N‐linked glycosylation is one of the most common protein modifications observed in eukaryotic systems. This modification is important in many biological functions and it attracts increasing interest in basic research and the pharmaceutical industry. Glycosylation often presents as a stochastic distribution of related structural entities. Not only must the range of glycan structures be characterized but their position on the polypeptide backbone must also be determined. We have developed a mass spectrometry based glycomics platform. This platform provides positional information allowing mapping of specific glycoforms to N‐glycosylation sequons as well as a semi‐quantitative analysis of total protein glycosylation. Using publically available software tools these data are processed and the glycans mapped to the three dimensional surface of glycoproteins using the NCBI structural database and protein alignment tools. This platform should allow for a better understanding of protein N‐glycosylation and for demonstration of glycosylation differences through semi‐quantitative comparison at the free glycan level. It should allow for a greater understanding of N‐glycosylation processes in the basic science setting and allow for greater control of the manufacturing process and a better understanding of how glycosylation affects the performance of glycoprotein biologics in the pharmaceutical setting.


Environmental issues are a shared human concern as communities in all nations and geographic regions are grappling with environmental degradation. Despite this concern, there are multiple different viewpoints on the current state of environmental issues and how to understand these problems. Understanding how different communities conceive of the environment and sustainability is paramount in efforts to increase the frequency of environmentally conscious choices. If an awareness of others' perspectives of the environment is lacking, then the development of sustainable choices is placed at risk because of potentially competing views of what sustainability means in a particular context. As such, solutions to these environmental problems are frequently viewed as 'wicked problems.' This study investigates the shared and divergent environmental viewpoints of teachers and community members in Kenya. This study utilized photo-methodologies and qualitative in vivo analysis. The shared viewpoints were on positive and negative notions of environmental issues. The divergent viewpoints were on solutions that included types of innovations and amount of government involvement.


The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of electronic games on memorizing, problem solving and decision making among middle childhood children.
To achieve this aim, a random sample consisted of (75) students from the fifth grade at Almanhal schools and Alreiada Alelmeya. They were distributed into two groups: experimental group which consisted of (36) students and a control group which consisted of (39) students. The experimental group was divided into two groups the first one played oriented games, and the other one played free games (oriented vs. None oriented group)
Two batteries of electronic games had been prepared, the first one was oriented, and the second is non-oriented. The experimental groups played these games one session of (45) minutes per a week during the first semester 2006/2007.
After collecting data MANCOVA analysis were used to determine the statistical differences between the means of the student's performance on the scale. Also the means and standard deviations for the pre- post tests were computed for all groups.. The results of the study showed that:
There were statistically significant differences (α≤0.05) between the mean scores on the three processes attributed to the group variable, in favor of the non-oriented group. Also, there were statistically differences (α≤0.05) between the average performance on decision- making dimension attributed to interaction between group and gender in favor of the males of non-oriented group.


An individual or even a society is spiritually based on a right value outlook and a right virtue outlook.Education of Socialist Honor and Disgrace outlook to college students has become one of the crucial tasks of ideological virtue establishment.In order to conduct it well,it is a must for socialist Concept of "Eight Glories and Eight Shames",that is " eight Dos and eight Don'ts" involved in the ideological education,college system establishment,guiding and cultivating college students' value outlook,establishment of college cultural environment and experiencing practice.


The successful operation of accelerator cavities has to satisfy both rf and mechanical requirements. It is highly desirable that electromagnetic, thermal and structural effects such as cavity wall heating and Lorentz force detuning in superconducting rf cavities can be addressed in an integrated analysis. Based on the SLAC parallel finite-element code infrastructure for electromagnetic modeling, a novel multi-physics analysis tool has been developed to include additional thermal and mechanical effects. The parallel computation enables virtual prototyping of accelerator cavities on computers, which would substantially reduce the cost and time of a design cycle. The multi-physics tool is applied to the LCLS rf gun for electromagnetic, thermal and structural analyses.


Previous research finds that nongovernmental organization (NGO) publicity strategies—despite digital technologies—continue to focus heavily on garnering coverage in the mainstream news media. Drawing on theories of path dependence and interviews with NGO professionals, this paper identifies three factors that explain why this should be so. First, donors continue to value media coverage as a platform to learn about advocacy groups, as well as a mechanism for measuring their impact on political discourse. Second, political officials still value media coverage as a way to learn about advocacy demands. Third, NGOs occupy a position that is socially proximate to journalism, which leads the former to see the latter as an ally in the pursuit of publicity. Together, these factors confirm and extend the new institutional concept of "path dependence" by demonstrating how path dependence in one field (philanthropy, politics) can reinforce path dependence in another (NGO). These "reinforcing path dependencies" in turn interact with established mechanisms of institutional production (start-up costs, feedback effects, knowledge accumulation) to explain why NGOs continue to persist in media-centered publicity strategies despite new technological possibilities.


It is very important that the security mechanisms of a system are designed so as to prevent unauthorized access to system resources and data. However, completely preventing breaches of security appear, at present, unrealistic. We can, however, try to detect these intrusion attempts so that action may be taken to repair the damage later. Expert system (ES) has been proposed to be the beter solution of reasoning on the existing problems on the basis of expert knowledge. Experts 'brain' are stored in a database called a knowledge base and then made the rules to give decisions in accordance with the knowledge base.In this research, knowledge base taken from the expert and journal. Expert system will be used to determine or predict the occurrence of intrusion detection systems based on the feature above. By simple means, any data packet is going to be examined by ES, which initially stores knowledge about intrusion characteristics from database as variables. The result of this research is anomaly packet already detected by the application according to the rule based on the expert and the journal. Keywords: anomaly packet, expert system, intrusion, knowledge base, network packet.


Observing wildlife at their natural habitat, i.e., forests is merely just a chance factor. The wild animal always avoids the existence of human beings. Hence, many forest visitors often express their unhappiness regarding the presence of wildlife in any kind of forests. However, there is way out to observe wildlife by studying the indirect evidences of presence of wildlife. The Dooars region is situated at foot-hills of Eastern Himalayas and rich in wildlife diversities, hence, there are several types of forests found in Dooars. This book is a generous attempt to explore the wildlife of Doors by studying presence of indirect evidences. Here in this book the methods are described elaborately. This is hoped that readers will enjoy this book in every aspect. This book will prove itself helpful especially for research scholars and the students of higher learning of biological as well as social sciences.


The crystal structures of (I), 2,cis-4,cis-6-trichloro-, and (II), 2,cis-4,cis-6-tribromo-2,4,6-trifluorocyclotri-(phosphazene), have been determined by Patterson and Fourier methods and refined by least squares to R 0·028 [(I) 534 reflexions] and 0·071 [(II), 539 reflexions]. Crystals of both compounds are orthorhombic, space group Cmc 21, with Z= 4. The ring conformation for (I) is a slight boat while in (II) it is an irregular slight chair. These deviations from planarity together with small differences in some of the chemically equivalent bond distances and angles are attributed to crystal packing effects. Crystal data: (I), a= 12·575(1), b= 9·654(1), c= 7·75(1); (II), a= 12·514(2), b= 10·144(1), c= 7·987(1)A.


We have cloned cDNAs for IgG, induction factor and T cell replacing factor. The recombinant factors were shown to have multiple activities on B cells, which could explain most, if not all, of B cell growth and differentiation factor activities so far claimed. Since the recombinant factors were also shown to affect bone marrow‐derived cells other than B cells, the names of interleukins 4 and 5 were proposed for IgG1 induction factor and T cell replacing factor, respectively.


We use the Hierarchical and Distributed Cognitive Radio Architecture Management (HDCRAM) inherited form cognitive radio as a generic framework for smart grid management. This architecture is an efficient tool which can be used for the design of decision making algorithms in complex systems. We apply this architecture on the smart grid and we identify both intelligent entities and communication networks which compose the management part of the smart grid. Furthermore, we consider which radio standards can be used for each link.


Influenza A (H1N1) viral infections have been identified as the etiologic agents for historic pandemics, and contribute to the annual mortality associated with acute viral pneumonia. Many studies have elucidated the functions of H1N1-viral proteins of this negative-strand RNA virus have been well elucidated. However, the virus-induced intracellular signaling events remain unknown. The Raf/MEK/ERK cascade is the prototype of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase cascades and has an important role in cell growth, differentiation, and survival. The Sprouty-related Ena/VASP homology 1-domain-containing protein (Spred) has recently been identified as a negative regulator of Raf-dependent ERK activation. Here, we demonstrate that Spred-2-knockout (KO) mice led to higher mortality with greater virus load compared with wild-type (WT) mice during influenza A (H1N1) viral infection. In addition, Spred-2 KO mice showed more severe pneumonia with higher mRNA levels of Type-I IFNs (IFN-α and IFN-β) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6). Moreover, administration of MEK-inhibitor, U0126, improved mortality with lower viral load with lower mRNA levels of Type-I IFNs and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Together, the results of this study show that Spred-2 negatively regulates anti-viral immunity during H1N1 infection. We propose that Spred-2 might be a novel therapeutic target for controlling the immune response against influenza H1N1 virus infection.


Background:
 Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is prevalent in cardiopulmonary and metabolic diseases. Unmet energy needs due to mitochondrial (mito) dysfunction results in myocardial contractile failure, as seen in the dysfunctional right ventricles (RV). Cardiolipin (CL) is a critical lipid for mito structure and cristae organization that are essential for mito oxidative phosphorylation and ATP generation. The synthesis and maturation of CL involves many steps including a final step where acylation of monolysocardiolipin occurs and CL[18:1]
 2
 [18:2]
 2
 is converted to mature CL[18:2]
 4
 catalyzed by a mito trifunctional protein, HADHA. To date, the expression of mature CL and its regulation by HADHA in RV in PH remains unknown.

 Hypothesis:
 We hypothesize that HADHA regulates mito CL contents in RV in PH.

 Methods:
 Adult Sprague Dawley rats received 20 mg/kg sc SU5416 were exposed to 3 wks of hypoxia (10% FiO2), followed by 4 wks of normoxia. Control rats injected with vehicle were kept in normoxia. Hemodynamic and echocardiography were performed, followed by HADHA and CL analysis. We also generated
 in vitro
 models with H9c2 cells exposure in hypoxia and stable HADHA-knockdown H9c2 cells for mechanistic studies.

 Results:
 PH rats show RV dysfunction. Mito proteomics show a 70% decrease in HADHA expression in mito from RV of PH rats in comparison to the control rats, which is further validated by Western Blot and qPCR. Using mass spectrometry, mature CL (CL[18:2]
 4
 ) in RV of PH rats was found to decrease to 55% of that in RV of control rats (n=4-5/group,
 p
 <0.05). Exposing the H9c2 cells to hypoxia (1% O
 2
 ) for 72 hrs recapitulate the downregulation of HADHA observed in the dysfunctional RV of PH rats, which is associated with a 70% reduction in the account of mature CL (n=6 each,
 p
 <0.05). Importantly, adenoviral overexpression of HADHA almost brings the mature CL content in hypoxia to be comparable to cells in normoxia (n=6 each,
 p
 <0.05). Our data also show that HADHA-specific knockdown is sufficient to decrease mature CL in H9c2 cells (Control 100% vs. HADHA Knockdown 33%, n=3 each,
 p
 <0.05).

 Conclusions:
 Our data demonstrate that HADHA is critical in maintaining mature mito CL contents. Downregulation of HADHA contributes to reduced mito CL contents in RV in settings of PH.


If f is an analytic function in the unit disc and 0<r<1, we set and we let n(r,f) denote the number of zeros of f; in the disc . We prove that if B is an interpolating Blaschke product with positive zeros then the quantities M 1(r,B 1) and n(r,B) are comparable and we use this result to prove that for any positive continuous function φ defined in [0,1) with φ(r)∞, as r←1, there exists an infinite Blaschke product B such that as r←1. This latter result was previously known but our proof is simpler than the original one. We also obtain simplified proofs of some other related results.


The aim of the study is to analyse the consequences of the changing structure of the labour market for the social security system. It will be shown that in the future the restructuring of the labour force will yield a main challenge for social policy and will have much bigger consequences for the social security system than the demographic changes. Numerous new forms of employment were caused by the economic process of tertiarization. Furthermore, these kinds of employment were politically demanded and financially supported. However, those forms of employment have their shortcomings. From an individualistic point of view there is a shortage in the protection against the financial consequences of social risks (e.g. unemployment, invalidity, illness, or the possibility to save for an adequate pension) within the social security system. From an institutionalistic point of view the financial basis of the social security systems becomes weaker and weaker as the reduction of the number of employees with a compulsory membership within the social security systems will inevitable reduce the contribution revenue of the institutions. As a preliminary conclusion it may be said that if the development continues we will not be confronted with the expected costs of the demographic changes but with a growing number of people with no or a low coverage against social risks. These people will depend on a basic system of poverty prevention.


238 ingly failed project (3:9–12). There is not a single reference to the alternative reading of 20:31, which the UBS apparatus lists as [C] (unable to determine based on available data). Nor can it be persuasive to postulate authorial intent in a text that arguably has a complex history of redaction (to which she gives a nod only to remain untroubled by it). Perhaps ReaderResponse Theory would have helped Akala, even if the theory moves the ball without solving the problem of what is the correct response to an academically constructed implied author. In other words, Akala's Evangelical pre-understanding figures large in this study and it is rather her, not the author's, intent that informs her reading. Akala offers a pious reading of John's Gospel that will appeal to those who share her sincerely held beliefs. Harry O. Maier Vancouver School of Theology/ Max Weber Center for Advanced Social and Cultural Study at the University of Erfurt Vancouver, BC V6T 2J7 Erfurt, Germany 99084


Summary. During 1980 September and October an array of 31 threecomponent magnetometers was operated over a known geothermal anomaly in the Rocky Mountains foothills of Alberta. The purpose of the array was to investigate the possibility of the existence of a geomagnetic induction anomaly coincident with the geothermal anomaly. Examples of magnetograms and Fourier transform anomaly maps are presented and show that although there is some indication of an anomaly this is to a great extent masked by the presence of large external source field gradients. A detailed transfer function analysis of the data is presented. Both single-station transfer functions and a solution of the induction matrix are calculated. The latter involves the representation of the normal fields by least-squares fitted planes and a justification of the validity of this method is given. Contour plots of the response of the anomalous vertical field to horizontal hypothetical events, and pseudosections of IZa/HnI for traverses across the array, are shown. These indicate the existence beneath the geothermal anomaly of a body of anomalously high electrical conductivity. By treating the observed values of the in-phase part of IZa/Ha I along a traverse across the anomaly as due to vertical dipoles, it is shown that the top of the conductive body probably lies at 10-20km depth. The pseudosections suggest that the body extends at least to lower crustal depths. The correlation of the conductivity and geothermal anomalies supports the inference that both are due to the presence of partial melt in the crust.


Objective This study aimed to assess the potential-DDIs (pDDIs) among the drugs prescribed in hospitalized patients with CVD and associated factors. Method It was a retrospective study conducted with the help of the


The invention, starting from the amino terminus of the protein (i) human cytomegalovirus MHC- restricted peptide, (ii) a first peptide linker, (iii) a human β-2 microglobulin, (iv) a second peptide linker, (v ) the variable region, and (viii) the variable region from the inclined slow the scFv fragment from the heavy slow the scFv fragment of the HLA-A2-chain of human MHC class I molecule, (vi) a third peptide linker, (vii) antibody to provide a fusion protein comprising a contiguous amino acids corresponding to consecutive amino acids, contiguous amino acids corresponding to the above (vii) and (viii) may be directly coupled by a peptide bond continuous corresponding to the fourth peptide linker are coupled together by the amino acid, the scFv fragment is derived from antibodies that bind to the endothelin method and specific. The present invention provides a method, compositions and their use in nucleic acid structure, wherein the fusion protein encoding the fusion protein. Fusion protein, a tumor, a peptide, endothelin meso


definition, "a composition in which the 'free flight of fancy' prevails over contemporary conventions of form, style, et cetera." Even the oldest known fantasias represent freer -more experimental-compositions than other forms permitted. Composers have always used the title for compositions requiring a highly original or personal format. The fantasias of the Baroque period, for example, represented works of a markedly improvisatory natureBach's Chromatic Fantasia. On the other hand, during the Romantic period, fantasias, such as Brahms' Opus 116, became compositions or groups of compositions intended to indicate, by and large, a dreamlike mood or some passing whim of


The drawing of this astounding design is in the Library of the Society of Antiquaries of London. It is in pen and ink (black and brown) with sepia and watercolour washes, with some gold added; there are some setting-out lines and underdrawing in pencil and at the foot of the drawing is a drawn scale of approximately eight feet to one inch. The drawing is executed on a wove paper which is in five pieces, the whole now mounted on linen; there appears to be nothing on the back of the paper.


This paper deals with investigations in isolated perfused rat livers on tryptophan-oxygenase activity under various experimental conditions. Enzyme-activity showed a linear rise with rising amounts of tryptophan (0; 125 and 250 mg of tryptophan/kg) in the perfusate. Adrenalectomized and sham-operated animals have been compared and activity in the adrenalectomized rats were significantly lower in all cases.

A significant decrease in the substrate induced increase of tryptophan-oxygenase-activity occured 12 h after adrenalectomy. Substrate-concentration was 250 mg/kg in these experiments.

The influence of substrate and cortisol on tryptophan-oxygenase-activity has been investigated 7 days after operation. Combined application of both substrate and steroid resulted in no difference to sham-operated animals when compared to substrate only in the same concentration. On the other hand, in livers from adrenalectomized rats values were significantly higher with combined application than in livers of adrenalectomized animals which received substrate only.

The substrate-dependent rise in tryptophan-oxygenase-activity could not be influenced by actinomycin D in contrast to the cortisol effect which was significantly inhibited under these conditions. Both "inducers" were inhibited by cycloheximid.

These inhibition-experiments suggest and confirm two different mechanisms of the substrate-activation and steroid-induction of tryptophan-oxygenase.


A Kuhnian reformulation of the recent debate in psychiatric nosography suggested that the current psychiatric classifi cation system (the DSM) is in crisis and that a sort of paradigm shift is awaited (Aragona, 2009). Among possible revolutionary alternatives, the proposed fi ve-axes etiopathogenetic taxonomy (Charney et al., 2002) emphasizes the primacy of the genotype over the phenomenological level as the relevant basis for psychiatric nosography. Such a position is along the lines of the micro-reductionist perspective of E. Kandel (1998, 1999), which sees mental disorders reducible to explanations at a fundamental epistemic level of genes and neurotransmitters. This form of micro-reductionism has been criticized as a form of genetic-molecular fundamentalism (e.g. Murphy, 2006) and a multi-level approach, in the form of the burgeoning Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, was proposed. This article focuses on multi-level mechanistic explanations, coming from Cognitive Science, as a possible alternative etiopathogenetic basis for psychiatric classifi cation. The idea of a mechanistic approach to psychiatric taxonomy is here defended on the basis of a better conception of levels and causality. Nevertheless some critical remarks of Mechanism as a psychiatric general view are also offered.


In May of 2000, the Ninth Circuit addressed for the first time the issue of whether an employer can defend against an employee's disability discrimination claim by asserting that the employee's disability poses a direct threat to the employee's own health and safety. In Echazabal v. Chevron,' the Ninth Circuit analyzed in depth the "direct threat to self' defense, which has been available to employers under the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) regulations in apparent conflict with the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)2 provision defining affirmative defenses. The defense was asserted by Chevron when Echazabal, a contract employee applying for a permanent position in an oil refinery plant, sued for disability discrimination. Chevron did not hire Echazabal because he was suffering from a severe case of hepatitis C. The position he sought required exposure to chemicals, which would almost certainly have worsened his critical condition, resulting in death. The Ninth Circuit's decision not to recognize the "direct threat to self' defense has wide-reaching implications for employers and employees alike. This Note will discuss those implications and analyze the court's rationale and reasoning in coming to the conclusion.


The original algorithm of phase reconstruction is proposed and its characteristics are estimated. This algorithm requires detection of dislocation coordinates so it should be used together with the algorithm of dislocation localization. In the paper the comparison is performed of the proposed algorithm with the well known Fried's algorithm. After that the phase reconstruction technique is included into the model of a typical adaptive optics system.


Chuang Tzu said,"All people know the usefulness of the useful,but they don't know the usefulness of the useless".This paper mainly discussed the essence in the Chinese classical philosophy,which can be adopted by the modern interior or exterior architect.Also the situation and differences of application and quotation of Chinese traditional philosophy between the architects home and abroad were illustrated.With the help of the "usefulness of the useless" people can find their concept of design and more possibilities.So it was very meaningful and worthy to think and explore this topic.


Food security is critical to the economic, social, religious, political and cultural development Worldwide. It plays a great role in economic growth, poverty reduction and sustainable development in Kenya. A study was carried out in Kilifi South Sub-county in the coastal areas of Kenya, one of the areas where food insecurity incidences are prevalent. The study assessed the effect of land constraints on food security status among smallholder farming communities through interview schedules. Non experimental design using descriptive survey was adopted for the study. Possession of title deed, type of land ownership and land size data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and multiple regression. The results indicated that 81% of all the farmers were food insecure. Those who possessed title deeds were 12% food secure while those who did not have title deeds were 7% food secure. The farmers who had individual type of land ownership were 9% food secure while the ones who owned land as a family were 5% food secure and those who rented land were 5% food secure. Farmers with 5-10 acres of land were 14% food secure while those with 3-5 acres were 3% food secure and those with 1-2 acres were 2% food secure. There was a significant (P= .05) positive relationship between food security and possession of title deed, type of land ownership and land size. This implies that possession of title deed, type of land ownership and land size are some of the most significant issues affecting food security in Kilifi South Sub-county. To further enhance the understanding and improvement of food security status in Kilifi South Sub-county, possession of title deed is necessary. This will help households make long-term investments in new agricultural innovations hence improved food production and food security levels.


We study compactness of dark stars as the function of rotating period, tidal deformation, and moment of inertia of dark stars using vector meson exchange model. These stars are compact object formed of bosonic dark matter. In this work, bosonic dark particle mass is set to be 300 MeV and 400 MeV. We use total cross-section elastic scattering in low-density limit to constraint the effective interaction mass of vector meson. We obtain that compactness exceeds threshold compactness of dark stars using self-interaction model predicted in paper Maselli et all. We also compare the properties of the corresponding dark stars with the ones of the white dwarf and black holes.


It is very essential to have 3D geometry of In-Process Models (IPMs) for the integration of various activities related to process planning. The accuracy of IPMs is not critical at the initial process planning stage but it becomes very important for the detailed process planning stage since inaccurate IPMs may result in costly mistakes. This paper proposes a procedure to generate accurate IPMs for the detailed process planning of a prismatic part. We transform the IPM generation problem into well-known 2D geometric problems, and use 2D geometric algorithms (2D curve offset, Voronoi diagram and polygonal chain intersection) instead of generalized 3D algorithms. Since highly optimized solutions are available for these 2D geometric problems, the proposed procedure achieves the efficiency and robustness by simply combining proven 2D geometric algorithms.


This paper deal about high-speed electrical spindles motor design problems. Electrical as well as mechanical critical aspects are taken into account, highlighting the main drawbacks and physical limits that the designer has to consider. The correlation between the volume minimization and the speed increase is discussed on the basis of the torque density trend of some commercial high-frequency roto-statoric units.


A technique was developed and tested to measure the air exchange rates (AER) in citrus degreening rooms. The procedure entails a step function introduction of CO2 and monitoring its subsequent decay to the ambient background level. This decrease was modeled by a first-order equation, C(t) = Cb + (Co — CiJe"11*. In the commercial rooms tested, the AER varied from 16.5 air exchanges/hr to a low of 0.6 air exchanges/hr in newly constructed rooms. Degreening of Florida citrus is an importation unit op eration to market early season fruit that has achieved inter nal maturity with little or no change in external appear ance from green to yellow or orange. Also, some degreen ing is used on later season fruit, especially 'Valencia' in February to April harvesting period. Conditions for deg reening have been extensively studied since the early 1950's in Florida (2) and has led to standard practices (3, 7) for control and implementation of ethylene, humidity, temperature, and fresh air exchange rate (AER). Air ex change rate is number of room air changes per unilt time based on the volume of an empty room. These general procedures have been implemented in other countries (1) where citrus degreening or coloring is required. Similar processes are also used on other commodities such as to matoes (6). The essential process is one of removing green pigment via ethylene and to accelerate the process by con trolled temperature and humidity while mitigating fruit desiccation and the potential for decay. Most of the variables in degreening rooms that require control, specifically temperature and humidity, can be readily measured. Ethylene requires either estimation via an absorbing media sampling tube or gas chromatography equipment. The AER has not been measured directly but has been obtained inferentially by estimating a fresh air inlet area and air velocity through that inlet. However, other openings may exist where air either infiltrates or escapes from the room. Since the AER is important in de signing the heating requirement, etc. and associated operating costs of degreening rooms, this study was di rected toward developing a technique to directly measure Florida Agricultural Experiment Station Journal Series No. N-00126. Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 102: 1989. AER. The techniques may be suitable for other produce storage facilities, greenhouses, or growth chamber facilities (5). Principal objectives of this study were to: a. develop a procedure to measure AER in citrus de greening rooms. b. evaluate the technique in pilot plant and commercial degreening rooms.


Purpose: To develop and evaluate a protocol for the anatomic depiction and functional testing ot the auditory tube with the use of MR imaging. Methods: Eleven volunteers were included into this study. For the morphological assessment, the imaging protocol included axial and coronal T 2 -weighted turbo-spin echo sequences (T R /T E = 3194/100 ms) and a T 1 -weighted gradient echo sequence (T R /T E = 42/4.6 ms). For the functional test a dynamic turbo-gradient echo sequence (TFE) with spectral fat suppression (T R /T E = 15/6,2 ms; 4 sec) was obtained using the single slice technique before and during the Valsalva manoeuvre. Results: With multi-slice sequences, the osseous part of the auditory tube, the tubal cartilage (middle and lateral lamina), the ciliated epithelium, Ostmann's adipose body and the levator and tensor veli palatini muscles were delineated in all cases. During the Valsalva test, opening of the auditory tube was demonstrated in 20 of the 22 investigated sides using the dynamic TFE single slice sequence. Conclusions : The introduced MRI protocol allow visualization of the opening of the auditory tube and provides detailed anatomical information of the nasopharynx. Comprehensive morphological and functional evaluation of the auditory tube becomes possible within a single examination'.


In Reply.— I'm sorry if there was any misunderstanding about the nature of the call my colleague made to Dr Morris. The call was intended specifically to discuss investment opportunities in the biotechnology industry. Our equity research analysts who follow the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries are among the most highly regarded in the securities industry. Shearson believes that there are many companies that represent attractive investment opportunities in these areas, particularly those distributing erythropoietin. Shearson Lehman Hutton is not aware of any restrictions that preclude physicians from investing in pharmaceutical companies while they prescribe those companies' products.


Apart from recent progress in Gamma Dor stars, identifying modes in rapidly rotating stars is a formidable challenge due to the lack of simple, easily identifiable frequency patterns. As a result, it is necessary to look to observational methods for identifying modes. Two popular techniques are spectroscopic mode identification based on line profile variations (LPVs) and photometric mode identification based on amplitude ratios and phase differences between multiple photometric bands. In this respect, the BRITE constellation is particularly interesting as it provides space-based multi-colour photometry. The present contribution describes the latest developments in obtaining theoretical predictions for amplitude ratios and phase differences for pulsation modes in rapidly rotating stars. These developments are based on full 2D non-adiabatic pulsation calculations, using models from the ESTER code, the only code to treat in a self-consistent way the thermal equilibrium of rapidly rotating stars. These predictions are then specifically applied to the BRITE photometric bands to explore the prospects of identifying modes based on BRITE observations.


Objective To study urinary infection caused by methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSAs). Methods 282 strains of staphylococcus aureus causing urinary infection were analysed using the method and standard of the National Committee of Clinical Laboratory Standard(NCCLS). Results MRSA was isolated in 65.6% of the cases,the occurrence being the highest in renal pelvis drain,blood sample and wound exudate.All MRSA were resistant to penicillin and many of them to cephalosporins.All the MRSA were sensitive to vancomycin and imipenem. Conclusions In the treatment of MRSA infection,sensitive antiobiotics should be selected with the guidance of drug sensitivity test.


Objective: To study the extraction conditions of Biyan Jiedu Granule,Chlorogenic acid as marker.Methods: Orthogonal test was used to evaluate the influence of the 4 factors,including the amount of water,the soaking time,the extracting time by relux and the time number.Results: The optimum extraction is as follows:ten times of water,soakinging for 0.5 hours extracting tiwce by relux,1.5 hour every time.Conclusion:The optimum extraction is stable.Chlorogenic acid is higher and this procession is suitable for production.


The new FDA guidelines on Direct-to-Consumer Advertising (DTCA) of prescription drugs require the sponsor to present balanced benefit-risk information. However, data suggest frequent lack of compliance with these guidelines. Misinformation to consumers can have serious implications on health and safety. The study objective was to explore the impact of variations in risk disclosures through DTC print advertisements on consumer attitudes and behaviors. A 2 x 2 factorial design was implemented, where the risk statements in the advertisements varied in number and specificity. A convenience sample of 240 elderly (≥ 60 years) male and female participants was recruited. The participants were asked to read a print advertisement and then complete a questionnaire. Participants exposed to specific risk statements were less likely to look for additional information (p<0.01) and adopt the advertised drug (p<0.01). Additionally, they held less favorable attitudes toward the advertised drug (p<0.01) as compared to those presented with general risk statements. The number of risk statements presented had no significant effect on attitudes or behaviors. However, a two-way interaction effect of number and specificity of risk statements on likelihood of adoption was observed. This interaction demonstrates that when participants were exposed to two risk statements, they did not significantly differ in adoption rates as a function of specificity. However, when


The study aimed to evaluate the hygienic practices of the foodhandlers and the incidence of helminthic infections among the randomly selected food-handling parents of Zone 9, Poblacion, El Salvador City. The study was limited only to the identification of the intestinal helminths in the stool samples. The research utilized a descriptive research design with diagnostic procedures to determine the incidence of helminthic infection. A sanitation inspection form from the City Health Department was utilized in assessing the hygienic practices of the foodhandlers. The fecal samples were examined for the presence of helminthic ova through Formalin-Ether Concentration Technique (FECT). The results showed that out of the 21 research subjects, all tested negative for any helminthic infection. The zero incidence of helminthic infections among the food-handling parents was mainly attributed to better sanitation and better hygienic practices. Thus, there was no risk of transmission of intestinal helminths from food-handling parents to children consumers. Keywords :  Helminthic infection, incidence, hygiene, food-handling parents.


The robust beamforming problem in multiple-input single-output (MISO) downlink networks of simultaneous wireless information and power transfer (SWIPT) is studied in this paper. Adopting the time switching fashion to perform energy harvesting and information decoding respectively, we aim at maximizing the sum rate under imperfect channel state information (CSI) and the chance constraints of users' harvested energy. In view of the fact that the constraints for minimal harvested energy is not necessary to meet from time to time, this paper adopts chance constraint to model it and uses the Bernstein inequality to transform it into deterministic constraints equivalently. Recognizing the maximum sum rate problem of imperfect CSI as nonconvex problem, we transform it into finding the expectation of minimum mean square error (MMSE) equivalently in this paper, and an alternative optimization (AO) algorithm is proposed to decompose the optimization problem into two sub- problems: the transmit beamformer design and the division of switching time. The simulation results show the performance gains compared to non-robust state of the art schemes.


Reliable supply of consumers with electric energy largely depends on the reliability of power source function-ing. In the context of this paper it depends on synchronous generators operating in autonomous power supply sys-tems. In contrast to the power plant generators which are part of power systems and are protected from the loads by sufficiently large resistances, power supply systems withautonomous generators are characterized by rather low resistances. Abrupt changes in the supply load parameters, their own transient and emergency modes, for example, short circuits at the generator terminals, forcing excitation, etc. may lead to various failures in the synchronous gener-ator operation. This paper discusses the possibility of over-voltage in the valve excitation system of a synchronous generator with external three-phase short circuits. On the basis of analytical expressions describing the physical pro-cesses occurring in the excitation system of synchronous generators, the conditions for the occurrence of overvolt-ages are identified


tion disorder among patients with solitary rectal ulcer syndrome (SRUS). The study showed that SRUS patients with abnormal balloon expulsion test had thicker internal anal sphincter (IAS), compared to those with normal tests. In fact, thickened IAS has been reported to be a typical endoanal sonographic finding in SRUS. 2,3 This finding could be associated with hypertrophy, possibly resulting from chronically increased work demand. A thickened IAS in patients with SRUS also is reported to be highly predictive of high-grade rectal intussusception. 4 Therefore, the result of Sharma et al's study is not a novel finding but adds to the body of evidence demonstrating thickened anal sphincter as a typical endoanal feature in SRUS. As far as we know, several measuring points are required for the assessment of IAS thickness, since the thickness of IAS is not uniform. However, we could not find detailed methods for the measurement of IAS thickness in their article. We present typical endoscopic and sonographic findings of SRUS in a 59-year-old woman. She was referred to our constipation clinic for refractory constipation. Colonoscopy showed large ulcer with fold convergence (Figure A). The thickness of the IAS was measured at 4 different circumferential points. Endoanal sonography demonstrated thickened IAS irrespective of the level of anal canal (Figures B and C). Pathology showed fibrous obliteration and extension of smooth muscle fibers into the lamina propria. The confirmatory diagnosis of SRUS was made based on clinical presentation, endoscopic appearance and characteristic histologic features.


Several bandwise total variation (TV) regularized low-rank (LR)-based models have been proposed to remove mixed noise in hyperspectral images (HSIs). Conventionally, the rank of LR matrix is approximated using nuclear norm (NN). The NN is defined by adding all singular values together, which is essentially a $L_{1}$-norm of the singular values. It results in non-negligible approximation errors and thus the resulting matrix estimator can be significantly biased. Moreover, these bandwise TV-based methods exploit the spatial information in a separate manner. To cope with these problems, we propose a spatial–spectral TV (SSTV) regularized non-convex local LR matrix approximation (NonLLRTV) method to remove mixed noise in HSIs. From one aspect, local LR of HSIs is formulated using a non-convex $L_{\gamma}$-norm, which provides a closer approximation to the matrix rank than the traditional NN. From another aspect, HSIs are assumed to be piecewisely smooth in the global spatial domain. The TV regularization is effective in preserving the smoothness and removing Gaussian noise. These facts inspire the integration of the NonLLR with TV regularization. To address the limitations of bandwise TV, we use the SSTV regularization to simultaneously consider global spatial structure and spectral correlation of neighboring bands. Experiment results indicate that the use of local non-convex penalty and global SSTV can boost the preserving of spatial piecewise smoothness and overall structural information.


This paper presents a simplified analytical model of a silicon-controlled rectifier-based load-commutated inverter-driven commutatorless series motor to predict its speed-current, torque-current, and torque-speed characteristics. The model has been formulated, keeping in mind the steady-state equivalent circuit of a conventional dc series motor. The proposed analytical expressions relating torque and current with speed are found to follow an inverse law and relating torque and current is found to be parabolic, as is expected in a " series machine." The drive has been implemented, loaded with a dc generator, and experimentally similar characteristics have been obtained, as predicted by the analytical model. The characteristics obtained experimentally are seen to closely follow the ones predicted by the analytical model.


Paleoclimate records from tropical South America typically show precession‐paced variability in rainfall, caused by insolation‐driven changes in the South American Monsoon System, however this mechanism may not be responsible for hydroclimate change outside of the core monsoon domain, such as in the coastal zone of tropical eastern Brazil. Our findings are based on a ∼850 kyr‐long multiproxy record from a marine sediment core collected from the eastern Brazilian margin that represents the longest continuous record of South American hydroclimate to date. Utilizing the ln (K/Al) chemical weathering proxy from the core, we determine that past hydroclimate change in the coastal zone was primarily modulated by obliquity forcing. We demonstrate that high obliquity is associated with an increase in the boreal summer interhemispheric insolation contrast which decreases the zonality of the southern trade winds and reduces moisture advection to the coastal zone. Based on the long‐term coherence between the ln (K/Al) record and benthic δ13C records from the Atlantic during Marine Isotope Stages 16–13, we infer that an increase in the strength of the overturning circulation, caused by Northern Hemisphere high‐latitude forcing, may have produced surface cooling in the western tropical South Atlantic which led to reduced moisture advection to the coastal zone. We suggest that this mechanism may have also caused the amplification in millennial‐scale variability in the coastal hydroclimate system, which began after the decoupling of the coastal hydroclimate system from obliquity forcing.


The utility model provides a multi -functional guardrail, including guard bar and vice platform, guard bar is frame construction, guard bar includes that parallel arrangement's several protects hurdle, vice platform is frame construction, vice platform includes several parallel arrangement's platform frame, it corresponds each platform frame respectively to protect hurdle, each platform frame's one end articulates the supporting seat respectively, each platform frame's other end difference rigid coupling connecting seat, the side and the main platform rigid coupling of each supporting seat, each supporting seat is equipped with the support arm that the level is extended, each platform frame was supported by each support arm respectively when vice platform was in horizontal position, each connecting seat is connected with the near -end that respectively protects hurdle through connecting pin roll respectively. The utility model discloses can widen main platform's area during the expansion, the operating personnel of being convenient for to operations such as equipment maintain, can be safety protection for operating personnel simultaneously, can reduce the main platform area when folding, in the whole transportation of the equipment of being convenient for, still effectively protect the equipment periphery.


Children adopt social skills needed for an effective social interaction within their families from the very beginning of their lives while preschool teachers organize program activities and create a stimulating and pleasant atmosphere for them to learn and practice. By utilizing educational strategies the teacher encourages social interactions among kindergarteners and also provides a model for the development of their social skills by demonstrating his/her own characteristics. The aim of this research is to determine the strategies used by the teacher to facilitate social interaction among kindergarteners. The survey will be conducted throughout February and March of 2017 on one sample, a preschool teacher in Olga Ban Kindergarten in Pazin. Two measuring instruments will be used: the non- participatory observations protocol developed for the purpose of this study which will be used to record the teacher's strategies and also the semi structured questionnaire on the teacher's reflections. As per the arrangement with the teacher the observer will be staying with the group approximately twenty times and in three different time points lasting for five minutes : 08:35 am (breakfast time), 09:20 am (morning circle), 10:05 am (distribution of materials and activities) and observing and noting the strategies used by the teacher. After the data from the teacher's behaviour protocol has been processed and analysed the teacher herself will be interviewed with the focus being on her reflections on the gathered results. The interview will be noted in written form and will be available for viewing by the teacher


Igelsta district heating power plant produces heat, with mainly bio- and recycled fuels, toabout 200 000 people in the south of Stockholm. By using solid bio- and recycled fuels thetotal environmental effects are reduced, but local environmental effects include among othersairborne dust accumulation. Dust accumulation is a large local environmental problem atIgelsta power plant which constitutes risks for dust explosions and other inconveniences in theenvironment. This project has investigated the possibilities to reduce the dust, originating from solid bioandrecycled fuels commonly used at Igelsta power plant, by chemical treatment in addition tomechanical measures. Four dust suppression chemicals were at first chosen in the treatment ofsix of the most used fuels at Igelsta power plant, for small-scale tests in the laboratory.PiniDust ME which is a dust binder, proved to be the dust reduction chemical that in generalshowed the best effects considering direct dust suppression, repeated treatment and longlasting effect. Also pilot-scale tests were performed in the project on site. These experiments diverged fromthe laboratory tests because it is not only the chemical that affects the dust reduction, but alsothe design of the treatment system itself that influence what kind of dust that is controllable.Dust measurements were completed, both before and during the chemical treatments, close tothe three chosen different places where the bio-fuels were handled. The investigations withchemical treatment were carried out by a fogging system on waste fluff, foaming system onrecycled wood chips and treatment of peat pellets on the pocket of the quay where the fuels isfed into the transport line. Of the three tested equipments, only the fogging system gave a reduction of the dustconcentrationsin the waste fluff, while a treatment with the foaming system did not revealany difference in dust concentrations in the air. The pilot-scale test with PiniDust ME, whichwas the chemical with the best characteristics in the laboratory tests, had to be terminatedduring the survey. The cause to this is the treatment system that did not have the sufficientcapacity in relation to the fuel flow that is handled in the harbour. However, both the chemicaland the system are by far the most expensive alternative, why it anyway maybe not would beprofitable to use in the long run. In other respects, the pilot-scale tests exposed some drawbacks that are necessary to take intoconsideration when utilizing chemical treatment. On the whole, to make use of chemicaltreatment through an effectively functioning system, there is a need of an installation for heatand wind that should be used simultaneously during a treatment period. Further on, a systemalso requires personnel that are responsible for the service of the system and that the chemicalis readily available when needed. Since the tests were performed during winter-time, when the dust accumulation is at itslowest, better results can be achieved if further investigations would be completed duringother seasons e.g. spring or autumn. It could also be interesting to observe how a treatmentalready at the suppliers place or repeated treatments also on site could affect the dustconcentrations at the area of Igelsta district heating power plant.


The technology used by Small and Medium Size Enterprises (SME's) a great importance in country and local economy, win is getting an importance so that supply own continuity by completion and arise profit margin by growing. The enterprises used advanced production technology (APT) and renewed itself by means of technology; obtain some advantages against their rival groups with used technology (CAD, CAM, CNC, CIM.). However, these enterprises can meet different problems. The aim of this study is to detect problems which enterprises meet and to improve some suggestions to solving these problems. In this study were used 84 enterprises that found Denizli Organized Industry Region. After that it was commented data obtained face to face questionnaire and analyzed using SPSS 12 computer program. Finally, it was improved some proposals to solve with direct to obtained results.


Writing America into the Twenty-First Century: Essays on the American Novel seeks to explore an exciting period in American literary scholarship. Concentrating on novels written after 1990 and through to the new millennium and to the present day, this collection presents a refreshing and much-needed analysis of recent American fiction. Representing the work of established scholars and emerging critical voices, the essays interrogate a range of fiction including works by Philip Roth, Jeffrey Eugenides, Don DeLillo, Thomas Pynchon and Cormac McCarthy. Accessible to students, scholars and the interested reader, this invigorating collection navigates the works of several key male American authors of the last twenty years and, in so doing, offers a new way of examining the American novel. This volume's strength lies in its careful academic focus on recent American fiction and seeks to re-acquaint the reader with well-known authors and introduce them to new literary voices such as Christopher John Farley, Anthony Giardina and Daniel Suarez. The collection is organised into four large topic areas: 'Youth and Age,' 'War and Crime,' 'Culture' and 'Spaces and Patterns.' Each essay deals with its own particular subject and author but the full impact of each section on the concept of writing the American novel into the present day can only really be understood when read in conjunction with the others. Writing America, a companion volume to Reading America: New Perspectives on the American Novel (2008) would be a valuable asset to any university or branch library. The volume will also attract strong interest from established academics, especially those researching the fields of literature, critical theory, cultural history and politics.


Radio frequency (RF) waves are routinely used in tokamak fusion plasmas for plasma heating, current control, as well as in diagnostics. These waves are excited by antenna structures placed near the tokamak's wall and they have to propagate through a turbulent layer known as the scrape-off layer, before reaching the core plasma (which is their target). This layer exhibits coherent density fluctuations in the form of filaments and blobs. The scattering processes of RF plane waves by a single filament is studied with the assumption that the filament has a cylindrical shape and infinite length. Furthermore, besides the major toroidal component of the externally imposed magnetic field, there is also a small poloidal magnetic field component. Considering also that the cylindrical filament's axis is not necessarily aligned with the toroidal direction, the total magnetic field is in general neither aligned with the axis of the cylinder nor with the toroidal direction. The investigation concerns the case of electron cyclotron (EC) waves (of frequency $f_{0}=170~\text{GHz}$ ) for tokamak applications. The study covers a variety of density contrasts between the filament and the ambient plasma, different magnetic field inclinations with respect to the cylinder axis (for the same magnitude of magnetic induction $B=4.5T$ ) and a wide range of filament radii.


The reciprocity between radiative electron attachment and photodetachment serves to justify the use of a one-electron theory of photodetachment to estimate the likelihood of interactions between a free electron and various excited molecular states. Results indicate a strong dependence of interaction likelihood on the electronic state of the molecule and imply that the electron capture cross sections for excited molecules could be significantly different than those for ground state molecules. 4 figs.


The paper describes some image compression research at New Mexico State University. It explores the possibility of combining multi-resolution and harmonic analysis in signal decomposition. This is in recognition of the fact that both local and global characteristics are found in most images and that the ideal compression system should be able to contend with both types of features. A hybrid is proposed and discussed.<<ETX>>


In classical gravity, nothing can escape from a black hole, not even light. In particular, this happens for stationary black holes because their horizons are null. We show, on the other hand, that the apparent horizon and the region near r = 0 of an evaporating charged, rotating black hole are both timelike. This implies that there exists a channel, via which classical or quantum information can escape to the outside, as the black hole evaporates. Since astrophysical black holes have at least some rotation, our results apply to all black holes in nature. We discuss implications of our result.


The intestinal transepithelial elimination of ciprofloxacin was studied in a rabbit model. Jejunal, ileal, and cecal segments along with their intact blood vessels were isolated and perfused, and their contents were collected over a 120-min period following administration of a single parenteral dose of 27 mg of ciprofloxacin per kg of body weight. The intestinal elimination rates of ciprofloxacin were 0.126 ± 0.084, 0.235 ± 0.22, and 0.11 ± 0.084 ,ug * min-'1 cm 2 for the jejunal, ileal, and cecal segments, respectively. The calculated fractions of ciprofloxacin eliminated were 3.3 mg from the jejunum and 13.8 mg from the ileum, representing 19%o of the administered dose. Additional amounts of 2.5 to 3.7 mg or 4.9 to 7.3% of the administered dose were eliminated from the cecum. Elimination was probably not due to a passive diffusion process but rather due to an active transepithelial transport. This intestinal elimination pattern of ciprofloxacin may explain the unusual activity of the fluoroquinolones in modifying the intestinal flora.


Abnormalities in amniotic fluid volume—polyhydramnios or oligohydramnios,are associated with increased perinatal morbidity and mortality.However,the exact molecular mechanisms of amniotic fluid volume abnormalities are unknown.The intramembranous(IM) pathway of amniotic fluid,that is,transport of amniotic fluid from amniotic cavity to fetal circulation,is one of the critical factors to maintain normal amniotic fluid volume.While aquaporins determine the intramembranous transport of amniotic fluid.Deep investigation on distribution of aquaporins in fetal membranes and placenta,their relationships with amniotic fluid volume abnormalities is contributive to explore mechanisms of amniotic fluid volume abnormalities so as to provide a new target of treatment for the conditions.


Air pollution and COVID-19 both are the most provocative issue nowadays. Air pollution holds a dangerous impact on the COVID-19 issue as well as human health. The urban cities like Dhaka are under stress to remain habitable. With the huge density of transportation and population, air quality index is to be monitored minutely and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic is to be observed. It is required to develop an Internet of Things based remote monitoring system to observe the air particularity in the different areas of the Dhaka city and make a comparison between the before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic. The platform aims to track out the concentration of gases in the Dhaka City like carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen di-oxides (NO2) on real-time that provides air quality index (AQI). Using Arduino based Node MCU and the sensors are to detect substantive conditions of gases. ESP-32 Wi-Fi module is used to send the data to the server so that it can be accessed from anywhere. The data is taken before and during COVID-19 period with the developed IoT platform. It shows the difference between the CO and NO2 emission on the impact of the pandemic with the measured value. This study will help us to make further decisions and action regarding air pollution.


behind and downward, then forward and upward, the byssal attachment soon became enclosed in a wide foramen, this extension ultimately reaching the umbones of the larval shell to which it unites. From these facts it will be seen that it presents not even the remotest resemblance to the Brachiopods, but that the young shell has all the proportions of a Bimyarian, and its affinities may be quite remote from Ostrea or Pecten. A study of the early stages of these last named genera would easily settle all these points.


Aim: Emerging evidence implicates astrocyte/microglia dysregulation in a range of brain disorders, thereby making glial cells potential therapeutic targets. The novel anti-inflammatory actions of beta-funaltrexamine (β-FNA) are of particular interest. β-FNA is a derivative of naltrexone, and recognized as a selective, irreversible antagonist at the mu -opioid receptor (MOR). However, we discovered that β-FNA has novel anti-inflammatory actions that seem to be mediated through a MOR-independent mechanism. Thus far, we have focused on the acute effects of β-FNA on inflammatory signaling. Methods: The effect of β-FNA treatment on interleukin-1β (IL-1β)-induced inflammatory signaling in normal human astrocytes (NHA) and C20 human microglial cells. Cytokine/chemokine expression was measured using ELISA, and nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) p65 activation was evaluated by immunoblot. Results: IL-1β-induced interferon-γ inducible protein-10 (CXCL10) production in NHA was more sensitive to chronic (3 day) β-FNA as indicated by an approximately 3-fold lower EC50 compared to that observed in acutely treated cells. Chronic β-FNA did not affect IL-1β-induced monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (CCL2) or IL-6 production in NHA. β-FNA inhibited phosphorylation of NF-κB p65, suggesting that the inhibitory effects may be due in part to reduced NF-κB activation. We showed for the first time that C20 human microglial cells were insensitive to the anti-inflammatory actions of acute β-FNA. Conclusion: β-FNA differentially affects inflammatory cytokine/chemokine expression in human astrocytes and microglia. These findings warrant further investigation into the novel anti-inflammatory actions of β-FNA, with a particular focus on astrocytes. These insights should contribute to the development of strategies to treat brain disorders that involve neuroinflammation.


A 7-year-old girl with a midbrain glioma contracted Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) the absence of cytotoxic or corticosteroid therapy. Gliomas are known to cause immunosuppression, in and PCP prophylaxis should be considered for patients with these tumors.


This study was conducted with the aim of determining the perceptions of social values of fourth grade primary school students. The research is a descriptive study based on survey model. The study sample group is composed of 451 fourth grade students studying in four different schools in Siirt city center selected via convenience sampling method. The Perception Scale for Social Values developed by Bakac (2013) was used as data collection instrument. There are a total of 23 five-point likert-type items on The Perception Scale for Social Values, of which 19 items are designed to measure positive perceptions and 4 items are designed to measure negative perceptions. Cronbach-Alpha reliability coefficients of the scale are .88 for the first sub-scale, .72 for the second sub- scale and .86 for the total scale. Descriptive statistics, Mann-Whitney U-Test and Kruskal Wallis methods were used for data analysis. The findings of the study indicate that the social value perceptions of fourth grade students show no significant difference with regard to gender or education level of mother. Whereas it was concluded that the social value perceptions of fourth grade students show a significant difference with regard to place of residence and education level of father


In Hong Kong, film-maker and artist Alan Kwan has been lifelogging since November 2011 using a video camera fixed to his glasses. He has developed Bad Trip, a 3D virtual world in which people can explore his memories. He said that every night he uploads videos--his virtual memories--to the world in the video game. Different houses store different memories. For instance, the first house is the one that stores his memories with his current girlfriend.


The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that all infants born before 37 weeks' gestation undergo an infant car seat challenge prior to discharge.


Some physics misconceptions arise due to the fact that in our everyday world, air resistance and friction are always present. By taking an experiment into a "zero gravity" or "micro gravity" situation, we can often greatly reduce the effect of these undesired forces and dispel misconceptions.I offer up these links from various space missions because they are "outta this world."Special thanks to Jennifer Groppe from Maret School in Washington, D.C., for submitting all these video links. If you have video links you'd like to share, please email them with a brief description to Diane Riendeau at firstname.lastname@example.com.


IPM is a pest management approach which combines methods to reduce risks to humans and the environment while maintaining economic viability. Following IPM practices minimizes the use of chemical control by relying on comprehensive pest management methods and using chemical control as a last resort. IPM applies to conventional and organic pest control. There are four basic steps involved in IPM: 1) set action thresholds, 2) monitor and identify pests, 3) prevention, and 4) control.


The invention discloses an end surface grinder control system which comprises an industrial computer, a motion control card and a terminal panel; the industrial computer is connected with the motion control card through a PCI interface; the motion control card is connected with the terminal panel through an SCSI interface; and the PCI interface is a 32-bit PCI bus interface. The system has an automatic graph writing function and can generate a processor automatically by combining simple processing parameter setting according to the shape characteristics of knife scissors, and users do not need to write processors manually, so that the end surface grinder control system has the characteristic of easiness in learning and use; multi-shaft linkage interpolation of a rotating shaft and a translation shaft can be realized, so that complicated and special-shaped cutters can be ground, and the system plays an important role in improving the grade and the added value of knife scissors; a plurality of sections of trace can be processed continuously, and the processing speed is kept constant, so that the grinding quality of knife scissors can be improved advantageously; and the system has the function of automatically detecting and compensating the abrasion of a grinding wheel, thereby ensuring that knife scissors of the same batch are uniform.


In April 2008, several federal and nonprofit agencies organized an informational Web-based meeting titled "Reconnecting Kids With Nature for Health Benefits." This online meeting was convened by the Society for Public Health Education and delivered to public health educators, health professionals, environmental educators, and land conservationists to raise awareness of national efforts to promote children's involvement in outdoor recreation. This article describes eight programs discussed at this meeting. For public health professionals, partnership with land-management agencies conducting such programs may be an effective way to increase physical activity levels among children.


The use of blockchain technology in high-elastic power grids often requires the deployment of blockchain nodes in charging piles, substations, new energy vehicles and other equipment, rather than in traditional servers. Limited by equipment performance and deployment conditions, the technical implementation of blockchain also needs to be optimized accordingly. In this paper, a novel hash scheme without multiple iterations which is suitable for high-elastic power grid is proposed. The hash scheme is constructed using large scale bool functions, which meet the requirements of balance, nonlinearity and SAC. The characteristics of the hash algorithm are also suitable for hardware implementation, which can build hardware micro services in the deployment architecture of high-elastic power grids.


There are numerous influencing factors for the result of air forecasting.The forecasting result will be greatly inflected by various parameters such as land roughness,location of project and the minimum length of M-O.Taking the maximum concentration of the region and the average concentration of the points concerned as research objects,this paper analyzes every parameter by orthogonal test to confirm the parameter sensitivity of ADMS,with the hope to provide the reference for model application,forecasting rechecking and technology assessment.


Background: The current research was conducted in the Swat valley, where widespread conflict and militancy had been experienced prior to the field activities. The aim of this trial was to evaluate the feasibility and acceptability of a locally developed psycho-educational intervention. Methods: This mixed-methods study incorporated a quantitative and qualitative component. For the quantitative component, trial participants were identified from a cross-sectional study conducted in the earlier phase of the research, with Self-Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ) score of ≥9. Participants with suicidal ideation, severe mental or medical illness, recently given birth or living with another woman with an SRQ score of 9 or above were excluded. Participants fulfilling eligibility were randomized on a 1:1 allocation ratio using simple randomization to the psycho-educational intervention or routine care arm. The intervention arm received two psycho-educational sessions at their homes delivered by local community health worker from the study area. The primary outcome was help-seeking for psychological distress, measured by a semi-structured interview by a researcher blind to the allocation status at 2 months post-intervention. Secondary outcomes include psychological distress and social support measured by SRQ and Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS), respectively, at 2 months post-intervention. Intervention acceptability was explored through in-depth interviews. Results: Local community health workers with no mental health experience successfully delivered the psycho-educational sessions in the community. The uptake of intervention was good and the intervention was taken well by the families and the community health workers. The outcome evaluation was not powered; however, more women sought assistance for their distress from their community health workers in the intervention arm, compared to women in the control arm. Conclusion: This trial showed good acceptance and feasible delivery of a locally developed psycho-educational intervention through community health workers following conflict, giving way for further adaptation and evaluation.


The invention discloses an energy conversion system and a method thereof. The energy conversion system comprises generator sets, a car driving pipe, a car body and power sources, wherein rails for driving the car body are arranged on the inner wall of the car driving pipe; the car body comprises a carriage, and a piston plate arranged at the tail of the carriage; the power sources comprise more than one closed pools, more than one air storage tanks and more than one air compressors; the air compressors are communicated with the air storage tanks through high-pressure air pipes; the air storage tanks are communicated with the closed pools through high-pressure air pipes; the closed pools are communicated with the car driving pipe through water inlet pipes; the generator sets comprise generators and water turbines; the water turbines are linked with the generators; the car driving pipe is connected with the water turbines through drain pipes; gates are arranged in the car driving pipe every a segment of length; the car driving pipes between the adjacent gates are car driving units; and each of the car driving units is correspondingly provided with one power source and one generator set. The energy conversion system and method can effectively utilize redundant electric quantity to solve the problem of electric energy waste.


Because of its length, the catenary is probably the part of the infrastructure which is the most exposed to lightning strikes: it is a very conductive part, with a significant height, sharp parts and high voltages applied on it. For that reason, different protection schemes are adopted. Surge arresters are installed to limit the over-voltages in the substations, along the catenary and onboard the trains. In addition, an air-termination network (composed of lightning rods or overhead wires, which are grounded) are installed in the substations. The implementation of these schemes normally follows in-house guidelines, established by each infrastructure manager to ensure the compliance with the standards. The physical interpretation of the equivalent area and the expected number of flash strikes is sometimes missing. This paper intends to provide a physical perspective to this problem, using the concept of volume of attraction of each conducting element and linking it to the notion of equivalent area. A specific study case taken for the Madrid-Barcelona 25kV 50Hz high-speed line (Spain) is used to illustrate these concepts.Copyright © 2015 by ASME


detriment of racialised others, and with a persistent prejudice against Indigenous people (53). Respectful cultural encounters, however, also form part of this story. Ricatti hints at these intimate relationships in chapter four. He argues that these relationships, friendships and collaborations between Italians and Indigenous people have been largely ignored in Italy and Australia because a multicultural framework – 'rooted in colonial and assimilationist practices, and always centred around white, mainstream, Anglo-Australia' – doesn't provide a space for these stories and memories to emerge (70). A chapter dealing with 'family and generational negotiations' negotiates the complex terrain of 'traditional values' by considering their deployment in constantly changing contexts of settlement and transculturation – that is, issues of marriage, generational negotiations and aged care are performed and negotiated according to individual, familial and community needs. The importance of locality and 'emplacement' in migrant lives is stressed. Ricatti draws on a broad range of sociological and cultural studies to explore: the role of the home and family unit, the transcultural space of gardening, food making and cooking, and emotional displaying of belonging and religious identities. Ricatti's delineation of these contexts also recognises that patriarchal structures and generational distance are most perpetuated in some of these spaces, which leads him to look at the feminisation of home and the level of control to which some women were subjected – but not without exploring the identities and supportive networks that women formed in migration in order to free themselves from family impositions, and develop and negotiate new cultural and political practices. Similarly, Ricatti's exploration of youth, gender and sexuality also unpacks complex processes of transculturation, and he succinctly summarises the extant secondary literature on these matters. This is a brief but engaging and important text for migration history in Australia and beyond. Italians in Australia cleverly draws together diverse disciplinary works to form a transcultural approach to the history of Italians in Australia. There is much scope for further primary research, which Ricatti hints at throughout, particularly on the 'reciprocity of cultural exchanges and influences between Indigenous, settler colonial, and migrant groups throughout Australian settler colonial history' (3).


Previously neglected maritime boundary disputes are acquiring newfound economic, political, and academic significance. Rising sea levels, changing distributions of marine natural resources, and growing demand for those resources have combined to create a 'perfect storm' for policy-making, diplomacy, and research. When surveying the world's maritime boundaries, it becomes clear that hundreds of disputes have been resolved. However, why states resolve their disputes, and with what motivation, is often unclear. Most studies describe the process as a matter of legal technicalities, driven by economic interests. As Douglas Johnston argues, boundary-making in the ocean is functionalist: done with an eye towards the functional usage of the maritime space itself.1 Yet hundreds of maritime disputes remain unresolved. The existence of a dispute can hinder the economic exploitation of offshore resources such as oil and gas and complicate the management of transboundary fish stocks. In other instances, maritime boundary disputes contribute to larger international tensions and conflicts. States do not necessarily resolve boundary disputes for functional purposes whenever it is convenient to do so. Instead, a number of factors may hinder or facilitate dispute resolution.


Content pollution problem has attracted broad attention due to its impacts on P2P networks' efficiency and availability. Especially for Bit Torrent users, unmanageable versions of BT torrents and chunk-based file sharing mode make it more difficult to avoid pollution dissemination. In our paper, we propose a smart version selection strategy based on taste buddies to help users select high-quality versions and keep away from polluted ones. Performance evaluation based on real data shows that our approach effectively lowers the probability of selecting polluted versions compared with other strategies.


Colostrum is breast milk produced after giving birth and lasts for 2-4 days. Bovine colostrum contains essential nutrients, growth factors, antimicrobial compounds and immune-regulating constituents either not present in milk or present in substantially lower concentrations. Colostrum is thought to protect neonates from infection, as well as to facilitate the immune maturation. In this study the immunomodulatory activities and anti-proliferation effect of human lukemic cell U937 were being invested. Results suggested that colostrum collected on day 1 and 2 after onset of lactation enhanced the growth of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (MNCs) in a dose dependent manner and significantly increased the population of T cell、Tc cell and NK cell. Moreover, day 1 to day 4 colostrums were capable to induce MNCs to secrete IL-1β, IFN-γ and TNF-α, which subsequently inhibited the growth of U937 cells and further induced it's differentiation into mature monocytes or macrophages. Lactoferrin is the most prominent immunomodulatory factor within colostrum. It has been proven that lactoferrin is at its maximum in the colostrum obtained at parturition and gradually decrease with time course of lactation. The present investigation demonstrated that lactoferrin, even at very low concentration, could enhance the growth of PBMC. However, its effect on growth inhibition of U937 was not significant. In addition, when colostrum was fractionated by acid precipitation, the MNC growth effect was found in the precipitated fraction containing lactoferrin.


Path planning in unknown environments remains a challenging problem, as the environment is gradually observed during the navigation, the underlying planner has to update the environment representation and replan, promptly and constantly, to account for the new observations. In this paper, we present a visibility graph-based planning framework capable of dealing with navigation tasks in both known and unknown environments. The planner employs a polygonal representation of the environment and constructs the representation by extracting edge points around obstacles to form enclosed polygons. With that, the method dynamically updates a global visibility graph using a two-layered data structure, expanding the visibility edges along with the navigation, and removing edges that become occluded by newly observed obstacles. When navigating in unknown environments, the method is attemptable in discovering a way to the goal by picking up the environment layout on the fly, updating the visibility graph, and fast replanning corresponding to the newly observed environment. We evaluate the method in simulated and real-world settings. The method shows the capability to attempt and navigate through unknown environments, reducing travel time by up to 12-47% from search-based methods: A*, D* Lite, and more than 24-35% from sampling-based methods: RRT*, BIT*, and SPARS.


ABSTRACT Manure belt poultry houses were widely used for egg production. However, reliable spatial distribution of airborne bacteria data from long‐term on‐farm monitoring in manure belt houses are scarce. In this study, the airborne bacteria were collected by the Andersen air microorganism sampler in a 4 tiers and an 8 tiers layer house, respectively. Results revealed that the airborne bacteria concentration range from 565 ± 247 CFU/m3 to 12,118 ± 883 CFU/m3 inside the 4 tiers poultry farmhouse and 459 ± 247 to 12,966 ± 884 CFU/m3 inside 8 tiers poultry farmhouse, respectively. The average airborne bacterial concentrations in the 4 and 8 tiers manure belt houses were 4,527 ± 2,509 and 5,489 ± 2,579 CFU/m3, respectively. Significant spatial variations of airborne bacteria concentration were observed for both houses. Spatial distribution of airborne bacteria concentration along the long axis direction can be divided into 3 regions: the low concentration region (<6,000 CFU/m3), the transition region (6,000‐10,000 CFU/m3), and the high concentration region (>10,000 CFU/m3), and airborne bacteria concentration was symmetrically distributed along the short axis direction inside both houses. We used 5 and 3 sampling locations to assess the average and maximum airborne bacterial concentration inside the manure belt houses, respectively. The average airborne bacteria concentration of 3 sampling locations was closest to the maximum concentration of both houses. It is more useful to use 3 sampling locations to monitor the change of the maximum airborne bacterial concentration inside the manure belt houses.


Aflatoxins are fungal toxins that have mutagenic and carcinogenic effects, especially hepatocellular carcinoma effect. This work aimed to investigate the presence of aflatoxins in groundnuts and soybeans that are consumed in Yemen. The samples were collected from three different regions in Yemen (Sana'a, al-Hodeida, and Aden), and they were divided into two groups. The concentration of total aflatoxins was analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Aflatoxins were determined in 89 groundnut and 65 soybean samples. The results showed that 85.39% (76/89) of groundnut and 72.3% (45/65) of soybean samples were contaminated with aflatoxins. In addition, in 49.44% and 27.6% of the groundnut and soybean samples, total aflatoxins exceed the acceptable level of European Commission (4 μg/kg), while in only 6.2% of soybean samples and 22.47% of groundnut samples, total aflatoxins were beyond the maximum limit of FDA/Yemen standards (20 μg/kg). The results showed that the aflatoxin contamination in the groundnut and soybean samples may be considered a significant risk for public health. The present study is the first to report the data on the presence of aflatoxins in groundnut and soybean samples in Yemen.


The present invention comprising the steps of: providing a polishing pad substrate relates to a polishing compound and the additive is a fixed abrasive pad and a method; And characterized by including the step of forming at least one of the abrasive layer with at least one of the plurality of pillars of the mixed additive layer on the polishing pad substrate. Accordingly, at least one of the abrasive layer with at least one additive layer is polished with a mixed plurality of columnar pad on the polishing pad substrate is produced. According to the present invention, on the polishing pad because the abrasive layer and the additive layer is already formed in a chemical mechanical polishing process when the abrasive and the additive supply device is not required. Therefore, the chemical mechanical polishing process and simply requires only the supply of the de-ionized water only when proceeding, it is the abrasive and the additive is being mixed on the polishing pad at the same time its own characteristics due to participate directly implemented on the polishing pad.


Thiazoles are classified as azole heterocycles, which are aromatic five-membered heterocycles composed of one nitrogen atom and one sulphur atom. In recent times, considerable attention has been given to thiazoles, their derivatives, and isomers due to their extensive applications in various fields. These applications encompass agrochemicals, industrial purposes, photographic sensitizers, as well as their pharmaceutical and biological activities, notably antioxidant properties. The presence of thiazole moieties in compounds is a notable structural characteristic found in diverse natural products, including vitamin B and penicillin. Consequently, in this article, I present an array of thiazole-based heterocyclic frameworks, including monocyclic and bicyclic systems. I also delve into their synthesis methods and explore studies on their biological activities. Moreover, we discuss the modification of thiazole-based compounds at different positions to create new molecules with antioxidant activity


Marketing management is a practical subject and its pedagogy has unique features.Combined with teaching practice,this paper conducts a systematic discussion about its pedagogy features,significance,process,and instructive techniques.It has significant role for majors in economics management to have an effective classroom learning,to achieve quality-oriented education goal of colleges,and to enhance students' comprehensive ability.


The role of amplitude-to-phase conversion as a factor in feedback oscillator flicker phase noise is examined. A limiting stage consisting of parallel-connected opposite polarity diodes operating in a circuit environment contining reactance is shown to exhibit amplitude-to-phase conversion. This mechanism coupled with resistive upconversion provides an indirect route for very low frequency flicker noise to be transferred into the phase of an oscillator signal. It is concluded that this effect is more significant in the lower frequency regimes where the onlinear reactances associated with active devices are overwhelmed by linear reactive elements.


The purpose of this study was to analyze integration would be a alternative present or Trojan horse for technology education at the secondary level to meet knowledge-based society in 21st century. For this purpose, both notion and types of integration and relationship between integrated curriculum and technology education were reviewed and analyzed in the study. Major findings of the study were as follows : 1. Integrated curriculum became the focus in education because of both rationale from integration of real world and student-centered education; and needs from various viewpoints including epistemology, psychology, and sociology for decades. This integrated curriculum could be divided into various types by pattern, central elements, and level of integration. 2. Technology has been the center of integration in secondary education. Curriculum has been integrated on the basis of interaction of major contents such as technological system, influence on human and society, application of other discipline in the field of technology education. In relation to technology, Mathematics Science Technology(MST) was a one of most preferred types among technology educators. The MST is a inter-disciplinary, theme based, and/or confused integrative curriculum for helping students to solve real world problem in relation to technology by appling mathematic and scientific knowledge. 3. It was identified that science, social studies, and other educators preferred Science Technology Society(STS) as an integrative curriculum at the secondary level for helping students to understand scientific principle and social strand in real world with regard to technology. 4. Technology educators has faced two following discrepant challenges with regard to technology-related integration: ⒜ Benefit for technology educators is that technology education could be recognized as a major subject along with science, social studies, and mathematics by take advantaging of the technology-related integration. ⒝ On the other hand, the technology-related integration has serious limitations in the field of technology education which technology education could be degraded as a part of other subjects such as science, social studies, and mathematics and then taught by the other subjects` teachers.


In the home management of malaria (HMM) strategy, the person who makes treatment decision is important to the type of management and treatment outcome of the disease. We identified the decision makers and assessed the factors that influence treatment decision making in the management of an episode of malaria. This study is part of a larger study evaluating the effectiveness of artemetherlumefantrine(AL) in HMM in a rural local government area (LGA) of southwestern Nigeria. Community based drug distributors (CBDs) consisting of mother trainers, health workers and patent medicine sellers were trained to distribute AL to children suffering from malaria. A descriptive cross sectional study was carried out in thirty villages among 552 caregivers whose children had fever two weeks prior to a survey using an interviewer administered questionnaire.Caregivers were asked who advised them on drug to give sick child, time it took for action to be taken, and distance of place where treatment was obtained. A multinomial logistic regression model was fitted to determine factors that influence decision making. A total of 166(30 %), 35(6.3 %) and 351(63.6 %) caregivers sought advice from mothers/grandmothers, father and CBDs respectively. A total of 288(64.9 %) of the caregivers who started treatment before 120 minutes after illness was observed sought advice from CBD while 33 (7.4 %) sought advice from fathers. Caregivers who obtained drugs from mother trainers were about 3 times more likely to seek advice from mother/grandmother (RRR = 2.89, 95 % CI: 1.15 – 7.22, p = 0.02) than from CBD. Mothers and grandmothers are important decision makers in home management of malaria; however, they should be encouraged to take prompt decisions.The role of CBDs in the management of malaria is further established and they should be recognized as major stakeholders in malaria control.


This report compares the speed with which back-propagation, conjugate gradient, and Quickprop algorithms find the neural network weights that solve: a small-scale nonlinear classification problem and a mapping from a vector-valued time series to a one-dimensional signal. The problem of tuning each algorithm for these problems (i.e., selecting a good set of control parameters) is also discussed. The most efficient algorithm was found to be an enhanced form of back-propagation using large momentum and learning rates, with weight updates after each pattern presentation and a small constant added to the error derivatives. 3 refs., 6 tabs.


The two-point boundary-value problem associated with Pontryagin's maximum principle, when optimization is performed to minimize a quadratic cost function, is eliminated. It is replaced by two equations of known variables consisting of the system parameters, the optimizing period, and the weighting factors of the cost function.


Abstract "Kansite" is mackinawite, FeS. References to recent publications establishing this and correctly describing this important corrosion compound are given. Besides appearing as a corrosion product, it occurs naturally in tidal sediments, where hydrogen sulfide reacts with iron or iron compounds and in most high temperature copper and nickel ore deposits. It also has been synthesized in the laboratory. Mackinawite has been observed repeatedly for nearly a century, but until 1963 was generally confused with a similar-appearing but much rarer ore mineral, valleriite, CuFeS2, and was described under that name.


This paper deals with the ontology for natural language understanding. In particular, the paper focuses on the WordNet noun ontology, proposes some additions, changes and reorganizations, and explains the rationale supporting them. These changes have been pointed out by a semantic interpreter driven by over 3000 verb predicates that use WordNet noun ontology and WordNet verb classes. The selectional restrictions in the semantic roles of the predicates are WordNet ontological categories. The main criterion for changing an ontological category has been failing to interpret some sentences. A detailed analysis of the proposed changes is presented. 1


Due to practical and economic reasons the design of complex concrete structures is often based on linear FEA with rather large elements. The inelastic behavior of reinforced concrete can lead to significant load redistributions which can only be predicted using non-linear FEA (NLFEA). This work aims at developing a method for performing large scale NLFEA of concrete structures, both with respect to material behavior and assessment of the structural safety. The present paper compares results from a simple beam experiment with NLFEA on two different element size scales. The NLFEA on both scales predict consistent ULS capacity. A localized crack pattern was only observed at medium scale, but the corresponding SLS crack widths were non-conservative due to a nonlocalized equilibrium path. A scale transition procedure should preserve the localized crack pattern.


AIMS To design and evaluate dosing guidelines for vancomycin based on data collected during routine use of the drug. METHODS Following the observation that 66% of neonatal vancomycin trough concentrations were outside the target range, new dose guidelines were developed using a population pharmacokinetic approach. NONMEM (non-linear mixed effects model) was used to analyse dose histories and 347 concentration measurements collected during routine therapeutic drug monitoring in 59 neonates. RESULTS Postconceptual ages in the patient group ranged from 26–45 weeks, weights from 0.57–4.23 kg, and creatinine concentrations from 18–172 μmol/l. The population estimate of vancomycin clearance (l/h/kg) was 3.56/creatinine concentration (μmol/l) with an interpatient coefficient of variation (CV) of 22% and volume of distribution 0.67 l/kg with a CV of 18%. Residual error was 4.5 mg/l. When the new recommendations on dosing were used prospectively in a separate group of neonates the proportion of acceptable troughs increased from 33% to 72%. CONCLUSIONS The pharmacokinetics of vancomycin in neonates and young infants depend on weight and serum creatinine. Preliminary results from the new guidelines indicate an improvement on previous practice, but also an ongoing need to monitor concentrations.