Data concerning certainty of arrest and crime are analyzed for cities and counties in the state of Florida. The results support a deterrent argument but suggest that certainty of punishment must reach a critical level before an effect on crime rate can be observed. It is argued that contemporary theories of deviance would profit from inclusion of deterrence ideas. Social scientists have compiled much evidence on the question whether sanctions or the threat of sanctions deter rule-breaking. Recent data suggest that sanctions. do have some impact in producing conformity to norms but that this effect varies with the certainty or perceived certainty with which the sanctions are applied, the type of norm in question, characteristics This content downloaded from 18.104.22.168 on Sat, 22 Oct 2016 04:46:46 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 456 / SOCIAL FORCES / vol. 52, june 1974 of the potential rule breakers, and characteristics of the sanctions, as well as with the strength of other variables such as moral or normative commitments that obtain in a given situation (see Tittle and Logan, 1973, for a comprehensive review of the evidence). Among the variables affecting the degree of deterrence, one of the most important appears to be the certainty with which sanctions are imposed. Several studies have suggested that the probability or perceived probability of punishment for nonconformity is a key determinant of behavior (Chiricos and Waldo, 1970; Clark, 1969; Jensen, 1969; Logan, 1971a, 1972; Ross et al., 1970; Tittle, 1969; Tittle and Rowe, 1973; Waldo and Chiricos, 1972). It has also been suggested that the probability of punishment must reach a critical but unknown level before a deterrent effect is possible and that reaching this tip level is a condition for other sanction characteristics to influence degree of conformity (Tittle, 1969). This article reports a further test of the deterrent hypothesis as it concerns certainty of punishment, and attempts to identify the tip point at which certainty of punishment becomes associated with decreasing crime rates.


Abstract In this study, the influence of temperature and wall slip conditions on the unsteady flow of a viscous, incompressible and electrically conducting nanofluid squeezed between two parallel disks in the presence of an applied magnetic field is investigated numerically. Using the similarity transformation, the governing coupled partial differential equations are transformed into similarity non-linear ordinary differential equations which are solved numerically using the Nachtsheim and Swigert shooting iteration technique together with the sixth order Runge-Kutta integration scheme. The effects of various emerging parameters on the flow characteristics are determined and discussed in detail. To check the reliability of the method, the numerical results for the skin friction coefficient and Nusselt number in the absence of slip conditions are compared with the results reported by the predecessors and an excellent agreement is observed between the two sets of results.


Slag formation on the heating surface in solid fuel-fired boilers is a common problem. In this paper, with polysilazane used as the precursor, three different ceramic coatings were prepared by adding hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN), ZrO2, and Al2O3 inert fillers. The coatings were applied to a TP347 substrate by the Czochralski method. The spreading and solidification experiments of the molten ash were performed and matched with numerical simulation. The results show that compared with the steel sheet, the molten ash has a large contact angle on the coating, a small spreading coefficient and the same spreading time, indicating that the coating has the slagging resistance property. The coating with the addition of h-BN has better slagging resistance properties than the other two coatings. The numerical simulation results are consistent with the experimental results.


This paper presents
a stable, nonlinear, adaptive control scheme for building heating and cooling
systems. The proposed controller utilizes the principle of adaptive one step
ahead control and aims at reducing the energy consumed for heating or cooling a
building. The design steps are discussed in details and a proof of global
stability is also provided. Also, the performance of the proposed controller
is demonstrated on a simulated building thermal model.


This study proposes a toll adjustment as one of traffic control measures, and is aimed at examine the effect of proposed measure form the viewpoint of behavioral aspects in travelers through tailor-made type Stated Preference (SP) survey. In order to conduct Tailor-Made Type SP Survey, it is necessary for us to grasp the representative trips of users of urban expressway including destination choice, setting trip purpose and route choice. To do so, this study adopts Probe Person survey which is composed of tracking travel trajectory by GPS and web-based diary survey. In the Tailor-Made type SP survey, each respondent is required to reply his/her preference on route under his/her familiar travel situation where the destination and trip purpose are derived from the results of probe person survey. There is a possibility that the Tailor-Made Type of SP Survey might contribute to reduction in discrepancy in decision-making of traveler between real situation and hypothetical one, which is one of weak points of SP survey pointed out by many researchers. A multinomial logit-type model is estimated to analyze the effect of traffic control measure including toll adjustment upon the route choices of respondents. Judging from the estimated parameters, it seems that the traffic control measure composed of information provision and toll adjustment might discourage traveler to use congested section on urban expressway. In addition, raising toll is more effective than discount in toll in terms of discouraging travelers to utilize congested section.


Step edge junctions on NdGaO3 substrates with a product IoRN ≈ 50 μV and a promising rather uniform current density distribution along the junction width at 77 K have been fabricated. 196 magnetometer SQUIDs are integrated in a coplanar line resonator to tune its resonance frequency magnetically. The resonator quality factor and frequency shift near 10 GHz and 50 K are investigated experimentally.


Dinner is ready and Ba will not sit up at the table to eat it. However, George has a plan to make him change his mind. A full colour picture book, first published in 1992.


In an era of more effective chemotherapy for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), the paradigm of local treatment is changing. However, the efficacy of local treatment in patients with isolated liver metastasis remains unclear. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of pancreatectomy ± local treatment for metastasis (cytoreductive surgery) in PDAC patients with isolated synchronous liver metastasis.


A species' range limits may shift in space either because of changes in ecological factors (e.g. climate, the abundances of interacting species) or because the traits which influence range limits (e.g. dispersal, niche characteristics) evolve by natural selection. In Geographical Ecology, Robert MacArthur (1972) provided a synthesis of the evolutionary factors that may drive range dynamics. In this paper, I revisit this theme in the light of recent theoretical studies of evolution in heterogeneous environments. These studies suggest that a rich range of evolutionary patterns in species' ranges may occur, including expansions or contractions, leading to dynamism in ranges even in epochs without strong directional environmental change.


Purpose: This work evaluates the prognostic and predictive impact of protein expression of various molecular markers in addition to conventional prognostic factors in high-risk breast cancer (HRBC) patients from a randomized trial. Patients received different chemotherapy dose-intensification strategies. The molecular classification of breast cancer should be evaluated in this selected population. Methods: 403 patients were randomly assigned to dose-dense conventional chemotherapy with 4 cycles of E90C600 followed by 3 cycles of C600M40F600q2w (DD) or a rapidly cycled tandem high-dose regimen with 2 cycles E90C600q2w followed by 2 cycles of E90C3000Thiotepa400q3w (HD). Paraffin-embedded tumors from 236 patients were available for retrospective central pathology review (116 HD /120 DD). Expression of 34 molecular markers was evaluated immunohistochemically using tissue microarrays. Cluster groups were analyzed by unsupervised k-clustering (k=5). Results were correlated with follow-up data and treatment effects by proportional hazard Cox regression models (including interaction analysis). Results: After a median follow-up of 61.7 months, 5-year event-free (EFS) as well as overall survival (OS) rates for the 236 patients were significantly better in the HD arm: EFS: 62% vs. 41%; OS: 76 % vs. 61%. 5 stable molecular subgroups could be identified by cluster analysis using 24 proteins: luminal A (27%) and B (12%), multiple marker negative (27%), Her-2/neu (21%) and basal-like (13%). Basal-like and Her-2/neu subtypes had significant inferior survival rates than luminal subtypes. Basal-like and Her- 2/neu subtypes, but not luminal subtypes had a significant benefit from HDC in terms of EFS and OS. In multivariate analysis, HD, tumor size conventional factors and luminal A/B subtypes as new marker were associated with favorable outcome. Interaction analysis showed that triple negativity (ER/PR/HER-2/neu) and G3 status of tumors, but not basal-like cluster group predicted benefit from HD. Conclusion: For the first time molecular subtypes of BC could be reconfirmed in the HRBC population. Tandem HD improves both EFS and OS in HRBC. This therapy effect may be partly attributable to superior efficacy in the subgroup of triple negative tumors and /or G3. Patients with basal-like and Her-2/neu subtypes derived the most benefit from HD, compared to luminal subgroups, but the predictive value was inferior compared to "conventional" factors such as triple-negative subtype or G3 status.


The articles in this special issue of Continuity and Change arose from a workshop held in Palma de Mallorca, Spain, between 9 and 11 September 1999, hosted by the Universitat de les Illes Balears. The workshop was called to celebrate the thirtieth anniversary of another conference, that held in Cambridge at the Faculty of History and at Trinity College in September 1969. It was this conference in 1969 that resulted in the publication of Household and family in past time: comparative studies in the size and structure of the domestic group over the last three centuries in England, France, Serbia, Japan and colonial North America, with further material from Western Europe, which itself has just celebrated its thirtieth anniversary. Household and family in past time (hereafter abbreviated to HFPT), in part largely due to the 'analytic introduction on the history of the family' contributed by Peter Laslett, subsequently became a seminal work in the field. It not only mapped out the methodological groundwork for the quantitative study of the historical co-resident domestic group, but perhaps unwittingly helped define a research agenda into comparative familial and social structural history that was followed for many years by Laslett, his colleagues at the Cambridge Group for the History of Population and Social Structure, and researchers from around the world. It became in a sense a manifesto, and one with which Peter Laslett personally was inexorably linked. Thus, with the sad death of Peter on 8 November 2001, this special issue of Continuity and Change took on a new double purpose: not only to mark the path-breaking 1969 conference and the subsequent publication of HFPT, but also to pay tribute to the remarkable life and work of Peter Laslett.


In 1927, the Jesuit-run Bureau of Sinology was founded in Shanghai to assist missionaries in their apostolic work via education and publications. The bureau's establishment was part of a longstanding effort to resume the Jesuit tradition of developing intellectual apostolate and pursuing Sinological studies. However, the bureau was soon beset by internal crises that limited its functionality. The bureau also competed with the Synodal Commission, which Celso Costantini (1876–1958), the first apostolic delegate to China, had established in the same year and with a similar objective. The ecclesiastical hierarchy and overlapping purposes of the two institutes disadvantaged the bureau in its early development and escalated tensions between the Jesuits in China and the delegate. This article is part of the special issue of the Journal of Jesuit Studies, "Jesuits in Modern Far East," guest edited by Steven Pieragastini.


Key trends in California prehistory diverge from those characteris- tic of other world regions; sophisticated advances in the application of human behavioral ecology to archaeological interpretation help us to understand why. Significant interpretive advances have been stimulated by the on-going "provi - sioning" versus "costly signaling" debate. We argue that provisioning currently has the upper hand because the diet breadth model is older, better understood, and more easily assessed in light of archaeological data than is costly signaling. Archaeological research outside of California will need to confront issues of pro- visioning and prestige in their own empirical context and in light of behavioral ecology methods developed here.


Paper cups are ubiquitous in daily life for serving water, soup, coffee, tea, and milk due to their convenience, biodegradability, recyclability, and sustainability. The thermal insulation performance of paper cups is of significance because they are used to supply hot food or drinks. Using an effective thermal conductivity to accurately evaluate the thermal insulation performance of paper cups is complex due to the inclusion of complicated components and a multilayer structure. Moreover, an effective thermal conductivity is unsuitable for evaluating thermal insulation performance of paper cups in the case of fluctuating temperature. In this work, we propose a facile approach to precisely analyze the thermal insulation performance of paper cups in a particular range of temperature by using an evaluation model based on the MISO (Multiple-Input Single-Output) technical theory, which includes a characterization parameter (temperature factor) and a measurement apparatus. A series of experiments was conducted according to this evaluation model, and the results show that this evaluation model enables accurate characterization of the thermal insulation performance of paper cups and provides an efficient theoretical basis for selecting paper materials for paper cups.


This special issue of the IEEE Transactions on Magnetics received a record number of 76 papers selected for publication due to the augmented scope of the 2012 Asia-Pacific Magnetic Recording Conference (APMRC). Many efforts from all involved, including the Editorial Office of IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, APMRC editors, reviewers, and authors, worked seamlessly and efficiently to realize a successful and timely publication of this special issue.


The magnesium support with the formula MgCl 2 (THF) 0.32 (Et 2 AlCl) 0.36 was used for immobilization of salen complexes of titanium [Ti(salen)Cl 2 , Ti(salen(O-Me) 2 )Cl 2 ]. The effects of the catalyst composition (i.e. type of titanium complex and type of activator), polymerization temperature, polymerization time, and the effect of comonomer (1-octene) on the activity of the obtained supported catalysts, on the polymer characteristics (molecular weight, molecular weight distribution, melting point), and on the polymer morphology were studied. The findings were compared to those obtained for corresponding unsupported systems. Catalysts immobilization results in considerable changes in catalysts activity and in properties of resultant polymers. The studied supported catalysts are highly active in ethylene polymerization, their activity increases with increasing temperature and lasts at least 2 hours. Their copolymerizing ability towards 1-octene is rather low.


Accurate estimation of land surface temperature (LST) is crucial for ecological environment monitoring and climate change studies in mountainous areas. The current LST retrieval algorithms were developed without accounting for the topographic effect, which can only be used to retrieve LST over relatively flat surfaces. Due to the impact of 3-D structure of mountainous surfaces, rugged terrain makes the processes of thermal radiation more complex. In this study, a radiative transfer equation (RTE)-based single-channel algorithm was proposed to retrieve LST with topographic effect correction from the Landsat 8 thermal infrared (TIR) data in mountainous areas. This algorithm accounts for the changes in the thermal radiation components in the TIR RTE caused by the topographic effect. According to the analysis of simulation data, sky-view factor (SVF), atmospheric water vapor content, surface emissivity of target pixel, and average LST of the surrounding terrain have significant influence on the magnitude of the topographic effect. The differences between the LST retrieved without/with topographic effect correction from the Landsat 8 TIR data are related to SVF. The topographic effect should be taken into account in the LST retrieval algorithm when SVF is smaller than 0.7. The largest LST difference of approximately 1 K occurs in the deep valley. The results indicate that LST without topographic effect correction could be overestimated to be as high as 1 K. Due to a lack of in situ LST measurements, the performance of the LST retrieval algorithm in mountainous areas was only evaluated by comparing the brightness temperature (BT) at the top of the atmosphere (TOA) simulated by the DART+MODTRAN model and the TIR RTE over mountainous surfaces at three subregions. There is a good consistency between BT at the TOA simulated by the DART+MODTRAN model and the TIR RTE over mountainous surfaces at the three subregions, with a root-mean-squared error (RMSE) of less than 0.23 K.


The article deals with motivating utterances in Tolstoy's novel «Anna Karenina». We propose a classification scheme of semantic motivation field. Some features pointing to different kinds of motivation are identified. We analyze examples of individual speech acts related to 3 distributed groups with shades of other types of motivation. The totality of means of their expression is being considered.


The electrochemical behavior of pentamidine and its interaction with DNA were studied using cyclic voltammetry,differential pulse voltammetry and UV-visible spectroscopy.In 0.1 mol/L NaH2PO4-Na2HPO4 buffer solution(pH 8.5),a reduction wave of pentamidine was observed at-1.56 V.With the addition of DNA in pentamidine solutions,the reduction peak potential moved negatively little and the reduction peak current decreased.The UV spectrum showed that DNA resulted in some increase and purple shift in the absorption of pentamidine.The binding reaction of pentamidine with DNA formed a new non-electrochemical active super-molecular complex.The binding number and equilibrium constant of the complex were calculated to be 2 and 3.55×106,respectively.


With the unprecedented growth of computer networks in the past decade, the need for security is now bigger than ever. An intrusion detection system (IDS) can add a level of security to a computer network by monitoring all the users in its environment. Generally, an IDS detects attacks by analyzing the payload in messages or commands. Recently, a way of detecting intruders without looking at the contents of a message was introduced [1]. The technique is applied to the specific problem setting of security protocols. This paper addresses a new and novel technique of gathering meta-information of network messages and describes the technique as implemented. Unfortunately, actual encrypted traffic is not available to test this concept, so our work includes development of a simulation environment. Consequently, our system consists of a monitor, a principal simulation environment, and a security protocol intrusion detection engine. We address our design framework, the software techniques to accomplish the network programming in our environment and how our design relates to the Common Intrusion Detection Framework.


Pregnancy is a stressful reproductive process and increases anxiety. The prevalence of anxiety symptoms in Indonesia reaches 22.9%. One alternative therapy applied to reduce anxiety by music therapy. This literature review aims to determine the effect of music therapy on anxiety in pregnant women in Indonesia. Literature searches were carried out on Pubmed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and Scopus with the last ten years of publication. The results of the analysis of the seven articles obtained related to the effect of music therapy on anxiety in pregnant women in Indonesia, that anxiety often occurs in primigravida pregnant women and before delivery. Anxiety is an indicator of stress and physiologically causes activation of the hypothalamus-pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis and increased activity of the sympathetic nervous system such as heart rate and blood pressure is released. Utilization of various types of music, including classical music, gamelan, and others as therapy has significant results in reducing anxiety, because the rhythm and tempo of music resembles the human heart rate, thus providing a state of rest for the body. Music intervention research found the most effective time duration, which is in the 30-minute relaxation period and is optimal in the morning, and has the best duration at 12 weeks of intervention. It can be concluded that the use of music therapy for anxiety in pregnant women in Indonesia can be used as an effective alternative to reduce anxiety for pregnant women, especially before delivery.


A V‐band variable gain amplifier (VGA) with wide gain control range, low phase variation, and low return loss variation is designed and implemented on 90‐nm CMOS process. Utilizing a phase compensation capacitor at the common gate transistor and a source degeneration inductor at the common source transistor of the cascode configuration, the VGA achieves gain control range of 15.8 dB with only 6.9° transmission phase variation at 60 GHz via simple control mechanism. The maximum small signal gain is 15.8 dB at 60 GHz. In addition, the input/output return losses are insensitivity at different gain state of the VGA. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 56:1946–1949, 2014


The Greek-Roman rock-cut tombs at Alexandria, Egypt, were excavated mainly in the calcarenitic limestone formations and show varying degrees of damage of rock pillars and ceilings. In order to understand the long-term rock mass behaviour in selected tombs and its impact on past failures and current stability, uniaxial and triaxial Creep tests and rock mass quality assessments had been carried out. Creep behavior of rock plays an important role in underground works, especially for archeological structures subjected to large initial stresses. These conditions yield nonreversible deviatoric creep strains that develop during time at constant stress. In order to describe the time-dependent deformation, various approaches have been established based on analytical, empirical, and numerical methods. Our analyses show that the Roman tombs at Alexandria have been cut into poor quality rock masses. Rock failures of ceilings and pillars were frequently facilitated by local, unfavourably oriented persistent discontinuities, such as tension cracks and joints. Other failures were related to the disintegration of calcarenitic and oolitic lime-stones. Our data suggest that, in Roman age monumental tomb construction, low-strength rock masses resulted in modifications of the planned tomb design in order to minimise the risk of rock falls and to prevent collapses.


In this paper, we consider the problem of identifying one system (module) embedded in a dynamic network that is disturbed by colored process noise sources, which can possibly be correlated. To achieve this using the direct method for single module identification, we need to formulate a Multi-Input-Multi-Output (MIMO) estimation problem which requires model order selection step for each module in the setup and estimation of large number of parameters. This results in a larger variance in the estimates and an increase in computation complexity. Therefore, we extend the Empirical Bayes Direct Method [1], which handles the above mentioned problems for a Multi-Input-Single-Output (MISO) setup to a MIMO setting by suitably modifying the framework. We keep a parametric model for the desired target module and model the impulse response of all the other modules as independent zero mean Gaussian process governed by a first-order stable spline kernel. The parameters of the target module are obtained by maximizing the marginal likelihood of the output using the Empirical Bayes (EB) approach. To solve this, we use the Expectation Maximization (EM) algorithm which offers computational advantages. Numerical simulation illustrate the advantages of the developed method over existing classical methods.


Purpose of the New Mexico Tribal Management for On-site Wastewater Program is to assess and evaluate septic systems and wastewater needs of tribal communities in New Mexico. The goal of the program is to provide each tribal community the means to protect public health and make available training for wastewater operators and installers enabling them to operate their systems to the best of that systems capability. The main objective of this project is to engage the tribal community of New Mexico in the process of evaluating and assessing their community septic and wastewater systems. The Tribal/Pueblo communities in New Mexico are experiencing a high rate of septic failures and an increase in infrastructure. To accommodate and develop a unique wastewater program that focus on the needs of the tribe/pueblos, NMSU developed an evaluation instrument. This instrument was used to assess their needs with respect to management of onsite wastewater treatment systems and establish a training program. Over the past 2 years this program has trained over 100 tribal members (15 Pueblos) and state regulators. Materials for these trainings were developed by the Consortium of Institutes for Decentralized Wastewater Treatment. Tribal and Pueblo administrations are very supportive of this program. This program was recognized by Region 6 as a success story in their annual report to EPA. NMSU worked diligently to improve their relationships with the Tribes and Pueblos of New Mexico. The main reason for this programs success is the personal attention given to the Tribes/Pueblos and effective communication skills. With the assistance of an Advisory Committee the coordinators effectively communicated and interacted with the Tribes and Pueblos to achieve success. The Advisory Committee was instrumental in developing the protocol and evaluation survey, and assisted in development of specific programs that are beneficial to the health and welfare of the Tribes/Pueblos.


Track Maintenance Equipment which was introduced in order to obtain the well-functioning and the enhancement of the management efficiency of the permanent way which are vital for the safe running of urban railways has greatly contributed in making track management more scientific and rational. The field data acquired from the device operation enable restoration work to be carried out immediately at the spots which have the excess over management the criterion value, allow the operators to predict the proper repair work timing with their experiences, and make preventive maintenance of the tracks achievable. This paper is to present the prediction system which will realize the preventive maintenance through gathering and monitoring various permanent way data which can be obtained with establishing and operation the track recording data management system prototype.


We study regular solutions to wave equations with super-critical source terms, e.g., of exponent $p>5$ in 3D. Such sources have been a major challenge in the investigation of finite-energy ($H^1 \times L^2$) solutions to wave PDEs for many years. The wellposedness has been settled in part, but even the local existence, for instance, in 3 dimensions requires the relation $p\leq 6m/(m+1)$ between the exponents $p$ of the source and $m$ of the viscous damping.

We prove that smooth initial data ($H^2 \times H^1$) yields regular solutions that do not depend on the above correlation. Local existence is demonstrated for any source exponent $p\geq 1$ and any monotone damping including feedbacks growing exponentially or logarithmically at infinity, or with no damping at all. The result holds in dimensions 3 and 4, and with some restrictions on $p$ in dimensions $n\geq 5$.
Furthermore, if we assert the classical condition that the damping grows as fast as the source, then these regular solutions are global.


Bjarnesen, J. and Turner, S. editors. 2020: Invisibility in African Displacements: From Structural Marginalization to Strategies of Avoidance. Africa Now series, The Nordic Africa Institute. London: Zed Books. 312 pp. £24.99. ISBN: 9781786999207 (paperback).


Objective To investigate the effects of subarachnoid block on the sedative requirement for propofol.Methods Fifty-four gynecologic patients(ASAⅠorⅡ) undergoing lower abdominal operation were randomly divided into two groups.In subarachnoid block group(group S),patients received subarachnoid bupivacaine block,followed by intravenous infusion of propofol started at 15 minutes after intrathecal injection;in general anesthesia group(group G),patients only received intravenous infusion of propofol without subarachnoid block.The requirements for propofol and BIS values when patients lost consciousness(i.e.sedated) were recorded in two groups.Results The sedative requirement for propofol in group S was significantly less than that in group G [(1.12± 0.18) mg/kg vs.(1.73±0.19) mg/kg,P 0.01 ].There were no significant differences in BIS values at all corresponding time points between two groups.Conclusion Subarachnoid block can reduce the sedative requirement for propofol.


Various experimental anemias have been induced in adult rabbits mainly centering around the hematopoietic functions of the bone marrow; and with continuous observations on the changes of sideroblasts, a series of comparative studies between the sideroblasts and serum iron has been carried out; and obtained the follwing results: 1) The proportion of sideroblasts in normal rabbits is lower and the extent of the sideroblast appearance less extensive than that in the normal persons. 2) The proportion of sideroblasts increases in such anemias where there is a decline in the erythropoietic function as in benzol, collargol, x-irradiation anemia, whereas it returns to normal level at the time when the benzol anemia is recovering. 3) The proportion of sideroblasts either decreases or becomes nil in acute and chronic hemorrhagic anemias where there exist an increase in the erythropoietic function and iron deficiency. 4) In the case which is in the process of hemolysis such as in the phenylhydrazine anemia, the proportion varies according to the period; and it shows no marked change at the extreme periods while it increases at the time of recovery. Furthermore, no significant change can be observed in the saponin anemia. 5) Parallel relationship between sideroblasts and serum iron is not always clearly noticeable, but the two seem to be always in the state labile to utilization. Again, this stainable iron in erythroblasts is understood to be directed solely for utilization and is by far the most labile to iron utilization. 6) From these observations, it may be said that the changes of sideroblasts or of this stainable iron, are dependent upon the conditions of equilibrium existing between the iron supply by serum iron and the utilization of iron controlled by hematopoietic functions.


This paper introduces a method for transmitting the hydrological data by using GPRS technology, implements the remote supervision for the groundwater detecting points, and expounds the components and operation principles of this system, the configuration of the hardware, and the design of the software, etc.


None accuracy is the most important feature of complicated system's fault,it makes fault diagnose difficult.Bayesian need a uniform frame and apriorism probability to diagnostic ate fault.These condition are difficult to achieve real world,so it can't use to solve fault problem.But the Evidence Theory doesn't need apriorism probability it use credit degree function to declare space es-timate and distinguish sealed and none affirm Tory probability.It has extreme brainwave.


Continuation-in-part of application No. 13/183,765, filed on Jul. 15, 2011, which is a continuation-in-part of application No. 13/183,721, filed on Jul. 15, 2011, which is a continuation-in-part of application No. 13/109,250, filed on May 17, 2011, which is a continu ation-in-part of application No. 13/075,746, filed on Mar. 30, 2011, which is a continuation-in-part of appli cation No. 13/005,005, filed on Jan. 12, 2011, which is a continuation-in-part of application No. 12/964,050, filed on Dec. 9, 2010, which is a continuation-in-part of application No. 12/859,568, filed on Aug. 19, 2010, said application No. 12/859.568 is a continuation-in part of application No. 12/408.131, filed on Mar. 20. 2009, which is a continuation-in-part of application No. 12/612,177, filed on Nov. 4, 2009, now Pat. No. 8,041,428. Provisional application No. 61/488,208, filed on May 20, 2011, provisional application No. 61/487,439, filed on May 18, 2011, provisional application No. 61/471.405, filed on Apr. 4, 2011, provisional applica tion No. 61/451,259, filed on Mar. 10, 2011, provi sional application No. 61/415,469, filed on Nov. 19, 2010. (60)


Electronic band structure calculations for TiO, VO, MnO, FeO, CoO, and NiO suggest that the 4s band becomes degenerate with the 3d band at VO and thus helps to destroy the Mott insulator state. The large difference in lattice constant between the metallic and insulating oxides is well accounted for in terms of the Mott transition. Calculated values of the crystal field splitting 10 Dq are about 70% of experimental ones.


Bone formation is presumably a complex and well‐orchestrated process of osteoblast lineage‐specific differentiation. As members of the TGFβ superfamily, bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) play an important role in regulating osteoblast differentiation and subsequent bone formation. Several BMPs are able to induce de novo bone formation. Although significant progress has recently been made about the transcriptional control of osteoblast differentiation, detailed molecular events underlying the osteogenic process remain to be elucidated. In order to identify potentially important signaling mediators activated by osteogenic BMPs but not by non‐osteogenic BMPs, we sought to determine the transcriptional differences between three osteogenic BMPs (i.e., BMP‐2, BMP‐6, and BMP‐9) and two inhibitory/non‐osteogenic BMPs (i.e., BMP‐3 and BMP‐12). Through the microarray analysis of approximately 12,000 genes in pre‐osteoblast progenitor cells, we found that expression level of 203 genes (105 up‐regulated and 98 down‐regulated) was altered >2‐fold upon osteogenic BMP stimulation. Gene ontology analysis revealed that osteogenic BMPs, but not inhibitory/non‐osteogenic BMPs, activate genes involved in the proliferation of pre‐osteoblast progenitor cells towards osteoblastic differentiation, and simultaneously inhibit myoblast‐specific gene expression. BMP‐regulated expression of the selected target genes was confirmed by RT‐PCR, as well as by the CodeLink Bioarray analysis. Our findings are consistent with the notion that osteogenesis and myogenesis are two divergent processes. Further functional characterization of these downstream target genes should provide important insights into the molecular mechanisms behind BMP‐mediated bone formation. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.


Scientific idea at least contains two means: scientific conclusion and scientific principle,and the latter determining the former.Western culture is the product of mathematics,which produces the scientific principle of western culture.Without this or escaping this,we can't understand correctly western culture,including the connotation of post-modernism.Literary theory creation must be integration of the Chinese and the Western,which needs the help of mathematics.


This report details the simulation tool(s) and energy modeling methodology followed in making the energy efficiency estimates and documents the estimated performance of the EVHA award winning houses in comparison with the Building America Benchmark and the associated House Simulation Protocols. A summary of each building and its features is included with a brief description of the project and the judges' comments. The purpose of this report is to assess the energy performance of the 2011 EVHA winners as well as align the EVHA Program with the Building America Program.


The rise of the financial systems approach has been central to the past two decades of microfinance practice which aimed to achieve sustainability through scale and building profitable institutions. This resulted in extensive debates over its ability to reach poor and very poor people. The approach rode the wave of the Washington Consensus which promoted economic reform and liberalization. Now the policy discourse has moved even further away from a poverty focus to advocate financial inclusion for the unbanked into the mainstream financial sector. On these terms microfinance seems to be dead. However, the diversity of approaches on the ground aimed at poor people and hard-to-reach rural areas, points to a survival of 'microfinance', albeit largely outside the mainstream of the Washington consensus. This article also discusses where these developments leave the women's empowerment agenda that has been so central to microfinance.


A model suitable to obtain where and when renewable energy sources (RES) should be allocated as part of generation planning in distribution systems is formulated. The proposed model starts from an existing two-stage stochastic mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) problem including investment and scenario-dependent operation decisions. The aim is to minimize photovoltaic and wind investment costs, operation costs, as well as total substation costs including the cost of the energy bought from substations and energy losses. A new Benders' decomposition framework is used to decouple the problem between investment and operation decisions, where the latter can be further decomposed into a set of smaller problems per scenario and planning period. The model is applied to a 34-bus system and a comparison with a MILP model is presented to show the advantages of the model proposed.


The government's commercial building draft methodology under the Emissions Reduction Fund has raised a number of questions for companies principally around the benefits of participation. Neil Salisbury explores the issue further.


In this work an improved synthetic route that exploits a quaternary water-in-oil microemulsion has been used to obtain nanocrystals of ZnS, CdS and their mixed compounds, - Cd x Zn 1-x S - differing by their size and composition and having high crystalline quality, small dimensions and a quite good size distribution. The opportunity offered by the use of water-in-oil microemulsion to immobilize the nanocrystals onto solid substrate by self-assembling to obtain stable adherent layers has also been exploited. The physical and chemical properties of obtained nanocrystals and layers have been investigated by UV-vis spectroscopy, X-Ray Diffraction X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Scanning Tunneling Microscopy. The role played by the co-surfactant (pentanol) in controlling nanocrystal size and stability has been discussed.


Central serotonin is thought to contribute to sympatholytic responses to severe hemorrhage. In preliminary attempts to identify serotonergic nuclei that mediate this effect, we noted that lesion of hindbrain serotonergic neurons had no effect on sympatholytic responses to hemorrhage in conscious rats. Here, we tested whether more global serotonergic lesions delayed the hypotensive response. Hemodynamic effects of hemorrhage (3.2 ml/kg/min for 6 min) were measured in rats injected with vehicle (n=7) or the serotonergic neurotoxin, 5,7‐dihydroxytryptamine, targeted to hindbrain raphe nuclei (n=7) or to the lateral cerebral ventricle and cisterna magna (n=5) 2‐weeks earlier. Caudal raphe lesions reduced tryptophan hydroxylase positive (TPOH+) cell numbers by 76% in the hindbrain, but did not alter midbrain TPOH+ cell numbers. Global lesion reduced TPOH+ cells by 71% and 90% in the hindbrain and midbrain respectively. Tyrosine hydroxylase positive cells were not affected. The hypotensive response was not delayed by either lesion type. However, recovery of blood pressure and heart rate were slower in rats with hindbrain lesions compared to controls (42 ± 4**, 62 ± 6** and 82 ± 7 vs. 60 ± 5, 85 ± 6 and 91 ± 5 mm Hg; 216 ± 23**, 251 ± 20**, 288 ± 20* vs. 268 ± 22, 320 ± 21 and 345 ± 18 bpm, 10, 15 and 20 min after start of blood withdrawal, *,**P<0.05, 0.01). A similar trend was seen after global lesion. We conclude that hindbrain serotonin neurons facilitate compensatory re‐establishment of blood pressure following volume depletion.


A simple mathematical model to generate a full spectrum (ascending and descending portions) of the stress-strain curves for normal, high- strength and lightweight concrete is suggested. The only parameter needed to run the model is the ultimate compressive strength of the concrete. The model was deduced by considering the average values of series of test results obtained for specimens tested under various conditions. It provided a good prediction of experimental results available in the literature. When compared with other models, it gave better predictions. (A)


Methods: Brachial BP, radial augmentation index (AIr), and carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (PWVcf) were determined in 77 untreated hypertensive patients aged 56 10 years. Cardiac structure and function were assessed by ultrasound, and LVH was defined based on the LV mass index (LVMI). Using multivariate analysis, patient characteristics were compared between those with ( ) and without ( ) LVH.


* Corresponding authors. E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com; email@example.com Received May 26, 2020; revised June 20, 2020; published online July 8, 2020. Dedicated to Professor Henry N. C. Wong on the occasion of his 70th birthday. Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 31972850, 21750004, 21520102004), the Shandong Key Research Program (No. 2019GSF108223), the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nos. QYZDJ-SSW-SLH037, XDB20020200), the Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality (No. 17JC1405100), the Youth Innovation Promotion Association of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (No. 2017303), and the K. C. Wong Education Foundation. 国家自然科学基金(Nos. 31972850, 21750004, 21520102004)、山东省重点研发计划(No. 2019GSF108223)、中国科学院(Nos. QYZDJ-SSW-SLH037, XDB20020200)、上海市科委(No. 17JC1405100)、中国科学院青年创新促进会(No. 2017303)和王宽诚教育基金会资助项目.


We will demonstrate three techniques of image denoising through Singular Value Decomposition (SVD). In the rst method, we will use SVD to represent a single noisy image as a linear combination of image components, which is truncated at various terms. We will then compare each image approximation and determine the e ectiveness of truncating at each term. The second technique, extends the concept of image denoising via SVD, but uses a blockwise analysis to conduct denoising. We will show that blockwise SVD denoising is the least e ective at removing noise compared to our other techniques. Finally, we will discuss image denoising with blockwise Principal Component Analysis (PCA) computed through SVD. Compared to the rst two techniques, this is a superior technique in reducing the image RMSE. 1 Image Denoising Using Singular Value Decomposition 1.


French Impressionist Art which appeared in 1860s or 1870s lies in the turning point where the traditional realistic art changes towards the modern art. The impressionist art, which holds identical art views with the traditional art in respect of the principle of the art truthfulness, and holds quite different art views with the traditional art in respect of skill, colour, has borne the modern art. Hence it has brought out the great change of art in visual sense and aesthetic appreciation.


The main objective of this study was to examine the intergenerational learning behaviour within the family between Generation X parents and their Generation Y teenage children. This study was designed to investigate the nature of intergenerational knowledge exchange, to identify the characteristics of learning behaviour and culture in such 'learning families', and to find out the subject areas that parents could learn from their teenage children.

The sample of this study was made up of ten pairs of middle-age parents with their teenage children coming from middle class families. A narrative inquiry approach was adopted and individual interviews were conducted when participants were asked to recall and tell stories describing their personal intergenerational learning experiences. A questionnaire was also employed to collect their opinions and experience on intergenerational family learning.

Results showed that 80% of all the participants thought their family was a 'learning family'. All the parents and 90% of the teenagers found that learning experience in their family was happy. Overall, 80% of all the participants gave a score of 7 or higher when they were asked to rate their family, with a score of 10 representing an ideal 'learning family'. All the parents realised that they had something to learn from their children. The Generation X parents could learn from their Generation Y children on trendy issues such as fashion, sports, recreation, music and western cultures. More importantly, almost everyone recognised that information technology (IT), computer knowledge and skills were the stronger areas among the teenagers. Among all the narratives told, 37% were episodes describing parents learning IT skills from their teenage children.

The data obtained from this study suggests that intergenerational family learning can be bi-directional. The families studied did engage in bi-directional intergenerational learning. Parents did learn from their teenage children. A positive family learning culture was found to facilitate intergenerational learning especially in the Generation Y to X direction. Intergenerational family learning was reported to be happy experience and it helped improve communication and understanding between the two generations. The participants pointed out that the learning methodology differed between the two generations due to societal changes and differences in their upbringing. Mothers and fathers play slightly different roles for intergenerational family learning according to their individual personality, interest and expertise, though mothers were believed to be more receptive and open to intergenerational learning, especially in the Generation Y to X direction.

There is a close relationship between 'family learning' and 'lifelong learning'. Ideas from the participants were collated to define the concept of 'learning family', 'family learning' and 'intergenerational family learning'. From the data obtained, a conceptual framework of intergenerational family learning in relation to lifelong learning and a developmental learning profile were drawn.

The results indicate that parents should foster positive learning attitudes and intergenerational learning culture in the family early at home. It is important that teenagers are empowered to share their knowledge and views. The government also has a role to play in re-defining teaching and learning practise in schools and promoting intergenerational learning in families for a knowledge society.


A three-dimensional h-adaptive finite element model has been developed for predicting airflow and particulate dispersion within urban canyons. Petrov-Galerkin weighting for the advection terms, mass lumping and hadaptation are used in the model. The code has been used for the solution of many environmental transport problems including calculation of atmospheric wind fields over the Nevada Test Site, Las Vegas Valley, and species transport for indoor environments. The use of refined grids reduces resource requirements, allowing larger problems to be run on small computer platforms.


It is a systems engineering that construction project wo rk at an earlier stage,its centre is the project demonstration and economic bene fits foreasting.At present,the problems of construction project come from a sour ce that scientific Management been Lacking in earlier stage. Solving the problem s rely on the project consulting marketization,the business staff high-qualityi zatior,and the consultation product commodityization. The aim is the development and construction of consultative market. The most important task is the transfo rmation of recognition for the research of feasibility from nature,social enviro nment to economic system.


Building an elementary school, developing mathematics curriculum, and training teachers in Rural Uganda is a task filled with many challenges due to the lack of resources and high levels of poverty in the area. Embedded in these challenges are opportunities for creativity and leadership as teachers begin to shift from an education framework based on rote memorization and learner passivity to one that includes collaboration, active learning, and teaching for understanding.


We come across different biomedical images. It is difficult to interpret those images as they do not have any description. Image captioning is the process of generating textual description from an image which depends on the object and action in the image. With the advancement in deep learning techniques, we will build models to generate captions for biomedical images. This model will be very useful to accelerate the diagnosis process by telling the abnormalities present in the image. The model will be based on an encoder-decoder framework along with an attention model. The encoder will be using deep CNN to extract image features and the decoder will be using transformers to generate captions. Caption generating involves different complex scenarios starting from collecting the data set, training the model, validating the model, creating trained model to test the image, detecting the image and generating the captions


Referred to data of Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Bencana (BNPB) and Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia (Kemenkes RI), almost landslide occurrence in Ponorogo always starts with high-intensity rain. This research aimed to determine simultaneously correlation and partial assessment impact of rainy days every month and monthly rainfall toward landslide occurrence in Ponorogo using logistic regression. The data collection was conducted through Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS) in the book of Ponorogo Regency in Figure on 2012 to 2016. The existing data shows that in sixty months have been twenty-six times landslides occurrence in Ponorogo districts.  The data statistically analyzed in simultaneous proves that contribution of rainy days and rainfall to landslide were included adequate correlation (Nagelkerke R Square = 25.4 % and Cox & Snell R Square = 36.9 %) and in partial test proves that rainy days have significant impact (sig. = 0.024) and rainfall does not significant impact (sig. = 0.291) (α = 0.05) to landslide occurrence in Ponorogo regency.  The rainy days per month were abled applied to predict for possible landslide elsewhere.
Keywords: rainy days, rainfall, landslide, Ponorogo, logistic regression

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Since phage-bacteria interactions are among the most abundant in nature, they have become in the object of intensive study. In particular, how phages evolved temperateness — the propensity of the phage to enter lysogeny — and how temparateness has been optimized, remains poorly understood. In this work, we study the advantages of the lysogeny over the lytic path in phages under fluctuating environments. Also we explore how multiplicity of infection (MOI) drives the decision made by the phage. We found that temperate phages might use the lysogenic path to protect themselves from long periods of bad conditions. Additionally, phages with MOI strategies might have better chances of survive long periods of detrimental conditions.


The impact of N/sub 2/O-nitridation of SiO/sub 2/ on gate oxide reliability against plasma damage is investigated here. It is observed that nitridation of thermal oxide significantly enhances the resistance of gate oxide against plasma induced charging. It is also observed that increasing N/sub 2/O nitridation enhances the immunity to plasma damage progressively. An optimum combination of N/sub 2/O anneal temperature and flow-rate can be used to obtain highly reliable gate dielectrics within reasonable thermal budgets. The impact of N/sub 2/O-nitridation of SiO/sub 2/ on gate oxide reliability against plasma.


Abstract. We describe a new algorithm that automatically delineates
the cliff top and toe of a cliffed coastline from a digital elevation model
(DEM). The algorithm builds upon existing methods but is specifically
designed to resolve very irregular planform coastlines with many bays and
capes, such as parts of the coastline of Great Britain. The algorithm
automatically and sequentially delineates and smooths shoreline vectors,
generates orthogonal transects and elevation profiles with a minimum spacing
equal to the DEM resolution, and extracts the position and elevation of the
cliff top and toe. Outputs include the non-smoothed raster and
smoothed vector coastlines, normals to the coastline (as vector shape files),
xyz profiles (as comma-separated-value, CSV, files), and the cliff top and toe (as
point shape files). The algorithm also automatically assesses the quality of
the profile and omits low-quality profiles (i.e. extraction of cliff top and
toe is not possible). The performance of the proposed algorithm is compared
with an existing method, which was not specifically designed for very
irregular coastlines, and to manually digitized boundaries by numerous
professionals. Also, we assess the reproducibility of the results using
different DEM resolutions (5, 10 and 50 m), different user-defined
parameter sets related to the degree of coastline smoothing, and the
threshold used to identify the cliff top and toe. The model output
sensitivity is found to be smaller than the manually digitized uncertainty. The code and
a manual are publicly available on a GitHub repository.


Lead (Pb) is a toxic metal compound that can contaminate fish and pose health risks to humans. The purpose of this study was to analyze the level of Pb from fresh and smoked mackerel tuna (Euthynnus affinis) sold in Tuban, Indonesia. Mackerel samples were obtained from fish sellers along the highway of Karangsari village, Tuban district, Tuban, Indonesia. The determination of Pb content in mackerel body was carried out through the Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) characterization following with the guidelines of SNI (Indonesian National Standard) year 2011. The research data showed that the range of Pb levels on both fresh fish (0.33 - 14.41 mg/kg) and smoked fish (1.30 - 22.20 mg/kg) exceeds the threshold set by SNI No. 7387 the year 2009. The results of the Mann-Whitney test indicated that Pb level in smoked fish (Mdn = 19.05) was not significantly greater than fresh fish (Mdn = 12.13), U = 50.00, p = 0.219. Pb levels of mackerel tuna that were above the permissible levels indicate a health risk if the fish is consumed by humans. Monitoring and decision making by the Indonesian government needs to be conducted to overcome Pb contamination that occurs in the sea of Tuban.


Stiffened beams and plates are used in design of structures forced by machinery excitation, which result in flexural motion having distorted normal modes due to the effect of both stiffeners and damping. Such plates and beams are often damped externally or internally, which leads in turn to complex modes and natural frequencies. The modes, which are normal to the direction or axis of the stiffeners can be calculated by different techniques, such as the "three moments" method for stiffened plates or beams. The effect of the stiffeners is given by finding the changes in frequencies and normal modes as related to the ratio of the stiffeners'- and plate's or beam's rigidities. The paper gives insight into complex modes and the eigenvalue for each such mode and also their relation to the common definition of modal shapes magnitude and frequencies and concludes with solved examples for stiffened plates and beams models.


Objective: Helicobacter pylori infection is a well-established risk factor for gastric cancer, which is more common in developing countries where poor sanitation and domestic overcrowding are common. We tried to analyze the impact of the pandemic on Helicobacter pylori infection during COVID 19 related curfew and stay-at-home order. Material and Methods: Between 1-30 June 2020 (during stay-at-home order), a total of 172 dyspeptic patients who underwent upper gastrointestinal system endoscopy at our institution following stay-at-home order during COVID pandemic were included in this study along with a control group covering 192 dyspeptic patients who underwent endoscopy between 1-20 June 2019. Results: When we analyzed gastric biopsy specimens, those who faced stay-at-home order had similar rates of intestinal metaplasia (22% versus 29%; p=0.15) and atrophic gastritis (24% versus 29%; p= 0.396) compared to recent year's data. On the other hand, the rate of H.pylori infection was higher compared to pre-COVID period (59% vs. 46%, p<0.05). Conclusion: Domestic overcrowding during COVID 19 related stay-at-home order is a risk factor for H.pylori infection.


This thesis aims to better understand how changes in primary production, temperature and fishing intensity within a biogeographic regional influence the trophic structure and the diversity and distribution of key species In the Galapagos Marine Reserve. Changes in the marine ecosystem influenced by El Nino and fisheries have been extensively evident in Galápagos. However, alterations resulting in the food chain such as changes in energy flows, trophic interactions and system structure influenced by these factors have been poorly described. Trophic models for the period 2004-2008 were constructed using the "Ecopath with Ecosim" software to describe differences between the three major biogeographic regions in the Galápagos Marine Reserve: the west cold upwelling system - Bolivar Channel, the south-central mixed system - Floreana and the far-north tropical system - Darwin and Wolf. Information required for the construction of these trophic models were mainly based on five years of underwater ecological surveys, oceanographic monitoring and population censuses carried out by the Charles Darwin Foundation and the Galapagos National Park. Additional information was obtained from other sources such as literature, reports and other trophic models. The description of differences in the system structures, energy flows and ecological characteristics of each biogeographic region were based on quantitative ecosystem parameters estimated by Ecopath. Additionally, the effects of artisanal fisheries and El Nino on the Galápagos ecosystems were explored with Ecosim to understand the mechanisms behind the observed changes in the ecosystem dynamics. In conclusion, the three systems compared in this study showed clear differences in their oceanographic settings as well as in their fishery impacts. The selectivity of target species by the local artisanal fishery plays an important role in structuring the benthic community. However, direct effects are spatially variable, depending in part on the proximity to fishing ports. Conservation strategies need to take into account the biogeographic functionality and structural differences of each system to improve the effectiveness of the actual spatial management plan in the Galápagos Marine Reserve. In addition, further studies are recommended to improve the models for future exploration of management strategies. The current fishing-monitoring program must be evaluated and adapted to produce better geo-referenced data, which will provide a robust input to evaluate the fishing effect in the Galápagos Marine Reserve.


Feature selection is an important problem in the pattern recognition and machine learning areas.Aimed at the question that there are some shortcomings in the actual Filter,Wrapper and tradictional two-phase combined methods,this paper proposes a Feature Selection algorithm based on Two-Phase Filter(FSTPF),and it is used to test in three international accepted datasets and a shield tunneling construncting real-time dataset.The emulational experiment shows that FSTPF can get good effect of reducting dimension and improve the classification accuracy of best feature subset.


Microalgae are considered one of the viable feedstocks having potential to replace agricultural products for bioethanol production. The culture costs of microalgae remain the major hurdle in using them to produce bioethanol. This study focuses upon cultivation of a freshwater branched microalga Stigeoclonium sp., Kütz. BUM11007 in domestic wastewater and use the biomass for bioethanol production by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Initially the microalga Stigeoclonium sp., was tested for their efficiency to remove the nutrients from different wastewater. When the organism was allowed to grow in wastewater they almost use all the available nutrients from the medium within 14 day. Among the various culture setups established, maximum growth (2.38±0.34 g LG1 dry cell weight) was observed from the setup composed of a wastewater (WW1) with 50% strength of Chu10 medium. The carbohydrates and starch contents of the cell were almost similar among the different culture setups. The algal biomass was harvested and tested for their usefulness in bioethanol production. The algal biomass was acid treated to dissolve the complex sugars. The sugar extract was used as the fermentation medium for bioethanol production with Saccharomyces cerevisiae. After 24 h of anaerobic fermentation, the yield was quantified as 0.195 g ethanol/g of microalgal biomass. The result proves the possibility of developing integrated process for bioethanol production with microalgal biomass cultivated from wastewater.


The aviation market is in change. The degree of aircraft propulsion electrification increases rapidly and requires power semiconductor and power electronic solutions to fulfil different requirements than in any other industry and application. The invited lecture will give a survey on those challenges and depict their impact on the power electronic system design in electrified aircrafts.


New low-temperature oil-in-water (O/W) type microemulsions that resist freezing and phase separation at −18 °C have been developed. These systems were shown to simultaneously destroy, via oxidative and hydrolytic mechanisms, simulants of three chemical warfare agents. Reactions, monitored at 25 °C by gradient elution high-performance liquid chromatography, took place instantly or over many minutes, depending upon the particular simulant. Neglecting reaction products, the low-temperature microemulsions contained 11 components:  propylene glycol, water, base, oxidant/nucleophile, surfactant, cosurfactant, oil, stabilizer, two nerve agent simulants, and a mustard simulant. Only by virtue of self-aggregation does this extraordinarily complex chemical system adopt a useful molecular organization and, in this limited sense, the microemulsion chemistry resembles what happens in a living cell. Substantial practical issues remain:  rates for a recalcitrant VX simulant should be increased and overoxidation of the m...


Current blanket bog management methods are reviewed along with their implications on Ecosystems Services. Fluvial erosion, vegetation and slope effects are investigated by three methods: (1) Rainfall simulations over different blanket bog vegetation types and bare peat, with varying slope angles. Carbon erosion and water flows are measured. (2) Two surveys of peat depth and blanket bog vegetation were carried out, to look at relationships between depth, vegetation and slope, one at a site managed for grouse and the other at a nature reserve. (3) Peat depth under different vegetation classes and topography are compared by extracting GTM data, and using GIS and field survey data sets, provided by Yorkshire Peat Partnership. From literature and experimental results, this document attempts to develop a conceptual framework for UK blanket bog vegetation dynamics affected by management and feedbacks on ecosystems services Page 3 Exam No Y4780513 Considering current intensive versus alternative blanket bog heather management practices and their ecological and ecosystem services impacts October 2012 Table of


A study was undertaken to find a standard method that would be relatively reproducible and would visualize the vascular changes in hard and soft tissues that accompany pathologic changes. Each tooth and its surroundings were found to have a complex vascular network that is directed to its particular function. Also each network is closely connected with other vascular networks; they form a complex blood supply source which, when necessary, can easily provide a compensatory blood supply.


Various polyheteroarylenes have been studied with regard to their physical properties before and after treatment with supercritical carbon dioxide (sc-CO 2). Thus, the study of dependence of glass transition temperature and free volume of polymer matrix on the conformational rigidity showed that the process of swelling in sc-CO2 is influenced by the residual solvent and by the formation of possible hydrogen bonds between CO2 and amide groups in the polymer chain.


Tobermorite was synthesized with sodium silicate solution as silicous material by dynamic hydrothermal synthesis method.The effect of synthesis conditions on the purity and morphology of tobermorite was investigated.The main phase of the product syn-thesized from sodium silicate and lime milk was pectolite.In the presence of caustic soda,pectolite was converted partly into clinoto-bermorite.And the amount of clinotobermorite increased with the increasing of caustic soda concentration.Pure 1.1 nm tobermorite was obtained when aluminum ion was added at a calcium/aluminum mole ratio of 5.The growth of tobermorite whisker was en-hanced by the presence of chlorine ion in the solution.At a calcium/chlorine molar ratio of 5,the tobermorite whiskers obtained were 2-13 μm in length and 0.2-0.5 μm in diameter.With a practical sodium silicate solution containing alkali and aluminum as the mate-rial,tobermorite whiskers with 2-10 μm in length and 0.2-1.0 μm in diameter was synthesized under the optimal synthesis condition.In the synthesis of tobermorite,the reaction environment for the formation of hydrated calcium silicate was changed by the caustic soda solution.The bonding of the bridging tetrahedral sheets in the structure of tobermorite was restrained by aluminum ions,result-ing in the formation of pure 1.1 nm tobermorite with single tetrahedralsheet structure.The salt-effect of the solution resulted from the addition of chlorine ion enhance the whisker growth of tobermorite.


Objective:To explore the distributional characteristics of allergens in patients with allergic dermatosis.Methods:Five hundred and twenty three patients with allergic dermatosis were enrolled into this observation,including 322 cases of urticaria and 201 cases of dermatitis /eczema.Three kinds of allergens(inhalation,ingestion and other allergens groups) were detected by Mora's device.Results:Allergens were found in 87.89% of the urticaria patients and 83.08% of the dermatitis/eczema patients.Most patients displayed sensitivity to more than one kind of allergen.In the dermatitis/eczema,juvenile group had a much higher positive rate than that in middle-old aged one.The first 10 allergens found in urticaria group were mites+insect(54.97%),moulds(49.38%),fish(31.37%),histamine(20.50%),yeast(14.91%),preserving agents(14.29%),an-tioxidants(13.66%),egg yoke(12.11%),sweetening agents(9.01%),spices and Herbs(7.45%) and in dermatitis /eczema group those were mites+insect(55.22%),moulds(36.82%),fish(31.84),heavy metals(15.92%),antioxidants(13.43%),histamine(12.44%),preserving agents(11.44%),yeast(8.46%),cereals(7.96%),egg yoke(7.46%)and extensive environmetal toxin.Conclusion:The allergens found in the patients with allergic dermatosis in this paper may clew the specificity of WenZhou region and provide a reference for the prevention and therapy of the diseases.


The utility model relates to a fan wheel and fan, fan wheel implements to centrifugal fan wheel or mixed flow fan wheel and has a plurality of fan blade that distribute around the axial rotation axis, and the apron of an archwise on radial cross section, the at least piecewise in bottom surface of apron settles the axial terminal surface at fan blade to have an air inlet and wind the rotation axis, the apron of archwise has radial interior zone on radial cross section, in this interior zone, the angle of contingence for fan wheel's radial plane is greater than 45, lap still to have and upwards bordering on in the footpath interior zone's outside area section, in interior zone, the apron with top surface that the bottom surface is relative on, be provided with at least one the footpath upwards with the axial on the convex water conservancy diversion component of top surface from lapping, this water conservancy diversion component has the spigot surface of directional circumferencial direction. The improvement of gross efficiency can be guaranteed to this fan wheel and fan.


Financial support and the service of Ibex, Shaheen 2 High Performance Computing Facilities were provided by King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST).


In this paper,all the localization algorithms for wireless sensor network have been researched deeply,especially DV-Hop,which was analyzed in the advantage aspects and disadvantage aspects. Based on all above works,introduced the RSSI measurement and Dijkstra arithmetic,the normal DV-Hop arithmetic has been changed. it has been proved by NS2 simulating experiment that the improved algorithm cut down the position error markedly in the unsymmetrical and sparse nodes distributing surroundings.


The invention discloses a tyre vulcanizer laser lamp holder device, which mainly comprises: a base (1), an eccentric cam (2), an adjustment seat (3), an elevation angle adjustment seat (4) and a mounting seat (5). In a debugging process, right-and-left position rough adjustment can be conducted through a long groove on a mounting plate below the base (1). Right-and-left pivot angle fine adjustment can be carried out through the eccentric cam (2). Meanwhile, elevation angle fine adjustment can be performed by the elevation angle adjustment seat (4), so that a laser lamp can be made at an optimal position finally. The laser lamp holder device provided in the invention effectively makes up the defects of poor reliability, absence of fine adjustment structure, poor operability, low debugging efficiency, single adjustable freedom degree and direction, great debugging cost and uncertain factors, and the like in existing lamp holder devices, and effectively achieves the advantages of multidirectional adjustability, simple operation, and excellent reliability, etc.


The genus Viola L. of the Republic of Tuva flora, including 20 species, is critically reviewed. A new species V. × schauloi VI. Nikit. is described. The data on species composition and geographic distribution of species are specified, the changes to their systematics and the nomenclature are made. Lectotypes of the subgenus Chamaemelanium (Ging.) Juz. and 6 species (V. altaica Ker Gawl., V. dissecta Ledeb., V. epipsiloides A. et D. Love, V. incisa Turcz., V. patrinii Ging., V. sacchalinensis H. Boisseu) are designated. The name V. × ganeshinii VI. Nikit. is validated.


In the article a problem of optimal choice of deposit development method considering the economic and energy efficiency was described. The incline was presented as an alternative to the shaft. In the paper an original method and a program created in JAVA which allows to specify a more favorable deposit development method for selected parameters was presented. The issue of vertical integration system an underground coal mine – a power plant was discussed. Attention is paid to the costs of transportation of coal from the mine to the power plants.


By identifying forbidden graph minors, families of graphs with a certain property can be characterized in an additional manner. We will review Kuratowski's identification and proof of the forbidden topological minors of planar graphs. In addition, Robertson and Seymour's Graph Minor Theorem will be examined in relation to sets of forbidden minors. By applying these concepts to two well-studied graph properties, we will gain some insight into the significance of these famous results.


Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is an anti-inflammatory cytokine that plays an important role in regulating the local inflammatory immune response, but regulatory mechanisms of this cytokine have not been fully elucidated. Here we demonstrate that IL-10 deficiency renders LPS treatment ineffective in regulating expression of CD40, CD80, CD86, B7-H2 and B7-DC on dendritic cells (DCs) and blocks up-regulation of IL-27. This inability to respond to LPS was found in both IL-10-/- bone marrow-derived and splenic DCs. Compared to wild type DCs, IL-10-/- DCs expressed similar levels of TLR4 and CD14, but produced less LPS binding protein (LBP). The deficiency in LBP production may explain the failure of IL-10-/- DCs to respond normally to LPS. Moreover, lack of IL-10 modulated the proportions of CD11c+CD8+ and CD11c+B220+ DCs, which play an important role in local inflammatory responses and tolerance. IL-10 deficiency also blocked expression of galectin-1, CD205 and CD103, which are necessary for central and peripheral tolerance. While they did not respond to LPS, IL-10-/- DCs produced increased levels of IL-6 and CCL4 after TNF-α treatment. Together, our results demonstrate that IL-10 deficiency affects the immune functions of DCs, which may contribute to the increased severity of autoimmune diseases seen in IL-10-/- mice.


BACKGROUND AND AIMS
Norwegian alcohol policy measures include national restrictions on sales hours and a state monopoly on retail sales. A 1-hour extension of sales hours on Saturdays in the monopoly outlets took effect from September 2020. We aim to evaluate whether increase in sales hours results in 1) an increase in alcohol sales in the monopoly outlets and 2) an increase in total alcohol sales, including substitution effects from beer sales in grocery stores.

DESIGN
The extension of Saturday sales hours is implemented within a stepped wedge cluster randomised trial design. Block randomisation of 62 of the 66 Norwegian trade districts allocated monopoly outlets to one of three sequences regarding date of implementation.

SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS
228 out of 335 in total Norwegian state monopoly outlets are eligible and included.

INTERVENTION
The extension of sales hours is from 3 pm to 4 pm starting on the first Saturday in i) September 2020, ii) December 2020, or iii) March 2021.

MEASUREMENTS
Growth rates in monthly alcohol sales, measured in litres of pure alcohol, in eligible monopoly outlets (primary outcome) are obtained together with beverage specific sales and alcohol sales in grocery stores (secondary outcomes). The observation period is set to 72 months prior to and 24 months after implementation.

COMMENTS
Power analyses indicate that this stepped wedge cluster randomized controlled trial has a power above 90%, even at a high significance level (α = 0.01) and with other conservative model specifications. The planned trial offers a rare opportunity to study possible causal effects of a relatively small change in a widely used alcohol policy measure.


PURPOSE: A zinc polymer thick film composition, a method for increasing the capacity of an electrode by using the composition and a battery prepared by using the method are provided, to obtain a composition for forming the positive electrode of a battery for increasing the capacity by about 20%. CONSTITUTION: The zinc polymer thick film composition comprises an organic medium which comprises a polymer selected from the group consisting of polyhydroxy ether, polyurethane, acrylonitrile/vinylidene chloride copolymer and their mixtures, and a solvent; a zinc find particle dispersed in the medium; and optionally an electrically conductive carbon material selected from the group consisting of carbon black, graphite and their mixture. Preferably the polymer has a glass transition temperature of about 50 deg.C or more.


The present paper brings to the forefront the recent evolutions on the US treasury securities market, under the impact of the global financial and economic crisis and its short and medium term perspectives. The study is based on the US Treasury statistics and the empiric evidence of the previous literature, and is structured in four sections. The first one underlines the evolution of the structure of the factors that generated such developments. The second section underscores, on the one side, the main foreign investors in marketable securities and their behaviour, and on the other side, points to the fact that the official data should be interpreted cautiously, as they do not necessarily reflect an objective reality. The third section analyses the slope of the treasury yield curve in time and its determinants, while the fourth outlines the short and medium term perspectives of the US treasury securities market, taking into account the influence of the global recovery and the deepening of the American fiscal deficit on the investors' behaviour and, consequently, on the treasury yields.


Recent statistics reports by Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and World Health Organization (WHO) have presented the facts that cardiovascular disease (CVD) accounts for 30% of all deaths.1 Genetic polymorphism, age, gender, smoking, inflammation, systolic blood pressure (SBP), cholesterol, physical inactivity, low socio-economic status, and psychosocial risk factors contribute to development of CVD.2 Inflammation-induced cardiac and vascular remodelling, oxidative stress, unregulated synthesis of nitric oxide, impaired immune cells signalling, and cytokines cascade contribute to cardiovascular damage. Sulfasalazine, an anti-cytokine drug, is reasonably accepted clinically for its efficacy in inflammatory diseases due to potential NF-kB and TNF-α inhibitory activity.3 However, none of the anti-cytokine drugs has been incorporated in a standard regimen for treatment of coronary artery disease (CAD). Our study aimed at controlling inflammation using sulfasalazine 500 mg, once a day for 24 weeks in stable CAD patients.

A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel group study was carried out, under the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, after due approval from Institutional Ethics Committee of Punjabi University, Patiala. The study was performed in accordance with the declaration of Helsinki and the code of Good Clinical Practice. Written informed consent was obtained from each patient prior to recruitment in the study. Inclusion criteria were: male/female patients ( n = 50, ≥18 years …


The present study attempts to the purified proteins from mushrooms that way activate and stimulate the proliferation of immune cell, resulting in the onset phagocytosis and nature killer cell (NK cell) activity, and promotes the cytotoxicity of tumor cell. In this study 21 and 30 KDa protein from fermentation liquid of the mushroom Schizophyllum commune were purified that exhibit a distinct cytotoxic capability: The 21 KDa protein was demonstrated to be capable of stimulating the NK cell activity, while the 30 KDa protein prevent the proliferation of Lewis lung carcinoma in vitro. Furthermore it was also forward that 21 KDa protein stimulate the the proliferation of mouse splenocyte at a various concentration levels without agglutinating the red blood cell of ICR mouse. Our result showed that when we used concentration level of 27 µg/ml protein, a significant activity of NK cell was obtained (p Citation Information: Clin Cancer Res 2010;16(14 Suppl):B53.


Passive immunity acquired by the newborn calf following ingestion of colostrum is a major determinant, but not the sole determinant, of health during the neonatal period. Colostral immunoglobulins provide both circulating antibody and antibody active at local surfaces such as the gut. There is a high prevalence of failure of passive transfer of colostral immunoglobulins in calves. The transfer of colostral immunoglobulins to the calf is influenced by factors such as age at first feeding, method of feeding, the volume of colostrum ingested and its immunoglobulin concentration, the feeding of single versus pooled colostrum, a possible effect from the presence of the dam, seasonal influences and individual calf variation in efficiency of absorption. In this paper the influence of each of these individual factors will be discussed, however, in most herds the occurence of failure of passive transfer results from an interplay between most of these influences.


A study of 151 patients, who began postexposure prophylaxis treatment (PEP) after having been exposed to HIV, attempted to examine the efficacy of PEP in preventing HIV seroconversion. Although PEP has been used in this context for some time, physicians who are prescribing it are not collecting the necessary data for understanding the implications of PEP. In this study patients were tested for HIV, counseled about risk, informed about the treatment, and treated with two drugs for 4 weeks. After 28 days of treatment, no patient tested positive for HIV. It also appears that the availability of PEP has not discouraged safe-sex practices.


Procedural terrain generation aims to create topographically coherent landscapes with realistic terrain features. Realistic landscapes of our blue planet are not complete without river deltas; however, there is an insufficient advancement in the generation of landscapes with this terrain feature. Therefore, this paper presents a modular approach to generate landscapes focused on the river deltas features. The modular proposal initially creates skeletons of deltas using a stochastic L-system grammar; we include the guidelines for the rules design. In the first module, we propose three L-systems that automatically create delta skeletons using these guidelines. The second module constructs the coastline and the sedimentary lands for the delta skeleton. Finally, the third module uses conditional generative adversarial networks (cGANs) to create the corresponding digital elevation models (DEMs) and land surface images. The evaluation of our proposal includes visual comparisons, and image quality metrics: the Frechet Inception Distance (FID), and the Naturalness Image Quality Evaluator (NIQE). The proposed modular integration generates realistic deltas with enough variability to outperform related work.


Summary Selective inhibition by preparations of wheat-germ lipase (WGL) was demonstrated for human cells transformed in vitro by SV40. This inhibition was reflected in the number and size of colonies formed, as well as in total cell growth, in a medium containing 0.01% of WGL. The presence of WGL in the medium of SV40-infected human diploid cells failed, however, to delay or inhibit the formation of transformed cell centers. Cells transformed in medium containing WGL appeared to multiply no less than control transformed cells during the first 4 weeks after transformation. They then began to clump, and to reveal reduced growth capabilities which led to early death of the cultures. The inhibitory action of WGL on transformed cells was not destroyed by heating the preparation at 60°C, a procedure which inactivated its esterase activity for triacetin.


BIA 10‐2474 is a time‐dependent inhibitor of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) that was under clinical development for the treatment of neurological conditions when the program was terminated after one subject died and four were hospitalized with neurological symptoms during a first‐in‐human clinical study. The present work describes the mechanism of FAAH inhibition by BIA 10‐2474 as a target‐specific covalent inhibition, supported by quantum mechanics and molecular modelling studies. The inhibitor incorporates a weakly reactive electrophile which, upon specific binding to the enzyme's active site, is positioned to react readily with the catalytic residues. The reactivity is enhanced on‐site by the increased molarity at the reaction site and by specific inductive interactions with FAAH. In the second stage, the inhibitor reacts with the enzyme's catalytic nucleophile to form a covalent enzyme‐inhibitor adduct. The hydrolysis of this adduct is shown to be unlikely under physiological conditions, therefore leading to irreversible inactivation of FAAH. The results also reveal the important role played by FAAH Thr236 in the reaction with BIA 10‐2474, which is specific to FAAH and is not present in other serine hydrolases. It forms a hydrogen bond with the imidazole nitrogen of the inhibitor and helps lowering the activation free energy of the first step of the reaction, by pre‐orienting and stabilizing the inhibitor in a near‐reactive configuration. In the second step, Thr236 can also serve as a mechanistic alternative to protonate the leaving group.


We study a categorical generalization of some of the basic results of the homotopy theory which have been obtained in the category of topological spaces with base point. They are some of the results of Gottlieb, Hilton, Hoo, Lim, Varadarajan, Woo and Kim and others. To carry out categorical approach, we define pseudo-product, pseudo-coproduct and homotopy relation in general categories. These concepts enable us to define pairings and copairings in categories. Some of the classical results mentioned above are generalized to the categories with product, coproduct and zero object.


Timber elements, such as timber bridges, are exposed to heavy loads. Therefore, reinforcement might be useful. Due to a lack of wood supplies, poplar, a fast-growing tree, could be used to construct CLT (cross-laminated timber). The low density of fast-growing wood species directly impacts the mechanical properties of CLT. Therefore, in this study, a CLT panel was reinforced with GFRP (glass-fiber-reinforced polymer), and the lateral resistance of double shear lap joints in reinforced CLTs with 0-90-0° arrangements in two strength directions was investigated. Lag screws (Ø = 8 mm) at the end distances of 1 and 3 cm were employed for making the lateral test specimens. First, the effect of the number of GFRP layers on lateral resistance of the joints was investigated. The results revealed that, as the number of GFRP layers changed from one to three, the lateral resistance increased by 45.47%, and then, by four layers, it decreased by 1.3%. Since the joints with three layers of FRP had the highest strength, the effects of the end distance and the CLT panel strength directions on the lateral performance of the reinforced and non-reinforced specimens were investigated. The results indicated that the lateral resistance of reinforced CLTs with GFRP was about 26.5% more than the unreinforced ones. Moreover, CLTs in the major strength direction showed 4.2% more lateral resistance than those in the minor strength direction. Moreover, lag screws at the end distance of 3 cm had 60% more lateral resistance than those at the end distance of 1 cm. In terms of failure modes, bearing, shear, and net-tension modes were observed in the CLTs, while Is, IIIs, and IV modes were observed in the lag screws.


Abstract We conducted multi-parametric studies on thermotolerant phosphate solubilizing bacteria useful in bioactivation of rock phosphate. Selected two different thermotolerant phosphate solubilizing cultures. Statistical optimization found pH, ammonium sulfate and EDTA concentration to be the significant variables for high phosphate solubilization by Bacillus sp. BISR-HY63. Alkaline phosphatase production by Brevibacillus sp. BISR-HY07 was increased from 1400 unitsL−1 to 3000 unitsL−1. Partial purification of alkaline phosphatase performed by size exclusion and anion-exchange chromatography and the enzyme purified by 76 folds. Organic compost prepared and inoculated with alkaline phosphatase producing bacterium BISR-HY07 for increasing it's efficacy. Soluble P decreased from 9.5 mgKg−1 to 4.1 mgKg−1 and available P increased from 200 mgKg−1 to 1000 mgKg−1 after incubation of 50 days. When cultures used as bioinoculants, total P content absorbed by the plants inoculated by Brevibacillus sp. BISR-HY07 along with rock phosphate was highest and significantly higher at 9.3 gkg−1. Shoot length of plants treated by rock phosphate and Brevibacillus sp. BISR-HY07 found to be highest and significantly higher at 31.5 cm. Root length, shoot biomass and root biomass of plants treated by rock phosphate and Bacillus sp. BISR-HY63 was highest but not significantly high at 10.3 cm, 0.73 g and 0.34 g respectively.


In addition to the several journals dedicated to the study of humor, there have been a substantial number of special issues on humor, both in linguistics journals and in journals in other fields in recent years (cf. Attardo 2003; Dynel 2008b, 2017; Dynel et al. 2016; Dynel and Sinkeviciute 2017; Kotthoff 2006a; Lurie and Gurian 2015), not to mention laughter (Wagner and Vöge 2010). This is in addition to the myriad of books on the subject of humor, all of which give an indication of the scale of – and perpetually growing interest in – humor research across a wide range of disciplines and methodological approaches. Dynel (2008a) presents a comprehensive summary of the complexity and diversity of humor studies in the field of linguistics, from the earlier semantic and pragmatic theories through to the various cognitive approaches to the study of humor, most of which focused primarily on description of canned jokes and narratives, however. As Dynel points out (idem, p. 3), there is much more complexity to humor than joke telling, and the subsequent term conversational humor (cf. Coates 2007) is better suited to capture the diverse aspects of humor (word play, pun, witticism, tease, mockery, sarcasm, irony, banter, black humor, subversive humor (Holmes and Marra 2002), and fantasy humor (Hay 2001) etc.), some of which also exist in their own right in a non-humorous way. (See also Béal and Mullan 2013 for a discussion of the difficulty of humor categories and labels when applied to a cross-cultural comparison of conversational humor.) Coates defines conversational humor as referring to all kinds of "humorous talk occurring in the informal conversation of friends" (2007: 29). This term was


The main criterion for increasing the competitiveness of educational institutions in the educational services market is the high level of training of graduates. In the context of the competency-based approach used to form a new model of graduates, their preparation for professional activity is important. To improve the efficiency of the educational process and the activities of the modern institution of higher education as a whole, to achieve quality goals and obtain results for stakeholders, it is rational to introduce quality management systems. When forming a model for assessing competencies, it is necessary to take into account that competencies are crosssubject in nature, require the use of a variety of assessment tools, methods and assessment scales. Requirements for the results of mastering the educational program are presented in the form of a set of competencies, distributed by type of professional activity for which graduates are preparing. Therefore, a competency assessment model using a generalized (integral) indicator is needed. The analysis of the results of competency formation for an individual student group revealed the most rational directions for future professional activity, timely adjustment of the learning process to increase the success of graduates in the labor market.


From singly infected groundnut plants, M. persicae was more efficient in transmitting PSV (29%) and PMV (14%) than A. craccivora (17 and 4%, respectively). PSV was transmitted more efficiently (16%) than PMV (9%) by M. persicae from PSV/PMV doubly infected plants. A. craccivora also transmitted PSV more efficiently (7%) than PMV (3%) from doubly infected plants. In sequential feeding trials (aphid fed first on a PMV-infected leaf and then on a PSV-infected leaf, and vice versa), PSV was transmitted to a higher percentage of healthy groundnuts than PMV, regardless of the sequence of feeding. PSV transmission was enhanced to 35% with A. craccivora and 45% with M. persicae when the aphid vectors fed on PMV-infected plants before feeding on PSV source plants. Simultaneous transmission of both viruses by a single aphid from doubly infected plants or sequential feeding trials did not occur with A. craccivora and at 3% or less for M. persicae.


The characteristics of infrared absorption spectroscopy are described briefly and the principles of gas monitoring based on Lambert-Beer law and differential absorption are stated in detail. A portable infrared methane monitor has been designed, by which the structure of the gas monitor is also introduced.