The aim of this article is to point to the vestiges of an educational heritage that provides guidelines for the subject of Philosophy in basic education and also models Philosophy teachers' education. This reconstruction is initially grounded on two official documents that are basic to the construction of Sao Paulo State Curriculum – "Parâmetros Curriculares Nacionais" and "Orientacoes Curriculares para o Ensino Medio" – and on the texts by Leopoldo e Silva. From the reading of these writings, there will be fundamental elements that allow associating the theoretical-philosophical guidelines to the educational tradition in Philosophy consolidated in the undergraduate course of Philosophy of University of Sao Paulo. In order to show their resonances in the practices of teaching and learning Philosophy, the methodological apparatuses responsible for the construction of a technical-academic standard are rescued. These can be partially evidenced in Jean Maugue's texts and, fundamentally, in the philosophical practices of Martial Gueroult and Victor Goldschmidt. Finally, as long as the origin of these practices is reconstructed with Philosophy, their own possibilities to think the present are strained.


The extant manuscripts of Middle English plays map the poles of medieval manuscript production. At one end stands the magisterial York Register (British Library, MS Additional 35290), a prodigious effort, as Clifford Davidson has shown, in terms of its costly material components as well as in its aspirations to determine the text of the York cycle) At the other pole lies another British Library manuscript (Additional 23986), a small roll of vellum measuring a mere twenty-four inches by three inches. (2) Originally used to copy down an Old French poem praising Simon de Montfort and his barons (of which its recto side contains eighty lines), its verso side preserves eighty-four lines of a play with the heading "Hic incipit Interludium de clerico et puella." Identified by Andrew Taylor as among the few known "genuine working texts" of medieval performers, this fragmentary Interludium evokes a class of performances almost too ephemeral to have been recorded. (3) Such performances--the interludes and other non-cycle plays of late medieval England--are those to which Darryl Grantley refers when he bemoans the "paucity of material" surrounding the origins of English theater, with "the problem being that play texts did not enjoy the status of literary, chronicle or devotional writing and were thus relatively unprotected from the depredations of time." (4) As a result, Grantley can identify only two English-language dramatic texts that predate 1400. The first is the Interludium de Clerico et Puella, and the second, the fragmentary morality play Pride of Life) Historical records have, as yet, yielded no additional texts: while the Records of Early English Drama project has uncovered evidence of minstrel performances from this era that might arguably have included interludes, the project has not discovered any interludes per se. Recently, however, Allen J. Frantzen and Carol Symes have each proposed methods by which additional early dramatic works might be identified. Drawing on both approaches, I demonstrate that the corpus of early English interludes should include three additional texts: Dame Siriz, De Clerico et Puella, and Harrowing of Hell. As a genre, the interlude proves difficult to define. Although Grantley expansively includes all non-cycle medieval drama in English under this rubric, I begin by following the definition of J. A. W. Bennett and G. V. Smithers. Noting that the term interludium appears in England alone during this period, Bennett and Smithers argue that "the nature and the origin of the kind must be deduced from English evidence." (6) They conclude that the English interlude is the equivalent of the Old French farce, of which Le Garcon et l'aveugle from the late thirteenth century is an example. The earliest extant use of the anglicized form of the term supports their more specific usage. In the final stanza of the first fitt of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, King Arthur reassures his startled queen: "Wel by-commes such craft vpon Cristmasse-- / Laykyng of enterludez, to laze & to syng" (Such artistry is well suited for Christmastime--the performing of interludes, in order to laugh and to sing; 471-72). (7) In occasioning laughter, the interludes referenced in these lines pull away from devotion and point toward farce. Such a description characterizes not only the Interludium but especially Dame Siriz (often labeled a farce) and De Clerico et Puella. The final text here under discussion is, however, a religious one, yet it is one that still fits under Grantleys expansive umbrella of non-cycle religious plays. The only further characteristic uniting the four plays is simply that, like the farces, Harrowing of Hell is short. Since a meaningful generic definition does not obtain, the texts' dramatic qualities must supply the evidence for their status as interludes. Modern generic definitions of drama tend to emphasize such properties as a stage, costumes, and designated roles for multiple actors. …


The study assessed the effect of selected antiretroviral drugs used in the management of HIV/AIDS on the oxidative stress marker malondialdehyde (as TBARs) and the antioxidant enzyme, Catalase, of the liver and kidney tissues of healthy albino rats. 0.43, 0.43, 0.27, and 0.21mg/kg of Efavirenz, Abacavir, SNP 40 and Lamivudine respectively, were orally administered to four different groups of albino rats for seven days. The control group received normal saline. On the eighth day, the rats were sacrificed and the liver and kidney tissues were collected for Lipid peroxidation and Catalase activity analysis. Efavirenz and Lamivudine caused significant decrease (P 0.05) compared to the control. All the drugs caused significant increase (P<0.05) in Catalase activity in the liver and a significant decrease (P<0.05) in Catalase activity in the kidney. Taken together, the present observation suggests that the effects of antiretroviral drugs on oxidative stress markers (such as MDA) and on antioxidant enzymes (such as catalase) in healthy as well as in HIV infected humans (by way of extrapolation) may vary from drug to drug and from organ to organ. We therefore advocate for extensive clinical research to investigate the influence of antiretroviral drugs on antioxidants enzymes in HIV and HIV/AIDS patients. Keywords: antiretroviral drugs, lipid peroxidation, liver, kidney, catalase.


Approaches to alleviate the environmental degradation of as-spun poly-p-phenylenebenzobisoxazole (PBO AS) fibers by moisture, acidic conditions, and UV- visible radiation were implemented and tested for efficacy. The general approaches tested include: extraction and neu- tralization of residual phosphoric acid using supercritical carbon dioxide; the use of UV-visible light blocking coat- ings of exfoliated graphite, carbon black, and glassy tita- nium dioxide; and improvement of initial fiber properties by the application of forces tending to compact the fiber microstructure. 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 3819-3829, 2006


Precision measurement of the oscillation period of a beam balance oscillator has a fundamental role in the inertial mass measurement project. In order to improve the accuracy of oscillation period measurement, the nonlinear oscillation theory is used to study the periodic oscillation process of the beam balance oscillator in this paper, and the analytical solutions of the dynamic equations of the balance under free and forced conditions are deduced. Moreover, the effects of ground vibration, air turbulence, and temperature fluctuation on the accuracy of oscillation period measurement are analyzed in detail in both vacuum and atmospheric environments, and a method based on beam structural parameters adjustment and temperature coefficient correction is proposed to suppress these disturbances under air condition. Experimental results show that the relative standard uncertainty of the measured oscillation period can be reduced from <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$2.5\times 10^{-5}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> to <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$1.2\times 10^{-6}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> (Class A, <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$k =1$ </tex-math></inline-formula>) after the above-mentioned method is adopted.


.......................................................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgements........................................................................................................................ iii List of Tables ............................................................................................................................... viii List of Figures ..................................................................................................................................x List of Abbreviations or Symbols ................................................................................................. xii CHAPTER


Abstract : The NIIEG vaccine tularemia strains No. 10, 33 and 53 practically preserved all their biological characteristics in the process of a 10-year storage in a dried state (in saccharose-gelatin medium). The NIIEG vaccine strains No. 10 and 53 are harmless for guinea pigs and highly immunogenic in tests on white mice and guinea pigs, but possess an increased residual virulence for white mice in comparison with the standard Gayskiy No. 15 strain. The NIIEG vaccine strains No. 10 and 53, based both on their biological properties disclosed at the present time as well as in a test on their wide application in the past, may be recommended as reserves for the production of live tularemia vaccine. The NIIEG vaccine strain No. 33, based on agglutinability and immunogenic properties, is inferior to the other strains and cannot be recommended for the production of live vaccine.


Abstract Summertime latent heat flux values determined by the energy budget approach are compared to equilibrium model estimates for two shallow lakes and two sedge meadow surfaces in northern Canada. Comparison of energy budget values with equilibrium estimates for each surface show that the latent heat flux can be accurately determined by the Priestley and Taylor (1972) model, where α the ratio of actual to equilibrium evaporation equals 1.26. Results suggest that the Priestley and Taylor parameter is generally applicable to saturated surfaces in high latitudes.


In this project presents a new technique is used to improve the quality of an image into various application. It can be uses a small neighborhood of a pixel in an input image to get a new brightness value into the resultant image. These preprocessing techniques are also called as filtration and resolution enhancement. These techniques mainly use on medical image quality parameters are mainly noise and resolution reconstruction. Objective of this paper is to improve the image quality by de-noising and improve the resolution. Most of the image processing techniques are degraded by noise, in order to preserve the edges and contour information of the medical images, the efficient denoising and an improved enhancement technique is required. This paper concentrates the mean, median and wiener filtering for the image de-noising and an interpolation based Stationary Wavelet Transform (SWT) technique for resolution enhancement. Analysis part can be done by using Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR). This method gives an efficient de-noising and resolution enhancement technique is essential for digital image pre-processing.


The invention relates to an operating element (1, 2), comprising arranged a diaphragm (3), with at least one elastic layer (4) defining a under the action of an actuating force (F) yielding actuating surface (12) and facing away from one on which the actuating surface (12) side of the resilient layer (4) and the resilient layer (4) adjacent Abstutzsteil (5); a under the resilient layer (4) are arranged force sensor (8) for measuring the on the actuating surface (12) acting actuating force (F); a plunger (7) between the elastic layer (4) and the force sensor (8) and for transmitting the actuating force (F) to the force sensor (8); a circuit board (6) on which the force sensor (8) is arranged, wherein the screen (3) is supported on the circuit board (6) in which the force sensor (8) surrounding the portion of the board (6) via the supporting part (5).


The research was designed to evaluate the effects of physiological age of explant and plant growth regulator on shoot regeneration in pepper. Complete block design was used with two treatments: the applications of seedling age of young leaf of 20, 25, and 30 days and the combination of plant growth regulator BAP (2.0, 3.0 mg/l) and IAA (0.2, 0.5 mg/L). The result showed that seedling age affects the development of explant cultured in vitro. Young leaf explant trimmed from 25 days old seedling induced a higher frequency of adventitious buds and the highest number of shoot/explant in the culture media supplemented with BAP 3 mg/l and IAA 0.5 mg/l. Physiological age of explants expressed as seedling age, is obviously as a crucial factor in determining differentiation ability. Keywords: Capsicum annuum, young leaf explant, plant growth regulator


The influence of non-performing loans on bank's activity and on the Italian economic as a whol. Macroeconomic variables' impact on non-performing loans: a new perspective for standardised approach. An analysis of macroeconomic variables' impact on Italian non-performing loans and an evaluation of advanced internal rating based models effectiveness.


The article is devoted to the relationship problems of society which is examined on the basis of giving and taking actions. The author reveals contradiction between a subject and an object and determines a solution in giving and taking activities.


Objective To develop a new portable body measurement device used for evaluating the risk of cardiovascular diseases.Methods The small-sized weighing scales,blood sugar and blood lipid meter,an electronic calculator and the improved ankle brachial electronic device,body circumference measurement scale,the instruction and the evaluation cards are integrated into a portable suitcase that has a telescoping height measurement rod so as to evaluate the risks of cardiovascular diseases in the basic-level military units.Results The smartly designed device is convenient to use,which is as effective as laboratory test and special clinic check of the risk of cardiovascular diseases.Conclusion The device improves the ability of evaluating the risk of cardiovascular diseases in the basic-level military hospitals.


Because of decreasing availability of petroleum fuels and natural gas, it is imperative that alternative means be developed for meeting demands. The options available for importing energy derived from coal are examined. These include: (1) electric power generated from coal; (2) coal gasification near the mine site for conversion to substitute natural gas or liquid products such as methanol or hydrocarbons; and (3) converting the coal directly to liquid hydrocarbons similar to a synthetic crude oil. Comment is made on the long lead times required between conception and completion of facilities of this type. Because of political and economic impediments, excessive delays have resulted in cancellation of projects. The need for statesmen and citizens with vision and courage to act is summarized.


Garibong and Scenery deal with the issue of migrant workers. However, the way the two films depict them varies to a great extent. Rather than asking them about how they have grown up in South Korea and what suffering they have endured, Zhang Lu in Scenery asks about the dreams they have had while living in South Korea. This film moves forward by respecting the interviewees' fantasy space. The function of fantasy here cannot be seen as mere illusion or imagination but, rather, as a frame to constitute our sense of reality. That is, the notion of fantasy can be defined as a way and/or frame to signify our world. The film makes a detour around the migrant workers' wretched reality by interviewing them about their dreams. Zhang's line of questioning might be seen as a strong point rather than a weak one, because if our world is structured around a fantasy screen, it is important to render the sphere of fantasy as open. Consider that, in our everyday lives, our fantasy screen is rendered invisible. The important point here is to reveal this space, thus enabling us to apprehend our world as structured around a fantasy screen. Garibong offers a different depiction of migrant workers' reality from that of Scenery. First of all, this film attempts to record the space, especially Garibong, located in Seoul, Korea. However, what this film seeks to present is not a mere recording of our everyday lives but, rather, a sphere beyond our banal scope of perception and recognition. Although it is recording the reality, it nonetheless seeks to reveal the fragments and remnants of our everyday lives. Thus, it succeeds in foregrounding what Siegfried Kracauer (1997) calls the 'endlessness' of reality. Instead of reflecting the social reality, it attempts to divide multi-layered realities into infinite segments, thus enabling us to reconsider the relationship between cinema and historiography.


The access of women to high positions in organizations has been limited by some difficulties originate by the culture, that institutionalizes discrimination, subordination and inequity between men and women. These problems make evident the need for structural changes in the family, the state and the labor market. This paper is a gender view to the interaction family-work; analyzes executive women in the cities of Durango and Aguascalientes. The strategy was a survey conducted 58 interviews with women executives. Comparison of findings from three studies on executive is also made. (Griselda MartAnez VAizquez, 1997; Adriana Gallegos, 2004 and MarAa del Carmen Bernal and Enrique Taracena, 2012). Looking for the construction of a new gender identity for this group of workers, is possible show some findings: women still perceived themselves as responsible for the private world, and there is not a substantial change in terms of new female identity, because women executives have reconciled work and family but feelings of guilt persist; although they show egalitarian relationships with their husbands with whom they share the parenting.


This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons Attribution 4.0 licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0) which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Haematological effects of Gnetum africanum leave extract in wistar rats Ufelle S. A, Achukwu P.U, Ikegwuonu I.C, Ghasi S Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria Enugu Campus, Nigeria, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria Enugu Campus, Nigeria


Alumina has been the dominant ceramic used in orthopaedics since 1970. It is near diamond hardness is superior to all other biomaterials and its wettability has been a great benefit for tribological reasons. Over the past 30 years, this ceramic has gradually been optimized with superior processing, higher purity, greater density, and somewhat higher strength. Also serial numbers have been added to uniquely identify implant components and proof-testing now ensures that every implant is pre-clinically tested, compared to prior methods of sampling only 2–3% for destructive tests. The clinical downside remaining has been the small but troublesome fracture incidence of alumina implants. Historically, this has averaged 0.015% (15 per 100,000 cases) overall but varied from 0.08% up to 13% in those clinical series experiencing fractures (Heros, Sem. Arthrop-98). As well as creating patient hardships, fracture of any implant in the USA frequently leads to major lawsuits. Thus ceramic implants must be treated w While there has as yet been no FDA-approval given to market ceramic cups in the USA, there are a number of ceramic candidates being developed for both THR and TKR. These include zir-conia-alumina composites as well as new zironia/zirconia or zirconia/alumina combinations for THR. In addition, there are new combinations of toughened aluminas and also other choices such as silicone nitrides proposed for use with either metal CoCr heads or CoCr cups. Finally an alternate approach has been to provide a metal zirconium knee joint with a ceramic zirconia coating for improved bearing performance. Thus, the state of the art of alumina implants will be reviewed and put into perspective with the "new and improved" ceramics currently on the horizon. This survey will put into perspective the physical and mechanical attributes as well as the clinical performance of ceramic implants.


The in-house developed experimental setup that imitates the wellbore being drilled in presence of surrounding drilling fluid is utilized to investigate the buckling phenomena of drill string. The paper also presents experimental investigations on the effect of changing the friction coefficient on the buckling lock-up situations of drill string. Results reveal that axial transferred loads decrease with the increase of friction coefficient. The results, highlights the significance of changing the drilling fluid rheology, mainly the friction factor, to reduce the friction between the wellbore and the tubing, and thus improve axial force transfer which is mainly responsible for initiation of buckling and limited reach of drilling operation. Drilling fluid with lower friction factor significantly reduces the friction between the tubing and the wellbore. The tube takes the same shape with the change of COF at the same load.Copyright © 2013 by ASME


Because the technology acceptance model TAM may not be applicable to all cultures, conducting studies from a cultural perspective to support research on the adoption of online banking can contribute to the TAM literature. A research framework based on the extended TAM is developed to examine the effects of efficacy computer self-efficacy, social status subjective norms and belief variables perceived usefulness and ease of use on customers' adoption intentions. The effect of the interaction between the cultural value of long-term orientation and the TAM is examined. A voluntary survey involving a total of 376 potential adopters was conducted in an online banking setting in Taiwan. The results confirm previous TAM findings that both efficacy and belief variables have significantly positive direct and indirect effects on adoption, but under the cultural influence of long-term orientation, customers remain hesitant to use online banking because they are more concerned with face-to-face long-term bank relationships to ensure future gratification than with current social status.


Mday finding that they are able to successfully use computers, especially personal and home computers, thanks to an abundance of well-designed "canned" software. Those who wish to progress beyond the canned software stage, however, discover that programming is painstaking work. Worse yet, learning to program is, for many, even more forbidding ; indeed, the attempt is often eventually abandoned in frustration. Frustration comes largely from inadequacies in common procedural, text-based programming languages. As Smith has pointed out, "The representation of a problem in most programming languages bears little resemblance to the thought processes that occurred in its solution."' Why do programmers-especially novices-often encounter difficulties when they attempt to transform the human mind's multidimensional, visual, and often dynamic conception of a prob-lem's solution into the one-dimensional , textual, and static representation required by traditional programming languages? The groups of italicized antonyms in the preceding sentence may give one hint. Another reason may be that the type and variable names we use in our programs , such as "x" or "root," are signs that bear no resemblance to their values (an integer, say, or a pointer to a binary tree of records of some type). Yet another explanation may be that the von Neumann paradigm of procedural programming is inherently unsuitable; some other method of programming, perhaps more functional, might prove easier to assimilate. Because of this general dissatisfaction , repeated attempts have been made to design "new, im-proved" programming languages. We believe that a radical departure from current programming styles is necessary if programming is to be made more accessible. Attempts to evolve new varieties of conventional languages will not suffice. With the cost of graphics displays decreasing and availability, most notably as integral components of personal computers, increasing-we believe it is time to take advantage of the human brain's ability to process pictures more efficiently than text. As Malone said, "Perhaps the best use of sound and graphics ... is to represent and convey information more effectively than [is possible] with words or numbers."2 In this article we describe our work on developing a programming methodology called Pict that permits humans to use their native intelligence in programming. Our results represent but an imperfect collection of beginnings in a field now in its infancy. Still, our work straddles the interface of several established disciplines , the primary ones being (1) the design and implementation of programming systems (including languages) and …


In essence, the conjugate heat transfer problem considers the thermal interaction between a body and a fluid flowing over or inside it. As a result of such interaction, a particular temperature distribution establishes on the body–fluid interface. This temperature field determines the heat flux distribution on the interface and virtually the intensity of heat transfer. Hence, the properties of heat transfer of any conjugate problem are actually the same as those of some nonisothermal surface with the same temperature field, no matter how this field is established, as a result of conjugate heat transfer or given a priori. Thus, in general, a theory of conjugate heat transfer is in fact a theory of an arbitrary nonisothermal surface, because the temperature distribution on the interface in a conjugate problem is unknown a priori. Such theory applicable to both arbitrary nonisothermal and conjugate convective heat transfer presented in this and the next two chapters was developed by the author as a result of studying this subject since 1970 [1]. The main part of this work was performed together with graduate students and colleagues from the Ukrainian Academy of Science and then by the author during his time as a visiting professor at the University of Michigan since 1996. Different parts of this theory have been published in many articles and in a book [2] that was the author's doctoral thesis. Although many of these publications were originally published in Russian, almost all are available in English.


Significance How can a pluralistic republic combat dangers of tyrannical factions? In Federalist No. 10, James Madison proposed that the problem of factions could be mitigated by expanding the political sphere. Over 200 y later, however, polarization plagues the United States, despite the likely greater diversity of issues considered in the realm of politics. To tackle this puzzle, we explore how, in a partisan context, interactions among regular citizens can lead to collective-level factionalization via diversity collapse, as issues/opinions become increasingly segregated by party. We find that, while Madison was right that issue diversity can promote both individual cooperation and societal cohesion, extreme partisanship can introduce tension between the two, so that interindividual cooperation thrives at the cost of increased polarization. Political theorists have long argued that enlarging the political sphere to include a greater diversity of interests would cure the ills of factions in a pluralistic society. While the scope of politics has expanded dramatically over the past 75 y, polarization is markedly worse. Motivated by this paradox, we take a bottom–up approach to explore how partisan individual-level dynamics in a diverse (multidimensional) issue space can shape collective-level factionalization via an emergent dimensionality reduction. We extend a model of cultural evolution grounded in evolutionary game theory, in which individuals accumulate benefits through pairwise interactions and imitate (or learn) the strategies of successful others. The degree of partisanship determines the likelihood of learning from individuals of the opposite party. This approach captures the coupling between individual behavior, partisan-mediated opinion dynamics, and an interaction network that changes endogenously according to the evolving interests of individuals. We find that while expanding the diversity of interests can indeed improve both individual and collective outcomes, increasingly high partisan bias promotes a reduction in issue dimensionality via party-based assortment that leads to increasing polarization. When party bias becomes extreme, it also boosts interindividual cooperation, thereby further entrenching extreme polarization and creating a tug-of-war between individual cooperation and societal cohesion. These dangers of extreme partisanship are highest when individuals' interests and opinions are heavily shaped by peers and there is little independent exploration. Overall, our findings highlight the urgency to study polarization in a coupled, multilevel context.


This chapter reexamines Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) as a multinational federation and focuses on the selfrule/ sharedrule principles as tools for assessment of the equality of the three constituent peoples – Bosniaks, Serbs, Croats – and 'Others'. The category of 'constituency' in the BiH Constitution implies full normativestatutory equality of the three constituent peoples as statecreating subjects. Therefore, by examining the level of symmetric distribution of the two federal principles amongst them, across key institutionalpolitical structures, hotspots of their inequality can be unravelled. The relevant finding is that, for different reasons addressed in this chapter, there are factual institutional inequalities and asymmetries in place that depart from the normative constitutional equality. This chapter's main claim is that these factual institutional inequalities and asymmetries must be dealt with in order to achieve the constitutionally required symmetric positioning of the constituent peoples on the level of the overall political system and its executive and legislative bodies.1 In an introductory theoretical section, we will further elaborate on the selfrule and sharedrule principles, their significance, mutual interaction and general relevance for maintaining the equality of the constituent political entities in multinational federal political systems. The second section consists of a disclosure of key constitutional and structural hallmarks of BiH as a multinational federation, with and beyond standard structural and formal descriptors. The focus will be set on the fundamental constitutional values, i.e. the 'hermeneutics' by which these values can be read and projected into the political


In order to analyze emergency evacuation capacity of residual pathways between traffic nodes in local road network when mountainous arterial highways or key roads are blocked by disastrous events,a concept of connectivity reliability of emergency evacuation(CREE) was defined.Considering different importances of the edges between adjacent traffic nodes,edge weights were assigned in local road network.The edge weight was used to adjust values of CREE,so as to quantitatively analyze emergency evacuation capacity of traffic nodes in local mountainous road network.Finally,calculated process of CREE was illustrated through numerical example.According to characteristic of mountainous road network,the measures of improving connectivity reliability of the network were proposed.Results show that some weak links of mountainous road for connectivity are found by calculating and comparing the modified values of CREE to the edges of mountainous road network,and then the links are remedied appropriately,so as to efficiently improve emergency evacuation capacity of mountainous road network under calamity events.It will provide decision support for mountainous road network planning in disaster prevention and reduction.


Increased international student mobility worldwide necessitates studying its impact on students, particularly for domestic students who have been neglected in research but who are greater in number than mobile students. It is also important that higher education institutions facilitate domestic students' relationships with international students and promote their international education. Using mixed methods, this study examined the effect of institutional intervention to promote domestic students' interaction with international students and its impact on intercultural competence in Korean higher education. The results of a path analysis showed that campus programs involving Korean and international students had a positive and direct effect on Korean students' interaction with international students, and a positive and indirect effect on their intercultural competence. Interview findings also revealed that Korean students' interactions with international students enabled their meaningful intercultural experience and influenced their future educational and career decisions. Implications of this study for higher education internationalization efforts, the contact hypothesis, and the larger host society are discussed.


In this issue there are two papers by professionals concerned about ethical aspects of practice. The first is about social work practice in adoption, and the second about breast care nursing. In her role as an advocate, Hazel Davis explores the different and competing rights of some of the individuals involved in an adoption case, which took place 30 years ago. In this passionate piece Davis asks a number of searching questions regarding the quality of practice and ethical decisions made which have had particular consequences for all involved. Davis, it has to be said, is highly critical of the actions and decisions made by the social workers involved and questions their professional integrity. However, it is important to note that Davis writes her paper in the light of the professional relationship that she has developed with some of the individuals within the scenario and from a particular point in the history of the case, thus her perspective is necessarily partial and particular. There are, of course, other views that are not represented which if available would add further complex dimensions to the situation under discussion. The importance of developing a trusting relationship with those who are being worked with, so that an open and honest dialogue can take place, is highlighted in Twomey's discussion of the concept of relational autonomy. A traditional understanding of the concept autonomy, Twomey argues, fails to fully acknowledge that autonomy is not an outcome but a dynamic process in which the individual in dialogue with the worker is enabled to engage in a reflective, reflexive analysis of information and advice provided to them. By contrast, Twomey asserts, an understanding of the relational dimension of autonomy relies on working with someone to discover what autonomy means for him or her. By attending to the process by which someone expresses their autonomy, the perspective of the service user is not overlooked but becomes central to the decision-making process. Using the practice example of breast cancer nursing, Twomey explores how breast care nurses using a relational concept of autonomy can prompt critical self-reflection and analysis and promote active decision making in service users.


AIM To investigate the effects and relative mechanisms of Qingrejiedu(QRJD) recipe on immune function of mesenteric lymph nodes(MLN) in septic rats.METHODS Intra-abdominal infection was induced by cecum ligation and puncture(CLP).One hundred and twenty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into sham group,model group and QRJD group,n = 40 respectively.MLN samples of each eight rats were collected at 0,6,12,24 and 72 h after CLP.The ratio of T helper cells 1 and T helper cells 2(Th1/Th2) and the percentage of regulatory T cells(Treg) in CD4+ T cells in MLN were determined by flow cytometry.RESULTS The level of Th1/Th2 increased at 6 h after CLP,but decreased at 12,24,72 h in the model group(P 0.05 or P 0.01),while the percentage of Treg in CD4+ T cells was significantly decreased at 6 h and increased later in the model group as compared with the sham group.The QRJD group have similar trends of Th1/Th2 and the percentage of Treg in the model group,but with smaller changes.There were negative correlations between Th1/Th2 and the percentage of Treg both in the model group and in the QRJD group(r =-0.895 and r =-0.926,respectively).CONCLUSION QRJD recipe can obviously increase percentage of Treg and decreased Th1/Th2,maintain MLN immune function and prevent the sepsis.


In this issue Wones et al.1 describe a comprehensive medical monitoring program (MMP) for community residents in proximity to the Fernald facility, long operated for the Department of Energy as part of the nuclear weapons complex. The extensive contamination of the thousand acre Fernald facility has been remediated, though much of the contamination is confined in place, but the legacy of community exposure has weighed heavily on people's minds. The MMP described in this issue is a pioneering example of how such a program can operate and how it should be evaluated.


A method to encode the slice‐select direction in magnetic resonance imaging through the use of a discrete wavelet transform is presented. The paper reports the first implementation of wavelet encoding using the Haar basis. Theoretically, the signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) for two levels of wavelet encoding is expected to be approximately 1.6 times higher than for conventional multislice imaging in which each slice is excited separately. A slightly lower SNR is encountered experimentally because of slice interference. The design of radiofrequency (RF) pulses to excite slices approximating Haar wavelet basis functions is discussed. Wavelet encoding also provides an efficient method for balancing slice thickness and SNR after an image has been acquired. The experiments have been conducted at 1.5 Tesla. Wavelet encoding of slices should be especially suitable for low‐field MRI, in which the SNR is lower and the characteristically lower T, values favor the use of shorter TR, which sometimes forces the slices to be acquired in multiple passes.


In this chapter, we have presented MA assisted data fusion in WSNs (MADFWs). In MADFW, data stay at the local site, while the fusion process (code, i.e., MA) is moved to the data sites. By transmitting the MA instead of data, network bandwidth requirement is largely reduced and the performance of the MA is more stable. One of the key issue is implemented in this model is how to give identity and the itinerary for a MA in order to achieve progressive fusion accuracy in wide area distributed sensor networks with consumption of minimum amount of resourcesenergy, computing power, end-to-end and communication delay, etc. Rest of the chapter is organized as follows. Issues are explored in Section 6.1. Agent Architecture is presented in Section 6.2. Section 6.3 gives the Agent/SN Namespace. System Model and Assumption are presented in Section 6.4. System architecture is given in Section 6.5. Mobility Management will be found in Section 6.6. Route planning for ad hoc network is presented in Section 6.7 and Section 6.8. Algorithm for managing the BS and BN is discussed in Section 6.9 Implementation and Performance study of WSNs under the leadership of AMS(SAP) is explored in Section 6.10. Section 6.11 discusses the outcome of the implementation. Finally chapter is summarized in Section 6.12.


Finding aid for a collection. Collection description: One half Hollinger box of articles, papers, maps, a calendar, and newspaper photographs of Vanderbilt University in its early days.


Under certain conditions, we offer a new way to prove the uniqueness of the static black hole in higher dimensional asymptotically flat spacetimes. In the proof, the Penrose inequality plays a key role in higher dimensions as well as four dimensions.


In the classroom, great effort is made to educate the next generation of leaders on the importance of training for them and their future employees. As educators, the natural emphasis is placed on formal education, however as employees are promoted, their success often rests with their ability to manage a larger unit. In higher education the most basic assumption of managers rests in the belief that the ones who hold the administrative positions possess exceptional qualifications and knowledge to successfully guide their institutions to greatness. Included are the beliefs that prior to their current appointments, these administrators completed appropriate, relevant, and thorough training encompassing the applicable management skills. From understanding technical and legal aspects of their responsibilities, such as budgets, accreditation procedures, and pertinent laws, to ethically applying these practices with their workforces, which includes incorporating the institutions' values, all administrators are assumed to be fully knowledgeable and capable of carrying out their duties. However, these assumptions, beliefs, and understandings do not provide concrete evidence of their qualifications and in many ways could prove to be a great disservice that exposes the institutions to potential problems. Therefore, through assessing the formal opportunities of preparedness of chairs and deans within public universities in Mississippi, one can gain a better understanding of the qualifications of administrators, who frequently begin their careers in management of higher education in these roles. Jamye Long, Cooper Johnson, & Sam Faught The Need to Practice What We Teach: Assessing the Preparedness of Chairs and Deans to their Appointments 24 Journal of Academic Administration in Higher Education 25 Spring 2015 (Volume 11 Issue 1) or school, and often include short term goals and supervisory tasks on a daily basis. The qualifications of chairs and deans to hold these roles are ambiguous, as focus is placed on their qualifications in their field of expertise, although their administrative roles require them to perform managerial tasks, such as hiring and promoting qualified faculty and staff, conducting performance evaluations, resolving conflict, implementing institutional changes, completing and submitting required reports, and familiarity with and adhering to university, accreditation, and legal policies, procedures, and laws. Although chairs and deans were likely successful in their faculty roles, it cannot be assumed that their transition into management will result in great leadership and success. Appropriate training is needed to ensure these individuals possess the skills and knowledge needed in their management roles.


Loss of containment of nuclear material stored in containers such as food-pack cans, paint cans, or taped slip lid cans has generated concern about packaging requirements for interim storage of nuclear materials in working facilities such as the plutonium facility at Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL). In response, DOE has recently issued DOE M 441.1 'Nuclear Material Packaging Manual' with encouragement from the Defense Nuclear Facilities Safety Board. A unique feature compared to transportation containers is the allowance of filters to vent flammable gases during storage. Defining commonly used concepts such as maximum allowable working pressure and He leak rate criteria become problematic when considering vented containers. Los Alamos has developed a set of container requirements that are in compliance with 441.1 based upon the activity of heat-source plutonium (90% Pu-238) oxide, which bounds the requirements for weapons-grade plutonium oxide. The pre and post drop-test He leak rates depend upon container size as well as the material contents. For containers that are routinely handled, ease of handling and weight are a major consideration. Relatively thin-walled containers with flat bottoms are desired yet they cannot be He leak tested at a differential pressure of one atmosphere due to the potential formore » plastic deformation of the flat bottom during testing. The He leak rates and He leak testing configuration for containers designed for plutonium bearing materials will be presented. The approach to meeting the other manual requirements such as corrosion and thermal degradation resistance will be addressed. The information presented can be used by other sites to evaluate if their conditions are bounded by LANL requirements when considering procurement of 441.1 compliant containers.« less


The effect of body mass index (BMI) on treatment outcomes for patients with locally advanced cervical carcinoma who receive definitive chemoradiation is unclear.


ABSTRACT Aunique human retrovirus (human T-cell leu-kemiavirus type II, HTLV-II), isolated froma patient with a T-cell variant of hairy-cell-leukemia, hasbeenshownto bedistinctfromthe morecommonisolates of humanT-cell leukemiavirus.This virus was tested for its ability to transform normal humanperipheral blood lymphocytes. TheHTLV-H-infected T-cell lineMo-Twaslethally x-irradiated andcocultivated with normalhu-manperipheral blood lymphocytes. Thecocultivation of normalcells withMo-Tcells resultedinthetransformationofthenormalcells as evidenced bythe establishment of permanent cell lines.Thetransformedcells areinfectedwith HTLV-iH as shownbyim-munologictests andmolecularhybridization. Thecells areofma-ture T-cell-phenotype andconstitutivelyproduce lymphokines. AnEpstein-Barr virus-transformed lymphoblast B-cell line estab-lished fromperipheral bloodcells ofthe patient Mo, designatedMo-B,alsowasfoundtobeinfectedwith HTLV-i. All HTLV-II- infected cells, including the Mo-B cells, were capable


As demands are made on organizations to expand their global markets, having an effective global human resources function becomes imperative. Based on interviews with global human resource executives in sixty of the largest US-based multinational organizations, this study first identifies ten factors, or guiding principles, that facilitate such effectiveness. Using data from surveys of these HR executives as well as of managers of non-HR areas and the CEOs/business unit executives of these companies, the paper then analyses how the members of these various groups rated the effectiveness of the global HR function. The survey findings demonstrate that the global HR executives and the CEO/business unit executives rated the global HR function relatively high, while the executives in the other functional areas rated its effectiveness somewhat low. The relationship between the effectiveness of the global HR function and firm performance was also examined and revealed that three of the ten factors identified by t...


This paper first addresses the behavior of a rectangular waveguide centrally loaded with a dielectric product. In order to have the product be exposed to uniformly distributed microwave energy, a TEM waveguide is introduced. But because the TEM waveguide is expensive, adds weight and is usually impractical for these applications, new methods are explored by changing the shape of the cross-section of a rectangular waveguide. HFSS simulation results show that the new methods can greatly widen the uniform electric field area and even lower the cutoff frequency.


Among various acquisition functions (AFs) in Bayesian optimization (BO), Gaussian process upper confidence bound (GP-UCB) and Thompson sampling (TS) are well-known options with established theoretical properties regarding Bayesian cumulative regret (BCR). Recently, it has been shown that a randomized variant of GP-UCB achieves a tighter BCR bound compared with GP-UCB, which we call the tighter BCR bound for brevity. Inspired by this study, this paper first shows that TS achieves the tighter BCR bound. On the other hand, GP-UCB and TS often practically suffer from manual hyperparameter tuning and over-exploration issues, respectively. To overcome these difficulties, we propose yet another AF called a probability of improvement from the maximum of a sample path (PIMS). We show that PIMS achieves the tighter BCR bound and avoids the hyperparameter tuning, unlike GP-UCB. Furthermore, we demonstrate a wide range of experiments, focusing on the effectiveness of PIMS that mitigates the practical issues of GP-UCB and TS.


7 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 8 1.1 Description of the problem 9 1.2 STEEPLE analysis 10 CHAPTER 2 :LITERATURE REVIEW AND STATE OF THE ART 12 2.1 Solar energy in Morocco 12 2.2 Photovoltaic solar energy installation system 15 2.3 Wind energy in Morocco 18 2.4 Electricity sources and consumption in Morocco 20 CHAPTER 3:ENERGY NEEDS IN INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION UNIT 20 3.1 The location of the industrial refrigeration unit 21 3.2 Data analysis of the refrigeration unit 22 CHAPTER 4:OPTIMISATION OF ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN INDUSTRIAL REFRIGERATION UNIT 27 4.1 Subscribed power 27 4.2 Improving power factor cos(φ) 28 4.3 Migration to off-peak hours 29 CHAPTER 5 : ASSESSMENT OF DIFFERENT ENERGY SOURCES 30 5.1 Solar energy as a source of electricity for the refrigeration unit 30 5.2 Wind energy as a source of electricity for the refrigeration unit 40 CHAPTER 6: FINANCIAL ANALYSIS OF THE SUGGESTED ENERGY SOURCES 47 6.1 Implementation cost of the hybrid system for the refrigeration unit 47 6.2 Payback period of the hybrid system for the refrigeration unit 49 CHAPTER 7: CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORK 50 REFERENCES 52 APPENDIX 55


Elections have offered a way through which the people freely decide who their leaders should be. Unfortunately, in Nigeria, what could be called electoral corruption was observed recently during the election process. This has stigmatized the image of the government, weakened its credibility and reduced the effectiveness of the development programmes and polices which so far have been formulated. The objective of the study is to review democracy values and effort of anti- corruption campaign to achieve electoral integrity for national development. The study adopted a contents analysis, secondary data were gathered from the work of scholars, empirical studies and theoretical framework was made to arrive at a complete understanding of the trends in democratic process and anti-corruption campaign in Nigeria. The study concluded that if societies were not corrupt, if the elite, officials and bureaucrats maintained probity, social development would be faster. The study recommended that for a complete overhauled electoral system and further deepened the democratic ethics that will respond to Nigeria democratic evolution as a country and whose results will adequately mirror the preference of the voting public those who are involved in electoral corruption should be exposed and punish, this will set the nation on the path of good governance which broadly equates genuine popular democracy.


Ant colony optimization algorithm is a new simulated evolutionary algorithm,which has the faculty of global optimization.An adaptive parallel ant colony optimization algorithm(A-PACO) is presented.It dynamically adjusts the parameters according to the searching phases,thus the convergence is accelerated to a certain extent.The adaptive migration rule could not only enrich the diversity of the colonies but also reduce the communication between colonies.Finally,the CHN144 problem of China in Non-numerical Parallel Algorithm:the Simulated Annealing Algorithm by Lishan Kang is applied to calibrate the algorithm.Results show that the proposed algorithm improves the searching speed with good global convergence.


The performance of the two-cell random access algorithm which is stable with a relatively high throughput of 0.429 and good delay performance is studied in a mobile environment in the presence of capture, Rayleigh fading, shadowing and path loss. Three distinct antenna diversity plans, two-fold, maximum selection and ideal selection diversity are employed to improve the performance of the two-cell algorithm. Maximum throughputs and optimal window sizes of the two-cell random access algorithm for the capture model and the diversity schemes are analytically computed. The delay performance of the proposed algorithm is evaluated through simulations and compared to that of slotted ALOHA under various mobile scenarios.


. Two requirements to utilise the large source of time-series sensor data from the Internet of Things are interoperability and efficient access. We present a Linked Data solution that increases interoperability through the use and referencing of common identifiers and ontologies for integration. From our study of the shape of Internet of Things data, we show how we can improve access within the resource constraints of Lightweight Computers, compact machines deployed in close proximity to sensors, by storing time-series data succinctly as rows and producing Linked Data 'just-in-time'. We examine our approach within two scenarios: a distributed meteorological analytics system and a smart home hub. We show with established benchmarks that in comparison to storing the data in a traditional Linked Data store, our approach provides gains in both storage efficiency and query performance from over 3 times to over three orders of magnitude on Lightweight Computers. Finally, we reflect how pushing computing to edge networks with our infrastructure can affect privacy, data ownership and data locality.


Indonesia is one of the largest migrant workers producers in ASEAN. The large numbers of Indonesian people who are involved become Indonesian Migrant Workers or IMWs start to get fretful, because non-procedural IMWs operate without valid or incomplete documents. The appearance of non-procedural IMWs presents a greater risk of crime that may occur to migrant workers, considering they are non-procedural IMWs who are not bound or protected by the law regulates Indonesian overseas workers, such as Law no. 18 of 2017. Insufficient coverage of the legal basis, as well as a lack of general knowledge about the law and the consequences of its violations, and as well as weak law enforcement are the main reasons for the circulation of non-procedural IMWs who become possible crimes victims such as exploitation, harassment, discrimination, smuggling and human trafficking to become homicide victims eventually. The Immigration Department is one of the government agencies related to IMWs, carries out its duties as part of public service providers and law enforcement. Law enforcement carried out by immigration authorities in the form of enforcing threats through criminal proceedings is a form of law enforcement carried out by immigration to protect IMWs and prevent the release of non-procedural PMI information. This research was motivated by the author's concern about IMWs problems consider the immigration sector is one of the most important aspects in the development of the country in accordance with the immigration function. This research used a normative legal method based on a literature review and a policies comparison with qualitative data. The policy, political and technical innovations are expected to contribute to the existence of non-procedural migrant workers both legally and socially.


This article discusses the impact of plurality on Malaysia-Singapore relations after the formation of Malaysia on September 16, 1963. The establishment of the Federation of Malaysia agreement was signed in London on July 8, 1963 by the representatives of the British government, the Federation of Malaya, Singapore, Sabah and Sarawak. All parties agreed to the change in name from Federation of Malaya to Malaysia. The declaration of Malaysia was made on September 16, 1963 simultaneously throughout the country. This study uses secondary sources and library research methods. The findings show that Singapore's existence in Malaysia was seen to have raised racial issues leading to the separation of Singapore from Malaysia on August 9, 1965. Ethnic-related problems need to be addressed wisely in order to not be a threat to racial relations among the plural society in Malaysia.


The inhibitory effect of orally administered dexchlorfeniramine (4 mg/day), cyproheptadine (8 mg/day), astemizole (20 mg/day), loratadine (40 mg/day) and terfenadine (120 mg/day) on the size of histamine‐induced weals was tested by skin prick test with histamine in an open study including 23 healthy individuals. The antihistamines were administered for 2 days in the nationally recommended therapeutic doses. For all drugs the maximal weal suppression with the dosage chosen was recorded the day after the last dosage, being 29% (for dexchlorfeniramine), 72% (for cyproheptadine), 50% (for astemizole), 62% (for loratadine), and 56% (for terfenadine) of the baseline value. For the drugs in the same order the duration of the inhibitory effect of the drugs after the last dose administered was between 3–4, 7–11, 17–28, 4–7, and 4–7 days, respectively.


In recent years, electric vehicles have become more and more popular. Lithium batteries are widely used in electric vehicles (EVs) because Lithium batteries have excellent performance. However, after several charge and discharge of a lithium battery, different monomers in series will have different performance. This paper proposes a equalization circuit based on the bidirectional DC-AC converter. The circuit topology of this paper has the advantages of high speed and high equalization efficiency, and it can transfer energy between non-adjacent batteries.


................................................................................................................................................ 35 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 35 Setting ................................................................................................................................................... 36 Previous Work....................................................................................................................................... 37 Methods ................................................................................................................................................ 38 Results .................................................................................................................................................. 38 Discussion............................................................................................................................................. 39 Cluster Analysis and Distribution of Foraminifera.............................................................................. 39 Biologic, Sedimentologic, and Anthropogenic Evidence of Sediment Transport............................... 42 Comparison to Previous Studies ....................................................................................................... 43 Introduced Foraminifera Trochammina hadai.................................................................................... 44 Conclusions........................................................................................................................................... 44 Acknowledgments ................................................................................................................................. 45 References............................................................................................................................................ 45


This paper describes the semantic and morphosyntactic properties
 of general converb constructions in Andi, a language of the Avar-Andic group of
 the East Caucasian language family. There are two general converbs in Andi, both
 of which are homophonous with a finite verb form (the aorist and the perfect,
 respectively). There is a considerable functional overlap between the two
 converbs. Both can be used to render the first stage of a complex event. The
 perfect / converb can also specify manner. An additive particle
 lo often accompanies the perfect as converb, while a
 specialised particle lodːu appears with the aorist as converb.
 The situation in Andi is unusual, because the two converbs are functionally very
 similar and not opposed in terms of aspect. In addition, Andi seems to be the
 only East Caucasian language where a specialised particle (i.e.
 lodːu) is found in this type of converbal clauses.


The analysis of the functional responsibilities of breeding-genetic and breeding-hybrid centers defined by the requirements for them by the normative-legislative acts of April 16, 2013 №183 and February 16, 2016 №56 is carried out. Shortcomings in the definitions are revealed. The most effective way of import substitution in the system of hybridization of domestic nuclei ‒ breeding-genetic and breeding-hybrid centers is shown. The most effective technology of breeding work in the Russian breeding-genetic and breeding-hybrid centers is proposed.


The article describes the results of the author's research about the notion of "pogrom" as well as results of his inquiries on anti-Roma violence in Oświecim in 1981. The author focuses on critique of dominating hypotheses and theories that deal with the events in Oświecim and describes those events as pogrom in character. The main thesis of the article is theoretically based on the report by Anna Giza-Poleszczuk and Jan Poleszczuk on the Mlawa violence in 1991 and their theoretical framework which they derived from the works of Polish sociologist Stanislaw Ossowski, and his theory of the stereotype in particular. The second crucial point of the author's argument is a reference to the article by Piotr Forecki, who revived the category of pogrom to the studies of the anti-Semitic campaign in March 1968 in Poland, as well as the definition of a pogrom by Lech Nijakowski.


Digital fountain code is a kind of error correction code with good coding and decoding performance, adaptive channel environment, and minimizing information feedback. Digital fountain code have been widely used in deep space communication, network communication and other fields. Luby Transform(LT) code is the first practical solution for digital fountain code, and it is also the basis for the improvement of other types of fountain code. However, the traditional LT code coding and decoding methods always have problems such as decoding overhead and high probability of decoding failure, which need to be further studied and solved.Aiming at the problem that the traditional uniform selection coding algorithm of digital fountain code reduces the performance of the coding algorithm due to incomplete coverage of the source packets, this paper studies an improved non-uniform selection coding algorithm, by increasing the degree of some nodes, and preferentially selecting unparticipated coded source packets, effectively improves coverage of source packets. Simulation results show that the performance of the improved coding algorithm is significantly improved compared with the traditional coding algorithm.


The activities of the French ambassador in Spain, recorded in the correspondence kept in Vans, allow us to know some of the most important facts of the Spanish politics at the middle of eighteenth century among them the fall and exile of the marquis of Ea Ensenada. This paper analyses the causes of the largest political crisis between France and Spain since the expulsion of the princess of Eos Ursinos; it also deals with the pre-war international situation and Spanish neutrality. As a conclusion, the author sketches some ideas about the nature of Spanish despotism and about the role of a minister of the administrative state, such as Ensenada, and his difficult relations with the higher nobility of the domus regia.


dD materials, such as graphene, have been hailed as wonder materials due to their enhanced mechanical and electrical properties [1]. These properties change as a function of the sample thickness, specifically with respect to the number of stacked 2D layers. With graphene for example, once a multilayer structure is approximately > 10 layers thick it is no longer referred to as graphene and will exhibit the same properties as bulk graphite [2]. As monolayer graphene has a sample thickness of 0.335 nm and is a repeating lattice of Z=6 carbon atoms, it is challenging to observe and is typically imaged using advanced light microscopy, electron microscopy or AFM. Light microscopy utilises image contrast to calculate the number of 2D layers observed in a sample while AFM can measure the difference in step heights between 2 overlapping layers to determine the number of layers in a stack. Electron microscopy is a powerful tool for imaging 2D materials as it has the ability to resolve 2D materials atomically and gains enhanced contrast from atomic number contrast detectors. Currently the only method to differentiate the number of layers in a transmission electron microscope (TEM) is through the acquisition of selected area electron diffraction (SAED). This does not generate a direct thickness measurement resulting in a calculation of the number of 2D monolayers within an isolated stack. An estimation of the thickness can then be calculated by multiplying the number of monolayers with the reported thickness value of a single layer. This technique can be complicated as it does not directly report any chemical information so the user can not easily differentiate between different 2D materials and contaminants. The ability to chemically characterise 2D materials while imaging them can only be achieved through the combination of electron microscopy and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS).


— Modularity has been identified as one of the primary factors contributing to the success of Open Source Projects. Ample number of tools are available which used to calculate different size metrics such as LocMetrics to count number of lines of code but no tool to calculate Modularity Index metric and other metrics under one roof. The present literature depicted the quantitative measure of very limited number of metrics for a few Object Oriented Open Source Software Systems. There is no tool yet which calculates the Modularity Index of a Software System, only theoretical formulae exist till now. Not much effort has been focused on the metrics of high modular system metrics like WMC (Weighted Method Count), CBO (Coupling between Object Classes), RFC (Response for a Class), LCOM4 (Lack of Cohesion Metrics).This paper focuses on developing of a tool which calculates Modularity Index metric for open source java based projects. The study is done to enhance the previous Modularity Index metric which was based only on the number of packages of a project. The study emphasize on calculating Modularity Index based on the number of packages as well as the size of each package. This leads to the increased efficiency of MI metric. The new tool for calculating MI can be simulated in object oriented software project such as C++, C#, VB or PHP. The results can be clearly proven with the help of quantitative analysis and the graphical representation of Modularity Index value based on various projects.


This study analyzes the impact of downside risk on the flows of exports, affiliate sales, and their joint pattern. The risk, in this study, relates to shocks to country demand in the destination market. The downside risk is measured by the skewness of demand shocks. Using a panel of industry-level data on trade and affiliate sales for a large number of home and destination countries, I find that volatility and skewness of demand shocks affect the flows of exports and affiliate sales, and their joint pattern. By focusing on downside risk, I expose several novel results regarding the effects of uncertainty on the proximity-concentration tradeoff. The results show that more exports, relative to affiliate sales, will flow to the destination market with less downside risk. In addition, I study the interaction between variance and skewness as a measure of risk asymmetry and show that this measure affects the flows of exports, foreign direct investment, and the joint pattern of exports and affiliate sales.


Mucoromycotina 'Fine Root Endophytes' (MFRE), referred to previously as Glomus tenue (Greenall) or more recently Planticonsortium tenue (Walker et al., 2018), are a globally distributed group of soil fungi (Orchard et al., 2017a) that form endosymbioses with plants from across most of the land plant phylogeny (Rimington et al., 2019; Hoysted et al., 2018; 2019). Despite much progress having been made in characterising plant-MFRE symbioses in the last decade, significant challenges remain.


Vulnerability is made up of the characteristics of a per son or group and their situation that influence their capa city to anticipate, to cope with, resist and recover from the impact of a natural hazard. This research paper is based on the various reviews with special focus on the text of social vulner ability due to natural disasters. Social vulnerability i s determined by various factors such as physical, social, economic, an d environmental factors or processes, which increase the susceptibility of a community to the impact of hazards. Poverty, occupa tion, caste, ethnicity, exclusion, marginalization and inequities in material consumption of a society or community also en hance social vulnerability. Some people within the soc ial systems like ethnic minorities, disempowered castes or classes, religious groups, or occupations may live or work in physic al areas that are relatively disaster-prone. So to solve the i ssue of social vulnerability in the long run process th ere must be interdisciplinary and cross-cultural studies of natural disa ster impacts and social vulnerabilities. Social scient ists needs to continue to seek practical ways to incorporate local te chnical knowledge, insight, skills, desires, and needs into the management of disaster situations, so that local people and institutions might be affirmed in identifying problems and offering solutions towards the management of their own situation, and that local capacities may be strengthene d to resist


The use of social media as a marketing tool has become increasingly important for businesses of all sizes to reach potential customers and build brand trust. In the restaurant industry, social media has become a popular platform for businesses due to its wide user base, ease of use, and ability to reach diverse audiences. However, the effectiveness of social media as a marketing tool for restaurants has not been extensively studied in the Malaysian context. This study explores the use of social media as a marketing tool by restaurateurs in Dungun, Malaysia. The study found that family-style restaurants predominantly use Facebook, Instagram, and WhatsApp to engage with their target audience, in addition to relying on traditional marketing methods such as word-of-mouth and banner advertising. The research highlights the increasing importance of social media as a tool for businesses to reach potential customers and build brand trust. The study emphasizes the importance of effective communication through a combination of marketing strategies and identifies key components of a successful marketing strategy in the restaurant industry. The research design is exploratory, with a non-probability sampling technique used to select ten family-style restaurants within a 10 km radius of UiTM Dungun, Terengganu. The study provides valuable insights into the role of social media in restaurant marketing strategies and suggests future research can explore the possibilities of social media in other industries. Overall, this study provides valuable insights into the role of social media in restaurant marketing strategies in the Malaysian context. It suggests that social media is an effective tool for restaurateurs in Dungun to promote and increase the performance of their family-style restaurants. Future research can explore the possibilities of social media in other industries and consider larger sample sizes for better results.


In this paper a new compact and portable instrument for combined reflectance, time-resolved and steady-state fluorescence is presented. All the optical parts of the apparatus, carefully described in the text, were chosen after an extensive market survey in order to obtain the best performances coupled with the smallest dimensions. This instrument through the use of a dedicated multiple fiber optic probe, allows the complete photophysical behaviors of investigated materials to be collected from the same point of the analyzed surface. In this way, the resultant instrumental setup is a portable device, usable in situ for non destructive and non invasive diagnostic purposes in the field of cultural heritage. Preliminary results concerning organic dyes characterization, which is the main application of luminescence-based diagnostic techniques in artworks, are presented and compared with those previously obtained using separate devices. Concerning reflectance data, improvements in the deep detectable UV spectral range have been achieved switching from the integrating sphere of the old instrument to bifurcated optical fibers used as probe in the new one. Special attention was devoted to test the instrument capability in order to obtain the true emission spectrum, corrected for the selfabsorption effect, for which good results were found. This particular experimental procedure is strongly recommended, by a diagnostic point of view, to avoid distortions in the instrumental responses, namely the spectral shape and emission maximum wavelength of a fluorophore as function of the color saturation.


Objective To investigate the dynamic changes of vascular adventitia and collagen distribution in the vein graft restenosis model,and evaluate the effects of adventitia and collagen distribution on intimal hyperplasia and vascular remodeling.Methods The pig autogenous vein grafts restenosis model from 18 long-white pigs were created.18 pigs were divided into 3 groups:7th day group after operation,30th day group after operation and 45th day group after operation according to animals harvested after surgery.The preoperative graft was as control group.According to HE and Masson staining slices,the vascular thickness,cell density,collagen distribution and vascular remodeling were investigated by histomorphometrical approach.Results In 7th day group after operation,the neointima formed and continuously thickened.The thickness and cell density of adventitia increased gradually,and the collagen of adventitia and neointima gradually increased,the luminal area gradually decreased after operation,but have no significant difference with control group(F=2.03,P=0.091).The residual restenosis rate increased inversely(F=5.16,P=0.033).Remodeling index and external elastic lamina area(EELA)slightly increased.In 30th day group after operation,the neointima thickened significantly,the thickness and cell density of adventitia reached the peak.There were a significant increase in the collagen of neointima,and the collagen of adventitia reached maximum.The luminal area and inter elastic lamina area(IELA)reduced distinctly as compared with 7th day group,the residual restenosis rate increased significantly(F=6.63,P=0.018),but remodeling index and EELA decreased distinctly as compared with 7th day group after operation.In 45th day group after operation,the thickness of neointima reached maximum,but the cell density of adventitia reduced distinctly compared with 30th day group after operation(F=6.91,P=0.015).The collagen of neointima reached maximum,but the collagen of adventitia were smaller than those in 30th day group after operation,and there were some local fibrosis in adventitia.The luminal area,remodeling index,IELA and EELA reached minimum,but the residuum restenosis rate reached maximum.Conclusion Vein grafts restenosis is resulted by intimal hyperplasia and vascular remodeling.The thickness and fibrosis of adventitia and rearrangement of collagen are the important factors on intimal hyperplasia and vascular remodeling,which takes part in and accelerate the course of vein restenosis.


The Research was conducted at the Soil Science Research Farm, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj, U.P during the Kharif 2020-2021 in which maize is sown. The experiment was laid out in Factorial-Randomized Block Design with Sixteen treatments and three replications includes four levels of Sulphur and Boron that leads to the non-significant findings i.e B.D, P.D, % pore space WHC and pH and remaining macro-micro nutrients such as OC, N, P, K, S and B were found significantly low to medium range, which comprises yellowish brown sandy loam textured neutral to alkaline soil that is nonsaline in nature among all the sixteen treatment combination applied the treatments T16 has shown the synergistically best results in improvising the soil nutritional status that leads to increased crop yield and increased morphological parameters as well.


This paper defines an Out Of Play model based on Markov Decision Process. The best path for playing can be found and recommended by using this model, and a value iteration algorithm of Markov Decision Process is used to implement the model. In this paper, the implementation of this model with CPU is presented. And then, in order to improve the performance of the value iteration algorithm, a parallel value iteration algorithm on GPU is designed and showed. For the calculation of a large amount of data, the experimental results show that the parallel value iteration algorithm on GPU improves performance far more than that of the serial value iteration algorithm on CPU. Introduction Graphic Processing Unit (GPU) attracts more and more attention in general-purpose computing with the development of graphics hardware. But now, GPU is not only used in graphic, it is also considered as a powerful technique for obtaining inexpensive, high performance parallelism [1, 2]. General-Purpose GPU is a highly parallel, multithreaded, many-core processor with a very high computational power and memory bandwidth [3]. GPU architecture is designed for optimization of massively parallel computing, because of this architectural difference, a GPU is in general more advantageous for large-scale parallel data processing applications than general-purpose CPUs[4], and the high performance computing community leveraging a GPU can yield performance increases of several orders of magnitude[5,6]. High-performance computing with GPUs is called GPU computing [7]. So using GPU for parallel computing will become a new focus for the purpose of speeding up the calculation. Markov Decision process is a stochastic dynamic system based on the theory of Markov process and decision-making process. In Markov decision process, the ultimate goal is to find an action for every state so that the performance of the system is the best. In this paper, in order to reach higher performance, a parallel implementation on GPU is given, and OpenCL is selected to program. Markov Decision Process Markov Model. Markov Decision process [8][9] can be defined as a four tuple . In the tuple, S is a finite set of states, and A is a finite set of actions; T is probability distribution ( means the probability of transition from state to state by taking action a); R is the reward function, and means the reward got when taking action from state to state . In MDP, there is a parameter which is a discount factor and is used to reduce the interference from the future actions. Value Iteration Algorithm. In order to solve Markov model, there are many algorithms proposed. In this paper, the value iteration algorithm of MDP is selected for studying. The main idea of value iteration algorithm [8] is iteration. In the algorithm, the target is to find the optimal policy via the optimal value iteration. First, we give an initial value function for every state, then we update the value function of every state to a next value function for every iteration until satisfying a condition. Fig 1 [8] is the pseudo of value iteration algorithm. International Conference on Information Science and Computer Applications (ISCA 2013) © 2013. The authors Published by Atlantis Press 299 Fig.1: The pseudo of value iteration algorithm Out of Play Model. According to Markov Model and the value iteration algorithm, this paper gives a MDP model—Out Of Play model. This model can be described as follows: Go out for playing, but we can't decide where to go, or we don't know which transportation (how to go: bus or walk) can be chosen to reach the destination. In fact, this can be described as a MDP. In the scene, choosing where to go and how to go are random and uncertain, and according to the uncertain destination and mode of transportation, a MDP model can be created. In the model, the different destinations can be described as the finite set of states, and the different transportations can be described as the finite set of actions. Every state has an initial reward which represents the fun level. Every state can take different actions to get to another state, and this meets a probability distribution. In the model, a satisfied optimal path must be found. Fig 2 is the whole system model.


Groundwater is the main source of drinking water supply to Abidjan popula tion . However, the rapid growth of this population and the high est demand in water caused a deficit in the drinking water supply . Faced with this deficit, the State turned to the Bonoua aquifer exploitation, by the establishment of two new catchments, Tchintchebe and Ono. Therefore, this study was undertaken to carry out a hydrogeological model able to simulate Bonoua aquifer level on the horizon 2020 and to cartography drawdown cone induced by the exploitation of the new boreholes. The model has been carried out under the Visual Modflow interface in steady-state mode and it has been calibrated manually from the piezometry of 2000. The Normalized Root Mean Squared residual obtained is 4.86% (<10%) and makes it possible to say that the calibration obtained is judged to be satisfactory. Pumping rate of Bonoua aquifer increased from 11 362 m 3 /d in 2000 to 105 731 m 3 /d in 2020 after 20 years. This increasing resulted in drawdowns ranging from 1.5 to 112.5 cm with a mean of 31.54 cm.


T HE "CRISIS" IN AMERICAN health care has become a political and social issue in the past few years. While statistics do not provide us with Insights into the precise nature of the "crisis," they do reflect the magnitude and complexity of this issue. Huge sums of money are poured into the delivery of health care services. In 1950, Americans spent $12 billion annually for health care; in 1976, $139.3 billion or 8% of the Gross National Product was spent on medical services. The annual per capita cost for medical care averages $547 (Greifinger and Sidel 1976). This single item has become the number two consumer of financial resources for our country, second only to the construction industry. In 1974 it surpassed even defense spending, which accounted for 6% of the GNP-and the end is not in sight. A recent Department of Health, Education and Welfare study projects a 40% rise in health costs by 1980 to an astronomical $224 billion annually (Porter 1977). Over 50 million people are now covered by Medicare and Medicaid. Each year the number of persons who have insurance coverage for some part or all of their medical expenses rises, and today nine out of ten Americans have some form of health insurance. Today more people work in health occupations than ever before, with a total of 5 million people involved in the delivery of medical services. Health care is one of the largest industries in the United States and its growth far outstrips population increases (Oakes 1975). Indeed the United States spends more money on health care than any other nation in the world with the national investment increasing at a spectacular rate over the past several decades. Given the American belief that more money and more personnel should result in better health, it is even more difficult to accept that we have a crisis on our hands; but we do. While the collapse of the health care system is not imminent, the delivery of health services to certain areas of the country and to certain segments of the population is grossly inadequate. In spite of the increased numbers of health care personnel, a shortage of physicians and other medical professionals still exists. The nationwide patient to physician ratio is about 700:1; in certain areas of Chicago, the number is 1600:1. Medical care for some segments of the population is far below national standards. A study comparing poor and non-poor areas in a metropolitan area found that the poor had a 60% higher infant mortality rate, a 200% higher incidence of premature births, 200% more cases of tuberculosis, and a 100% higher incidence of cervical cancer than non-poor groups (Feldberg 1973).


The invention discloses a method for manufacturing spherical niobium and titanium-based alloy powder with a small particle size. The spherical niobium and titanium-based alloy powder is manufactured by the aid of vacuum induction melting, hydrogen treatment and plasma spheroidization technologies. The method includes firstly, manufacturing niobium and titanium-based spherical alloy ingots by the aid of the vacuum induction melting technology to realize a purification melting effect, reducing the quantity and the size of non-metallic inclusion to the greatest extent and performing homogenization thermal treatment on the niobium and titanium-based spherical alloy ingots to obtain ingots with uniform alloy contents; secondly, performing hydrogen treatment on the ingots to acquire hydrogen absorption niobium and titanium alloy powder; thirdly, sieving the hydrogen absorption niobium and titanium alloy powder, and then performing plasma spheroidization on the hydrogen absorption niobium and titanium alloy powder. The method has the advantages that output power, the powder feeding rate and the airflow rate are optimized in spheroidization procedures, accordingly, hollow powder can be prevented, and the fine powder yield can be increased; the spherical powder obtained by the method is excellent in dispersibility and flowability and uniform in particle size; the niobium and titanium-based alloy powder finally manufactured by the method is small in particle size, uniform in composition, good in flowability, high in spheroidization rate and low in oxygen content and is applicable to the technical field of injection molding, quick molding and thermal spraying.


The technical project and design principle of slope monitoring of Irradiation Station in Guizhou Province are indtroduced in this paper. The results of monitoring indicate that each slope was basically in a stable state.


atoms (Table 2) are generally larger than the previously determined values in well refined, ordered silicate structures (Burnham, 1965). Again, this may be partly because of the disordering of the crystal and partly because of the inherent internal strain which induces the distortion of the ideal structure (Vousden, 1954; Lin, 1971). In order to confirm that atoms originally located on the mirror plane in the ideal structure (I4/m) do mi~a te away from the mirror plane when refined according to P42/n, a vertical electron-density section was prepared and this shows a round (Na, Ca, K) peak with the centre clearly located away from the mirror plane. In this marialitic scapolite, nearly one fourth of the central cavities are occupied by a carbonate group. This is shown in both the Fourier synthesis and the difference synthesis in which four peaks elongated parallel to the c axis and symmetrical around the origin (000) and with a density maximum on the (001) plane are present (Fig. 6). This has been previously described and explained by Papike & Stephenson (1966). However, some of the CO3 groups are believed to be tilted from the (001) plane, as evidenced by the elongated peaks present on the vertical electron-density maps and the large temperature factors. In conclusion, the crystal structure of this sodium and chlorine-rich scapolite has successfully been refined in the newly determined space group P42/n. The overall structure is shown to be pseudo body-centred, contrary to previous reports.


This essay is based on observation and interpretation of the mathematical language of children while they engage in situations involving fractional numbers. This interpretation includes the consideration of various levels of language use, informal metamorphic and metonymic uses of fractional number language, and the interplay between language use and the children's mathematical construct use. (Contains 10 references.) (DDR) Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. 1 PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE AND DISSEMINATE THIS MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION Office of Educational Research and Improvement EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) This document has been reproduced as received from the person or organization originating it Minor changes have been made to improve reproduction quality. Points of view or opinions stated in this document do not necessarily represent official OERI position or policy. LANGUAGE USE IN EMBODIED ACTION AND INTERACTION IN KNOWING FRACTIONS Thomas Kieren University of Alberta tom.kieren @ualberta.ca If one takes an embodied view of language use in mathematics knowing then one needs to consider not only the mathematical sign and its referent, but also the person using the language in mathematical knowing actions. But this person's knowing coemerges with a cospecified environment and in particular, with others in that environment. 'The individual can be viewed as being involved in a number of simultaneous conversations which he or she shapes through action and language use and in which her or his language use is occasioned. This essay is based on the observation and interpretation of use of mathematical language of children, primarily eight years old, as they engage in situations involving the use of fractional numbers. This interpretation includes the consideration of various levels of language use, particularly informal metaphoric and metonymic uses of fractional number language, of the interplay between language use and the children's mathematical construct use, of the roles of interaction in and with environmental features as well as the relationship of language use and mathematical understanding


Genome‐wide association studies (GWAS) have identified more than 40 genetic loci associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Although vascular dementia (VaD) is the second most common type of dementia after AD, the genetic contribution to VaD is understudied. We hypothesize that common forms of dementia will share genetic risk factors. We conducted the largest trans‐ancestral GWAS of "all‐cause dementia" (ACD), VaD, and examined the underlying biological mechanisms


We examine regular and irregular repeat-accumulate (RA) codes with repetition degrees which are all even. For these codes and with a particular choice of an interleaver, we give an upper bound on the decoding error probability of a linear-programming based decoder which is an inverse polynomial in the block length. Our bound is valid for any memoryless, binary-input, output-symmetric (MBIOS) channel. This result generalizes the bound derived by Feldman et al., which was for regular RA(2) codes.


ave you ever brought a glass of wine ‐ or drinking water ‐ to your lips and discovered a musty taste? Geosmin is what produces it. Geosmin is a ge rmacranoid sesquiterpene or a trans -1,10dimethyl-trans -9-decalol for the more chemically minded. Human taste buds are extremely sensitive to geosmin; the average person can detect 0.7 parts per billion! The chemical is produced by a number of microorganisms amongst which the mycelial soil bacteria Streptomyces , which have become invaluable in the medical field since they a re an important source for naturally occurring antibacterial and antifungal agents as well as anti cancer drugs and immunosuppressants. Geosmin is the distinct smell that soil gives off when it is disturbed or on which it has just rained. A pleasant smell for most. So pleasant, it is used to confer an earthy scent to perfumes. A number of enzymes are involved in the making of geosmin, one of which is a key enzyme: germacradienol synthase. The genome of Streptomyces coelicolor was recently sequenced and on it was found the sequence for germacradienol synthase. It is a protein of just over 700 amino acids, of which little is known save that it is made of two homologous domains. Out of the two, only one ‐ the N-terminal one ‐ is actually necessary for geosmin synthesis.


The NCCS is an international Centre for Environment-friendly Energy Research addressing CO2 CCS—key technology in the portfolio of measures instrumental in all energy scenarios outlining conceivable paths to curb global warming.


We extend McDonald and Siegel's (1986) model to the case where the expected rate of return of a project cannot be observed but is known to be either low or high. Waiting and observing the realizations of the value of the project provides information to the investor who can update her beliefs about the true value of the expected return. Moreover, the investor can purchase some additional information which allows her to control the learning speed of her beliefs. Investor's beliefs follow a martingale and the optimal investment trigger depends on the degree of optimism. The optimal amount of information purchased is found to be increasing in payoffs and the variance of beliefs but decreasing in the project volatility. Overall, the opportunity to purchase information enhances the option value of waiting to invest, thus delays investment.


Introduction: The degradation of cognitive function present early dementia in elderly. Brain gym is one of the alternative implementation to improve the cognitive function of elderly. The objective of this study was to analyze the effect of brain gym to the improvement of cognitive function in elderly.Methods: This study used Quasy Experimental design. The populations were elderly in Social Service Unit Tresna Werdha Lamongan. The samples were recruited using purposive sampling, consist of 30 respondents, taken according to the inclusion criteria. Samples then divided into 2 groups, experimental groups and control groups. The independent variable of research this study was brain gym and the dependent variable was cognitive function at elderly. Data were collected by using MMSE score and then analyzed using Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test and Mann Whitney Test with level of significance α ≤ 0.05.Results: Result showed that there is an effect of brain gym to the improvement of cognitive function in elderly (p = 0.001). The difference of cognitive function also seen between experimental groups and control groups (p = 0.001).Conclusion: The conclusion of this research is brain gym improve cognitive function in elderly. The simple movement of brain gym able to coordinate the brain function so the brain activity become more optimal hence the improvement of memory function, recall and concentration.


In this short note we investigate the regularity of 2-surfaces evolving by its inverse mean curvature in an asymptotically flat Riemannian 3-manifold and derive an a-priori bound for the second fundamental form in terms of a quantity depending on the mean curvature and the elapsed time. This partially solves one of the 5 questions posed in [3]. The proof relies on the special geometry of asymptotically flat Riemannian manifolds and on the fact that the dimension of the evolving surface is 2.


Silica-supported quinolinium tribromide was synthesized and found to be an efficient, stable, and recoverable solid brominating reagent for the regioselective monobromination of aromatic amines. This protocol has advantages of high yield, mild condition and simple work-up procedure.


It is shown that, for a large class of unknown multivariable plants, the design of error-actuated controllers which ensure that excellent set-point tracking occurs simultaneously with disturbance rejection can be readily effected.


Nonylphenol (NP) is an environmental chemical that affects apoptosis and male infertility. In our study, we found that a high concentration of NP could down‐regulate the expression of microRNA‐361‐3p (miR‐361‐3p) in the murine GC‐1 spermatogonia cell line and in vivo in murine spermatogonia. Additionally, one direct target of this miR, the 3′ untranslated region of Killin (Klln) mRNA, was identified. Klln encodes a transcription factor that directly regulates the expression of Tp73 (transcriptionally active p73), whose encoded protein can up‐regulate the expression of Puma (p53 upregulated modulator of apoptosis). Thus, our investigation revealed that the expression of Klln, Tp73, and Puma increased upon NP‐dependent down‐regulation of miR‐361‐3p, which eventually leads to apoptosis of spermatogonia.