid respectively for the extracts from the tray (24.41 ± 0.01%, 31.89 ± 0.02 and 32.22 ± 0.02%), the MO 2400W (23.64 ± 0.01%, 32.21 ± 0.02 and 32.31% ± 0.02%), the MO 2800W (24.87 ± 0.00%, 33.96 ± 0.01% and 33.18 ± 0.03%) and MO 3200W (22.38 ± 0.10, 33.00 ± 0.06% and 32.42 ± 0.05%). The variance analysis did not identify any significant difference in the effect of the two devices on the composition of major methyl esters constituent fatty acids (P≥0.05).


Hydraulic conductivity values were compared based on alternative analyses of data from disc tension infiltrometers. The first method was based on a single disc and tension and depends on the estimate of sorptivity and steady state flow. A second method used steady state flow measurements for two different disc radii, 52 and 118 mm. A third method used a single disc with multiple tensions from which steady state flow was obtained at three or more tensions which could be at the same location. A fourth method used a single disc with two tensions from which steady state flow was obtained at two tensions. Finally, values based on soil cores were compared. The results show reasonable agreement between methods for the hydraulic conductivity with the largest differences for data collected for zero tension. For the most part, there were no significant differences in hydraulic conductivity due to the disc infiltrometer radius. A single-disc method with multiple tensions (more than 3 points) and large disc radius gave results which were the most stable, accurate, and repeatable.


The lattice L/sub k/ of all clones over the set {0, 1,/spl middot//spl middot//spl middot/, k-1} is known to be a metric space. In this paper, we define some maps induced by the lattice operators and note that those induced by the meet operator are continuous maps from L/sub k/ to L/sub k/. Secondly, we use the meet operator to construct two continuous maps from L/sub 3/ to L/sub 2/. These maps are shown to be order-preserving and surjective. Finally, the images of all the maximal clones in L/sub 3/ and those of Yanov-Muchnik clones in L/sub 3/ under these maps are studied.


Glasses within the ternary system Li2O-B2O2SiO2 containing less than 25.6% Li2Ocan be broadly classified into three groups according to their behavior during cooling or heating. One group, containing either more than 18% Li2Oor less than 20% SiO2, yields clear glasses during slow or rapid cooling. The second group, containing approximately 5 to 15% Li2O and 26 to 90% SiO2, yields dense white opal glass during slow or rapid cooling. The third group, located at the outer edge of the second group, cools to room temperature as clear glasses but develops opacity when reheated to temperatures between 550° and 8800°C. It has been shown by electron microscopy that the opacity is due to liquid immiscibility, the matrix glass containing well-formed spheres of the dispersed phase. Some of the clear glasses of both groups have been shown to consist of two immiscible phases. The size of the dispersed units in the spontaneous opal glasses and also the reheat opal glasses can be controlled by the variation of the reheat treatments. The phase separation reported here is beyond the resolution of the petrographic microscope and can be detected only with the high resolution of the electron microscope. Accessory evidence is given to show that the phases are non-crystalline.


Privacy and security are critical requirements for using patient profiles in distributed healthcare environments. The amalgamation of new information technology with traditional healthcare workflows for sharing patient profiles has made the entire system vulnerable to security and privacy breaches. In this paper we present a novel access control model based on a framework designed for data and service interoperability in the healthcare domain. The proposed model for customizable access control captures the dynamic behavior of the user and determines access rights accordingly. The model is generic and flexible in the sense that an access control engine dynamically receives security effective factors from the subject user, and identifies the privilege level in accessing clinical data using different specialized components within the engine. Standard data representation formats are used to make the model compatible with different healthcare environments. The access control engine uses a flow-based approach to follow the user's behavior. The proposed model is supported by a real world case study.