Operationism was proposed as the methodology for a behavioristic psychology in the 1930s, based on ideas from Bridgman's 1927 book, The Logic of Modern Physics. That the practice of operational definitions still persists in psychology has been strongly criticized. The major claim, first made in the 1940s and echoed recently, has been that psychologists misunderstood Bridgman by using operational definitions to produce or elicit new concepts or phenomena rather than to measure existing ones. However, the distinction between measuring and producing phenomena cannot be maintained in physics, and operational definitions to produce phenomena are useful in the early stages of scientific inquiry. In fact, where psychologists of the 1930s (e.g. Stevens, E.C. Tolman, Hull) failed to heed Bridgman was in their uncritical use of mechanistic explanations, and, especially, in their belief that unobservable constructs were adequately defined on the basis of a single set of operations. This latter error was corrected in the 1950s with the adoption of a `convergent operationism', which provided the methodological basis for the new cognitive psychology as well as the foundational treatment of reliability and validity in psychometrics. Thus, it is incorrect to assume that the failure of operationism, as practiced in the 1930s, is symptomatic of a deeper failure of positivism as a philosophical orientation for psychology. A convergent operationism provides the only means of making potentially valid inferences about unobservable phenomena from empirical data, and will continue to be employed by psychologists as long as it is useful to do so.


We have investigated some thermodynamic properties (i.e., freezing/melting points) and heterogeneous chemistry of sulfuric acid monohydrate (SAM, H2SO4 · H2O), using a fast flow reactor coupled to a quadrupole mass spectrometer. The freezing point observations of thin liquid sulfuric acid films show that for acid contents between 75 and 85 wt % the monohydrate crystallizes readily at temperatures between 220 and 240 K on a glass substrate. Once formed, SAM can be thermodynamically stable in the H2O partial pressure range of (1–4)×10−4 torr and in the temperature range of 220–240 K. For a constant H2O partial pressure, lowering the temperature causes SAM to melt when the temperature and water partial pressure conditions are out of its stability regime. The reaction probability measurements indicate that the hydrolysis of N2O5 is significantly suppressed owing to the formation of crystalline SAM: The reaction probability on water-rich SAM (with higher relative humidity, or RH) is of the order of 10−3 at 210 K and decreases by more than an order of magnitude for the acid-rich form (with lower RH). The hydrolysis rate of ClONO2 on water-rich SAM is even smaller, of the order of 10−4 at 195 K. These reported values on crystalline SAM are much smaller than those on liquid solutions. No enhancement of these reactions is observed in the presence of HCl vapor at the stratospheric concentrations. In addition, Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller analysis of gas adsorption isotherms and photomicrography have been performed to characterize the surface roughness and porosities of the SAM substrate. The results suggest the possible formation of SAM in some regions of the middle- or low-latitude stratosphere and, consequently, much slower heterogeneous reactions on the frozen aerosols.


This paper is part of a study which takes a different approach to understanding events which occurred in the U.S. Steel industry during the period 1945 - 1985. The findings demonstrate the extent to which history influences managers' interpretations and actions. Finally, implications for management theory and practice are discussed.


Computer Bridge remains a challenging obstacle for Artificial Intelligence. For the last twenty years, the state-of-the-art playing programs have been using a depth-one Monte Carlo (MC) search approach, associated with an open card solver called Double Dummy Solver (DDS). When increasing the computing resources, the MC approach reaches a plateau, and its playing level cannot be improved. In this work, we study Recursive MC (RMC) for Bridge card play. We show that, with more computing resources, this approach performs better than MC. Rather than using DDS or any domain-dependent simulator, a level N + 1 RMC consists in using a level N RMC playing program as simulator, level-zero RMC being MC. This recursion mechanism can be iterated several times at the cost of increasing the computing time, each time a recursion level is added. This work focusses on card play with no trump in duplicate with either 13 cards per player or 5 cards per player. With 13 cards per player, level-one RMC is superior to MC with a margin of 0.5 trick per card distribution on average, which is statistically significant. This is the first time RMC is applied with success to computer Bridge card play.


Field studies were initiated in 1985 and 1986 to evaluate the effects of dalapon, glyphosate, imazapyr, and sulfometuron applications to established cogongrass alone or in combination with either mowing or discing. Mowing and discing treatments were performed 4 mo before and 8 months after the herbicide treatments in the 1985 experiments and 2 months before and 7 months after the herbicide treatment in the 1986 experiments. When applied alone, glyphosate at 3.4 kg ai/ha and imazapyr at 0.8 kg ai/ha caused the greatest reduction in shoot and rhizome biomass about 2 yr after application. However, the rhizome infestation was reduced only 43% by glyphosate and 51% by imazapyr, as compared to the nontreated control. With no herbicide, two mowing or discing were generally more effective than a single mowing or discing treatment. The reduction in shoot and rhizome biomass for two mowing without herbicide was 65 and 38% and for two discing, 73 and 66%, respectively. Acceptable (> 80%) levels of cogongrass control, based on reductions in rhizome biomass occurred only when applications of dalapon, glyphosate, or imazapyr were made in combination with two discing despite the fact that mowing before and after treatment reduced shoot biomass by at least 89%.


Recently, the perovskite-based oxide CaCu 3 Ti 4 O 12 (CCTO) has attracted much attention of researchers in scientific fields due to its exceptional dielectric properties, This ceramic is one of such the material that displays giant dielectric constant, (er≈12000) at 1 kHz in the temperature range of 100 to 400 K [1, 2]. In this work we report the preparation of the ceramic of CCTO by the traditional solid-state reaction method [3]. Highly pure CaCO 3 , CuO and TiO 2 , as starting materials, were weighed out in stoichiometric proportions, ball-milled in alcohol for 9h, dried and then calcined at 1100 ◦ C for 6h; the calcined powders were compacted at 520 MPa and then were sintered at various sintering temperatures. The crystalline structure of the calcined powder and of the sintered samples was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The morphology of the ceramics was observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The relative bulk densities of the sintered pellets measured by the Archimedes method. The dielectric constant and loss were also studied in the medium-frequency range.


The flu, the common name for the respiratory illness caused by influenza viruses, infects millions of Americans every year, including more than 12.3 million adults ages 50 and older in 2018. 1 Older adults are among those most at risk of serious illness and death from the flu, due to a decreased immune response associated with aging and a high prevalence of chronic medical issues (e.g., asthma, hypertension, and diabetes). Of the up to 61,000 Americans who die each year from the flu, at least 90 percent are over the age of 50. 2


One obstacle in communication process is lack of language skills. Lack of language skills is partly caused by language errors. In the use of language specifically, sometimes language errors are deliberately made or realized by speakers to achieve certain effects such as being funny, attracting attention and encouraging more intense thinking. Although there is not much attention to language errors, thoughts about the relationship between language errors and the process of learning language in a relatively short time have developed a lot. In the world of language teaching, attention to language errors has only developed over a relatively recent period of time. The development of thinking regarding the relationship between language errors and the language learning process is in line with the results of the analysis which are expected to assist teachers in determining the order of teaching materials, deciding on the emphasis, explanation and practice needed, providing remedial and exercises, and selecting items. second language items for the purposes of the learner proficiency test. This research on the analysis of language errors in the fourth grade students of KMI Ar-Risalah Islamic Boarding School Slahung Ponorogo lessons uses a qualitative approach. This research is categorized as a descriptive study because the researcher describes the data on language errors contained in the students' essays. The data in this study are in the form of language errors contained in student essays. Sources of data in this study is student essays. Data collection uses the documentation method. The results showed that the error in the use of vocabulary recorded the number of errors as many as 15 errors (18.75%). The frequency of errors in the use of phrases, namely 25 errors (31.25%) and errors in the use of pronouns and errors in the use of gender, respectively recorded the number of errors of 15 errors (18.75%) and 25 errors (31.25%).


About 60% of users of illegal prescription drugs receive them free from friends or relatives, H. Westley Clark, MD, JD, director, Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (CSAT), of the federal Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), told attendees at the American Society of Addiction Medicine 38th Annual Medical-Scientific Conference


The present paper reveals the results of an analytical method to calculate the bearing capacity of a footing supported on one or two rows of piles stabilizing slope. The varied parameters here include pile diameter, pile length, location of pile rows, location of footing relative to the slope crest, foundation width, center to center spacing of piles in a row, and fixity of the pile head. Passive pile resistance is determined based on normal and shear resistance of the soil surrounding the pile considering plastic deformation of soil between piles. The Pile resistance obtained through the present method is compared with other analytical as well as 3D numerical ones. The results indicate acceptable agreement. The footing bearing capacity is calculated according to both the limit equilibrium slope stability analysis and soil stability beneath the footing. The predicted results were compared with those reported from other experiments and indicated an acceptable agreement with increasing pile spacing. The results indicate that stabilizing the earth slope with rows of piles has a significant effect on the footing of bearing capacity improvement. Keywords– Slope stability, passive pile, footing, bearing capacity, limit equilibrium


To assess the uptake, accumulation, temporal stability, and spatial localization of isoflurane (ISO) in the C57BL/6 mouse, and to identify its potential interference with the detection of labeled cardiac progenitor cells using 19F MRI/MR spectroscopy (MRS).


Objective:To evaluate the clinical efficacy of combination treatment using sodium hyaluronate and dehydrocortisone on periarthritis of the shoulder.Methods:Eigty patients were randomly assigned to two groups:The patients in combination treatment group(n:40) were domestic injected with sodium hyaluronate and dehydrocortisone.In the control group,forty subjects were only injected with sodium hyaluronate;The Clinical efficacy,changes of symptoms and motion of shoulder joint were assessed.Resuits:The overall clinical efficacy rate in combination treatment group was better than that in control group (36% vs 20%,P (0.05).Conclusion:Combinative injection of sodium hyaluronate and dehydrocortisone is an effective treatment for periarthritis of the shoulder.


Bandwidth fairness of the public Internet is partially enforced by TCP. However, the fairness TCP enforces is defined in terms of connections. In a Multi-Tenant Cloud environment, it makes more sense to define fairness in terms of tenants. Since a tenant can run multiple connections distributed at different servers traversing different paths, it is terribly unclear what per-tenant fairness exactly means. In this paper, we first define the concept of per-tenant fairness in precise mathematical terms. Commonsensical intuitions are captured and formulated into mathematical laws. We then use these laws as a common ground upon which we build our theory of fairness. MulTCP, a generalization of TCP, will be introduced as a powerful tool that enables us to define fairness without assuming any knowledge of the underlying network topology or routing information. After precisely defining per-tenant fairness, we propose a distributed algorithm to enforce fairness. Finally we will propose an alternative implementation of MulTCP that does not require modifying existing TCP code, a dauntingly difficult task which is often impossible in the cloud environment because the VMs may be leased out to tenants as blackboxes and we cannot force tenants to run any specific transport protocol.


A comprehensive study on combined adjustment of airborne three line images with positioning and orientation system (POS) simultaneously measured position and attitude data has been made.The mathematical model describing POS error was proposed,and then bundle adjustment with advanced orientation image method has been discussed.Both single strip and block adjustment has been tested using ADS40 data.Experimental results show that triangulation with few ground control points can improve the precision of POS data remarkably.Stable results can be obtained if there is a control point at three corners of the block and corresponding positioning error is better than 1.7 pixels in both horizontal and height directions.Precise POS data can control the incline of stripwise stereo model effectively,which enables single strip photogrammetric mapping.


The aim of this paper is to solve large-and-sparse linear Semidefinite Programs (SDPs) with low-rank solutions. We propose to use a preconditioned conjugate gradient method within second-order SDP algorithms and introduce a new efficient preconditioner fully utilizing the low-rank information. We demonstrate that the preconditioner is universal, in the sense that it can be efficiently used within a standard interior-point algorithm, as well as a newly developed primal-dual penalty method. The efficiency is demonstrated by numerical experiments using the truss topology optimization problems of growing dimension.


The nu-Support Vector Machine (νu-SVM) for classification has the advantage of using a parameter νu on controlling the number of support vectors. However, comparing to regular C-SVM, its formulation is more complicated because of having an additional inequality so up to now there are no exact and effective methods for incremental ν-SVM learning. In this paper, based on the truth that the additional inequality can be treated as an equality, we propose an effective and exact incremental learning algorithm for ν-SVM which conquers the difficult problem the incremental learning path may break off by the original incremental method for C-SVM.


Cosmic rays are thought to escape their sources streaming along the local magnetic field lines. We show that this phenomenon generally leads to the excitation of both resonant and non-resonant streaming instabilities. The self-generated magnetic fluctuations induce particle diffusion in extended regions around the source, so that cosmic rays build up a large pressure gradient. By means of two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) hybrid particle-in-cell simulations, we show that such a pressure gradient excavates a cavity around the source and leads to the formation of a cosmic-ray dominated bubble, inside which diffusivity is strongly suppressed. Based on the trends extracted from self-consistent simulations, we estimate that, in the absence of severe damping of the self-generated magnetic fields, the bubble should keep expanding until pressure balance with the surrounding medium is reached, corresponding to a radius of $\sim 10-50$ pc. The implications of the formation of these regions of low diffusivity for sources of Galactic cosmic rays are discussed. Special care is devoted to estimating the self-generated diffusion coefficient and the grammage that cosmic rays might accumulate in the bubbles before moving into the interstellar medium. Based on the results of 3D simulations, general considerations on the morphology of the $\gamma$-ray and synchrotron emission from these extended regions also are outlined.


Shoot tips 0.5mm long were taken from actively growing almond (Prunus amygdalus Batsch cv. hardy) shoots. These were cultured on the modified 1/2 MS medium (UEMATSU and AKIHAMA 1987) supplemented with 6-benzyladenin (6-BA) or N-(2-chloro-4-pyridyl)-N-phenylurea (4PU, Kyowahakko Kogyo K. K.). About 70 to 80% of shoots survived on the paper-wick liquid medium containing 2.0 or 4.0 mg/l 4PU. Growing shoots were transferred to the solid multiplying medium containing 2g/l gerlite and 0.5mg/l 6-BA. These shoots were subcultured on the same fresh medium at forty days intervals. After nine months of culture, the multiplication rate was 6.6-fold per L0rty days. The longest shoot reached to 3.8cm. Within a month after transferring to the rooting medium containing 0.5mg/l naphthalene aceticacid (NAA), root induction occurred.


This thesis starts with the discussion of the storage management strategy for the multi-application Smartcards.Then,it analyses the shortcomings of storing free storage management information on the EEPROM.According to the storage allocation features of multi-application Smartcards,it presents a new algorithm,that is,not to store the information on the EEPROM but to calculate free storage management information on the basis of the file chain.The simulation results show that this algorithm is more efficient,since there are less write procedures on the EEPROM in the process of storage allocation and recovery.


This study aims to determine the effect of individual morality, information asymmetry, the effectiveness of internal control, and organizational justice on the tendency of accounting fraud on BUMD in Surakarta. The theories used in this study are the Triangle Fraud Theory, Agency Theory, and Moral Reasoning Theory. The population of this study is employees who work in the Regional Owned Enterprises in the Surakarta City area. This study sampled administrative staff at the BUMD Surakarta region. The sampling method in this study using purposive sampling method. The tests carried out include testing validity, reliability, classical assumptions, and multiple linear regression analysis. The results showed that information asymmetry, the effectiveness of internal controls, and organizational justice had a positive effect on fraudulent tendencies. While the variabels of individual morality negatively affect the tendency of fraud.


In recent years the STARE system has been used to analyze Pc5 pulsations of several different types. In this paper a detailed description of a new type of pulsation is given. The event described occurred during local magnetic afternoon; it had small amplitude (Vertical BarEVertical Bar< or approx. =5mV m/sup -1/ in the ionosphere), a period which varied from 220 to 385 s during the event, and a large azimuthal wave number (mapprox.35) which varied such as to keep the azimuthal phase velocity approximately constant for a given geomagnetic latitude; propagation was geomagnetic westward. When maped into the equatorial plane, the properties of the wave strongly suggest that the wave phase velocity was determined by hot proton drift motions near the equatorial plane. The observational results are compared with theoretical properties of the drift mirror instability. While the results do not contradict the predicted properties, it is felt that further theoretical development is required.


This is a fastener of a band arrangement (2) flat and flexible over at least a bone part (3) comprising said strip having two end portions (2, 2 ''), a body (5 ) of rigid base having an orifice (11) therethrough, and a part (12) insertable into said holding hole. The part (12) for holding is at least partly shaped collapsible corner comprising a bore (13) central passage of said end portions (2 ', 2' ') facing the flexible strip, said bore (13) being deformable between a first cross-sectional section (Si) for free passage of the end portions (2 ', 2' ') when the room has not been inserted into the orifice and a second section (S2 ) for locking said compression end portions when the part is fully or substantially fully inserted into the orifice.


To study the effect of different fertilizing methods on the characteristics of nitrogen mineralization and residual in the black soil and nitrogen balance in the continuous spring maize cultivation,a three-year field experiment was conducted to study the effect of different fertilizing methods(basal fertilizer plus topdressing based on soil mineral nitrogen test,Opt and traditional application,Tra1 and Tra2) on nitrogen(N) balance and residue in the soil at a fixed location in northeast China.The results indicated that the grain yield,biomass,and N uptake of maize in optimized N treatment(basal fertilizer plus topdressing based on soil mineral nitrogen test,Opt) were the highest.In the traditional application 1(85% basal N fertilizer + 15% seed manure,Tra1) and traditional application 2(basal N fertilizer only,Tra2) were influenced by annual rainfall amount,the residual nitrate moved down obviously.The nitrate-N of 30-60 cm and 60-90 cm in the soil under Tra1 and Tra2 treatments were about two and 2.4-3.3 times greater than that of Opt treatment,respectively.The N residue in the soil was decreased significantly under Opt treatment.Nitrogen surplus in the soil sharply increased with increasing N input,and the maximum was 400.9 kg/ha.Nitrogen surplus under Tra2 treatment was the lowest,which was based mainly on residual Nmin.N application once at seeding increased significantly soil Nmin which lead to high apparent N loss.Application of all the N fertilizer at seeding lead to significant nitrate leaching into the deep soil in the condition of black soil in northeast China,and therefore threatened the environment to a large degree.Basal fertilization plus optimized topdressing based on soil mineral-nitrogen test was a promising way to increase N fertilizer utilization and reduce N loss.


An HPLC method was developed to determine bright blue in bitter gourd beer. After being extracted with polyamide resin, bright blue could be adsorbed on Kromasil C18 column, and eluted gradiently by using acetonitrile -0.02mol/L ammonium acetate as the mobile phase at flow rate 1.0ml/min, and be detected at 627nm. The recovery of sample is in the range of 89.6%~ 97.6%, RSD(n=6) is 3.25%. This method is proved to be simple, rapid and accurate .


 1 week ahead: Reading week.  2 weeks until deadline for the Wares Family Post-Doctoral Fellowship Application Deadline (March 13, 2015).  3 weeks until spring! (March 21, 2015). It has been a rather cold February, the coldest in the last 100 years...  4 and a bit more weeks until Easter.  5 weeks until the 4th Annual MIMM Gala (April 10, 2015)! Buy your tickets soon.  And 6 weeks until the Departmental Cyclical Review (April 13-14, 2015).


In 1997, when Bartkus and Stull analysed the cooperative education (co-op) literature they described it as sketchy, limited, and uncertain, with a focus on best practice. Bartkus, Stull, and Higgs conducted two further assessments of the co-op research, where Bartkus and Higgs (2011) described the literature as being stronger and more developed than when the assessment was conducted in 2004 (Bartkus & Stull, 2004). A significant indication of this development can be observed by the growth in the number, and change in type, of publications in Asia Pacific Journal Cooperative Education (APJCE) (Zegwaard, 2012).


The article discusses agricultural risk management and the role of public support. The main tenet is that the changing scenario that is investing European agriculture, determined by the joint effects of the CAP reform and the evolution of international markets, it is not sufficient to justify increased financial support to traditional income stabilization and support programs. Making reference to the change in the way in which corporations in various countries have integrated their activities in the financial markets, and by surveying the instruments provided by those markets, we discuss the prospects for agricultural risk management based on a renewed concept of mutuality and the relative potential role of the State in the post-CAP reform Europe.


We exploit some common features of black hole and domain wall solutions of (super)gravity theories coupled to scalar fields and construct a class of stable extremal black holes that are non-BPS, but still can be described by first-order differential equations. These are driven by a ``superpotential'', which replaces the central charge in the usual black hole potential. We provide a general procedure for finding this class and deriving the associated ``superpotential''. We also identify some other cases which do not belong to this class, but show a similar behaviour.


The present invention relates to a mobile terminal having a virtual mode dial and a method of operating the same. To this end, the portable terminal having the virtual mode dial according to the present invention includes a virtual mode selecting means for selecting a predetermined operation mode of the portable terminal and a control means for controlling to perform a predetermined operation in the selected operation mode. . In addition, the operating method of a mobile terminal having a virtual mode dial according to the present invention, Displaying the virtual mode selecting means on the display screen of the portable terminal; selecting a predetermined operation mode by using the virtual mode selecting means; Entering the selected operation mode; And performing a predetermined operation in the selected operation mode. Accordingly, the mode dial of the mobile terminal is virtually displayed on the display screen to implement the mode dial function of the mobile terminal using only the software configuration without the hardware configuration, thereby simplifying the structure of the mobile terminal and selecting the function of the mobile terminal. selection process can be simplified.


One application of the emerging field of persona studies is to the analysis of online fan persona. Indeed, there already exists a deep tradition of attention to fan persona within fan studies. A persona-inflected fan studies involves attention to the shift from representational media to a presentational media paradigm and invites questions about the contemporary experience of the public presentation of the online self as a fan. In combining the object and persona lens, an approach emerges that takes into account the agency of the individual in its negotiation with various collectives as well as human and nonhuman actors in the networks of online identity performances. Both qualitative and quantitative methodologies are useful in exploring the fan persona as it registers indexically and intercommunicatively in the constitution of public activity in digitally networked environments.


Mercury and its compounds are highly toxic for humans and ecosystems. The dominant form of mercury in the atmosphere is gaseous elemental mercury (Hg0 ~98%), characterized by high stability (residence time 0.5-2 years), low solubility and high volatility. Volcanic and hydrothermal emissions are major natural sources of mercury to the atmosphere. On June 2013 a multidisciplinary field trip was made on Nisyros island. There, real-time measurements of atmospheric Hg were carried out with a portable Zeeman atomic absorption spectrometer with high frequency modulation of light polarization (Lumex RA-915M). A multigas analyzer (manufactured by INGV-Palermo) was also used to measure in real-time the H2O, CO2 and H2S concentrations in air. The two instruments were synchronized and set to high-frequency acquisition. These measurements were carried out along pre-determined paths at walking speed. The simultaneous acquisition of GPS signal provided the spatial coordinates for each concentration value. Atmospheric Hg concentrations in the atmosphere ranged from 30 to >7000 ng/m within the Lakki caldera, with the highest concentrations close to active fumarolic vents. Background values, outside the Lakki caldera were <15 ng/m3. Furthermore, Hg values showed a good correlation with the other fumarolic gases (H2O, CO2 and H2S) confirming its hydrothermal origin. During the same field campain, 33 samples of top soils and 31 of endemic plants (Cistus creticus and salvifolius and Erica arborea and manipuliflora) were collected in the caldera area. Moreover, one sample of plant and soil was collected outside the caldera as local background, for comparison. All soil and plant samples were dried at 36o C and powdered avoiding metal contamination. Their Hg content were analyzed with Combustion Atomic Absorbance (CAA).


This paper deals with the problem of adaptive detection for range-spread targets with unknown complex amplitude and known Doppler in the presence of compound-Gaussian clutter modeled as an autoregressive(AR) process with unknown parameters.Since no uniformly most powerful test exists for this problem,we devise and assess the AR-model-based detection strategy based on the Wald test.The unknown parameters are estimated by maximum likelihood criterion only under hypothesis H1 for the use in Wald test.Different to the traditional covariance-matrix-based detectors,we consider no secondary data;the AR-model-based detector adjusts itself to the environment utilizing only the primary data in the cells under test.Moreover,the AR-model-based Wald test ensure the constant false alarm rate(CFAR) property with respect to the clutter power level,and are asymptotically CFAR with respect to the clutter covariance matrix.Finally,the performance assessments,conducted by Monte Carlo simulations,also in comparison to previously proposed detectors,have shown the newly proposed detector possesses better detection performance than its counterpart resorting to the generalized likelihood ratio test(GLRT) approach.In addition,the newly proposed AR-model-based Wald test possesses the same asymptotical performance as the two-step GLRT-based detector with perfect knowledge about the clutter covariance matrix.


The distribution of ciliates living among different species of mosses (Sphagnum angustifolium, S. cuspidatum, S. flexuosum, S. magellanicum, Polytrichum strictum, and P. commune) in eastern Poland Sphagnum peatlands is described. The highest species richness (23-35 taxa) occurred in hollows dominated by S. angustifolium, S. flexuosum, and S. palustre. Decidedly lower numbers of taxa (7-10) were observed in hummocks dominated by S. magellanicum and Polytrichum. The greatest abundance of ciliates was found in micro-sites dominated by S. flexuosum (25-30 individuals (ind./g), while the lowest was found in sites dominated by Polytrichum (4-6 ind./g). Likewise, independent of the species of mosses, micro-vertical differentiation of these protozoa was found. The number of species and abundance significantly increased at the deepest sampling depth. The upper sampling of mosses (0-5 cm) was dominated by mixotrophic taxa, whereas the deeper sampling level (5-10 cm) showed increases in the proportions of bacterivore species. In peatlands, the factors limiting the occurrence of ciliates are physical and chemical suitability - mainly the total organic carbon content and depth of water table (DWT), but also somewhat lower levels of pH and the species of moss. In turn, an increase in pH also increased the role of nutrients. Such factors have a significant effect on the occurrence of ciliates. The abundances of ciliates in spring and autumn were positively correlated with the concentration of organic matter independent of the species of moss; however, in summer, the influence of pH and DWT increased.


Gravitational relaxation in galactic nuclei, and the redistribution of stars through gravithermal instability, evaporation, mass segregation and orbit segregation, are discussed. Violent relaxation occurs by scattering from ever-changing mean field fluctuations, and large-scale collective modes govern the early evolution of resulting galactic nuclei. Gentle relaxation, resulting from the small deflections of two-body scattering, operates during and after violent relaxation, and depends completely on the graininess of the mass distribution. As a first approximation, both types of relaxation lead to a Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution.


Companies in the marketing activities of products, usually can not escape from competition with similar enterprises. One step that can be set so that the company is able to win the competition is to increase promotions to increase sales on a product. Buying behavior one can say something that is unique, because the preferences and attitudes towards the object of every person is different. In addition consumers are from several segments, so that what people want and need is different. Still there are many factors that influence purchasing decisions. This study aims to influence the quality of product, advertising, and after-sales service of the product purchase decision on Yamaha Mio motorcycle community Surabaya.
The population in this study is the owner of Mio Yamaha motorcycle in Surabaya sampling technique in this study are non-probability sampling using purposive sampling method is to choose the respondents selected by the researcher based on the characteristics or properties of the previously known population. Analytical techniques used in this study is the multiple linear regression analysis.
Based on the obtained results that affect the quality of the product purchase decisions, promotion decisions influence the purchase, after-sales service affects purchasing decisions, and quality of product, advertising, and after-sales service simultaneously significantly influence purchasing decisions.


1-(4-Aminophenylmethanesulfonyl)pyrrolidine(Ⅰ) was prepared starting from benzyl chloride in total yield of 32.4%.Nitration of benzyl chloride with fuming nitric acid-fuming sulfuric acid 〔 V (fuming nitric acid)∶ V (fuming sulfuric acid)=1∶ 1.3〕 at 0 ℃ for 2 h gave 4-nitrobenzyl chloride(Ⅱ) in 52% yield.Ⅱ reacted with sodium sulfite in mixed solvent 〔 V (CH_3OH)∶ V (H_2O)=1∶ 1.5〕 at refluxing temperature for 18 h to form sodium 4-nitrobenzyl sulfonate(Ⅲ) in 96% yield.Chlorination of Ⅲ with phosphorus pentachloride gave 4-nitrophenylmethansulfonyl chloride(Ⅳ) in 78% yield.Ⅳ was then subjected to aminolysis with pyrrolidine 〔 n (Ⅳ)∶ n (pyrrolidine)=1∶ 2〕 in CH_2Cl_2 at room temperature for 10 h to form 1-(4-nitrophenylmethanesulfonyl)pyrrolidine(Ⅴ) in 98% yield.Reduction of Ⅴ with Fe-HCl in mixed solvent 〔 V (C_2H_5OH)∶ V (H_2O)=1∶ 1〕 at refluxing temperature for 1 h gave Ⅰ in 85% yield and of 99.2% purity.


Investigation of clinical actionable targets is crucial for the individual treatment of patients with advanced colorectal cancer (CRC). A complete platform integrating the molecular profiling and prediction of drug reactivity is currently scarce. An integrated precision medicine approach which combines high‐throughput sequencing platform with microfluidic organoid drug testing system is established. Capture sequencing identifies 6 drug targetable genes and 13 candidate drugs for a stage III colorectal cancer patient. The drug sensitivity is confirmed by using patient‐derived organoids (PDOs) model and microfluidic drug testing system. With this integrated precision medicine approach, the optimal drugs including Afatinib, Dacomitinib, and Osimertinib are successfully identified. The platform provides a practical method to guide the clinical therapies for colorectal cancer patients.


Anthracyclines are widely used chemotherapeutic agents in several cancers.
Since its use, survival improved significantly among cancer patients and has been reported to
be up to 80%. However, anthracyclines possess several cardiac, renal and hematological toxicities
which limit their use in practice. Cardiotoxicity is still the most important and dose-limiting side
effect of anthracycline treatment. Here we aimed to investigate the frequency of anthracyclineinduced
cardiomyopathy in pediatric malignancies in Khuzestan Province, Iran.

A total of 112 patients were enrolled in the present study. Patients were allocated to the
case or control group based on receiving anthracycline. Echocardiographic examinations were performed
by a cardiologist. Electrocardiograms were also recorded.

We showed that cancer patients who underwent anthracycline treatment showed cardiomyopathy
as defined by lower LVEF (Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction) among patients (p =
0.041). Abnormal LVEF was reported with a frequency of about 9.5% in patients (p = 0.026). However,
LVFS (Left Ventricular Fraction Shortening), QRS voltage and QT interval did not differ
significantly between treatment and control groups. Our data analysis revealed that this difference is
mainly related to high cumulative dose since high cumulative dose of anthracycline (>300 mg/m2)
leads to lower LVEF and LVFS and higher QRS voltage in comparison with lower cumulative dose
(<300 mg/m2) and control group; but there was no significant difference between low dose and
control group. Different age groups and type of malignancy including hematological and solid tumors
did not show any significant differences for echocardiographic and electrocardiograms parameters.

In our study, lower LVEF among patients who received anthracyclines were mainly
related to a high cumulative dose of anthracyclines, which emphasizes the effect of cumulative dose
for cardiotoxic effects. Larger studies are needed to investigate possible other risk factors for cardiotoxicity.


Abstract Since the launch of the Place Standard tool (PST) in Scotland in 2015 awareness has increased of the critical impact of the climate emergency on health and equity. A 2019 review of the PST, informed by emerging evidence and community and stakeholder feedback, confirmed the need to strengthen its contribution towards place-based climate action. This was partly achieved by integrating enhanced prompts within the PST itself, however with the increased focus of policy and action around climate adaptation and mitigation a knowledge and resource gap remained. So in 2020 PST partners* began work with experts from environmental organisations (Sniffer, Sustainable Scotland Network) and other partners to develop a "Place Standard with a climate lens" (PST CL). The PST CL toolkit was created through an iterative process integrating feedback from 10 pilot projects chosen to represent the varied communities, scales, landscapes and placemaking projects being undertaken across Scotland. It provides a suite of materials to use alongside existing PST resources to help placemaking conversations consider how climate change might play out in a local area. This ensures that local responses to climate change are designed holistically, delivered collaboratively, and helps achieve on other local priorities such as health, wellbeing and equity. This presentation will provide a brief overview of the project background, describe the Scottish PST with a climate lens, share case study examples from the piloting phases, and enable exploration of the learning from Scotland around the value of integrating health and climate in place-based approaches. While the Place Standard tool was not originally designed as a climate change tool, it is an effective method to support the design of local responses to the climate emergency. A "climate lens" can help us to plan the future of our places to maximise the health benefits and minimise the negative consequences of a changing climate.


The Collapse of Capitalism (COC) Theory, usually supported by leftist people, is being denied by economic fundamentals facts and corporate profit data. Any constrictive or critical circumstance claimed as threatening the status quo has been efficiently redirected toward labour force exploitation. The way in which capitalist model can survive and improve is by mean of slow growth of wages and salaries (progressive decrease of their real purchasing power) and the labour rights removal, even inside richest countries, as the United States.


Kinesin is known as a representative cytoskeletal motor protein that is engaged in cell division and axonal transport. In addition to the mutant assay, recent advances using the PCR cloning technique have elucidated the existence of many kinds of kinesin-related proteins in yeast, Drosophila, and mice. We previously cloned five different members of kinesin superfamily proteins (KIFs) in mouse brain (Aizawa, H., Y. Sekine, R. Takemura, Z. Zhang, M. Nangaku, and N. Hirokawa. 1992. J. Cell Biol. 119:1287-1296) and demonstrated that one of them, KIF3A, is an anterograde motor (Kondo, S., R. SatoYashitake, Y. Noda, H. Aizawa, T. Nakata, Y. Matsuura, and N. Hirokawa. J. Cell Biol. 1994. 125:1095-1107). We have now characterized another axonal transport motor, KIF2. Different from other KIFs, KIF2 is a central type motor, since its motor domain is located in the center of the molecule. Recombinant KIF2 exists as a dimer with a bigger head and plus-end directionally moves microtubules at a velocity of 0.47 ± 0.11 /~m/s, which is two thirds that of kinesin's. Immunocytological examination showed that native KIF2 is abundant in developing axons and that it accumulates in the proximal region of the ligated nerves after a 20-h ligation. Soluble KIF2 exists without a light chain, and KIF2's associated-vesicles, immunoprecipitated by anti-KIF2 antibody, are different from those carried by existing motors such as kinesin and KIF3A. They are also distinct from synaptic vesicles, although KIF2 is accumulated in so-called synaptic vesicle fractions and embryonal growth cone particles. Our results strongly suggest that KIF2 functions as a new anterograde motor, being specialized for a particular group of membranous organelles involved in fast axonal transport. N 'EURONS possess a highly polarized cytoarchitecture and transport system that enable them to perform their specialized functions. Especially within axons, each membrane or substrate is transported at the proper velocity and direction. Specialized markers have been used to identify many kinds of axonal transports, which can be roughly classified into several groups based on their velocities and directions (Grafstein and Forma, 1980; Dahlstrtm et al., 1992). The variety of cross-bridge structures connecting vesicles and microtubules also supports the existence of a plural mechanism for axonal transport (Hirokawa et al., 1982, 1991). Kinesin and cytoplasmic dynein are representative motors of anterograde and retrograde axonal transport, respectively (Vale et al., 1985; Brady et al., 1985; Paschal et al., 1987). Y. Noda and R. Sato-Yoshitake contributed equally to this study. Address all correspondence to Prof. N. Hirokawa, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Tokyo 113, Japan. Ph.: (81)3-3812-2111 (ext. 3326), Fax: (81) 3-5689-4856. To better understand possible involvement of other motor molecules, we previously searched for new ones and ultimately applied the PCR method to clone five kinesin-like molecules (kinesin superfamily proteins [KIFs] 1 1-5) using their homology with the kinesin motor domain (Aizawa et al., 1992), and subsequently demonstrated that one of them, KIF3A is an anterograde motor (Kondo et al., 1994). KIF2, another superfamily member, has a unique structure in that its motor domain is located at the center of the molecule. To characterize this putative motor, we expressed KIF2 in a baculovirus system and then examined its biochemical behavior, molecule structure, and motor activity. Results indicate it functions as a plus-end-directed motor. In addition, we characterized KIF2's distribution and dynamics within ligated axons, as well as further purifying native molecules with their binding vesicles via the immunoprecipitation method; thereby demonstrating KIF2 to be another fast 1. Abbreviations usedin thispaper: KHC, kinesin heavy chain; KIF, kinesin superfamily protein; PVDF, polyvinylidene defluoride; St9, Spodopetra frugiperda 9. © The Rockefeller University Press, 0021-9525/95/04/157/11 $2.00 The Journal of Cell Biology, Volume 129, Number 1, April 1995 157-167 157 on A uust 4, 2017 jcb.rress.org D ow nladed fom axonal transport motor which conveys a particular group of membranous organeUes distinct from those carded by kinesin heavy chain CKHC) or KIF3A/B proteins and different from synaptic vesicles and their precursors. Materials and Methods Construction and Transfection of Transfer Vector Complete KIF2 eDNA, which was originally cloned into pUC19 (Aizawa et ai., 1992), was reintroduced into pBluescript SK(+). A transfer vector was constructed using the pAcYM1 transfer vector (Matsuura et ai., 1987) which contains the viral polyhedrin promoter for the expression of the cloned cDNA insert. The junction sites were sequenced and determined to contain ATG and the termination codons of KIF2. The insect cell line Spodopetra frugiperda (SIS) was propagated in TC100 medium (GIBCO BRL, Gaithersburg, MD) supplemented with bactotryptose broth and 10% fetal bovine serum (Summers and Smith, 1987). AcRP23.1acZ virus DNA (Kitts et al., 1990) was used because the replacement of the ~-galactosidase gene by cDNA in the pAcYM1 vector can be detected in the presence of X-gal. SD cells were transfected with mixtures of linearized AcRF23.1acZ DNA and pAcYM1/KIF2 by lipofection (lipofectin; GIBCO BRL) to generate recombinant baculovirus AcKIF2 containing KIF2 eDNA resulting from homologous recombination. The recombinant virus was purified by two rounds of screening in the presence of X-gal, and then grown to high titer stocks (107 plaque4orming U/mi) by serial amplification for the subsequent recombinant KIF2 expression. Expression and Purification of KIF2 To purify the KIF2 protein, the St9 cell culture (30 ml) was resuspended 72 h after infection with 1/10 vol of PEM buffer (100 mM Pipes pH 6.8, 1 mM EGTA, 1 mM MgCI2) containing 0.3 M sucrose, 1 mM DTT, 1 mM PMSF and 10 /~g/ml leupeptin. The cells were homogenized and centrifuged at 100,000 g for 30 rain at 4°C to obtain the crude extract. It was then supplemented with 100/zg/ml of taxol-stabilized purified microtubules, which were prepared as described before (Kondo et al., 1994), incubated at 20°C for 20 rain and then centrifuged at room temperature (r.t.) for 15 rain. This KIF2-microtubule pellet was resuspended with PEM buffer containing 10 mM Mg/ATP and centrifuged to wash out proteins derived from the SIS cells. KIF2 was then released from microtubules with the buffer containing 10 mM ATP and 100 mM NaCI. The resultant supernatant was considered as the purified KIF2 fraction, and contained about 150 ~g/ml KIF2 at over 95% purity. For the motility assay, KIF2 was further purified by loading the purified KIF2 fraction on a 5-20% linear sucrose density gradient. Fractions of 0.5 ml were collected and analyzed by SDS-PAGE. Physical Properties of KIF2 KIF2's molecular weight was determined by the method described by Nangaku et ai. (1994). Briefly Stoke's radius (Rs) of SD-expressed KIF2 was estimated by gel filtration on a Superose 6 column (Pharmacia, Piscataway, N J) and calibrated with standard proteins: catalase, aidolase, bovine serum albumin, and ovalbumin. Sedimentation coefficients (S20,w) were determined by centrifngation in a 5-20% sucrose density gradient using catalase, aldolase, bovine serum albumin, or ovaibumin as the internal standard. Molecular Structure of KIF2 The recombinant KIF2-microtubule pellet was quick-frozen and deepetched as described by Hirokawa et ai. (1989). For rotary shadowing electron microscopy (EM), a 50-~! sample containing 1/10 vol of purified KIF2 fraction (final KIF2 concentration 15 ~g/ml, ATP 1 raM, NaCI 10 raM) in 30% glycerol PEM buffer was sprayed on freshly cleaved mica flakes and processed as described by Hirokawa et al. (1989).


The dynamics of heavy-ion fusion reaction involved in the interaction of 12C,14N and 16O projectiles with,59Co, 51V,128Te and165Ho targets at≈3-8MeV/nucleon specific energies was studied. This study focus on the correlation between entrance channel properties and incomplete fusion reaction. The experimentally measured excitation functions of various reaction products populated by complete and/or incomplete fusions of 12C+59Co, 128Te,14N+128Teand 16O+ 51V, 165Hoprojectile-target systems available in the literature. Were compared and analyzed with the predicted excitation functions, using the statistical model code PACE4. For representative non-α-emitting channels, the experimentally measured excitation functions were, in general, found to be in good agreement with the theoretical predictions. However, for α-emitting channels in the present systems, the measured excitation functions were higher than the predictions of the theoretical model code, which may be credited to incomplete fusion reactions at these energies. An attempt was made to approximate the incomplete fusion fraction that explains the relative importance of incomplete fusion processes. The incomplete fusion fraction was found to be sensitive to the projectile energy and mass-asymmetry of the entrance channel


In this talk I review some of the key questions that weak lensing observations of clusters can potentially answer, and sketch the progress that has been made to date in extracting quantitative estimates of masses and density profiles. A major difficulty in interpreting these measurements is the diverse methods that have been used to calibrate the shear-polarization relation, none of which are completely satisfactory. I describe some recent developments in the theory of weak lensing calibration. I then present some results from the UH8K camera and discuss their implication for cosmology. Finally, I outline a new strategy for obtaining high resolution optical imaging from the ground using an array of small telescopes, and describe how such an instrument can greatly improve the power of weak lensing observations


The present invention describes a n- butane absorption process for purifying ethylene product produced from ethane oxidation. Ethane oxidation product is fed to a series of absorption towers to use n- butane solvent, where, to remove inert components, to purify the ethylene from the product. In the first absorption tower, using n- butane as a solvent to absorb both ethane and ethylene, whereby it is possible to remove the inert gas from the flow. Ethylene-rich side stream obtained from this column, the feed to the ethylene purification column, where purified ethylene using n- butane solvent. Then, the bottom stream from the first absorption tower, the feed to an intermediate ethylene recovery tower where the crude ethylene Purification, also overhead ethylene stream is sent to ethylene purification column. Bottoms stream, along with the bottom stream of the ethylene purification column (mostly on the both comprises ethane and n- butane), and sends to the stripper column for ethane recovery and n- butane solvent recovery.


Cyclic regeneration of the co-enzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide couple NAD+/NADH has been achieved by reduction of NAD+ using electrochemically produced potassium amalgam in a specially designed reactor, and by electrochemically oxidising NADH and biochemically inactive species from the reduction reaction back to active NAD+via a nickel foam anode; this regenerated co-enzyme can be used to drive a range of chemical reactions catalysed by oxido–reductase enzymes.


One chronic terminal lung cancer patient was purposely selected. My grounded theory findings indicated that this middle-aged, asymptomatic, otherwise healthy woman used the basic social process of asking, "How can I participate in treatment?" in order to resolve a crisis of pain. Participation involved the overarching condition of trust in medical personnel, and included seven overlapping considerations: expense, disease progress, bodily feeling, explanations, plans, emotional reactions, and turning point. The findings provide information that may lead to smoother transitions to changing the status of a patient.


Following the notice about the cartel in relation to fixing the price of GPL gas, the Italian Competition Authority (ICA), has decided to investigate the conducts of the three main Italian…


The diffusivity–mobility ratio in degenerate semiconductors in the presence of a large magnetic field is found to increase with increasing temperature at a rate which is dependent on temperature at...


Few studies have dealt with inclusive language use in multicultural organizations. This is unfortunate because it has been hypothesized that such organizations will be more creative and will perform better than mono-cultural organizations if communication issues have been dealt with correctly by managers. In this study, we test the general hypothesis that inclusive language use by managers and employees in formal and informal situations will increase the creativity and performance in multicultural organizations. By use of responses from 676 individuals employed in privately owned multicultural companies we found that common language management communication was strongly associated with performance but only weakly associated with creativity. Openness to language diversity among employees, however, had strong relations with both creativity and performance. This indicates that management communication may provide information and a shared identity that can increase the performance of an organization but in or...


X-ray mammary machine is used routinely to enhance the diagnostic rate of the breast diseases.The history of X-ray mammary machine is introduced,along with its basic components and working principle.The progress of the core parts is discussed in detail.[Chinese Medical Equipment Journal,2012,33(6):85-87]


This article discusses the Japanese people's views towards life and death.The Japanese people like the transient oriental cherry and honor the sacrifice spirit of the Bushido.The suicide rate of this nation is comparatively high and the Japanese literary works often describe the scene of "dying for love".All these present the Japanese people's special views towards life and death.They undervalue life and death and they are lenient with life and death.They respect life and death.This article analyse the formation of this view and probes into its root causes and its concrete manifestation.


This paper explores flexible job-shop scheduling problem (FJSP), using the rolling window rescheduling strategy. The fuzzy delivery time was considered, which satisfies the trapezoidal delivery window of the fuzzy membership function and directly bears on consumer satisfaction. Taking machine failure as the cause of dynamic interferences, the author established a dynamic scheduling model for the FJSP with fuzzy delivery time, according to the fuzzy mathematics theory. The model has multiple objectives: minimizing energy consumption, maximum makespan and consumer dissatisfaction. Next, the immune genetic algorithm (IGA) was improved to solve the model. The established model and the improved IGA were verified through simulations, in comparison with the genetic algorithm (GA). The research results shed new light on the FJSPs in real-world scenarios. (Received in September 2019, accepted in January 2020. This paper was with the authors 1 month for 1 revision.)


Given native 2D contact map, protein 3D structure could be reconstructed with accuracy of 2A or better, and such reconstruction is a feasible computational approach for protein folding problem. The prediction accuracy from traditional methods is generally too poor to useful, but the recent deep learning model has significantly improved the accuracy. In this study, we proposed a neural network model comprising a bi-directional recurrent neural network and artificial neural network. Over the non-redundant database of all available protein 3D structures in Protein Data Bank, this deep learning model achieved an accuracy of 0.80, much higher than those of previous models. This study represents a major breakthrough in protein 2D contact map prediction and likely a major step forward for the protein folding problem.


Public intellectuals as they have traditionally been perceived, as individual scholars speaking truth to power, are a declining feature of public life. Responding to the centrality of digital communication in the public sphere Mark Murphy and Cristina Costa, argue that academia needs to further value and prioritise engagement with the digital public sphere and that beyond simply taking its forms and standards as a given, the future of public intellectualism rests on constructively improving this discourse for the benefit of the public as a whole.


Under the auspices of the OECD/NEA Stripa Project, a state-of-the-art evaluation of repository sealing materials and techniques has been undertaken with particular application to crystalline rock. The objectives of the evaluation were (1) to review progress to date in the development of repository sealing materials and emplacement techniques; (2) to identify priority materials for sealing narrow aperture fractures in crystalline rock, including issues of technical concern to the long-term effectiveness of such materials; and (3) to provide a framework for advancing an in situ fracture-sealing test program that can be designed and implemented at the Stripa Mine. The classes of sealing materials that were considered included cementitious materials, natural clay materials, chemical grouts, fracture-filling synthetic minerals, ceramics, and metals. Of these, cementitious materials and natural clay materials were recommended as high-priority materials for further study because they can be designed to meet desired repository performance characteristics, there is considerable history of successful use in similar engineering applications, and there is indirect evidence that they will continue to perform as expected for long periods of time. Techniques for the emplacement of these sealing materials in rock fractures include pressure injection, dynamic (or vibratory) injection, and electrophoresis.


Parameter determination is an important task in the development of biological models. In this paper we consider parametric polynomial dynamical systems and address the following parameter synthesis problem: find a set of parameter values so that the resulting system satisfies a desired property. Our synthesis technique exploits the Bernstein polynomial representation to solve the synthesis problem using linear programming. We apply our framework to two case studies involving epidemic models.


The strength, excitation energy and width of the double giant dipole and quadrupole resonances are studied. The model-independent sum rules for the strength are derived. It is shown that the folding model satisfies the sum rule, but can not reproduce experimental data. The energy and width of the double giant dipole resonance can be expressed rather model-independently in terms of those of the single giant dipole resonance. Their relationship is in good agreement with experiment.


This article shows the necessity that there is, in an inclusive didactical study of the relationship to knowledge, to rely on a triangulation of theoretical approaches relating to the latter, through a case study, in particular that of the relationship to the Pythagoras's Theorem, which study gave rise to the definition of a normative relationship, in acronym NiPADiS, for any knowledge and relative to the triangulation of theoretical approaches, namely anthropological, didactical and sociological approaches, to the relationship to knowledge.


Formal schooling in many other nations begins between ages 4 and 5, some research states that it starts earlier
than this. The function of elementary schools throughout the world is to provide opportunities for children
to acquire at least basic competencies in reading, writing, and computation. During middle childhood years,
children are thought to be functioning developmentally at what Piaget termed the concrete and formal
operational stages. Basic literacy as well as computational and conceptual skills is acquired at this phase.
But some children may not be able to learn one or more of these skills as per their age. Their intellectual
capacity and normal visual and physical abilities are unable to acquire one or more age appropriate language
and /or arithmetic skills. They find it difficult to acquire the skill even when adequate learning opportunities
are provided. These children have learning disabilities/ difficulties.
Studies have revealed that nearly 10% of the childhood population has developmental language disorders
of one type or the other and 8-10% of the school population has learning disability of one form or the other.
Early intervention presupposes early identification. At present, there is no universally standardized screening
procedure to guide referrals from schools. Interventions to rectify the issue should focus on developing and
strengthening language and basic skills of reading, writing and arithmetic. In addition we should ensure that
children should be allowed to "think" for them, to develop higher cognitive functioning is vital.


Attitudes toward the death penalty are multifaceted and strongly held, but little research outside of the death-qualification literature has focused on the role that such attitudes and beliefs play in jurors' capital sentencing verdicts. A single item is insufficient to properly measure attitudes toward the death penalty; therefore, a new 15-item, 5-factor scale was constructed and validated. Use of this scale in 11 studies of capital jury decision making found a large effect of general support of the death penalty on sentencing verdicts as well as independent aggravating effects for the belief that the death penalty is a deterrent and the belief that a sentence of life without parole nonetheless allows parole. These effects generally were not completely mediated by, nor did attitudes moderate the effects of, aggravating and mitigating factors. Through death qualification and voir dire, the legal system attempts to strike a balance between jurors' attitudes toward the death penalty and a defendant's right to an impartial jury. Courts embrace the fact that capital jurors' attitudes toward the death penalty influence their decisions whether to sentence a defendant to death: "A jury that must choose between life imprisonment and capital punishment can do little more—and must do nothing less—than express the conscience of the community on the ultimate question of life or death" (Witherspoon v. Illinois, 1968, p. 519). However, the defendant's right to an impartial jury requires that jurors also be able to follow the law and not reach a verdict based solely on their attitudes. Courts currently balance these interests by allowing parties to exclude for cause only those jurors whose attitude toward the death penalty is so strong, either for or against, that it would "prevent or substantially impair the performance of [their] duties as a juror" (Wainwright v. Witt, 1985, p. 424). To ascertain whether jurors fail this test, defendants are entitled to an adequate voir dire that consists of more than general questions and that is sufficient to allow the defendant to uncover biases to which jurors do not readily admit (Morgan v. Illinois, 1992). Afterward, death-qualified capital jurors must (though the specifics vary by


CONTINUING A THREE-YEAR UPSWING, THE LATEST CIRC STATS SHOW A 5% INCREASE In 1997, the Index of American Public Library Circulation was 116, a 5% increase from the 1996 circulation index of 110. The index of expenditures rose 7% from 138 in 1996 to 147 in 1997. The index of expenditures in constant 1990 dollars was 120 in 1997, a 4% increase from 115 in 1996. The index values are based on figures reported annually by a sample of 112 libraries representative of all United States public libraries serving populations of over 25,000. The sample was taken from all public libraries serving populations of over 25,000 and is proportionally stratified according to rates of change in circulation and expenditures from 1989 to 1992 as determined from "Public Libraries in the U.S." (National Center for Education Statistics, 1989 and 1992). The index scores are computed by dividing the library's reported 1997 circulation and expenditure totals by its corresponding 1990 figures and multiplying by 100. The resulting scores are ranked from highest to lowest, and the median score is the index value. The index of spending in 1990 dollars is calculated by dividing the expenditure index in each year by the Consumer Price Index (annual average for all urban consumers) converted to a 1990 base. Adult and juvenile circulation One hundred and five public libraries, comprising 94% of the sample, reported adult and juvenile circulation figures for 1997. Only those 83 libraries which reported both the 1990 and 1997 juvenile and adult circulation figures were used to calculate the adult and juvenile indexes. The adult circulation index increased 2% from 116 in 1996 to 118 in 1997. The juvenile circulation index decreased by 3% from 115 in 1996 to 112 in 1997. The distribution of circulation by adult and juvenile has remained fairly stable since 1992. In 1997 the circulation breakdown was 63% adult and 37% juvenile. Annual expenditures The index value for salary expenditures increased by 1% from 141 in 1996 to 143 in 1997. The index value for material expenditures increased by 4% from 134 in 1996 to 139 in 1997. Meanwhile. the index for "other" expenditures increased from 123 to 140. up 14% from 1996. The percentage distribution of operating expenditures in 1997 was salaries at 65% of total operating expenditures, "other" expenditures at 19%, and materials at 16%. Circulation per capita increased from 6.0 in 1996 to 6.2 in 1997, Expenditures per item circulated also increased from $3.13 in 1996 to $3.17 in 1997. Expenditures per capita increased by 7% from $19.17 per capita in 1996 to $20,55 per capita in 1997. Material expenditures per capita increased 4% from 1996 to 1997 from $2.93 to $1.04. The 1990 census population figures were used in calculating the per-capita statistics. …


Past research has established the necessity of farmer participation for a cooperative's success. However, there is a lack of study on whether the reverse is true, i.e., whether participating in cooperatives benefits farmers. The aim here is to address that important issue using the 2005 ARMS dairy data for the entire USA.


Residual stress change in silicon thin films during crystallization of amorphous silicon is discussed experimentally by detecting the wafer curvature change using a scanning laser microscope. The as‐deposited amorphous‐silicon film shows compressive stress of about 200 MPa. During a crystallization reaction at about 650 °C, a large tensile stress of about 1000 MPa develops in the film due to film shrinkage. The final residual stress of polycrystalline film depends on the film formation process.


ABSTRACT The recent concerns on environmental issues have expedited the technological development of alternative fuel vehicles (AFVs), but the deployment of AFVs still remains at the initial stage mainly because of the lack of refuelling facilities. Recognising this, researchers have conducted various studies, proposing a variety of approaches to strategically locating refuelling stations. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the approaches, focusing more on applications than computational issues. The review identifies two main elements of the approaches: location modelling and refuelling demand estimation. Examining how the elements were handled in refuelling location studies, this paper suggests that future refuelling location models should properly reflect the intricate and various perspectives of three major AFV stakeholders: drivers, government agencies and refuelling service providers. This study is expected to help researchers efficiently set up their refuelling location problems and identify critical factors for seeking the solutions.


Students with learning disabilities struggle with word problems in mathematics classes. Understanding the type of errors students make when working through such mathematical problems can further describe student performance and highlight student difficulties. Through the use of error codes, researchers analyzed the type of errors made by 14 sixth grade and 15 seventh grade students with language-based learning disabilities educated with either a standards-based or traditional mathematics curricula on word problems representing number and operations and algebra standards. Two main findings occurred: (a) the open-ended word problems were challenging to students with learning disabilities as demonstrated through the high rate of unanswered questions and incorrect answers, with the most frequently committed errors representing a lack of understanding of the mathematics; and (b) no relationship existed between curricula and correct or unanswered questions for sixth grade, but statistically significant relationships existed in the seventh grade, favoring the standards-based curriculum.


Over decades of study, problematic school absenteeism in youths has been associated with diverse terms such as truancy, psychoneurotic truancy, school refusal, school phobia, and separation anxiety. Unfortunately, such disparity has led to lack of consensus regarding definition, assessments, and treatment for this population. This is especially problematic given that school absenteeism and dropout remain at crisis proportions. A brief historical overview is presented of the various terms used to define subtypes of absenteeism. Suggestions are then made for building consensus among psychologists, educators, and others who address these youths. These suggestions surround using a common definitional and assessment approach as well as designing treatment strategies that cover all youths with problematic absenteeism.


ABSTRACT The seed dispersal system of a neotropical tree, Cabralea canjerana (Meliaceae), was studied in two forested areas in southeastern Brazil. The first study site, Parque Estadual Intervales (PEI), is a 49,000-ha reserve composed mostly of old-growth Atlantic rain forest. The second site, Mata de Santa Genebra (MSG), is a 250-ha fragment of old-secondary semideciduous forest whose present bird fauna differs markedly from the original, in part as a consequence of forest fragmentation. At PEI 35 bird species ate the diaspores of C. canjerana. Black-tailed tityra (Tityra cayana, Tyrannidae) was the main seed disperser, but several other species were also important seed dispersers. In contrast, at MSG C. canjerana diaspores were eaten by 14 bird species. At this area, the red-eyed vireo (Vireo olivaceus, Vireonidae) was the most important seed disperser, but it was also a 'waster' which dropped seeds beneath parent plants, or carried them to sites unsuitable for germination. At PEI, exposed seeds on the forest floor were heavily preyed upon by rodents and insects. Insects destroyed mainly seeds deposited near to parent plants. Insect predation was less intense at MSG than at PEI. The rodent density at MSG was unusually small, and part of the post-dispersal seed predation may be done by terrestrial birds, such as doves and tinamous, which are especially common at MSG. Some of the differences recorded between the seed dispersal systems of C. canjerana at PEI and MSG may have been the result of the fragmentation and isolation of the latter area.


A process for preparing sulfuric acid from used alkylating sulfuric acid by high-temp cracking includes such steps as heating to 1000-1100 deg.C, cracking, acid washing for cleaning, converting twice by contact method, and absorbing twice to obtain qualified sulfuric acid for reuse. It has high recovering rate.


This study was done on three female Marwari horses 3, 4 and 5 years old from Pookkottur, Areekode and Mankada (Case no. 1, 2 and 3 respectively) in Malappuram district of Kerala. The mares showed inappetance, lethargy, weight loss, scanty and watery faeces, yellowish discoloration of urine and hind limb weakness. Physical examination was carried out and blood samples were collected for laboratory investigation. Clinical examination revealed, all the animals were debilitated with pale and moist mucous membrane, pyrexia, prolonged capillary refill time, tachypnoea and tachycardia. Laboratory investigation revealed the presence of Trypanosoma sp . in all the three cases. Haematological examination revealed low Haemoglobin, Packed Cell Volume and Total Erythrocyte Count. The treatment was done using Diminazine aceturate (7 mg/kg bodyweight, intramuscular), two doses in 7 days interval. A screening done after a week revealed all mares were free from parasite. All mares had an uneventful recovery.


Background Traffic safety has placed a tremendous economic and social burden on individuals and nations. Gasoline prices have been linked to traffic safety in the recent studies. Higher gasoline price may prompt people to reduce expenses by changing travel distance and frequency, transportation mode, or driving behaviors. Objective This study aims to examine the relationship of gasoline prices to hospital utilization and cost for motorcycle and non-motorcycle motor vehicle injuries in the United States. Methods Data on inpatient hospitalization for motor vehicle injuries were obtained from the 2001-2010 Nationwide Inpatient Sample, which is part of the Healthcare Costs and Utilization Project. Gasoline price data were gathered by the Federal Highway Administration. Panel feasible generalized least squares models were used to estimate the effects of inflation-adjusted gasoline prices on hospitalization rate (per 10 million population). Additionally, a conceptual system dynamic model was developed to examine the traffic safety system response to rising gasoline price, and it was used to estimate the effects of gasoline tax and transport policies on reducing motor vehicle injuries. Results It was predicted that a $1.00 increase in the gasoline tax was associated with reducing the number of hospitalizations for non-motorcycle MVC injuries by 8,347, and lowered hospital costs by $143 million in 2014. However, the $1.00 increase in the gasoline tax was associated with increasing the number of hospitalizations for motorcycle crash injuries by 3,574, and increased hospital costs by $73 million. Also, our experiments of system dynamics modeling found that increasing passenger-miles traveled would be effective in reducing motor vehicle injuries in the long run. Conclusion Our findings suggest that the increased hospital utilization and costs from motorcycle crash injuries after a rise in the price of gasoline partially offset reductions in non-motorcycle MVC injuries. Therefore, gasoline tax could be a policy alternative to improve traffic safety, provided that it is paired with efforts to improve motorcycle safety. The development of public transportation system could also become an attractively alternative commuting mode to reduce motor vehicle injuries.


Through the implementation of excellence in nursing service at the medicine department, we hope we can optimize the care management model, improve the motivation of nurses' work, strengthen the communication between nurses and patients, as well as provide patients with safe, high quality and satisfactory nursing care.


Futurist literature provides clear evidence that the speed of societal change can only increase in the years to come. If they are to function effectively in tomorrow's world today's schools must begin now to plan for substantive reorganization. Some sug gestions are offered below.


Anycast defined in IPv6 is a new communication model.A packet sent to an anycast that is assigned to more than one interface is routing to the "nearest" interface having that address.After anycast service's model and genetic algorithm are analyzed,improved anycast routing algorithm that has multiple QoS parameters is introduced.The method of Depth_First search and roulette wheel is adopted to make the original population multiple.At the same time,many populations and modification operator are introduced and genetic operator is improved.The result of experimental simulation shows that improved algorithm not only can enhance convergence speed,but also can gain better anycast path.


The photopolymerization of acrylonitrile (AN) was studied by using 8-acryloyloxyquino-line (AQ) and its polymer (PAQ) as sensitizers under UV irradiation. The photopolymerization rate of AN in DMF by using AQ as sensitizer is proportional to 0.36th power of AQ concentration and 1.10th power of AN concentration. In the case of PAQ as sensitizer for the photopolymerization of AN, the rate is proportional to 0.31th power of PAQ concentration and 0.73 th power of AN concentration. From the recording of fluorescence intensity of PAN sensitized by AQ and PAQ, it is confirmed that AQ and PAQ not only sensitized the photopolymerization of AN but also entered into the PAN chains. The initiation mechanism was tantatively deduced.


The first work that must be done on coconuts after the coir stripping process is to strip the coconut shells. This is because the part of the coconut that is processed further is part of the coconut meat itself. Coconut shell is the hardest part of the coconut fruit. On this coconut shell, coconut meat is attached. Manually removing coconut meat will take a relatively long time, around 3-5 minutes for 1 coconut. Of course, with this time the capacity and production efficiency cannot be maximized. This research was conducted with the aim of designing and testing the capabilities of coconut shell peeling machines. This machine is operated by using 2 blades, namely a flat peeler blade as a barrier to the surface of the coconut shell and a toothed peeler to press the surface of the shell. The results of the functional testing of this machine obtained the best value at the rotational speed of the peeler teeth of 14 rpm with an average shelling time of 20.96 seconds per piece. Keywords : coconut, machine, coconut shells, shelling time .


The core task of sports training is to develop athletes' athletic ability,so this is a very common and important research topic about how to improve the athlete's athletic ability,and exploring the winning factors and characteristics in the core competitive ability to achieve new breakthroughs at the same time.In this paper,the research object are 10 elite female athletes of 1,500 meters.It uses the methods of literature review,logical analysis,investigation,mathematical statistics and comparative analysis.We get the conclusions that the middle distance(1500-metres) runner's core competitive ability index system consists of Quetelet index,(lower limb length B-calf length A / calf length A) × 100,cardiac index,vital capacity / body weight,800 meters,100 meters,3000 meters;"speed-endurance" binary composite quality is the main physical structure of the core competitive ability for middle distance runner,while establishes the core competitive ability rating scale to be as a useful reference for the training.


For the Phase-II Upgrade of the ATLAS Detector, the Inner Detector will be replaced with the Inner Tracker (ITk), consisting of a pixel and a strip tracker. The 17,888 silicon strip detector modules comprising the ITk strip tracker will be assembled from silicon strip sensors and flexes with readout chips in a manual assembly process performed at 20 module assembly sites in a complex distribution chain, which requires quality control steps to be performed after each distribution and assembly step. Sensor quality control requires a visual inspection of the full sensor area (about 100 cm2) of each sensor to detect and log any defects (e.g. scratches, breakdown areas or chipped corners) or contamination. Since manual surveys of full sensor areas for several thousand sensors are both time-consuming and prone to errors, alternative methods were investigated to automate the process and improve its reliability. This paper presents a setup developed to take high-resolution images of full silicon strip sensors with high repeatability quickly and an algorithm developed for the automated detection of defects, built using functions and filters from popular open-source visual processing packages OpenCV and Scikit-image. Methods were developed both for small-scale high-resolution images and full-size sensor images with lower resolution — both are presented here.


INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE:Artificial urethral sphincter (AUS) is traditionally the gold standard surgical treatment for stress urinary incontinence (SUI) among men who fail conservative management...


The books I look at this month cover a wide variety of subjects, but they are all about learning. None of them deals with a brand new topic. Two of them are new editions of successful books about important topics: XML and Perl. Two are successors or companion volumes to other works by the same authors: Gerald Weinberg on consulting and Kendall Scott on the Unified Process. One applies old principles to designing Web sites—a no longer new, but still largely undisciplined, activity. These books illustrate an important idea. Fads come and go, but there is no magic formula that makes some last. Fads become disciplines through patient progress, trial and error, and applying proven principles to new situations.


The design and use of a photometer to detect the transition of DNA from the double helix to random coil form.


In this work we present an efficient Multi Level Monte Carlo (MLMC) algorithm capable of propagating operational uncertainties, due to atmospheric variability of external aerodynamics flows and geometrical uncertainties due to manufacturing tolerances and fatigue. The technique is tested on the NACA 0012 airfoil in transonic conditions and a two compression ramps hypersonic scramjet intake configuration. The efficiency of the proposed MLMC algorithm in terms of accuracy versus overall computational cost is compared to a standard MC method.


This paper describes the development and use of PRISM, a Web-based student peer review system for evaluating MIS programming assignments. PRISM supports open, single blind, and double blind reviews of programming assignments in a variety of different development environments The paper describes the PRISM architecture, explains how the system has been used in a variety of different MIS courses, and discusses the advantages and disadvantages of its use.


The vacuum stability condition of the Standard Model (SM) Higgs potential with mass in the range of 124–127 GeV puts an upper bound on the Dirac mass of the neutrinos. We study this constraint with the right-handed neutrino masses up to TeV scale. The heavy neutrinos contribute to ΔL = 2 processes like neutrinoless double beta decay and same-sign-dilepton (SSD) production in the colliders. The vacuum stability criterion also restricts the light-heavy neutrino mixing and constrains the branching ratio (BR) of lepton flavor-violating process, like μ→eγ mediated by the heavy neutrinos. We show that neutrinoless double beta decay with a lifetime ~1025 years can be observed if the lightest heavy neutrino mass is 3.3 TeV. Finally we show that the observation of SSDs associated with jets at the LHC needs much larger luminosity than available at present. We have estimated the possible maximum cross-section for this process at the LHC and show that with an integrated luminosity 100 fb-1 it may be possible to observe the SSD signals as long as MR < 400 GeV.


The research entitled "Belief in Traditional Rituals of Buriram Province aims at 1) the study belief in traditional rituals of population of Buriram Province and 2) to analyze the Buddhist belief in Kamma that involves in the traditional rituals. This research is qualitative research through a narrative method.  Views towards Kamma in Buddhism are normally deeds always with intention. And when it is analytically integrated with traditional beliefs through rituals of Buriram population consisting of ghosts or deities, the research finds that there is inseparable involvement among Brahminism, Buddhism and locally traditional beliefs in sins, merits, benefits, punishment, good and bad deeds. This trend will be effective in the futue as well because it inspire local people for life enhancement with safety from any damage. Besides, main purpose of traditional rituals towards ancestors for villagers' safety and happiness focuses on making merits for those ancestors who passed away. It has been respectfully exercised traditionally for long time with good values for life earning not only of each individual's betterment, that of familial institution's harmonious collaboration under seniority respect but societal institution's improvement systematically without conflict and disorder as well as.


On the occasion of the 25th anniversary of the VLSI Symposium, it is appropriate to reflect on the past and peer into the future. It is clear that continuing scaling in the coming decade is no longer an evolution but rather a revolution involving materials science based engineering at the device level and computer science at the systems level - not "living apart together" but intensely interlinked in the design world. The challenges are daunting: materials and device breakthroughs, innovations in circuit and system architecture, new design tools and skills are urgently needed if we are to reconcile nanoscale realities with the promises of nomadic connectivity and "embedded-everywhere" systems. Close interactions among a multitude of disciplines are mandatory. But while "getting it all together" is not for the faint of heart, life has never been more exciting for the scientist with a sharp eye and an open mind.


Based on analyzing the contact condition of the cutter and the work piece in orthogonal turn-milling machining, orthogonal cutting experiments were implemented with several machining parameters, and finally obtained conclusions about cutter wear and work piece roughness influenced by 3 factors. The biggest effect factor which affects the cutter wear is the cutter offset, the number of cutter teeth takes the second place, and the axial feed rate affects the least to cutter wear. This conclusion can be used to choose fit machining parameters in turn-milling machining.


Drugs, also known as medicines cure diseases by interacting with some specific targets such as proteins and nucleic acid. Prediction of such drug-target interaction pairs plays a major role in drug discovery. It helps to identify the side effects caused by various drugs and provide a way to analyze the chances of usage of one drug for various diseases apart from the one disease that is predefined for that drug. However, existing Drug Target Interaction prediction methods are very expensive and time consuming. In this work, we present a new method to predict such interactions with the help of bipartite graph, which represents the known drug target interaction pairs. Information about drug and target are collected from various sources and they are integrated using Kronecker Regularized Least Square approach and Multiple Kernel Learning method, to generate drug and target similarity matrices. By integrating the two similarity matrices and known DTIs a heterogeneous network is constructed and new DTI predictions are done by performing Bi Random walk in it


Root and cord irritation from cervical spinal degenerative disease (SDD) may share clinical features with progressive multiple sclerosis (MS), so diagnostic overshadowing may occur. We hypothesized that cervical stenotic SDD is commoner in people with progressive MS, compared to controls.


The belief-desire-intention (BDI) architecture has been proposed to support the development of rational agents, integrating theoretical foundations of BDI agents, their implementation, and the building of large-scale multi-agent applications. However, the BDI architecture, as initially proposed, does not provide adequate concepts to produce modular software components. The capability concept emerged to address this issue, but the relationships between capabilities have been insufficiently explored to support the development of BDI agents. We thus, in this paper, introduce and analyse three possible relationships among capabilities in BDI agent development — namely association, composition and generalisation — which are widely used in object-oriented software development, and are fundamental to develop software components with low coupling and high cohesion. Our goal with this paper is to promote the exploitation of these and other mechanisms to develop large-scale modular multi-agent systems and discussion about this important issue of agent-oriented software engineering.


The invention relates to a method for producing a radome (10), wherein a flexible printed circuit board (1) having a metallic structure (2) is used, the flexible printed circuit board (1) is embossed and back-injected with a thermoplastic material (11, 21) and electrical contact elements (46) are connected to the flexible printed circuit board, wherein a plug-in basket (50) is exposed to the contact elements before injection molding.


Multiaxial fatigue behavior of superalloy GH4169 was investigated by using the thin tubular multiaxial fatigue specimens under proportional and non-proportional loadings at high temperature.The relationship between the cyclic stress response and the cyclic number was studied by recording the experimental data.The experimental results showed that the fatigue life was decreased under nonproportional loading.In the entire fatigue process,the torsional stress response always showed the cyclic softening.The characteristics of cyclic hardening or softening for tensional stress response depended on the strain loading paths and the loading parameters.With the cyclic number increase,the creep phenomenon was gradually showed under multiaxial loading at high temperature.


The solutions investigated contained varying amounts of ThCl4 in given concentrations of LiCl, NaCl, or KCl. Some evidence for complex formation was obtained from apparent molal and partial molal volumes determined as a function of concentration of ThCl4. Diamagnetic susceptibilities had little usefulness in clarifying the nature of the solutions.


Universities across the world and particularly in Nigeria are established essentially to advance knowledge through teaching and research, with the ultimate purpose of rendering services to the community apart from information dissemination. To attain these as perceived by Nigerian Government, the University College, Ibadan established 1944 was planned to accommodate between 800 and 1,000 students, but by 1950, the Institution had a student population of about 300. Similarly, other first generation universities such as Obafemi Awolowo University, (OAU) Ile-Ife, Ahmadu Bello University (ABU), Zaria and University of Lagos (UNILAG), Lagos were primarily residential, except the University of Nigeria (UNN), Nsukka (Alani, Okunola&Subair, 2010).The Eliot Commission of 1945 and Ashby Commission of 1960 overtly emphasised the need to accommodate undergraduates on campus for educational, economic and social reasons, hence in Nigeria, every student admitted into the university expected a living space to be provided. In the last five decades and above, Nigerian universities have witnessed unprecedented increase in students" enrolment thereby making accommodation issue on campus to be a competition (Subair, 2008).


Two low carbon (0.22 wt.%) carbide-free bainite (CFB) alloys were prepared by isothermal transformation at three different transformation temperatures. The distribution of carbon in bainitic ferrite (BF), retained austenite (RA) and martensite (M) phases was studied using a combination of in-situ high energy X-ray diffraction (HEXRD), atom probe tomography (APT) and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS). These complementary techniques provided consistent and unambiguous results confirming the presence of significant excess carbon levels in BF. The carbon concentration in BF increases as the isothermal transformation temperature is decreased. Statistical analysis of the APT and EELS data indicates that the excess carbon content in bainitic laths does not follow a normal distribution. APT reconstructions suggest that only part of this excess carbon is segregated to defects or clusters. No significant evidence of bainite tetragonality was observed. The addition of vanadium, a strong carbide forming element did not influence the carbon distribution in BF. However, the mean dislocation density in the vanadium alloy was found to be systematically higher than the reference steel.


Green supply chain management and environmental and ethical behaviour (EEB), a major component of corporate responsibility (CR), are rapidly developing fields in research and practice. The influence and effect of EEB at the functional level, however, is under-researched. Similarly, the management of risk in the supply chain has become a practical concern for many firms. It is important that managers have a good understanding of the risks associated with supplier partnerships. This paper examines the effect of firms' investment in EEB as part of corporate social responsibility in mediating the relationship between supply chain partnership (SCP) and management appreciation of the risk of partnering. We hypothesise that simply entering into a SCP does not facilitate an appreciation of the risk of partnering and may even hamper such awareness. However, such an appreciation of the risk is facilitated through CR's environmental and stakeholder management ethos. The study contributes further by separating risk into distinct relational and performance components. The results of a firm-level survey confirm the mediation effect, highlighting the value to supply chain strategy and design of investing in EEB on three fronts: building internal awareness, monitoring and sharing best practice.


Abstract This paper describes some common denominators between hypnosis and behavior therapy by means of a behavioral analysis of a group hypnosis treatment procedure. The treatment method involved interactional group psychotherapy under hypnosis, combined with cognitive and affective restructuring, and self hypnotic training utilizing visual imagery cues. The techniques capitalized on the vividness of the fantasy experience and the ease of changing emotional sets under hypnosis, to allow subjects to learn more adaptive affective responses and to rehearse more effective patterns of social behavior. The same treatment procedures are analyzed in a behavioral framework emphasizing the use of covert learning through imagery and the role of the therapist and the group as social reinforcers. It is proposed that a greater awareness of the use of learning principles by hypnotherapists would generate a more effective and systematic use of hypnosis.


We construct $d$-closed and $dd^c$-closed positive currents associated to a holomorphic map $\phi$ via cluster points of normalized weighted truncated image currents. They are constructed using analogues of the Ahlfors length-area inequality in higher dimensions. Such classes of currents are referred to as Ahlfors currents. We give some applications to equidistribution problems in value distribution theory.


changed the perception of the public space and the possibilities of architecture in a city of 11 million people (20 millions in the greater metropolitan area). The Mayor of São Paulo with the "Lei Cidade Limpa" (The law for the clean city) re-defined the rule of advertisement in public space, and in fact he banned it. Empty billboards have become the fragile remains of a formerly overexposed city, but it is in the night, when the main difference between the present and the past is evident:


A transdermal delivery device for transdermal administration of an active substance, for example a pharmacologically active substance, the device having first and second superimposed adhesive layers mutually contact, of which said first layer is a pressure sensitive adhesive and in use is placed in contact with the skin, the active substance dissolved in both layers being, wherein the affinity of said first layer for the active substance is between about 1, 15 and 10 times less than that of said second layer , being the percent saturation of the active substance the same in both layers and less than 100%, said first layer being greater than the thickness of said second layer.


The paper describes a practical approach to developing a georeferenced natural resource database that is locally constructed and managed. With the new GIS (geographic information system) software and hardware available today, various types of natural resource information can be collected and combined to allow local users to visualize new relationships in GIS output maps. The maps can be prepared and modified according to specific criteria. This capacity helps operationalize the concept of the watershed for use in development planning. The data collected for this study were used to create maps for two watersheds that show zones for alternative soil conservation interventions. This work was a collaborative effort by the Cajamarca office of the Peruvian Proyecto Nacional de Manejo de Cuencas Hidrograficas y Conservacion de Suelos (PRONAMACHCS), the non-governmental organization Asociacion para el Desarrollo Rural de Cajamarca (ASPADERUC), municipal authorities of La Encanada and Asuncion, and the International Potato Center (CIP). CONDESAN (Consorcio para el Desarrollo Sostenible de la Ecorregion Andina) sponsored the project.