A two-neighbour Born-von K?rm?n model is applied to the diamond crystal. The nearest neighbours are assumed to interact with general forces and central, angular and torsional forces are considered in the second-neighbour interactions. One of the five force constants that occur in this model is taken as a free parameter and is fitted to the experimental frequencies at the zone boundaries in the (100) and (111) directions. A good qualitative fit, substantially better than the corresponding fit in the case of germanium and silicon, is obtained. The phonon spectrum is calculated using the Fourier series expansion method. The specific heat of diamond is evaluated in the temperature range 0-300 ?k and is found to agree quite well with the experimental results. Finally, the analysis of the dependence of the frequency and amplitude of the localized mode due to an isotopic impurity on its mass is made.


Background The novel coronavirus disease which is believed to have initially originated in Wuhan city of China at the end of 2019 was declared as pandemic by March 2020 by WHO. This pandemic significantly impacted the mental health of communities around the globe. This project draws data from available research to quantify COVID-19 mental health issues and its prevalence in China during the early period of the COVID-19 crisis. It is believed that this pooling of data will give fair estimate of the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health. Methods We conducted this study in accordance with PRISMA guidelines 2009. The protocol for this review is registered and published in PROSPERO (CRD42020182893). The databases used were Pubmed, Medline, Google scholar and Scopus. The studies were extracted according to pre-defined eligibility criteria and risk of bias assessment was conducted. The Meta-analysis was done using OpenMeta [analyst]. Results Total of 62382 participants in nineteen studies fulfilled the eligibility criteria. Stress was the most prevalent (48.1%) mental health consequence of Covid-19 pandemic, followed by depression (26.9%) and anxiety (21.8%). After performing subgroup analysis, prevalence of depression and anxiety in both females and frontline health care workers were high as compared to the prevalence in general Chinese population. Conclusion The prevalence of depression and anxiety is moderately high whereas pooled prevalence of stress was found to be very high in Chinese people during this Covid-19 crisis.


PURPOSE: Provided are compositions for oxidation dyeing of keratin fibers, in particular human keratin fibers such as hair, comprising, in a dyeing medium, at least one oxidation dye, at least one thickening polymer comprising at least one fatty chain and at least one fatty alcohol chosen from monoglycerolated and polyglycerolated fatty alcohols. CONSTITUTION: The cosmetic composition for oxidation dyeing keratin fibers, comprises, in a dyeing medium (1) at least one oxidation dye, (2) at least one thickening polymer comprising at least one fatty chain, and (3) at least one fatty alcohol chosen from monoglycerolated and polyglycerolated fatty alcohols. Where, the keratin fibers are chosen from human keratin fibers chosen from human hair; the at least one fatty alcohol chosen from monoglycerolated and polyglycerolated fatty alcohols is chosen from fatty alcohols of formula: RO-(-CH2-CH(CH2OH)-O-)n-H in which: R is chosen from linear and branched, saturated and unsaturated groups comprising from 8 to 40 carbon atoms; and n is a number ranging from 1 to 30.


This study aims to determine the effect of dividend policy on investment decisions of a sample of individual investors settled at Western Mediterranean Region (Antalya, Burdur and Isparta) in Turkey. The survey method was employed within the study. Initially, the demographic features of the individual investors investing in stocks were examined. Then, the effect of firms' dividend policies on individuals' decisions on investing in stocks were elaborated. The findings of the study revealed that the men and married people prefer to invest in stocks more than women and singles, self-employed and retired people perceive stocks as an investment instrument, people who are at 26 to 49 years old invest in stocks more than the other age groups, and there is a positive ratio between the educational background, income and investing in stocks. Earnings per share, dividend policies in the previous


Sandwich honeycomb composite panels are lightweight and strong, and, therefore, provide a reasonable alternative to the aluminum ring frame/stringer architecture currently used for most aircraft airframes. The drawback to honeycomb panels is that they radiate noise into the aircraft cabin veilefficiently provoking the need for additional sound treatment which adds weight and reduces the material's cost advantage. A series of honeycomb panels was made «-hick incorporated different design strategies aimed at reducing the honeycomb panels' radiation efficiency while at the same time maintaining their strength. The majority of the designs were centered around the concept of creating areas of reduced stiffness in the panel by adding voids and recesses to the core. The effort culminated with a reinforced/recessed panel which had 6 dB higher transmission loss than the baseline solid core panel while maintaining comparable strength.


The mineralogy and grain-size distribution of sediments from Tecer Lake in central Anatolia provides a 6000 year record of mid- to late-Holocene climate trends and events. Correspondences between key measured parameters allow a reconstruction of variations in lake level, evaporation intensity (summer droughts) and humidity (triggering erosion in winter and spring). They also indicate, occasionally, seasonal contrasts (e.g. phases with high winter rainfall). The Tecer sequence is divided into two main periods: (a) the mid-Holocene transition (from sixth to third millennia BP) characterised by the alternation of multicentenial wet and dry phases, and (b) shorter alternations during the last two millennia. During the mid-Holocene transition, intense droughts occur at the end of the sixth, fifth and fourth millennia BP. The characteristics of some climatic phases at Tecer seem specific to the location of the sequence which, when compared with other sites in the eastern Mediterranean, may record variations in the extent of different climatic systems (NE Atlantic, polar, east Mediterranean, Indian monsoon).


How do we understand our own cultural histories and how do these understandings impact on our senses of self? This paper addresses the case of Pacific islander migration into New Zealand. It is based on a study fuelled by a group of Pacific island teachers exploring their own experiences of becoming teachers in New Zealand schools. The paper raises some theoretical issues relating to cultural identity as understood in relation to educational practices at the interfaces of cultures. By examining how notions of Pacific cultural identity for individuals are held in place by particular self‐images the paper asks how such identities might be seen as reaching out to possible futures. The paper concludes with some tentative thoughts on how an individual might work towards strengthening a historical sense of self and a more productive reflective/reflexive conception of engagement in a situation of cultural minority.


A methodological position for a FOUCAULTian discourse analysis is presented. A sequence of analytical steps is introduced and an illustrating example is offered. It is emphasized that discourse analysis has to discover the system-level of discursive rules and the deeper structure of the discursive formation. Otherwise the analysis will be un finished. Michel FOUCAULTs work is theoretically grounded in French structuralism and (the so called) post-structuralism. In this paper, post-structuralism is not conceived as a means for overcoming of structuralism, but as a way of critically continuing the structural perspective. In this way, discursive structures can be related to discursive practices and the con cept of structure can be disclosed (e. g. to inter-discourse or DERRIDAs concept of structurality). In this way, the struc tural methodology is continued and radicalized, but not given up. In this paper, FOUCAULTs theory is combined with the works of Michel P?CHEUX and (especially for the sociol ogy of knowledge and the sociology of culture) Pierre BOURDIEU. The practice of discourse analysis is theoreti cally grounded. This practice can be conceived as a reflex ive coupling of deconstruction and reconstruction in the ma terial to be analyzed. This methodology therefore can be characterized as a reconstructive qualitative methodology. At the end of the article, forms of discourse analysis are


The enormous radiative and mechanical luminosities of massive stars impact a vast range of scales and processes, from the reionization of the universe, to the evolution of galaxies, to the regulation of the interstellar medium, to the formation of star clusters, and even to the formation of planets around stars in such clusters. Two main classes of massive star formation theory are under active study, Core Accretion and Competitive Accretion. In Core Accretion, the initial conditions are self-gravitating, centrally concentrated cores that condense with a range of masses from the surrounding, fragmenting clump environment. They then undergo relatively ordered collapse via a central disk to form a single star or a small-N multiple. In this case, the pre-stellar core mass function has a similar form to the stellar initial mass function. In Competitive Accretion, the material that forms a massive star is drawn more chaotically from a wider region of the clump without passing through a phase of being in a massive, coherent core. In this case, massive star formation must proceed hand in hand with star cluster formation. If stellar densities become very high near the cluster center, then collisions between stars may also help to form the most massive stars. We review recent theoretical and observational progress towards understanding massive star formation, considering physical and chemical processes, comparisons with low and intermediate-mass stars, and connections to star cluster formation.


Cold plasma technology has been used within the food industry for surface decontamination. Therefore, this study investigated the efficacy of low-pressure cold plasma (CP) treatment to decontaminate sodium alginate-coated and packaged 'Monterey' strawberries. Cold plasma treatment was carried out at 80 kV for 5 min. After treatments, samples were stored at 5 °C for six days, and samples were taken at regular intervals for microbial and visual quality analysis. Results obtained showed that coated strawberries without CP treatment packed in clamshell trays had a better visual appearance than the other treatments and control at the end of storage. Application of sodium alginate coating and CP treatment on strawberries resulted in ≈2 Log reduction in yeast and mould counts at the end of storage in comparison to the control (p < 0.05).


The structure and stability of various methanol adsorption complexes on alkali metal exchanged zeolites was studied by a density functional method using cluster models of six-rings. In particular, O-bound species coordinated only by the oxygen atom to the metal cation were compared to O,H-bound species coordinated in addition with a hydrogen bond of the methanol proton to a zeolite oxygen center. The coordination bond between the methanol oxygen atom and the metal cation furnishes the main contribution to the interaction of the adsorbate with sodium- or potassium-exchanged zeolites (40−55 kJ/mol), while the hydrogen bond contributes in addition about 15 kJ/mol. The hydrogen bond between the methanol hydroxyl group and a zeolite oxygen center significantly influences the OH stretching frequency in the IR spectra of adsorbed methanol. The calculated red shift of the OH frequency depends strongly on the proton affinity value of the zeolite oxygen center; for a change of the proton affinity by 54 kJ/mol it in...


Straight segments of a-screw dislocations introduced by scratching of basal (0001) of intentionally undoped low-ohmic GaN radiate a doublet of narrow luminescent lines in the spectral region at about 3.1-3.2 eV while the dislocation intersection points possess luminescence band at about 3.3 eV. Transmission electron microscopy reveals that the dislocation cores are dissociated into two 300 partials separated by stacking fault (SF) ribbon with the width of 4-6 nm width and that the dislocation nodes contain extended SF of sizes of 25-30 nm. Dislocation-related luminescence (DRL) is ascribed to exciton bound by the states of partial dislocation cores and of SF quantum well. The increase of the SF lateral sizes is assumed to cause the DRL spectral shift between straight dislocations and their nodes due to the system dimensionality transition from 1D to 2D respectively.


Study objectives
This study investigates the impact of sleep deprivation (SD) on task-goal switching, a key component of cognitive flexibility.

Methods
Task-goal switching performance was tested after one night of regular sleep (n = 17 participants) or of total SD (n = 18). To understand the relationships between task-switching performance and other cognitive processes following SD, participants were tested for other key attentional (alertness and vigilance) and executive (inhibition and working memory) functions. Spontaneous eye blink rate (EBR) was also measured as an indirect marker of striatal dopaminergic function.

Results
SD negatively impacts task-goal switching as well as attentional and inhibition measures, but not working memory. Changes in task-goal switching performance were not significantly correlated with changes in objective and subjective markers of fatigue and sleepiness, response inhibition, or spontaneous EBR.

Conclusions
Altogether, our results show differentiated effects of SD on key executive functions such as working memory, inhibition and task-goal switching.


Despite the Government"s various efforts to stabilize the supply of energy, recently there has been an increased concern about the stability of electricity supply in the summer and winter seasons. This study holds purpose in quantitatively estimating long-term electricity demand based on the use of home appliances in residential sector. Home appliances used in housing can be divided into air-conditioning unit, heating, brown goods and lighting. Analysis was carried out on a total of 23 types of electrical appliances and used Gompertz model for demand forecasting of its penetration rate. Residential sector consumed 61,564.3GWh of electric power in 2011 and showed a 24.5% of energy resource. According to estimations of electricity demand, it is expected that in 2030, 86,153GWh of electricity will be consumed. In 2030, electric power consumption per household will amount to approximately 3.97MWh and this is approximately 8.4% higher than that of 2010. This study"s results are expected to be used as basic quantitative data for ensuring stable supply and management of electric power on a national level.


We use data on 800 candidates from the 2012 U.S. election cycle in U.S. and state congressional races to examine the degree to which beauty affects electoral outcomes. We find that a candidate that is one standard deviation more beautiful receives a 1.1 percentage point higher vote share and is 6.0 percentage points more likely to win the election. This beauty premium is larger in situations where voters are less likely to have more information about the candidate. The beauty premium is much smaller for U.S. congressional races than for state congressional races, and is also much smaller for incumbent candidates. In addition, we find a correlation that the beauty premium is lower when a candidate spends more money on the election.


Objective. To determine the influence of fertilization systems on the parameters of the number of separate ecological and trophic groups of microorganisms in typical deep heavy loam chernozem upon bed technology of garden strawberry cultivation with the use of drip irrigation. Methods. Comparative profile, microbiological, mathematical and statistical. Results. Seasonal changes in the number of microorganisms depend on many factors, including physical, chemical, biological, environmental. Conducted studies show that most factors tend to increase the number of microorganisms in the soil in spring and summer and decrease to a minimum in autumn. With depth, the number of microorganisms decreases. The highest number of them was detected in the ridge part of the soil. Soil biogenicity varied from 8.75 million CFU /1 g of dry soil in the grassland soil up to 5.67 million CFU/1 g of dry soil upon growing strawberries without fertilizers in a 0–10-centimetre layer of soil; the use of organic and mineral fertilizers had an equally positive effect on biogenicity. Conclusion. The terms of sampling have a significant impact on the number of representatives of different ecological and trophic groups of microorganisms of typical deep heavy loam chernozem. Cultivation, fertilization and irrigation of soil affect the development of micromycetes, amylolytics, ammonifiers, oligonitrophils and oligocarbophils. According to a study, cultivation of garden strawberry requires constant application of fertilizers to eliminate imbalances of nutrients, including organic matter, as evidenced by high oligotrophic coefficient and low nitrogen mobilization rate.


Gung watershed is part of the watershed which located in Tegal regency with an area of 45.65 km 2 where Gung River as its main river . Gung river conditions at this time had a reduction in the flow of flood discharge due to reduced cross-sectional area of the river (river capacities) due to sedimentation . The main cause of the high rate of sedimentation is the destruction of water catchment areas and land management less attention to the principles of conservation land . Therefore it is very necessary management effective river drainage area with emphasis on the conservation and protection of the land (in particular critical area) and water, especially in the upstream of the river. One of the countermeasures for erosion and sedimentation problems in this river is by building sediment control structure or so-called check dam . From the calculations have been done, check dam was designed to have the following features: spillway crest of the main dam at El. +431.500 m, 4 m dam height and 3.2 m foundation depth, bottom width obtained by 20 m, flood design discharge with 50 years return period was 502.368 m 3 /sec, height of wing crests was 6.469 m at El.+437.969 m with 1.0 m freeboard, construction of the main dam was stone masonry; spillway crest of the sub dam at El.+429.000 m with 1.5 m height and 2.5 m foundation depth, height of wing crests was 6.567 m at El.+435.567 m with 1.0 m freeboard, construction of the sub dam was stone masonry. The apron elevation was El.+427.500 m with 1.8 m thickness. The apron protection was concrete in quality K 175 with 1.5 m thickness (bottom layer) and quality K 225 with 0.3 m thickness (upper layer/blanket).


The concentration distribution of organic matter in Lower Permian and Carboniferous sediments of the Peri-Caspian depression is plotted in Fig. 1. The degree of catagenesis of the organic matter in the eastern part of the depression, based on reflectance, nature of its polarization, and index of refraction, corresponds with the MK1-MK2 (long-flame to gas coal) stage of catagenesis; whereas that for the western part is in the MK3-MK4 (fatty to coking coal) stage.


Introduction Paget's disease of bone (PDB) is characterised by increased and disorganised bone remodelling affecting one or more skeletal sites. Complications include bone pain, deformity, deafness and pathological fractures. Mutations in sequestosome-1 ( SQSTM1 ) are strongly associated with the development of PDB. Bisphosphonate therapy can improve bone pain in PDB, but there is no evidence that treatment alters the natural history of PDB or prevents complications. The Zoledronate in the Prevention of Paget's disease trial (ZiPP) will determine if prophylactic therapy with the bisphosphonate zoledronic acid (ZA) can delay or prevent the development of PDB in people who carry SQSTM1 mutations. Methods and analysis People with a family history of PDB aged >30 years who test positive for SQSTM1 mutations are eligible to take part. At the baseline visit, participants will be screened for the presence of bone lesions by radionuclide bone scan. Biochemical markers of bone turnover will be measured and questionnaires completed to assess pain, health-related quality of life (HRQoL), anxiety and depression. Participants will be randomised to receive a single intravenous infusion of 5 mg ZA or placebo and followed up annually for between 4 and 8 years at which point baseline assessments will be repeated. The primary endpoint will be new bone lesions assessed by radionuclide bone scan. Secondary endpoints will include changes in biochemical markers of bone turnover, pain, HRQoL, anxiety, depression and PDB-related skeletal events. C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen; transferase; Anxiety and Depression Questionnaire; chorionic gonadotrophin; Paget's disease of PINP, propeptide of type I Health sequestosome-1; ZiPP, Zoledronic acid in the Prevention of Paget's disease.


We discuss the use of variograms for covariance modeling under the Kriging model to assess tolerances on manufactured parts. The variogram is very informative about the spatial dependence and it is favored by researchers in the choice of a correlation function. It may give evidence of anisotropy and of nugget effect too. In this paper, various variogram estimators from literature are used for comparing and evaluating their properties in assessing the surface error of three workpieces manufactured with different machining precisions. Contrary to the common engineering belief, the variograms give evidence of both technological signatures and systematic errors of the measurement machines.


Shape-changing displays' dynamic physical affordances have inspired a range of novel hardware designs to support new types of interaction. Despite rapid technological progress, the community lacks a common programming model for developing applications for these visually and physically-dynamic display surfaces. This results in complex, hardware-specific, custom-code that requires significant development effort and prevents researchers from easily building on and sharing their applications across hardware platforms. As a first attempt to address these issues we introduce SDSL, a Shape-Display Shader Language for easily programming shape-changing displays in a hardware-independent manner. We introduce the (graphics-derived) pipeline model of SDSL, an open-source implementation that includes a compiler, runtime, IDE, debugger, and simulator, and show demonstrator applications running on two shape-changing hardware setups.


In this study, we investigate photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy with UV excitation as an alternative method for the detection and identification of plastic materials. The PL is excited at 266 nm. Spectra of the most widely used plastic materials are analyzed. Based on these results, it should be possible to develop a method to reliably identify different plastic materials in environmental samples solely based on their PL emission. In addition, this technique is inherently non-destructive and fast.


The project aims to develop an automated attendance system using face recognition technology. The system eliminates manual methods and provides contactless attendance tracking. It utilizes a Raspberry Pi board, camera module, and advanced image processing techniques to detect and recognize faces in real-time. Attendance data is stored in a database which is excel sheet and can be accessed remotely. The system improves efficiency, reduces errors, and promotes hygiene and safety in various environments.


Purpose
Using a discourse analytic approach, the purpose of this paper is to examine how genre impacts white readers when reading about historic acts of racial violence. Specifically, this study explores one white high school student's stance-taking as she read an informational text and an eyewitness narrative about the Tulsa Race Massacre.

Design/methodology/approach
This study used discourse analysis (Gee, 1999) and the think-aloud method (Pressley and Afflerbach, 1996) to explore the white student's interactions with genres of historical texts. The authors coupled iterative coding and memoing with discourse analysis to analyze the stances she adopted while reading.

Findings
The findings illustrate that the informational text allowed for a distancing from the racialized violence in the text, whereas the narrative created an opportunity for more connection to those who experienced the violence.

Originality/value
While genre and reader response has long been explored in English Education research, little research has examined the impact of genre on reading historical texts. This study demonstrates the influence that genre may have on white readers' emotional responses and stance-taking practices when reading about historic acts of racial violence.


I suppose it was all bound to be something of an anti-climax when it was finally published, but we could be excused some sense of anticipation, as anyone can when the exam results are expected. The Governor had arranged for copies of the Report to be rushed to the prison the same evening via the M1 and the AG's fast car, and the Probation Department were contem plating the possibility of redundancy within the month, following giving prison officers a crash course in social work.


Objective: This study aims to investigate the potential benefits of using different multi-stage and multi-pass flow configurations for improving the efficiency of the pressure-retarded osmosis (PRO) process, which generates energy by utilizing the difference in osmotic pressure between two salinity solutions. Methods: To achieve the objective, the study used a numerical simulation based on the solution diffusion model. A flat sheet forward osmosis membrane was simulated to investigate the potential of the proposed multi-stage PRO configurations. Results: The results of the simulation showed that the multi-stage PRO arrangement generated 18% more power than the single-stage PRO system. Additionally, the multi-pass arrangement resulted in a 58% increase in power output. Conclusion: This study provides important insights into the development of optimized PRO membrane and module configurations to improve the efficiency of energy generation. The findings highlight the potential benefits of multi-stage and multi-pass flow configurations, which can help to advance the field of renewable energy generation using the PRO process.


This article places the objectives of a development bank within the development tradition at the center of debate against a bank financed by South American countries where the satisfaction of the development of natural resources seeks not to improve the conditions of local populations, but rather to achieve comparative advantages and the added value of their insertion into worldwide markets. The exploitation of the resources from a large part of the Amazon basin is linked to the fostering of a series of infrastructure projects that would cause generations of ecological damage to the area. The author contemplates the problematic relationship between a development bank that seeks equilibrium with the environment and a development bank connected to the interests of the state and export sector oligarchies.


High-temperature expansions performed at a fixed-order parameter provide a simple and systematic way to derive and correct mean-field theories for statistical mechanical models. For models like spin glasses which have general couplings between spins, the authors show that these expansions generate the Thouless-Anderson-Palmer equations at low order. They explicitly calculate the corrections to TAP theory for these models. For ferromagnetic models, they show that their expansions can easily be converted into 1/d expansions around mean-field theory, where d is the number of spatial dimensions. Only a small finite number of graphs need to be calculated to generate each order in 1/d for thermodynamic quantities like free energy or magnetization. Unlike previous 1/d expansions, the expansions are valid in the low-temperature phases of the models considered. They consider alternative ways to expand around mean-field theory besides 1/d expansions. In contrast to the 1/d expansion for the critical temperature, which is presumably asymptotic, these schemes can be used to devise convergent expansions for the critical temperature. They also appear to give convergent series for thermodynamic quantities and critical exponents. They test the schemes using the spherical model, where their properties can be studied using exact expressions.


Purpose: This study was conducted to investigate the factors influencing the quality of life among the patients with Crohn's disease. Method: Data were collected from 97 Crohn's disease patients between September 17 and October 20 in 2009. The collected data were analyzed by SPSS program. Results: There were significant differences in the participants' quality of life depending on their age, economic status, pain, diarrhea, weight loss, Crohn's disease activity index (CDAI), and use of medications such as antidiarrhotica, steroid, and analgesics. The results also showed the correlations between the participants' qualities of life and thier pain, CDAI, anxiety, depression, perceived health condition, and of body image. Finally, the factors affecting the quality of life in patients with Crohn's disease included anxiety, perceived health state, pain, and CDAI. The explanatory power of these factors was 79.5%. Conclusion: The results imply that controlling the patients' pain and providing emotional support for anxiety reduction are crucial. In a similar vein, tailored nursing interventions considering individual patients' conditions are believed to help the patients positively perceive their disease. A future research, can conduct further investigations of these factors from more diverse perspectives, which is expected to promote more effective nursing strategies for Crohn's disease patients.


Objective To explore the efficacy and safety of accelerated hyperfractionation radiotherapy combined with EP regimen on limited small cell lung cancer.Methods 72 patients were randomized into two groups : 35 patients in accelerated hyperfractionation radiotherapy(HART) group,37 patients in conventional fractionation radiotherapy(CFRT) group.Results The total effective rate(PR+CR) in HART group and in CFRT group were 82.8% and 59.4%.The 1,2,and 3 year survival rates in HART and CFRT were 90.7% vs 83.1%、55.2% vs 43.8% and 25.4% vs 17.6%(P0.05).The main adverse events were leukopenia and radiation esophagitis,which were significantly higher in HART group than those in CFRT group(P0.05),but they could be tolerated.Conclusions This study suggests that EP regimen combined accelerated hyperfractionation radiotherapy was more effective and well tolerated.It should be further studied.


The detrended fluctuation analysis(DFA) method is applied to analyse the electricity price series in electricity market and the scale index is obtained,which is a parameter to depict the long term evolutionary behaviour of the electricity price series.According to the changes of the scale index,it is shown that the electricity price series displays long-range power-law correlation characteristics.Simulated analysis of the electricity price series data of California electricity market shows that the DFA is effective and thus a new method is provided to study the complex internal fractual mechanism of electricity price fluctuation.


Environmental organizations fighting to solve the interrelated problems of global warming and climate change, mountaintop removal mining, and deforestation use the Internet rhetorically to motivate citizen action. Such cyberactivism relies on computer-mediated communication and Internet technologies to advance political and social goals (see http://archive.greenpeace.org/cyberstory/cybera ctivism.htm). As the anti-global warming organization, 350.org, says in its New Media Press Kit, "the technology that will stop the climate crisis isn't solar panels, it's the Internet" (www.350.org/sites/all/files/350.org_New_Media _Kit.pdf).


We present a sufficient condition for the existence of a conformal metric ℎ on a closed Riemannian manifold (M,g) with a closed p-form ω in a such way that 𝛥 ℎ ω = 0.


We need a better explanation of the differences in meaning and use between can and may . This paper proposes that the underlying semantics of all uses of can is enablement , in a precise sense derived from the philosophy of action, while may expresses metalinguistic possibility, linking a proposition with another domain of propositions. The widespread belief among linguists that modality involves possible worlds is wrong: neither "modality" nor "possible worlds" play a part in the analysis. Semantically, sentences containing can and may are typically incomplete, but the missing information is different in each case. Both involve impliciture (n.b. not implicature ), a pervasive pragmatic process. The two words can and may thus have complex but divergent semantic properties, yet there is nothing unusual about their pragmatics. The analysis draws on Kent Bach's work on semantics and pragmatics, which assumes a sharp conceptual divide between meaning and use.


PURPOSE: An LCD(Liquid Crystal Display) and a method for driving the same are provided to reduce power consumption by separately displaying a text and a moving picture through a text drive unit and a video drive unit. CONSTITUTION: An LCD comprises a liquid crystal panel(32) having liquid crystal cells in the matrix form, a text drive unit(36) installed in a side portion of the liquid crystal panel and supplying text data(Data-T) to data lines(DL1-DLm), a video drive unit(46) supplying video data(Data-V) to the data lines on the liquid crystal panel, a gate drive unit(34) installed in an edge portion of the liquid crystal panel and driving gate lines(GL), and a timing control unit(38) supplying control signals for the text drive unit, the video drive unit and the gate drive unit, supplying the text data to the text drive unit and supplying the video data to the video drive unit. The liquid crystal panel is divided into an upper area(39) and a lower area(49), and the text data and the video data are separately displayed on the liquid crystal panel.


There exist a number of methods for heating of materials and machine elements. But radiation method is the most effective and economical one out of them i.e. transfer of heat energy from it is source (generator) to the object by means of radiation. With regards to this infrared radiation has got the greatest interest. The heat generated by the radiating surface is similar to the sun. The gas is burning in the combustor where, heated to the specific temperature, forms a heat flux (wave radiation of infrared spectrum), directed to the heat source or to the object directly. Infrared ray falling to the surface (floor, objects, equipment) heats the surface. The air in the hot zone is heated for the second time by the heated surfaces. Heat waves immediately form comfortable microclimate in the zone.


Active networking, where network nodes perform customized processing of packets, is a rapidly expanding field of research. This paper investigates the realization of service management on a virtual active network (VAN), the key concept in our management framework for active networks (Brunner and Stadler, 1999). A VAN is a generic service offered by the VAN provider to the customer. The VAN abstraction transforms a multi-domain environment into a single domain view for a customer. The customer can install, run and supervise active services into a VAN, without interaction with the provider. In this paper, we describe a service management toolkit, which facilitates designing and managing services taking advantage of active networking technology for code reuse, code distribution, flexible event filtering, and programmable information aggregation. Further, we show how the service management toolkit is realized on ANET, an active networking testbed that we built.


This paper provides a modified formula for calculating dielectric loss of dielectric resonator of working in TE01δ mode in closed cavity. The measurement system is divided into six regions. Based on analyzing the formula of loss tangent published in literatures, a quality factor of a substrate is created, and a modified formula is proposed. Validating the modified formula, with three substrates as supports, the frequencies and unloaded quality factors of dielectric resonators made of two sorts of dielectric materials with permittivity 38 and 75 respectively are measured using a closed cavity method. The measured results are compared with those obtained by other well-known formulas and show a good agreement with the result given by the parallel plate method.


To study the mechanism of destruction of the frozen sandy-clayey rocks studied natural electric field (EP), which appear in the freeze the wet rocks that is defined by the presence of a potential difference at the boundary of frozen and thawed rocks. As a result of experiments it is established that the destruction of samples frozen sandy-clayey rocks in the aquatic environment is accompanied by the emergence and changes in the sample of the natural electric fields. In our opinion, the appearance of the electric field associated with the filtration capabilities resulting from the penetration of water through pores and cracks in the rock sample. The measurement of potentials of self-polarization was performed by the method of potential gradient and potential using two electrodes frozen in a sample. In the result, it was proven that the method of measuring the difference of electric potentials of selfpolarization between two points of rock samples has the advantage that not only indirectly characterizes the temperature change in the sample, but additionally gives information about the electrokinetics of the process, about the dynamics of changes in electrical resistance of a rock formation between the electrodes and the polarity of the different volumes of the rock sample. In addition, this method allows to investigate the dynamics of the process of thawing of frozen rocks, and also confirms the filtration destruction of frozen rocks in the aquatic environment.


The purpose of the study was to examine, in a population of ninth grade high-school students,whether autonomy support from parents and the fulfilment of basic psychological needspredicted participation in physical activity both in leisure time and in PE classes. Based onprevious research we hypothesised that autonomy support would have an indirect effect onparticipation in physical activity in leisure time and school sports through the psychologicalbasic needs.The study involved 193 students from ninth grade in the Swedish school system.Mediation analyses were performed to investigate the stated hypotheses. The results showedthat a positive indirect effect from autonomy support on participation in physical activity inleisure time through psychological basic needs. Further there was no statistically significantcorrelation between autonomy support, basic needs and participation in PE classes.Based on this study we concluded that autonomy supports as well as the psychologicalbasic needs are two important factors to focus on to get high-school students to be physicallyactive.


Non-cognitive skills (NCS) are important for personal development and enhancing employability. However, as related literature points out, designs for NCS development are challenged by their fidelity, complexity, technology pedagogy and content value, user-centricity and so forth. Thus, this study investigates on 1) how do individuals recognise their needs, challenges and motivations for improving NCS, and 2) how do they envision their individual roadmap towards NCS achievement. An exploratory strategy is followed in capturing the learners' perceptions. Expected data were collected by a questionnaire aiming at a sample of 80 purposely selected employable adults, followed by interviews with 11 randomly selected individuals among the sample. The outcomes provided feedback towards optimising design concepts for an NCS learning environment. Consequently, the framework for NCS improvement must include components, in the order of importance, tools for assessment of NCS, premises for learning NCS, dynamic CV, and linking to the occupations of individual interests as envisioned by the respondents. The participants recognised the significance of NCS and that NCS contribute meaningfully to their personal and professional growth. As such, research efforts shall be invested in evaluating the methods and tools in a systematic user-centric process to determine their effectiveness and impact in lifelong learning.


3G system can be enlarged the capacity and improved its performance by using the latest technology of the multi-user joint detection(MUD).This paper discusses the principle of MUD and classification of MUD algorithms. It pays more attention to introduce adaptive detection algorithm, analyzes and compares the computive complexity in all kinds of algorithm.


Subcellular localization of acid mucopolysaccharide (AMPS) was only slightly discernible in normal rat intestinal absorptive cells. Immediately after 1000 R of whole-body X-irradiation the Golgi complex of the absorptive cell possessed AMPS, but the thin enteric surface coat did not. At 5 hours after exposure the Golgi complex was lightly stained and a thick, AMPS-rich surface coat was present. These observations sugest that the Golgi complex participates in the final synthesis of AMPS that becomes a component of the enteric surface coat.


In the twenty-first century, globalization is one of the most influential forces in the psychological development of people - and one of the most widely discussed (Arnett, 2002). Indeed, it has been argued that "in recent years, globalization has become one of the most widely used terms to describe the current state of the world" (Arnett, 2002, p. 774, italics original). Trade, immigration, and the exchange of information have led to cultural exchanges, while advances in telecommunications and economic interdependence have enabled a wide variety of connections among people from different nations (Arnett, 2002). In this chapter, we focus on particular features of globalization that we believe illustrate key relational aspects of this phenomenon. We begin by considering the formation of relationships, in particular via the internet, and relate this to the development of relationships across cultures. We contend that, as a result of the internet and other means of global communication, it is no longer unusual to form contacts with foreign individuals and to gain greater exposure to other cultures (Kim, 2008), although the novel forms of interactions that have sometimes emerged have potentially complex ramifications on the close relationships of those involved. We then examine the development and maintenance of broader social networks, once again considering technological advances in social media sites (such as Facebook) as well as the emergence of new networks that accompany the societal movements often associated with globilization. We next consider a characteristic frequently associated with globilization: the emergence of global threats such as terrorism and pandemics, and some of their implications for relationship maintenance and quality. Finally, we conclude by probing the concept of globalization a little deeper, arguing that, despite the undeniable technological and environmental changes evident in many countries in recent decades, there are still continuities, resistances, and 're-claiming' of some traditional behavioral patterns that challenge simple caricatures of the impact of globilization on close relationships.


Abstract The asymmetric phenomenon of flame deflection in the combustion process of coal-fired boiler for different flow pattern, deflection angle and primary temperature were presented in this work. Numerical simulation was used for this paper to analyze the flow and heat transfer of the boiler furnace combustion. Air flow and combustion condition for the furnace firstly was simulated. And the nonlinear characteristics were loaded to analysis the furnace combustion. Thermal deviation which is the critical parameter for boiler was studied for the range of deflection angle from 0° to 18°, and the inlet primary temperature added + 0 K(BMCR), + 5 K, + 10 K, + 15 K by carrying out the numerical calculation. So the improvement methods for the thermal deviation are studied in the paper.


This paper examines the extent, reasons, and implications of the entry of life insurers into mutual funds and variable annuities. After an examination of data on policy reserves, personal saving, annual premiums, disposable income, assets of financial institutions, and financial assets of individuals, the main conclusion is that insurance companies are not losing their share of reserve producing savings of individuals, but are experiencing a declining share of financial assets held by individuals. If this is so, then the new activity is a fundamental change for the industry, having significant implications for the industry, insureds, and the economy. No value judgment is made on the desirability of the development, but the industry is strongly urged to re-examine its pronouncements concerning why it is entering these new fields and to examine carefully the implications of this fundamental departure from its traditional activities. A phenomenon of great importance is presently occurring in the insurance industry, one that should be studied in detail. The entry of life insurance companies into ownership or affiliation with mutual fund subsidiaries and the increasingly large number of companies offering variable annuities may be a fundamental change in the nature of the industry. It is the purpose of this paper to (1) examine the present extent of this new involvement and the expectation of further development, (2) examine the reasons frequently given for the necessity or desirability of this development, (3) discuss the macro-economic implications of this development in terms of the effect on personal savings and the finance market in general, and (4) discuss the implications of this development for the insurance industry itself. A survey of insurance commissioners conducted in March, 1968 served to idenWilliam R. Sloane, Ph.D., is Associate Professor in the College of Business Administration at Drake University. This paper was submitted in September, 1968. tify over 50 insurance companies that were already offering variable annuities to individuals, or groups, or both. (See Appendix I). It is certain, however, that this is only a beginning because most states require legislation permitting the offering of variable annuities and the replies from a large percentage of the state insurance departments clearly indicated that one reason no more companies could be identified is that their legislatures had just passed the necessary laws or were in the process of doing so. The replies indicated that there were a substantial number of companies waiting for the enabling legislation. The insurance department replies revealed that they were unable to name any companies owning or affiliated with mutual funds because this area would be regulated by the Securities and Exchange Commission. Tlis lack of control, or even knowledge of the mutual fund arrangements of life companies is revealing and may be a disturbing fact. While data on mutual fund affiliations


The neopragmatical redescription of psychoanalysis contributes to unmasking the subject's and the object's transcendence, covered by the representacional epistemology, but it may restrict too much the field of psychoanalytical listening. Heidegger takes us out from representacional way and opens our listening to the useless, to the not representable, to that is incommunicable, to the unique of the experience. We meet again the hiatus of freudian unconscious.


Remote health monitoring has tremendous potential to improve quality of health care services in modern and ubiquitous medical environments. It helps to cut the cost in modern healthcare by avoiding unnecessary hospital visits for frequent checkups. In this context, security and protection of sensitive medical data such as Electronic Health Records (EHR), data integrity and protection of patient's privacy to be monitored are important aspects in order to increase user's acceptance of these new technologies. Secure communication protects data from unauthorized users and usually requires pair-wise keys. In all existing schemes these keys are generated and distributed to nodes wishing to communicate. The key generation phase is usually well-secured but the key distribution is not, as a result, they are vulnerable to security threats. This paper presents an overview of security threats in pervasive healthcare and presents a secure communication scheme which unlike other schemes does not store a key chain in the memory from a universal key space and eliminate key broadcast. Simulation and results indicate that our scheme outperforms the existing schemes by decreasing transmission and storage cost.


The ontogeny and ultrastructure of ectomycorrhizae synthesized between Betula alleghaniensis (yellow birch) and Pisolithus tinctorius, a broad host range fungus, were studied to determine the structural modifications in both symbionts during ectomycorrhiza establishment. A number of stages, including initial contact of hyphae with the root surface, early mantle formation, and mature mantle formation, were distinguished. Interactions between hyphae and root hairs were frequent. As a paraepidermal Hartig net developed, root epidermal cells elongated in a radial direction, but wall ingrowths were not formed. Repeated branching of Hartig net hyphae resulted in extensive fine branches and the compartmentalization of hyphal cytoplasm. Nuclei and elongated mitochondria were frequently located in the narrow cytoplasmic compartments, and thickenings developed along walls of cortical cells in primary roots.


* Corresponding Author: Abdolvahab Samavi, PhD. Address: Department of Educational Sciences, Faculty of Humanities, Research Center of Educational and Behavioral Sciences, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran. Phone: +98 (917) 7609872 E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com Research Paper: Effectiveness of Group-based Acceptance and Commitment Therapy vs Group-based Cognitive-behavioral Therapy in the Psychological Hardiness of Single Mothers


The purpose of this paper is to explore how exceptional characters with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) are typified in a world that is becoming increasingly influenced by popular media. Considerations focus on how these representations may or may not affect realistic social understandings of children and adults with exceptionalities.  In order to make sense of and engage with such 'storied representations' a variety of perspectives are introduced depicting varied characterizations of those with ASD from current media sources, popular and independent movies, fictional novels, and children's picture books.  How different representations both reflect and shape readers' or viewers' perceptions of ASD are explored.  Such perceptions impact students prior to entering the inclusive classroom, and are worthy of further investigation.  Additionally, why and how this may or may not relate to social reality and authentic ideas of personhood is questioned.


Significance Perhaps the most recognizable "sensory map" in neuroscience is the somatosensory homunculus. Although the homunculus suggests a direct link between cortical territory and body part, the relationship is actually ambiguous without a decoder that knows this mapping. How the somatosensory system derives a spatial code from an activation in the homunculus is a longstanding mystery we aimed to solve. We propose that touch location is disambiguated using multilateration, a computation used by surveying and global positioning systems to localize objects. We develop a Bayesian formulation of multilateration, which we implement in a neural network to identify its computational signature. We then detect this signature in psychophysical experiments. Our results suggest that multilateration provides the homunculus-to-body mapping necessary for localizing touch. Perhaps the most recognizable sensory map in all of neuroscience is the somatosensory homunculus. Although it seems straightforward, this simple representation belies the complex link between an activation in a somatotopic map and the associated touch location on the body. Any isolated activation is spatially ambiguous without a neural decoder that can read its position within the entire map, but how this is computed by neural networks is unknown. We propose that the somatosensory system implements multilateration, a common computation used by surveying and global positioning systems to localize objects. Specifically, to decode touch location on the body, multilateration estimates the relative distance between the afferent input and the boundaries of a body part (e.g., the joints of a limb). We show that a simple feedforward neural network, which captures several fundamental receptive field properties of cortical somatosensory neurons, can implement a Bayes-optimal multilateral computation. Simulations demonstrated that this decoder produced a pattern of localization variability between two boundaries that was unique to multilateration. Finally, we identify this computational signature of multilateration in actual psychophysical experiments, suggesting that it is a candidate computational mechanism underlying tactile localization.


In reality, many public policies have not been implemented at all which not only influences the seriousness and authority of public policies, but impacts the ruling intents and the country concepts, even the ruling status and ruling foundation. In economics, the research theory of the "principal-agent" solves the problem of principal-agent about corporate governance. However, it has a great inspiration and reference to resolve the problem of public policies' non-implementation and to improve the implementation of the public policy.


We redescribe 4 species of myxosporeans of the genus Myxidium parasitizing the gall bladders of commercially important gadid fish in the northeast Atlantic: Myxidium sphaericum, M. bergense, M. oviforme and M. gadi. We also test the hypothesis that M. bergense is a junior synonym of M. sphaericum. The fish species examined were cod Gadus morhua, haddock Melanogrammus aeglefinus, saithe Pollachius virens, and whiting Merlangius merlangus. We found M. sphaericum only in whiting, M. bergense in cod (northern Norway only) and haddock, M. oviforme only in cod, and M. gadi only in saithe. We found M. sphaericum only in samples from south of 58°N, and M. bergense only in those from north of 58°N. We consider that the species originally described as M. sphaericum from the pelagic fish Belone belone may be different from the species later reported as M. sphaericum from whiting and other demersal fish. We confirm that M. bergense is a valid species distinct from both the original M. sphaericum and that found in dem...


The form of the coupling of the scalar field with gravity and the potential have been found by applying the Nöther theorem to two-dimensional minisuperspaces in an induced gravity model. It has been observed that though the forms thus obtained are consistent with all the equations £XL = 0, yet they do not satisfy the field equations for k = ±{1} in the Robertson-Walker model. It has been pointed out that this is not due to the degeneracy of the Lagrangian, since this problem does not appear in the k = 0 case. It has also been shown that though the Nöther theorem fails to extract any symmetry from the Lagrangian of such a model for k = ±1, symmetry exists, which can easily be found by studying the continuity equation.


Rare earth elements (REE) have attracted increasing attention due to their applications in industry, but the production of REE are restricted to only a few locations. REE deposits generally form from a combination of magmatic and hydrothermal processes. A quantitative understanding of REE behaviour in hydrothermal solutions is important not only to understand the processes of REE concentration


Purpose. Off-road tires (OTR) for mining and earthmoving applications which are specially developed for extreme mine site conditions can take 1020% of transportation costs. Up to 15% of OTR content is natural rubber produced from a rubber tree known as hevea brasiliensis. A significant number of OTR fail before the target life built in by tire manufacturers. This has certain negative impacts on the environment and wildlife due to deforestation effect. Thus, the purpose of the work is to increase the durability or, in the terminology of the operators, the mileage of the OTR. Methodology. The current study represents analyses of new modern digital technology for monitoring the mining haul road condition within a site study on Bogatyr Komir coal mine in North Kazakhstan. The influence of operating conditions was controlled, i.e. road quality, temperature conditions, tire pressure, and other parameters on tire life. Findings. The results show the effectiveness of digital technologies and the possibility of extending the life of tires by following the recommendations of the system in a timely manner. As a result of the analysis of temperature regimes and pressure in tires, especially in summer conditions, recommendations for rational operating conditions were determined, which makes it possible to increase the durability of tires. Originality. Modern operational digital methodology for monitoring open pit mines road condition defines ton kilometer per hour (TKPH) indicator per every trip, which provides on-time information for road design and maintenance. Practical value. Growing worldwide demand is driving the development of the mining industry. In the future, more and more fields with a low content of produced raw materials will be put into operation. The development of deposits with a low content of a useful product means that more rock mass must be moved in order for these developments to be profitable. Transportation costs in low-grade mines can be as high as 70% of mining costs due to more haul trucks and longer roads that need to be commissioned. Thus, an increase in the durability of OTR can give a great economic effect not only in the conditions of the Bogatyr Komir quarry under consideration but also in other mining and processing plants.


Dilatancy is one of the most important characteristics of geotechnical materials. The stress-dilatancy model proposed by P. W. Rowe in 1962 was the theoretical foundation and research method about dilatancy of geotechnical materials. After deduction the stress-dilatancy relation for cohesive soil is obtained, which is proved by test study on normally consolidated saturated silty clays.


Summary The research objective was to determine the costs of chemical plant protection, production and profitability of sugar beet production in five systems of conservation tillage. The study was conducted at the Experimental Station of University of Environmental and Life Sciences in Wroclaw, in the years 2008–2010. Two factor experiment was established according to a split-plot method, in three replications. The investigation involved the costs of mulch coming from different crops, the costs of sugar beet cultivation for two levels of N fertilization: 80 and 120 kg/ha as well as the costs of chemical plant protection. The highest economic efficiency of sugar beet production, in the form of the profit obtained (the highest bank deposit) was achieved from the system with pre-harvest straw, mixed by a cultivator and reduced nitrogen dose, as well as conservation tillage system with winter vetch. The expenses invested in the chemical plant protection ranged from 87.4 to 112.9 dt, which constituted 11.6 to 27.9% yield size. The system with white mustard provided the highest efficiency of protection treatments.


I engineered and built the Sony Walkman Pro tape delay in summer 1983. I still use it in performance, with the same cassettes and Walkman recorders, some 24 years later. It became really tiresome to arrange for two stereo tape recorders at every gig, and I was determined to find a way to make this delay system. The Walkman was perfect for this purpose because it had very accurate speed control (simply leave the speed tune knob to OFF) and the recorders themselves needed no modification. I know


Constraints are derived for the two invariant functions Qj and Q2 that occur in Chandrasekhar 's development of the axisymmetric turbulence theory. These constraints must be satisfied for the correlation tensor derived from Qj and Q2 to be that of a stationary random process, i.e., for the turbulence to be realizable. The equivalent results in spectrum space are also developed. Applications of the constraints in aerodynamic noise modeling are discussed. It is shown that significant errors in prediction can be introduced by the use of turbulence models which violate the constraints. HE statistical theory of homogeneous turbulence had its beginnings in the work of Taylor, 1'2 who introduced the assumption of isotropy. For isotropic turbulence the velocity correlation tensor, Rij = {uiu'j}, is invariant under arbitrary rotations and reflections of the coordinate axes. Here ui and Uj are the xf and Xj components of the velocities at points P and P', respectively, and the brackets denote an ensemble average. Taylor's analysis was extended by von Kdrman3'4 and von Karman and Howarth5 who showed that for isotropic turbulence the velocity correlation tensor can be expressed in terms of a single scalar function Q. The function Q depends only on the magnitude r of x=P' — P. The theory of isotropic turbulence has been developed extensively in the intervening years, contributing significantly to the understanding of basic turbulence phenomena. The results of the isotropic turbulence theory have also been applied to the calculation of problems such as turbulent diffusion and aerodynamic sound generation. The simplest generalization of isotropic turbulence is


The historical figure of Savonarola is related inseparably to the religious, social, political, and intellectual history of Florence during the 1490s. The Savonarola affair can be used as a good case-study for criticizing the different basic attitudes towards the whole epoch, which stands between mediaeval culture and modernity. In July 1491 Savonarola was elected prior of the convent of San Marco. The author emphasizes the complexity of Savonarola's historical figure in regard to his connections with humanists and with the relatively new intellectual fashion which modern scholarship has called the humanist movement. The chapter focuses on the political context and contents of Savonarola's sermons. Caroli and Savonarola should both be considered as followers of Dominici and Antonino in the tradition of fifteenth-century Florentine reformers.Keywords:Dominici; Florence; humanist movement; San Marco; Savonarola affair


Contemporary education of physics in primary and secondary schools are very well organized but still not perfect. Learning materials, multimedia learning objects, knowledge testing and grading is driven to the details in Slovenia but the drill seems to be forgotten. Knowledge retention positively correspond with the amount and duration of the drills. Drill should not increase costs of education for students. In Slovenia a project E-va (electronic drill book) produced publically available e-drills for primary and secondary schools [1]. Article present the test of efficiency of e-drills on the population of 1st year students of undergraduate study program of elementary education. Those students are interdisciplinary in nature and knows physics from secondary schools. Two random groups were formed to be tested with the paper drill questions and e-drill questions. We do not expect the difference between groups since both groups are going to have three drills of each type. Differences are going to be influenced only by the type of drill (e-drill or paper drill). Results highlight the motivation factors of ICT and enables us to identify benefits and drawbacks of e-drills. The results will be the part of the requirement specification of the new development of e-drills.


Nineteen women (mean ± SD: 28 ± 5 years) with small fetuses relative to gestational age (mean ± SD: 32 ± 2.2 weeks of gestation) were referred to our unit for cordocentesis for the determination of fetal karyotyping. Four of these 19 patients had small‐for‐gestational‐age ultrasound‐derived measurements under the third centile for gestational age. Fetal blood gases were measured in the umbilical vein. Umbilical artery and fetal internal carotid artery Doppler examinations were performed 15 min before cordocentesis. The results showed a progressive and proportional increase in umbilical artery resistance index with hypoxia (p < 0.001), hypercapnia (p < 0.025) and acidosis (p < 0.005). Moreover, the results showed a progressive and proportional decrease in fetal internal carotid artery resistance index with hypoxia (p < 0.01), hypercapnia (p < 0.01) and acidosis (p < 0.025). Fetal blood gases are therefore related to umbilical circulatory function and cerebral vasodilatation, suggesting fetal vascular redistribution. Copyright © 1992 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology


The instrument, Knowledge of Behavioral Principles as Applied to Children, was completed as pre- and posttests following a behavioral intervention by 19 parents with their own children. This paper describes and evaluates the test as a measure of parents' increased knowledge of general behavioral principles resulting from using a few behavior-management techniques at home. The emphasis is upon the utility and efficacy of the test and not on specifics of the child-management intervention. The test was sensitive to changes in parents' knowledge; parents showed gains in knowledge of behavioral principles after using behavior-management techniques. This research supports the test authors' evidence of psychometrically adequate internal consistency, and correlations between pre- and posttest scores.


This research aims to know the implementation of disaster mitigation Policies in Parigi Moutong Regency, usefulness in the study as reference material to the development of science in the science of public administration in particular, in this research uses qualitative research methods. To perform the data collection techniques by conducting in-depth interviews, observation and documentation. Researchers conduct interviews with 5 (five) the informant was selected by asking questions related to the 6 (six) the variable policy implementation model of Van Meter and Van Horn in Agustino. As for the stages in a State of disaster: before the disaster, while disaster and after the disaster. The research results indicate (1) the implementation of disaster mitigation Policies in the Regency Parigi Moutong that targets, standards and policies that existed for this has not been effective so that the need for improvements in accordance with the policy objectives. Human resources is in compliance with the mechanism just yet effective, whereas the implementing agent characteristics sometimes policy has not been in accordance with the needs of the community since it has yet to match the standard work procedures or Standard Operating Procedures (SOP), communication between the associated organisations is still less so that the submission of information to the implementing policy on what the standards and goals are not uniform and consistent so that the occurrence of mis of communications at the time of the disaster with disaster relief coordinator between relevant parties.


This paper analyzes on the distributing regulation of the grit stone roof of No.11 coal seam in Tongjialiang Coal Mine and the harms of lithologic character of the grit stone roof on the stoping of the comprehensive mechanized coal mining faces,and according to the features of the grit stone roof and the working experiences,puts forward corresponding countermeasures for the mining.


CERUTTI, JANINE The effect of posture on classroom participation. Department of Psychology, March 2016. ADVISOR: George Bizer Past research suggested that students with low self-esteem participate less in class than students with high self-esteem. Separately, prior research investigated the effects of nonverbal behavior on different variables such as confidence and performance. In the current research, we explored the effect of posture on the level of class participation (i.e. the number of times participants raised their hand to participate during a question-answer session). First, participants were asked to take a self-esteem questionnaire before participating in a simulated lecture. Next, participants were randomly assigned to either a slumped or upright posture condition. During the lecture, participants watched a short video followed by a question-answer session. Lastly, participants filled out a second selfesteem questionnaire and then took a quiz. We hypothesized that participants in the upright condition would show a greater increase in self-esteem, be more likely to answer first, and participate more than those in the slumped condition. The results showed no difference in participation levels between the two conditions; however, participants in the upright condition showed a higher increase in self-esteem and were more likely to answer first compared to participants in the slumped condition. Therefore, the research provides insight into posture's effect on the classroom experience and, more specifically, participation and self-esteem. NONVERBALS AND CLASS PARTICIPATION 3 The Effect of Posture on Classroom Participation Introduction In the United States, the education system is intended to go beyond simple memorization and regurgitation of course material. Instead, students are highly encouraged to engage themselves by asking questions and contributing to class discussions. The classroom dynamic is multifaceted with numerous factors influencing the way individual students feel and perform in class. For instance, two students with equal academic abilities may have very different experiences in the classroom (Persaud & Salter, 2003). One important difference is the level of classroom participation, which varies from student to student and class to class. Heyman and Sailors (2011) defined class participation as a type of active learning in which students openly discuss relevant course material. In general, humans retain and understand information best when they are actively engaged. Thus, class participation enables students to actively enter the educational process. In addition to active engagement, classroom participation enhances learning in various ways. Benefits of Classroom Participation Prior research has suggested that students benefit from active forms of learning more so than passive ones (Petress, 2006). More specifically, class participation enhances teaching, brings vivacity to lessons, and adds more depth to the understanding of course material (Rocca, 2008). Smith (1997) explored the relationship between classroom participation and critical thinking (a valuable and difficult skill to master). He selected 12 faculty members at a liberal arts college who were chosen for their variety in teaching styles and disciplines. During the first 2 weeks of the fall semester, the researcher NONVERBALS AND CLASS PARTICIPATION 4 attended each of the 12 classes to give an overview of the study, openly encourage students to participate, and distribute packets of questionnaires assessing critical thinking and attitudinal information. Over the course of the entire semester, the classes were taperecorded four different times and coded for student participation, peer-to-peer interaction, faculty encouragement, and other classroom behaviors. During the last 2 weeks of the term, the experimenter attended each class to again distribute questionnaires assessing critical thinking. Results showed that student participation was positively associated with critical thinking behaviors, such that students who participated more in class were more likely to have higher critical thinking skills. Moreover, higher participation levels were associated with less memorization. Thus, students who participated more in class spent less time memorizing and more time interpreting and analyzing the information, which was related to higher critical thinking skills (Smith, 1977). In general, the results showed the important link between class participation and the learning process. Moreover, past research has shown that class participation can increase student learning and motivation (Junn, 1994). For example, Junn (1994) implemented a study on classroom participation, which rewarded elementary school aged students for participating in class discussions. They were instructed to make at least 20 contributions over the course of 30 classes. Every time students made a contribution in the class discussion, they would write down their name, the date, and their comment on a slip of paper and drop it into a box at the end of class in order to earn points. To promote quality contributions, students were awarded bonus points for thoughtful contributions, which were ones that demonstrated good critical thinking skills. After the 30 class, students were surveyed and self-reported an overall positive experience from the exercise. Results NONVERBALS AND CLASS PARTICIPATION 5 suggested that both the quantity and quality of student contributions improved and that participation was more equally distributed among the entire class. Also, students reported that the exercise enhanced their ability to participate in other courses, which suggested that the benefits from the exercise generalized to classroom behaviors in other courses. Therefore, promoting classroom participation through this simple exercise resulted in various beneficial outcomes, such as getting students to think more critically and deeply about class material in order to earn extra bonus points. Overall, classroom participation is key to improving students' cognitive abilities (i.e. critical thinking skills), actively engaging students in the learning process, and enhancing the overall classroom, or educational, experience. Differences in Class Participation Classroom participation is an integral part of the education process; however, quality and quantity of participation in the classroom differs greatly among students. Differences in participation become especially critical in higher-level education, such as graduate school, where participation is often evaluated as part of the overall course grade (Petress, 2004). In one of the first studies evaluating differences in class participation and the classroom dynamic, Hall and Sandler's (1982) suggested that male students participate more in the college classroom more so than females primarily because faculty members discriminate continuously against women in a variety of ways. However, the study falls under scrutiny because the data collection (i.e. a literature survey of behavioral sex differences) was arguably too anecdotal. More recent research suggested that, although female students tend to participate less and are less assertive in class, teacher NONVERBALS AND CLASS PARTICIPATION 6 discrimination is not the primary cause. Other factors such as class size, classroom setting, and individual characteristics are more significant (Rocca, 2008). Since Hall and Sandler's (1982) study, past research has continued to find gender differences among students. For example, Brooks (1982) explored the relationship between gender and student dominance in the classroom at a graduate level. The researcher measured verbal participation and interaction among both male and female graduate students. Results suggested that males demonstrated more aggressiveness (e.g. interruptive behavior) and assertiveness (e.g. frequency or duration of speech) than female students regardless of the professor's gender (Brooks, 1982). Thus, males can often be more assertive and aggressive than their female counterparts in a classroom setting. Other research has assessed gender differences among undergraduates. For example, Crawford and MacLeod (1990) surveyed 614 state university undergraduates to explore perceptions of student-teacher interactions. Results suggested that males participated more than females in large class settings. In a second study, they surveyed 761 small liberal arts undergraduates in order to explore the reasons that students do not participate in the classroom. Results showed that female students attributed their nonparticipation to poorly formulated ideas, ignorance about class material, and fear of appearing unintelligent in class. On the other hand, male students reported their silence was due to feeling under-prepared or fear of harming their course grade. Depending on class size, males in general participated more than females, and female students attributed their silence to feeling less confident of their intellectual abilities while males did not. Overall, females' lack of participation was highly related to their confidence while males' NONVERBALS AND CLASS PARTICIPATION 7 lack of participation was related to being underprepared for class (Crawford & MacLeod, 1990). In addition to sex differences in classroom participation, Williams (1971) investigated the relationship between class participation and individual student characteristics, such as self-esteem. Participants were given various questionnaires assessing personality, ability, and achievement variables. In general, results showed that nonparticipating students demonstrated the greatest level of insecurity and the lowest level of self-esteem (Williams, 1971). Similarly, Morrison and Thomas (1975) explored the relationship between self-esteem and classroom participation. They hypothesized that college students with low self-esteem would speak less in class, contribute in smaller proporti


Electroluminescence associated with ac voltage aging of polyolefins has been reported under divergent field configuration. Neither the mechanism of excitation nor the nature of luminescent centers are well understood in these polymers. Homegeneous field experiments are desirable since they are easier to run and more light can be collected, thereby allowing spectral analysis to be made. We describe a suitable experimental configuration for electroluminescence detection from polyethylene and polypropylene films submitted to a homogeneous field and report on surface roughness, field, and time dependence of the light emission. Field and time dependence of the light spectra are also investigated. It is shown that the light originates from the polymer bulk and is controlled by the surface roughness of the films. The light spectrum appears to consist of two components which exhibit different behavior as a function of field and stressing time. A tentative explanation is given in terms of competition between two different excitation processes. >


The blowout limits of a lifted diffusion flame in a coflowing stream of air are estimated using a simple model for extinction, for a range of fuels, jet diameters and co-flowing stream velocities. The proposed model uses a parameter which relates to the ratio of a time associated with the mixing processes in a turbulent jet to a characteristic chemical time. The Kolmogorov microscale of time is used as time scale in this model. It is shown that turbulent diffusion flames are quenched by excessive turbulence for a critical value of this parameter. The predicted blowout velocity of diffusion flames obtained using this model is in good agreement with the available experimental data.


A prototype of an Android smartphone application named "T-support" is presented in this study. This application enables supported users (elderly, handicapped people, or children) who needs daily support to share their location coordinates via Twitter. Supporting users (families, neighbors, or relatives of the supported user) can then check the location coordinates of the supported users when required. In addition, the supported users can use this application to easily send a rescue request on Twitter when needed.


Path oblivious RAM (ORAM) is an ORAM protocol that simultaneously enjoys simplicity and efficiency. As a result, it holds promise to provide cryptographic-grade and practical access pattern protection in multiple application domains, including but not limited to secure hardware. In this paper, we review Path ORAM's key ideas and contribution, summarize its impact and subsequent works, and discuss future directions.


In the present work the Authors describe a case of a patient affected by Duchenne disease as well as by dental multiple agenesis. It is a particular case of such rare syndromes in the same subject.


Fifteen research linguists discuss the varieties of Spanish spoken in California, Iowa, Indiana, Louisiana, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, and Texas. They variously address language maintenance, syntactic variation, lexicography, language use and language teaching, and include studies on socioeconomic, political, and cultural aspects of language in the Spanish-speaking communities in the United States.


The benefits of utilizing camless valve actuations for internal combustion engines are primarily due to their ability of significantly improving engine performance. There are mainly three kinds of camless valve actuators: electro-magnetic, electro-hydraulic, and electro-pneumatic valves. This paper focuses on controls of the Electro-Pneumatic Valve Actuators (EPVA). The model-based predictive control scheme has been developed for exhaust electro-pneumatic valve actuators to overcome variable incylinder pressure force as a function of engine operational conditions in early publications. But high computational throughput of predictive control makes it extremely difficult for real-time implementation. This paper develops an iterative model-based predictive control scheme for lift control of an exhaust EPVA that significantly reduces computational throughput. The developed iterative control strategy was verified in simulation using an EPVA model that combines mathematical models of exhaust valve and in-cylinder pressure based upon a 5.4 Liter 3 valve V8 engine head.


Collapse therapy, as a term, embraces a variety of procedures and has developed rapidly in recent years. The literally enormous number of publications upon the subject testifies to the interest in it. The naturally radical see in it the greatest therapeutic advance of the century, while even the most conservative concede it a great step in advance. No one dealing with pulmonary tuberculosis can ignore it. Controversy still reigns on some points; is silenced on others. How the various forms of collapse therapy work their effect physiologically, whether through an influence on the pulmonary lymphatics or circulation, is not settled. On the mechanical side, however, there is considerable agreement. The diseased lung is subject to tension and trauma owing to its enforced apposition to the moving chest wall. Cavities are held open, fibrous scar tissue cannot contract beyond a limited degree. Both stretch and contract with respiration. Collapse procedures change the condition from tension to relaxation, permit the retraction of scar tissue and the closure of cavities, lessen respiratory trauma, and thereby greatly aid nature in the healing process. None of these surgical measures heals in itself, although with their help nature can and does heal more quickly and more effectively. A patient may, with a successful pneumothorax, lose his symptoms, close a cavity, and be outwardly well in a few weeks, but the healing process is only begun. The fundamental point must be stressed that all collapse or compression methods are merely adjuvants to the old, time-tried therapy of rest. They are designed to increase the lung rest and render it more effective. They do not replace other forms of lung rest. Speaking in a very general way, one may say that pulmonary tuberculosis assumes two forms: the exudative form in which the pathology is more pneumonic in character, and the productive form


Resistivity data as a function of temperature and composition have been obtained for solid solution alloys of β‐AgCd and β‐AuCd. Silver substitution for gold in β‐AuCd produces a lowering of the temperature of the diffusionless transformation and changes the nature of the transformation for the higher cadmium concentration alloys. Small substitutions of gold for silver in β‐AgCd also lower the transformation temperature while larger substitutions raise it. Ordering of gold and silver near the composition AgAuCd2 has been observed by x‐ray diffraction and confirmed by residual resistivity measurements. This ordered structure is identical to that of the Heusler alloy; at lower temperatures ordered AgAuCd2 transforms to a more complex phase. Separate disorderings involving the gold‐silver sublattice and the cadmium sublattice have been observed. Away from the composition AgAuCd2, residual resistivity measurements show the expected parabolic behavior. Some of these phenomena can be qualitatively explained in ...


Bisphosphonate-associated osteonecrosis of the jaw has drawn widespread attention and concern in the absence of evidence-based scientific information. There are hundreds of thousands of patients in the United States taking bisphosphonates for a variety of conditions including breast and prostate cancer, multiple myeloma, Paget's disease, and osteoporosis. Recent reviews in the Annals of Internal Medicine and Lancet Oncology have provided valuable summaries of this condition but also highlight the need for additional data. Bisphosphonate-associated osteonecrosis is, simply, exposed necrotic bone in the jaws of patients on bisphosphonates. Although the incidence is not yet clear, existing data suggest 6-10% of patients on intravenous bisphosphonates for cancer therapy will develop osteonecrosis of the jaw. This Perspective reassesses contributing factors that have been discussed in the literature, and also provides new thoughts regarding the targeted destruction of bones of the oral cavity versus other skeletal sites. Further research will help to identify individuals susceptible to osteonecrosis of the jaw and therefore facilitate prevention and effective treatment. Conditions such as osteonecrosis of the jaw highlight the need to consider oral-systemic links when treating patients and underscore the importance of communication between health care providers. BoneKEy-Osteovision. 2006 September;3(9):12-18. ©2006 International Bone and Mineral Society Bisphosphonate-associated osteonecrosis of the jaw, typically a rare occurrence, has drawn widespread attention, concern, and in some instances, paranoia. Hundreds of thousands of patients in the United States alone are taking bisphosphonates for a variety of conditions including breast and prostate cancer, multiple myeloma, Paget's disease, and osteoporosis. The medical and dental community is obliged to provide patients with evidence-supported information and both the pros and cons of therapeutic modalities in order for patients to make informed healthcare decisions. To date, studies relevant to osteonecrosis of the jaw associated with bisphosphonate treatment have centered on case reports and case series. Recent reviews in the Annals of Internal Medicine and Lancet Oncology have provided valuable summaries of this condition but also highlight the dearth of useful data (1;2). Bisphosphonate-associated osteonecrosis has been defined as the "unexpected development of necrotic bone in the oral cavity of a patient receiving bisphosphonates treatment and who has not received radiotherapy to the head and neck" (1) or, very simply, exposed necrotic jaw bone. Bisphosphonates have been used for more than 10 years for a variety of metabolic bone diseases and cancers. They are synthetic analogues of inorganic pyrophosphate where the P-O-P bond has been replaced with a P-C-P nonhydrolyzable bond. Bisphosphonates bind divalent ions such as Ca(2+) and hence are targeted to bone. Nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates inhibit components of the intracellular mevalonate pathway and protein prenylation leading to defective osteoclast regulation that compromises the cytoskeleton, membrane ruffling, and protein trafficking and results in an induction of apoptosis. Bisphosphonates impact other


Disclosed is a spinning -cup type dual-purpose burner using fuel and gas, wherein an electric second-stage supercharging blower (7) is arranged on a connector of the burner, a fuel separating tray (5) is arranged on a fuel spraying nozzle (2), a fuel jet port (10) and a gas nozzle (11) are arranged respectively on a regenerative furnace end, spinning cups (4) are arranged on the fuel jet port (10) and the gas nozzle (11), and a spark plug (6) is arranged inside a combustion chamber. The spinning-cup type dual-purpose burner using the fuel and the gas can be used under the condition of a plurality of fuels (including diesel fuel, natural gas and coal gas).


Based on the development of OLED products,two kinds of new materials for manufacturing OLED are introduced. The structures,manufacturing technology and main characteristics are described in detail.


Modern thin film sensor technology imposes stringent demands upon material quality, highly qualified downstream process technologies, device performance and integrity. Since the earliest stages of its development, crystalline thin film diamond has been promoted as a semiconductor material for high power, high frequency or high temperature electronics. These predictions have been based largely on early experiments made with small single crystal stones. As the properties of thin film diamond are beginning to match up with those of single crystal diamond the real scope for diamond in electronics is being realised. This paper reviews some of the developments made in thin film dia mond sensors at AEA Technology. The development of chemical vapour deposition processes for manufacturing wafer scale insulating and doped semiconducting diamond are reviewed. The development of downstream process technologies such as device delineation and contact technology are discussed. Finally some demonstration devices are presented which illustrate the material issues that have arisen in diamond sensor technology and its potential.


Administration in India hypothesizes that there are street mishaps happening at regular intervals and the regular stake are of human blunders under which sum to 93% of all mischances. The aggregate yearly human loss because of street mishaps has crossed 1.18lakh. A dynamic shrewd demonstrative framework on the system that cautions and helps the driver in effective driving and the technical expert with finding among other accessible information is the need of great importance. This demand for an intelligent safe driving system providing safety to driver as well as passengers that assists the driver in handling a situation of sudden probability of collisions. The work proposes ARM7 controller based execution to caution around a crash and overcome it. The controller is employed with a built-in CAN protocol which plays the major role in communicating with all the devices and sensors. Ultrasonic sensor acts as an obstacle detector for front-end of the vehicle and IR sensors for change of lanes. Motor driver acts as an interface between controller and the motor. A GSM module is also employed to get information on phone via short message service. Warnings are obtained with buzzer and LCD display also.


In a dialog, there could be multiple valid next utterances at any point. The present end-to-end neural methods for dialog do not take this into account. They learn with the assumption that at any time there is only one correct next utterance. In this work, we focus on this problem in the goal-oriented dialog setting where there are different paths to reach a goal. We propose a new method, that uses a combination of supervised learning and reinforcement learning approaches to address this issue. We also propose a new and more effective testbed, permuted-bAbI dialog tasks, by introducing multiple valid next utterances to the original-bAbI dialog tasks, which allows evaluation of end-to-end goal-oriented dialog systems in a more realistic setting. We show that there is a significant drop in performance of existing end-to-end neural methods from 81.5% per-dialog accuracy on original-bAbI dialog tasks to 30.3% on permuted-bAbI dialog tasks. We also show that our proposed method improves the performance and achieves 47.3% per-dialog accuracy on permuted-bAbI dialog tasks. We also release permuted-bAbI dialog tasks, our proposed testbed, to the community for evaluating dialog systems in a goal-oriented setting.


Reaction of linear poly(iminoethylene) with carbon disulfide in the presence of sodium hydroxide gives a product in which every NH group is replaced by NCS⊖Na⊕. In the absence of sodium hydroxide about one NH group in two is replaced by NCS2H and there is a random distribution of such groups. Evidence for these reactions was obtained from 13C NMR spectra, which were interpreted on the basis of the chemical shifts of dithiocarbamates derived from three model diamines.


Purpose: Especially with the COVID19 pandemic, the necessity of technology-based interventions using computers and mobile devices has increased in cancer survivorship management including symptom management. However, little is known about the effectiveness of a technology-based intervention in improving symptom experience of racial/ethnic minorities including Asian American breast cancer survivors. The purpose of this study was to examine the efficacy of a technology-based intervention in improving symptom experience of Asian American breast cancer survivors.
 Methods: This study was conducted as a part of an ongoing randomized clinical trial among 199 Asian American breast cancer survivors. The technology-based intervention included three sub-ethnic specific social media sites, interactive online educational sessions, and online resources. Both groups (intervention and control groups) used the American Cancer Society's website on breast cancer, and only the intervention group used the technology-based intervention. Only the data collected using the questionnaire on background characteristics and health/disease status and the Memorial Symptom Assessment Scale-Short Form (MSAS) were analyzed for this study. The data were analyzed using separate intent-to-treat growth curve models.
 Results: While both groups reported decreases in symptom scores from the pre-test to post 3-months (p<.01), the intervention group had larger decreases in symptom scores compared with the control group (p<.01). There existed significant group * time interactive effects on the Global Distress Index (β = - 0.234), the Physical Symptom Distress scores (β = -0.266), the psychological symptom distress scores (β = - 0.212c), the total number of symptoms (β = -0.261), and the total symptom distress scores ( β = -0.261).
 Conclusions: The findings of this study clearly indicated symptom improvement among Asian American breast cancer survivors by a technology-based intervention using computers and mobile devices. Further studies with diverse racial/ethnic minorities are warranted to confirm the effectiveness of technology-based interventions in improving symptom experience of cancer survivors across different types of cancer.
 Citation Format: Eun-Ok Im, Gayeong Kim, Ruiqi Jin, Mi-Yong Choi, Sudeshna Paul, Wonshik Chee. A technology-based intervention using computers and mobile devices: To improve symptom experience of Asian American breast cancer survivors [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr CT512.


Key states impact on the risk of system remarkably,so the identification of key states is significant for system risk control.Firstly,combined with the basic methodology of dynamic event tree,the mathematical definitions of one type of key states and key events are presented.In addition,two algorithms for searching the key states are proposed respectively: sub-tree decomposition(STD) based and boolean calculation(BC) based,and a contrastive analysis on their calculating amounts is provided as well.Finally,the validity and feasibility of the algorithms are demonstrated by a case analysis on a cooling buffer device in which the key states are searched.


Abstract This study evaluated the influence of starvation on the radiation resistance and injury in Escherichia coli O157:H7, following electron beam irradiation in 0.85% (wt/vol) saline and in apple juice. Washed exponential-phase cells of E. coli O157:H7 that were grown in tryptic soy broth (TSB) at 35°C were starved in 0.85% saline (25°C) for 10 days. Exponential- or stationary-phase cells grown in TSB (35°C) served as controls. Samples of 0.85% saline or pasteurized apple juice, inoculated with control cells or cells starved for 8 days, were exposed to electron beam irradiation at doses ranging from 0.0 (control) to 0.70 kGy. The E. coli survivors were enumerated by plating diluted samples on tryptic soy agar or on Sorbitol McConkey agar and counting bacterial colonies after incubation (35°C) for 24 h. Starved cells consistently exhibited higher irradiation D-values than controls (p<0.05). The D-values for control and starved E. coli O157:H7 in 0.85% saline were 0.11 and 0.26 kGy, respectively; D-valu...