A fundamental understanding of gear scuffing has been promoted for a number of years by the use of twin disc scuffing rigs. Quantities of interest such as friction and bulk temperature are more easily and less expensively measured than performing actual gear testing. This paper discusses the scuffing test data performed on specimens superfinished using chemically accelerated vibratory finishing. One set of samples was superfinished using a high density non-abrasive ceramic media, while another set of samples was superfinished using a non-abrasive plastic media. This data is compared to other specimens with different surface finishes tested under identical conditions.Copyright © 2003 by ASME


Abstract A commitment to democracy and popular participation in the national development has been a central principle in all Mozambican Constitutions and a consistent directive in government policies and laws. To test the extent to which this principle has been materialized in the land sector, this paper provides a general overview of Mozambique's recent history and the role reserved for land in the formation of the state and in materialization of democratic governance. The paper concludes that more than any other factor, political party interference in public affairs has shaped the identity and performance of the Mozambican state, setting the stage for a complex interaction between the government, local people and private investors that has jeopardized the great potential of the national land policy and law to promote effective and sustainable participatory development processes.


Significance Farnesoid X (FXR) receptor is a ligand-activated transcription factor that regulates bile acid, lipid and glucose metabolism. It can be activated by endogenous bile acids, including chenodeoxycholic acid. This study uncovers a unique role for FXR to regulate urine volume independently of antidiuretic hormone and identifies aquaporin 2 as a direct target gene of FXR in renal collecting ducts. These findings provide a unique mechanism involved in the regulation of urinary concentrating process. The present study may also help understand the pathogenesis of hepatorenal syndrome, a state with increased circulating bile acid levels and impaired renal function. The farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor belonging to the nuclear receptor superfamily. FXR is mainly expressed in liver and small intestine, where it plays an important role in bile acid, lipid, and glucose metabolism. The kidney also has a high FXR expression level, with its physiological function unknown. Here we demonstrate that FXR is ubiquitously distributed in renal tubules. FXR agonist treatment significantly lowered urine volume and increased urine osmolality, whereas FXR knockout mice exhibited an impaired urine concentrating ability, which led to a polyuria phenotype. We further found that treatment of C57BL/6 mice with chenodeoxycholic acid, an FXR endogenous ligand, significantly up-regulated renal aquaporin 2 (AQP2) expression, whereas FXR gene deficiency markedly reduced AQP2 expression levels in the kidney. In vitro studies showed that the AQP2 gene promoter contained a putative FXR response element site, which can be bound and activated by FXR, resulting in a significant increase of AQP2 transcription in cultured primary inner medullary collecting duct cells. In conclusion, the present study demonstrates that FXR plays a critical role in the regulation of urine volume, and its activation increases urinary concentrating capacity mainly via up-regulating its target gene AQP2 expression in the collecting ducts.


Two Chinese strains of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), A2 and P3 were compared with three Japanese strains, Nakayama-NIH, Mie 44-1 and JaGAr-01 by antibody-absorption test and hemagglutination (HA) test. Structural polypeptides were analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. A2 and Nakayama-NIH strains were found to possess specific antigens in addition to commonantigens. However, Mie 44-1 and A2 were found to have almost the same antigenicity. Hemagglutinins of A2, P3 and Nakayama-NIH showed optimum pH at 6.4 or lower and stable for heating at 37•Ž•D JaGAr-01 strain possessing optimum pH at 6.8 or higher was unstable for heating. In spite of these biological and immunological differences, analysis of the structural polypeptides by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed no difference. 23


The analysis of digital-to-analog converters is an unproven challenge. After years of confirmed research into flip-flop gates, we prove the analysis of systems, which embodies the compelling principles of programming languages. In our research we propose a novel algorithm for the refinement of multi-processors (ChokyFop), confirming that information re- trieval systems can be made relational, wireless, and constant- time.


The Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA) report sets out an updated evidence-based strategy for asthma management. Little is known about how this report is perceived and implemented in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) like Nigeria. We explored the experiences of asthma management as informed by the current GINA guideline among doctors in Lagos, Nigeria. Using a qualitative research approach, in-depth interviews were conducted among doctors in Lagos, Nigeria to explore their experiences of asthma management in the context of the current GINA report. The thematic framework approach was used for data analysis. Eleven doctors aged 28-46 years (five general practitioners (GPs) and six family physicians (FPs) took part. Four overarching themes were identified: (i) knowledge of, and attitude towards the GINA strategy – whilst most doctors were aware of the existence of the GINA report, there was limited knowledge about its content including current recommendations for mild asthma treatment; (ii) asthma diagnosis and treatment – there was limited access to lung function testing facilities, and its role in asthma diagnosis was underappreciated; (iii) barriers to managing asthma according to GINA recommendations – these included complexity of the GINA report, unavailability and unaffordability of asthma medicines and poor patient adherence to medications, driven by socio-cultural factors; and (iv) enablers of GINA-recommended asthma management – improvement in asthma education for doctors and the general population and better access to diagnostic tests and medicines. Whilst there was awareness of the existence of the GINA report, there was limited knowledge about its content and several barriers to its implementation were reported. Education about the GINA report, investment in diagnostic and treatment services and simplification of recommendations were identified as possible solutions.


Two experiments were conducted to measure the apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of nutrients, dry matter, and energy in by-products of the brewing industry and in selected animal protein ingredients for rainbow trout. In experiment 1, 500 rainbow trout (average body weight 170.8±5.5 g) were stocked in ten 140-L digestibility tanks with 50 fish per tank and two tanks per diet. Yttrium oxide was used as an inert marker in the diets. The high fibre content of brewer's dried grains (BDG) affected the ADCs of dry matter but not of protein or amino acids. Brewer's dried yeast had a higher protein content than BDG, but ADC values for protein and amino acids were significantly lower. The ADCs of phosphorus were similar among brewer's dried products. The BDG high-protein, fraction had marginally higher ADC values for dry matter, protein and amino acids than regular BDG. Conditions in experiment 2 were similar to those in experiment 1. ADC values for spray-dried porcine plasma were over 98% for dry matter, crude protein, crude fat, and gross energy. ADC values for spent hen meal were higher than those of poultry by-product meal or feather meal, with the exception of gross energy. However, spent hen meal was unpalatable. The ADCs in these ingredients were variable, and this variability must be taken into account when these ingredients are formulated into feeds for fish.


Based on the monthly observational data of pan evaporation from 1956-1956 of 85 meteorological stations in the Loess Plateau Basin and its surrounding,the spatial distribution and variation trend was analyzed.The results showed that in recent 34 years,the average evaporation of the Loess Plateau Basin reached an annual 1358.0 mm,indicating significant dropdown trend and the variation rate of annual pan evaporation reached-115.9 mm/10 a.Its absolute value is much higher than the national average variation rate of absolute value-30.7 mm/10 a.And the seasonal evaporation were showed obvious downward trend especially in summer and spring,reach to-52.2 and-34.4 mm/10a.The pan evaporation changes in the Loess Plateau region is intense,evaporation decreased obviously.The causes were preliminary analyzed,it was thought that soil and water conservation measures of vegetation protection have a good effect on the pan evaporation.


The author of this article reviews cultural differences that will guide clinicians when providing services to Asian American children with autism and discusses culturally based clinical issues/suggestions for working successfully with Asian American families. Theory is followed using examples from three sources: (a) the author's direct experience, (b) a Korean parent support group, and (c) a one-time open dialogue event among Asian parents of children with autism and professionals who serve them.


The mate choice of Brandt′s voles Microtus brandti was investigated in the laboratory to study the mating system of this species. It was found that the female voles spent significantly more time visiting the partners than the strange males, but the male voles did not show any preference of the partners to the strange females. A female vole showed no difference in the copulatory behavior between an unfamiliar male and a familiar male which had copulated with her for 15 minutes, but she visited and fought the unfamiliar male significantly more than the familiar male. A male vole significantly preferred visiting and mating with an unfamiliar oestrous female to a familiar female which had copulated with him for 15 minutes. A female vole showed no difference in any behavior between an unfamiliar and unmated male and an unfamiliar male which had just mated with a no experimentative oestrous female vole. A male vole visited and mated with the unmated females significantly more than the females mated before the experiment. Based on these data, we suggested that the principal mating system of Brandt′s voles might be promiscuous and/or polygyny.


Structural properties of amorphous and liquid silicon are investigated by the Voronoi Polyhedron analysis. The atomic structures of amorphous and liquid silicon are obtained by molecular dynamics with the Tersoff potential model. The topological properties generated by cutoff radius of 0.33 nanometer establish the difference in the structural characters of the two phases of silicon. The mechanisms in creation and growth of amorphous nuclei are studied by defining and visualizing the amorphous nucleus, which is turned out to be a proper method to the study in the kinetics of phase change.


Neonatal cord serum levels of ob (Obese) gene product `leptin'(LPT) : Its relationship to birth weight, gestational age, maternal diabetes and obesity. † 417


Monosilane(SiH4)can be used to manufacture various high purity crystalline silicon,non-crystalline silicon,silicon nitride,silicon oxides and metal silicides as a Si source gas.SiH4 become the unique medium product for large scale production of particulated high purity silicon due to its high purity and realizing accuracy control.The physical,chemical and toxic properties of SiH4 are introduced.The industrial synthesis methods included magnesium silicide method,chlorosilanes or alkoxylsilanes disproportionating methods and chlorosilanes reduction methods and so on,but they have the drawbacks such as process complex,high equipment cost and product refinement complex and so on.The facility and process for electrochemical synthesis of SiH4 developed by several abroad companies are introduced in detail.The said methods have the advantages such as operation safety and economics,high integration,generation in situ and simply refinement process.


The article includes theoretical basics of teaching Iranian students to express subject-predicate relations in Russian sentences with the purpose to validate the model of educational process. Attention is paid to the multifunctionality, many aspects in the Russian sentences and structural-semantic organization of grammar basics. The specificity of the structure speech activity and mechanisms its formation is marked.


Objective
To study the correlation between the degree of anxious state in patients with hypertension and the serum homocysteine level.

Methods
This is a case-control study in Beijing Anzhen Hospital from January to May in 2013. 164 cases of essential hypertension with continuing unstable blood pressure after being treated for nearly a week were include.They have been analysed with GAD-7 and PHQ-9 evaluation scale for anxiety and depression state. According to the anxiety status, patients were devided into three groups:GroupⅠ (28 cases without anxiety), GroupⅡ (81 cases with mild anxiety), group Ⅲ (55 cases with moderate-to-severe anxiety).

Results
(1) Correlation analysis showed, the GAD-7 anxiety scale score related with age, PHQ-9 Depression Scale and Hcy level (P<0.05),PHQ-9 Depression Scale score and Hcy levels were correlated (P<0.05). (2) Multiple stepwise regression showed that PHQ-9 Depression Scale entered the regression equation,while GAD-7 anxiety scale, age and the level of hcy were risk factors.

Conclusion
Hcy level is a risk factor for hypertension patients with depression, there is correlation with the severity of anxiety. Mental health should be paid attention to patients with essential hypertension. (Chin J Lab Med,2014,37:219-221)

Key words:
Hypertension; Anxiety; Homocysteine


Abstract: The Effects of Teaching Style and Physical Fitness toward Primary School Students' Fundamental Manipulative Motor Skill Put Shoot. The research was conducted to find out whether the put result of fundamental motor skill manipulatif of student which taught in inclusion style is higher  the training style and to know whether the learning result of the students which have high level physical fitness are higher than the low level. The population of the research consisted of Gajah Mada  and Gajah Mada 2 primary school students. This research used experimental technique with a factorial design of 2 x 2. The data was analized by using a two-way ANAVA. The instrument used for this research was Test of Indonesia Physical Fitness for age 10-12 by Ministry of Education and Culture. It was shot test taken from the book " Measurement and  Evaluation for Physical Educators" by Kirkendall, Gruber and Johnson. The research showed that the student who taught by inclusion style have higher manipulation in basic movement skill than taught by the training stlyle, the students with high level physical fitness have the high  result in put shot than the low level and there is interaction result of the put skill.


The relationship between human being and environment is a two way process. If one is disturbed, other will automatically be the victim. The present study is conducted to assess the awareness about the industrial air pollution among the people living besides the industries and to illustrate the effects of ill-environment on the health of human beings regarding their respiratory system. The environmental components involved in infectious diseases. Also many other ailments like asthma and other respiratory diseases are known to be environmental linked. Keeping in view the importance of this aspect a research to assess the awareness of people about industrial air pollution and its effects on human's respiratory system was designed. 90 households were selected by using purposive sampling technique. The tool of data collection for Survey was a semi structured interview schedule. Chi- square test was used and percentages calculated for the analysis of data, which were indicating that those people who lived near industrial area were affected more due to industrial air pollution than those who lived far away from industries. Results illustrated that majority of the respondents (91.1 percent) were aware about reasons of air pollution in their area. However, 88.9 percent respondents were aware about the effects of industrial air pollution. Greater part of respondents (90.0 percent) faced respiratory health problems due to industrial smoke. Majority of respondents (83.3 percent) felt hurdles in their routine work and social life due to industrial smoke.


The composition of artificial diet for Apolygus lucorum was further optimized using orthogonal design with 3 factors and 2 levels.The optimized artificial diet E was comprised of sucrose 2.80 g,brewer's yeast 0.25 g,50% honey solution 2.50 g,whole chicken egg 22.50 g,toasted wheat germ 10.00 g,lima bean meal 30.00 g,toasted soybean flour 2.50 g,egg yolk 30.00 g,soybean lecithin 2.25 g,Vanderzant vitamin mixture 1.80 g,10% acetic acid 0.50 mL,streptomycin sulphate 0.005 g,cefadroxil 0.005 g,formalin 0.10 mL,propionic acid 0.10 mL and sterilized water 164.00 g.When A.lucorum was reared individually on the optimized artificial diet,the nymph survival rate,developmental duration and fecundity were 81.25%,11.68d and 32.36 eggs,respectively,which were not significantly different from those on green beans.The optimized diet shortened the developmental duration of nymphs,but the survival rate of mass reared nymphs on the optimized diet was only 55.74%,significantly lower than that(73.77%) on green beans.Range analysis for orthogonal design indicated the importance of three components,judged by the influence on the nymph survival rate,developmental duration and fecundity,was Vanderzant vitamin mix soybean lecithin ≥ sucrose.The further optimization for the artificial diet of A.lucorum was also discussed.


(2S,3R)-2-[3-(4-Fluorophenyl)]propylamino-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3-hydroxypropionic acid pyrrolidine amide hydrobromide (SM-11044) was labeled with carbon-14 for use in mammalian metabolic studies. The synthesis was achieved according to the scheme shown in Fig. 5. Grignard reaction of 3,4-methylenedioxy-phenylmagnesium bromide with [14C]carbon dioxide liberated from barium [14C]carbonate ((UNDERLINE)6(/UNDERLINE)) gave the acid ((UNDERLINE)5(/UNDERLINE)). Reduction of (UNDERLINE)5(/UNDERLINE) with lithium aluminum hydride followed by oxidation of the resulting benzyl alcohol ((UNDERLINE)11(/UNDERLINE)) with chromium oxide-pyridine complex afforded the aldehyde ((UNDERLINE)3(/UNDERLINE)). Condensation of (UNDERLINE)3(/UNDERLINE) with the optically active (R)-oxazolidinone ((UNDERLINE)10(/UNDERLINE)) yielded the alcohol ((UNDERLINE)12(/UNDERLINE)). Catalytic hydrogenation of (UNDERLINE)12(/UNDERLINE) and subsequent hydrolysis produced the optically active β-hydroxy-α-amino acid ((UNDERLINE)2(/UNDERLINE)), which was treated with N-carbomethoxyphthalimide to give the hydroxy acid ((UNDERLINE)13(/UNDERLINE)). Reaction of (UNDERLINE)13(/UNDERLINE) with pivaloyl chloride gave the corresponding mixed anhydride, which was allowed to react with pyrrolidine to provide the amide ((UNDERLINE)14(/UNDERLINE)). Deprotection of (UNDERLINE)14(/UNDERLINE) with hydrazine hydrate afforded the hydroxyamide (15). Condensation of (UNDERLINE)15(/UNDERLINE) with the aldehyde ((UNDERLINE)16(/UNDERLINE)) and subsequent reduction of the resulting imine with sodium cyanoborohydride produced the fluoride ((UNDERLINE)17(/UNDERLINE)). Cleavage of the methylenedioxy group of (UNDERLINE)17(/UNDERLINE) gave the free base of (UNDERLINE)1(/UNDERLINE), which was treated with hydrobromic acid to afford (UNDERLINE)1(/UNDERLINE). The overall yield was 11.1% from (UNDERLINE)6(/UNDERLINE).


read it. The first relates to how wedded the author seems to be to the pervasive powers of neoliberal thought and its translation and appropriation into local forms of biopolitics. I side here with those scholars who are increasingly sceptical about neoliberal ideas having such totalizing power in global South contexts. The second apprehension concerns the underlying judgement against prepayment as mediator of a state project imposing an unwanted calculative disposition and a fiscal ethos that fosters further precarity onto an already impoverished population. In my ongoing study of the introduction of electricity prepayment in Maputo, Mozambique, I have found little to no opposition to it – a puzzling finding if we were to assume that prepayment is closely associated with such a reprehensible ethico-political project. However, the fiscal relationship between the state and the population in Maputo seems to have different historical roots and discursive and practical expressions. The population seems to be relieved that prepayment allows them to have indirect interactions with a state apparatus that remains largely oppressive, extractive and unable (or unwilling) to provide for its citizens. In such a context, almost ironically, electricity users prefer the precarity they know to the precarity they don't. These findings are not contradictory to von Schnitzler's, but serve as a reminder that the same technology can be inscribed with different political projects, values and aspirations. Instead of seeing neoliberal ideas and biopolitics everywhere, this suggests we must continue to thoroughly interrogate the historically and site-specific techno-politics of the projects we investigate.


The Cabadbaran River Irrigation System (CabRIS) supports about 3,212 hectares of farmland for irrigation. Unfortunately, the local irrigation office reported an insufficient water supply for irrigation to serve the entire service area in the past cropping seasons. The water yield has been dwindling; hence, an irrigation system management plan will address the water resource crisis. As a component of the project "Cabadbaran River Irrigation System Management Plan for Irrigation Water Resources (2022-2026)", the biophysical team carried out a floristic assessment for the entire watershed. The study used the quadrat-transect sampling method to assess and characterise the structure and species composition of the riparian areas of the main Cabadbaran River, Cabadbaran City, Agusan del Norte, Philippines. Results recorded about 109 morpho-species belonging to 46 families and 88 genera from the sampling sites. Nineteen species were listed either on the Philippine Red List or the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. The plant diversity assessment revealed that biodiversity in riparian forests in the watershed was low to very low due to the massive rampant disturbance in the area. The riparian ecosystem of the Cabadbaran River represents a fragile ecosystem that is threatened by increasing demands on the regional water supply and the conversion of lands into tree plantations and agriculture. Addressing these driving forces causing biodiversity loss will impart a significant challenge for irrigation and land managers in the region.


New Delhi's gamble is that calibrated punishment places the onus for escalation – and so the risk of further isolation – onto Pakistan.


Considering that it has been shown in many studies that climate change has significant effect on soil water regime (Farkas et al., 2005) water can become the main limiting factor in food chain processes in many aspects. For example, (i) many input elements get into the food chain from precipitation, (ii) the speed of mineralization is greatly affected by precipitation circumstances and (iii) the uptake of elements from the soil is affected by soil moisture. However, there are many researches on water regime in forests but the details of water transport are not well known. Accordingly, site measurements on water balance elements and modelling of the water cycle in forests are very valuable achievements. The aims of this study are (a) to describe the soil of an oak forest stand (b) to determine the amount of precipitation reaching the ground in the stand, (c) to describe the soil water content dynamics and compare it with that in the grassland next to the forest stand with the aim of deepening the understanding of the water relations of food chain element transport in forest ecosystems.


This paper is intended to be a contribution towards the improvement and efficiency in patenting pharmaceutical inventions, particularly in developing countries.  The paper seeks to evaluate the concept of patent layering and its allied concepts against the backdrop of the prescribed duration of patent vis a- vis the argument for competition (free market), and the monopoly or exclusive right of patentee with the aim of ascertaining its overall effect on the right of the general public to have access to good health using pharmaceutical industry as a case study. It shall be demonstrated that the practice is antithetical to general public access to medicine (drugs). The paper will suggest and propose a policy shift by way of amending the provisions in the Nigeria Patent and Designs Act dealing with requirement for patentable invention by setting higher standards for novelty particularly on improvement of existing patent. The paper shall contend that failure for the developing countries, like Nigeria to amend their Patent laws will have suffocating effect on the public health sector and risking the life of poor patient whose meager income may not afford these drugs. Keywords: Intellectual property, Patent, Medicine, Drugs, Patent layering, Evergreening DOI : 10.7176/JLPG/88-20 Publication date : August 31 st 2019


We present a temporal statistical analysis of the array-level dark count behavior of Geiger-mode avalanche photodiode (GmAPD) focal plane arrays that distinguishes between Poissonian intrinsic dark count rate and non-Poissonian crosstalk counts by considering "inter-arrival" times between successive counts from the entire array. For 32 x 32 format sensors with 100 μm pixel pitch, we show the reduction of crosstalk for smaller active area sizes within the pixel. We also compare the inter-arrival time behavior for arrays with narrow band (900 - 1100 nm) and broad band (900 - 1600 nm) spectral response. We then consider a similar analysis of larger format 128 x 32 arrays. As a complement to the temporal analysis, we describe the results of a spatial analysis of crosstalk events. Finally, we propose a simple model for the impact of crosstalk events on the Poissonian statistics of intrinsic dark counts that provides a qualitative explanation for the results of the inter-arrival time analysis for arrays with varying degrees of crosstalk.


Palm oil production is related to the number of fruit and is thought to be determined since the beginning of the flowering phase as the initial stage of fruit formation. Identification of oil palm flowing genes needs to be done as the first step of knowing the mechanism of flowering in oil palm molecular. Oil male and palm females contain high polysaccharides and polyphenolic compounds so they can inhibit the process of molecular identification. Molecular studies provide accurate and fast information about the potential of oil palm genetics as a commercial commercial commodity. The purity and concentration of DNA and the temperature of annealing are the main requirements for PCR-based molecular studies. The purpose of this study obtained the extraction method of oil palm flowers which produced high DNA concentration and purity and optimized the temperature of annealing to identify the flowering gene. DNA from male flower spike and female flowers is extracted using the A (SDS) method, method B (CTAB), method C (CTAB + PVP), and method D (commercial kit). Primary BMS annealing temperature for amplification of optimized flowering genes using PCR gradients. The extraction of male flowers and female flowers using the C (CTAB + PVP) method produces the best DNA concentration and purity compared to other methods. The best annealing temperature for male flower DNA amplification and female flowers using the BMS primer is 61.1 o C. Amplification of male flowers and female flowers using Primary BMS produces 1200 PB products. The results of DNA extraction and PCR amplification using the BMS primers in female flower samples are better than male flowers


Earlier results have determined mathematical interrelationships between several zero-crossing analysis methods which have been applied to automatic speech recognition. In the present paper, some initial work aimed at determining the relative applicability. of these zero-crossing analysis methods for speech recognition is presented. Toward this end, two simulation studies with English vowels are described. One study is aimed at determining the relative discriminability of the methods for vowel recognition. The other study is aimed at determining the noise vulnerability of the zero-crossing analysis methods. Results of this study indicate that one of the zero-crossing methods appears to have the potential for more accurate vowel recognition than the others.


This report examines Bernstein's work, The Bulgarian Language Textbook. There are many merits of this textbook, relevant to this day, especially the accurate structuring of the material and a clear presentation of Bulgarian grammar, as well as giving a lot of additional knowledge about the history of the Bulgarian language, Bulgarian literature and more.


This article focuses on issues of innovations in urban governance. The author of the rise of urban problems and determines that some of them can be solved by moving some of the regions on the innovative management principles, as the initiator and main source of funding which should serve the State.


A fine-needle aspiration performed in the cheekbone area of a 59-years old man detected Demodex mites. It is a fortuitous discovery in this patient with rosacea and maxillary sinusitis, which permitted to identify and describe this parasite rarely found in cytological smears.


Soil and water conservation is an integral part of slopeland agricultural development and management of soils. In Korea, unfavorable natural environmental and socio.economic fac. tors contribute to the acceleration of soil and water loss in farmland. Korea is a mountainous country with two-thirds of the total land area consisting of steep mountain slopes_ In addition, slopeland is prone to soil erosion due to the coarse texture of soil and concentrated heavy rainfall during the monsoon season_ Slopeland agriculture is practiced in small farms_ Due to the low level of consolidation, agriculture is labor-intensive because it is difficult to use machines and is characterized by low profits and techniques. Slopeland development may create social, ecological and environmental risks and thus does not meet the criteria of sustainability if not properly managed. Slopeland management requires more care to man· age soils in terms of erosion and water deficit due to the characteristics of steep slope, shallow soil depth and heavy rainfall. A project for the development of technology for soil and water conservation in Korea was initiated by the Association for Korean Reclamation Project within the framework of the UN Special Fund in 1961. A soil survey was conducted for slopeland development. In 1962, the Reclamation Promoting and Farm Conservation Law was enacted to promote the prevention of soil and water loss. Land development was conducted by using the original topography for reclamation into arable land including contour terracing and bench terracing to control soil erosion. The technologies for soil and water conservation in Korea included soil and water loss measurement for different cropping systems, soil management, slope length and steepness using lysimeters, technology for artificial rain simulation, and also iso·erosion maps by analyz. ing rn.infull characteristics. Monitoring of soil, water and nulrieni loss was com.lucled in an agricultural watershed for the development of a simulation model. Recently, a comprehensive soil conservation project has been conducted in sloped farmland in Korea. For the project, engineering technologies and agronomic conservation practices were applied to control serious erosion problems in an alpine vegetable cultivation area.


The effect of the removal of the neocortex upon vestibular reflexes was observed in a series of ten cats. The behavior, postural reflexes and motor performances of these animals fitted the classical description of the decorticated cat. No spontaneous nystagmus was ever observed, but it was possible to provoke it by repetitive vestibular stimulation. Transitory positional nystagmus of both irregular and direction-changing types were seen for several days in a few cases. The responses of both normal and decorticated cats to caloric and rotatory stimulation exhibited qualitatively a remarkable similarity. Quantitatively, however, there were some differences between the two sets of responses. After total ablation of the neocortex, the passive optokinetic nystagmus was demonstrated in a few cases.


Based on the perspective of the schema theory and modern education technology,In this paper,the method of ran dom experimnet is used to measure how two types of schema instruction'video clip'and'multimedia courseware'influence Chinese college students'reading comprehension of English argumentation.The results illustrate the schema instruction can not only develop the students'sensibility of English argumentation structure,but also activate the schema in students'memory.Mul timedia courseware instruction is superior to video clip instruction.The paper proposes its viewpoints concerned.


Color polymorphism occurs among members of the family Mantodea (Ramsay 1990, Fauna of New Zealand 19, 96 pp.). Roberts (1937, Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 30: 96–109) reported that Stagmomantis limbata Hahn adult males are usually green but the females are divided about equally between green and brown phases. Mantis religiosa L. can often be found with different colorations: grass-green and brown and from yellow-ochre to brown-sepia (Battiston and Fontana 2010, B. Insectol. 63: 85–89). Coloration may be either genetically controlled or influenced by environmental factors (Okay 1953, B. Entomol. Res. 44: 299–315) and background (James 1944, Can. Entomol. 76: 113–116). Hierodula patellifera (Serville) is found in Japan, Hawaii, and Southeast Asia, and its body is green or brownish-purple (Perez 2005, Physiol. Entomol. 30: 42–47). Little attention has been paid to color changes in H. patellifera. Herein is reported a preliminary study focusing on color polymorphism in H. patellifera. Four oothecae were collected in longan (Dimocarpus longan Lour.) and litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) orchards (N 19830.444, E 109829.780) in 2011. Neonate H. patellifera were reared in separate transparent plastic cups (upper diameter 65.8 mm, bottom diameter 49.0 mm, height 71.8 mm) with a cover of white gauze. Upon reaching the 5th stadium, nymphs were placed individually in larger transparent plastic cups (upper diameter 83.0 mm, bottom diameter 57.5 mm, height 157.0 mm) until adults emerged. They were fed daily on a successive diet of artificial formula (Wang et al. 2014, China Plant Prot. 34: 5–8) and a variety of insects collected in the field, such as Uroleucon formosanum (Takahashi), Dysmicoccus boninsis (Kuwana), Tenebrio molitor L., and Brontispa longissima (Gestro), depending on


Leadership is a means by which social groups attempt to realize gains from cooperation, coordination, and efficient allocation. The attempt to achieve such gains gives rise to further, overarching problems of coordination. The latter problems are recurrent but are likely to vary from one situation to the next; this makes decentralized methods of solution especially difficult, and provides the ultimate reason leadership is needed, invented, and accepted. Solution of such overarching problems makes leadership possible in the basic problems in which social gains are available, including activities such as organizing, sanctioning, communicating, and allocating. The stability of leadership is based on the group's need to solve coordination problems; as a result, a leader has discretion or "power," and can get away with less-than-maximal service of group goals. This approach to understanding leadership suggests several useful techniques for the study of political leadership in particular settings.


Abstract : Basic principles of aeroelastically adaptive rotor systems have been investigated by wind tunnel test and theory. These are helicopter rotor systems in which dynamic blade twist is enhanced and managed to extend rotor operating limits to higher lifts and advance ratios. In wind tunnel testing, dynamic twist was induced in blades of relatively low torsional stiffness using two design features shown by theoretical analysis to have significant potential: airfoil pitching moment and blade planform sweep with the sweep apex near midspan. Effects on trim flying qualities, fatigue loads, and aerodynamic efficiency were measured. Theory was used to explore specific design applications and to assess potential for productivity improvement. (Author)


Advances in the smart grid are forcing utilities toward better monitoring, control, and analysis of distribution systems, and require extensive cyber-based, intelligent systems and applications to realize various functionalities. The ability of systems, or components within systems, to interact and exchange services or information with each other is the key to the success of smart grid technologies, and it requires efficient information exchanging and data sharing infrastructure. The Common Information Model (CIM) is a standard that allows different applications to exchange information about an electrical system, and it has become a widely accepted solution for information exchange among different platforms and applications. However, most existing legacy systems were developed using their own languages rather than CIM. Integrating such legacy systems is a challenge for utilities, and the appropriate use of the integrated legacy systems is even more intricate. Thus, this paper describes an approach and open-source tool developed to translate legacy system models into CIM format. The developed tool was tested for a commercial distribution management system and simulation results have proved its effectiveness.


In this paper we present a study of a silicon-based Single-Photon Avalanche Diode (SPAD) in the near-infrared band with double buried layers and deep trench electrodes fabricated by the complimentary metal–oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology. The deep trench electrodes aim to promote the movement of carriers in the device and reduce the transit time of the photo-generated carrier. The double buried layers are introduced to increase the electric field in the avalanche area and withstand a larger excess bias voltage as its larger depletion region. The semiconductor device simulation software TCAD is used to simulate the performance of this SPAD model, such as the I-V characteristic, the electric field and the Photon Detection Efficiency (PDE). Further optimization of the structure are studied with influence factors such as the doping concentration and depletion region thickness. Based on the results in this study, the designed a structure that can provide a high detecting efficiency in the near-infrared band.


The authors propose the use of the Alexandrian pattern formalism in order to encapsulate creative aspects of information systems strategy formation. We use a case study from a UK police force from which to derive two patterns that demonstrate salient creative practice in action at a micro-political level. The first deals with the dilemma of having to introduce formal systems and procedures in order to placate external or more senior interests. In reality, however, these are seldom followed during periods of excessive change. The other pattern is concerned with the composition of a team involved in IS strategy formation. In seeking to better understand creativity and innovation, the use of patterns encourages groups to confront the paradoxes and ambiguities of interaction and the consequences of action. As such, we contend that they provide a basis for reflection and for improving subsequent courses of action.


The macroscopic residual stress distribution in γ-quenched and stress levelled U-0.8wt% Ti alloy tubes was studied using neutron diffraction techniques. Residual strains were evaluated from the difference in d-spacings measured in the tubes and in small reference samples machined from each tube. Residual stresses were calculated with the isotropic bulk values of the elastic constants for polycrystalline α-U. Quenching from the γ field resulted in a nearly equi-biaxial stress state at every point across the wall thickness of the tube. The magnitude of the radial stress was very small compared with that of the axial and hoop stresses which were compressive at the surfaces and tensile in the interior. Stress levelling relieved almost completely the hoop residual stress without affecting the radial stress. The axial residual stress becomes tensile through the wall thickness and remains constant at about 20% of its magnitude in the as-quenched condition.


ABSTRACT OPTIMUM placement of granular insecticide for corn rootworm larval control is in a shallow band incorporated over the corn row. Commercial equipment, not designed to close the seed furrow ahead of the applicator, may place insecticide in the furrow. Phytotoxic insecticides placed in the seed furrow can injure corn. This problem can be alleviated by mounting the insecticide applicator behind the planter press wheels. The greatest amount of incorporation (approximately 95%) was obtained when granules were applied in front of the planter press wheels and incorporated with spring tines. A subsurface applicator was developed to improve insecticide distribution in the soil and decrease the number of granules on the soil surface.


Calcium phosphates, together with polymers, are most commonly used materials
 in bone engineering since their composition is similar to bone. They are used
 to fulfill various defects caused by injury or bone disease, as well as for
 the preparation of endodontic mixtures. Because of their great importance in
 dentistry, these materials are given special attention in the current paper.
 This paper is a part of the monograph entitled "Nanomedicine, the Greatest
 Challenge of the 21st Century", which attracted great interest of technical
 and professional communities in different areas of medicine. Also for the
 last two years this book is promoted by the Student Cultural Centre as the
 only national book chosen in the narrowest election. That fact is very
 important for young researchers who study tissue engineering, endodontics and
 implantology.


Disclosed are a flash memory unit and a formation method thereof. The formation method of the flash memory unit includes the steps: providing a semiconductor substrate and forming a first dielectric layer and a floating gate material layer of the surface of the first dielectric layer on the surface of the semiconductor substrate; forming a second dielectric layer and a control gate material layer of the surface of the second dielectric layer covering the first dielectric layer and the floating gate material layer; forming a hard mask layer with an opening on the surface of the control gate material layer; forming a first side wall in the opening; etching the control gate material layer by taking the first side wall and the hard mask layer as masks to form a first groove; forming a second side wall positioned on the side wall of the control gate material layer in the first groove; etching the second dielectric layer, the floating gate material layer and the first dielectric layer along the first groove to form a second groove and a floating gate; forming a tunneling oxide layer on the surface of the inner wall of the second groove; forming word lines filled in the first groove and the second groove on the surface of the tunneling oxide layer. By the method, the coupling efficiency of a control gate for the floating gate in a flash memory can be improved, so that the erasing performance of the flash memory is improved.


social and spatial segregation of the poor in Santiago, Chile. It also explores how left governments influence social movements in the country. On p. 95, the author explains how the schism between a popular left and an affluent post-material left has been one of the vehicles that right-winged parties have used to divide popular sectors. Chapter 5 describes the tensions between indigenous people's groups and networks and the government of Rafael Correa in Ecuador. Correa was a popular leader who opposed neo-liberal policies and was elected president of Ecuador in 2009. After coming to power, however, he passed some laws that were anti the indigenous groups and hence led to his increased alienation from the politics of the indigenous left. Chapter 6 illuminates the movements for rent grounded in the equal sharing of the profits by all Venezuelans of the oil resources that form a major item of export from Venezuela. The other social movements in President Chavez's era (1999 onwards)—such as the labour movement, media, women and students' movements against state repression—are also discussed in the chapter which demonstrates how the petro-state of Venezuela has been a site of capitalist oppression and how its people have resisted these moves from below. The book effectively achieves its stated objective by demonstrating the need for greater decentralisation of decision-making processes and participatory governance in these newly democratised nation-states. In the concluding chapter, Gary Prevost contends that the future of Latin American politics is unclear. He conjectures that the phenomenon of alternating power between parties of centre-left and centre-right may become more common in the coming years as democratic politics becomes more entrenched in the continent (p. 169). A positive aspect of the book is that the data and facts stated in the chapters are very recent and give the reader an up-to-date picture of the politics in these countries.


To investigate the reasons of flashover accidents caused by windage yaw of overhead transmission lines and finally find a way to prevent this kind of accidents, finite element (FE) model of a typical transmission line section is set up by means of ABAQUS software in this paper. An efficient approach is proposed to determine the static equilibrium state of the cable under the action of its self-weight, based on which the dynamic responses of windage yaw of the FE model under other wind loads such as steady wind, gust wind and fluctuation wind are numerically simulated. The obtained numerical results demonstrate that the largest wandage yaw angle of the suspension insulator string during the operation may be larger than that determined by the traditional methods, which is probably one of the most important reasons of flashover accidents. Key-Words: Overhead transmission line; flashover accident; windage yaw; finite element modeling; numerical simulation; wind load.


The location of the Apollo Launch Complex in a region of high lightning incidence necessitated that protective measures be incorporated in the design of the complex and its associated control facilities to prevent damage or interference with launch operations. Hazards to personnel, fuel and electrical or electronics systems were of parti cular concern. General Electric's High Voltage Laboratory, under contract to NASA, designed pro tective measures which were incorporated in the complex. These included control of lightning attachment points on the complex and provision of safe conduction paths to ground, control of light ning-induced voltages in umbilical systems by application of shielding and circuit routing cri teria, and protection of above and below ground instrument and power cable runs by appropriate shielding and grounding techniques. As a result of these measures being incorporated in the launch complex design, very few incidents of lightning related interference or damage have been recorded. The few that have occurred are associated with in complete application of the protective criteria.


Objective To study the results of restorating function of severely impaired upper extremity using the side chest and back tissue. Methods Six cases from July 2000 to September 2003 with severely impaired upper extremity were treated by the immediate or fosterage replantation, the defected area of skin in 8 cm×8 cm-19 cm×17 cm and the multifracture of the upper extremity. With the immediate replantation, the raw surface of the upper arms were embedded with superfacial fascia from side chest for four weeks following fracture fixation, blood vessel and nervus plerosis, then, upper arms was taken out to reform armpit and the latissimus dorsi flap was used to repair the wound and reconstruct flexion function at the same time. With the fosterage replantation, the upper arm was taken out to replant and the latissimus dorsi flap was used to repair the wound and reconstruct flexion function. The latissimus dorsi was sutured into the long tubiform in operation, the elbow joint was flexed at 90°-100°. After the operation, shoulder joint was abduced by 90° and elbow joint was flexed by 100°. In postoperative 4 weeks, the fixation was removed and the functional training was performed. Results All the 6 replanted limbs successfully survived for 6 months to 2 years follow-up and the range of motion of shoulder joints was 50°-90° of abduction, 20°-40° of adduction, 50°-70° of anteflexion and 20°-30° of posterior extension. The range of motion of elbow joint was 100°-140° of flexion and -20°-0° extension. Conclusion Using side chest and back tissue to repair severely impaired upper extremity by stages and layers was an ideal method to resolve the contradiction between wound cover-up and function reconstruction to restore the function and appearance.


The invention discloses a folic acid-polyamide polyamidoamine (PAMAM)-ursolic acid nano-drug with tumor targeting and a preparation method of the drug. The nano drug is a PAMAM derivative obtained by chemically coupling folic acid (FA) and ursolic acid (UA) to PAMAM, wherein the grafting rates of FA and UA are respectively 0.5-5 percent and 0.5-10 percent. The specific preparation method comprises the following steps: reacting PAMAM and glycidol, replacing amino on the surface of the PAMAM surface into hydroxyl, reacting FA, UA and hydroxyl on the surface of PAMAM, and synthesizing the FA-PAMAM-UA nano drug containing biodegradable acid-sensitive ester bond. According to the nano drug, the problem that the water dissolubility of UA is low is solved, the nano drug is passively targeted to tumor tissues by utilizing enhanced permeation and retention effect (EPR) of the tumor tissues and also can be selectively concentrated to tumor tissues by utilizing folic acid and an active targeting effect of a folate receptor on the surface of tumor cells, so that the antitumor activity is improved, and the toxic and side effects of the medicine are reduced.


The Chinese responded to local Japanese encroachments in 1931 by submission, and in 1932 by partial resistance. Why did they move from partial to total resistance in the crisis of July-August, 1937? Certain propositions are laid down about the changes in the environment and about the state of initial reactivity which condition the response in question. These propositions stress the magnitude of the deprivation, the frequency of certain previous expectations (the immediate inevitability of the conflict, increasing strength in fighting effectiveness), and the frequency of certain previous demands (for total resistance). The Chinese overestimated their fighting effectiveness in some degree, and this is traced to factors of opportunity, skill and psychological need.


The mechanism of deoxygenation reaction of oxaziridine with trivalent phosphine was kinetically examined by changing substituents, solvents, and temperatures. The reaction proceeds through an attack of phosphine on oxgen in a concerted manner rather than on nitrogen or carbon, eventually producing the corresponding imine and phosphine oxide. The mechanism of the title reaction was compared with those of similar deoxygenations of epoxide and thioepoxide.


A series of Schiff-base complexes are prepared and characterized by elemental and thermal analyses, IR and electronic spectra, and magnetic measurements. SO2 interacted with solutions of the complexes forming complexes [M(SB)(SO2)2] where M = Mg(II), Cu(II), Mn(II), and [M(SB)(SO2)2]OH where M = Fe(III). These complexes are subjected to elemental and thermal analyses, conductance measurements and IR, electronic, and ESR spectra to indicate changes from interaction of SO2 with the Schiff-base complexes.


The last decade, the use of geophysical surveys prior to completion of the initial subsurface monitoring and characterization for constructing wind parks, is very common. Geophysical models can provide critical, valuable, accurate and reliable information concerning the status of the ground on the site where the wind turbine are going to be founded and such information can be used by the engineers in the most appropriate and cost-effective way. This paper presents the use of surface wave method for the exploration of the subsurface in order to define the optimum places for wind turbine foundation.


This note presents a new approach to robust D-stability analysis of linear time-invariant systems with polytope-bounded uncertainty. The proposed approach combines sufficient conditions for robust D-stability in terms of feasibility problems with linear matrix inequalities (LMI) constraints and a new polytope partition technique. If the initial polytope does not attain the robust D- stability sufficient condition, the polytope is successively subdivided until all subpolytopes attain the sufficient condition, in the case of robustly D-stable uncertain system, or it is found a subpolytope vertex that does not attain the regional pole-placement constraints, in the case of an uncertain system that is not robustly D-stable. It is presented a new general format polytope partition technique that allows the implementation of the proposed approach. The efficiency of the proposed approach is verified by means of illustrative examples and three different LMI-based analysis formulations


In recent years the banking system of the Russian Federation is characterized by the periodic crisis phenomena, having essential impact on conditions of economic activity. It significantly sharpens problems of the Russian economy commonly and of its banking sector as a part of it. And what is the one of key categories for any bank? The answer is "the structure of its credit portfolio". The situation in the banking system became really tough recently, via news we could see that one more bank or even a couple had their licenses revoked every week. In March 2014 after the entering the international economic sanctions concerning Russia and reduction of prices of energy resources, the main macroeconomic indicators of economy's development got worse (i.e., GDP growth of Russia in 2014 slowed down to 0,6% from 1,3% in 2013). It causes need for researches which will be aimed on improvement of quality of banking credit portfolio during the such a difficult period for the national banking sector. Relevance of this article is caused by obvious need for development of both: theoretical, and practical points concerning management systems of credit portfolios quality control of commercial banks of the Russian Federation, taking into account rather long period of validity of the anti-Russian sanctions and features of development of the Russian economy.


Though Education is aimed at cultivating people, this undoubted thesis can't be naturally led to the behavior of regarding man as the start point and destination. Since a long time ago, education has been treating people as the mere subject, but there are no genuine people in the educational field of vision. Contemporary education should treat man as the logical start point and basis, so it is necessary to understand the people's existential way and to establish and select the advanced notions and logics with distinctive Utopia quality.


The sentence structure of the Minnan Dialect proverbs is very concise,which is extensively used in elliptical sentences,sentences without subjects,sentences without verbs and blending sentences.The "you" sentence structure,comparative sentence structure and the "hui" Chinese character could be found in the above typical Minnan Dialect sentence structures,which results in proverb sentence structures with the features of Minnan Dialect.Complete sentences are used properly,which makes the language of the Minnan Dialect proverbs concise and rhythmic,easy to read and easy to remember.


One of the earliest machine-learning algorithms in the class we now refer to as "reinforcement learning" was the learning-with-a-critic method by Widrow, Gupta, and Maitra. In their work, a punish and reward scheme is used to train a single adaptive neuron. The novel feature of this method is that an error signal is not used as is required with supervised-learning algorithms; neither is the algorithm entirely unsupervised. Instead, an external observer called the critic evaluates the neuron's performance in a qualitative way and decides to either "reward" or "punish" its behavior. The neuron is "rewarded" if its performance is good, and is "punished" if its performance is bad. In this paper, the punish/reward mechanism is generalized in order to train multilayer neural networks. An example is presented where a neural network is trained to play the childrens' game "tic-tac-toe." INTRODUCTION In the early 1960s, the LMS algorithm (Widrow and Hoff, 1960; Widrow and Stearns, 1985) was developed for training a single neuron. This is a supervised learning algorithm which requires a "teacher" to supply a desired response for every input training pattern. The difference between the neuron's output and the desired response is used to adapt the neuron's internal parameter values to cause learning. The backpropagation algorithm (Werbos, 1974; Rumelhart et al., 1986) was later developed for supervised learning with multilayer neural networks. An alternative to supervised learning is unsupervised learning. An example is Kohonen's self-organizing feature map (Kohonen, 1982). Without a teacher, the neurons are only able to identify patterns in the data set and perform data clustering. A final paradigm is the class of reinforcement learning algorithms (Haykin, 1994). Within this class, Widrow, Gupta, and Maitra (Widrow et al., 1973) invented the concept of learning-with-a-critic for training a single neuron. Critic learning does not require a precise desired response for each input training pattern. An external observer, called the critic, decides whether the neuron's decisions are good or bad, and rewards or punishes accordingly. Rewarded decisions are more likely to be repeated, and punished decisions are less likely to be repeated. In this paper, the original critic algorithm is first discussed, and is then extended to be able to train a larger neural network. ADAPTING A SINGLE NEURON WITH CRITIC LEARNING We consider a neuron with a signum activation function (see Fig. 1(a)). The neuron computes y = sgn(s) = sgn(WT X), where y is the output of the neuron for input vector X , 2 PSfrag replacements +1 x1 x2 . . . xn w0 w1 w2 . . . wn 6


We describe CHEF, an application based on an extensive hierarchy of C++ class libraries. The objectives are (1) provide a convenient, effective application to perform standard beam optics calculations and (2) seamlessly support development of both linear and nonlinear simulations, for applications ranging from a simple beamline to an integrated system involving multiple machines. Sample applications are discussed.


A simple approach to modeling and identification of hysteretic systems using the Coleman-Hodgdon model is presented. Two forms of model are introduced for symmetric and asymmetric hysteresis based on special piecewise linear 'material functions'. For the model parameter identification an iterative approach with internal variable estimation is proposed. Illustrative examples are included. K e y w o r d s: hysteresis, modeling, identification, Coleman-Hodgdon model


Variable speed and constant frequency wind power is an advanced technology in recent years, which is also the trend of wind power. In this paper, the design principle and scheme of the excitation equipment for 300kW wind power unit are described in detail.


We consider a two-dimensional wave diffraction problem from a closed body such that the complex progressive wave potential satisfies the Sommerfield condition and the Helmholtz equation. We are interested in the case where the wavelength is much smaller than any other length dimensions of the problem. We introduce new mapped wave envelope infinite elements to model the potential in the far field, and test them for some simple Dirichlet boundary condition problems. They are used in conjuction with wave envelope finite elements developed earlier [1] to model the potential in the near field. An iterative procedure is used in which an initial estimate of the phase is iteratively improved. The iteration scheme, by which the wave envelope and phase are recovered, is described in detail. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


In the near future to solve complex, arbitrary multiscale system problems, we need a unified, integrated framework that can offer an effective and convenient, universal mathematical approach, by considering information not only on the statistical manifold of model states, but also on the combinatorial manifold of low-level discrete, directed energy generators and empirical measures of noise sources, related to experimental high-level overall perturbation. To overcome past modeling limitations in dynamic cooperative multi-agent system, we propose the modeling of agent as purposive subject modeled by the Elementary Pragmatic Model (EPM) approach. In this context, predicative competence and natural language processing can play a fundamental role for developing a new generation of user-friendly, more autonomous, but still colloquial systems to offer explainable decision-making processes. In order to achieve this goal, a deep layer of "machine thought" is vital for developing highly competitive, reliable and effective symbiotic autonomous systems. Based on it, a new approach to computational predicative competence will be presented.


Central to the notion of money as the medium of exchange is the concept that all transactions are conducted using money balances. This notion, expounded most explicitly by Robert Clower (1967, 1970), has led to the development over the past decade of interesting models of the transactions and precautionary demand for money.' These have examined optimal behavior of the economic agent in steady state. Although there has been much gained by examining money balance behavior in this way, money demand models so far have ignored the behavior of money during periods of disequilibrium. An adequate understanding of total money balances is possible only by incorporating both equilibrium and disequilibrium behavior into an overall view. In this regard, Michael Darby (1972) is exceptional in explicitly treating disequilibrium money demand behavior. Darby's paper is mainly empirical, but it contains an interesting intuitive discussion of money's role as a "shock absorber" during periods of disequilibrium. In the present study, we address both the theoretical foundation and empirical importance of the shock absorber effect. We construct a model of optimal behavior by the economic agent, showing the necessary conditions for the existence of partial adjustment and indicating how the intensity of adjustment behaves over time and in response to changes in economic variables. This appears to be the first such attempt in the money demand literature, although there is related work in the investment literature on the flexible accelerator. We test the model on U.S. quarterly data to estimate the existence and magnitude of partial adjustment. We find a significant but small effect for both Ml and M2; furthermore, the effect dies out within one and two quarters for the respective definitions of money. The results thus support, but disagree in magnitude, with those of Darby (1972), who found a larger and longer-lasting partial adjustment effect. Our finding of so short an effect is especially important in light of Robert Barro's (1978) paper which relies on Darby's long-lasting effect to explain price behavior.


Diffusion Tensor Imaging of Rat Brains Following Long-term Passive Acoustic Exposure at Moderate Sound Pressure Level Condon Lau, Sherwin Abdoli, Leon C Ho, Jevin W Zhang, and Ed X Wu Division of Biomedical Engineering, HKUST, Kowloon, Hong Kong, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, CA, United States, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging and Signal Processing, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong


Theoretical expressions for the normalized form of the discrepancy index R2 of Wilson have been obtained for crystals containing heavy atoms of similar scattering power, with the heavy-atom part of the structure taken as the trial model. The results obtained are applicable for crystals belonging to 72 space groups of the triclinic, monoclinic and orthorhombic systems. Expressions for two limiting situations, namely complete relatedness and complete unrelatedness, have been tabulated for the commonly occurring cases corresponding to the number of heavy atoms in the asymmetric unit being one or two. Theoretical curves for this index as a function of the fractional heavy-atom contribution are also given for the various cases.


Abstract Artificial intelligence (AI) is rapidly reconstructing consumer experiences with brands in recent years. However, there have been the unsettled debates on whether humans react to robots (e.g., chatbots) in the same way as they do to other humans, and how the intrinsic strength of AI (i.e., autonomous processing and synthetization of information) and humans (i.e., emotional intelligence) factor in the human-AI interactions in brand communication settings. Hence, this study investigates the conditions under which a service entity of a brand can optimize their potential. To this end, the current study conceptualizes and operationalizes two dimensions that define chatbots' capabilities – message contingency (i.e., contingency-based interactivity) and emotional intelligence (i.e., sympathy). Based on two experiments, we found that, regarding the same online customer service of an apparel brand, participants rated the human employee to be more competent and warmer than a chatbot. When a human employee who expresses sympathy to the afflicted customer during the conversation, participants considered the employee to be more competent when he/she also exhibits contingency (vs. no contingency) during the conversation, which in turn, elicited higher patronage intentions among participants.


In theory, it appears permissible for a State, within its sovereign powers, to expressly disclaim an area of historic waters, in principle, disclaim its rights to juridical claims at sea. Should a State that in previous times was forced to rely on historic title, continue to rely for its title on this historic basis alone when this same zone is legitimated under present law of the sea? Theoretically it would seem that voluntary conversion of such waters to a juridical regime would not be to detriment of a claimant State's interest anyway, bearing in mind the historical trend towards more expansive coastal zones in modern law of sea; and it would also rid the claimant State of attached extra worry of possibly losing historic title per se by failing to continuously exercise relevant jurisdiction there, which is seemingly an ongoing legal requirement peculiarly attached to a claim to historic waters.Keywords: claimant state; disclaim it rights; historic title; historic waters; juridical regime; law of the sea


Several grammar theories relate information structure and prosody, highlighting a major correspondence between theme and rheme, and intonation patterns. Although these theories have been successfully exploited in some specific speech synthesis applications, they are mainly based on short default-order sentences, which limits their expressiveness for real discourse with longer sentences and complex structures. This paper re-vises these theories, identifying cases in which they are valid, and providing a new proposal for cases in which a more complex model is needed. Specifically, our experiments performed on real discourse from the Wall Street Journal corpus show that we need a model that: (1) foresees a hierarchical theme/rheme structure, and (2) introduces, apart from the traditional theme and rheme, a new element—the specifier.


Abstract : We conducted the audit in support of our annual audit of the DoD Agency-wide financial statements for FY 1999, as required by the Chief Financial Officers Act of 1990, as amended by the Federal Financial Management Act of 1994. The DoD Agency-wide financial statements include financial statements for a reporting entity entitled "Other Defense Organizations-General Funds." This report is the second in a series of reports discussing accounting for selected Other Defense Organizations. The first report dealt with recording and reviewing obligations for the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, the Ballistic Missile Defense Organization, and the Joint Staff. The Washington Headquarters Services is a Defense field activity supporting the Office of the Secretary of Defense, which is included in Other Defense Organizations - General Funds. During FY 1999, the Washington Headquarters Services received $2.4 billion in funding and reported $1.9 billion in obligations.


The notion of University Social Responsibility is new and polemic in the academic world, for its origins and complexity, and its even insufficient theoretical foundations. Nevertheless it has wakened up interest in numerous Latin American universities as well as in international educational organizations. The Cuban universities that always have had an ethical and social commitment vocation can enrich their mission and their results at the light of the contributions of Social University Responsibility in the region.


The purpose of the study is to determine the form and types of cultural and leisure activities of children under quarantine restrictions. It is established that in the conditions of lockdown the parents and their children face difficulties of psycho-emotional load and stress, as a result of which there may be violations of the child's psycho-emotional state in society. Therefore, it is advisable to pay attention to the process of organizing cultural and leisure activities of children in the lockdown namely - parents of preschool children are invited to organize the following forms of leisure: games, labor and artistic activities. It is established that during the organization of leisure in the conditions of quarantine restrictions the positive emotional state of the child and its motivation to activity are caused by a favorable, benevolent psychological origin of a family. The peculiarities of the influence of quarantine restrictions on the organization of children's leisure, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of using the media in activities with children are identified. The need to identify ways to use the media to involve children in play is shown. At this stage, it is necessary to diagnose and update the forms of use of media by parents in the organization of cultural and leisure activities of children. The role of parents and guardians in conducting play and entertainment activities for children is revealed. There are negative consequences for children of using the media for both their physical health and their psychological state. The need to consider and submit new requirements and conditions of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine regarding the use of mass media for education and leisure of children has been determined.


This contribution addresses the electromagnetic feasibility of a wireless temperature monitoring inside a portion of a high-power high-frequency Cyclotron Auto-Resonance Maser (CARM) for plasma heating in the new generation of DEMO TOKAMAK machines. The scenario is investigated as potential communication channel for a UHF RFID sensor network where a cavity probe is used to both excite the coaxial cavity and to collect the temperature data scattered back by sensor antennas. Some preliminary designs and prototypes of a simplified model of the cavity and of the reader/sensor devices permit to quantify the feasibility of the architecture and to evaluate the power bounds for stable communication and sensing.


Shokurov conjectured that the set of all log canonical thresholds on varieties of bounded dimension satisfies the ascending chain condition. In this paper we prove that the conjecture holds for log canonical thresholds on smooth varieties and, more generally, on locally complete intersection varieties and on varieties with quotient singularities.


Using a sample of comparable public listed and private firms from nine European countries, we show that public firms reduce their investments by about 50% more than private firms in periods of elevated policy uncertainty. We find suggestive evidence that this can be explained by public firms' management being typically subject to greater scrutiny by their shareholders than private firms' management. Furthermore, only public firms invest more efficiently in periods of uncertainty than during normal times. Thus, private firms may benefit from emulating the decision-making processes of public firms when confronted with uncertainty.


Kuriyagawa's works were first translated and known in the Chinese literary circles during the May 4th Movement, which did not catch much attention. However, with the May 4th Movement coming to an end, reading and spreading Kuriyagawa reached its peak and almost all writers in China then were affected to a certain degree. After 1927, proletarian revolutionary literature was dominant but Kuriyagawa's works were still enjoyed by some Chinese writers. Kuriyagawa's literary views include those on literary history and some specific literary issues, whose impacts are both extensive and far-reaching throughout the history of the New Literature in China despite some apparent biased views.


The conclusion summarizes Hitchcock's experiences, strategies, and priorities in dealing with censorship to produce suspenseful thrillers. By the end of his career, Hitchcock was manipulating the censors as successfully as he manipulated moviegoers. But the harm done by the Production Code early in his career was incalculable. Although the censors' prodding stimulated the director's creativity in a few instances, on balance his movies were damaged by their interference. The Production Code rule that did the most damage to Hitchcock's films was the admonition that evildoers must be punished. Blind adherence to this rule made a mockery of the death of the title character in Rebecca, implausibly absolved Cary Grant of guilt in Suspicion, forced an improbable conclusion on The Paradine Case, kept Farley Granger from fulfilling his crisscross murder bargain in Strangers on a Train, and saved Montgomery Clift from the gallows in I Confess. Toward the end of his career, the declining Production Code was little more than a nuisance to Hitchcock, but the damage done to his early US films can never be undone. And audiences will never know what other movies he might have made if he hadn't adjusted his own sights to fit within the censors' limitations.


Riemann's method of solution of a linear second order partial differential equation of hyperbolic type was introduced in his memoir on sound waves. It has been used by Darboux in discussing the equation where α, β, γ are functions of x and y.


Carbonyl and oxidative stress play a substantial role in various neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's Disease, Parkinsonism, and Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD). In retinal pathologies, both mechanisms are involved in the transformation of all-trans-retinal (AtR, reactive aldehyde) into bis-retinoid A2E. Since an accumulation of AtR and A2E contributes to photoreceptor apoptosis, we designed and synthesized a series of O-alkylated resorcinol derivatives featuring enhanced anti-carbonyl-stress properties. Additionally, these phenolic structures are linked to a polyunsaturated fatty acid such as docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6 n-3; DHA) or to a lysophosphatidylcholine–DHA conjugate, in order to specifically increase their bioavailability, and thus, to target the retina. Selective syntheses of phloroglucinol–DHA, resveratrol–DHA, and phloroglucinol–DHA–PC (PC = phosphatidylcholine) conjugates using silyl protecting group strategies are presented, along with results of testing that demonstrate their ability to lower AtR toxicity in ARPE-19 cell lines.


The article summarizes and analyzes the experience of implementing communication policy during military conflicts in foreign countries. The authors note that today communications are playing an increasingly important role in resolving armed conflicts. It is proved that the strategic formation of communication policy contributes to the optimal functioning of modern Ukrainian society, improving the national security system of Ukrainian society, the possibility of deoccupation and reintegration of the population of eastern Ukraine in the Ukrainian-Russian military conflict, ensuring sustainable development of the Ukrainian state. tactics of safe development of domestic society. It is concluded that a single state institution should be created in Ukraine, which would have a full range of communication tools sufficient for confrontation in modern military conflicts. It was stressed that this would significantly increase the importance of adequate assessment of the military-political situation, timely detection of military threats, as well as consolidate the areas of public administration and coordination of actions of public authorities in the conflict in eastern Ukraine.


Abstract One hundred and sixty-two species of foraminifera have been identified from the mid-Cretaceous sediments (including the Dalmiapuram and Uttattur Formations) of the Cauvery Basin. Among these, 133 species are benthonic while the remaining 29 are planktonic. On the basis of the distribution of the planktonic foraminifera, a zonal scheme has been established. It consists of nine zones, of which five are Total Range Zones and four are Partial Range Zones. These zones in ascending order are as follows: Ticinella roberti Total Range Zone (latest Aptian-early Albian), Hedbergella planispira Partial Range Zone (middle Albian), Planomalina buxtorfi Total Range Zone (late Albian), Rotalipora evoluta Total Range Zone (early Cenomanian), Rotalipora reicheli Partial Range Zone (middle Cenomanian), Rotalipora cushmani Total Range Zone (late Cenomanian), Whiteinella archaeocretacea Partial Range Zone (earliest Turonian), Helvetoglobotruncana helvetica Partial Range Zone (early to middle Turonian), Marginotruncana sigali Total Range Zone (early late Turonian). Among these, the Ticinella roberti Zone and Whiteinella archaeocretacea Zones are recognized for the first time in this area. Several subzones and an assemblage zone proposed by earlier workers are elevated to zonal status. The probably stratigraphic age of the proposed zones and their correlation are given. The boundary problems/intervals of the mid-Cretaceous of the Cauvery Basin are discussed using stratigraphically important world-wide zonal markers.


Based on practical investigation and study,this article analyzes the breakdown of center plate bolts. By calculating the force of the center plate connection, causes for the connection breakdown are analyzed,and measures are suggested to reduce this damage of the bolts .


The article describes a proposed strategy of a bridge management system (BMS) in a private public partnership in the United Kingdom. The proposed BMS would cater for the UK government requirements to use the private sector to manage the maintenance and operation of the highway and to adopt resource accounting and budgeting compliance practices. It proposes a BMS comprising three distinct parts: serving the needs of the client, client/private managing agency and private managing agency respectively. The client part would provide the necessary information to represent the resource requirements necessary to maintain the sustained function of the highway; the client/private maintaining agency would provide for categorizing structures as appropriate for either steady state maintenance or managed deterioration, with the extent of inspection, data collection and maintenance being dependent upon the category; and the private managing agent part would include for all the inspection, data collection and processing necessary to provide the information in the other two parts of the system.


Abstract Onsager fluxes proposed by D.G.B. Edelen assume that the same symmetry, nonlinear Onsager reciprocal relations, holds near and far from equilibrium. This assumption leads to exact differential 1-form J ⋅ dX everywhere, where J and X are thermodynamic fluxes and forces, respectively. However, thermodynamic fluxes far from equilibrium are characterized by symmetry breaking, which lead to the inexact differential 1-form. It is shown in this paper that the inexact differential 1-form J ⋅ dX should be represented by multiple independent scalar-valued functions. Generalized Onsager fluxes are obtained based on such representation. Generalized Onsager fluxes do not satisfy the nonlinear Onsager reciprocal relations and contain multiple independent scalar-valued functions, so they are suitable to thermodynamic fluxes far from equilibrium. Generalized Onsager fluxes embody Onsager fluxes as a special case. Therefore, generalized Onsager fluxes provide a unified framework for thermodynamic fluxes near and far from equilibrium.


Potato tuberization is influenced by environmental factors like light intensity, photoperiod and temperature. Changes in these factors influence the levels of endogenous plant growth regulators. The present study was done at Kulumsa Agricultural Research Centre (KARC), Southeastern Ethiopia during the main cropping season of 2018 to determine the effect of three plant growth regulators (PGRs) (Gibberellic acid-GA 3 , Benzyl aminopurine-BAP and Benzyl adenine-BA) on yield and yield components of two potato varieties (Belete and Jalenie). Forty sprouted seed tubers with pre-treatment of the three PGRs at different concentrations were planted per plot (9m 2 ) using the recommended spacing of 75cmx30cm in an experiment using Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. BAP and BA significantly (P<0.05) affected the yield and yield components of potatoes such as tuber weight, leaf area index, marketable and total tuber yield per hectare and these results were better than the effects due to GA 3 and distilled water (control). BA at low concentration (0.1mM) increased the average tuber weight over the control by 62.80%; however, BAP increased the average tuber weight at 0.2mM over the control by 59.17%. BAP and BA at 0.1mM concentration increased the leaf area index by 54.81% and 52.9%, marketable tuber yield by 67.28% and 70.55%, and total tuber yield by 61.98% and 65.81% respectively over the control. With the current findings, BAP and BA at the lowest concentration (0.1mM) concentration could be used to pre-treat seed tubers to obtain better tuber yield and yield components.


Stirring speed of the mixer-settler's mixing cell should be controlled within a proper range.In one aspect,the stirring rate should be fast enough to ensure the extraction efficiency of the stage;on the other hand,the stirring speed cannot be too fast so that liquid residence time cannot be long enough,which also affect the efficiency of the extraction stage.Therefore,it is an efficiency method that the studying of


In the flotation process,the surface features of the cleaner froth had close connection with the flotation production condition and reflected the mineralization of foam layer(concentrate grade).In order to optimize the flotation operation,this paper proposed a method of LBPV to extract the bubble texture features.The features of bubble image were extracted on the combination of local texture spatial structures and contrast features.LBPV texture features used in the cluster analysis of the flotation operation condition state.Clustering results show that the texture feature are efficient in reflecting the bubble states and can obtain better clustering quality of flotation foam.


A new face image feature extraction and recognition method based on kernel supervised locality preserving projections(KSLPP) was proposed,in which samples are projected into high-dimensional feature spaces by nonlinear mapping, the face manifold local structure information is combined with the labels' information,and the nonlinear feature of faces for recognition is extracted.The nearest neighborhood(NN) algorithm was used to construct classifiers.The proposed method was tested and evaluated using the ATT face database and Yale face database.Experimental results showed that KSLPP is more powerful than Eigenface,Fisherface and Laplacianface for face feature extraction and recognition.


The sucrose content in rubber leaf is assumed to differ between genotypes and environmental conditions. We studied the relation of sucrose-content and -concentration between high- and low- latex metabolism clones, such as PB 260 and PR 300, respectively under biotic- and abiotic-stresses (white root disease and tapping panel dryness). The experimental design was a complete randomized design of two treatments (by genotypes and by stress conditions) with five replicates. Sucrose analysis was performed using the anthrone colourimetric modified method at 627 nm of spectrophotometry. Statistical analysis used the Student Newman-Keuls test of ANOVA at 5% significant level. The different types of latex metabolism clones had not affected the value of sucrose-content and -concentration in leaf tissue. By contrast, the results showed that WRD-affected trees of PB 260 clone (24.45 mg g−1) had significantly the highest sucrose content compared with healthy- (15.53 mg g−1) and TPD-affected trees (13.42 mg g−1). A similar trend was equally observed in TPD- (16.33 mg g−1), healthy- (14.51 mg g−1) and WRD-affected trees (14.52 mg g−1) of PR 300 clone. The sucrose-content and -concentration in PB 260 clone at WRD-affected trees were the highest than the others.


Analysis of small-angle scattering data to obtain a particle-size distribution is dependent upon the shape function used to model the scattering. From a maximum-entropy analysis of small-angle scattering data, the effect of shape-function selection on the obtained size distribution is demonstrated using three different shape functions to describe the same scattering data from each of two alloys. The alloys have been revealed by electron microscopy to contain a distribution of randomly oriented and mainly noninteracting irregular ellipsoidal precipitates. A comparison is made between the different forms of the shape function. The effect of an incident-wavelength distribution is also shown. The importance of testing appropriate shape functions and validating these against other microstructural studies is discussed.


Topolins are hydroxylated analogues of 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP). They belong to a group of cytokinins with an aromatic side chain, in contrast to the isoprenoid group which contain an aliphatic side chain. Though topolins have been identified in diverse plant species, knowledge on their biosynthesis, signal transduction and metabolism is limited. Recent research advances in the isoprenoid group can therefore provide a template to direct further research on topolins. In spite of their high biological activity, applications of topolins to date have focused primarily on their use as an alternative source of cytokinin in micropropagation. The review starts with a primer on the history, nomenclature and chemical structure of topolins. A list of topolins identified in different plant species is provided to substantiate their widespread occurrence. A brief description of recent findings on the biosynthesis and metabolism of the isoprenoid group is offered to compare and contrast existing information on topolins. Determination of the biological activity of the stereoisomers of topolins is described as influenced by their chemical structure and signal perception. An account of the existing and plausible applications of topolins in yield accumulation, alleviating dormancy and abiotic stress management is provided. Finally, the review expresses confidence that topolins will play a significant role in the emerging scenario that cytokinins could hold the key to the next green revolution.


PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of aerobic exercise on PGC-1α, AMPK and SOD expression of skeletal muscle in type diabetic rats. METHODS: Thirty male C57BL/KsJ-db/db of 7 weeks old, were used. Experimental groups were randomly divided into 3 groups: DM (diabetic control group, n=10), DM+Ex (diabetic exercise group, n=10), CON (control group, n=10). In the exercised groups, the mice exercise treadmill for 30 min/day (14-16 m/min), 5 days/week for 8 weeks. RESULTS: Data analysis was done by computer using SPSS (Ver.18.0) and one-way ANOVA; the results of this study are as follows: the DM+Ex group showed a significant increase in PGC-1α, AMPK and SOD activity of mitochondrial proteins compared to the control DM group (p<.05). CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, regular mid-intensity exercise increases the activity of mitochondrial proteins (PGC-1α, AMPK and SOD) of skeletal muscle of 2 type diabetic rats. And than the exercise is considered a helpful way to improve mitochondrial function and insulin sensitivity.


In the present study, no-load losses of different splash lubricated spiral bevel gears were measured. The authors used a specific test rig, and a set of gears, to investigate churning losses at higher tangential speeds: up to 60 m/s. An uncommon behavior of the drag torque was highlighted: the torque increased with the rotational speed until a local maximum was reached; then the torque decreased and a local minimum was noticed; at higher rotational speed the torque increased. The torque decrease seems to be linked with a windage phenomenon, which becomes non-negligible at such speeds. In this work, efforts were made to characterize this reduction of gear immersion depth in order to be able to predict no-load losses. It was found that the evolution of oil immersion was linked to a Froude number. Finally a new analytical model of no-load losses was developed for churning losses combined with windage effects. This formulation takes into account several parameters such as rotational speed, gear immersion depth, oil properties, and gear geometrical parameters.


Although scientific electronic journals are recognized as a medium for scholarly publication in the digital environment, they are still based on the printed pattern. The textual format of articles in natural language prevents the semantic processing of that content by computer programs. The semantics and expressive power of search strategies for retrieving content in modern online bibliographic systems of digital libraries, repositories, and databases are still limited. Objectives: to identify and analyze experiences that involve Semantic Web technologies and Web 2.0 to provide direct access to the semantic content of digital scientific articles and expand the interaction between authors and readers on the Web. Methodology: approach (qualitative), type of research (descriptive, exploratory), techniques used (bibliographic and


Two different types of corticoid receptor molecules bind circulating corticosterone in brain: mineralocorticoid receptors (MR) and glucocorticoid receptors. MR exhibit the highest affinity for the endogenous glucocorticoid in the rat, corticosterone. During development, low corticosterone levels influence neurogenesis, and these effects are probably MR mediated. Three MR complementary DNA clones, α, β, and γ, have been identified in the rodent. All of these MR complementary DNA clones have identical coding regions, but differ significantly at the 5′-untranslated end. Although the functional significance of these three messenger RNA (mRNA) species remains unknown, one hypothesis is that they reflect the ability of the brain to regulate the expression of MR, allowing multiple factors to differentially control transcription in a tissue- and time-specific manner. To investigate this possibility, we examined the presence of these distinct mRNA forms in the developing rat hippocampus (HC). In situ hybridization...


Due to the modern development of construction industry, buildings and other appliances is becoming the highest energy consumer in developed countries. Improvement of the energy performance of the building is the prime objective of the paper to minimize the energy consumption and to control the global warming by utilizing alternate source of materials which is having less emission of Co2. Thus in-order to minimize the energy consumption of the building the phase change materials are used. Here the Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) and Perlite are used as a phase change material in cement mortar. The thermal behaviour of the PCM is analysed by measuring the room temperature with PCM and without PCM. The results are also showed that the range of temperature and its effects are decreased because of Latent heat characterized PCM.


Amorphous CoZrNb films with high saturation magnetization 4πMs of about 14 kG and low coercivity Hc of about 0.3 Oe have been successfully prepared by the CMF magnetron sputtering technique with a CoZrNb alloy target. Hc and 4πMs along the easy axis were changed by background pressure, film thickness and Ar pressure Pr. The applied voltage of discharge operation is as low as 270 V at Pr of 0.3 Pa. The maximum deposition rate is as large as 0.13 µm/min for a power density of 4.42 W/cm2. The target utilization efficiencies are improved in spite of using a magnetic target because a leakage magnetic field increases more to a greater extent by attaching an outer pole piece. These are about 95% and 60% in surface area and in volume, respectively. The changes in a film thickness of 1 µm deposited on the substrate were 0.05 µm at Pr of 0.2 Pa, and 0.06 µm at a distance of 50 mm between substrate and target, respectively.


Here we detail the vertical seismic profile (VSP) collected during Expedition # 364 of the International Ocean Discovery Project / International Continental Scientific Drilling Program (IODP/ICDP). The drilling target is the peak ring of the Chicxulub impact basin, suspected to be responsible for the K-Pg extinction event 66 Ma ago (Schulte et al. 2010). Seismic reflectivity is observed throughout the 1300 m VSP, most prominently from boundaries of major velocity changes; four major velocity regions were recorded within the borehole. Seismic wave speeds were observed to be very low in shock metmorphosed granite, nearly 2000 m/s less than expected for non-impact affected granite. Post expedition processing is currently underway with the goal of full wavefield separation of the VSP to generate a single seismic trace.


The eight-year clinical medicine is a new teaching model established to train high level of clinical medical personnel,which is to adapt to the needs of pharmaceutical and health care of the 21st century.This paper concluded our experiences of two different kinds of teaching methods in the department of general surgery affiliated to Tangdu Hospital and demonstrated that the PBL(problem-based learning)combined SP(standardized patient) teaching method had a significant advantage of higher test scores,learning enthusiasm and initiative,language expression and clinical thinking ability and teamwork awareness.Accordingly,PBL combined SP teaching should be considered as a novel education idea that is worthy of extending to other subjects.


Objective To study the relationship between the expression of Fas/Fas L and the subpopulation changes and apoptosis in heat stress treated thymocytes in vitro MethodsThe positive rates of Fas and Fas L, the apoptosis and CD4CD8 subpopulations of thymocytes were assayed by flow cytometry ResultsThe apoptotic rates and the expression of Fas and Fas L in heat stress treated thymocytes were all increased time dependently in vitro There is a significant relationship between the increase of Fas/Fas L expression and the increase of apoptotic rates of heat stress treated thymocytes in vitro The apoptotic thymocytes treated by heat stress are mainly CD4 +CD8 + double positive(DP)subpopulation Conclusions Heat stress mainly induce CD4 +CD8 + thymocytes apoptosis Fas and Fas L are both important molecules which mediate heat stress induced apoptosis of thymocytes in vitro


Results are presented of a parametric study of the potential for using solar dynamic (SD) power supply systems on deep space probes. The SD systems would consist of a parabolic concentrator to focus solar energy on a thermal receiver for conversion by Brayton, organic Rankine or Stirling engines. The net thermal power and efficiencies available from each of the types of conversion devices were analyzed for a power requirement of 0.5 kWe. Examinations were also carried out of the optical, thermodynamic, materials and size limitations of the devices. The subsystem drivers were found to be the quality of concentrator reflectance and the system temperature level. Lower temperature systems are preferred for farther distances from the sun, mainly due to the required concentrator area. The SD system could be used out to 6 A.U. in optimal conditions. It is concluded that Brayon and Stirling engines have the best chances for further development, and that Rankine systems have already been optimized. Further evaluations are dependent on the definition of specific mission requirements.