Introduction: The lunar high-TiO2 ultramafic glasses are among the most unusual ultramafic magmas found in our solar system [1]. With FeO + MgO at 30 37 wt. %, TiO2 from 9 16.4 wt. % and SiO2 at 34 37 wt. % these exotic glasses erupted from lunar fire fountains at temperatures between 1350 and 1500 C. They are found distributed in lunar regolith at all of the Apollo landing sites. They are generally thought to represent melting of a lunar magma ocean cumulate source region that contained a late-stage cumulate mineral containing high TiO2; possibly ilmenite. Previous experimental studies have determined the high-pressure, high-temperature near liquidus phase equilibria [2,3]. Here we report new experimental constraints on the high-pressure nearliquidus phase relations for the Apollo 14 Black (14B, 16.4 wt. % TiO2), the Apollo 15 Red (15R, 13.8 wt. % TiO2) and the Apollo 17 Orange (17O, 9.0 wt. % TiO2) ultramafic glasses. Experiments by Krawczynski and Grove [3] showed that the near-liquidus, high-pressure phase relations of lunar highand moderate-Ti ultramafic glasses were very sensitive to the sample container used (iron vs. graphite capsules). Krawczynski and Grove [3] quantified the effect on oxygen fugacity (fO2) imposed by iron capsule vs. graphite containers. Iron capsules fix fO2 at ironwüstite-2, (IW–2), and graphite capsules fix fO2 at IW+2. These different fO2 conditions strongly influence the pressure and temperature of phase appearance. The major effect is to stabilize olivine as the liquidus phase to higher pressures, moving the point where the liquid is multiply saturated with olivine (oliv) + orthopyroxene (opx) to higher pressure and temperature. We have redone and refined the phase relations for the 14B, 15R and 17O glasses in both iron and graphite. The justification for revisiting these phase relation is that earlier studies were carried out using only one capsule material (e.g., graphite 14B [2]) or the higher pressure liquidus phase relations were not explored in sufficient detail [3] to locate the oliv + opx saturation point in pressure – temperature space.


Quantitative properties of the neural system mediating the rewarding and priming effects of medial forebrain bundle (MFB) stimulation in the rat have been determined by experiments that trade one parameter of the electrical stimulus against another. The first-order neurons in this substrate are for the most part long, thin, myelinated axons, coursing in the MFB and ventral tegmentum, with absolute refractory periods in the range .5-1.2 msec and conduction velocities of 2-8 m/sec. Local potentials in these axons decay with a time constant of about .1 msec. A supernormal period follows the recovery from refractoriness. These axons integrate current over exceptionally long intervals, accommodate slowly, and fire on the break of prolonged anodal pulses. These properties rule out the hypothesis that catecholamine pathways constitute the first-order axons. The second-order (postsynaptic) part of the substrate shows surprisingly simple spatial and temporal integrating characteristics. We examine the logic that permits conclusions of this sort to be derived from behavioral data and the role of these derivations in establishing neurobehavioral linkage hypotheses. In this article we describe properties of the neural tissue whose excitation eventuates in the reinforcing and motivating effects of electrical stimulation of the medial forebrain bundle (MFB) in the rat. The goal of the research is to identify these systems by anatomical and electrophysiological methods, thus providing physiological psychology with a model for studying the neurophysiological bases of learning and motivation in a higher vertebrate. The properties of the substrate for selfstimulation described in this article have been inferred from behavioral trade-off experiments—experiments that determine the The authors are listed in alphabetical order. They gratefully acknowledge the following grant support: National Science Foundation Grant BMS-16339 to C. Gallistel; National Institute of Health Grant NS-14935 to C. Gallistel, P. Hand, & M. Reivich; National Institute of Health Training Grant MH15092 (A. Epstein & C. Gallistel, codirectors); Natural Science and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) of Canada Grant A0308 and Quebec Formation des Chercheurs et les Actions Concert6es (FCAC) Grant EQ-09 to P. Shizgal; and NSERC of Canada Grant A7077 to J. Yeomans. Requests for reprints should be sent to C. R. Gallistel,


We study the perturbed equation of state (EOS) parameters of the cosmological tachyonic scalar field components and their mutual time-dependent interaction.
It is shown that the discrete temperature-dependent pattern of the EOS emerges from an initial continuum along the evolution of the universe. This leads to two major components in form of dark energy and dark matter, and also suggests a solution to the cosmological constant problem and the coincidence problem.


In this paper we describe how to obtain wax diffusivity and solubility in a saturated crude oil using the measurements of solid wax deposit in the experimental apparatus known as cold finger. Assuming that migration of dissolved wax is primarily driven by thermal gradients, a mathematical model is derived relating the deposit growth rate to the above mentioned quantities. We investigate the case in which the oil is not agitated. Comparisons with available experimental data are performed and possible sources of errors are discussed.


The objective of this disertation is to analize the clinical and sociodemographics characteristics of patients population in chronicity state, considering as reference the population of an IPS on Bogota. the increase of life expectancy implies an incresement un chronical deseases, the results determine that there is also a young population in chronicity state by inherent causes; through a retrospective cross sectional study, clinical and sociodemographics characteristics analyzed, require care and generate a High social and economical cost.


The spare disk unit existing in the port other than the parity group to which a failure disk unit in a disk array belongs is most preferentially selected as an alternative destination and data is reconstructed. When a system is made operative, the spare disk unit is allocated to a different port position every rank and the spare disk unit belonging to the rank of the failure disk unit is most preferentially selected as an alternative destination. Due to this, the selection of the alternative destination by the spare disk unit is optimized and the deterioration of performance in data reconstruction is prevented.


Under the relatively simple conditions that prevail in the cultivation of cells in vitro it has been fully established that certain constituents of the tissues and fluids of the body stimulate growth and that others inhibit it. Carrel ' noted that the growth of connective tissue was more abundant in the plasma of young chickens than in that of older ones and, in I92I, Carrel and Ebeling2 determined that the influence of age, as reflected in the serum of the animal, was exerted not by variations of growth-accelerating factors, but by fluctuating inhibiting agents. Later, in I923, the same authors3 separated the serum into a growth-activating and a growth-inhibiting fraction by precipitating the former by bubbling carbon dioxide through the diluted serum. Actually to accomplish indefinite multiplication of fibroblasts in artificial mediums it is required that the inhibiting effect of the plasma be counterbalanced by the addition of positive stimuli, especially in the form of embryonic juice or primary protein dervatives.4'15 6 Very potent growth stimuli are present in the tissue of Rous chicken sarcoma. Sittenfield and Johnson7 showed that the tumor-producing substance could be neutralized by mixig an active filtrate with blood, and subsequently recovered by buffering the mixture to a pH 4.o and then extracting the resultant precipitate at a pH of 8.o to obtain the active tumor agent in solution. This substance that neutralized the tumor principle was later found by Sittenfield, Johnson and Jobling8 to be confined to the globulin fraction of serum. Information concerning the growth regulatory mechanism which operates in the living animal has been slower to appear. So far as is now known types of growth such as embryonal, regenerative, compensatory and even neoplastic, may take place in response to stimulating and re-


We construct optimal methods of recovery of 2?-periodic functions analytic in a strip and its derivatives at a pointt? 0, 2?), using information about the Fourier coefficients given with an error in the uniform norm. The same problem is solved for the Sobolev spaceWr2.


Purpose – Demands for coatings with superior technical characteristics have induced the use of composite coatings, which usually represent an extremely strong product. The resin blend technique is a simple and useful method for improving paint properties. Coal tar resins are the most economical coating extensively used in the industry; short oil‐length alkyd resins are usually used for air and force‐dry industrial coatings for metal surfaces. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate coating blends composed of these resins, in particular, the effects of short oil‐length alkyd additive on the properties of coal tar binder.Design/methodology/approach – One way to achieve new types of binders is to make combinations of the existing ones, in an ideal case retaining the desirable properties of both. The alkyd has important properties over the original drying oil. To achieve the goal of improving coal tar resin properties, short oil‐length alkyd was blended with it. The prepared short oil‐length alkyd was charac...


On the basis of the continuous curved box girder bridge experiments, this paper analyzes the whole bridge by the spatial method of three dimensional virtual laminated element. The comparision between the test and calculating results showed that they had a good agreenment. Compared with the conventional method, the proposed method has many virtues such as the computing suppositions are lesser, the total elements of the FEM model is lesser and the computing precision is higher and so on. The proposed method entirely meets with the practical engineering s requirements .


A dual-band CMOS low-noise amplifier (LNA) for ISM-band application is reported. For low power and dual band operation, the designed LNA adopts a positive-feedback LC-ladder network. Moreover, for cost effective approach, the LNA has been fabricated using a 0.18-mum mixed-signal CMOS process. The implemented LNA shows gain of 8.3 dB and 11.2 dB, and noise figure (NF) of 6.1 dB and 6.6 dB at 19 GHz and 25 GHz, respectively. The proposed LNA exhibits 8.1 mW power consumption from 0.8 V supply and the active chip area including pad is about 720 times 460 mum2.


Network virtualization has become an important feature for cloud-based services. Virtual networks can be set up over high-capacity optical networks. They consist of virtual links and nodes, which are mapped over physical resources. Operational virtual networks get gradually upgraded to avoid capacity exhaustion and create resources to handle traffic growth. These upgrades require leasing of new virtual resources (e.g., additional bandwidth for virtual links) and might be costly to network operators. The additional capital expenditure (CapEx) to upgrade the network can be reduced or eliminated by relocating spare virtual resources which were already-leased in the network, but are unused (e.g., due to optimistic forecasts or excessive overprovisioning). Relocating, here, is basically release some of the unused bandwidth from a virtual link and lease the same amount of bandwidth for another virtual link that will be upgraded. We investigate a cost-effective scheme to relocate spare virtual capacity in a virtual network over an optical WDM backbone network to (i) reduce or eliminate upgrade costs, (ii) avoid capacity exhaustion (by migrating resources from underutilized links to overutilized links), and (iii) improve network robustness (by migrating resources from links supported by unreliable lightpaths to links supported by reliable lightpaths). We propose an efficient relocation scheme to avoid capacity exhaustion and improve network robustness while minimizing or even eliminating requirement of new bandwidth. We build our problem into a mathematical formulation which turns out to be an Integer Linear Program (ILP). Our results show that network operator can significantly reduce CapEx while upgrading/improving a virtual network by using our relocation scheme.


There are densely distributed, active and disastrous landslides along the Baozhusi reservoir bank. In this paper, taking the No 2 landslide on Jindong town and the Zuoba landslide in Yingpan village as 2 examples, these landslides' distribution and their characteristics are systematically and thoroughly studied based on the investigation of the engineering geological environment, such as geological structure, topography, strato lithology and geohydrologic conditions. The results show, owing to the particular substance and their special environment, the integrity of these landslides is poor and the slide mass is easily broken into sub ones in the process of slide. And they are sensitive to the fluctuation of the reservoir water level and rainfall. Most of them are long period creeping landslides, whose creeping deformation character is reiteration, interval and inherit. At last, the prevention countermeasures are proposed.


Actuarial tools, such as the Level of Supervision Inventory—Revised (LSI‐R), are regularly used to classify offenders as "high," "medium," and "low" recidivism risks. Its supporters argue the theory upon which the LSI‐R rests (i.e., social learning theory) accounts for criminal behavior among men and women. In short, the LSI‐R is gender‐neutral. Feminist criminologists question the LSI‐R's validity for female offender populations, especially women under community supervision. Guided by Daly's (1992, 1994) pathways to crime framework, we use a sample of women under community supervision in Minnesota and Oregon to evaluate the LSI‐R's performance across offender subgroups. The results show that the LSI‐R misclassifies a significant portion of socially and economically marginalized women with gendered offending contexts. Predictive accuracy was observed for women who did not follow gendered pathways into criminality, whose offending context was similar to males, and who occupied a relatively advantaged social location.


Cloud infrastructures are increasingly being adopted in different purposes, like business applications and scientific experiments. Relying in virtualization, it addresses several advantages such as resource consolidation and improved management of entire infrastructure, leading to opportunity to reduce costs associated with power consumption and acquisition of new hardware. However, consolidation of multiple applications onto multi-core servers can impose significant performance degradation due to sharing of hardware resources, such as last-level cache. Such phenomenon of performance interference among co-located applications can become problematic, since applications' required quality-of-service (QoS) will not met. In this work, we analyse the cache interference in virtual machines' execution time, and we propose an adapted algorithm to dynamically map virtual machines to physical hosts, so as to regenerate and meet jobs' S LA constraints. Our decision making algorithm detects and reacts to performance degradation, due to last- level cache sharing, and leverages existing virtualization mechanisms to reconfigure the virtual infrastructure , in an accurately and controlled manner. Compared to state of the art approaches the results show that our algorithm performs better targeting users' required performance over the cloud infrastructure.


The mechanics of collisions between molecules in front of a sphere moving at hypervelocity through a rarefied atmosphere are analyzed. The study is concerned with the ``transitional'' regime in which molecules emitted by the surface begin to shield the body from the oncoming Newtonian stream and the net drag decreases from its free‐molecular value. It is found that a simplified but physically significant model can be formulated, and that it leads to a dependence of the drag coefficient on two transition parameters. These can be interpreted as the Reynolds number and the surface‐to‐free stream temperature ratio. The predictions of this theory agree qualitatively and in order of magnitude with observations.


Cellulosic fabrics of various constructions and fiber compositions are treated with cellulases under pad-batch conditions. All treated fabrics exhibit commercially significant improvements in dimensional stability after subsequent washing and drying cycles. The enzyme treatments are optimized in terms of cellulase concentration, wet pick-up, cellu lase composition, and batching time. Development samples of specific EG-rich cellulases used at 1.0 to 5.0 mg per gram of fabric give good results in terms of low shrinkage. with fabric weight and strength losses well within commercially acceptable limits. The im provements in dimensional stability compare favorably with those achieved by durable press finishing, but without deterioration of fabric handle. This work formed part of a wider European Commission-funded project (Brile-Euram III project 2157), and a patent application relating to the preferred cellulase/pad-batch process has been filed (WO0153592, published in August 2001).


(*) Notice: Subject to any disclaimer, the term of this OTHER PUBLICATIONS patent is extended or adjusted under 35 http://www.alconlabs.com, AlconE) Laboratories, Inc., "All U.S.C. 154(b) by 0 days. About Cataracts, The AcrySofE) IOL Story", 1996, 2 pages. Martin, Robert G., James P. Gills and Donald R. Sanders, (21) Appl. No.: 09/358,757 Foldable Intraocular Lenses, Douglas D. Koch, M.D., Ch. 8, pp. 161-177, "Alcon AcrySoftM Acrylic Intraocular (22) Filed: Jul. 22, 1999 Lenses", Slack, Inc., 1993.


The reliability mathematics model to the integrated circuit network system are established. Some reliability analyses of this system are also discussed in this paper.


We developed a code aimed at determining the laser parameters leading to the maximum return flux of photons at 0.33 micrometers for a polychromatic sodium Laser Guide Star. This software relies upon a full 48-level collisionless and magnetic-field-free density-matrix description of the hyperfine structure of Na and includes Doppler broadening and Zeeman degeneracy. Experimental validation of BEACON was conducted on the SILVA facilities and will also be discussed in this paper.


Antimicrobial susceptibility test of the 116 strains of Mycoplasma pneumoniae isolates were performed by a broth micro-dilution method against to moxifloxacin, levofloxacin, sparfloxacin, ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin minocycline, erythromycin, josamycin, and tetracycline. The initial-minimum inhibitory concentration (I-MIC) was evaluated as the lowest concentration of antimicrobial agents that prevented a color change in the medium at that time when the drug-free growth control, about 7 days after incubation, and the final-minimum inhibitory concentration (F-MIC) was defined a color change about 14 days after incubation. The evaluation to the drug-resistant M. pneumoniae isolates were determined the MIC?1.0 ㎍/㎖ of each antimicrobial agent. According to the I-MIC, single drug-resistant M. pneumoniae strains to ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, clarithromycin and erythromycin were 79.3, 53.5, 10.3, and 7.8%, respectively. Two kinds of drug-resistant M. pneumoniae strains to ofloxacin and ciprofloxacin, or ciprofloxacin and clarithromycin were 42.2 and 9.5%. Three kinds of drug-resistant M. pneumoniae strains to erythromycin, ofloxacin, and ciprofloxacin, or ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin and clarithromycin were 6.9 and 6.0%. According to the F-MIC, single drug-resistant M. pneumoniae strains to tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, minocycline, erythromycin, josamycin, clarithromycin and sparfloxacin were 91.4, 91.4, 91.4, 89.7, 68.1, 52.6, 28.5, and 11.2%, respectively. The incidence of two kinds of drug-resistant M. pneumoniae strains were from 20.7% to 91.4%, three kinds of drug-resistant M. pneumoniae strains were from 28.5% to 89.7%, four kinds of drug-resistant M. pneumoniae strains were 2.6%, five kinds of drug-resistant M. pneumoniae strains were from 2.6% to 21.6%, six kinds of drug-resistant M. pneumoniae strains were from 0.9% to 24.1%, seven kinds of drug-resistant M. pneumoniae strains were from 0.9% to 2.6%, and eight kinds of drug-resistant M. pneumoniae strains were 1.7%. These results suggest that sparfloxacin, moxifloxacin and levofloxacin might be promising antimicrobial agents for the treatment of M. pneumoniae infection in Korea. However, most strains of M. pneumoniae isolates were single or multi-resistance pattern to the other tested antimicrobial agents. Therefore, tetracycline, minocycline, erythromycin, clarithromycin, and second-generation quinolones are more carefully used to patients with M. pneumoniae infection in Korea.


Stephan Rosenkranz, Richard Channick, Kelly M. Chin, Bartosz Jenner, Sean Gaine, Nazzareno Galiè, Hossein-Ardeschir Ghofrani, Marius M. Hoeper, Vallerie V. McLaughlin, Camille Du Roure, Lewis J. Rubin, Olivier Sitbon, Victor Tapson, and Irene M. Lang In the original published version, there has been a discrepancy in Figure 3A and Graphical Abstract, as the number of patients described in Graphical Abstract for Subgroup B is n = 144, while it is n = 143 in Figure 3A. In Subgroup B, one patient could not be included for the baseline adjusted analysis due to lack of information on baseline body mass index, which was one of the covariates used in the model. The correct Graphical Abstract is shown below.


In this study, we have identified over 150 cells in the adult macaque spinal cord that are immunoreactive when stained with an antibody to 5‐HT by means of the PAP method. The staining was blocked by preabsorption of the primary antibody by the 5‐HT‐BSA conjugate (used to generate the antibody) and by 5‐HT, while BSA, dopamine, norepinephrine, 5‐methoxytryptamine and tryptamine preabsorption did not block staining. In addition, the Falck‐Hillarp histofluorescence technique was applied to the lumbosacral cord from one of the three monkeys studied; results confirm the presence of cells with yellow fluorescence and rapid fading to brown characteristic for serotoninergic cells.


Objectives: Participation rates in women's ice hockey is increasing in North America. Recent studies have demonstrated an increased prevalence of femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) in elite male ice hockey players, yet little is known about hip pathology of players in the National Women's Hockey League (NWHL). The primary purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of radiographic FAI in women's professional ice hockey players. The secondary purpose was to analyze the relationship between the presence of radiographic cam deformity and hip ROM, clinical impingement signs and age of menarche. Methods: In this IRB-approved study, physical examination and demographic data were prospectively collected for 27 NWHL players. Alpha angles were measured on 45-degree Dunn views with an alpha angle &gt55° defined as cam-positive. Pearson correlations were performed to analyze the relationship between alpha angle and ROM measurements, clinical impingement signs and self-reported age of menarche. Players were grouped into those with and without cam impingement and group differences were assessed using the student's t-test. Statistical significance was set at p&lt0.05. Results: Twenty-seven athletes were included in the study. Nineteen of the 27 players (70%) had radiologic evidence of cam-type impingement with alpha angle &gt55 degrees; 14 players (52%) had bilateral cam deformity. The average age of menarche was 13.9±1.5 years. There was a significant association between age of menarche and right alpha angle (R=0.57, CI [0.16, 0.81], p=0.011), as well as age of menarche and left alpha angle (R=0.48, CI [0.03, 0.77], p=0.039). There was no statistically significant association between alpha angle and any ROM measurement. Additionally, there was no difference in the incidence of clinical impingement for players with or without an alpha angle &gt55°. Conclusion: This study suggests that elite female ice hockey players have a significantly higher prevalence of cam-type morphology than the general population. The clinical significance of this radiographic finding is uncertain as the majority of these deformities seem to be asymptomatic. Interestingly, the positive association between alpha angle and age of menarche lends support to the etiological hypothesis that cam lesions are a result of activity-related stress at the proximal femoral physis. This data suggests that players with earlier menarche (and therefore earlier physeal closure) seem to be less vulnerable to the development of cam deformity of the proximal femur.


There are many different reasons why people become angry. We can feel angry when we react to other people or situations, or by worrying about personal or financial problems. Difficult memories from the past can also lead to angry thoughts and feelings. Why do I get angry? Anger is a normal and natural emotion and everyone gets angry sometimes. Anger is a way for us to release mental and emotional pressure. There are times when anger is useful, for example to help us stand up for and protect ourselves or other people from harm. It is not wrong to feel angry it is as natural as other feelings such as happiness, excitement and sadness. However it is how we react when we are angry that can cause problems. Some people lash out verbally or physically whereas others bottle it up and withdraw. Other people can take their anger out on themselves through self harm or other behaviours. Many people have problems controlling their anger, but it is possible to control our anger instead of letting anger control us. What can I do to control my anger? Know your triggers


This chapter explores the influence of film and television on the spiritual and moral development of young people in Australia. It first investigates and then theorizes the issue. It then looks at the spiritual and moral influence of propaganda films and the educational function of a documentary film. It also offers a look at the potential of commercial films to influence the meaning, identity and spirituality of young people. Then it investigates the significance of culture of and advertising in television on the school's teaching and learning environment.


Combined retinal degeneration and sensorineural hearing impairment is mostly due to autosomal recessive Usher syndrome (USH1: congenital deafness, early retinitis pigmentosa (RP); USH2: progressive hearing impairment, RP).


Communication is the most vital phenomenon in the human existence. Man himself is a product of communication, he lives with and by it and his survival is emphatically dependent on it. Communication has been variously likened to 'Oxygen' by scholars, which sustains human life. In other words, communication makes and sustains human society. According to Aina (2006) the indispensability of communication is aptly described thus: Without it (communication), no society can progress and survive. It is a tool for social interaction, since it helps to promote collective actions and other social behaviors that make life meaningful and interesting  for most of us. Interestingly, man and the society evolved from communication. This is biologically proven that man evolved from communication through copulation between a matured, healthy male and female during which the sperm fertilizes (communicates with the egg) resulting into pregnancy. At various stages of the pregnancy, the foetus communicates life by kicking and turning (Oloyode, 1990:10). More interestingly, the first ever activity of men on getting to this world is communication through babyish cries and soft kicks. He naturally begins to send and receive messages through any or a combination of certain channels cited in Kunczik (1991:27) and quoted by Aina (2003). These channels are: The auditive and vocal channel (spoken language-verbal and paralinguistic communication). The visual channel (facial expression, exchange of glances, gestures and body movements, interpersonal distances and or/ making use of space to communicate distancing or approach). The tactile channel (touching and stroking) The olfactory channel (sensing another person's bodily warmth) The gustatory channel(sense of taste) Also, the gregarious nature of man (cannot do without relating with others) has made communication inevitable and a nucleus to his existence. He must express, relate, share ideas, habituate, socialize, influence, build and maintain social order. According to the classical submission of Otite and Ogionwo (1979) as cited by Aina (2003:9), "it is only through communication that people develop consensus  and  that people are able to act together. This is further stressed by the popular American slang, "Man cannot but communicate".


During the reform era, there have been two important developments in China's administrative system. First, there has been a moderate degree of administrative decentralization in the area of cadre appointment. Prior to 1983, the central Party authorities – formally the central Organization Department (OD) – were responsible for appointing cadres down to the bureau level; the 1983–84 reforms delegated bureau-level appointments to ministries and provinces. As a result, the Centre is responsible for appointing fewer cadres than before; as of 1983, it had 7,000 cadres on its management list, a reduction of some 6,000 from the 1980 list. The second development is that the Centre has sought to regulate the appointment decisions that it no longer controls directly and to monitor officials' performance and conduct. To this end, new and increasingly detailed procedures have been laid out to guide appointment decisions and there have been efforts to strengthen the specialized monitoring agencies.


Lifetimes of nuclear states have been measured by the Doppler-shift attenuation method. Gamma radiations from the 11B(d,pγ)12B, 19F(p,αγ)16O, and 12C(h,pγ)14N reactions were observed with a Ge(Li) detector at θγ = 7°, 90° and 173°. The following lifetimes were obtained:Upper limits have been set for very fast lifetimes, and transition energies were also determined. The partial widths of the radiative transitions from the 6.44 MeV state of 14N were compared with theoretical predictions. The amplitude of a (p3/2)−2 configuration in the wave function of this level was evaluated using the partial width of the 6.44 → 3.95 MeV transition determined in the present work.


To try to make the world more sustainable and reduce air pollution, diesel buses are being replaced with electric buses. This leads to challenges in scheduling, as electric buses need recharging during the day. Moreover, buses encounter varying traffic conditions and passenger demands, leading to delays. Scheduling electric buses with these stochastic driving times is also called the Stochastic Vehicle Scheduling Problem . The classical approach to make a schedule more robust against these delays, is to add slack to the driving time. However, this approach doesn't capture the variance of a distribution well, and it doesn't account for dependencies between trips. We use discrete event simulation in order to evaluate the robustness of a schedule. Then, to create a schedule, we use a hybrid approach, where we combine integer linear programming and simulated annealing with the use of these simulations. We show that with the use of our hybrid algorithm, the punctuality of the buses increase, and they also have a more timely arrival. However, we also see a slight increase in operating cost, as we need slightly more buses compared to when we use deterministic driving times.


In maintenance of a water distribution network,the model based on semi-markov processes is proposed in order to achieve rational and efficient use of limited funds.The objective function of the model is to gain the system reliability,i.e.the maximum of the total weighted long-run reliability of the whole system.The concept of hydraulic reliability is employed to determine the weight of pipes in the maintenance programme,and an example is given to illustrate how this model is used for the actual computation.


The study of the research history of geological resources is one of the main objectives of the International Commission on the History of Geological Sciences (INHIGEO), which was created in 1967 within the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS) and was also affiliated with the International Union on the History and Philosophy of Sciences (IUHPS). INHIGEO has many members from about 50 countries and promotes a major annual symposium with associated field activities. This book was born of a joint effort of the INHIGEO Spanish delegation and the Sociedad Espanola para la Defensa del Patrimonio Geologico y Minero (Spanish Society for the Protection of Geological and Mining Heritage-SEDPGYM), which collaborated w i t h the Geological Survey of Spain in the organization of the 35th International Conference of INHIGEO. The Instituto Geologico y Minero de Espana (Geological Survey of Spain-IGME) was established in 1849 with the aim of conducting the geological map of Spain and the geological study of all the provinces in order to exploit their mineral resources. Integrated in the Ministry of Science and Innovation, with its modern features as Geological Survey of Spain, IGME is the interlocutor of the IUGS, w i t h which collaborates on many of its programs and commissions, such as the IGCP, ProGEO, Global Geosites, etc. Also, IGME sponsors activities related to teaching and spreading of the geology around the country and contributes t o initiatives and meetings of scientific societies. Mining tradition of Spain starts in the Paleolithic and was particularly intense from the Roman times. In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, Spain was a global mining output, which was reaffirmed by its vast overseas territories and intense mineral trade w i t h the rest of Europe. Even today our country has an important mining activity and leading the production of various minerals and ornamental stones in Europe. The interest in the conservation of the mining and industrial heritage from inactive mining regions, has resulted in numerous initiatives for protection and restoration of old underground and surface workings in different regions, with the creation of mining parks, museums, archaeological sites, and the enhancement of heritage-related issues in cultural heritage related to mining. The book contains 43 contributions that were given as oral presentations or posters in the Conference program, from 76 authors and coauthors from 16 countries. In collaboration with SEDPGYM and INHIGEO, the Geological Survey of Spain is pleased to contribute to the publication of this selection of key papers presented at the 3 5 t h INHIGEO Conference held in Spain.


Summary form only given. Optical frequency combs (OFCs) can generate a wide bandwidth of regularly spaced modes with high frequency stability. Besides frequency and time metrology, OFCs can also have applications in arbitrary waveform generation and telecommunications by manipulating individual comb modes. We have previously demonstrated using optical injection locking to selectively amplify individual comb modes which are closely spaced (250 MHz) [1]. Over 50 dB of gain was achieved with low phase noise associated with the locking process [2]. The injection locking process maintains the coherence properties of the master laser and therefore by combining multiple lasers locked to different frequencies of a common OFC, pulses can be generated.In the work presented here, we have locked three semiconductor lasers 100 GHz apart to a 250 MHz spaced OFC using the technique presented in [1]. The lasers were subsequently combined using an arrayed waveguide grating. The relative phases of the signals from each laser prior to combination were controlled using piezoelectric fibre stretchers which were locked using low-bandwidth feedback loops (<; 10 Hz). The optical spectrum of the combined signal is shown in Fig. 1a. The weak side-modes are due to the injection locking process and their powers were at least -44 dB below that of the main laser modes; they can be further suppressed by reducing the injected power. 100 GHz repetition rate pulses were observed using an optical sampling oscilloscope as shown in Fig. 1b. A root mean square (rms) timing jitter of 193 ± 6 fs was measured for 64,000 sample traces (measured over 6.4 ms). The rms jitter for 20 combined traces (1,280,000 samples), taken over 3 minutes, only increased to 223 ± 6 fs. This increase in jitter can be accounted for by the performance of the feedback system used to control the relative phase of the lasers, which has yet to be fully optimised. This technique can also be used to generate higher repetition rate signals. One of the key advantages of this technique is that the timing jitter scales down with increasing repetition rate since the phase variance associated with the injection locking process is independent of the spectral spacing between the locked lasers.We plan to increase the number of lasers locked to the same OFC. By controlling both the amplitude and phase of each laser we will be able to generate shorter pulses. We will also be able to manipulate the shape of the pulses via line-by-line pulse shaping [3]. This will allow us to generate various shaped waveforms such as square-like and triangular-like pulses.


bonds concludes that default rates for these securities have been much higher than most earlier studies indicate. Asquith, Mullins, and Wolff [1989] found that an inwstor who bought and held all high-yield bonds issued in 1977-1978 would have experienced default rates exceeding 34% by year-end 1988. The press seized on these results, noting that previous researchers such as Altman [1987] and Long and Hradsky [ 1989]--employing an alternative methodology-had found annual high-yield default rates in the range of 1.5% to 2%. This translates into cumulative default rates of approximately 15% to 20% over ten years if defaulits were to occur evenly throughout the life of the securities. The sudden press attention is somewhat of a mystery, because a previous study (Altman [1989]) uses a similar methodology and reaches similar conclusions. Altman's "mortality study" was originally released in February 1988 and updated in June 1988. In lool<ing at default rates as bonds aged, Altman found that the cumulative default rate was 31.91% for B-rated bonds from 1971 through 1987 not very different from the 34% to 35% results reported by Asquith et al. 'The difference between recent results and earlier findings stems from the methodologies. Most previous studies compare the par amount of bonds that defaulted to the total par amount outstanding, The recent studies take a different approach. They note that in this rapidly growing market most of the issues are very young. In 1986, for example, t:he average issue had been outstanding less than two years. As most defaults occur late in the life of the security, the two papers therefore look at the default rate by year as the bonds age. This article reviews the Asqiiith et al. findings in light of their implications for the high-yield market. I come to three major conclusions: Previous studies that focus on monthly rates of return have already built-in actual defauits and are therefore valid. Results have generally shown that high-yield bonds on average had a higher mean return and a lower standard deviation than U.S. Treasury or high-grade corporate bonds over the 1977-1988 period. 0 The internal rate of return on the entire high-yield portfolio calculated using a inethodology that takes account of default coupled with normal recovery rates is quite respectable. 0 Default numbers for 1977 and 1978 must be viewed with caution when drawing conclusions for the market today, as the composition of the issuers has changed dramatically.


The main aim of the present study is to assess whether the open learner model (OLM) is capable of promoting students' active thinking by enhancing their self‐regulation in online higher education learning environments. To this aim, we systematically reviewed the literature of the last three decades and found 67 articles, of which only a sample of 15 were considered. Based on the findings, we performed a narrative analysis of the studies concerning technological features of OLMs that cater to the three main aspects concerning self‐regulated learning, namely, cognition, metacognition and motivation. Our analysis of the literature confirmed that these three aspects are all subject to some measure of influence. In mutually interacting, these three components support learners to reach a better understanding of their learning process. Specifically, it seems that mostly all three type of OLMs, inspectable, negotiable, and co‐operative, with simple and complex graphical presentation of their learner models and capacity to colour‐code and compare—alike appear optimal for augmenting cognition, metacognition, and motivation. They seemingly do so through offering a wealth of techniques pertaining to knowledge, difficulties, and misconception visualization. The results presented suggest that OLMs have a positive impact on learners' active thinking regarding their learning process. Practitioner NotesWhat is already known about this topic Several educational environments have been enhanced with open learner models (OLMs) with the aim of supporting learners.OLM seems to be a potential avenue for improving higher education by supporting learners' active thinking about their learning process by enhancing self‐regulated learning.Despite growing interest in OLMs, there has yet to be any effort to systematically review current research studies investigating their potential to promote self‐regulated learning.What this paper adds All type of OLMs, with their varied visualization features, to some extent are useful for promoting cognitive, metacognitive, and motivational components of self‐regulated learning.In mutually interacting, the three components of self‐regulated learning support learners to reach a better understanding of their learning process, and thereby promoting active thinking.Implications for practice and/or policy We suggest that practitioners must first grasp the possibilities for the cultivation of self‐regulated learning contained in the particular features of each OLM, and then add this insight to their own expertise in order to best integrate them for supporting students' active thinking.While a number of specific features of OLMs seem pertinent to cultivating one particular element of self‐regulated learning, there remains the chance that, through the interaction of cognitive, metacognitive, and motivational tactics, these features could in fact make a more holistic and general contribution. This supports learners to move from active‐in‐behaviour to active‐in‐thinking activities in digital learning environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] uracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)


Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks continue to pose higher threats to the internet. There are so many protocols designed to trace the attacker"s address. We want to trace back attack source (i.e., "IP addresses"), we need to examine the tradeoff between different existing IP Trace back techniques. We developed a Novel protocol to trace the IP address of DDoS attack. The novel protocol is designed by using response 1, Nonce of secure- neighbor as the parameters. We developed a sample network model. We simulate the network model by applying secure-neighbor protocol in Qualnet. Through secureneighbor, we retrieve the basic parameter value (Response 1, Nonce) and apply the decryption function on Nonce and value of neighbor-timeout to find the attackers IP address. We studied different internet topologies and aspect of DDoS attacks, used internet power low for the simulation of the internet.


The strength of geological materials is one of the fundamental input parameters used in the design of civil and mining engineering works; including those projects to be constructed in complex geological mixtures or fragmented rocks such as melanges, fault rocks, coarse pyroclastic rocks, breccias and sheared serpentines. These often chaotic, mechanically and/or spatially heterogeneous rock masses are composed of relatively rock inclusions surrounded by weaker matrix, and maybe be considered bimrocks (block-in-matrix-rocks). It is almost always impossible to prepare standard core samples from bimrocks in order to perform laboratory studies. Therefore, for these rocks, determination of the mechanical parameters such as cohesion, friction angle and uniaxial compressive strength is extraordinarily challenging. Although there is sparse literature describing empirical and laboratory studies on bimrocks, there is no widely accepted empirical approach among the rock mechanics community due to the limitations of the existing empirical equations, which were developed largely for more tractable, relatively homogenous rock masses. In this study, an exhaustive database was developed by literature overviews and laboratory studies. Artificial bimrocks were also prepared in the laboratory for uniaxial and triaxial compression testing. Plaster of Paris, bentonite, cement and water were mixed in different ratios to fabricate matrix types with various strengths. In addition, real tuff and andesite blocks, fragmented to centimeter sizes to create blocks, were mixed with the matrix materials to create artificial bimrocks. Uniaxial and triaxial compression tests were conducted on specimens of pure matrix and artificial bimrock mixes having different block proportions. Finally, a series of statistical regression analyses were applied to the results of the laboratory strength tests to develop an empirical approach for estimating the overall strength of bimrock mass, by incorporating the Mohr-Coulomb strength model and the Hoek-Brown empirical criterion, both of which are widely used in rock engineering. The empirical approach based on the Hoek-Brown empirical equations was found to yield a slightly better predictive performance than an empirical approach based on the Mohr-Coulomb.


When we read in our L1 it is normal for us to create pictures in our mind of the material we are reading, or to 'visualise'. However, research has shown that this is often not the case with L2 readers, particularly at lower levels. Despite the fact that the activity is the same, the reading strategies employed by L2 learners are not and this hinders comprehension. This paper shows that by encouraging L2 learners to visualise when reading, their level of comprehension can be improved. After a brief theoretical introduction a list of practical ideas is given, along with an example text showing how these ideas can be exploited in the classroom. KEY WORDS Literature, reading, reading strategies, ELT. RESUMEN


ABSTRACT Bolaamphiphilies with D-A-D type π-conjugated rigid cores composed by thiophenes as donors (D) and benzothiadiazole (BTD) as central acceptor (A) have been synthesised. Their self-assemblies and photophysical properties were investigated by polarising optical microscope, differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. Such compounds can self-assemble into honeycomb cylinder mesophases with Colhex∆/p6mm and Colsqu/p4mm lattices in their pure states as well as organogels with different morphologies in organic solvents. Their absorption spectra cover nearly the entire visible light range and their band gaps are relatively low. Tetrathiophene BTD based bolaamphilphiles (BT4/n ) with higher D/A ratios than the bisthiophene BTD bolaamphilphiles (BT2/n ) can self-assemble into more ordered nanostructures in both bulk states and solution. Both the absorption and emission peaks of BT4/n are strongly red shifted. The influence of the molecular conformation, the conjugated core length, as well as the D/A ratio on the self-assemble and photophysical characteristics of such D-A-D bolaamphiphiles are discussed. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT


A canine model for cryopreservation and autotransplantation of parathyroid glands was developed as a prototype for cryopreservation of human parathyroid glands. Each of 18 dogs had two parathyroids removed, sectioned, and cooled at a controlled rate to −80° in media containing 10% dimethylsulfoxide and 10% autologous serum. After storage for two months at −196° the tissue was thawed and implanted in muscle; the remaining two parathyroid glands were removed from the neck. Function was assessed by monitoring serum calcium levels and measuring parathyroid hormone levels in venous effluent from the graft beds. Autograft function was demonstrated in ten of 18 dogs; graft failure occurred in four dogs. In the remaining four dogs, function could not be evaluated because of accessory parathyroid tissue. Parathyroid tissue cryopreserved for nine months was documented to function in six of seven dogs. Histologic study of the cryopreserved, autografted tissue showed normal parathyroid architecture.


Unfortunately, the trend has been the opposite. Modern food chains place increasing importance on branding, distribution and services, rather than on farmers' traditional role in supplying produce to wholesale markets. As a result, primary producers of agricultural commodities have been capturing less and less of the total value of their products. At the same time, power has become concentrated in the hands of a small number of buyers — the major supermarket chains and manufacturers who dominate the global food market. This is shown in Figure 1 and illustrates the bottleneck confronting producers in the developing world when seeking access By Chris Docherty paper


In the present paper we will try to analyze the Decision Support System (DSS) and the way in which it is applied or not in the Romanian Small and Medium Sized Enterprises (SMEs) (with examples). We also will see if the system is beneficial for these Romanian Enterprises. We analyzed through interviews 50 small and medium-sized Romanian enterprises. They do not accept their name to be published. As a consequence, we will present only the results. It is underlined in the conclusions the differences between the small and the medium size enterprises in respect of the models they are using. The most important benefits of DSS (generally) are represented by increased efficiency, competitive advantages and better managerial process. SEA Practical Application of Science Volume I, Issue 2 (2), 2013 227 The Concept of DSS DSS were introduced in the 1970s and gain attention in the 1980s. They were perceived as an evolutionary step from the management information systems (Power, 2007). The main components of the DSS architecture are the database, the model and the user interface. These components can be classified as Inputs, User Knowledge and Expertise, Outputs, Decisions. DSS systems are not entirely different from other systems. They require a structured approach including technology, people and the development approach. The Decision Support System (DSS) represents a sort of information system which is a support for business and organizational decision-making activities. If it is properly designed, it is an interactive software-based system in order to help decision makers to compile useful information from a combination of documents, data, and business models, to identify and solve problems and take decisions. They were perceived as an evolutionary step from management information systems, which at the time were relatively inflexible storehouses of corporate data. The most common information presented by a DSS is as follows:  an inventory of all current information assets;  comparative sales figures between one week and the next;  projected revenue figures based on new product sales assumptions. According to some authors the concept of decision support evolved from two main areas of research, namely the organizational decision making studies made at the Carnegie Institute of Technology during the late 1950s and early 1960s and the technical work on interactive computer systems, carried out mainly by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in the 1960s. The concept of DSS gained more interest in the 1980s. Late 1980s DSS models evolved to the executive information systems (EIS), group decision systems (GDSS) and organizational decision support systems (ODSS). According to Sol (1987) both the definition and the scope of DSS migrated over the years. If in 1970s DSS was defined as a "computer-based system to aid decision making" at the end of the 1980s it faced new challenges towards the design of intelligent workstations. There is no universal-accepted taxonomy of DSS because different authors proposed various definitions and classifications. Haettenschwiller, using the criterion of the relationship with the user, differentiated passive, active and cooperative DSS. A passive DSS is a system that aids the decision-making process, but it is not able to get decision suggestions or solutions. An active DSS is able to bring out such solutions. A cooperative DSS is allowing the decision maker to complete, modify and refine the decision suggestions proposed by the system, than the system completes, improves and refines the suggestions and send them back to the decision maker in order to be validated. D.Power (2007), using the mode of assistance criterion, differentiated: communication-driven, data-driven, document-driven, knowledge-driven and model-driven DSS. A communicationdriven DSS supports more than one person to work on a shared task (see Microsoft's NetMeeting or Groove). A data-driven DSS put the accent on the access to and the manipulation of time series of internal data and, sometimes, external data. A document-driven DSS is managing, retrieving and manipulating unstructured information in a large variety of electronic formats. A knowledge-driven DSS provides specialized problem-solving expertise stored as facts, procedures, rules SEA Practical Application of Science Volume I, Issue 2 (2), 2013 228 etc. A model-driven DSS emphasizes access to and manipulation of statistical, financial, optimization and simulation models. It uses data and parameters provided by users in order to assist decision makers in analyzing a situation. Components and Models of DSS There are three main components of the DSS architecture as follows: 1. the database; 2. the model; 3. user interface. Of course, the DSS systems are not entirely different from other systems, but their technology levels may include: o the actual application that will be used by the user; o generator contains hardware/software environment that allows people to develop easily specific DSS applications; o DSS generators including special languages, functional libraries, linking modules etc. The DSS can be changed and redesigned at various intervals and once the system is designed it needs to be tested and revised according to the desired outcomes. DSS components can be classified as follows: Inputs – numbers, factors and characteristics to be analyzed; User knowledge and expertise – inputs requiring manual analysis by the user; Outputs – transformed data from which the decisions are generated; Decisions – results generated by the system based on user criteria. DSS performing selected cognitive decision-making functions and based on artificial intelligence are called Intelligent Decision Support Systems or IDSS. A Data analysis system provides access to data, allows data manipulation capabilities uses the information in order to offer alternatives. The Analysis information systems combine information from several files, some of them external, can have a true data base; the information can be combined in order to answer a specific query. The Accounting models are using internal accounting data, provide accounting modeling capabilities but cannot handle uncertainty. The Representational model can incorporate uncertainty, is using models to solve decision problems, can be used to augment the capabilities of the Accounting models, and uses the demand data to forecast next year demand and the results to make inventory decisions. The Optimization systems are used to estimate the effects of various decision alternatives can incorporate uncertainty etc. The Suggestion systems are descriptive and prescriptive models, used to suggest to the decision-maker the best possible action; they may incorporate an Expert System, are using the system to recommend a decision. The Group Decision Support Systems (GDSS) (Reference for Business, 2010) are used to assist groups of decision makers who have common or overlapping responsibilities. One example is tallying and processing group member preferences and presenting the output for the participants to discuss. In some cases the group may never meet but there is a centralized system available to each member for the common tasks they have to perform. Executive Information Systems (EIS) are analysis tools meant to be applied to most critical financial and performance data of a company. There was a resurgence of the EIS in the 1990s due to the widespread of management interest in activity-based costing, data warehousing and company resource planning systems. Software made EIS less costly and more powerful. As categories of DSS one can take into account various criteria: Based on the nature of the decision situation we have: SEA Practical Application of Science Volume I, Issue 2 (2), 2013 229  Institutional DSS – they are regularly used, are taking into account the nature of the organization and are used by more than one person;  Ad-Hoc DSS – they are one of a kind, used one time and by single individuals. Based on number of users the DSS are: Individual Multi-individual Group Strategy is extremely important for any company. Nowadays, strategic planning is very important for some companies but for others is employed only to: Glimpse future opportunities; Determine the economic impact and risks of investment choices; Take defensive steps to reduce threats facing the company; Match resources and capabilities to the competitive environment; Capitalize on opportunities and emerging trends; Establish a set of standards and direct resources toward goals in areas such as sales, growth, profit, productivity, service etc. The Integrated Business Planning (IBP) (Centurion, 2009) is a mean for the organizations which are already efficient to be different from their competition. By implementing IBP across the company, the departments can engage in planning processes that inform the plans of other areas of the business, including linking the strategy to budgeting and operational planning. In this situation, the decisionmakers can evaluate uncertainty, use effectively historical data, simulate complex systems and allocate optimally scarce resources. This multi-dimensional business modeling enables managers to project the financial outcomes of potential plans or actions because it offers:  More insights through: "what-if" analysis, simulation analysis, optimization to any variable or objective function, infeasibility and "next best alternative";  More impact through: full set of metrics, resource allocation guidelines, alignment of targets and incentives;  More flexibility through: fast structuring and analysis of scenarios with multiple variables, easy to store, retrieve, analyze and share. Best practice organizations are using the IBP strategy model as a core planning driver for operational planning, sales and operations planning, forecasting and financial budgeting. A new application is the software for visualizing the past, present and the future. (


This study represents first attempt to juxtapose and correlate the zonal schemes of calcareous nannofossils and planktonic foraminifers in the Lower and Middle Paleocene of Bulgaria. The calibration of the two schemes is accomplished in the most complete and continuous sedimentary succession of Byala Fm., cropping out in the sections around the village of Goritsa, Varna District. In the Danian Stage the presence of NP1-NP4 nannofossil zones as well as of the planktic foraminifera zones Pα, P1a, P1b, P1c, P3a is documented. In despite of the scarce paleontological data, the presence of P0 zone in basal Danian and P2 zone in the upper Danian is suggested. In the Selandian Stage NP5 and respectively P3b zones are evidenced with exceptionally rich plankton associations. The upper part of the section is incomplete due to the overthrusting of Upper Cretaceous sediments. The most important bio-events in both group are calibrated, thus enable higher biostratigraphic resolution and accuracy of dating.


This article deals with the question of how the restructuring of educational systems in Nordic countries affects teachers' working conditions. It is based on results from the project "Restructuring in Education: Reform policy and teacher professionalism in different Nordic contexts" in which the construction of the "New Teacher" in Nordic countries was described and analyzed. In the paper we will relate the results from an analysis of steering and policy documents to an analysis of teacher interviews concerning how they experienced the changes during the 1990s. According to several scholars in the field, the consequence of restructuring has been a growing instrumentalism. Teaching is said to be increasingly managerial in nature, both as teachers are managed and, in turn, themselves manage others. This is, however, more a traditionalist than an obvious argument. Our ambition has been to qualify the discussion by more sensitive and nuanced descriptions of how restructuring affects teachers' work.


Abstract : The All-Union Scientific-Research Institute for Oxygen Equipment developed a VNIIKIMASh type BR-6 machine designed to produce 15,000 cubic m per hour of nitrogen with a 0.002% content of 02; 7840 cubic m per hour of low-purity oxygen with 95% 02; and 160 cubic m per hour of high-purity oxygen with a 99.5% concentration of 02. The new BR-6 plants have been providing adequate supplies of pure nitrogen and technical oxygen to synthetic ammonium other chemical plants. The BR-6 plant consists of several air turbocompressors an air-fractioning unit, turboexpanders, a controlling and measuring instrument panel, switching mechanism, preheaters, and other equipment. Unlike the G-6800 machine operating at two pressure levels, the BR-6 nitrogen-oxygen plant is designed for a low pressure level, a system used earlier only in technical oxygen plants. The low-pressure system makes it possible to eliminate reciprocating engines, chemical air purifiers for removing carbon dioxide from the air, an ammonium refrigeration unit, and reversible heat exchangers for freezing out the moisture thus resulting in a highly efficient unit.


This research aims to identify the most prominent embellishment feature of Arabic rhetoric (al-muhassinat al-badi'iyyah) that is al-tibaq derived from several verses in surah al-Nur, with the definition of al-tibaq and the explanation of its relation to the Holy Quran. The reason of choosing this surah as it contains special characteristics as well as its strong meaning either in term of Arabic language or sharia law such as law of adultery, defamation and others. Among the greatest characteristics of this surah is that it was revealed in order to protect Ummu al-Mu'minin Sayyidatina A'ishah r.a. from a false allegation. In this study, the researcher applied an analytical descriptive approach to derive and clarify the al-tibaq feature from the verses including its relation to the Holy Quran. The result of this research shows a splendid beauty of al-tibaq through the explanation of the related verses from surah al-Nur.Keywords: analytical study, al-tibaq, surah al-Nur.


Differences in Capital Structure of Publicly Traded Companies in Europe and USA The paper aims at analysing the difference in capital structure and debt maturity choices of firms in Europe and in the USA. Employing logical and comparative study of theoretical knowledge in accordance with analysis of empirical data, the authors define the variations in leverage and long-term debt ratios. Specifically for comparability of studied markets, the analysis was based on financial data of companies that are members of STOXX600, which is considered the primary index for the European market, and S&P 500, which is considered one of the best representations of the US market. Based on the results, we can assume that there exist statistically significant differences. Companies in the USA tend to use more debt, especially long-term debt, than companies in Europe.


Deng-xiaoping established a developing theoretical system by using Marxism fundamental and combining China's fact under temporal history background. He provided theoretical proofs to the Scientific Outlook on Development which means putting people first ,aiming at comprehensive and coordinated and sustainable development.


The aim of the study was to determine the structure of social competences of professional foster parents using the Social Competence Questionnaire A. Matczak (2001). The study included 167 professional foster parents carrying out family emergency tasks in the Śląskie and Małopolskie voivodships.
Research results show that more than half of the respondents are characterized by an average, and more than one-third by a high level of social competence. Compared to the results of the general population, foster mothers have significantly higher competences on the intimacy scale, and foster fathers on the assertiveness scale. In comparison with representatives of other social professions (nurses, family assistants), foster mothers have significantly higher social competences in the intimacy scale compared to nurses. In comparison with family assistants, the results obtained are comparable.


China is a country with deep and sophisticated catering culture.There are over ten thousand categories of famous dishes in eight regional cuisines in China,whose names represent the Chinese catering culture by recording the raw materials and cooking style,vividly conveying the Chinese aesthetic principles,cultural psychology.The research on famous dishes in eight regional cuisines in China can excavate their deep and profound cultural connotation and standardize their nomenclature,thereby contributing to development of excellent catering brand and involvement in international catering market competition.


We consider the propagation of spike packets in two dimensional networks consisting of locally coupled neural pools. The dynamic attractors of this model, synfire chains, appear for some values of network parameters. The synfire chain formation exhibits behavior, which may be discribed with the percolation phase transition. Using finite-size scaling method, we obtained the critical probabilities and the critical parameter ratio beta/v for different sets of refractoriness and synaptic weights, connecting neighbouring neural pools


Background The strength of the inspiratory muscle is measured by maximal insiratory pressure. In this study we analyzed the normal values of Maximal inspiratory mouth pressure in healthy participants of different age groups and either gender. Subject and Methods 160 healthy individuals between the age group of 30 to 69 years of either gender were taken for the study. Males and females participants were separated in groups and each group was divided into four sub groups of 20 individuals according to age (Subgroup:30-39 years, 40-49 years, 50-59 years and 60- 69 years). Maximum inspiratory pressure was measured using a mechanical pressure guage. The largest negative pressure sustained for 1 second on the pressure gauge was recorded. All participants were allowed to rest for about one minute, and then repeated the maneuver 5 times. Results The normal mean MIP values in 30-39 age group of male subjects was 125 cmH2O, in 40-49 age group it was 120 cmH2O, in 50-59 age group it was 110 cmH2O and in 60-69 age group it was 93 cmH2O. Similarly the mean PI max value in 30-39 age group of female subjects was 85 cmH2O, in 40-49 age group it was79 cmH2O, in 50-59 age group it was 75 cmH2O and in 60- 69 age it was 71 cmH2O. MIP reduced with advancing age and males had greater MIP values than compared to females(P<0.01). Conclusion The MIP values obtained in our literature can be used as base line values to measure inspiratory muscle strength. MIP is greater in males when compared to females and these values decline in advancing age.


The present invention discloses a method for separating 6-gingerol from ginger, which comprises the steps of ginger oleoresin preparation, chromatographic separation with a silica gel column, coarse gingerol preparation, liquid phase chromatographic separation, solvent elimination, pure 6-gingerol product preparation, etc. The purity of 6-gingerol prepared from the separation of the present invention is high, and at the same time, the present invention has the advantages of simple and convenient operation, simple technological process and high separation efficiency.


This paper describes the use of Reinforcement Learning to the computation of optimal trajectories and anti-swing control of a ship unloader. The unloading cycle is divided into six phases and an optimization problem is defined for each of them. A TD(0) algorithm together with a multilayer perceptron neural network as a value function approximator is used in the optimization. The results obtained are compared to Optimal Control results.


This paper develops an accurate force control algorithm an reduce the effect of torque ripple for the Series Elastic Actuators (SEA). The harmonic drive is a geared system which is widely utilized in actuators such as SEA. However, it becomes a big challenge to achieve highly accurate force control performance in SEA because of harmonic drive torque ripple. In this study, the harmonic drive ripple model is analyzed and characterized. The derived model is utilized to minimize the effect of ripple with force observation and controller for SEA. Experimental verifications are conducted to evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithm.


Progressive disseminated histoplasmosis (PDH) caused by Histoplasma capsulatum generally develops in immunocompromised patients or those on long-term systemic corticosteroid therapy. Here, we report a case of PDH in an immunocompetent patient, which is a rare occurrence. A 56- year-old male patient, whose work often led him to caves, now reported with a low-grade fever and altered sensorium. Investigations revealed hyponatremia, bilateral adrenal enlargement, and mediastinal lymphadenopathy. A rare complication of the manifestations of histoplasmosis in an immunocompetent patient, in the form of ring lesions in the brain, came to light during the clinical investigations. The patient developed generalized tonic–clonic convulsions and needed care for the critical condition 2 weeks into treatment. This case report traces the clinical course, histological and serological findings, and response to amphotericin B therapy in the patient.


Abstract : Jesse Byrd Dam is located in Haywood County, Tennessee eleven miles northeast of Brownsville Tennessee and is an earth fill embankment 28.7 feet high and 518 feet long. The crest width is ten feet. Facilities for discharge of the reservoir include a service spillway located near the center of the dam that has an 18 inch asphalt coated corrugated metal riser with a 12 inch asphalt coated corrugated metal pipe barrel and a two foot section of 36 inch corrugated metal pipe attached to the top of the riser to serve as an antivortex baffle and debris guard. A slide gate is attached to the bottom of the riser to provide a means of draw down the lake. The emergency spillway is located in the left abutment in a natural swale that has had some shaping. The spillway has a bottom width of 60 feet and side slopes of 1V on 23H and 1V on 13H. Its depth of flow below the low point of the dam is 3.0 feet and its maximum capacity at this depth was calculated to be 337 cfs. The embankment slopes are 1V on 3H. The upstream slope has no wave protection. The downstream slope has undesirable vegetation. Jesse Byrd Dam is in the small size category and has a downstream hazard potential classification of high by the USCE and 'I' by the State of Tennessee.


A comparison of monthly rainfall derived from the version 5 of TRMM Microwave Imager (TMI), Precipitation Radar (PR), TRMM Combined algorithm (TCA) and TMI‐emission algorithm (TMIE) using two years (1998 to 1999) of TRMM data was made. The global (TRMM domain, 40°N∼ 40°S) average rain rates are 3.29, 2.62 and 2.93 mm/day over land and 3.02, 2.47 and 2.54 mm/day over oceans for TMI, PR, and TCA respectively. The TMIE oceanic average is 2.90 mm/day. For both the global and zonal means, the TMI rain rates are the largest and the PR estimates lowest. Regression analyses show the offsets of algorithms are close to zero. According to a paired t‐test, significant differences exist between TMI and PR and between TMI and TCA, especially in oceanic dry regions. However, the difference between PR and TCA was judged to be insignificant. Comparison of PR and TMIE shows that a statistically significant difference is evident in the oceanic dry regions.


The purpose of this essay is to investigate the legal structure of the safety crime stated in chapter 3 paragraf 10 in the Swedish Criminal Code. The essay also aims to understand the motives behind safety crimes. The essay aims to critically examine how the courts relate to safety crimes as something other than violence. A large number of people die from work-related crime in Sweden every year. With this essay, I aim to show how the safety crimes, nevertheless, in some contexts are perceived as accidents and not seen as real crimes.

The essay consists of two parts. The first part of the essay is based on a legal judicial method where I examine what the legal conditions are for a person to be convicted of the safety crime in chapter 3 paragraf 10 in the Swedish Criminal Code. For the second part of the essay I apply a critical discourse analysis where I examine how the courts create and reproduce discourses on death and injuries in workplaces as something other than violence. At the end of the essay, the identified discourses are analyzed based on the theoretical principles of the essay. These principles are primarily based on criminological theories that regard safety crimes as part of the economical crime in which companies neglect the work environment to increase their profits. The discourses that I have identified and also analyze are the discourse of safety work as accidents and the discourse of blaming the victim.


This concept note describes a financial education radio program that was designed by the World Bank under the Supporting National Payment Systems in Ebola Affected Countries (SNPS) project and aired in Liberia. Financial education delivery over radio was selected as it provides the greatest outreach and potential for sustainability. The financial education radio program is structured in 24 segments, including 6 on mobile money. It was designed in collaboration with the three social cash transfer projects in Liberia (SSN, Rural YOP, Urban YOP) that targeted over 25,000 people in the most vulnerable segments of the population. The radio program has been localized and contextualized for Liberia based on a study of the focus groups selected from the unbanked and underbanked persons among the project beneficiaries. This concept note contains the profile of the targeted population, key parameters of the program, and details the design concept of the entire program and each segment in particular. Full scripts of the audio segments (sketches) are provided in Volume 2.


Background: Infants with high birth weight are candidates for birth trauma, birth asphyxia and sometimes, death. Perinatologists are therefore gradually beaming the search lights on the contribution of high birthweight delivery to perinatal morbidity and mortality. Objectives: To determine the prevalence presentation and outcome of high birthweight deliveries in Zaria. Methods: A retrospective review of records of babies delivered at Ahmadu Be l lo University Teaching Hospital , Zaria , weighing 4000 grams and above at birth, over a 4-year period was undertaken. Maternal and neonatal records were obtained from the delivery suite and neonatal unit respectively, between January, 2005 and December, 2008. Data were analyzed with EPI INFO version 3.5.1 and statistical significance was set at p<0.05. Results: Of the 3065 deliveries in the study period, 167 (5.5%) weighed 4000 grams and above, giving a prevalence of 54.5 per 1000 births. The male: female ratio was 1.2:1, mean birthweight was 4340±290 grams and 65.9% of them were delivered during the rainy season. High birthweight delivery was associated with high maternal age, high birth order and assisted delivery. Per inatal asphyxia , hypoglycaemia , hyperbilirubinaemia, sepsis and trauma were the common perinatal conditions in high birthweight babies. Perinatal mortality rate for high birthweight babies was 3.9 per 1000 total births and 71.9 per 1000 high birthweight deliveries. Conclusion: High birthweight deliveries in the present study had high perinatal morbidity and mortality. Antenatal prediction and generous use of Caesarian section could reduce the prevalent morbidity and mortality rates. Key Words: High birthweight, Presentation, Outcome.


Thermal errors are important sources of positioning errors in precision machines and are more and more becoming determining factors to meet increasing specifications. In this paper, thermal modal analysis is used to study and reduce the transient thermal displacement errors in precision machines. The temperature decomposition and the thermal displacement field decomposition by thermal modal analysis are derived. The reduction of transient thermal errors by adding additional heat loads is analyzed and the results of two different methods are compared.


Objective To evaluate the value of chronic ST-T change in surface electrocardiography for diagnosing coronary heart diease.Methods 60 patients with chronic ST-T change in surface electrocardiography were analyzed retrospectively.All of them had received coronary angiography.Results In 60 cases the result of coronary angiography were positive in 35 cases (58.33%),there are 23 males and 12 females.Conclusion It should be cautions to diagnose coronary heart diease with chronic ST-T change in surface electrocardiography.


This paper proposes an alternative hierarchical integrated system optimization and parameter estimation technique obtained by combining a modified two-step method with the price method. The aim is to find a general hierarchical approach for the case where inequality constraints are output dependent. In this algorithm a new modifier is introduced to cope with the output-dependent constraints. This algorithm has the advantages that the existence of the model-based optimal solution is ensured during the course of iteration and the model optimization is simplified considerably. This technique uses an output feedback structure and a single loop iteration strategy. Optimality properties and convergence conditions are investigated. A simulation study is also presented.


In times of economic crisis it is especially important to define a relationship between a set of indicators that characterize poverty and other indicators (such as the demographic or the economic) to quantify the effectiveness of public income redistribution in social assistance. The correlation between quantitative indicators of poverty and social satisfaction and other indicators that characterize the economic environment will be studied below, using regression, as a quantitative tool. The study was performed using European Union countries statistics and aims to highlight the opportunity of state intervention in the politics of redistribution and taxation. The results reveal that income inequality causes social dissatisfaction higher than low per capita income. The conclusion of the study generated the necessity of including property taxes in the universal tax policy, fact that leads to a greater social satisfaction while facilitating investments in the social economy based on a mechanism to increase aggregate utility at disadvantaged groups. This tendency towards capital income redistribution (characteristic of free market economy) can be tempered with an appropriate system of income redistribution that is using social investment and wealth tax dimensioning. This study offers solutions for building a mechanism that is maintaining a high social satisfaction rate in the context of a coherent economic growth.


Objective Investigate the clinical therapeutic effect and safety of the uric-acid-sequester herbal extract on the patients suffered from primary hyperuricemia with intercurrent hypertriglyceridemia.Methods 60 patients were grouped randomly into treatment group and control group.There were 30 patients in each group.Changing life style and treatment with uric-acid-sequester herbal extract serum orally were applied on the patients in treatment group.Changing life style and taking Fenofibrate capsules orally were done by the patients in control group.The blood levels of uric acid and triglycerides were determined at four weeks after treatment.Results The blood levels of uric acid and triglycerides were reduced significantly in the patients by treatment with uric-acid-sequester herbal extract serum(P0.05~0.001)comparing to the levels before treatment.And the patients who received fenofibrate capsules had also a significantly lower blood level of uric acid and triglycerides than non-treatment.There was no statistics significant difference of blood uric level between treatment group and control group at the time of measurement,while the blood triglycerides level of control group was significant lower than treatment group(P0.05~0.001).Conclusion Uric-acid-sequester herbal extract may have the ability to down-regulate the level of blood uric acid and triglycerides.


The rapid development of the business world today causes companies to face intense competition. This research is classified as a type of quantitative research method, using a purposive technique. The results of the study are as follows. The use of social media has a positive effect on purchasing decisions for Xiaomi Smartphones with a p value of 0.031 < 0.05 1.65. E-wom has a positive effect on purchasing decisions for Xiaomi Smartphones with a p value of 0.033 < 0.05. The use of social media has a positive effect on trust with a p value of 0.015 <0.05. EWOM has a positive effect on trust with a p value of 0.030 <0.05. Trust has a positive and significant impact on purchasing decisions with a p value of 0.010 <0.05. Social media has a positive effect on purchasing decisions mediated by trust with a p value of 0.047 < 0.05. EWOM has no positive effect on purchasing decisions mediated by a p value of 0.096 > 0.05.


In this paper we present a measurable version of the Smale's spectral decomposition theorem for homeomorphisms on compact metric spaces. More precisely, we prove that if a homeomorphism f on a compact metric space X is invariantly measure expanding on its chain recurrent set CR(f) and has the eventually shadowing property on CR(f), then f has the spectral decomposition. Moreover we show that f is invariantly measure expanding on X if and only if its restriction on CR(f) is invariantly measure expanding. Using this, we characterize the measure expanding diffeomorphisms on compact smooth manifolds via the notion of Ω-stability.


(1) The very low regard which our educational planners have apparently exhibited in respect of history on our school/ college curricula; (2) The unsatisfactory and unhelpful syllabuses which, for long, our institutions have been impelled to use for the teaching of history; and, (3) A couple of comments on the role that the West African Examination Council has, peihaps unintended, played in discouraging the interest of History and in driving our youth away from the study of the subject.


It is pointed out that more than one temporal and spatial distribution of director angles can be obtained from the interference patterns (varying in space and time) of transmitted polarized (monochromatic and white) light from liquid crystals. When specific physical conditions (e.g. the time variation of the local velocities of nonlinear waves described by shearing director equation of soltons) are taken into account, the above uncertainty can be removed. Detailed discussions on the case of solitons in shearing nematics are given. Numerical calculations show that the spatial distribution of director angles given in Eef. [5] is in contradiction to the directions of velocities of the three dark lines (under white light) observed experimentally if the one-dimensional shearing director equation of solitons is assumed. A distribution of director angles in better agreement with experiments is given.


We have imaged the entirety of eight (plus one partial) Milky Way-like satellite systems, a total of 42 (45) satellites, from the Satellites Around Galactic Analogs (SAGA) II catalog in both H$\alpha$ and HI with the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope and the Jansky Very Large Array. In these eight systems we have identified four cases where a satellite appears to be currently undergoing ram pressure stripping (RPS) as its HI gas collides with the circumgalactic medium (CGM) of its host. We also see a clear suppression of gas fraction ($M_\mathrm{HI}/M_\ast$) with decreasing (projected) satellite--host separation; to our knowledge, the first time this has been observed in a sample of Milky Way-like systems. Comparisons to the Auriga, APOSTLE, and TNG-50 cosmological zoom-in simulations show consistent global behavior, but they systematically under-predict gas fractions across all satellites by roughly 0.5 dex. Using a simplistic RPS model we estimate the average peak CGM density that satellites in these systems have encountered to be $\log \rho_\mathrm{cgm}/\mathrm{g\,cm^{-3}} \approx -27.3$. Furthermore, we see tentative evidence that these satellites are following a specific star formation rate-to-gas fraction relation that is distinct from field galaxies. Finally, we detect one new gas-rich satellite in the UGC903 system with an optical size and surface brightness meeting the standard criteria to be considered an ultra-diffuse galaxy.


Background: Flooding is recognizing as a risk element that effect many difficulties to children and could impact to their academic performance. In order to buffer such risk condition, some abilities are required to overcome that situation. One of abilities is resilience. The main purpose of this study was to investigate predictor of internal factors (age, illness, gender, emotion, behaviour, spirituality and physical activity) in resilience of elementary school-aged children who exposed the major flood in Serang, Indonesia. The framework used in this study was Resilience Model proposed by Karol Kumpfer. Methods: A cross-sectional correlation design was employed to accomplishing the study. The total final samples were 162 children who were 9-12 years and who were studied in 3rd to 6th years. All of them are those who were exposed to major flood in Undar Andir, Serang, Indonesia in 2013. The instruments used were self-report questionnaires. The Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale- 10, The Daily Spiritual Experience Scale, The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire and The Physical Activity Questionnaire were utilized in this study after the validity and reliability test. Pearson's correlation, point biserial and multiple regressions were employed for analysing data. Results: The results showed that there were significant correlated between behaviour (r = 0.157, p <0.05), spirituality (r = 0.261, p<0.01), physical activity (r = 0.185, p<0.05), and resilience of children. However, age, illness, gender, and emotion were not significantly correlated with resilience. In multiple regressions, spirituality showed as a predictor of resilience (Beta = 0.213, p <0.05) in children after exposing the flood. Conclusions: In conclusions, flooding is considered as a risk for children. In order to prevent the potential problems due to flood, children need protective factor. This study discovered that high spirituality increases resilience of children. Therefore, spirituality is well thought-out as an internal protective factor of resilience. This study suggested the developing of nursing intervention with religion-activities.


A graph on n vertices is said to admit a prime labeling if we can label its vertices with the first n natural numbers such that any two adjacent vertices have relatively prime labels. Here we extend the idea of prime labeling to the Gaussian integers, which are the complex numbers whose real and imaginary parts are both integers. We begin by defining an order on the Gaussian integers that lie in the first quadrant. Using this ordering, we show that all trees of order at most 72 admit a prime labeling with the Gaussian integers.


OBJECTIVE To understand the incidence and affecting factors of hospital infection in tumor patients and provide basis for preventing hospital infection. METHODS To collect and arrange materials from their medical record of inpatients, set up data storage system and give a description of analyses. RESULTS Among 977 cases/times, 237 ones had hospital infection, the morbidity rate was 24.3%. The rate of male was 22.1%, female 29.6%, which show significant difference. The relative risk was 11.4; the most common position of infection was lower respiratory tract. CONCLUSIONS Hospital infection increases the risk of death, in order to reduce the hospital infection in aged patients and the infection of respiratory tract should be controlled.


Delivering stimulation includes delivering temporal patterns of stimulation pulses to respective transducers of an array of transducers, wherein the delivery of the pattern to a particular transducerof the array is different from at least some of the deliveries of the patterns to the other transducers of the array at least according to a time delay. The patterns delivered may include regular temporal patterns each having a respective constant inter-pulse interval. The constant inter-pulse intervals may be about the same. The patterns may be staggered. The transducers may deliver electrical, optical, acoustic, thermal or magnetic stimulation.


In this paper, a methodology using the Lyapunov direct method is proposed for analyzing the stability of an n-D.O.F. linear manipulator system, which is positioned on a flexible wall, using the collision phenomena. A methodology for determining the control law which guarantees the stability of the manipulator is also discussed. As collision is a phenomenon involving energy dissipation, it is used in industry for such purposes as suppressing vibrations. On the other hand, in the field of robotics, this phenomenon is considered ought to be avoided, because the controllability of the system becomes poorer at contact. However, in the case where the demand for rapid manipulation in the environment increases, collision becomes an essential problem which must be addressed. In our previous reports, some approaches using the Lyapunov method were discussed. In this report we expanded the manipulator complexity to n-D.O.F. and proved the stability of the system even in the case of collision. Some numerical simulations were also executed to demonstrate the transient behavior of the system and to allow comparison with the results of the theoretical analysis.


Let us consider an application of forward local C'^-semimartingale flows of C'-diffeomorphisms. First a change of variable formula is derived and the existence of all moments of the appearing Jacobian is shown. Then as a consequence, Ito's formula holds for continuous functions which first and second order derivatives exist only in the sense of distributions. §


The brachial plexus is formed by the union of the ventral rami of the inferior four cervical (C5-C8) and first thoracic (T1) nerves (Figure 1). The C5 nerve usually receives a small contribution from the fourth-cervical nerve and the T1 nerve normally receives one from the second thoracic nerve. The brachial plexus supplies cutaneous and muscular innervation to the upper limb(s) and any injury at this level can lead to significant disability. The plexus extends from the inferior lateral portion of the neck downward and laterally over the first rib, posterior to the clavicle, and enters the axilla. Upon exit from the intervertebral foramina, the ventral rami of C5 and C6 cervical nerves unite to form the superior trunk. That of C7 nerve runs alone as the middle trunk and those of C8 and T1 nerves unite to form the inferior trunk; each of the trunks then bifurcates into anterior and posterior divisions as they pass beneath the clavicle. The anterior divisions of the superior and middle trunk form the lateral cord. The anterior division of the inferior trunk continues as the medial cord. The posterior divisions of all three trunks unite to form the posterior cord. From the cords arise the terminal branches of the brachial plexus including the musculocutaneous, median, ulnar, axillary, and radial nerves [1]. Anomalies of the cords and terminal branches of the brachial plexus are relatively common and have been well documented [2], however, anomalies of the roots and trunks are comparatively rare and have been reported in only a few cases. As the brachial plexus supplies cutaneous and muscular innervation to the upper limb, its anatomical variations have important clinical implications. Therefore, it is important for the anatomist, surgeon, anesthesiologist, and radiologist to be aware of anatomical variations that deviate from the classic anatomy.


Nanowires made of superconducting Mo-Ge alloys undergo a superconductor-insulator transition when their cross-sectional area is reduced. On the insulating side of the transition, the differential resistance of the nanowires drops with voltage and displays a positive zero-bias anomaly (ZBA). To reveal the origin of this ZBA, we fabricated and studied a series of nanowires made of amorphous alloys with composition $\mathrm{M}{\mathrm{o}}_{50}\mathrm{G}{\mathrm{e}}_{50}$. The length of wires was in the range 150 nm\char21{}11 \ensuremath{\mu}m and width was in the range 10\char21{}20 nm. We also fabricated and measured several more complex nanowire-based structures: (i) a nanowire gated by a nearby film electrode, (ii) a nanowire connected to film electrodes with an ``adiabatically reduced'' width, (iii) a nanowire with a multielectrode configuration which allowed comparison of different sections of the same nanowire, and (iv) a nanowire with different sizes of film electrodes. We found that for $\mathrm{M}{\mathrm{o}}_{50}\mathrm{G}{\mathrm{e}}_{50}$ nanowires all experimental parameters of the ZBA and their dependence on nanowire length can be explained by electron heating. Several physical processes thought to be responsible for the ZBA have been analyzed and rejected.


Subtitle: This year's results have been influenced by the twin factors of increasing fuel prices and concerns over the environment, writes Janet du Chenne.


Started with some definitions of Telecom 2.0 and a brief discussion of business models, this paper then asked if there still are opportunities for start-ups in the Telecom 2.0 world. The authors proposed a user-centric approach for a telecom start-up. The business model is centred on multiple identity support, holistic Internet customer care, and safe online transactions. Since it is part of the poster session, the paper is written in such a way to ease the making of the poster.


The plane problems of nonlinear elasticity (the plane strains and the plane stresses) are considered for a plane and a half-plane under the action of concentrated forces. Mechanical properties are described by a half-linear material model. Using a harmonious material model has allowed to apply the methods of theory complex functions and receive exact analytical global solutions of problems, including: concentrated force on the interface of materials of a two-componential plane and concentrated force on the border of a half-plane (problems of Flamant and Michel). From global solutions asymptotic stresses and displacements in a vicinity of a force application point are constructed. The comparison of the results obtained with the solutions of Flamant and Michel linear problems has shown that stresses and displacements have identical singularities in a vicinity of a force application point -1/r, displacements have logarithmic singularity -lnr. At the same time there are also principal differences: in linear problems only radial stresses are distinct from zero, and in nonlinear and shear stresses they are not equal to zero. Besides, factors at singular members in nonlinear and linear problems are different.