With the popularity of VOIP technology,covenient services,urgent calling and public safety are getting more and more concerned.In order to manage VOIP business safely and develop the VOIP business healthily,this paper introduces the method used in IP networks,which monitors the calling,analyses the protocol and records the voice.It mainly discusses the design and realization of H.323 phonetic Captor.


The aim of this paper is to derive (by using two operators, representable by a Jacobi matrix) a family of q-orthogonal polynomials, which turn to be dual to alternative q-Charlier polynomials. A discrete orthogonality relation and a three-term recurrence relation for these dual polynomials are explicitly obtained. The completeness property of dual alternative q-Charlier polynomials is also established.


The present invention relates to a natural antibacterial, deodorizing and anion bamboo cellulose fiber production method, an appropriate amount based waste coffee grounds to join bamboo as a raw material, oxide A Ji Malin added solvent, so that dissolving mixed after the mucus into a dry jet wet spinning method from a spinneret extruding the mucus out, and solidified by coagulation bath to regenerate the wire, after the last washing with water, drying, oiling and coiling procedures, can be prepared to have natural antibacterial, deodorizing and anion bamboo cellulose fibers.


We used a wave tank to study the influence of pore‐water flow and diffusive transport on the degradation of labile particular organic matter (POM: Ulva lactuca pieces) embedded in permeable sediment. Pore‐water advection, induced by the interaction of the wave‐driven oscillatory boundary flow and stationary sediment ripples, reproducibly exposed POM buried in the top 2 cm of the sediment to oxic or anoxic conditions lasting between days and weeks. Planar oxygen optodes together with carbon and nitrogen analyses were used to visualize and quantify the degradation rates. Oxygen consumption rates (OCR) were up to 18‐times higher at locations of the buried POM compared to the surrounding sediment. Elevated OCR were also detected downstream the POM locations. Despite high permeability of the sediment and exposure to oxygenated pore‐water flows, suboxic and anoxic sites and suboxic pore‐water "plumes" developed at and downstream of the locations of POM in otherwise oxygenated sediment regions. The carbon loss of the buried U. lactuca discs derived from the OCR measurements was only 4–15% of that measured by the carbon analysis of the recovered pieces, suggesting that the bacterial degradation of POM and the final degradation of dissolved organic matter (DOM) were spatially decoupled by the pore‐water flow. Advection can thus enhance the rate of organic matter degradation by efficiently distributing DOM from the "hotspots" of organic matter mineralization to larger volumes of permeable sediments and associated microbial communities.


Nowadays every possible transaction is occurring online so for all these transactions required security must be provided. It is not easy to produce such security since there will be a huge amount of data involved here as well as stored data must be kept confidential so to achieve these things we need to perform transactions through the cloud. Since technology has been developed the rate of the cloud being attacked is also increased so to prevent this integration two clouds must be used. The existing system does not apply cloud integration instead of that they use only data encryption for secure transactions. In the Proposed system of the project apart from data encryption cloud integration is also gets implemented here to establish transactions more securely. In this proposed system, we implement three levels of security which are low, medium, and high. Here We use only data encryption for low security level and in medium security level splitting of data occur along with data encryption to establish more secure transaction than low security level. Finally in order to produce a higher security level we use both cloud integration and splitting of data along with data encryption to produce transactions more securely than medium security level.


Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to provide an ethical perspective that goes beyond best practice in performance measurement systems in the public sector to help minimise unintended and unethical effects.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper draws on the ethical concepts of bounded ethicality, ethical blind spots and ethical fading to help illuminate the dark side of performance measurement in public sector organisations.

Findings

An understanding of the psychological tendencies that create unethical behaviours will assist compliance with ethics and morality and is a way forward towards minimising the unintended consequences of performance measurement in the public sector.

Practical implications

The findings will assist public sector managers by providing a greater understanding of why so many unethical acts occur and how to overcome ethical failures in the design and use of performance measurement systems.

Originality/value

The study adds value by contributing to performance measurement literature on the need to recognise the limitations of the human mind and innate psychological processes that make people systematically and unknowingly engage in unethical behaviour. The ethical concepts proposed in this paper go beyond the best practice notions of performance measurement and extend the toolkit of performance measurement techniques in the public sector.


The topic of my work is employment opportunities of lone mothers with children. In the theoretical work deals with nature and negative effects of lone motherhood, and describes the living situation and barriers that have a direct impact on the participation of lone mothers with children in the labor market. The practical part is devoted to the survey, which outlines the difficulties of lone motherhood in their options for employment. The result is a direct mapping of information on respondents?choices employment.


The SToMP project (Software Teaching of Modular Physics) has been producing multimedia self-learning materials for undergraduate physics courses since 1992. Over the last three years a new module in Mechanics has been implemented, and other features of the system have been improved and updated. The underlying philosophy of the system has remained unchanged, however, although modes of use have developed with experience.

Self-learning materials are becoming increasingly important in first year undergraduate physics teaching, as the diversity of backgrounds and experiences of new undergraduates increases. Student driven, self-paced resources allow students to reach targeted levels of understanding and skills without incurring too great a demand upon staff time.


A customer's server datagram request and/or customer field unit's datagram is wrapped with a header and footer that contains a defined hopping path with direction control. An IP Host stores predefined hopping paths to all of the customer's field units, and looks at the address of the customer's request packet to determine the correct hopping path. A communication device receives the customer's field unit's datagrams and adds a defined hopping path to send the datagram to the IP Host which removes the hopping path and sends the datagram to the customer server.


Auditory evoked potential testing serves as a non-invasive clinical tool in the characterization of the electrophysiological phenomena of neural excitation, conduction and transmission across auditory pathways. The electrophysiological correlation of changes in sensory function in primary hypertension has already been studied in terms of effects of SBP and DBP on waves of auditory brainstem responses (ABR). In the present study, the correlation of MAP and PP with ABR was observed to explore the possible interaction of cardiovascular regulatory mechanisms with the auditory pathway at brainstem levels. BAEPs recordings were performed on 50 known hypertensives (WHO Guidelines ) aged between 40-60 years of either sex attending Medical OPD of Guru Nanak Dev Hospital, Amritsar along with 50 ageand sex-matched normotensive controls, using EEG electrodes on an RMS EMG, EP MARC II (PCbased) machine. The data were statistically analysed by way of independent t-test and regression analysis and assessed by Levene's test for equality of variance. Auditory threshold increased significantly in the hypertensive group compared with controls (p < 0.05). There was a significant prolongation of absolute peak latencies of waves I, and V and inter peak latency III-V in the hypertensive group. However, no significant difference was observed in other parameters of BAEPs. We established a highly significant correlation of rise in MAP with absolute peak latency of wave V and inter peak latency III-V along with a significant positive correlation of elevated pulse pressure with inter peak latency III-V. These findings suggest that central vasomotor control system interacts with generator of wave V of the ABRs in the midbrain region in delaying the absolute peak latency of this wave in primary hypertension.


It is substantiated that under wartime conditions, formation of a new global nature protection architectonics and decentralization of power, the solution of ecological problems of socioeconomic development passes into a new financial and investment dimension, which requires diversification of sources of financing of capital investments and current costs in environmental protection. It is determined that in the dynamics of the nominal amount of financing of capital investments and current expenditures in environmental protection in the context of the main nature protection measures in 2000–2020, in general, there is an upward trend, which is caused by inflation-devaluation processes, rather than a real increase in assignations to environmental projects both in the public and corporate sectors. It is identified that in 2000–2020 there was a significant difference between the amounts of financing of capital investments and current expenses in the direction of increasing the amount of financial support for the operation and maintenance of environmental infrastructure, rather than their renovation and modernization. It is substantiated that the chronic deficit of financial and investment support for solving ecological problems is caused by excessive unification of sources and methods of financing the renewal of the network of environmental infrastructure objects and rationalization of the use of natural raw materials, which requires diversification of fiscal, budgetary and credit investment instruments of the environmental protection industry. It is determined that increasing investment flows in the environmental sphere of Ukraine depends on the inclusion in the range of priorities of the national environmental policy of the dominants of international environmental conventions, primarily the New Climate Agreement, which will allow obtaining financial preferences from global environmental funds and foreign governments. It is substantiated that the intensification of environmental activities at the level of local self-government will become possible due to an increase in the share of deductions of the natural resource rent and environmental tax to special funds of budgets of territorial communities, which will ensure targeted linking of eco-resource payments to solving the most pressing ecological problems of territorial entities


The asymptotic behavior of the solutions for a non-isothermal model in superfluidity is studied. The model describes the transition between the normal and the superfluid phase in liquid He by means of a non-linear differential system, where the concentration of the superfluid phase satisfies a non-isothermal Ginzburg-Landau equation. Starting from an existence and uniqueness result known for this problem, the system is proved to admit a Lyapunov functional. This allows to obtain existence of the global attractor which consists of the unstable manifold of the stationary solutions. [ DOI : 10.1685/CSC09200] About DOI


Over the past decade, it has been well established that insulin resistance, accompanied by compensatory hyperinsulinemia (i.e., hyperinsulinemic insulin resistance), plays a pivotal role in the ovarian hyperandrogenism of women with the polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Insulin both enhances ovarian androgen production and decreases circulating sex hormone-binding globulin levels in this disorder. Less well-understood is the possible role of either hyperinsulinemia or insulin resistance in the modulation of human adrenal androgen metabolism, and whether these factors play a role in the elevation of serum adrenal androgens observed in some women with PCOS. Several lines of evidence suggest that insulin influences adrenal androgen production. Insulin receptors and insulin-like growth factor I receptors have both been identified on human adrenal glands,' suggesting a possible role for these peptides in the modulation of adrenal function. We have shown that when insulin is infused acutely into women or men and serum glucose kept constant, serum levels of the adrenal androgens dehydroepiandrosterone (DA) and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DS) decline progressively. This insulin-induced decline in serum DA and DS has been confirmed by four other groups, and has been demonstrated in response to both exogenous and endogenous elevation of serum insulin into the high physiologic range. It should be noted, however, that not all studies have demonstrated a fall in these adrenal androgens in response to acute hyperinsulinemia. Insulin could reduce circulating DA or DS levels by either decreasing the production rate (PR) and/or increasing the metabolic clearance rate (MCR) for these androgens. The observation that acute hyperinsulinemia inhibits human adrenal 17,20-lyase activity in vivo suggests that insulin decreases the PR of adrenal androgens. Moreover, insulin-induced inhibition of the PR of adrenal androgens may underlie the agerelated dissociation of serum adrenal androgens from other adrenal steroids—i.e., serum DA and DS levels fall by >90% with aging while serum glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid levels remain relatively stable. The aging process is characterized by worsening hyperinsulinemic insulin resistance, which theoretically could lead to a progressive reduction in the PR of adrenal androgens. In support of this idea, Liu and colleagues have shown that postmenopausal women manifest a selective reduction in adrenal 17,20-lyase activity compared to women 20 years younger. It seems likely that insulin also increases the MCR of adrenal androgens. In this regard, it is instructive to review the dynamics of adrenal androgen metabolism in obesity—another common condition characterized by hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance. The MCR of adrenal androgens is markedly (2to 5-fold) increased in obesity, and declines with fasting.' Although this has been attributed to increased deposition of androgens into fat tissue, studies have failed to show a clear relationship between indices of overall adiposity (body mass index or percentage of ideal body weight) and serum adrenal androgen levels. In contrast, a significant positive correlation exists between fasting serum insulin and MCR. Hence, it seems probable that, although fat tissue may act as a storage site for androgens, it is the hyperinsulinemia of obesity that is directly responsible for the increased MCR.


The embodiment of the invention relates to the wireless communication technology field, especially to a method, a system and equipment for sending and receiving channel state information (CSI), wherein the method, the system and the equipment are used for sending and receiving CSI. The method provided in the embodiment of the invention comprises the following steps that: user equipment determines CSI corresponding to bandwidth parts, wherein each bandwidth part is corresponded to a parameter value K and the K indicates the number of available resource clusters contained in the corresponding bandwidth part and the K is an integral number; and the user equipment reports the determined CSIs to a network side. According to the embodiment of the invention, CSI transmission is realized and a system performance is improved.


Dancing practice plays an important part in body-shaping course.Music is the soul of dance.In the class,suitable music can explain the emotion of dancing,organize the movements of dancing,express the mood,embody the personality and set off the atmosphere.So the music in body-shaping should have simple structure,regular notes and graceful melody.Once hearing it,the dancer will have a passion of dancing.Furthermore, the combination of classics and fashion,national and international,classical and modern should not be neglected.


ABSTRACT This essay explores ethical issues in researching 'intersectionality', focusing in particular on: positionality in relation to topic and research relationships; and the relationship of intersectional positionality to 'insider/outsider' status. I argue that reflection on intersectional positionality is a key ethical consideration of social research, and propose some guiding questions for this purpose.


Objectives The aim of our study was to define the maternal and fetal outcome following preterm rupture of membranes before 28 weeks of pregnancy. Study design We conducted a retrospective study at tertiary centre, Northern Ireland. The study group included 10 patients with premature rupture of membranes ranging between 14 weeks to 27+6 weeks gestation during the period January 2009-2010 December. The main outcome measured was neonate survival. Results Given the cultural background termination of pregnancy is discussed only if there is threat to maternal life. All women in our group had expectant management. We had one twin pregnancy. 3 women had history of antepartum haemorrhage in the current pregnancy. The latency between rupture of membranes to delivery varied from 1 day to 11 weeks. All women had spontaneous onset of labour. 82% of babies were delivered vaginally of which nearly 56% were vaginal breech delivery. Our take home baby rate was only 45%. There was 3 stillbirth and 3 neonatal death in the group. Unfortunately women with rupture of membranes before 20 weeks of gestation had perinatal mortality of 100%. The main cause of death was prematurity. We also discuss about steroids, newborn resuscitation methods, weight of babies, survival days in case of neonatal death, length of stay mother antenatally, postnatally and of the baby. Conclusion our results are valuable in counselling women with early preterm rupture of membranes. Pregnancy outcomes remain dismal when the fetal membrane ruptures before 20 weeks of gestation. Database: EMBASE 15. Induction of labor versus expectant management in women with preterm prelabor rupture of membranes between 34 and 37 weeks: A randomized controlled trial Author(s): van der Ham D.P.; Nijhuis J.G.; Willekes C.; Vijgen S.M.C.; Mol B.W.J.; van Beek J.J.; Opmeer B.C.; Mulder A.L.M.; Moonen R.; Groenewout M.; van Pampus M.G.; Mantel G.D.; Bloemenkamp K.W.M.; van Wijngaarden W.J.; Sikkema M.; Haak M.C.; Pernet P.J.M.; Porath M.; Molkenboer J.F.M.; Kuppens S.; Kwee A.; Kars M.E.; Woiski M.; Weinans M.J.N.; Wildschut H.I.J.; Akerboom B.M.C. Source: PLoS Medicine; Apr 2012; vol. 9 (no. 4) Publication Date: Apr 2012 Publication Type(s): Article Available in full text at PLoS Medicine from ProQuest Available in full text at PLoS Medicine from National Library of Medicine Available in full text at PLoS Medicine from Allen Press Abstract:Background: At present, there is insufficient evidence to guide appropriate management of women with preterm prelabor rupture of membranes (PPROM) near term. Methods and Findings: We conducted an open-label randomized controlled trial in 60 hospitals in The Netherlands, which included non-laboring women with >24 h of PPROM between 34+0 and 37+0 wk of gestation. Participants were randomly allocated in a 1:1 ratio to induction of labor (IoL) or expectant management (EM) using block randomization. The main outcome was neonatal sepsis. Secondary outcomes included mode of delivery, respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), and chorioamnionitis. Patients and caregivers were not blinded to randomization status. We updated a prior meta-analysis on the effect of both interventions on neonatal sepsis, RDS, and cesarean section rate. From 1 January 2007 to 9 September 2009, 776 patients in 60 hospitals were eligible for the study, of which 536 patients were randomized. Four patients were excluded after randomization. We allocated 266 women (268 neonates) to IoL and 266 women (270 neonates) to EM. Neonatal sepsis occurred in seven (2.6%) newborns of women in the IoL group and in 11 (4.1%) neonates in the EM group (relative risk [RR] 0.64; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.25 to 1.6). RDS was seen in 21 (7.8%, IoL) versus 17 neonates (6.3%, EM) (RR 1.3; 95% CI 0.67 to 2.3), and a cesarean section was performed in 36 (13%, IoL) versus 37 (14%, EM) women (RR 0.98; 95% CI 0.64 to 1.50). The risk for chorioamnionitis was reduced in the IoL group. No serious adverse events were reported. Updating an existing meta-analysis with our trial results (the only eligible trial for the update) indicated RRs of 1.06 (95% CI 0.64 to 1.76) for neonatal sepsis (eight trials, 1,230 neonates) and 1.27 (95% CI 0.98 to 1.65) for cesarean section (eight trials, 1,222 women) for IoL compared with EM. Conclusions: In women whose pregnancy is complicated by late PPROM, neither our trial nor the updated metaanalysis indicates that IoL substantially improves pregnancy outcomes compared with EM. © 2012 van der Ham et al. Database: EMBASE 16. Factors affecting the latency period in patients with preterm premature rupture of membranes. Author(s): Test, Gidon; Levy, Amalia; Wiznitzer, Arnon; Mazor, Moshe; Holcberg, Gershon; Zlotnik, Alexander; Sheiner, Eyal Source: Archives of gynecology and obstetrics; Apr 2011; vol. 283 (no. 4); p. 707-710 Publication Date: Apr 2011 Publication Type(s): Journal Article Available in full text at Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics from Springer Link Journals Abstract:OBJECTIVEThe objective of the study was to assess the factors affecting the latency period in woman with preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM) and evaluate morbidity associated with prolonged latency.STUDY DESIGNA population-based retrospective study including all women with PPROM (prior to 37 weeks' gestation) during the years 1998-2008 was conducted. Comparison of the latency period was conducted by the Mann-Whitney U test since the latency period was not normally distributed (most delivered in 24 h). Multivariable logistic regression model was constructed to find independent factors associated with prolonged latency period (>72 h).RESULTSDuring the study period, there were 1,399 singleton deliveries of patients with PPROM; 24.6% (345) occurred prior to 34 weeks' gestation. The duration of the latency period was significantly longer among woman with PPROM before 34 weeks as compared to PPROM after 34 weeks' gestation (5.78 vs. 2.02 days; p 35. Using a multivariable analysis, the following factors were significantly associated with latency period >72 h: lower gestational age (weeks, OR = 0.8, 95% CI 0.77-0.84; p 72 h) was significantly associated with chorioamnionitis (OR = 2.095, 95% CI 1.44-3.04; p < 0.001) and oligohydramnios (OR = 3.041, 95% CI 1.43-6.45; p = 0.004) but not with placental abruption (OR = 0.854, 95% CI 0.41-1.78; p = 0.674) or perinatal mortality (OR = 1.2, 95% CI 0.6-2.2; p = 0.556).CONCLUSIONThe duration of the latency period is inversely associated with gestational age. Nulliparity is associated with lower latency period. Prolonged latency is a significant risk factor for chorioamnionitis.


Water bodies like rivers and lakes are the foundation on which human civilization have sprung up from. Almost all the major ancient civilizations such as Mesopotamia, Nile Valley, Mohenjo-Daro, and Harappa flourished on the banks of rivers. Modern day urban centres are also built upon the same principles, where the source of water or catchment area is located with close proximity. The reason is because water is one of the basic need which is required by all living beings, without which life cannot be sustained. In this paper, the importance of the urban water bodies will be discussed in relation to impacts of urban growth and development has on this important yet scarce resource. In India, the phenomenon of urbanization in the last few decades leads to rural-urban migration as the growth and developments are concentrated in the urban centres of towns and cities. Urban expansion and development usually in an unplanned or haphazard manner recognition needed for urban water bodies in planning policies and process to help protect, conserve and revitalize this precious resource.


This issue is dedicated to the discussion of recent advances in the field of the renin–angiotensin system (RAS). It contains review articles and peer-reviewed original papers on the two newest members of the system: angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and (pro)renin receptor (PRR). This issue provides an up-to-date discussion on their involvement in cardiovascular disease (CVD). It is well established that the RAS plays a critical role in the control of cardiovascular homeostasis, and its hyperactivity leads to many devastating effects in the cardiovascular system, including hypertension, heart disease, coronary heart disease, cerebral vascular disease, atherosclerosis, stroke, renal disease and metabolic syndrome. This conclusion is further strengthened by the fact that the pharmacotherapy targeting the RAS is one of the most successful strategies for the treatment and control of these diseases. Despite the success of drugs that block RAS activity, the prevalence of CVD has been increasing steadily in the last several decades. This has led many scientists to conclude that new approaches and drug targets must be discovered in order to develop more effective therapeutics for both better control and eventual cure of CVD. In this regard, the discovery of ACE2 and PRR are extremely relevant because they provide novel targets for CVD therapeutics. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 was discovered in 2000 as an ACE homologue and is a key player in the conversion of angiotensin II (Ang II) to angiotensin(1–7) [Ang(1–7)]. Thus, levels of ACE2 in the cardiovascular system are critical in balancing the vasoconstrictive, proliferative and hypertrophic effects of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)– Ang II–angiotenisin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) axis with the vasodilatatory, antiproliferative actions of ACE2–Ang(1– 7)–Mas axis. The review article by Santos et al. (2008) summarizes our latest understanding of the ACE2–Ang(1–7)–Mas axis and its role in pathophysiology of the cardiovascular system. Reviews by Alenina et al. (2008) and Gurley & Coffman (2008) describe the usefulness and limitations of the use of genetically altered animal models of ACE2, Ang(1–7) and Mas for investigations into blood pressure control. In addition, the implications of ACE2 in renal pathophysiology are discussed by Soler et al. (2008). Imai et al. (2008) summarize their exciting observations on the involvement of ACE2 in acute lung injury. Seven research papers present evidence for the role of the ACE2–Ang(1–7)–Mas axis in cardiac/vascular physiology and pathophysiology. For example, the study of Zulli et al. (2008) demonstrates the presence of ACE2 in atherosclerotic plaques and co-localization with CD34 cells, while Guy et al. (2008) describe its presence in human cardiac myofibroblasts. The study of Garabelli et al. (2008) demonstrates that ACE2 is the primary pathway in the conversion of Ang II to Ang(1–7). Importance of the interplay between Ang II and Ang(1–7) in the regulation of matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) in human cardiocytes is presented in the paper by Pan et al. (2008). This study is significant in view of the role of MMPs in cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure. Giani et al. (2008) provide evidence that the antiproliferative effect of Ang(1–7) in the heart could be mediated by inhibition of Ang II-induced extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) signalling. Burchill et al. (2008) demonstrate increased ACE2 expression in acute kidney injury and Filho et al. (2008) show a selective increase in Ang(1–7) and its receptor in the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) heart following physical training. Research papers describing the role of ACE2 and Ang(1–7) in the kidney for regulation of body fluid homeostasis are presented. For example, Ji et al. (2008) present data on the involvement of ACE2 in hypertension; Brosnihan et al. (2008) demonstrate the regulation of ACE2 by oestrogen and Lara et al. (2008) present evidence of a cross-talk between Ang II and Ang(1–7). Involvement of ACE2 in brain regions controlling the cardiovascular system is discussed by Elased et al. (2008), Diz et al. (2008) and Lin et al. (2008). Finally, Lew et al. (2008) present evidence for the existence of a possible inhibitor of ACE2 in human plasma, a finding that may have important implications clinically. Discovery of a specific receptor for renin and its precursor, prorenin, in 2002 has revolutionized the field of the RAS. Accumulating evidence supports the hypothesis that the (pro)renin receptor (PRR) has duel functions: (i) Ang IIindependent actions involving intracellular signalling that triggers expression of profibrotic genes; and (ii) Ang II-dependent actions involving increased catalytic activity of the PRR-bound prorenin. Discovery of this receptor takes on an added importance in view of the clinical use of renin inhibitors as a new class of antihypertensives, which are known to increase both renin and prorenin levels. Nguyen & Danser (2008) bring us up to date on this subject in their exciting review. In addition, Siragy & Huang (2008) present important evidence for the presence of PRR in the kidney and its altered expression in diabetes. Finally, Shan et al. (2008) demonstrate that the PRR is expressed in central neurons and regulates neuronal activity. This observation may have major implications in defining the role of the brain RAS in neurogenic hypertension. We hope that this issue of Experimental Physiology is helpful to both basic and clinical researchers in providing a state-ofthe-art presentation of this fast-emerging field of ACE2 and PRR and their implications in cardiovascular physiology and pathophysiology.


The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic has presented emergency departments (EDs) with many challenges to address the acute care needs of patients. Many EDs have leveraged telehealth to innovatively respond to these challenges. This review describes the landscape of telehealth initiatives in emergency care that have been described during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic.


As trade between China and African countries continues to expand, so does the debate as regards the developmental outcomes it is likely to produce. This paper examines the trade relations that have developed between the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) and China since 2000. The bilateral trade — composed largely of exports of primary goods and imports of manufactures by the COMESA region — has registered very high rates of growth. The trade balance has been for the most part in China's favor. The paper uses a gravity model of bilateral trade estimated by the Hausman-Taylor method for a reference sample of countries to project the COMESA-China trade "out of sample." Empirical estimates suggest a substantial degree of underutilization of the bilateral export and import potentials. The main implication is that there are still strong resistances to the bilateral trade that need to be addressed.


g -Glutamyl transpeptidases ( g GTases) are the only enzymes known to hydrolyze the unique N-terminal amide bonds of reduced glutathione ( g - L -glutamyl-cysteinyl-glycine), oxidized glutathione, and glutathione S-conjugates. Two g GTases (I and II) with K m values for glutathione of 110 and 90 m M were purified 2,977-fold and 2,152-fold, respectively, from ripe tomato (Lycopersiconescu-lentum) pericarp. Both enzymes also hydrolyze dipeptides and other tripeptides with N-terminal, g -linked Glu and the artificial substrates g - L -glutamyl-p-nitroanilide and g - L -glutamyl(7-amido-4-methylcoumarin). They transfer the glutamyl moiety to water or acceptor amino acids, including L -Met, L -Phe, L -Trp, L -Ala, or the ethylene precursor 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid. g GTase I and II were released from a wall and membrane fraction of a tomato fruit extract with 1.0 M NaCl, suggesting that they are peripheral membrane proteins. They were further purified by acetone precipitation, Dye Matrex Green A affinity chromatography, and hydrophobic interaction chromatography. The two g GTases were resolved by concanavalin A (Con A) affinity chromatography, indicating that they are differentially glycosylated. The native and SDS-denatured forms of both enzymes showed molecular masses of 43 kD. g -Glutamyl transpeptidases


An enigmatic discovery Heredity before Mendel Heredity in latter-day science Heredity in breeding practice Heredity in university teaching Heredity as a research project Family environment and early education A fateful decision 1848-Year of hope The making of a scientist Failure At University A teaching post in Brno A second chance The Brno scientific community The researcher The premises The Pisum experiments A hybrid connecting a single pair of traits A hybrid connecting several pairs of traits Reproductive cells of hybrids Transformation experiments The number of experimental Pisum plants Experiments with other plant species Plant hybridization and the Brno naturalists Experiments with Phaseolus Experiments with other plants Enigmatic Hieracium plants The genesis of a theory Mendelian mythmaking Theory in Pisum experiments Theory in experiments with other plant genera Hybrids and the idea of evolution Honesty in presenting experimental data The abbot A new political situation The agricultural expert Among plant-breeders Apicultural research The acknowledged meteorologist The man A teacher without university qualifications Not an established scientist In conflict with officialdom Escape from public life Acceptance of the theory In the eyes of Mendel's contemporaries in Brno In the view of contemporaries abroad The dawn of a new age The origin of genetics Mendel remembered The 1910 monument to Mendel The perception of Mendel's theory in Brno in 1922 The phantom of the inheritance of acquired characteristics The reinstatement of Mendelism after 1950.


A method for plastic material classification using a negative-order-resonance (NOR) sensor operating at the 2.5 GHz band and support-vector-machine (SVM) for pattern recognition is presented. The proposal experimentally demonstrates the correct classification of different plastic materials based on their dielectric properties, dealing with large sources of uncertainty introduced by pellet measurements such as air gaps and position/dimension of the pellets. The proposed technique results attractive for the plastic industry as it involves a fast and nondestructive process along with the use of small circuit elements.


Abstract A facile synthesis of methyl carbamates from primary amines and dimethyl carbonate has been achieved at room temperature using high pressure. High-pressure synthesis of methyl carbamates described herein provides access to the target molecules in an efficient and environmentally friendly way without solvent or catalyst. Better conversion and selectivity than previously published procedures were obtained.


Oxidative stress has been linked to several chronic diseases, including heart disease, cancer and inflammation. Phenolic phytochemicals abundant in natural products have high antioxidant activity and can potentially reduce the effects of oxidative stress. However, their antioxidant response mechanism in vivo is not very well understood. Our objective was to investigate the effect of several natural products on modulating the antioxidant response in vivo in hydrogen peroxide (HP) stressed Lumbricus terrestris. Sexually mature L. terrestris were randomly divided into 4 treatment groups and were allowed to feed ad libitum on 1.25% Gerber‐oatmeal agar (GA). The animals in control, peroxide, treatment and treatment‐peroxide groups, fed on GA, GA + 0.13% HP, GA+ 10% extract and GA+0.13% HP+ 10% extract respectively. Two animals from each group were euthanized after 2d, 4d and 6d and 1 inch of circular muscle posterior to the clitellum was dissected and extracted. Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were determined to assess peroxide induced lipid oxidation. The antioxidant response was determined by measuring the radical quenching activity of muscle, the levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) using standard methods. Our results indicated that compared to controls, animals on grapefruit, grape, ginger, and cranberry diet had the lowest MDA levels and high radical quenching activity. Animals on grapefruit, ginger, raspberry, and cranberry diet had 3‐7 fold more muscle CAT levels. SOD levels in animals on turmeric, mace, blackberry, and oregano diet was almost 100‐200 fold higher. Our results suggest that dietary phytochemicals can manage acute oxidative stress in vivo by inducing antioxidant enzyme response mediated by SOD and CAT.


The release of iodine compounds into the marine atmosphere can affect a number of aspects of atmospheric composition: Iodine species can participate in catalytic ozone destruction cycles, which may be augmented by bromine species; reactions of iodine compounds can perturb the OH:HO2 and NO:NO2 ratios, heterogeneous loss of reservoir compounds such as HOI and IONO2 can lead to removal of HOx and NOx, and higher iodine oxides can contribute to the formation and/or growth of aerosol particles. Several recent field campaigns have investigated the impact of iodine chemistry upon atmospheric composition, at both coastal sites (e.g. Mace Head, Roscoff) and open ocean locations (e.g. Cape Verde). In this work, we focus upon understanding the effect of the spatial distribution of iodine emissions upon HOx and NOx levels at coastal sites, using new observations to re-evaluate previous field campaign data.


Previous papers have already demonstrated the suitability for single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) tracers biodistribution studies on small animals, of a miniature gamma camera composed by a YAP:Ce scintillating array 4/spl times/4/spl times/1 cm/sup 3/ coupled to a 3-in Hamamatsu crossed-wire anode position sensitive photomultiplier (PSPMT). Some modifications have been applied to the imaging system readout in order to adapt its utilization for specific purposes (i.e. SPECT radiopharmaceutical testing) and to reduce construction costs so that a larger scale production may be feasible. In particular, the system introduced here is based on a resistive chain readout and an integrated acquisition electronics. The intrinsic performance of this new version has been analyzed and compared to the previous system, which had a single-wire readout. Results showed that the basic characteristics of the imaging system remain substantially unchanged in this simplified version, while a faster count rate is achieved. A test on a biological sample performed with the YAP camera both in single-wire and in resistive chain readout modality is also presented, which shows the system high performance in comparison to the Auger camera.


A large data base of Seasat-A Satellite Scatterometer (SASS) measurements merged with high-quality surface-truth wind, wave, and temperature data has been documented. The data base was developed for all times when selected in situ measurement sites were within the SASS footprint. Data were obtained from 42 sites located in the coastal waters of North America, Australia, Western Europe, and Japan and were assembled by correlating the SASS and surface-truth measurements in both time and distance. These data have been archived on a set of nine-track 6250 bpi ASCII coded magnetic tapes, which are available from the National Technical Information Service.


Doppler-free two-photon spectroscopy has been applied to investigate the hyperfine structures and the isotope shifts of 27 fine-structure levels of {sup 151,153}Eu in the energy region between 34 400 and 36700 cm{sup {minus}1}. With the experimental data the fine-structure calculations of Wyart have been widely confirmed, and two levels of the {sup 8}{ital D} term of the configuration 4{ital f}{sup 7}6{ital s}6{ital d} have been identified as {ital e} {sup 8}{ital D}{sub 3/2} (35 282.22 cm{sup {minus}1}) and {ital e} {sup 8}{ital D}{sub 7/2} (35 377.94 cm{sup {minus}1}).


Using the hourly vMues of the horizontal component of geomagnetic field at Alibag, India, the recovery times of several geomagnetic storms oeeuring during the period 1947-59 are evaluated. Relation between average recovery time and sunspot activity is studied. Rough parallelism is observed. However, recovery characteristics are found to be very complex on severM occasions and vary widely from storm to storm even in the same year. Theoretical implications of these peculiarities are discussed.


1 Vincent JL, Moreno R, Takala J, Willatts S, De Mendonça A, Bruining H, et al. The SOFA (Sepsis-related Organ Failure Assessment) score to describe organ dysfunction/failure. On behalf of the Working Group on Sepsis-Related Problems of the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine. Intensive Care Med 1996;22:707–710. 2 Brinton DL, Ford DW, Martin RH, Simpson KN, Goodwin AJ, Simpson AN. Missing data methods for intensive care unit SOFA scores in electronic health records studies: results from a Monte Carlo simulation. J Comp Eff Res 2022;11:47–56. 3 Angus DC, Linde-Zwirble WT, Lidicker J, Clermont G, Carcillo J, Pinsky MR. Epidemiology of severe sepsis in the United States: analysis of incidence, outcome, and associated costs of care.Crit Care Med 2001;29:1303–1310. 4 Martin GS, Mannino DM, Eaton S, Moss M. The epidemiology of sepsis in the United States from 1979 through 2000. N Engl J Med 2003;348: 1546–1554. 5 Dombrovskiy VY, Martin AA, Sunderram J, Paz HL. Rapid increase in hospitalization and mortality rates for severe sepsis in the United States: a trend analysis from 1993 to 2003. Crit Care Med 2007;35:1244–1250. 6 Sjoding MW, Prescott HC, Wunsch H, Iwashyna TJ, Cooke CR. Longitudinal changes in ICU admissions among elderly patients in the United States. Crit Care Med 2016;44:1353–1360. 7 Herzig SJ, Stefan MS, Pekow PS, Shieh MS, Soares W, Raghunathan K, et al. Risk factors for severe opioid-related adverse events in a national cohort of medical hospitalizations. J Gen Intern Med 2020;35:538–545. 8 Premier Healthcare Database White Paper. Data that informs and performs. Premier, Inc.; 2020 [accessed 2021 Jul 15]. Available from: https://products.premierinc.com/downloads/PremierHealthcareDatabase Whitepaper.pdf. 9 Nates JL, C ardenas-Turanzas M, Wakefield C, Kish Wallace S, Shaw A, Samuels JA, et al. Automating and simplifying the SOFA score in critically ill patients with cancer. Health Informatics J 2010;16:35–47. 10 Van Calster B, McLernon DJ, van Smeden M, Wynants L, Steyerberg EW; Topic Group 'Evaluating diagnostic tests and prediction models' of the STRATOS initiative. Calibration: the Achilles heel of predictive analytics. BMC Med 2019;17:230. 11 Austin PC, Steyerberg EW. The Integrated Calibration Index (ICI) and related metrics for quantifying the calibration of logistic regression models. Stat Med 2019;38:4051–4065. 12 Lambden S, Laterre PF, Levy MM, Francois B. The SOFA score—development, utility and challenges of accurate assessment in clinical trials. Crit Care 2019;23:374. 13 Minne L, Abu-Hanna A, de Jonge E. Evaluation of SOFA-based models for predicting mortality in the ICU: a systematic review. Crit Care 2008; 12:R161. 14 Raith EP, Udy AA, Bailey M, McGloughlin S, MacIsaac C, Bellomo R, et al.; Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Society (ANZICS) Centre for Outcomes and Resource Evaluation (CORE). Prognostic accuracy of the SOFA score, SIRS criteria, and qSOFA score for in-hospital mortality among adults with suspected infection admitted to the intensive care unit. JAMA 2017;317:290–300. 15 Seymour CW, Liu VX, Iwashyna TJ, Brunkhorst FM, Rea TD, Scherag A, et al. Assessment of clinical criteria for sepsis: for the Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3). JAMA 2016;315:762–774. 16 Singer M, Deutschman CS, Seymour CW, Shankar-Hari M, Annane D, Bauer M, et al. The Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3). JAMA 2016;315:801–810. 17 Ford DW, Goodwin AJ, Simpson AN, Johnson E, Nadig N, Simpson KN. A severe sepsis mortality prediction model and score for use with administrative data. Crit Care Med 2016;44:319–327. 18 Elias KM, Moromizato T, Gibbons FK, Christopher KB. Derivation and validation of the acute organ failure score to predict outcome in critically ill patients: a cohort study. Crit Care Med 2015;43:856–864. 19 Pine M, Jordan HS, Elixhauser A, Fry DE, Hoaglin DC, Jones B, et al. Enhancement of claims data to improve risk adjustment of hospital mortality. JAMA 2007;297:71–76. 20 Wunsch H, Linde-Zwirble WTC, Angus DC. Methods to adjust for bias and confounding in critical care health services research involving observational data. J Crit Care 2006;21:1–7.


Leishmaniasis is a parasitic illness that is spread by female sandflies from the genus Phlebotomus. It is communicated by sandflies phlebotomine and occurs in four main clinical conditions. The sign and symptoms of leishmaniasis disease are fever, weight loss, loss of appetite, papules formation. The life cycle of Leishmania switches between two different forms i.e. intracellular and extracellular. Leishmaniasis in humans has anthroponotic and zoonotic transmission patterns. The leishmaniasis disease is endemic in the region of South America, Asia, and Europe. In Pakistan, it is more common in the south, and mostly present in rural and semi-urban areas of Baluchistan, Sindh, and Punjab, province. The medications used for the treatment of leishmaniasis may include first-line medicines such as pentavalent antimonial and second-line drugs such as "paromomycin, pentamidine and miltefosine", for cases that are resistant. Further studies are needed to understand the pathology of this illness. This short review will help the researchers to understand and diagnose this disorder easily.


This research aims to explore the forming quality of Laser Cladding NiCrCoAlY. The small changes in process parameters on the geometric characteristics of cladding layer was investigated. Mathematical models were established based on the linear regression analysis, and the influence of process parameters on the geometric morphology was obtained through the sensitivity analysis. The results show that the mathematical models have remarkable fitting accuracy. The laser power is positively correlated with clad height, width, and dilution rate; while the scanning speed is negatively correlated with clad height and width but positively with dilution rate. The powder feeding voltage has a positive correlation with clad height and a negative with clad width and dilution rate. In addition, the clad height has the greatest negative sensitivity to scanning speed, while the clad width is most sensitive to laser power and nearly insensitive to powder feeding voltage, which indicates that the clad width cannot be controlled effectively by powder feeding voltage. The dilution rate is most sensitive to laser power. The findings of this research provide a characteristic diagram of sensitivity for the geometric characteristics of laser cladding NiCrCoAlY, and also provide a theoretical basis for the further effective control on the forming quality of cladding layer.


In this paper we examine the issue of combining creativity with expertise and the role of cybernetics in this task. We first briefly summarize some existing work in AI and discuss the relationship between creativity and expertise. The marriage of creativity and expertise results in a kind of heuristic knowledge called strategic knowledge. We advocate the use of a retrospective approach for acquiring strategic knowledge and propose the concept of strategy algebra. The role of cybernetics is then examined; we point out that the retrospective nature of cybernetics implies a kind of predictive power. Therefore cybernetics should be able to guide the process of acquiring strategic knowledge to combine creativity with expertise.


The present invention relates to an energy guiding chain (1), comprising a fixed guide for a movable connection between a point of the cable (4), the energy guide chain hose (3), via a longitudinal direction may be driven by means (7), and a guide channel (8), said guide channel having a hollow profile, which has a drive means along one (7) of the mobile connecting point of the energy guide chain (3) connected passage (9) extends, wherein the energy guide chain (3) in the guide channel (8) along the guide channel in the form of two and a return run via the steering interconnected regions of mutually parallel guide (8) of the longitudinal direction of the guide, and to a system of the energy guiding chain (1) of the sliding door system (2) for a vehicle includes. In order to achieve convenience cable (4), a hose or the like at least two directions and reliable guidance, recommended the present invention, drive means (7) has an arm (12) a movable, which (13) projecting to a fixed end in the guide channel (8) for connection to a movable relative to the guide channel (8) mobile means, wherein the distance between the fixed end (13) of the guide channel (8) transversely in a guide channel (8) the displacement component in the longitudinal direction is variable.


Random writes significantly limit the application of Solid State Drive (SSD) in the I/O intensive applications such as scientific computing, Web services, and database. While several buffer management algorithms are proposed to reduce random writes, their ability to deal with workloads mixed with sequential and random accesses is limited. In this paper, we propose a cooperative buffer management scheme referred to as CBM, which coordinates write buffer and read cache to fully exploit temporal and spatial localities among I/O intensive workload. To improve both buffer hit rate and destage sequentiality, CBM divides write buffer space into Page Region and Block Region. Randomly written data is put in the Page Region at page granularity, while sequentially written data is stored in the Block Region at block granularity. CBM leverages threshold-based migration to dynamically classify random write from sequential writes. When a block is evicted from write buffer, CBM merges the dirty pages in write buffer and the clean pages in read cache belonging to the evicted block to maximize the possibility of forming full block write. CBM has been extensively evaluated with simulation and real implementation on OpenSSD. Our testing results conclusively demonstrate that CBM can achieve up to 84% performance improvement and 85% garbage collection overhead reduction compared to existing buffer management schemes.


The chemiluminescence characteristic of human chorionic gonadotropin(HCG)-fluorescein complex has been studied.The experimental conditions for the fluorecein-HCG-ClO——CTMAB chemiluminescent system were optimized.Based on the relation between chemiluminescence intensity and human chorionic gonadotropin concentration,a flow injection chemiluminescence assay method has been established for the determination of HCG.The linear range for HCG is 0.8-200 mIU/mL.The detection limit is 0.01 mIU/mL.The relative standard deviation(n =11) for the determination of 10 mIU/mL HCG is 0.8%.The method has been applied to the determination of HCG in the mixed samples and pregnant women's urine samples with satisfactory result.


The calculation of matrix exponent can be converted to that of matrix power. With the application of symmetric polynomial theory, the formula for the calculation of matrix power was obtained, so that a new method for the calculation of matrix exponent was given. This provides another new method for finding the matrixform fundamental solution of a system of ordinary differential equations.


Objective:To explore the allergic disease's epidemiology characteristic of mahogany furniture factory in Zhongshan city.Method:1860 painting workers in mahogany furniture factory,930 workers of non-paint workshop,and 930 new workers who came from rural areas were investigated.Three groups carried on the allergic disease investigation and analysis.Result:There were 483(25.96%),14(15.05%) and 32(3.44%) allergy disease patients were found in the painting workers,workers of non-paint workshop,and new workers respectively.The rate of workers came form mahogany furniture factory were higher than new workers who came from rural areas.Asthma,skin diseases and sore throat were the main allergic diseases in the painting workers.The prevalence of allergic diseases gradually increased with the increasing of the working time per day,statistics analysis had the significance difference(P0.05).The prevalence were 55.75% and 32.0% in the painting workers and non-paint workshop workers in the mahogany furniture factory who worked over 12 hours every day.Conclusion:The workers in Mahogany furniture factory have high prevalence of allergic diseases.Protection of the paint job workers should be strengthen,and effective health promotion about occupational diseases should be taken for the mahogany furniture factory workers.


This chapter aims to define a research agenda regarding the software graphics architecture for interactive digital television (iDTV). It is important to note that by iDTV we do not refer to the provision of a return path, but rather to the potential impact the user has over the television (both video stream and applications) content. We can differentiate three major topics to be included in the agenda: (1) to define a suitable declarative environment for television receivers, (2) to research television input (as multiple input devices) and output (multiple display devices) capabilities, and (3) to rethink the models of television distribution and post-distribution (e.g., peer-to-peer [P2P] networks and optical storage technologies). This chapter elaborates on these topics. IGI PUBLISHING This paper appears in the publication, Interactive Digital Television: Technologies and Applications edited by G. Lekakos, K. Chorianopoulos & G. Doukidis © 2007, IGI Global 701 E. Chocolate Avenue, Suite 200, Hershey PA 17033-1240, USA Tel: 717/533-8845; Fax 717/533-8661; URL-http://www.igi-pub.com ITB14626


The invention provides a method for assisting in starting of an automobile. By deducting pedal demand torque calculated according to the opening degree of a pedal from basic compensation torque and acceleration closed-loop regulation PI compensation torque calculated according to acceleration, torque to be compensated is obtained; when the enabling condition can not be met, the compensation torque is not added to a torque path, the value is set to be 0, and the compensation torque is limited for the sake of safety, so that dangers caused when the automobile speeds up too fast are prevented; by means of torque transmission, the transformational relation between torque and force and the transformational relation between force and acceleration, the required engine torque can be obtained from acceleration through retracing, and then the purpose of preventing flameout during hill start is realized. The design is simple, extra hardware is not needed, only software modification is required, and implementation cost is low.


In recent years, applications of wireless sensor networks have evolved in many areas such as target tracking, environmental monitoring, military and medical applications. Wireless sensor network continuously collect and send data through sensor nodes from a specific region to a base station. But, data redundancy due to neighbouring sensors consumes energy, compromising the network lifetime. In order to improve the network lifetime, a novel cluster based local route search method, called, Greedy Cluster-based Routing (GCR) technique in wireless sensor network. The proposed GCR method uses arbitrary timer in order to participate cluster head selection process with maximum neighbour nodes and minimum distance between the source and base station. GCR constructs dynamic routing improving the rate of network lifetime through Mass Proportion value. Also, GCR uses a greedy route finding strategy for balancing energy consumption. Experimental results show that GCR achieves significant energy savings and prolong network lifetime.


This paper presents a proposal for the evaluation of the university teaching/ learning process, using indicators which are appropriate for activities developed in this process and aimed at its improvement and optimization. This analysis is carried out using the Instructional Model of the Educational Situation (MISE) developed by Rivas (1993, 1997). The data obtained from the application of questionnaires (MISE-teacher and MISE-student) in a specific instructional university process enables a contrast to be made between teacher and students' perception of the process being followed, as well as to capture the various students' perceptions and motivations throughout the course. The teacher can also obtain information on the strong and weak points of the process being developed and therefore propose improvements for future teaching/learning processes. In this way, the MISE becomes a useful tool for the formative evaluation of university teachers.


Purpose To report three cases of presumed Eales' disease with neurologic lesions. Methods Case reports, systemic and neurologic evaluation, and magnetic resonance imaging. Results All three patients were young men who had seizures in the past; two had migrainous headache. Magnetic resonance imaging showed putaminal infarct in two cases and edema in the white matter of temporal cortex was noticed in one case. Clinical features in all these patients were suggestive of Eales' disease. Conclusion Ischemic infarction of the brain can be seen in clinically suspected cases of Eales' disease.


AUTHORS PREFACE INTRODUCTION J. Terry Gates - Grounding music education in changing times ACTION FOR CHANGE IN MUSIC EDUCATION (MayDay Group 1997) PART ONE: Musicianship Introduction [1aa] 1. Wayne D. Bowman - No One True Way: Music education without redemptive truth 2. Roger Johnson - Critically reflective musicianship PART TWO: Culture and Society Introduction 3. Marie McCarthy - Re-thinking 'music' in the context of education 4. David Hebert - Musicianship, musical identity: Meaning as embodied practice PART THREE: Leadership Introduction 5. Elizabeth Gould - Dis-orientations of desire: Music education queer 6. J. Scott Goble - Pragmatism, music's import, and music teachers as change agents PART FOUR: Institutions Introduction 7. Julia Eklund Koza - Listening for whiteness: Hearing racial politics in undergraduate school music 8. Daniel Cavicchi - My music, their music, and the irrelevance of music education PART FIVE: Interdisciplinarity Introduction 9. John Shepherd - Breaking through our own barriers 10. Anthony J. Palmer - Becoming intellectually fearless PART SIX: Research and theory Introduction 11. Richard Colwell - An expanded research agenda for music education 12. Graham F. Welch - Ecological validity and impact: key challenges for music education research PART SEVEN: Curriculum Introduction 13. David J. Elliott - Curriculum as professional action 14. Sandra Stauffer - Placing curriculum in music CONCLUSION Thomas A. Regelski - An end is a beginning AUTHOR INDEX SUBJECT INDEX


Near-surface characterization is an important part of seismic data processing, especially for land data. Conventional approaches rely on refracted waves and use of inversion techniques to estimate compression-wave velocity models from the first-break traveltimes. However, in a complex geologic setting in the shallow part of the subsurface, velocity inversions and hidden layers may reduce the reliability of the refraction solution, even with high-quality first breaks. Surface-wave inversion techniques provide shear-wave velocity models that can be integrated in the near-surface characterization workflow. The VP and VS models inferred from first-break traveltimes and Rayleigh waves have several synergies. Their integration can provide an effective solution for challenging geological situations. A robust way of integrating the two methods is simultaneous joint inversion: within this inversion scheme, the two measurements, together with some geological and/or petrophysical relationships linking the subsurface properties, are used in the computation of a unique cost function, which is to be minimized. The solution of the inverse problem results in a multiproperty model fitting data of both measurements and the linking relationship. Different portions of the model are resolved by the interacting contributions of complementary measurements. A field example from Kuwait is discussed to demonstrate the method.


Israel's International Squadron 120, founded in 1964, embodied the "Never Again" post-Holocaust imperative of Israel's identity ahead of its adoption on a national level. Beginning with an airlift mission to Yemen's northern highlands in 1964, the squadron emerged as the long arm of Israel's foreign policy during the nation's "golden era" of the 1960s and subsequent decades. Through the continued influence of its early members, many of whom were survivors of the Holocaust, the squadron assumed the forefront of international humanitarian aid and rescue efforts. This article tells the story of this squadron through the oral histories of five of its original members.


Two problems in slope construction with ecological bag have been analyzed,such as unstable of slope structure and poor effect of green plant.Through analyzing the possible cause of the problem and summarizing the specific preventive measures,proper suggestions have been put forward.


PURPOSE: Provided is a pharmaceutical composition containing Artmisia capillaris, Artemisiae asiaticae herba, Ulmus davidiana var, Hovenia dulcis thunb, Alnus japonica, LPH peptide, korea raisin and fagopyrum esculentum. The composition has excellent effects on prevention and treatment of hepatitis and hepatocarcinoma as well as removal of hangover. CONSTITUTION: A pharmaceutical composition for prevention and treatment of hepatitis and hepatocarcinoma is characterized by containing, as a main ingredient, 25-500 parts by weight of Artmisia capillaris, 25-500 parts by weight of Artemisiae asiaticae herba, 25-500 parts by weight of Ulmus davidiana var, 25-500 parts by weight of Hovenia dulcis thunb, 25-500 parts by weight of Alnus japonica, 25-500 parts by weight of LPH peptide, 25-500 parts by weight of korea raisin and 25-500 parts by weight of fagopyrum esculentum or extracts thereof using one of water, lower alcohol, ethyl acetate, aromatic hydrocarbon and chlorohydrocarbon.


(R)-(+)-1, 1' -Bi-2-naphthol (6TAB/RBNP) and Rac-1, 1' -Bi-2-naphthol (6TAB/BNP) have been determined by X-ray diffraction methods. The crystal structure analysis of 6TAB/RBNP complex showed that the complex is mainly stabilised by intermolecular hydrogen bonds between Brand OH group of RBNP, C-H•cƒÎ interactions between four methyl groups, methylene group (C4) of 6TAB and aromatic rings of the two naphthol moieties. The molecules are packed in an arrangement in which one naphthol ring together with its symmetry related one are stacked along the b-axis. The crystal structure analysis of 6TAB/BNP complex revealed that the crystal was mainly constructed through the intermolecular hydrogen bonds between OH of water molecule and Br-, OH of BNP and Br-, and oxygen of water and OH of BNP. The BNP molecules are differently packed and do not form a stack along the b-axis. The arrangement of 6TAB molecules are different in both crystal structures and do not have similar arrangement as observed in crystal structures of monoalkylammonium salts with planar aromatic molecules. The results obtained from our studies have revealed that when the length (n) of hydrophobic alkyl chain was varied with n = 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, the crystal complexes of short alkyl chain amphiphiles (e.g n = 6) with molecular similarity in length to RBNP easily formed crystal complex. However, in the case of BNP with almost all the series of both short and long alkyl chain amphiphiles, crystal complexes were also obtained. The crystal structure of 10TAB/BNP was also solved and will be discussed.


This paper takes Lu 'an as an example, in perspective of experience economy, analyzed the present situation of tourism destination marketing in Lu 'an. Optimize the marketing strategies of tourist destinations from the tourism destination brand construction, experience value, tourism product optimization, tourism sales channels and so on, enhance the competitiveness of Lu 'an as a tourist destination.


Packages and labels are necessary for every product on the market and are present among us for many years. Packages have to include every year more and more information, gain new functionalities and characterize with attractive design what can be achieved thankfully to printed electronics. Printed electronic structures made on labels (called smart labels) that were afterwards stick on packages can be found in literature, however there is still a lack in technologies and materials allowing direct printing of electronics on packages during packaging operations. This work presents a low cost method of producing electroluminescent displays directly on products packages without vacuum, cleanroom or other rigorous production conditions. Elaborated spray coating technology is suitable for mass production and can be easily implemented in production lines. Set of materials based on diverse functional fillers in polymer resins was developed to obtain desired coating functionalities. Conductive layers were done using carbon nano-tubes (CNT), graphene nano-platelets (GNP) and nano-silver (nAg). For dielectric layers we used barium titanate (BaTiO3) nano-powders and as luminophores copper doped zinc sulfide (ZnS:Cu). Presented structures were done on various types of packages - aluminum cans, cardboard boxes and polypropylene bottles.


We introduce and discuss a perturbative variant of "forward walking" in Quantum Monte Carlo and develop the theory as applied to many-fermion problems.


We investigated the photoluminescence wavelength emitted at room temperature from novel stacking faults with a complicated stacking sequence in the epitaxial layer on p-type 4H-SiC substrate. From analysis of photoluminescence imaging and synchrotron X-ray topography, we consider that these complicated stacking faults originate from p-type substrates. We investigated the relationship between photoluminescence energy and stacking sequence of various stacking faults, and confirmed that the maximum number of layers in complicated stacking faults determines the photoluminescence emission energy. This relationship, which was previously only reported for 3C-type stacking faults, follows simple quantum-well theory. We extended this theory to stacking faults with complex structures, focusing on the maximum number of layers.


Antepartum fetal monitoring was carried out at a center in New Delhi India by utilizing the nonstress test (NST) and oxytocin challenge test (OCT). The study was conducted on 80 high risk patients whose period of gestation varied from 32-42 weeks. Total number of NST done were 150. The NST was reactive in 133 and nonreactive in 17. Total number of OCTs done was 60. In 8 cases OCT was positive. In these OCT-positive cases the NST was nonreactive and baseline variability was also decreased. The results of NST and OCT were correlated with fetal outcome. A good correlation was found between decreased baseline variability nonreactive NST and positive OCT. (authors modified)


Formation of an urbanistic approach to the study of the urban environment is based on the understanding of how the systems of support and spatial planning can be implemented. The relevance of the study is determined by the fact that urban planning in a traditional way when using horizontal space, may not always affect areas that will ensure expansion and improve the quality of life in cities. The novelty of the study is determined by the fact that vertical planning does not always allow using the general forms and structures of urban planning concepts. The authors have determined that particular importance in planning should be given to the design of the visual environment for the urban area. The paper presents a model for designing a vertical environment and defines the principles of modelling high-rise design concept. It is shown that modelling should be carried out online using real-time technologies. The practical significance of the study is determined by the fact that the construction of the developed model is possible only with the use of spatial modelling technologies on high-resource systems. Obtaining three-dimensional models is assumed in the structure of stereo modelling not only of buildings, but also of accompanying objects that can act as infrastructural assets.


The invention provides broadly neutralizing antibodies directed to epitopes of Human Immunodeficiency Virus, or HIV. The invention further provides compositions containing HIV antibodies used for prophylaxis, and methods for diagnosis and treatment of HIV infection.


The aim of this study was to promote the Z-isomerization of lycopene in its extraction process from tomato pulp by adding foodstuffs containing Z-isomerization-accelerating compounds. The addition of onion, broccoli, mustard, makonbu (Saccharina japonica), or shiitake mushroom (Lentinus edodes) to the ethyl acetate extraction process significantly accelerated the Z-isomerization of lycopene. For example, when lycopene was extracted from tomato pulp at 70 °C without foodstuffs, the total Z-isomer ratio of lycopene in the extract was 38.4 ± 0.5%, whereas when onion, broccoli, mustard, makonbu, and shiitake mushroom were added to the process and the extraction was performed using the same procedure, the total Z-isomer ratios significantly increased to 53.6 ± 0.4, 47.9 ± 0.3, 48.2 ± 0.1, 41.5 ± 0.9, and 42.0 ± 1.2%, respectively. Since the above foodstuffs contain large amounts of carotenoid Z-isomerization-accelerating catalysts, i.e., polysulfides, isothiocyanates, or iodine, those components would promote Z-isomerization of lycopene in the extraction process. Since lycopene Z-isomers potentially have higher bioavailability and biological effects than the all-E-isomer, lycopene extraction with foodstuffs having a Z-isomerization-promoting effect in ethyl acetate should enhance the health benefits of tomato extracts.


Objective:To develop a reserved-phase HPLC method for the determination of capsaicin,dihydrocapsaicin and nordihydrocapsaicin in fruits of Capsicum annuum.Methods:Nucleosil C18(4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm) was used at 45 ℃ with the mobile phase of acetonitrile-water(gradient elution).The flow rate was set at 1.0 mL·min-1,and the detection wavelength was 280 nm.Results:The linear response ranged from 1.0 to 160.0 μg·mL-1 with coefficient correlation of 0.9991-0.9995;RSDs of precision and stability test were lower than 3%;The average recoveries were 96.4% with RSD of 2.6% for capsaicin,98.1% with RSD of 2.1% for dihydrocapsaicin and 99.3% with RSD of 1.2% for nordihydrocapsaicin.Detection limits of capsaicin,dihydrocapsaicin and nordihydrocapsaicin are 0.2,0.1,0.1 μg·mL-1 respectively.Conclusion:The method is quick,simple and repeatable for determination of three capsicine constituents in fruits of 10 Capsicum annuum varieties.


There are a growing number of nearby SNe for which the progenitor star is detected in archival pre-explosion imaging. From these images it is possible to measure the progenitor's brightness a few years before explosion, and ultimately estimate its initial mass. Previous work has shown that II-P and II-L supernovae (SNe) have Red Supergiant (RSG) progenitors, and that the range of initial masses for these progenitors seems to be limited to $<$17M$_\odot$. This is in contrast with the cutoff of 25-30M$_\odot$ predicted by evolutionary models, a result which is termed the 'Red Supergiant Problem'. Here we investigate one particular source of systematic error present in converting pre-explosion photometry into an initial mass, that of the bolometric correction (BC) used to convert a single-band flux into a bolometric luminosity. We show, using star clusters, that RSGs evolve to later spectral types as they approach SN, which in turn causes the BC to become larger. Failure to account for this results in a systematic underestimate of a star's luminosity, and hence its initial mass. Using our empirically motivated BCs we reappraise the II-P and II-L SNe that have their progenitors detected in pre-explosion imaging. Fitting an initial mass function to these updated masses results in an increased upper mass cutoff of $M_{\rm hi}$=$19.0^{+2.5}_{-1.3}$M$_\odot$, with a 95% upper confidence limit of $<$27M$_\odot$. Accounting for finite sample size effects and systematic uncertainties in the mass-luminosity relationship raises the cutoff to $M_{\rm hi}$=25M$_\odot$ ($<$33M$_\odot$, 95% confidence). We therefore conclude that there is currently no strong evidence for `missing' high mass progenitors to core-collapse SNe.


This paper presents a new conceptual electromagnetic induction eddy current based stainless steel plate spiral type heater for heat exchanger or dual packs heater in hot water system boiler steamer and super heated steamer, which is more suitable and acceptable for new generation consumer power applications. In addition, an active clamping quasi-resonant PWM high frequency inverter using trench gate IGBTs power module can operate under a principle of zero voltage soft commutation with PWM is developed and demonstrated for a high efficient induction heated hot water system and boiler in the consumer power applications. This consumer induction heater power appliance using active clampillg soft switching PWM high frequency inverter is evaluated and discussed on the basis of experimental results.


: Environmental education is a process that allows individuals to explore environmental issues, engage in problem solving, and take action to improve the environment . As a result, individuals develop a deeper understanding of environmental issues and have the skills to make informed and responsible decisions. Environmental education ( EE ) refers to organized efforts to teach how natural environments function, and particularly, how human beings can manage behavior and ecosystems to live sustainably. It is a multi-disciplinary field integrating disciplines such as biology, chemistry, physics, ecology, earth science, atmospheric science, mathematics, and geography.


In this study, we evaluate the spectral distortion caused by a block-wise parameter generation method in statistical parametric speech synthesis. Although an entire utterance is optimized in the conventional calculation algorithm, in this study, calculation blocks equally divided from the entire sequence are sequentially optimized to reduce required RAM size. To reduce distortion, several extra frames following the calculation block are taken into account in the calculation first, then the extra frames are discarded after the calculation. In addition, two methods are also proposed for computational load leveling. In the experiment, the mean and maximum of mel-cepstral distortion (MCD) were examined for synthetic sounds of 503 Japanese sentences using HMMs trained from 10.5 hours of male speech sounds. The results show that the MCD from the conventional method rapidly decreases by increasing the number of discarded extra frames.


Abstract: Background: Based on the recognition that the actual participation of society is essential for the development of that society, the concept of social mobilization originates. Social mobilization is in fact a tool that enables people to organize themselves through collective action in order to achieve their goals. Without the participation of people, reaching the goals of health and solving the safety problems is unexpected. Organizational forces, including health volunteers, are important social resources that health experts around the world emphasize on their planned participation in community health promotion programs. In Iran, the use of women as health volunteers has begun to meet the health promotion needs of the 1990s. In this regard, health volunteers who have taken steps to promote and develop community health have been used in the new city of Sahand to reduce the risk of traffic jams. Methods: The program included a social co-operation / social co-operation model as well as a guide to empowering citizens and neighborhoods to promote health. The program was conducted in Sahand City in 2017-2018 with the participation of 410 health volunteers. Results: After the necessary coordination meetings and trusteeship meetings were held, a list of problems and the establishment of external meetings were taken to correct the traffic safety problems by the relevant departments. Conclusions: It is possible to sensitize, justify and raise awareness among health volunteers as well as empowerment through community-based initiatives through education and capacity building with community health resources. Keywords: Health volunteers, Partnerships, Community-based initiatives


In order to identify the relationship between product involvement,impulsive buying tendency,and online impulsive buying behavior of Chinese undergraduates,we adopted the revised questionnaire to 224 undergraduates.The results indicated that respondents' impulsive buying tendency and online impulsive buying behavior were positively related,and this tendency-behavior relationship was moderated by product involvement and its cognitive component.In other words,impulsive respondents who got lower product involvement or cognitive component score were more likely to make impulsive purchase decisions.But for the respondents with higher involvement or cognitive component score,the tendency-behavior relationship tended to fade away,and impulsive buying tendency had no effect on the online purchase decisions.


Some authors make a difference between production secrets (recipes, techniques, processes, etc.) and situation secrets (market shares, financial data, commercial strategy, etc.). Schematically, a distinction is made between information concerning a company's production activity, i.e. its know-how, on the one hand, and confidential information concerning the situation of the company, describing a matter of fact, on the other hand.


We propose an algorithm for adaptive formation transitions of a robot group composing autonomous, nonlabeled robots. In the proposed system, one leader robot that knows the target position guides the other robots; the other robots do not have any global information. Each individual robot is equipped with a nonlinear oscillator and a simple communication system realized by LED flashlights and photodetectors. In order to control these robots, we have used phase gradients and phase waves in a manner similar to that of a slime mold (amoeba). By controlling only the leader robot, we can generate and erase a phase gradient. We propose an algorithm to control the heading directions of the follower robots according to the phase gradients. By using this algorithm, a robot group can change its formation adaptively in an obstacle region. The algorithm enables the robots to move in a tight formation in free space and dissolve this formation in obstacle regions in order to avoid deadlocks. We have not only formulated the algorithm but also developed real hardware and analyzed the system design. We have verified the proposed system by simulations and by real implementations of 12 autonomous mobile robots.


Keyword: Keywords: face detection, eigenface method, MatLab. Abstrack: ABSTRACT :Facial recognition technology applied in biometric recognition systems, search and indexing of image databases and digital video. Face detection (face detection) is also one crucial early stage prior to the process of face recognition (face recognition). Similarly, the application this time, the application is made to make the process of face detection using the eigen face method based on position, size, lighting and background. In addition, application performance will be tested in real conditions and measured using a standard measurement, both in terms of performance measurement methods and the face database is used. The results showed that the accuracy of face detection applications is highly dependent on the amount and type of data.


PBL is the abbreviation of problem-based learning,as one of the medical teaching methods,was practiced otiginally at McMaster University,and has been adopted by few medical universities in China since 1980s'.But for some reasons it couldn't be spread nationwide.This paper first analyzed why it couldn't be adopted by most medical universities in China,and then based on the experience of some single course testing by conducted PBL utilizing computer network,come up with and forming a new PBL teaching model:PBL based on computer network platform which integrating the concepts of PBL and the technology of modern computer network education.

Key words:
Problem-based learning; Computer network platform; Teaching model


Abundance of Ca, its low redox potential and high specific capacity make Ca metal batteries an attractive energy storage system for the future. Recent demonstration of room temperature calcium plating/stripping opened new avenue of development, but performance of cathode materials is still lagging behind. Due to nature of divalent cations, conversion and coordination electrochemical reactions show better performance compared to insertion. Herein we demonstrate use of anthraquinone based polymer as cathode material for Ca metal‒organic battery. Electrochemical mechanism investigation confirms reversible reduction of carbonyl bond and coordination with Ca 2+ cations in the discharged state opening a pathway toward high energy density battery. Continued performance of 2‐electrode cell is strongly hampered by overpotential increase connected with Ca stripping process on Ca metal anode stating need for further development of Ca electrolytes. Ca metal‒organic battery promise to achieve cells with gravimetric energy density on the practical level compared to state‐of‐the‐art Li‐ion batteries.


We study affine immersions as introduced by Nomizu and Pinkall. We classify those affine immersions of a surface in R 4 which are degenerate and have vanishing cubic form (i.e. parallel second fundamental form). This completes the classification of parallel surfaces of which the first results were obtained in the beginning of this century by Blaschke and his collaborators.


The probabilistic reformulation of the multifractal model iii is obtained directly from the structure functions written as integrals over cumulative distribution functions (c.d.f.) by the steepest descent method. The saddle point being a function of scale, we perform a change of variable to obtain expressions that are asymptotically valid in the inertial range. Starting directly from the inertial range behavior of the c-d-f-, our algorithm yields values for the scaling exponents and codimension that are identical to those obtained from structure functions. Furthermore, a simple interpretation of multifractality in terms of global c-d-f- scaling is shown to collapse the inertial range c-d-f- into a single curve, directly related to the codimension. Our method determines a new length scale, larger than the integral scale, that gives a quantitative measure of the degree of multifractality of the data. Finally, some possible future applications are mentioned.


Objective To prove the prophylactic function of absorbable gelatin sponge and bioprotein glue for prevention of epidural and nerve root scar adhesions after laminectomy. Methods We excised the L6 vertebral plates of 36 adult New Zealand male rabbits,to make vertebral plate excision model and to find nerve root. Then divided them into 3 groups based on different materials:gelatin sponge and bioproten glue (group A),gelatin sponge (group B) and saline solution (group C). The morphological changes of the scars were observed grossly and histologically at 2 and 8 weeks after operation. We also measured the orbit of the nerve root. Results Gelatin sponge combining with bioprotein glue can reduce adhesion obviously(P0.05). Conclusion Gelatin sponge combining with bioprotein glue can allievate spinal dural mater and nerve root scar adhesions with surrounding tissue.


Grapevine cane and stalks were considered for pyrolysis at 400 to 700 °C to produce biochar for increasing the water holding capacity of vineyard soil. Feedstocks were pyrolysed using a continuous feed reactor and the resulting biochars characterized in terms of physico-chemical properties, including water retention performance. Hydrophobicity was found in biochar from both feedstocks pyrolysed at 400 °C, but not at higher temperatures. At low soil matric potential, the pyrolysis temperature was the defining variable in determining water retention whereas at higher pressures, the feedstock was the more important variable. Available water content (AWC) of biochar increased with increasing pyrolysis temperatures, with optimal results obtained from grapevine cane at a pyrolysis temperature of 700 °C, which had an AWC 23% higher than a typical clay type soil. Principal component analysis showed variability in water retention of these biochars to be closely associated with the zeta potential, as well as the carbon and ionic content, suggesting that surface charge and hydrophobicity are key properties determining water holding capacity. Pure biochars were superior in water retention performance to typical sandy soils, and so biochar amendment of these soil types may improve water holding (particularly at field capacity). Further study with pot or field trials is recommended to confirm water retention behaviour and assess the feasibility of application under different viticultural scenarios.


Fedor Bondarchuk's 2013 blockbuster film Stalingrad shattered box-office records and dazzled viewers with its use of special effects, enhanced by its 3D IMAX format, and transported audiences back to 1942. Examines the production, context and reception of the film, whilst offering a detailed reading of its key themes.


— Internet of Things (IoT) has seen a great growth in recent years; the number of devices is expected to be 80 billion by 2025. Although the IoT facilitates our life, however, it threatens our privacy if we do not take the necessary security measures. In this paper, we show how the user activities can be tracked using only network traffic packets sent from several commercial IoT devices with no need for deep inspection. The prediction about daily life activities of the user at home is made based on analysis of deep learning. In addition, we propose a practical idea to mitigate the privacy attack caused by the smart home devices, and introduce experimental results showing that our approach works very accurately.


When considering mechanisms of toxicity development to chemical substances, one potentially important mechanism is the selective inhibition of proteins essential for cell growth (target molecules). In this study, to detect the target molecules of chemical substances, we established a method for comprehensively screening for essential proteins that confer resistance against chemical substances via overexpression in yeast. We used budding yeast, a common eukaryotic model organism, to produce yeast strains showing overexpression of different genes encoding essential proteins. This method was used to search for overexpressed genes conferring arsenite resistance in yeast, and as a result, we successfully identified ten types of new genes correlated with arsenite resistance.


This study aims to investigate the use of metacognitive online reading strategies among Iraqi students. The research seeks to answer the following research questions: (i) What are the metacognitive online reading strategies of Iraqi fourth year undergraduate students when they read online academic text? (ii) What are the difficulties faced by Iraqi fourth year undergraduates when they read online academic text? Using a quantitative approach, the study deployed questionnaires which were administered on 50 fourth year students of Al-Salam University College, Baghdad Iraq. The response of the metacognitive online reading strategies among the students was assessed differently. The students adopt online dictionaries, reading e-books and online journal articles are some of the ways to increase the students' reading ability and enhance online reading among English as foreign language (EFL) students from Iraq. The researcher analyzed students metacognitive reading strategies usage and their problems. Based on the quantitative analysis of the students' responses to the SORS questionnaire, the students showed that problem-solving reading strategies (µ=3.59) is the most frequently used strategy followed by support reading strategies (µ=3.49) and global reading strategies (µ=3.42). All these identified themes provide and help the students to improve their reading skills. The researcher recommends that future research examine other reading strategies with online or even print text. Moreover, reading strategies should be taught to English as foreign language (EFL) students.


The Indian cities are growing and urbanizing rapidly, resulting in vast urban sprawls. Hence, the mobility of people is increasing, pushing the Government to develop a sustainable transport system in these cities. To achieve this goal, the Government is encouraging and developing mass rapid transit systems (MRTS) in cities. However, the goals and objectives set by the policies and Government guidelines are not met through the ongoing development process. The experiences of MRTS have raised some questions for transport experts and decision-makers in the country. These are regarding the justification for selection of technology of MRTS, the process of selection, coverage throughout the city, and affordability and acceptance by different city resident groups. According to the experts, there is a need for proper analysis and justification for the selection of any technology. This study with the objective to understand the gaps in the process of selection of technology for MRTS and associated controversies, reviews the policies, guidelines and proposals for suitable MRTS in India. The study concludes that the transport planners and decision-makers have failed to formulate a knowledge centre, as suggested in NUTP 2006 and 2014. This has been the main hurdle transfer the knowledge and experience from city to city. Additionally, the Indian policies and guidelines have failed to provide any explicit criteria to select technology of MRTS in the decision-making process. The study therefore recommends to formulate an expert mechanism/system to transfer expertise and experience from one city to another.


Obtaining good classification results using supervised learning methods is critical if we want to obtain a high level of precision in the classification processes. The training data used for the learning process play a very important role in achieving this objective. Therefore, it is important to represent the data in a way that best expresses its meaning. For this purpose, we propose to apply linguistic modeling methods in order to obtain a linguistic representation. With the help of multigranular linguistic modeling, data can be transformed and expressed using different (unbalanced) linguistic label sets. Expressing the data using linguistic expressions instead of numbers increases the readability and reduces the complexity of the problem, and data recovering methods allow us to manually control the level of precision. In this paper, several datasets are transformed and utilized for classification tasks using several supervised learning algorithms. For each combination of datasets and algorithms, the data have been expressed using several linguistic label sets that have different granularity values. After carrying out the testing processes, we can conclude that, in some cases, reducing data complexity leads to better classification results. Therefore, it is found that linguistic representation of the training data with just the necessary and sufficient precision can improve the reliability of the classification process.


The investigated area (Fig. 1) occupies the easternmost part of the Fore-Balkan Zone (Centralbalkan –Fore-Balkan in sense of Ivanov, 1988), which is characterised by folded Early Cretaceous turbiditic sequences in the cores of Predzhanska and Asparuhovska anticlines, outlined by Late Cretaceous-Paleo gene limestones, conglomerates, sandstones and clays, separated by the Asparuhovska syncline. This part of the zone is characterizesd by well prominent boundaries – "Chudnite Skali" Dislocation (Kockel, 1927) to the South with the East Balkan zone and the so called Preslav-Shkorpilovtsi fault zone (Georgiev, Monahov, 1979), and to the North with the Moesian platform.


A sample of 15 eighth-grade Hispanic students in a bilingual classroom were used for a descriptive analysis of students' writing samples to compare their growth between preend postwriting samples in Spanish and English. This was accomplished by juxtaposing English and Spanish preand post-tests using the same holistic rubric developed by the school district for reevaluating the writing samples. Findings suggest that development of literacy skills for bilinguals follows a normal progression. The results alLo suggest that a holistic tecPnique intended not only to complement a process approach to writing, but to focus on a global impression of students' ability to communicate ideas effectively, is not sufficient to ensure fairness in evaluation. It is noted that poorly developed holistic rubrics, which do not detect important gains or differences in writing levels, frequently mask academic potential in bilingual students and are generally biased in favor of English. To guard against these inherent biases, school districts should use more caution in assessing the academic skills of bilingual students, ensuring that they are given credit for knowledge and acquisition of skills eJen if these skills are not in English. (GLR) *********************************************************************** * Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made * * from the original document. * *********************************************************************** Comparison of Ll and L2 Pre and Post Writing Samples of Bilingual Students U S DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION Once of Educational Research and Improvement EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) XThis document has been reproduced as received from the person or organization orsgmating 0 Minor Changes have been made to improve reproduction Quality Points of view or optmonS stated m this dr.zu ment do not neCeSSanly represent ofhcmam OERI position or policy Maria de la Luz Reyes University of Colorado School of Education Campus Box 249 Boulder, Co 80309-0249 "PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE THIS MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (EPIC)." Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association (AERA) Conference. April, 1990. Boston, Massachusetts. The author is indebted to Roberta Flexer, University of Colorado at Boulder for her assistance and invaluable comments on the contents of this paper. 2 BEST COPY AVAILABLE 111.1MEMMEM0111. ArUSZ111.641111171,22 of T 2 Pre and Post Writing Samples of Bilingual Students Maria de la Luz Reyes University of Colorado, Boulder Introduction The process approach to teaching writing is currently receiving much attention in classrooms across the nation. Its popularity may be attributed to both an attempt to empower and motivate students to communicate their own ideas without teacher imposition (Atwell, 1982, 1984, 1987; Calkins, 1983; Delpit, 1988; Graves, 1983) arid to a desire to follow a more natural, holistic approach to the acquisition of literacy (Goodman, 1986; Newman, 1985; Smith, 1986) where the focus is on the message rather than the form (Fox & Allen, 1983; Graves, 1987). An emphasis on writing content has forced school districts to shift from quantifying spelling, punctuation, grammar, and capitalization errors to examining new ways of measuring writing progress that provide useful information about students' strengths and weaknesses. Some school districts, for example, are recommending that language arts teachers keep a writing portfolio for each student in order to track their progress throughout the academic year. Others are attempting to measure writing growth by collecting pre and post writing samples at the beginning and end of the year. For native English speaking students, the focus on writing process, i.e., fluency, organization and construction of ideas, and development of writer's voice appears to be contributing to gains in conventional spelling, grammar, and other mechanics of writing (Atwell, 1987; Calkins, 1983; Graves, 1983; Hansen, 1987). For limited English proficient (LEP) students in bilingual education programs, however, the benefits of the process approach are not so clear and holistic assessment of their writing growth as it is conducted in