Smack! Got it. No. It is not about eliminating flies. It is the sound of a rubber stamp smashed onto a map; a decisive viewer who eagerly marks a spot where she believes peace should be made. Immediately. Watching viewers is an interesting aspect of exhibitions – it reveals complementary aspects to the artworks: how different beholders react to the piece at hand. Imagine Peace, of 2003, is an excellent example of the important part that viewer participation plays in order to set Yoko Ono's works in action – to make the art works happen. In this particular piece, maps of parts of the world hang in a room of their own. On a table in the middle, rubber stamps with the words »Imaging Peace« are available for use, so that each of us can mark the maps and thereby express our own opinion of which places are in most need of peace. Some viewers take their time scrutinizing the world maps on the wall, holding the rubber stamp in a firm grip so as not to hasten the decision of where to Peacemark a geographic spot. Others hit the words onto the map more aggressively, as if the force of the hand could speed up the peace process. When I returned to the exhibition, with only a few days remaining, maps and walls were covered with the stamped message. Certain areas were completely blacked out, the paper torn, the words no longer visible: e.g. the US east coast, an area including Iraq, Israel and Palestine, and Stockholm/Södermanland. At the core of multimedia artist Yoko Ono's work runs her firm belief in peace and love. At times it appears as a rather naïve attitude but, hearing her talk about it, it is a relief to hear someone actually and truly believe that earthwide peace and love is possible. Albeit that process has to start with ourselves and the life we lead: »Do something every day that makes your heart dance«, says Ono.1 And the individually felt happiness will spread to others like rings on a water surface – as will our power to visualize peace. As ambassadors of the conceptual country Nutopia we may all take our responsibility for worldwide peace.2 At the present show, Yoko Ono: Remember Love, five differently designed entrances lead into the exhibition: the work EN TRANCE. »One has a choice, and the choice one makes effects one's future«, Yoko Ono answered when I asked her about the work.3 Either you squeeze yourself through one of the narrow corridors, or you crawl underneath a convex shape »threatening« to crush you (and enter the show with a feeling of release?), or you might climb the stairs and slide down (entering the show with a joyous feeling?). Or you may take yet another way, which turns out to be a blind alley (not entering at all?). You can also enter Remember Love more gently – by walking through the curtain of blue spheres. Whichever way one chooses, I am certain that it affects one's mood – hence the subjective state in which one encounters Ono's work. I take these possibilities of different entrances as a means of Ono's to manifest, initially, the viewer's own subjective position by the available choices of how to physically – hence mentally – enter the show:


The cryopreservation of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus was investigated.The effects of different cryoprotectants(1 %-5 % DMSO,5 %-25 % glycerol) on cryopreservation of nematodes and the fertility and infectivity of cryo-nematodes were evaluated.The results indicated that the survival rate of B.xylophilus was up to(39.4±6.6) % or(37.5±21.8) % after storage for 1 day at-80 ℃ by using 15 % glycerin or 4 % DMSO respectively as cryoprotectant.And it didn't decline significantly after storage for 10 days or a month.When cryopreserved nematodes were plated onto Botrytis cinerea,they reproduced rapidly.Cryopreserved nematodes were as pathogenic as untreated nematodes to Japanese black pines.


The utility model relates to the field of seawater desalting technology and discloses a heat exchanger, an evaporator and a low-temperature multi-effect seawater desalting system, aiming at improving the construction quality of anti-corrosion treatment on the interior of the evaporator and further prolonging the service life of the evaporator. The heat exchanger comprises a front-end bracket, a rear-end bracket, at least one middle bracket, a front pipe plate, a rear pipe plate, supporting plates, heat exchange pipe sets, spraying device fixing brackets, a sealing plate, and a group of sliding rails, wherein the front-end bracket, a rear-end bracket and the at least one middle bracket are fixedly arranged in series through a connecting cross beam; the front-end bracket and the rear-end bracket are positioned between the front-end bracket and the rear-end bracket; the front pipe plate and the rear pipe plate are respectively fixedly arranged at the front-end bracket and the rear-end bracket, and the supporting plates are correspondingly fixedly arranged on each middle bracket; the heat exchange pipe sets are fixedly arranged at the front pipe plate, the rear pipe plate and each supporting plate; the spraying device fixing brackets are fixedly arranged at the tops of the front-end bracket, the rear-end bracket and the at least one middle bracket; the sealing plate is fixedly arranged at the front-end bracket; and a group of sliding rails are fixedly arranged at the bottom of the front-end bracket, the rear-end bracket and the at least one middle bracket along the advancing direction of the heat exchanger.


The gap between the poor and the rich in China has been increased since reform and open-up policy.As a socialist country,the Central Government should take "common prosperity" as its goal via income re-distribution.The Central Government took measures to do so since 1998 with unsatisfactory effect.This paper concludes that transfer system among local governments cannot effectively decrease this gap based on an analysis on county level data of Shanxi Province through 1993-2005.


Taking CaTiO3 as the substrate and doping Zn2+ ions,the nano-powder of Zn0.2Ca0.8TiO3:Pr was synthesized by Sol-gel method.Its structure,morphology and fluorescent properties are characterized by XRD,TEM,emission and excitation spectra and other test methods.The results show that,Zn0.2Ca0.8TiO3:Pr is with the square lattice structure whose grain size increases with the ignition temperature and the significant aggregation of particles can be seen from the TEM photographs at high temperature.The emission peak value of Zn0.2Ca0.8TiO3:Pr increases gradually with temperature increase and reaches the maximum value at 612nm Department at 1000℃.Its excitation spectrum is the broadband spectrum which splits into two excitation peaks with the temperature increasing gradually and reaches the main peak excitation at 261nm and 327nm.The performance tests show that the afterglow time of Zn0.2Ca0.8TiO3:Pr can be achieved 100ms.


Waves on deep water provide one of the most vivid examples of wave motion found in nature and men have long sought to understand this familiar yet complex phenomenon. It is not surprising, therefore, that the problem of the generation of deep-water waves by a local disturbance was the first hydrodynamic problem to be investigated systematically through the general equations of fluid motion; it was posed as a prize topic by the French Academy in 1816, and solved in the same year by Poisson and Cauchy. The Cauchy-Poisson solution describing the radia tion of waves from a local source served as one of the most outstanding examples of mathematics applied to a widely observed physical process. A comprehensive treatise on the general subject of waves on deep water was published by Stokes in 1849. The mathematical techniques introduced therein became the cornerstone for modern theories of linear and nonlinear dispersive waves. It is noteworthy that this pioneering theoretical study was motivated by physical observations (Russell 1844). The continued close coupling between experimental and theoretical efforts is probably most responsible for the widespread interest and significant progress in the subject over the past century. For some, the novelty of the Stokes expansion raised questions of convergence in the mathematical sense (Burnside 1916, Nekrasov 1919, Levi-Civita 1925), while for others (Michell 1893, Wilton 1913, Rayleigh 1917), the existence of finite-amplitude steady periodic waves seemed practically certain, and determining the profiles of very steep waves presented the real challenge. Until recently, the stability of a train of steady periodic deep-water waves, regardless of steepness, remained unquestioned. Thus, the theoretical discovery by Lighthill (1965) using


In order to get the optimum photoperiod parameter for the production of bulblet by tissue culture,the experiment was conducted with 5 photoperiod treatments(darkness time per day:0,8,12,16,24 h) to investigate the effect of photoperiods on the bulblet morphogenesis,amylase activity,as well as the utilization rate of sucrose in the culture medium absorbed by bulblet of the wild Lilium lancifolium Thunb.in vitro.The results showed that the different periods of darkness had a significant effect on the organ formation(root,leaf and bulblet) and the weight of bulblets in test tube,the treatment 16 h · d-1 darkness had better effect for the bulblet formation and enlargement.There were differences between total soluble sugar content,starch content and the amylase activity in bulblets with different photoperiod treatments.After 60 days culture in the test tube,the starch content in bulblets with treatments of 12,16,24 h · d-1 darkness was higher than that with 0,8 h · d-1.The utilization rate of sucrose in the culture medium for bublets was also different among all treatments;The 16 h · d-1 darkness was optimum photoperiod treatment for bulblet production with tissue culture technology.


Electro optical characteristics of the semiconductor compounds has been researched from the discovery of the semiconductor materials. One of the perspective ideas in this field was the possibility to obtain "cool" phosphorescence's by means of the relaxations of the energy by recombination of excited electroni -holder pairs. In this work the conditions of obtaining of the electro luminescent structures based ZnSe(Te), their characteristics and structure of optical - and electro-luminescence centers are investigated. The Structure Me|ZnSe(Te):Zn|ZnO|ITO has shown the characteristics of the led, having bands of the radiation in the field of 540, 640 and 740 nm. The branch of the direct mode had a negative nonmonotonic area, because the thickness of ZnO quantum-dimensioned. The resemblance o the spectrums of electroluminescence of the crystals in abundance of Zn and film structures, which were obtained using the method of vacuum condensation results in that surface, cathode, nature of luminescence of ZnSe(Te) is possible to b explained in account of injection of the carriers in semiconductor.


Corporate Governance (CG) deals with determining ways to take effective strategic decisions to ensure efficiency and also to develop added value to the shareholders interests. One of the important aspects of Corporate Governance is Whistle Blowing Mechanism. Though whistle blowing mechanism is a NonMandatory requirement as per clause 49 of Listing Agreement, it plays a very crucial role in enhancing the CG standards of the company. The present study focuses on the effectiveness of functioning of whistle blowing mechanism at various listed companies of Corporate India. The study concludes that Corporate India provides conducive environment for the effective functioning of Whistle Blowing Mechanism.


A method for measuring the rate of penetration of trichloracetic acid solutions into tissues was developed and the effects of a surface active agent, temperature, and concentration of fixative on penetration rates were evaluated. Penetration distances into rat liver, kidney, and cerebral cortex were determined and expressed as a function of time. It was found the penetration distances vary directly with temperature and fixative concentration. Tergitol, a wetting agent, did not increase penetration rates into kidney or liver tissue and in high concentration actually decreased penetration into kidney. Penetration distances were found to be proportional to the square root of the time of exposure of liver to 10% trichloracetic acid solutions but this proportionality did not hold for kidney and cerebral cortex.


Abstract Sinkhole ponds originated as a result of human activity leading to ground subsidence and create important habitats for the diversity of benthos fauna in urban areas. The objectives of this study were to determine whether the context (roadside/forest) is important in relation to the composition and diversity of macroinvertebrates, and to evaluate the influence of environmental factors (e.g. water quality) on snail communities. The study showed that the context of ponds had an impact on the properties of the water. Ponds located along roads were characterised by higher conductivity and a higher concentration of calcium and phosphates. The fauna was composed of 47 taxa, including 26 taxa found in both pond contexts. The density of macroinvertebrates was higher in forest ponds. CCA analysis showed that conductivity and concentration of nitrates were most strongly associated with the distribution of gastropods. Alien snail species more often inhabited the roadside ponds.


We have developed high throughput and scalable space divided atomic layer deposition (ALD) system for thin filmencapsulation (TFE) of flexible OLEDs display. In this paper, we report high moisture barrier properties of Al2O3 films deposited by our new developed high throughput (70 A/min) spatial ALD with 2G glass substrate size (370 × 470 mm2). The WVTR on flexible substrate could achieve ∼10−5 g/m2-day under tritium test.


Textual content is becoming increasingly important in video conferencing, while existing screen content encoding tools still produce a high bitrate in text regions. The main coding tool Intra Block Copy (IBC) inherits the MV prediction mechanism in inter-frame coding, but the adjacent text characters typically have irrelevant MVs, making it inefficient to predict MV using only neighbor MVs. To solve the problem, we propose the Position-based Motion Vector Prediction, to cache IBC AMVP PU positions as predictors. One character can find the previously encoded position to construct a good MV prediction. Experiment results show the effectiveness of the proposed prediction scheme.


Abstract Metastases from basal cell carcinomas are rare, only forty-six having been recorded previously. A case report of a basal cell carcinoma of the ear with metastases to a retroauricular lymph node is presented. This brings the total of authentic cases to forty-seven. From a brief review of the previously reported cases, the overwhelming majority of these metastatic basal cell carcinomas originate in the area of the head and neck. Surgical treatment followed by metastatic spread is thought to be due to inordinately prolonged lapse of time from the first appearance of the lesion to its treatment by surgical means. Metastatic spread of basal cell carcinomas treated by radiation is not due to a delay in treatment. The authors suggest that it may be due either to an "apparent" cure of the radiation-treated carcinoma causing a delay in further treatment or by the mutation of the tumor into a more malignant carcinoma by radiation energy. Prompt and adequate surgical excision is the treatment of choice to prevent metastases from basal cell carcinoma. Of the thirty-two patients reported in the literature with adequate follow-up data, the mean survival time was 10.7 years after the onset of the disease and ten months after the discovery of metastases.


The aim of the Department of Health Research (DHR) is to bring modern health technologies to the people through research and innovations related to diagnosis, treatment methods and vaccines for prevention; to translate them into products and processes and, in synergy with concerned organizations introduce these innovations into public health system. The Committee has been informed that for the Twelfth Plan outlay of Rs.10,029/- crores was approved for the Department, out of which about Rs.7872.00 crores has been earmarked for the schemes/programmes during the 12th Plan Period.


We introduce a method for optimizing parameters in convolution neural network (CNN) using a genetic algorithm (GA). In the experiment, 11 CNN parameters were chosen and considered as one chromosome. We generated 150 datasets were created by arbitrarily changing the parameters. Among approximately 30 types of models with the highest cross validation, the dataset trained with a random forest model was used as the fitness function in our GA, and the optimized parameter was obtained. To improve the GA, we attempted to filter data and amplify training steps. The randomly revised parameters showed insignificant results, but the final 10 parameter sets showed 67.4% accuracy, which was 13.7% higher than that of the dataset obtained randomly. Among these, it showed a parameter that improved by 1.7% compared to that of the existing dataset.


For diving animals, animal‐borne sensors are used to collect time–depth information for studying behaviour, ranging patterns and foraging ecology. Often, this information needs to be compressed for storage or transmission. Widely used devices called conductivity‐temperature‐depth satellite relay data loggers (CTD‐SRDLs) sample time and depth at high resolution during a dive and then abstract the time–depth trajectory using a broken‐stick model (BSM). This approximation method can summarize efficiently the curvilinear shape of a dive, using a piecewise linear shape with a small, fixed number of vertices, or break points. We present the process of abstracting dives using the BSM and quantify its performance, by measuring the uncertainty associated with the profiles it produces. We develop a method for obtaining a confidence zone and an index for the goodness‐of‐fit (dive zone index, DZI) for abstracted dive profiles. We validate our results with a case study using dives from elephant seals (Mirounga spp.). We use generalized additive models (GAMs) to determine whether the DZI can be used as a proxy for an absolute measure of fit and investigate the relationship between the DZI and the dive shape. We found a strong correlation between the residual sum of squares (RSS) for the difference between the detailed and abstracted profiles, and the DZI and maximum residual (R4), for dives resulting from CTD‐SRDLs (69% deviance explained). On its own, the DZI explained a lower percentage of deviance which was variable for abstracted dives with different numbers of break points. We also found evidence for systematic differences in the DZI for different dive shapes (65% deviance explained). Although the proportional loss of information in the abstraction of time–depth dive profiles by BSM is high, what remains is sufficient to infer goodness‐of‐fit of the abstracted profile by reversing the abstraction process. Our results suggest that together the DZI and R4 can be used as a proxy for the RSS, and we present the method for obtaining these metrics for BSM‐abstracted profiles.


The development of the performance industry in the Xian,E,Yu and Qian border region is in the complicated varieties because of the limitation of the special functioning forms inside different trades.In the modern cultural systems,because of the properties of both pubic welfare and business,the performance industry has its own typical characters.In general,the performance industry in the Xian,E,Yu and Qian broder region must be adapted to its own developing conditions and functioning characters so as to realizing the anticipating aim of continuous development.


Introduction Active robotics for total knee Arthroplasty (TKA) uses a CAD-CAM approach to plan the correct size and placement of implants and to surgically achieve planned limb alignment. The TSolu...


This article examines the types of excavated buildings and areas with ideological and religious features in Bilad al-Sham from the Paleolithic Period until the Pre-Pottery Neolithic "B" Period. Religion played an important role in reducing people's fear and weakness towards other creatures, as they practiced religious rituals in a variety of forms, beginning in the Paleolithic Period with some caches of ritual objects made of various materials such as pieces of stone or bone, or in the form of architectural structures containing stones in human and animal form, representing what can be called ritual buildings. With further development of people's religious thoughts and beliefs, religious features became more apparent, and their numbers and variety increased. In the Neolithic Period, ritual buildings became more rooted and show further development and cohesion of people's thoughts and religious beliefs. As a result, the types of ritual buildings included independent buildings containing artistic and architectural religious elements; rooms within the residential buildings containing caches for flint, stone, bone or animal tools and art pieces and plastered skulls; or colorful drawings on the walls or floors of buildings, all connected to religious thought, which means that the buildings can be called ritual buildings.


Abstract Soil-borne pathogenic fungi responsible for serious damage in agriculture are widely distributed. Traditional approach to control these pathogens leads to the use of chemical fungicides, many of which have proven harmful side effects on the environment. Mycoparasitic fungi of the genus Trichoderma have been used for pathogens biocontrol as well as for their ability to promote plant growth. As increased mycoparasitic activity of mutant strain Trichoderma atroviride F742 has been observed, its use as a biocontrol agent might be considered. In this work, we focused on mycoparasitic activity of the strain T. atroviride F742 prepared by UV mutagenesis (from parental strain T. atroviride F534) and the physiological role of T. atroviride metabolites in antibiosis. T. atroviride F742 shows remarkable mycoparasitic activity attacking and colonizing phytopathogens (Alternaria alternata, Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium culmorum). Its isolated metabolites inhibit the growth of bacteria, yeasts, and fungi Candida albicans, A. alternata and F. culmorum. As different expression patterns in the secondary metabolites production of ABC transporters have been observed, we suggest their role in transport of secondary metabolites produced by T. atroviride F742.


A new system providing suction for neurosurgical operations is presented. It is designed so that the amount of suction is readily controllable and provides adequate suction for the removal of fluid and blood clots without damage to the nervous tissue. The device also allows the surgeon an unrestricted view of the operative field.


Epithelial myoepithelial carcinoma is a rare tumor with slightly less than one percent of salivary gland neoplasm. Histologically, the carcinomas are characterized by a mixture of trabecular structure with outer myoepithelial cells and inner ductal cells, which are confirmed by electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry. Although this neoplasm exhibits high degree of cellular differentiation histologically, it is classified into low grade carcinoma because of its locally infiltrative, destructive growth pattern, and tendency to metastasize. We report a 45-year-old woman with epithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma arising from a submandubular gland, one of the most unusual locations. Korean J Otorhinolaryngol-Head Neck Surg 2010;53:582-4 Key WordsZZSubmandibular gland·Epithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma.


Flavonoids are one of the most common secondary metabolites occurring in plants. Their activity in the Central Nervous System (CNS) including sedative, anxiolytic, anti-convulsive, anti-depressant and neuro-protective actions is well known and documented. The most popular methods for detection, identification and structural elucidation of flavonoids are these based on Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and mass spectrometry (MS). NMR allows rapid, high throughput analysis of crude extracts and also gives stereochemical details about identified substances. However, these methods are expensive and less sensitive than MS-based techniques. Combining High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) with MS detection gives the most powerful tool for analysis of flavonoids occurring in plants. There is a lot of different approaches to use LC/MS based techniques for identification of flavonoids and this short review shows the most important.


Measurements have been made of the critical reignition fields for decaying 5‐mm‐diam plasmas formed initially from steady‐state wall‐stabilized arcs of from 12 to 36 A in air. It is found that the reignition field for a given plasma conductance (a) is independent of the initial temperature profile of the plasma and (b) corresponds closely to the field given by the steady‐state arc characteristic. These results suggest that the temperature profiles of the decaying plasmas from low‐current arcs correspond closely to the steady‐state temperature profiles which have the same conductance. The effects are consistent with theoretical predictions made using the energy‐balance equation, assuming local thermodynamic equilibrium.


Air source heat pump water heater absorbs heat from the air to generate hot water using heat pump,and the energy efficient is 4 times more than electric water heater,which makes it become the world's most advanced energy saving and environmental protection water systems.The hardware system design of commercial heat pump water heater controller based on ATmega16 with the function of networking communication is described in detail,which comprises of several modules including the multi-channel temperature acquisition module,the multi-channel switching signal acquisition module,the driving module,the RS 485 communication module and LCD interface module.The controller's software is applied to dual-compressor system,which can effectively shorten the heating time;providing failure protection for compressors,sensors and other equipment or component;combined with the functions of winter antifreeze and defrost,which can improve the thermal efficiency;using networking communication to implement remote control and display information.


An InGaAs quantum well remotely-doped heterostructure grown by MBE was fabricated as a micro-Hall device and applied as a remote current sensor. Detailed studies of device sensitivities, signal linearity, and noise were performed over broad temperature and frequency ranges. Good performance was demonstrated up to 500 K with magnetic sensitivities as high as 1400 V/A/T at 80 K and 1000 V/A/T at 390 K. Detection limits at 100 kHz of 3 nT and 50 nT were measured for 80 K and 390 K, respectively. These studies suggest the need to develop magnetometers based on wide-band gap semiconductors for temperatures above 500 K.


We present new evidence on the violation of priority of claims in bankruptcy and recovery rates for secured creditors, unsecured creditors, equity holders using a sample of firms that filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy between 1993 and 2004. Our study reveals a number of new insights: First, we find a significant reduction in the violations of priority of claims compared to research on prior periods with equity holders appearing to have lost their ability to extract concessions in violation to priority of claims. Second, the results are consistent with the hypothesis that unsecured creditors accept a violation to priority of their claims in order to obtain a faster resolution. Third, the results suggest that secured creditors are less likely, and unsecured creditors are more likely, to experience a violation to priority of their claims when secured creditors exercise increased control over the debtor (as proxied by debtor in possession financing). Finally, violations to secured creditors priority of claims are more likely when filings occur in Delaware and the Southern District of New York than elsewhere.


The University of Minnesota is committed to the policy that all persons shall have equal access to its programs, The No Child Left Behind (NCLB) Act of 2001 requires that students with disabilities and English language learners be held to the same content standards and assessed on the same grade level achievement standards as their peers. As a result, educators and advocacy groups for each of these student groups have seen increased attention paid to the instruction of these students and their opportunity to learn grade level academic content. Students in the intersection of these groups who are both learning English and who have disabilities may require even more attention via instructional supports and strategies to help them get there. This raises an important question as to what guidance, in the way of instructional strategies, do states recommend to educators to help these students achieve grade level standards along with their peers? Given the current emphasis on research-based instructional methods, states and educators need guidance for these students. Yet, there are very few research studies on the instruction of English language learners with disabilities either as a group or by specific learner challenges. Although the literature base that addresses instructional strategies for diverse populations of students with various language proficiency levels and disability types is limited, some foundational work has been done in synthesizing the separate research on English language learners (ELLs) and students with disabilities to best address the needs of these students Even though there is a small literature base, it is still important to look at what states are currently recommending, alone or in partnership with regional resource centers or research entities, to address these educational challenges and to share that information. For example, do states suggest instructional strategies in their standards or supplementary instructional documents based on synthesized research on students with disabilities and English language learners? If they make recommendations for strategies, what are they? Are they communicated in a user-friendly way for educators who work with these students, students who may vary greatly in learner charac-teristics? How are strategies defined? This is an important question because there are different ways to understand what constitutes a strategy in instruction. The term has been used to refer to practices anywhere from " principles of good instruction " to broad educational approaches. The National Center on Educational Outcomes designed a document review of state standards and supplementary …


This article discusses the symbolic markings incised on a small group of jade bi disks from the Neolithic Liangzhu Culture in southeastern China, now dispersed among museums all over the world. A close description of the objects and their incised motifs - which are, for the most part, diplayed with the center of the bi as the implied point of reference - is followed by an attempt at interpretation. It is found that these objects testify to early stages of development of cosmological concepts that remained important in Chinese culture during the Warring States and Han periods: the notion of a covering sky (gaitian) that revolves around a central axis, the cycle of the Ten Suns, and the use of an early form of the carpenter's square. These objects were handled by shamans who were the religious leaders of Liangzhu society and the transmitters of cosmological knowledge.


In this research we compare dierent algorithms for single-label, multi-label and multi-class classication. The testing was performed using data representing a problem from educational domain, and are appropriate for multiclass classication. We used dierent methods for transforming multi-label classication to single-label classication. We compared algorithms with evaluation measures and ROC curves. Results shows that several methods can be used for this task. Algorithms that are specialized for multi-class classication have better predictions for multi-class problems, although other algorithms also show good performance.


Code division multiple access (CDMA) has been proposed as an efficient access method for cellular and personal communications systems. In contrast to conventional time and frequency division access methods, CDMA systems are interference limited. In this paper we describe multichannel detection schemes which in contrast to detectors based on beamforming methods, have performances which are essentially independent of the strengths of interfering users. These detectors are multichannel versions of the decorrelating detector and the successive interference cancellation receiver, using antenna arrays. Performances, limitations and complexities of these systems are discussed.


The Cangzhou iron lion is the first batch important heritage site under state protection,and it is also an earliest and bigness cast iron historical relic by one pouring technology.In order to evaluate the seismic safety of the lion,a non-linear time-history analysis was performed with finite element program.After the geographical model of the lion was acquired by the method of 3D laser scanning,a finite element model was founded though meshing on the closed entity and then the response of the lion under 8 degrees of an unordinary earthquake action.The results show that the stress of both the lion and its brackets is less than the yield stress respectively,horizontal and vertical displacements are both on the small side,and the lion structure has sufficient seismic safety.


We believe we have demonstrated for the first time wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) all-optical IP tag switching with wavelength conversion and subcarrier multiplexed addressing. Switching over four wavelengths covering 16 nm was demonstrated with noninverting wavelength conversion of 2.5 Gbps payloads and burst mode recovery of tag/headers.


North-east India, bounded by the Himalayan arc to the north and the Burmese arc to the east, remains the node of interest for earth scientists for its complex and unresolved tectonics. The area, which has produced two great earthquakes (1897, 1950) and several other big earthquakes, is seismically very active. The 1897 Shillong earthquake ranks high among one of the most devastating earthquakes of the world with a magnitude of 8.7. In spite of being one of the best documented earthquake of the world, there still exists many unresolved issues regarding the geometry and location of the fault causing that great earthquake. Previous concept was that the earthquake occurred due to a gently north dipping fault. Latter, a pop-up structure of Shillong plateau is proposed in which a 'hidden' south dipping reverse fault, called 'Oldham fault', is hold responsible. The present work is an effort to delineate the northern and southern boundary of the rupture zone by using a quantitative approach of analyzing gravity field.The area is characterized by anomalous Bouguer and isostatic gravity field. Analytic signal of several north-south gravity profiles are computed to identify different fault positions and a north-south gravity profile running across the Brahmaputra Valley, Shillong plateau and Surma valley is analyzed for delineation of crustal and upper mantle density structure. A robust optimization technique, viz., very fast simulated annealing (VFSA) is used as the inversion, where as, for forward calculation, arc-tangent function is used to construct a layered earth model. The arc-tangent function is found quite effective to represent various sharp as well as gradual changes in the model. Constraines from prior geological and geophysical (mainly seismic) information are used to obtain a geologically feasible density model. The results are compatible with the major tectonic features of the study area and the study does not support the existence of Oldham fault, rather it suggests Brahmputra fault and Dauki fault as the northern and southern boundary of the rupture zone.


Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae is the causative agent of porcine pleuropneumonia which leads
 to high economic losses
 in the swine industry worldwide. Vaccination against this pathogen is hampered by the
 occurrence of 15 serotypes,
 and commonly used whole cell bacterin vaccines are
 not sufficiently cross-serotype protective. In addition, for generating and maintaining specified pathogen-free herds it is
 desirable to use DIVA (differentiating infected from vaccinated animals) vaccines. Thus, we embarked
 on two different strategies
 to develop DIVA vaccines inducing reliable cross-serotype protection.
 The
 first strategy is based on a detergent wash extraction of outer membraneassociated and secreted proteins
 which we developed into a DIVA vaccine using the immunogenic ApxII toxin present
 in 13 of the 15 A. pleuropneumoniae serotypes as the
 DIVA antigen. The apxIIA gene was deleted
 in each of the vaccine strains (A. pleuropneumoniae serotypes 1, 2, and 5) using a single-step Transconjugation system, and equal parts of detergent washes from these strains
 served as the vaccine antigen. After intramuscular immunisation all pigs developed a strong humoral immune response to the vaccine antigen and showed no reactivity in an ApxIIA-ELISA. Upon challenge,
 all pigs were completely protected from clinical symptoms in trials with a homologous (serotype 2) as well as with a heterologous strain (serotype 9); in addition, colonisation of the challenge strain was clearly reduced though not abolished
 completely. As a result
 of the highly efficient protection, however, immunised pigs did not
 develop antibodies to the DIVA-antigen at levels detectable by ELISA but only by a more
 sensitive Western blotting approach,
 thereby demonstrating the challenge in developing appropriate marker vaccines for the livestock
 industry. In order to identify
 the main immunogenic antigens and standardize the vaccine components, two dimensional gel electrophoresis with subsequent Western Blot analysis in combination with quadropol time-of-flight mass
 spectrometry was employed.
 We identified five different proteins.
 Among these proteins
 was the ApxIV toxin, which
 was described to be expressed only in vivo. Since pigs surviving
 natural infection are at least partially protected from clinical symptoms upon reinfection with any serotype, in our second strategy we set
 out to construct an attenuated
 A. pleuropneumoniae live vaccine allowing the differentiation of vaccinated from infected animals by successively deleting virulence-associated
 genes. Based on an A. pleuropneumoniae serotype 2 prototype
 live negative marker vaccine,
 genes encoding enzymes involved in anaerobic respiration and the ferric uptake regulator Fur were deleted resulting in a highly attenuated 6-fold mutant; this mutant was still able to colonize the lower respiratory
 tract and induced a detectable immune response. Upon a single aerosol application, this mutant provided
 significant protection from clinical symptoms upon heterologous infection with an antigenically distinct A. pleuropneumoniae serotype 9 challenge
 strain and allowed the serological discrimination between infected and vaccinated groups. Since a practical application system is necessary
 for a potential future use of the vaccine
 in the field, the protective efficacy of the 6-fold mutant upon single
 intramuscular or intranasal injection was tested. Both application routes were shown to induce a protective immunity against challenge with A. pleuropneumoniae serotype 7, but
 only the intranasal application caused no adverse effects and still mediated a highly protective immune response upon challenge with a heterologous serotype.


The quest for sustainable development continues since the 1987 Conference at Ottawa, Ontario. Scholarly discussion on the subject matter is rich with concepts and strategies on how to attain the goals of sustainable development. In these discussions, however, very little emphasis is given to the human factors contributing or hindering the goals of sustainable development. Along this line, the paper expounds on the human factors particularly behavioral component hindering sustainable development and consequently proposes a holistic approach to address the problem. It assumes that the continued downgrading of moral values in the society directly and indirectly contributes to the environmental hazards which eventually will make life in the future difficult. It's direct consequences are due to lack of discipline among the people which are manifested in their household, agricultural, and business practices that endanger environment. The indirect damages are results of natural disasters. Although, the causes of disaster cannot be accounted by moral issues alone, religious teachings especially Islamic ones reveal that natural disaster can be minimized if the people perform their responsibilities with faith in God as the primordial l motivator.Along this line, a holistic approach to sustainable development that integrates the structural-organizational development strategy and behavioral development strategy is proposed. Through discipline among the people and good governance sustainable development may be pursued through collaborative and cooperative undertaking between and among the various stakeholders. In conclusion, the Islamic concept of sustainable development is meeting the totality of human needs in all generations while at the same time fulfilling the responsibilities of men to himself, to his fellowmen and to God.


While Q ~ 1million has been demonstrated in freely suspended photonic crystal (PC) membranes, the reduced refractive index contrast when PC microcavities are immersed in phosphate buffered saline (PBS), a typical ambient for biomolecules, reduces Q by more than 2 orders of magnitude. We experimentally demonstrate photonic crystal microcavity based resonant sensors coupled to photonic crystal waveguides in silicon on insulator for chemical and bio-sensing. Linear L-type microcavities are considered. In contrast to cavities with small modes volumes but low quality factors for bio-sensing, we show that increasing the length of the microcavity enhances the quality factor of the resonance by an order of magnitude and also increases the resonance wavelength shift while still retaining compact device characteristics. Q~26,760 and sensitivity down to 7.5ng/ml and ~9pg/mm2 in bio-sensing was experimentally demonstrated in SOI devices for goat anti-rabbit IgG antibodies with Kd~10-6M. The increase in cavity length follows from fundamental engineering limitations in ink-jet printing or microfluidic channels when unique receptor biomolecules are coated on separate adjacent sensors in a microarray.


A total of 35 treated and untreated oregano samples (Origonum vulgare subsp. hirtum) obtained from two commercial companies (treated oregano) and five regions in North Greece (untreated oregano) were screened for their microbiological quality. The samples were analyzed for (1) aerobic plate count (APC), (2) total coliform count, (3) detection of Escherichia (E.) coli, (4) detection of Salmonella spp., (5) Staphylococcus (S.) aureus count, (6) Bacillus (B.) cereus count, (7) Clostridium (C.) perfringens count and (8) mould count. The results were compared to the microbiological criteria that have been recommended by the WHO, Austrian legislation and former/ precedent ICMSF specifications. According to the WHO limit for plant material for internal use (moulds < 10 3 cfu/g), 40% of the treated samples were considered "unacceptable". With exception of the self-sown untreated mountain samples, which were contaminated to a very low degree, higher levels (10 5 ―10 7 cfu/g) of APC were detected for the cultivated untreated oregano samples, when compared to the treated ones (10 3 ―10 4 cfu/g). Of the cultivated untreated samples 40% had APC and mould counts above the standards for raw oregano. Our results for these microbial groups in treated and untreated oregano indicated that the treatment causes a decrease of APC and mould count (2-3 and 1―2 log units, respectively). Other pathogenic and potentially pathogenic microorganisms were either not detected (Salmonella spp.) or were found at low levels (E. coli, S. aureus, B. cereus, C. perfringens), posing no threat to humans. The results of this study were compared to the findings of previous similar studies in other countries.


Slides from a presentation on metadata basics for library projects. Delivered October 6, 2011 at the North Carolina Library Association biennial conference in Hickory. Co-presented by Anna Craft and Elizabeth Gregg.


Surface and multi-plane antenna on a substrate having a back surface is provided. A plurality of through holes extending between the surface and the back surface of the substrate through the substrate. The first antenna component is on the surface of the substrate, the second antenna component is on the back of the substrate. Conductive vias to define a multi-plane antenna on a substrate, of the through hole, extending through the selected through-holes for electrically connecting the first antenna element and second antenna elements. Substrate may be a printed circuit board (PCB). The mobile terminal including a multi-plane antenna, and configuring the multi-plane antenna is provided.


A crude polysaccharide fraction from Caulerpa racemosa(CRP) was obtained through hot water extraction coupled with enzymatic proteolysis, deproteinization by Sevag method and dialysis. Ultraviolet spectroscopy showed CRP to contain a little amount of protein. Infrared spectroscopy revealed that CRP had characteristic polysaccharide absorption peaks and was an acidic polysaccharide containing sulfate groups. The polysaccharide exhibited an antitumor activity against HeLa, K562 and CNE-2z cells, with maximum inhibitory rates of 61.7%, 85.9% and 90.3%, respectively, as determined by MTT assay. This antitumor effect was positively dependent on both exposure time in the range of 24 to 72 h and concentration in the range of 0.062 5 to 4 mg/mL.


The quantum Zeno effect is known as the inhibition of a system's reversible dynamics by frequent measurements. Aharonov and Vardi [Phys. Rev. D 21, 2233 (1980)] proposed a scheme intimately related to the quantum Zeno effect. They showed that, by performing a dense sequence of measurements along a presumed path, the system is found to follow this-arbitrarily chosen-trajectory. The proof was based on the von Neumann projection hypothesis. In this paper we investigate whether this effect still holds if we model a realistic measurement process instead of the artificial instantaneous von Neumann collapse


Purpose: To evaluate how irradiation affects thyroid autoimmunity in mouse models of Hashimoto's thyroiditis and Graves' hyperthyroidism. Materials and methods: Non-obese diabetic (NOD)-H2h4 mice spontaneously develop anti-thyroglobulin (Tg) antibodies and thyroiditis when supplied with sodium iodine (NaI) in the drinking water. BALB/c mice develop anti-thyrotropin receptor (TSHR) antibodies and hyperthyroidism following immunization with adenovirus expressing TSHR (Ad-TSHR). Mice were irradiated as follows: A single whole-body irradiation with 0.05, 0.5 or 3 Gy one week before or after the beginning of NaI or immunization with Ad-TSHR, fractionated whole-body irradiations with 0.05 Gy twice a week or 0.5 Gy once a week from one week before NaI or Ad-TSHR immunization, or a single regional irradiation to the thyroid gland with 0.5 Gy one week before NaI. The effect of a single irradiation with 0.05, 0.5 or 3 Gy on splenocytes was also evaluated. Results: A single whole-body irradiation with 0.5 Gy one week before NaI exacerbated thyroiditis and increased anti-Tg antibody titers in NOD-H2h4 mice. In contrast, any irradiation protocols employed did not affect incidence of hyperthyroidism or anti-TSHR antibody titers in BALB/c mice. High-dose irradiation increased the relative ratios of effector T cells to regulatory T cells (an indication of enhanced immune status) but kills most of T cells. Conclusions: These results indicate that a single whole-body low-dose irradiation with 0.5 Gy exacerbates thyroiditis in NOD-H2h4 mice, data consistent with some clinical evidence for increased incidence of thyroid autoimmunity by environmental irradiation.


The circuit and operation principle of an automatic fast electrometer, which can measure current of seven orders of magnitude, are described. The electrometer can automatically select the current range and display it. The electrometer is equipped with an output feed to the computer. It has a zero-drift of background current ≤5×10-13A/h; its noisy current is about 9×10-14A and maximum response time is 20 ms.


Biogeographical and taxonomic information on the four non-indigenous freshwater planarians of Japan is reviewed, viz. Dugesia austroasiatica Kawakatsu, 1985, Girardia tigrina (Girard, 1850), G. dorotocephala (Woodworth, 1897), and Rhodax evelinae? Marcus, 1947. The occurrence of Girardia dorotocephala in Japan is unequivocally demonstrated. New karyological data are presented for populations of D. austroasiatica (chromosome complement: 2x=16, 3x=24), G. tigrina ( 2x=16, 3x=24), and G. dorotocephala (2x=16). The following factors may have facilitated the introduction and subsequent geographical spread of exotic freshwater triclads in Japan: popularization of domestic tropical fish cultures, and culture of exotic aquatic animals for food.


Genomic integrity is under nearly constant threat in all species. The primary mechanism by which organisms maintain their genomic integrity in the face of such threats is through DNA repair. In this thesis I discuss the interface between evolution and DNA repair. First, I discuss the use of comparative studies of repair genes and processes to study evolution. Specifically I discuss the development of the RecA gene as a model molecule for molecular systematic studies of bacteria. Then I discuss how differences in repair can drive evolution by discussing how differences in mismatch repair lead to variation in mutation rates and patterns at microsatellite loci. In the third section, I discuss how evolutionary studies can benefit our understanding of repair both in regard to structure-function studies (of the RecA protein) and in regard to studying diverse multigene families (in this case, the SNF2 family). Finally, in the last main section, I discuss my development of what I refer to as phylogenomics which combines evolutionary reconstructions and genome sequence studies into one composite analysis. The main reason I have developed the phylogenomic approach is that evolutionary studies can improve our understanding of genome sequences and genome sequences can improve inferences of evolutionary history so there is a feedback loop between the two types of study. In addition, I also present some additional results in Appendices regarding DNA turnover in E. coli, DNA repair in the extremely halophilic Archaea, and additional studies of the evolution of RecA.


The review is dedicated to analysis of the main ideas in Jacques Ranciere's book «The ignorant schoolmaster». Author pays attention to the essence of universal method of teaching that can be find in Joseph Jacotot's pedagogical theory. This method is opposed to explanations that quite often can be found on the lessons and semianars. As Ranciere states, the explanations provide regression manifested endless accumulation of arguments. To stop this can only explanator by recognizing that explanation enough. Jacotot's method had important anthropological implications. It is based on an understanding of human as will, which complies with the mind. There are no higher or lower minds. In addition, universal method has social and political implications. Jacques Ranciere presents a universal method as a mean for realization of emancipative project, which should lead to the emancipation of the mind.


Gallic acid monohydrate is the first tetramorphic hydrate for which fractional coordinates have been determined, and analysis of the hydrogen bonding patterns in these and other polymorphic hydrates suggests that waters of hydration are a nemesis to crystal engineers.


The quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) has been applied to the study of mass changes within thin polymer films immobilized on the surface of the QCM. These studies have been in two contexts: (1) the determination of compositional changes within such thin films which have been subjected to electrochemical oxidation or reduction (i.e. injection or removal of charge), which necessarily causes ion transport to maintain electroneutrality and frequently causes solvent transport as well, and (2) the development of sensor elements capable of transducing chemical events, such as binding of an analyte to a host molecule immobilized within the thin film, into electrical signals. The focus is on the fundamental chemical and physical processes which can occur in such situations and their influence on the resonant frequency and conductance spectrum of the QCM/thin-film composite resonator. Also discussed is the use of the conductance spectrum as a diagnostic tool for the evaluation of changes in the viscoelastic properties of the thin film which might be induced, for example, by solvent incorporation into the film.<<ETX>>


In a field experiment, the effect of organo-mineral fertilizers based on zeolites, peat and sapropel deposits of the Krasnoyarsk Territory on the biological activity of leached chernozem and rooting of lignified cuttings Ribes rubrum L. was studied as a test object of the bioecological state of the soil when fertilizers were applied as its cellulose-degrading ability. 4 months after fertilizing, a statistically significant positive effect on the destruction of cellulose in soil layers of 0 - 10 and 10 - 20 cm was exerted by the following organo-mineral fertilizers: peat + zeolite + 20% NPK, peat + zeolite + 30% NPK, peat + sapropel + 10% NPK, as well as diammofosk mineral fertilizer. The studied fertilizers did not have a statistically significant effect on the rhizogenesis of the cuttings of red currant.


The main objective of this article is to present the structure of criteria used in evaluation of interface of selected mbanking applications in Poland. Secondary objective is to present conversion method and selected results of survey carried out using the method. Authors present the set of criteria and justify the selection. Also, the conversion method and selected results of the survey are introduced in the paper. Subsequently, the authors present key findings of the carried out survey.


This article is devoted to analysis of the process of perception and interpretation of the canvas described in the story 'Antonio' written by Russian Romantic writer N.V. Kukolnik.


Renal transplant pathology forms an integral part of medical kidney diseases requiring a biopsy for diagnosis, prognosis and/or appropriate therapy. Often, multiple transplant biopsies are performed to monitor a disease process or efficacy of therapy. This short course will review and update all aspects of renal transplant pathology. Renal transplant biopsies of major diagnoses will be presented and used as a spring board for discussion of the subject area. Emphasis will be placed on new knowledge of disease classification, practical diagnostic approach, and novel pathogenetic mechanisms. Scanned light microscopic slides, immunofluorescent images, electron microscopic images and clinical summaries will be available on line for pre-meeting review. The covered topics include updated Banff Classification, acute T cell-mediated rejection, acute antibody-mediated rejection, chronic antibody-mediated rejection, transplant glomerulopathy, recurrent diseases, de novo diseases, BK virus nephropathy and other infections.


For over ten years an expanding collaborative programme of experimental work on the absorption spectra of neutral atomic and simpler molecular gases and vapours, and on similar species "matrix-isolated" in rare-gase solids, has been in progress. The experimental work has centered on use of background continua from the 0.5 and 2.6 GeV synchrotrons in Bonn, - high resolution work being based mainly on the smaller machine. The instrumentation includes - most significantly for the work reported here - a 3-metre Eagle-style vacuum spectrograph equipped with "holographic" gratings of 5,000 – 6,000 1/mm spacing, and usable over the range 200 – 2,000A.


Abstract Growing interest in the European Union in the conditions for school effectiveness is beginning to lead to a focus on resourcing strategy as one of the important factors in educational success. As a preliminary step in that direction, this comparative study attempts to create a framework within which funding policies and practices in widely differing settings can be compared. It does this by analysing funding arrangements in four cities, relating them in each case to the national framework and to wider, European developments in the organization and funding of schools. In particular, it focuses on the single issue of class size as an indicator of policy. The cities studied are Barcelona (Spain), Bologna (Italy), Nijmegen (Netherlands) and Sheffield (UK) where the author works for the local education authority. In each city, the resourcing of a primary and secondary school is reviewed in detail and comparisons drawn. Funding levels are shown to reflect historic resourcing levels but a growing concer...


The academic study of the contents of hazard management requirement in a recent interest included two directions which are insured by several studies. The first comes under the concept of accidents and torts philosophically and applicably. And the second comes under the subject of human engineering requirement. According to this direction and the concept of models to the concept of requirement management, the researchers found an interest in this study to get ready for showing the factors of integrity between same variations in human engineering, accidents and torts and its impact on industrial hazards. The model in this study includes the relation between some activity of human engineering and accident, industrial torts, and the perception of the activity of human engineering and accident, industrial torts, and the perception of the active management in efficiency and prevents industrial hazards. Then the management is lead to achieve special organized objectives in production decisions.


This article provides an overview of research done on basque literature for young people: it introduces the main lines of research that this area has produced internationally, followed by a view of research specifically related to basque literature. Finally, it presents the results of a recent research work on the ideological component of basque children?s literature, which a special emphasis on the image of women.


Over the past decades, the world's oceans and seas have been influenced by several human-induced impacts, including climate change. In the North Sea region, the average sea surface temperature of the water has already risen with 1-2 °C over the past twenty-five years and is likely to rise further. Understanding the impacts of this changing environmental condition in zooplankton communities is crucial, as changes in the zooplankton communities can affect entire marine ecosystems. Here, we focus on the potential effects of an increase in temperature on the calanoid copepod species, Temora longicornis, the dominant zooplankton species of the southern part of the North Sea. Since responses to environmental stress are genome-driven, a genetic study on the physiological responses to thermic stress can provide an increased mechanistic understanding and help predict potential responses to climate change in this copepod species. Therefore, we sequenced the whole transcriptome (using RNA-seq technology) of T. longicornis, after being exposed to thermal stress, with the aim to investigate gene expression differences as a response to temperature fluctuations. As such, this dataset will provide us with new insights on how exposure to increased seawater temperatures may affect the fitness of the most dominant zooplankton species of the southern part of the North Sea.


Based on the transformed function method and descent method,an algorithm is presented for constraint global optimizations with the multi-extremum objective function.The transformed functions have both the characters of filled functions and tunnelling functions.It is theoretically proved that if the current minimizer is not a global one,there must exist a transformed function's minimizer in the feasible region so that the objective value is less than the current value.A better minimizer can be obtained in solving the primal problem with the minimizer of transformed function assumed to be an initial point in descent process.


Exploring the fragmentation and loss of soil aggregates is of great significance for revealing the mechanism of water erosion. To determine the effect of raindrop size on the distribution of soil aggregate fractions induced by shallow runoff, a variable-needle raindrop-generating device and a slope runoff scouring device (length 90 cm × width 10 cm × height 10 cm) were employed in the study. Five raindrop sizes (2.67 to 4.05 mm) and three runoff depths (3.82, 4.86, and 7.98 mm) were selected to conduct the runoff alone (F) test and the rainfall + runoff (RF) test. The results showed that for the RF test under the raindrop size >3.05 mm, the soil loss rate was the highest at runoff depth 4.86 mm and was 104.30 to 421.52, 69.86 to 169.81, and 26.80 to 89.28 times higher than that of the F test under the three runoff depths, respectively. The rainfall disturbance coefficient (the ratio of soil loss caused by the RF test to that caused by the F test) was closely related to the raindrop size and runoff depth and had a significant power function relationship with both. Under the F test condition, the soil loss rate increased with the decreasing aggregate fraction distribution, and the loss rate of each aggregate fraction increased with increasing runoff depth. Similarly, for each RF test, the soil loss rate also increased with the decrease in the aggregate fraction distribution. The maximum soil loss rate was observed in the <0.053 mm aggregate fraction and was 5.32 to 191.89, 2.75 to 79.33, and 1.51 to 41.33 times higher than that in the F test for the three runoff depths, respectively. Moreover, at the raindrop sizes of 2.67 and 3.05 mm, the rainfall mainly promoted the transportation of the >1 mm aggregate fraction by shallow runoff. However, rainfall mainly enhanced the transportation of 1 to 0.053 mm aggregate fractions as the raindrop size increased to greater than 3.05 mm.


Korean Wave or Hallyu is currently very popular in Indonesia. The popularity of the Korean Wave is one of the causes of Korean food becoming popular in Indonesia and it is easy to find Korean instant food, both those that are directly imported from Korea and those that have been produced by Indonesian manufacturers. K-drama and K-pop are Hallyu products that play a major role in popularizing Korean food in Indonesia. The occurrence of the Covid-19 pandemic caused changes in culture, lifestyle and made Hallyu increasingly popular in Indonesia. This study aims to 1) display several brands of South Korean instant products produced by local Indonesians, and 2) reveal the Role of Korean Culture in Product Promotion. This research used a qualitative method and data collection was conducted by interviewing Indonesian producers who produce Korean instant food to find out the reasons that make Indonesian producers interested in producing Korean instant food and what role Korean culture plays in the promotion of Korean instant food products. There are differences between Korean and Indonesian food cultures, and of course cultural adjustments are needed, such as the use of raw materials to taste adjustments. The popularity of the Korean Wave has become the basis for Indonesian manufacturers to produce Korean instant food because of business opportunities.


The purpose of this paper is to investigate the existence of periodic solution of a general neutral delay twospecies competitive non-autonomous system. With the help of the continuation theorem for composite coincidence degree and some techniques, a set of sufficient conditions are derived for the existence of at least one strictly positive periodic solution. Furthermore, some numerical simulations demonstrate our results.


Principal component analysis is one of the useful techniques of multivariate statistics, being commonly used for the reduction of the dimensionality of datasets. The starting point of a principal component analysis is the spectral decomposition of either a variance covariance matrix, or a correlation matrix, with the objective of identifying only a few but most informative and mutually uncorrelated variables. It is well known that principal component analysis results based on these two matrices can be quite different (Johnson and Wichern 1992). However, in the standard textbooks on multivariate analysis no clear guidelines on which of the matrices should be used are provided. The objective of this short communication is to provide some guidelines for this choice, and also to provide some cautions and considerations to help one decide on the appropriate choice of variables for the analysis. We show that for ranking nations based on their athletic excellence in 1984 Olympic track events, intuitively appealing and more meaningful results can be obtained by using the variance covariance matrix (instead of the correlation matrix) of variables that are defined based on certain physical considerations. For illustration we restrict ourselves to the Olympic track records data given in Dawkins (1989) as the focal point of discussion. The Olympic track records dataset obtained from Belcham and Hymans (1984) was first analyzed using principal components by Dawkins (1989), with the goal of


Methacrylic acid was graft polymerized with benzoyl peroxide in itiator onto the commercial PET film. Graft polymerization was carried out in emulsion, which consisted of BPO (1), chlorobenzene(8) as swelling agent, tween 80(1) and sodium lauryl sulfate(1) as emulsifier and water(1,000). Original PET film has poor reactivities and, so the film preswdled with benzyl alcohol(, 1hr) was also examined. The graft yield of PET film was increased with reaction temperature and monomer concentration. The graft yield of preswelled PET film was higher than that of no-treated PET film. Moisture regain was linearly increased with graft yield. DSC thermodiagram showed the Tm of grafted PET film was same as that of original PET film. Grafted PET film was dyed with methylene blue solution. The photograph of the cross section showed that grafting was occured not at the center but near surfaces.


This paper reviews literature related to the debate in the scientific community and among policymaking entities regarding the role of roof crush in the causation of rollover accident injuries. Field studies yield the question of whether the correlation between roof crush and injuries occurs because roof crush causes injuries or because roof crush is associated with accident severity, which is related to injury potential. Malibu rollover tests have been maligned for the level of "potentially injurious impacts" measured in the Hybrid-III (H-III) dummies used in these studies. In addition, it has been asserted that the H-III neck is excessively stiff in compression and that experimental testing with the H-III produces results not representative of human occupant responses. The literature reveals that the H-III and cadavers have similar neck stiffnesses in some loading modes when subjected to the same boundary conditions. The time history of neck forces developed in a drop test using an H-III dummy was compared to the time history of neck forces found in recently published cadaver drop tests and found to be similar. A published computational model proposing a causal relationship between roof stiffness and injury was found to be inaccurate and non-representative of human occupant kinematics. Research to date has found that roof crush is not causally related to injuries in typical rollover accidents.


It is proved that a stationary space-time for which all the angular momentum multipole moments vanish is static and that a static space-time for which all the mass multipole moments vanish is flat.


This study aims to (1) examine the learning outcomes of students' reading comprehension in class III SD Inpres Parang Makassar using power point media; (2) assessing the learning outcomes of students' reading comprehension in grade III SD Inpres Parang Makassar without using power point media; (3) examining the effectiveness of power point media to improve learning outcomes for reading comprehension of third grade students of SD Inpres Parang Makassar. This study used an experimental research design with a posttest only control design. The population of this research is the third grade students of SD Inpres Parang Makassar. The data that had been collected were analyzed using descriptive statistical techniques and parametric inferential statistics type T Test that were processed using the SPSS version 20 windows computer program. The results of hypothesis testing show that (1) the value of t-count shows the number -9.708 with sig. (2 tailed) = 0.000. At the 95% significance level with 46 degrees of freedom. Because the significance value or p-value <0.005, then the null hypothesis (H0) is rejected or in other words the alternative hypothesis (H1) is accepted. Thus, it can be concluded that there is a significant difference between the pretest and posttest scores in the experimental class in the learning outcomes of students in class IIIB SD Inpres Parang Makassar. The use of power point media to improve students' reading comprehension learning outcomes of SD Inpres Parang Makassar is more effective using power point media. This can be seen from the t-test calculation of -9.708 with db = 46 at the 5% significance level. These results indicate that the price p = 0.000. The p value is less than 0.05.


This paper reviews the historical background, present state, future challenges and opportunities of state-of-the-art power system protection, control and automation systems for thermal power plant. It presents latest high-performance, high-capacity process controller-based total plant automation system including standard control hardware and software to run the power plant reliably and efficiently with low emissions. It also focuses on the latest ABB make S+ Control HPC800 and ALSTHOM make ALSPA P320 power plant flexible automation system, distributed control architecture, high performance PROFIBUS and HART communication protocol and tolerance to data rushes during transients. Today's all subsystems of large thermal power plants can be controlled from central control room through state-of-the-art automation. In the future, it will be possible to modify or extend electrical systems without replacing the entire substation automation system. This paper reviews various aspects of the implementation of the standard in power plants and shows how devices integrate into distributed control system environment.


HM Treasury hopes to simplify inheritance tax, but Donald Drysdale notes that root and branch reform of the tax is being advocated by some observers.


A limit theorem is proved for doubly stochastically rarefied renewal processes. It is shown that under rather general conditions, as limit laws in limit theorems for mixed geometric random sums, there appear mixed exponential and mixed Laplace distributions. Some known and new properties of these distributions are reviewed. Also, some nonobvious properties of special representatives of these classes (the Weibull, Mittag-Leffler, Linnik, and other distributions) are described.


Core flood tanks, part of emergency core cooling systems, are modeled to calculate the water flow rate into the primary coolant system during transients. (DLC)


The purpose of this study is to improve the technology available for solar water heater. It is mature technology still it has many opportunities for modifications. Further research work is required in the field of cost and performance of collector plates and glazing cover plates.


This Perspective reviews the developments of tin-based perovskite solar cells (PSCs) during the period 2014–2019 based on two organic cations (methylammonium vs formamidinium) and two device architectures (normal vs inverted) with the strategies of using cocations and coadditives. Unlike their lead-based analogues, tin-based PSCs suffer from the problems of Sn2+/Sn4+ oxidation and film formation. The current best cell is based on an inverted planar FASnI3 device with guanidinium as cocation, SnF2 as additive, and ethylenediammonium iodide as coadditive, which attains record efficiency near 10% with great stability. The device stability and performance might be further improved upon introducing bulky organic cations with a suitable coadditive to form a hybrid 2D/3D crystal structure. Considering the theoretical limit on device efficiency for tin-based PSCs to be ∼33%, there is much room for further performance improvement if the problems can be resolved according to the approaches discussed in this Perspec...


Background: Hypertension during pregnancy, along with proteinuria and organ dysfunction, causes preeclampsia, which can lead to several complications, even death in some cases for both the mother and her fetus. This study aimed to compare the risk factors of preeclampsia incidence in multipara women in Bandar Abbas. Methods: This case-control study reviewed 215 medical records of pregnant women referring to the Persian Gulf Hospital of Bandar Abbas, Iran from April 2019 to March 2020. They reviewed the records after their classification into the case (with preeclampsia) and control (without preeclampsia) groups. Both groups were matched, and after gathering the main variables and demographic factors, the data were analyzed by SPSS, version 22. Results: The mean age of the participants was 31.43 ± 5.04 years. There was a significant relationship between preeclampsia and chronic blood pressure (BP) (P=0.0001) with an odds ratio of 14.77. However, no significant association was found between liver disease (P=1.00), heart disease (P=0.095), diabetes (P=0.053), and kidney disease (P=0.76) with preeclampsia. In addition, the comparison results revealed a significant relationship between demographic variables and preeclampsia, systolic blood pressure (SBP) (P=0.001), and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (P=0.001) with the incidence of preeclampsia. Conclusion: The results showed that even though there was no significant relationship between diabetes, heart disease, and kidney disease with preeclampsia, patients with these diseases were 2.27, 1.21, and 6.3 times more likely to develop preeclampsia, respectively.


Power is a key component which structures our society. It can be found in almost all social relationships and is therefore important in many fields, such as politics, economics, psychology or sociology. Much of our actions are influenced by the dependence, independence or interdependence on others. Often power, which can be understood as "having the discretion and the means to asymmetrically enforce one's will over others", is associative with negative behavior [1]. It could be shown that power has a positive effect on corruption and engagement in unethical behavior [2]. Which factors can moderate this relationship is still an open question. In the ethical decision making literature moral intensity is a recently discovered construct, which affects the whole decision making process. Moral intensity is the "extent of issue-related moral imperative in a situation and consists of several dimensions [3]. This line of research focuses on the ethical issue itself and its consequences on the decision-making process. It is reasonable to assume, that the decision making process is different for reporting your colleague to your supervisor, if you saw him stealing a pen or if you observed sexual harassment. How moral intensity influences the powerful is still unclear. My thesis wants to answer this question and my research question is: Which factors can moderate the relationship between power and ethical decision making and how does moral intensity influence the decision making process? To answer this question an experiment will be conducted and it is expected that the intensity has a greater influence on the powerless than on the powerful. Powerful people are less likely to obey social rules. Therefore, they can more easily ignore the social pressure which results of moral intensity and are able to resist. In contrast powerless people are more dependent on others and therefore are more likely to follow social rules. The consequence is that no matter what the moral issue itself is, powerful people are more likely to engage in corruptive behavior than powerless people.
!!References
[1] Sturm, R. E., & Antonakis, J. "Interpersonal power: A review, critique, and research agenda". Journal of Management, 2015, vol. 41, no. 1, pp. 136-163.
[2] Lammers, J., Galinsky, A. D., Dubois, D., & Rucker, D. D. "Power and morality". Current Opinion in Psychology, 2015, vol. 6, pp.15-19.
[3]Lehnert, K., Park, Y. H., & Singh, N. "Research note and review of the empirical ethical decision-making literature: Boundary conditions and extensions". Journal of Business Ethics, 2015 vol. 129, no.1, pp.195-219.


If Brian De Palma is the most abused and misunderstood of great American directors--and I believe that he is--then the praise he has, on occasion, been given proves as ornery a problem as the scorn. "His new trash heart is the ultimate De Palma joke," the last line of Pauline Kael's review of Carrie (1976) affirmed. Robert Philip Kolker reserves his praise for two works that presumably evince a similar jokey knowingness: Brian De Palma has made a career of the most superficial imitations of the most superficial aspects of Hitchcock's style, worked through a mysogyny [sic] and violence that manifest a contempt for the audience by his films (though in Scarface [1983] and The Untouchables [1987] he has shown a talent for a somewhat more grandiloquent allusiveness) (161). Be it effusive or limited, the praise is limited to a celebration of De Palma's fiendish prankster mentality, appropriate to his categorization as one of the 70s "Movie Brats" of the New Hollywood. In this essay, I want to examine Snake Eyes (SE) as an important De Palma film that synthesizes all of these issues. No De Palma film has been more abused or misunderstood; and no De Palma film has more thoroughly eschewed knowing metatextual humorousness--either that of the parodistic toppling of cinematic archetypes or the winking quotation of earlier forms--insisting, instead, on a grim singlemindedness. I do not mean to suggest that De Palma's metatextual references to the work of other directors--Hitchcock, of course, but also Welles, Powell, Bunuel, and others, not the least of whom is De Palma himself--are evacuated from SE. The opening 12 minute long Steadicam tracking shot manages to parody both Welles and Scorsese while extending the possibilities of cinematic real time Kubrick explores in the duel scene of Barry Lyndon (a key parallel, since De Palma, like Kubrick here, will agonizingly sustain rancorous relations between men). My emphasis on the deliberate humorlessness of SE means to direct attention to the seriousness of De Palma's efforts here--a seriousness that flays open the body of his work to reveal the wounded logic of his own suspense genre. I am going to focus on the film's foregrounding of one manifestation of De Palma's overarching theme of betrayal--the failure of male friendship--discussing its deployment in SE, its continuous development in the other films, and its relationship to that thorny, ever-present issue of misogyny in De Palma's work. Both announcing and embodying the determined humorlessness of SE, the protagonist, Rick Santoro (Nicholas Cage), provides the least likable and sympathetic source of audience identification in any De Palma film. A corrupt cop who takes bribes, Rick is introduced to us in such a manner that his repulsiveness leaps out. He's a playboy charmer-manque, an aggressive screamer who hurls, like the most nightmarish sports hooligan imaginable, raucous praise at the boxer, Lincoln Tyler (Stan Shaw), whose match he is on his way to see. On his way to the match, Rick carouses and cajoles everyone around him mercilessly. To signify the dark side of Rick's glad-handing, he chases down scared-looking petty criminal Cyrus (Luis Guzman), a denizen of this dark Atlantic City underworld, pummeling and bloodying him in order to extract dirty money further dirtied by the stain of Cyrus's blood. This literal blood money becomes an important trope in this film--synedochic of the symbology of blood that courses through De Palma's wo rk. The mutable De Palma trope of blood, in this moment, represents Rick's disregard for the law he represents, his seeming contempt for others' lives, and his inextricable connection to the miasmic underworld of corruption he presumably inhabits with gleeful impunity. Cage's nonstop loudness of gesture and decibel level, matched to the relentlessness of De Palma's tracking shot design, which perpetually yanks us back to Rick's body, are both crucial to the premise of SE. …


Adequate resources in terms of optimal patient distribution by a nurse who captures both health care and non- patient nursing care is a problem for nurses worldwide. Measurement workload can be a part of the visibility nursing efforts to ensure patient safety. A well content validated workload instrument in postoperative care was missing. Properly used, workload instrument can lead to positive effects for patients and staff. Care efforts are measurable and increase staff awareness in nursing work. The study's purpose was to content validity and develop a workload instrument used in post-operative care at Karolinska University Hospital in Stockholm (VPV). Content validation was performed by using the Delphi method where specialist nurses in postoperative care from nine hospitals (n = 16) were part of a group of experts through questionnaires gave their views on the workload instrument. The answers were processed by the students together with supervisors to the consensus achieved and a validated burden of workload instrument VPV 2015 designed. It is important for postoperative patients to receive appropriate levels of nursing care, and that this can be performed adequately. The study is therefore potentially of great clinical importance, and the results can be translatable into daily postoperative nursing work.


The mechanical properties of concrete and reinforced concrete pipe are analyzed based on the nonlinear finite element theory. Research results showed that the mechanical properties of steel reinforced concrete are better than concrete. Concrete pipe,through scientific ratio,its strength,durability,stress resistance can be greatly improved,and the concrete pipe will be the new choice of building structures.


The invention discloses a password protection method which comprises the following steps of: a configuration file is written into a first identification card; a first mobile terminal confirms the identity of a user; if the first mobile terminal confirms that the user identity is correct, the first mobile terminal reads the number of a second identification card in the configuration file, and randomly generates a temporary key; the first mobile terminal sends the temporary key to the second identification card according to the number of the second identification card; the first mobile terminal judges whether the temporary key is correct; if the temporary key is correct, the first mobile terminal allows the user to view the password file; and if the temporary key is wrong, the first mobile terminal forbids the user to view the password file. According to the password protection method disclosed by the embodiment of the invention, the password file is viewed by use of the temporary key stored in the identification card, thus the security is high, and the cost is low. The invention also discloses a password protection system and a mobile terminal with the same.


The random neural network (RNN) is a probabilitsic queueing theory-based model for artificial neural networks, and it requires the use of optimization algorithms for training. Commonly used gradient descent learning algorithms may reside in local minima, evolutionary algorithms can be also used to avoid local minima. Other techniques such as artificial bee colony (ABC), particle swarm optimization (PSO), and differential evolution algorithms also perform well in finding the global minimum but they converge slowly. The sequential quadratic programming (SQP) optimization algorithm can find the optimum neural network weights, but can also get stuck in local minima. We propose to overcome the shortcomings of these various approaches by using hybridized ABC/PSO and SQP. The resulting algorithm is shown to compare favorably with other known techniques for training the RNN. The results show that hybrid ABC learning with SQP outperforms other training algorithms in terms of mean-squared error and normalized root-mean-squared error.


The thesis firstly researches on the natural links between social software and Personal Knowledge Management(PKM) and discusses how social software promotes PKM.Then,According to analyzing knowledge conversion model,a new method which can evaluate knowledge conversion ability by a square is proposed in the paper.The square is divided into four parts,and each part separately represents socialization,externalization,combination and internalization,and makes grey value filled in each part means the conversion capacity.Most social software is evaluated by the square grey model and the model of Knowledge Spiral influenced by social software is given in the paper.Finally,the paper using the current design of the popular Mashup technology to PKM system,and gives an application example.The results show that Mashup social software is indeed an effective personal knowledge management program.


Abstract The rare moss, Didymodon johansenii, occurs only on substrata with a fine layer of calcareous silt. In Alberta, these substrata are mainly logs and tree bases. Such substratum specificity patterns may relate to species interactions with the substratum itself, with other species, or a combination. Direct species–substratum interactions are most crucial during the establishment stage, and may be either physiologically or physically based, with physical limitations pertaining to substrata such as rocks or logs where it is difficult for propagules to attach. Substratum specificity of D. johansenii was quantified through logistic regression analysis of log characteristics. Didymodon johansenii has a higher probability of occurrence on logs with a silt layer, high bryophyte species richness (at least four other species) and in later decay stages. Logs with this combination of characteristics were termed 'suitable'. 'Unsuitable' logs are those in early decay stages, with no silt layer and low species diversity. W hen environmental variables were compared for these log groups, suitable and unsuitable logs did not differ significantly in terms of ambient light or temperature, but water stress was lower on suitable logs. Regeneration from gametophyte fragments was tested on suitable and unsuitable logs in plots with and without a silt layer. Silt was the most important factor influencing the number of fragments alive at the end of the study. Sprouting of fragments was positively related to both the silt application and the number of fragments alive at collection time. Differences in environmental conditions on logs did not relate to fragment performance. In Alberta, the relationship between D. johansenii's rarity and substratum limitation is confirmed and the mechanism for this restriction is principally physical adherence of fragments to substratum during establishment. Silt also may have long-term effects on the moss species' growth rate that could relate to its competitive and reproductive capabilities.


Eating together is one of the most treasured human activities. Its benefits range from improving the taste of food to mitigating the feelings of loneliness. In 2020, many countries have adopted lock-down and social distancing policies, forcing people to stay home,often alone and away from families and friends. Although technology can help connecting those that are physically distant, it is not clear whether eating together, at the same moment via video-call,is effective in creating the sense of connectedness that comes with sharing a meal with a friend or a family member in person. In this work, we report the results of an online survey on remote eating practices during Covid-19 lock-down, exploring the psychological motivations behind remote eating and behind deciding not to. Moreover, we sketch how future technologies could help creating digital commensality experiences


Methods for determining in situ stresses are reviewed, and a new approach is proposed for a better prediction of the in situ stresses. For theoretically calculating horizontal stresses, horizontal strains are needed; however, these strains are very difficult to be obtained. Alternative methods are presented in this paper to allow an easier way for determining horizontal stresses. The uniaxial strain method is oversimplified for the minimum horizontal stress determination; however, it is the lower bound minimum horizontal stress. Based on this concept, a modified stress polygon method is proposed to obtain the minimum and maximum horizontal stresses. This new stress polygon is easier to implement and is more accurate to determine in situ stresses by narrowing the area of the conventional stress polygon when drilling-induced tensile fracture and wellbore breakout data are available. Using the generalized Hooke's law and coupling pore pressure and in situ stresses, a new method for estimating the maximum horizontal stress is proposed. Combined it to the stress polygon method, a reliable in situ stress estimation can be obtained. The field measurement method, such as minifrac test, is also analyzed in different stress regimes to determine horizontal stress magnitudes and calibrate the proposed theoretical method. The proposed workflow combined theoretical methods to field measurements provides an integrated approach for horizontal stress estimation.


ABSTRACT (Ba0.85Ca0.15)(Zr0.1Ti0.9)O3-xCeO2, (BCZTCe) lead-free piezoelectric ceramics were processed conventionally using a two-step sintering technique. The results suggest that two-step sintering is an effective technique to acquire a high density (99%) homogeneous microstructure with sub-10 μm grain size. The low CeO2 content (0.07 wt.%) facilitates good functional properties at low sintering conditions of T1 = 1400°C/30 min & T2 = 1275°C/4 h, in which d33 = 353 ± 7 pC/N, kp= 40%, εr= 3393 ± 100, tan δ =0.039, TC = 96.5ºC, Pr = 11.45 μC/cm2, EC = 2.32 kV/cm and a large strain of 0.18%. These results indicate that BCZTCe ceramics are a promising lead-free piezoelectric substitute for room temperature device applications.


ion" (Best, 2011) that effectively instrumentalize ideological, social, and ecological relations. Central to understanding the mechanisms of a "logic of domination" is the notion of instrumentality: the process of adopting means insofar as they serve specific ends. For example, instrumental rationality as embodied in modern philosophy operates to serve the larger ends of demystifying and disenchanting the physical world through 'rational' thought as defined by classical logic. Some argue that the Enlightenment, "ultimately presided over the 'death of nature'" (Merchant, 1980). According to Steven Best in his delineation of the Enlightenment project, "in the transition to modernitydriven by markets, science, and technologyreason awakens to its potential power and embarks on the project to theoretically comprehend and practically "master" the world. For modern science to develop, heretics had to disenchant the world and eradicate all views of nature as infused with living or spiritual forces. This required a frontal attack on the notion that the mind participates in the world, and the sublation of all manner of the animistic and religious ideologiesfrom the Pre-Socratics to... indigenous cosmological systemswhich believed that nature was magical, divine, or suffused with spirit and intelligence" (Best, 2011)


Abstract : Lossless, reciprocal transformations of passive impedance matrices are studied. A canonic form is obtained which is equivalent to an array of disconnected two-ports and one-ports. A complete set of invariants is found. (Author)


The object of study on the semantic and semantic-syntactic levels of sentence structure is different meanings, modi structures in particular the common feature of which is subjectivity: in the center of attention is the speaker and his attitude to what is stated in the sentence. The relevance of the investigated question is being observed upon the crossing of such fundamental for linguistic science problems, as correlation the categories of modus, the modality status and hierarchy of modal meanings. Revealing of social categories of modus in the sentence connected with the choice of nomination, first of all in naming the participants of communication. Among a considerable number of speech displays of meanings of social categories of modus, the vocative case and address are singled out. The units of the grammatical system of the language, which refer to the sphere of address, appeal and point out the social aspects of speech communication, were considered in different times in different ways.


HENRI BREMOND'S2 monumental and uncompleted Histoire littiraire du sentiment religieux en France, depuis fafin des guetTes de religionjusquanosjoursultimatelyreached eleven volumes. The first two, L 'Humanisme divot and L 'lnuasion mystique, saw publication in 1915. They had been preceded by Sainte Chantal (1912), portions of which were incorporated into the later work, and Apologie pour Finelon (1910). But their author's interest in mysticism reaches back even beyond LeProvence nrystique auXVIle siecle (1908) to the earliest collections of his articles in the first volume of L1nquiitude religieuse (1901) and Ames religieuses (1902).4 Bremond's concern with spirituality more generally, hagiography and mystical prayer more particularly, thus spans his writing career. His enduring relevance is suggested in an observation by Francis Hermans: 'It is not Abbe Bremond who launched the mystical movement of the first halfof the twentieth century. Nonetheless it should be recognized that he has energetically advanced this movement set in motion by others." First, there is the advance represented by the Histoire littiraire itself, with its revisioning ofthe seventeenth century. That period had been dominated by the Jansenist movement on the one hand here the influence of Sainte-Beuve's work on PortRoyal must largely be credited-and by the controversy over pure love between jacques-Benigne Bossuet and Francois Fenelon on the other. The latter served to discredit mysticism while Jansenism tended to marginalize it.