This chapter in the Oxford Handbook of General Practice describes general practice in the UK, including what general practice is, how to become a general practitioner (GP) in the UK, education in primary care, appraisal and revalidation, working arrangements, career options, good medical practice, the multidisciplinary team, Foundation doctors, stress in general practice, organizations important to general practice, and practice in other countries.


Due to the restrictions imposed because of the coronavirus infection, work through online platforms has become the focus of public attention and resonant public discussion. The article analyzes the prospects for the extension of labor law norms in this rapidly growing sector of employment. It is proposed to enshrine in the Labor Code a direct rule that work through online platforms, in which the platform sets the requirements for exactly how the work should be performed, should be qualified as labor under an employment contract. In addition, the author comes to the conclusion that it is necessary to adopt norms on the joint responsibility of the company owning the online platform and intermediary companies on which behalf the contracts are concluded with online workers. Longer-term and more fundamental decisions regarding new forms of employment should include a revision of the entire employment relations paradigm as well as the notion of actor of labor law. The employment relationship notion should be expanded and include the actors with currently transitional legal statuses in relation to contractors who do not have all the characteristics of an employee working under an employment contract, but are in need of legal protection due to economic dependence.


The primitive chain model of Doi and Edwards is generalized to include the short-time relaxation process. Stress relaxation after a sudden imposition of strain is studied in detail. It is shown that in the linear region (small strain) stress relaxation occurs in two steps, the relaxation of chain segments between the fixed entanglement points, and the relaxation of the entanglement points, in accordance with the conventional picture, whereas in the nonlinear region (large strain) there appears a new relaxation process between the above two. The characteristic time of this process is the Rouse relaxation time which the entire chain would have if there were no entanglements, and increases with the square of the molecular weight. This result is consistent with experimental observations.


The purpose of this study was to analyze the role of Subjective Well-Being and Trust in the Employer on Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) of Industrial Employees in the industrial revolution era. This research method is quantitative through surveys, data obtained by distributing online questionnaires which are distributed via social media. Respondents in this study were 300 permanent manufacturing employees with a minimum working period of three years, status as permanent employees. The selection of research subjects was carried out nonprobability by using purposive sampling technique because it is based on predetermined characteristics. This study uses a Likert model scale of 1 to 7 as the main instrument in obtaining empirical data from organizational citizenship behavior, subjective well-being, and trust in the employer. Data analysis used structural equation modeling (SEM) with data processing tools using SmartPLS 3.0. The stages of data analysis were validity, reliability, termination coefficient and hypothesis testing. The results of this study are that subjective Well-Being has a positive and significant effect on Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB), Trust in The Employer has a positive and significant effect on Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) and Subjective Well-Being has a positive and significant effect on Trust. in The Employer.


The nonadiabatic rovibronic structures of the B, B', C, and D states of H/sub 2/, HD, and D/sub 2/ have been calculated up to the common dissociation limit of the first three of these electronic states using the ab initio adiabatic potential curves and nonadiabatic coupling functions published recently by Wolniewicz and one of us. The homogeneous (..sigma../sup +/--..sigma../sup +/ and Pi--Pi) and heterogeneous (..sigma../sup +/--Pi/sup +/) interactions are treated simultaneously by numerical solution of the coupled vibrational equations for each J value from J = 0 to J = 6. The calculated nonadiabatic energy shifts, which show strong v- and J-dependent variations within each electronic state and which spread over approximately +- 50 cm/sup -1/ for J = 6 in H/sub 2/, yield rovibronic structures in very good agreement with spectroscopic term values. A number of published spectroscopic assignments, including states close to the dissociation limit, must be reevaluated in the light of this calculation. The remaining energy errors are nuclear-mass dependent and are attributed to the neglected nonadiabatic interactions with the higher members of the /sup 1/..sigma../sup +//sub u/ and /sup 1/Pi/sub u/ Rydberg series. The convergence errors of the Born--Oppenheimer energies of all four electronic states treatedmore » here appear to be at most 2 cm/sup -1/ for the highest bound vibrational states and less than 1 cm/sup -1/ for the lowest ones.« less


The hot embossing process has so far been developed mainly for replication of surface structures on thermoplastic substrates. Because of the lack of a through-thickness action, fabrication of discrete microparts such as microgears is considered difficult. In this study, embossing molds having multiple microcavities were used in a through-thickness embossing process with a rubber-assisted ejection mechanism. Microparts made of HDPE and ABS with each part weighing approximately 1 and 1.4 mg, respectively, were produced. When in the mold, embossed microparts were intermittently connected to each other through thin residual films of a thickness approximately 20 μm. The residual films were detached from the microparts during a rubber-assisted ejection stage. Because no resin delivery paths, e.g., runners and gates, are needed for microcavities on the multicavity embossing mold, this micropart fabrication process could replace micro injection molding in many applications. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2009. © 2009 Society of Plastics Engineers


ABSTRACT Measurements of ultralong-range Rydberg molecule formation in cold gases of fermionic 87Sr atoms are presented. Measurements undertaken using polarised and unpolarised cold atom samples demonstrate that studies of Rydberg molecule formation can provide a window into the important role played by quantum statistics in determining the pair-correlation function, , and, more generally, can furnish a sensitive probe of spatial correlations in quantum gases that is suitable for use in a number of different applications. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT


Review on PTPN6 (protein tyrosine phosphatase, non-receptor type 6), with data on DNA, on the protein encoded, and where the gene is implicated.


This article intends to offer a broad brush perspective on the developments currently observed in the fine chemicals scene focusing more particularly on pharmaceutical fine chemicals - by far the largest end user outlet -viewed until recently as the most attractive and the place to be. Before entering into the depth of the subject, the author wants to stress that this paper is going to present a personal interpretation of a very complex industry - these views not pretending by any possible mean to be exhaustive nor to represent the absolute truth.


Purpose - – Firms build new product development alliances to cope with the demands of continuous and rapid new product development. Such alliances allow surplus access to complementary capabilities and knowledge. However, the successful use of specialization advantages requires coordination and effective communication between alliance partners. Communication is vital to alliance success, as it allows a timely flow of information and resources across partners and supports the coordination within the alliance. The aim of this study is to research how divergent communication schemes influence firms' new product development performance in alliances. Design/methodology/approach - – A paper-and-pencil survey about firms' collaborative new product development performance in the German medical device industry was conducted. Results are derived from a survey of Findings - – The empirical results indicate that divergent communication schemes enhance product innovativeness and speed to market in new product development alliances. The development of new insights and solutions through joint sensemaking builds the theoretical fundament for the supportive effects of divergent communication schemes. Divergent communication schemes go hand in hand with ambiguity, that is, the source of joint dialogues and discussion through which alliance partners refine and adapt their different perspectives and interpretations. However, the supportive effect of divergent communication schemes on speed to market declines with increasing collaboration intensity. Research limitations/implications - – The assessment of divergent communication schemes and new product development performance of the dyadic relationships in this survey is only based on one respondent. Furthermore, the study's focus on a specific industry sector, albeit one fitting particularly well to the research question, may further limit the generalizability of the empirical findings. Future research should thus strive to take both firms of the dyadic relationship into account and moreover attempt to investigate mediating effects such as joint sensemaking or creativity. Practical implications - – The results indicate that alliance managers should become aware that different ways of communication are not Originality/value - – Prior research has stressed the importance of interorganizational communication for the success of alliances. However, little is known about the effect of divergent communication schemes in alliances. This study shows theoretically and empirically that divergent communication schemes can improve new product development performance in alliances. The supportive effect of divergent communication schemes is contrary to the argumentation that communication problems and misinterpretations hamper alliance success.


Wolf 359 (CN Leo, GJ 406, Gaia DR3 3864972938605115520) is a low-mass star in the fifth-closest neighboring system (2.41 pc). Because of its relative youth and proximity, Wolf 359 offers a unique opportunity to study substellar companions around M stars using infrared high-contrast imaging and radial velocity monitoring. We present the results of Ms-band (4.67 $\mu$m) vector vortex coronagraphic imaging using Keck-NIRC2 and add 12 Keck-HIRES velocities and 68 MAROON-X velocities to the radial velocity baseline. Our analysis incorporates these data alongside literature radial velocities from CARMENES, HARPS, and Keck-HIRES to rule out the existence of a close ($a<10$ AU) stellar or brown dwarf companion and the majority of large gas-giant companions. Our survey does not refute or confirm the long-period radial velocity candidate Wolf 359 b ($P\sim2900$ d) but rules out the candidate's existence as a large gas-giant ($>4 M_{jup}$) assuming an age of younger than 1 Gyr. We discuss the performance of our high-contrast imaging survey to aid future observers using Keck-NIRC2 in conjunction with the vortex coronagraph in the Ms-band and conclude by exploring the direct imaging capabilities with JWST to observe Jupiter-mass and Neptune-mass planets around Wolf 359.


The advent of the software defined radio (SDR) concept has offered a new paradigm for the modem designer. Consider the requirements of implementing a MIL-STD-188 UHF DAMA modem in a CORBA-based software environment. Here direct access to the hardware is denied. Interfaces to the synthesizer and AGC functions are wrapped in CORBA-based calls. In addition, no hardware timing signals exist to help establish frame synchronization. These and others are the requirements that were successfully met in our implementation of the UHF SATCOM modem for the Digital Modular Radio (DMR) program. This CORBA-based software modern solution is not attached to any particular piece of modem hardware and, as such, is highly portable. This paper reveals the architectural features that allow the inherently slow CORBA-implementation to synchronize and respond to the real-time requirements of the DAMA network.


Both the Pliocene Laowogou section and the Pleistocene Danangou section in the Nihewan Basin have recently been restudied by Zhang et al.in 2003 and Cai et al.in 2004.However, small mammals collected near the Plio-Pleistocene boundary in these two sections are rare.To make up this deficiency,the Donggou section,about 500 m northeast of the Qianjiashawa vil- lage,described by Yang et al.in 1996 (Fig.1) was selected in 2005 for looking for fossils. By the water-screening method,many small mammals were collected from the layers 2,4,7, 11,16 and 19 respectively.The distributions of small mammalian species in this section are shown in Table 2.The species from the three lower layers can be supplemental from each other with the three layers of the Xiaoshuigou section,about 800 m south of the Donggou section,de- scribed by Du et al.in 1988 (Table 1) stratigraphically and biologically.


Warren Beatty's Bulworth is a political film in a long line of recent popular political films that have come out of Hollywood, films such as Dave (Ivan Reitman, 1993), The American President (Rob Reiner, 1995), Nixon (Oliver Stone, 1995), The Rainmaker (Francis Ford Coppola, 1997), Primary Colors (Mike Nichols, 1998) and Erin Brockovich (Steven Soderbergh, 2000). These films feign political commentary but often something more banal (romance, biography, suspense) materializes. Henry Louis Gates, Jr. deftly articulates this sentiment when he says that "there are Hollywood films about politics and there are Hollywood films about love affairs, but the former are hardly more likely to have actual political content than the latter are to depict actual sexual penetration. Instead, both genres have evolved elaborate cinematic vocabularies of indirection." (1) However, I would argue that Warren Beatty's Bulworth reproduces the serious popular political films that came out of Hollywood in the late 60s and early 70s. Unlike that transitional period of filmmaking, when Hollywood took more risks--testing the counter-culture waters, trying to find material and styles that would consistently lure audiences, and willing to give power to "auteurist" (political) visions--today Hollywood commodifies to such a degree that almost all mainstream Hollywood films coalesce around profit (safe) formulas: blockbusters franchise films (sequel mania!), popular genre films, event pictures, and prestige pictures. Currently, with some exceptions, substantive political projects are typically "off-Hollywood" (e.g., Happiness, Ghost Dog: The Way of the Samurai, Requiem for a Dream). And the exceptions usually either come wrapped in a disguised (genre) package (American Psycho) or get made by "stars" with clout (Bulworth, Tim Robbins' Cradle Will Rock). [ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] Bulworth's similarity to the films of the late 60s/early 70s offer us another important insight. Like many of the films of this period (e.g., 2001: A Space Odyssey, They Shoot Horses, Don't They?, Medium Cool, Little Big Man, to name just a few), which registered the radical ruptures going on at the time, Bulworth also reveals historical conditions at large presently. More specifically, Bulworth offers us a political treatise that "maps" the postmodern condition and the dominant order of "late capitalism." For my analysis of this film I offer a three-part model that I have developed for a larger project that I am working on, a project that supposes the viability of an oppositional popular cinema. My proposal does not displace but rather complements the still reigning critical paradigm for the political in film, the avant-gardist polemic of the post-'68 French film groups e.g., journals such as Cahiers du Cinema and Cinetheque, filmmakers such as Jean-Luc Godard, and organizations such as the Dziga Vertov group. In short, that paradigm viewed an oppositional aesthetic largely from a marginal position: Texts that positioned themselves "outside" of the dominant social order and that eschewed the "illusionist" cinema of Hollywood could best oppose the dominant social order. However, I argue that though this paradigm is still important for us today, it does not address concerns brought on by the changing political landscape, as I will show in a moment. I call the first part of my model the "political didactic." At present, most scholars and critics view the didactic in art derisively. However, this attitude has not always been the prevailing one. Indeed, the didactic aesthetic was seen as a natural part of classical antiquity art (split between two traditions, Hesiodic piety and Lucretian science). Moreover, political content suffused much of the art at this time. It wasn't until the onset of modernity that the political didactic diminished significantly, exchanged for a more expressive aesthetic (i.e., Kant's "purposiveness without purpose"). Today, though, because most spaces in society (art, academic, religious, familial, political) have become commodified and reified, and thus neutralized as spaces of real opposition or debate, a return to a didactic aesthetic is needed. …


In boundary lubrication, the wear process is often controlled by the formation of colloidal agglomerations in the contact. These agglomerations are due to collected products of chemical reactions between metal Surfaces and environment (1). They make a non-homogeneous thin film in the interface. Their accumulation gives rise to the formation of adherent films in the case of antiwear additives (zinc dithiophosphates and organophosphorous compounds). The purpose of the paper is to show that small agglomerations (called lump), compressed between two solid bodies, can plastically deform the surface and can grooves when the two surfaces slide. Experiments involving plasticine are presented. The first shows that, during static compression, the thickness of the film and local friction coefficients are important parameters in explaining the plastic deformation of the substratum. The second shows the mechanical conditions that favor the entry of the lump into the contact area and give the give the mild scartch-type...


This paper discusses safety in tunnels with particular reference to ventilation, lighting, emergency equipment, and portal and interior finish, accompanied by illustrated examples of tunnels in Japan. In view of the expected high increase of road tunnels in Japan the author emphasizes the importance of environmental safety, and pays special attention to the extraction of exhaust fumes and the composition of lighting systems. (TRRL)


An adequate hunting stability margin is required through the optimisation and matching of bogie suspension parameters for high-speed trains. Moreover, the dynamics design is particularly important for the robust lateral stability to adapt to wheel–rail wear and track deformation. The hunting stability margin of vehicles, as well as the wheel–rail contact state adaptability should be taken into account. In this regard, the robust hunting stability Pareto optimisation of bogie suspension parameters for different wheel–rail wear stages is executed. A method for the centralised optimisation of key bogie suspension parameters based on vehicle lateral robust stability is presented, and the principle of two typical parameters matching for high-speed vehicles is summarised. In addition, in order to make the vehicle automatically adapt to different wheel–rail geometry contact states without any sensors and control systems, a new idea of frequency-dependent stiffness (SDF) of yaw damper is proposed to ensure the lateral stability margin especially in extreme wheel–rail contact states, which is verified through the vehicle linear system stability and ride comfort comparative analysis. Finally, the adaptive stabilisation mechanism of the vehicle with the frequency-dependent stiffness of yaw damper is clarified.


A novel strategy for implementing a generalized standard addition method (GSAM) in a simple two-channel flow injection (FI) system and for correcting matrix effects and spectral interferences in multicomponent analysis is described. The FI-GSAM system exploits the concentration gradients of the sample and the standard solution, requires only one standard solution per analyte and provides several addition levels using a single simultaneous injection of the sample and of each standard solution. Because the matrix effects change at every addition level, a novel mathematical model for this FI-GSAM has been derived. The method was critically evaluated for simultaneous K, Ca and Na determinations by flame photometry in synthetic samples with different ethanol or glycerol contents, added to the samples to promote matrix effects. The results show good agreement with the expected values, with the relative error and the overall relative standard deviation usually being <5% ( n =5) for 2.5–5.0 Na, 20.0 K and 1000 mg l^–1 Ca. The elapsed time for the simultaneous determination of three analytes was about 2 min, consuming 400 m l of the sample and 100 m l of each standard solution.


A white ruffled pinafore over a short-sleeved green blouse, displayed on a dress stand. Original resource is a color photograph.


BPH as a common urological disease in older men, along with the aggravation of China's aging population, the incidence of BPH is also increasing. With the development of minimally invasive surgery in clinaical urology, the growing number of laser technology has been used in clinical treatment of BPH. In this article, the various laser application in the treatment of BPH, efficacy, complications and other issues were reviewed.


When experiments are made on the viscous flow of pitch and other substances of similar character, in the form of rods or cylinders, by the torsional method,* it is found that the rate of turning under torsion of these rods is not strictly proportional to the driving couple. Thus the rate of flow of the material under shearing stress cannot be in simple proportion to stress. If it is wished to investigate the exact law connecting the rate of flow with the shearing forces, by means of the torsional method, a complication is at once met with, arising from the fact that the rate of flow in a twisting rod is not of the same value everywhere, but necessarily varies from nothing at the centre to a maximum at the surface of the rod. W ith the view of developing a more suitable way of investigating the phenomenon, trials were made with different methods of observing the flow of such bodies, under conditions in which the said objection does not apply. The results obtained in these ways exhibit the same departures from linearity as was suggested by the results obtained by the method of torsion. The types of flow examined w ere: (1) the flow produced in a rod or cylinder of the material when under traction; (2) when under axial com pression ; (3) the flow of a freely descending stream of the m aterial; (4) the rate of bending of a horizontal rod or beam of the material under its own weight when supported only at the ends. The latter method, however, suffers from the same defect as the torsional method, namely, from giving an integral value through a range from zero up to a certain limit. Traction Experiments. Rods or bars of the material under examination were suspended from one end, while to the other weights were attached. The rod was thus subjected to a force which continuously drew it out. The rate of elongation per centimetre length of the rod could then be determined. The rods for these experiments were prepared by the method described in the paper already referred to. For the purpose of applying the tractional forces the rod was thickened at each end and worked into an almost cubical block, as shown in fig. 1, so as to fit a metallic box or receptacle open to one


Objective To determine the role of recombinant human brain natriuretic peptide(rhBNP)in postoperative renal function in patients undergoing cardiac surgery under cardiopulmonary bypass(CPB).Methods Thirty three patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting and valve surgery were randomly divided into one of two groups:the testing group(group A,n=15)and the control group(group B,n=18).Group A received rhBNP for 24h after induction of anesthesia,but group B received conventional treatment.The 24 h levels of serum creatinine(SCr),glomerular filtration rate(GFR),N-terminal pro-Brain natriuretic peptide(NT-ProBNP),and urine output were recorded.Results Compared with the preoperative contents,the 24 h levels of SCr,GFR and NT-ProBNP changed significantly(P0.05);the 24 h urine output in the group A [(2 275 ± 145)ml] was more than the group B [(1927 ± 267)ml](P0.01).Conclusion rhBNP can improve the early renal function of patients undergoing cardiac surgery.


This study aims to analyze and determine the effect of transformational leadership, non-physical work environment and organizational citizenship behavior on employee performance of PT BFI Finance Surabaya Mobil Branch. Data were collected through questionnaires distributed to 90 PT BFI Finance Surabaya Mobil Branch employees as research samples. The sampling method is nonprobability sampling with a purposive sampling technique. This type of research is quantitative research using multiple linear regression analysis techniques and partial hypothesis testing using the t-test. Testing using the SPSS (Statistical Product and Service Solutions) program tool version 21. The results showed that the transformational leadership variable and the non-physical work environment had no significant effect on the performance of PT BFI Finance Surabaya Mobil Branch employees. In comparison, the organizational citizenship behavior variable significantly affects the performance of PT BFI Finance Surabaya Mobil Branch employees.


This thesis centers upon the maintenance of the social structures through the norms and values forming the ethos of a Balinese village. It is focused primarily upon the husband and wife pair during the active period of their life, because the conjugal unit is the agency who contributes to the preservation of the normative status quo through its actions in the social, economic and ritual domains. The welfare of the village community rests upon the ability and willingness of this unit to discharge its social duties and fulfil its social roles in a manner which is both appropriate to the situation of the moment and in accordance with the existing norms. The status of the conjugal unit within the village illustrates fundamental Balinese ideas about the purpose of human existence and the nature of human action. Human life is conceived as a transitional period when the ancestral soul incarnates "to fetch food" (ngalih nasi), and a distinction is made between two dimensions of the person. One dimension is intimately linked with consciousness and social interactions, and is the prerogative of human existence from birth to death. The second dimension is identified with the continuity of the descent line and is associated with ancestry, from the time of death until reincarnation. Together, they constitute two complementary aspects of the ancestral group which moves as a single body managed by the living in the name of the dead. All human actions entail an alteration of the social and/or material environment and have a similar bearing upon the visible and invisible worlds. In order to be effective, human activities must have a ritual as well as an instrumental aspect. The legitimacy of an action depends as much upon the efficacy of its ends as on its conformity to the established norms. The village ethos rests entirely upon the interplay between the fundamental unity of purpose of the Balinese ancestral group and the perceived impact of human action upon the world. As such the social structures must be flexible enough to adapt to the changing requirements of the moment without losing their relevance for the community.


Oligomer samples obtained by the anionic copolymerization of a bis(γ-lactone), 2,8-dioxa-1-methylbicyclo[3.3.0]octane-3,7-dione (1), and glycidyl phenyl ether with potassium tert-butoxide have been analyzed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry. The MALDI-TOF mass spectra of these cooligomers show well-resolved signals that can be reliably assigned to linear, alternating cooligomers that have carboxylate chain ends or alkoxide chain ends and cyclic ones. The formation of these three series of cooligomers suggests that the polymerization process involves concomitant intermolecular transesterification and intramolecular back-biting. The intramolecular back-biting reaction causes the formation of cyclic cooligomers, whereas the intermolecular transesterification causes the reduction of the molecular weight and the transformation of the alkoxide active chain end into a carboxylate chain end. The MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry study has shown that an excess of monomer 1 enhances the selectivity of propagation by increasing the probability of the attack of the alkoxide chain end to 1.


Objective To assess the clinical value of 18 F-FDG PET/CT for the patients with ascites of unknown causes.Methods A total of 106 patients with ascites undergoing 18 F-FDG PET/CT examination was retrospectively studied and 18F-FDG PET/CT imaging was interpreted by two ways.(1)PET/CT(localization):Diagnostic results of PET/CT depended on the degree of 18 F-FDG uptake in peritoneum with CT was trecoted as anatomical localization,and high 18F-FDG uptake in peritoneum was regarded as malignancy.(2)PET/CT(mor-phology):Morphological changes of peritoneum on CT imaging and the degree of 18 F-FDG uptake on PET ima-ging were simultaneously considered when interpreting the diagnostic results of PET/CT.Results In the differen-tial diagnosis of ascites of unknown cause,the sensitivity,specificity and accuracy of PET/CT( localization) were 90.2%,71.1%and 82.1%,respectively.These values of PET/CT(morphology)were 95.1%,93.3% and 94. 3%,and 85.2%of malignant ascites were found primary lesion.The specificity and accuracy of PET/CT( mor-phology)were higher than those of PET/CT(localization)(P=0.002,P<0.001).Statistical difference was not found in both sensitivities.Conclusion PET/CT( morphology) had higher clinical value than PET/CT( localiza-tion) in the differential diagnosis of ascites with unknown cause,and had important significance in detecting pri-mary cause of malignant ascites.


The Deal-Grove model of thermal oxidation kinetics is adapted to cylindrically symmetric mesa structures and applied to study steam oxidation of AlAs. Oxidation process parameters are extracted from available experimental data as functions of temperature and the AlAs layer thickness. The oxidation rate is found to be very sensitive not only to temperature, but also to the oxidation front position inside the mesa. The oxidation rate slows down as the oxidation front moves into the mesa, reaches a minimum, and then accelerates at the final stages of the oxidation process. Complex nonmonotonic dependence of the oxidation process on layer thickness is also revealed.


The crystallization of NaClO3 from supersaturated boiling solutions leads to a strong bias of enantiomorphic crystals of the same chiral sign, which in the range of the experimental errors cannot be distinguished from that of a homochiral crystal mixture. The crystallization reactor is a closed system but with a temperature gradient between the walls of the reactor and the air/liquid interface that entails an intense recycling of the subcritical nuclei formed during the induction period of the primary nucleation in the bulk. During this period, the evolution of the population of subcritical nuclei takes place without any other noticeable crystal growth process. In these experimental conditions, the fast evolution of a myriad of supercritical nuclei and the immediate separation of the crystals strongly suggest that the evolution toward homochirality should occur during the primary nucleation process. The formation of stationary chiral compositions in the closed system by recycling through the irreversible ...


In order to study the fabrication of T-shape combined micronozzle used for preparation of microcapsules, a gravity based apparatus for glass micronozzle was designed. A novel method for glass micro hole was proposed. The impact law of pull force, coil temperature, delay time, coil width on pull process, heating time, feed distance on forge process, and heating area on micro hole fabrication process were experimentally researched. Sealed by UV optical glue, a kind of T-shape combined glass micronozzle was prepared. Orderly core oil emulsion in sodium alginate solution and core oil, poly microsphere (PS) and glass microsphere microcapsules were prepared based on combined pulse dispensing with the T-shape micro-nozzle. Results showed that the T-shape combined glass micronozzle had the advantage of simple structure, low cost, good bio-chemical and optical character and the T-shape micronozzle could be used to produce multiphase liquid flowing and dispensing. It is promising to be applied wildly in other areas.


Resolvins are endogenous lipid derived mediators generated by the host to regulate resolution of inflammation. They are biosynthesized from dietary fatty acid specifically omega 3 fatty acids. There are two major types of resolvins, E series and D series resolvins. Resolvins control the duration and magnitude of inflammation. They act as anti-inflammatory and proresolution mediators and decrease the tissue accumulation of neutrophils. As resolvins regulate recruitment of neutrophils and macrophages to the inflamed site, they show protective effect in inflammatory diseases like colitis, acute lung inflammation, periodontitis etc. Experiments in animals and humans suggest a new approach for the control of inflammation in these diseases without compromising the host defense.


Using 7 years of TOPEX/POSEIDON satellite altimetry data, we have identified a general trend of sea level rising in the South China Sea between January 1993 and December 1999. The estimated bulk rising rate of the entire basin is ∼1 cm/a. The rise of sea level appears to be spatially non-homogeneous, which shows a highest rate of 2.7 cm/a in the deep basin west of Luzon and generally low (even negative) rates over the shallow continental shelves. It is believed that the observed rapid rising of sea level is a regional phenomenon and is mainly caused by warming of the upper layer of the South China Sea, which showed a bulk warming rate of 0.15 °C/a in the same period. It is also suggested that the observed rising trend is mainly a decadal signal, which is possibly associated with decadal variation of the Pacific warm pool region.


Influences of the forebody boundary layer state on shock pattern,characteristics of shock/boundary-layer interaction,mass capture capability and total pressure recovery of axisymmetric hypersonic inlet were studied with the aids of CFD.The performance trend in accordance with the forced transition position was obtained at different Mach numbers.As a forced transition device,two-dimensional roughness was introduced to examine the disturbance it made to the flow field.Differences between specific inlet design schemes were also compared in the study.


The present study was undertaken to evaluate the antischistosomal properties of ginger (Zingiber officinal) against Schistosoma mansoni in infected mice, including determination of total protein , albumin levels, the activities of ALT, AST, ACP and AKP enzymes and the electrophoretic pattern of total protein in the serum of infected treated mice. The present results showed that treatment of infected mice with sublethal doses of ginger' extract significantly reduced the number of S. mansoni worms recovered from infected mice. Also, the data presented showed that mice treatment with this ginger 'extract reduced the number of ova/g tissue in each of intestine of infected mice in comparison with that of infected untreated group. Moreover, serum total protein and albumin levels and activities of ALT, AST, ACP and AKP enzymes of infected treated mice were improved in comparison with those of infected untreated ones. It is concluded that administration of ginger'extract extract could be valuable as antischistosomal agent.. Electrophoretic analysis serum's total protein showed there was a remarkable deviation in the serum homogenate of mice infected with S. mansoni and treated with ginger'extract in comparison with control non infected group.


The invention discloses a high-speed collision experiment testing device for a vehicle power battery. A high-pressure air tank, a solenoid valve and an acceleration pipe are connected sequentially in a sealed manner and then are fixed by a fixing device; the other end of the acceleration pipe is in sealed connection with an explosion-proof box body; the central line of the acceleration pipe is perpendicular to the side wall of the explosion-proof box body; a mass block is arranged in the acceleration pipe; a worktable is mounted in the explosion-proof box body; a three-claw chuck is fixedly arranged on the worktable; a pressure sensor is arranged in the worktable; a rail and an index plate are mounted at the bottom of the worktable; the worktable can rotate along the rail around the center of the index plate; a protection box is mounted at the corner of the inner part of the explosion-proof box body; a temperature detection device and an image acquisition device are mounted in the protection box; a battery parameter measurement device is arranged at the outer part of the explosion-proof box body and is connected with battery negative and positive electrode connection electrode pieces on the three-claw chuck by connection wires; and a detection door is formed in the front side of the explosion-proof box body. The device can be used for realizing controllable speed, controllable pressure and controllable collision angle, and can be used for measuring parameters at the collision moment of the battery.


We recently demonstrated human T cell, B cell, dendritic cell, and natural interferon producing cell development and consecutive formation of primary and secondary lymphoid organs in Rag2−/−gc−/− mice, transplanted as newborns intra-hepatically (i.h.) with human CD34+ cord blood cells (Traggiai et al., Science 2004). Although these mice support high levels of human cell engraftment and continuous T and B cell formation as well as CD34+ cell maintenance in bone marrow over at least six month, the frequency of secondary recipient reconstituting human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells within the CD34+ pool declines over time. Also, although some human immune responses are detectable upon vaccination with tetanus toxoid, or infection with human lymphotropic viruses such as EBV and HIV, these responses are somewhat weak compared to primary human responses, and are inconsistent in frequency. Thus, some factors sustaining human hematopoietic stem cells in bone marrow and immune responses in lymphoid tissues are either missing in the mouse environment, or are not cross-reactive on human cells.

Human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) replicate as undifferentiated cells and are capable to differentiate to multiple mesenchymal tissues such as bone, cartilage, fat, muscle, tendon, as well as marrow and lymphoid organ stroma cells, at least in vitro (e.g. Pittenger et al., Science 1999). Moreover, it was shown that MSCs maintain CD34+ cells to some extend in vitro, and engraft at low frequency upon transplantation into adult immunodeficient mice or fetal sheep as detected by gene transcripts. We thus postulated that co-transplantation of cord blood CD34+ cells and MSCs into newborn mice might lead to engraftment of both cell types, and to provision of factors supporting CD34+ maintenance and immune system function. MSCs were isolated and expanded by plastic adherence in IMDM, supplemented with FCS and cortisone (first 3 weeks) from adult bone marrow, cord blood, and umbilical vein. To test their potential to support hemato-lymphopoiesis, MSCs were analyzed for human hemato-lymphotropic cytokine transcription and production by RT-PCR and ELISA, respectively. MSCs from all sources expressed gene-transcripts for IL-6, IL-7, IL-11, IL-15, SCF, TPO, FLT3L, M-CSF, GM-CSF, LIF, and SDF-1. Consistently, respective cytokines were detected in supernatants at the following, declining levels (pg/ml): IL-6 (10000-10E6) > SDF-1 > IL-11 > M-CSF > IL-7 > LIF > SCF > GM-CSF (0–450), while FLT3L and TPO were not detectable by ELISA. Upon i.h. transplantation of same passage MSCs (1X10E6) into sublethally irradiated (2x2 Gy) newborn Rag2−/−gc−/− mice, 2-week engraftment was demonstrated by species specific b2m-RT-PCR in thymus, spleen, lung, liver and heart in n=7 and additionally in thymus in n=3 out of 13 animals analyzed. Equally, GFP-RNA transcripts were detectable in the thymus for up to 6 weeks, the longest time followed, upon co-transplantation of same source CD34+ cells and retrovirally GFP-transduced MSCs in n=2 out of 4 animals. Further engraftment analysis of ongoing experiments will be presented.

Overall, these results demonstrate that human MSC produce hemato-lymphoid cytokines and engraft in newborn transplanted Rag2−/−gc−/− mice, at least at early time-points analyzed. This model thus might allow studying hematopoietic cell and MSC-derived cell interaction, and might serve as a testing system for MSC delivered gene therapy in vivo.


We present results from a simultaneous Chandra HETG and XMM-Newton observation of NGC 3516. We find evidence for several narrow components of Fe Kα along with a broad line. We consider the possibility that the lines arise in an blob of material ejected from the nucleus with velocity ∼ 0.25c. We also consider an origin in a neutral accretion disk, suffering enhanced illumination at 35 and 175 Rg, perhaps due to magnetic reconnection. The presence of these narrow features indicates there is no Comptonizing region along the line-of-sight to the nucleus. This in turn is compelling support for the hypothesis that broad Fe Kα components are, in general, produced by strong gravity. Subject headings: galaxies: active – galaxies: individual (NGC 3516) – galaxies: nuclei – galaxies: Seyfert


more traditional measures of attitude change and intentions. The diagnostic ability of the construct for advertising effectiveness also was studied. On the basis of slides and television commercials of a series of convenience products, a teletype was used to measure response latencies by means of a computer. Comparisons with traditional measurement devices, such as purchase preference questions, constant sum scales, and paired comparison measures, indicated strong relationships between these measures and response latency. As to whether response latency could be used in a diagnostic fashion to measure advertising effectiveness, it was found that the construct was responsive to stimuli, such as television commercials, and that it was able to discriminate actual behavior as measured by brands chosen as a reward at the end of the experiment. However, as with other traditional measures, the discrimination was not clean. MacLachlan states that response latency should not be thought of as an alternative to conventional marketing measures. Rather, it should be thought of as "enriching" the data obtained from more traditional measurement techniques. The response latency approach is one that may offer some promise in the future. It permits the collection of metric data by a useful, relatively unobtrusive procedure. Although the typically small sample size and laboratory situation qualify the generalizability of the approach, it does offer a substantial addition to the marketing researcher's repertoire.


Stratigraphy and dating provide an 18,000 yr record of erosion and deposition by the middle Gila River. Prior to 18,000 cal yr B.P., the Gila River cut into its floodplain and created a deep, wide channel. Sand and gravel accumulated within this channel until 4250–4400 cal yr B.P. By this time, the channel of the Gila River was narrow and deep. Around 5000 cal yr B.P., fine-grained sediments began to accumulate on the floodplain. At 800–950 cal yr B.P., there was a major period of channel widening. After this erosional episode, the channel again narrowed as it filled with sand and gravel until around 200 cal yr B.P. On the floodplain, deposition continued from about 5000 cal yr B.P. to 500 cal yr B.P. A period of stability and soil formation occurred on the floodplain between 500 and 200 cal yr B.P., after which overbank deposition resumed and buried the soil. Channel widening again occurred in the late 19th century. The changes observed in the sedimentologic history of the Gila River show that during the late Pleistocene, the Gila River was a competent stream capable of carrying and depositing coarse sediment loads. Later deposition of sand and gravel during the first half of the Holocene implies an increase in sediment yield from upstream watersheds. Changes during the last 4000 years reflect the response of the river to climatic perturbations, the timing of large floods, internal landscape thresholds, and human impacts.


By analyzing the types and distribution laws of oil or gas reservorirs in H oil layer of the north of songliao Basin,this paper pointed out that Sourcerock,fault,conbination of saudbody,structure and fault,stable underground water conditions are the main factors coutrolling the accumulation and distribution of oil or gas in H oil layer.On the bases of Summarizing the migration and accumulation models of oil or gas accumulation,the favorable areas for oil or gas in H oil layer to accumulate and distribute are forecasted to be Gulong depression and the south and middle of Daqing Placanticline in the north of Songliao Basin.


Effective digital media management relies heavily on the use of descriptive information, or "metadata," that envelops rich media files like video clips, audio files, high resolution photographs, and CAD/3D files. Good metadata permit quick search, extensive reuse, and consequently cost savings. If the metadata are inadequate, the file languishes unused and unusable. We propose a standard for metadata that does away with the trouble and expense (and inherent frustrations) of mandating terminology and thesaurus standards. Ancillary Data, Metadata, and Datacasting Enabling Enhancements for Old and New Media SMPTE 35 Advanced Motion Imaging Conference Capital Hilton, Washington, D.C. 2 February 8-10,


It is sometimes said that glass in very old churches is thicker at the bottom than at the top because glass is a liquid, and so over several centuries it has flowed towards the bottom. This is not true. In Mediaeval times panes of glass were often made by the Crown glass process. A lump of molten glass was rolled, blown, expanded, flattened and finally spun into a disc before being cut into panes. The sheets were thicker towards the edge of the disc and were usually installed with the heavier side at the bottom. Other techniques of forming glass panes have been used but it is only the relatively recent float glass processes which have produced good quality flat sheets of glass. Nevertheless, the frequently asked question "Is glass liquid or solid?" is not so straightforward to answer. To do so we have to understand its thermodynamic and material properties.


In 1553, six years before Tasso first began to sketch the poem that was to become the Gerusalemme liberata, the Catholic monarchs Philip II and Mary Tudor acceded to the throne of England, after the Protestant reigns of Henry VIII and Edward VI. The event was celebrated in an encomiastic oration, De restituta in Anglia religione ("On the restoration of religion in England"), by the minor Modenese humanist, Antonio Fiordibello. In one passage Fiordibello searches for a precedent to the achievement of the new English rulers.


The occurrence of Crepidobothrium sp.(Cestoda, Proteocephalidae) in the intestine of Bothrops moojeni (Hoge,1965)(Serpentes, Viperidae) is reported. The host snake was rescued from the fauna in Porto Primavera dam, Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil. The snake died in captivity on July 13,1999. At necropsy, 28 tapeworms were found in the snake intestine. The analysis of specimens morphology allowed the conclusion that they belong to the Crepidobothrium (Monticelli, 1900) genus. It was not possible to determine the Crepidobothrium species due to the lack of the gravid proglottids. This is the first report of B. moojeni as a host of cestodes.


hnRNP UL1 plays an important role in cell nuclei, where it is recruited to DNA damage sites and is involved in the repair of DNA double-strand breaks. Furthermore, this protein is known as a transcriptional repressor of RNA polymerase II genes. In the present study, we have shown that hnRNP UL1 is also localized in the nucleoli of human cells. Upon investigating its function, we found that hnRNP UL1 stimulates ribosomal DNA (rDNA) gene transcription. Moreover, we observed that cells with hnRNP UL1 silencing exhibited increased sensitivity to DNA damage. We also showed that hnRNP UL1 interacts with γH2A.X, RPA32, XRCC1, and Chk1 in cell nucleoli, suggesting its involvement in the repair of rDNA damage.


Foreword by C. Everett Koop, M.D., Sc.D. Part One: Living Life Prelude to a Decision Attitude Adjustment Part Two: Choosing Life Dealing with the Downhill This Is the Good News? Coping I: Amazing Technology Coping II: Wondrous People Part Three: Affirming Life Shift Change! Reaching Without Arms Getting On With the Business of Living Appendix Selected Annotated Bibliography Index


In this paper, we define the normalized mean square covariance (MIMO) of multiple input multiple output (MIMO) channels and study the relationship between ergodic MIMO channel capacity and the channel NMSV value.


Distributed data warehouse can be classified as local/global distributed data warehouse,technology distributed data warehouse and independent evolution distributed data warehouse.This paper analyzes existing problems of view off-line maintenance an on-line maintenance,according to the three types of distributed data warehouse,we give the model and method of dynamic increment view.


As a rising star in the field of natural language processing, question answering systems (Q&A Systems) are widely used in all walks of life. Compared with other scenarios, the applicationin financial scenario has strong requirements in the traceability and interpretability of the Q&A systems. In addition, since the demand for artificial intelligence technology has gradually shifted from the initial computational intelligence to cognitive intelligence, this research mainly focuses on the financial numerical reasoning dataset - FinQA. In the shared task, the objective is to generate the reasoning program and the final answer according to the given financial report containing text and tables. We use the method based on DeBERTa pre-trained language model, with additional optimization methods including multi-model fusion, training set combination on this basis. We finally obtain an execution accuracy of 68.99 and a program accuracy of 64.53, ranking No. 4 in the 2022 FinQA Challenge.


This paper contributes right of water- potable water, overview of Constitutional Provisions and various decisions of Judiciary on Potable water as a fundamental right, Sources of Potable Water in India and its impurity, Right to potable Water as a Human Right, An unfulfilled obligation on the part of Government, Right to Potable Water- rhetoric and Recommendations and Conclusion.


The aim of this study was to investigate what are the determinants of employee engagement in banking sector of Pakistan. A self-administered questionnaire was used for data collection of data from respondents working in banking sector on five-point Likert scale. The results of confirmatory factor analysis and multiple regression analysis indicate that the core self-evaluation and service environment of organization are positively and significantly related with employee engagement. As a result, this research attempts to fill the gap about the lack of academic literature on employee's engagement in Pakistani context. Findings of this research do have practical implications for banking sector, mainly for their human resources department as how they can increase the engagement of employees in banking sector. Low sample size is limitation in generalizing the results of this study. Sample size may be increased and this study should be tested in other regions as well.


Increased iron brain deposition (BID) has been shown in many neurodegenerative diseases. The normal pattern can be determined trhough the analyses of transverse relaxation time (RT2). 207 healthy subjects BID on thalamus, substantia nigra (SN), dental nucleus (DN) and globo pallidus (GP) were determined, as the correlation with gender and age. DNs, right GP and SNs correlations were found. These data may be used for patients with Neurodegeneration with Brain Iron Accumulation disorders.


The ORD and CD curves of (S)-1,7-diphenyl-5-hydroxy-3-heptanone, (S)-1,7-bis(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-hydroxy-3-heptanone, and the related model compounds were obtained in selected solvents with different polarity. Causing the 1,7-diaryl-5-hydroxy-3-heptanones dextro-rotatory in chloroform was attributed to the formation of the intramolecular hydrogen bond between the C-3 carbonyl and C-5 hydroxyl groups, regardless of the presence of the phenyl groups. On the other hand, causing the compounds levo-rotatory in methanol was proved to necessitate simultaneously the breaking of the intramolecular hydrogen bond followed by solvation to the carbonyl and/or hydroxyl groups, as well as the presence of the phenyl groups. The ca. 30% of the solvent effect on the optical rotation was based on the change in the rotational strength associated with the n→π∗ transition of the carbonyl group as changing a solvent. The residual 70% was based on the change in the rotational strength associated with the electronic transition...


Cryptococcus neoformans is a radiotrophic fungi capable of surviving in extreme environments. Understanding post‐transcriptional RNA modifications may lead to insight on translational regulation and protein synthesis. Little is known about the role of transfer RNA (tRNA) modifications in C. neoformans. Modification profiles change during oxidative stress and may play biological roles in cell survival. Here, the impact of peroxide exposure on C. neoformans tRNA is investigated through liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry.


Aspheres are becoming very popular in optical design for reducing size and weight of optical systems or even allowing for novel optical performance. Innovative manufacturing enables this trend. Unfortunately, due to the type of surface form deviation introduced by CNC based grinding and polishing processes, tolerancing an optical system with aspheric surfaces becomes very complicated. Especially for serial production it is critical to know just how "good" an asphere has to be in order to guarantee the optical performance needed without overdoing it. It will be demonstrated how to overcome this limitation up to a certain level.


Ferrihydrite as an Enterosorbent for Arsenic. (December 2010) John Floyd Taylor, B.S., University of Louisiana at Monroe Chair of Advisory Committee: Dr. Timothy D. Phillips Arsenic in drinking water is a problem in many developing nations such as Taiwan and Bangladesh. Currently, no oral binding agent exists for the mitigation of arsenic toxicity. The goals of this research were to 1) screen a variety of sorbents for their ability to sorb As from water and screen for potential nutrient interactions with vitamin A (VA) and riboflavin (RF) isotherms; 2) further describe the sorption of As to ferrihydrite using isothermal analysis and a simulated gastrointestinal model (GI), and by testing ferrihydrite's ability to protect Hydra from As toxicity; 3) verify ferrihydrite's safety and efficacy in a short term rodent model. Ferrihydrite was found to be the most effective sorbent for both As(III) and As(V). Exchanging SWy-2 with sulfur containing organic groups increased the sorption of both As(V) and As(III) compared to the parent clay, though the total As sorbed was much less than As sorption by ferrihydrite. Ferrihydrite and an industrially produced ferrihydrite (IPF) both sorbed As(V) and As(III) with high capacity. Both ferrihydrites also sorbed As(V) and


We discussed a new scanning method for optical vortex-based scanning microscopy. The optical vortex is introduced into the incident Gaussian beam by a vortex lens. Then the beam with the optical vortex is focused by an objective and illuminates the sample. By changing the position of the vortex lens we can shift the optical vortex position at the sample plane. By adjusting system parameters we can get 30 times smaller shift at the sample plane compared to the vortex lens shift. Moreover, if the range of vortex shifts is smaller than 3% of the beam radius in the sample plane the amplitude and phase distribution around the phase dislocation remains practically unchanged. Thus we can scan the sample topography precisely with an optical vortex.


Abstract The issue of prostitution has engendered much division amongst feminists, frequently resulting in polemical stances in a polarised debate. A similar pattern has more latterly emerged with respect to sex trafficking. An added difficulty is that statistical evidence regarding these issues is scarce and unreliable. Through a new discursive lens of policy analysis developed by Carol Bacchi (the WPR approach) this paper considers and examines the 'demand side' of prostitution, with particular reference to its relationship with sex trafficking. Two policy and legislative approaches are compared, the Swedish model where the client is criminalized and the Victorian model where the sex industry is legalised and regulated.


Higginson's detailed record of his interview with Dickinson reflects the temperament of a naturalist, as do his notes on "Negro Spirituals" during the Civil War. By sending Higginson the poem "Except the smaller size," which echoes Thoreau's "Wild Apples," Dickinson deliberately situates Higginson as her preceptor for her work on immortality. Dickinson's remarks on Higginson's nature essays, Out-Door Papers, illustrate the importance of Higginson as naturalist.


Wind energy is one of the most widely used renewable energy resources. Large amounts of research and resources are being spent today in order to harness the energy from wind effectively. Large wind turbines are erected at windy site and delivering satisfactory performance. Small wind turbines are erected in low wind regions and are in development stage. Research activities are increasing at a significant rate in the field of small wind turbines. World wind energy association forecast considerable development in this field. To face the wind directions, small wind turbines are using mechanical systems in the form of tail. The conventional tail changes the direction of the wind turbine to accommodate the variation of the incoming direction of winds. Quick and steady response is important as per change in wind directions. It has considerable effect on the wind turbine performance. The tails are having different shapes, but literature is not available about it. Different manufacturers used different tail shapes for their model, but the effect of tail shapes has not been studied yet. Hence, it is necessary to study the effect of tail shapes on the performance of wind turbine. This paper presents the effect of tail shapes on the performance of wind turbine. In this work three different tail shapes; rectangular, trapezoidal and triangular are considered. The yawing performance for these tail shapes using CFD analysis is carried out and presented in this paper.


SUMMARY The distribution of four species of Chaoboras over selected parts of Zimbabwe is given. The effect of temperature on the duration of the larval life cycle is discussed in relation to the generation time and the lunar periodicity of the adult emergence period. There were apparently two generations of larvae present in the habitat at any one time, although these generations were not distinct due to the variations in the time taken by the larvae to complete development at any temperature. The emergence was synchronized to the lunar cycle, but the actual moon phase at which emergence occurred was variable, as the two populations under observation both changed from new moon emergences to full moon emergences during the study. Some observations on the behaviour of adult Chaoboras edulis are given.


Objective: To determine whether interferon therapy during human pregnancy increases reproductive risks in women. Methods: This longitudinal, controlled cohort study consisted of three groups of women: an exposed group, a disease matched unexposed group, and a healthy comparative group. Subjects were selected from women contacting the Motherisk Program regarding maternal beta interferon exposure, mostly for multiple sclerosis during pregnancy, from 1997 to 2004. After delivery all of the women were re-contacted for a follow-up interview regarding maternal health, pregnancy outcome, and neonatal health. Results: The study group (n = 16 women, 23 pregnancies) were exposed to interferon beta-1a (Avonex, Rebif) and interferon-1b (Betaseron). There was a decrease in mean birth weight in the exposed group (3,189 ± 416 g) as compared to healthy controls (3,783 ± 412 g, p = 0.002). Women exposed to beta interferon had a higher rate of miscarriages and stillbirths (39.1%) vs healthy controls (5%) (p = 0.03), even after correction for potential confounders. There were two major malformations (abnormality in the X chromosome, Down's syndrome) among exposed fetuses. Conclusions: Beta interferon therapy in the first trimester of pregnancy appears to be associated with an increased risk for fetal loss and low birth weight.


A new species of Pellaea sect. Pellaea is described and illustrated, Pellaea ribae Mendoza & Windham, which is clearly distinguished from other species in the genus by the abundant white trichomes present on the petiole, rachis, and abaxial surface of the leaves. Presently P. ribae is known only from two localities in San Luis Potosi, Mexico. Possible relationships of this new species to other cheilanthoid ferns are discussed.


Archaeological research has recently made notable advances in the Malay Peninsula under the stimulus of a three-year grant from the Carnegie Corporation of New York. This progress is reflected in the first number of a welcome new series (Series B) of the Bulletin of the Raffles Museum, started this year to cover the non-biological activities of the Museum. The first issue includes a number of important excavation reports and, in addition, a comprehensive survey by Dr van Stein Callenfels of what he calls ' The Malanesoid Civilisations of Eastern Asia.' Dr Callenfels makes it clear that the Hoabinhian culture (so called after finds in rock-shelters and caves in the province of Hoa-Binh, S. Tonkin, French Indo-China), the typical industries of which include roughly flaked stone hand-axes and flake scrapers, but no pottery, has an extensive geographical distribution. How far he is correct in identifying it with a ' Melanesoid ' racial strain is another matter. There seems a good deal to be said for keeping racial and cultural designations severely apart, at any rate in the early stages of an investigation.


Abstract We investigate the various types of degeneracy lifting, related to different forms of the Lifschitz invariants, which can arise in the energy dispersion curve, and determine the possible onset of one or several incommensurate phases. Necessary symmetry conditions are indicated for the occurence of "conical" points which correspond to an isotropic k dependence in a plane. Various types of these points are distinguished, and it is pointed out that conical points, which occur in the tetragonal, trigonal, and hexagonal space groups, are associated to modulated phases having lower superspace symmetries than when the modulation is along the third fourth, or sixth order axis.


Estimation of the phase-to-phase risk of failure, Rpp, as a bivariate function of the phase-to-phase over- voltage amplitude U and the ratio ¿= V- /( V+ + V-) of the phase-to-ground components may be obtained by convolution of the bivariate overvoltage probability frequency density p( U, ¿) and the bivariate breakdown probability of the insulation Pb( U, ¿). This paper shows, however, that the ratio ax of overvoltages liable to cause breakdown varies within only a narrow range (~0.4 to 0.5) for which the phase-to-phase 50% breakdown voltage undergoes only a minor variation. This allows a simplified estimation of Rpp for a properly selected central value of a and not a variable one. It is shown that ¿¿0.40 constitutes a reasonable value for this purpose. Under this assumption, Rpp may be expressed as a function of a phase-to-phase safety factor ¿pp = UblO/ U2 where UblO is the phase-to-phase voltage causing a 10% breakdown probability and U2 the phase-to- phase overvoltage that might be exceeded with a 2% probability.


The surface radiation is a crucial variable for understanding global climate and eco-environment change, which exhibits significant variations over time and space. In this study, we used in situ ground observations to estimate variations of the surface radiation budget over grassland and urban areas in a subtropical humid region. Our results revealed a positive radiation budget that varied over different land covers. Specifically, grassland exhibited a higher shortwave radiation, while urban area was characterized by the higher longwave radiation. Notably, the surface radiation budget (Rn) was much greater in grassland (77.60 W2/m) than that in urban area (61.93 W2/m), which was mainly attributed to the difference in longwave radiation. Additionally, the atmospheric pressure showed a strong correlation with the radiations, while precipitation and relative humidity presented relatively weak correlations. Furthermore, the correlations with climate were stronger in grassland than that in urban areas, suggesting complex interactions with anthropogenic factors during the process of urbanization. Results of this study would help reveal the characteristics and corresponding mechanisms of surface radiation budgets, which would support climatic adaptation and ecology management.


Luteolin (3′,4′,5,7-tetrahydroxylflavone) is a plant flavonoid and pharmacologically active agent that has been isolated from several plant species. In the present study, the effect of luteolin from the flowers of Lonicera japonica on phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) plus A23187-induced mast cell activation was examined. Luteolin significantly inhibited the induction of inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-8, IL-6 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) by PMA plus A23187. Moreover, luteolin attenuated cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 expression and intracellular Ca2+ levels. In activated HMC-1 cells, the phosphorylation of extra-signal response kinase (ERK 1/2) and c-jun N-terminal Kinase (JNK 1/2), but not p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) were decreased by treatment of the cells with luteolin. Luteolin inhibited PMA plus A23187-induced nuclear factor (NF)-κB activation, IκB degradation, and luciferase activity. Furthermore, luteolin suppressed the expression of TNF-α, IL-8, IL-6, GM-CSF, and COX-2 through a decrease in the intracellular Ca2+ levels, and also showed a suppression of the ERK 1/2, JNK 1/2, and NF-κB activation. These results indicated that luteolin from the flowers of Lonicera japonica exerted a regulatory effect on mast cell-mediated inflammatory diseases, such as RA, allergy disease and IBD.


Silver-Russell is a rare, congenital syndrome characterized by growth failure, facial dysmorphism and asymmetry. We report a case of a child diagnosed with SRS aged three who later developed Perthes disease of the left hip. The diagnosis, Management and possible association between the conditions are discussed


Translation is a science, or perhaps it should be referred to as an art, which is as old as language itself. The translation of English literature is a world-wide phenomenon, while literature with ...


This article summarized new research progress on its extraction,isolation,purification,analysis methods and biological activities at home and aboard,and analyzed its application in the fields of drugs,cosmetics and foods.


The adsorbent is a solid substance that can absorb certain components from the liquid phase. Most of the adsorbents are porous materials and the adsorption process takes place, especially in the porous wall or certain location inside that particle. The main objective of this research is to study the influence of the adsorbent's surface area based on shape variation from corn stalk with adsorption ability to reduce the water river's turbidity, the influence of time with adsorption capacity in reducing river water's turbidity, the influence of adsorbent with water river and adsorption capacity, and defining adsorption kinetics from corn stalks. The shape of corn stalks that have been used such as spherical, half of spherical shape, and quarter of spherical shape. The volume of the sample is 250 mL. The measurement time is 300 minutes. The mass variations that have been used are 10 g, 15 g, and 20 g. The variation of sample takeover in the morning, afternoon, and evening. The measurement of adsorbent adsorption capacity in term of decreasing the turbidity of Babura River's water is done by inputting the adsorbent into the sample, then the measurement of the water's turbidity proceed by using a turbidity meter. The analysis result for the influence of the adsorbent's surface area in decreasing Babura River's water in the shape's variation from spherical, half of spherical shape, and quarter of spherical shape is obtained in quarter of spherical shape. The highest amount of adsorbent in decreasing the turbidity of Babura River's water is 20 g. Adsorption kinetics that has been used in the measurement of decreasing Babura River's water turbidity is second order kinetics


Objective To determine the content of paeoniflorin,albiflorin,and benzoylpaeoniflorin in Radix Paeoniae Alba and its processed products and to investigate the effect of different processing methods on the quality of Radix Paeoniae Alba.Methods High-performance liquid chromatography was performed on a Diamonsil C18column(250mm × 4.6mm,5μm)with a mobile phase of acetonitrile(A)-0.1% phosphoric acid(B)for gradient elution at a detection wavelength of 230 nm and a column temperature of 25 ℃;the gradient elution was performed as follows:0min(18% A),5min(18% A),13min(25% A),15min(35% A),18min(45% A),20min(50% A),and 25min(50% A).Results The content of paeoniflorin was highest in unprocessed Radix Paeoniae Alba,followed by Radix Paeoniae Alba stir-baked with wine and Radix Paeoniae Alba stir-baked with bran;the content of both paeoniflorin and benzoylpaeoniflorin was highest in Radix Paeoniae Alba stir-baked with bran,followed by Radix Paeoniae Alba stir-baked with wine and unprocessed Radix Paeoniae Alba.Conclusion After processing,Radix Paeoniae Alba has reduced content of paeoniflorin but increased content of albiflorin and benzoylpaeoniflorin.


Plants of Astranthium integrifolium (Michx.) Nutt. from Oklahoma proved to have a large B-chromosome which was morphologically similar to the smaller A-chromosomes. It was eliminated from some of the progeny of selfed plants. Structural modifications in the B-chromosome were observed. These observations are compared with ones obtained by previous workers, both for this species and in other genera. ASTRANTHIUM is a genus in the tribe Astereae of the Compositae. It is indigenous to Mexico and the southern United States. The genus was monographed by De Jong (1965), a study which included detailed information on karyotype structure. Two of the species, A. integrifolium 2n = 8 and A. purpurascens 2n = 16, were reported as having one or two extra chromosomes. The present paper deals with the occurrence and behavior of an extra chromosome (B chromosome) in A. integrifolium.


Annotation: Increasingly, the greater sports medicine world has been able to turn to exercise physiology for information that targets the capabilities of our recreational and competitive athletes. Functional physiologic deficits can be quantitated. Erasure of those deficits can be documented. Sports-specific physiologic qualities can help direct coaches in their training program, and in choosing athletes for their short- and long-term event participation.


One of the characteristic features of English and of continental Romanticism was a widespread interest in the origins, nature, and meaning of the myths of the ancient world. Especially in England among classical scholars, antiquarians, and learned churchmen there was a zealous desire to resurrect divinities long forgotten and to find in them and their exploits a relevance for the modern age. One of the most characteristic and influential treatises on myth in the period was the Reverend Jacob Bryant's A New System, or, An Analysis of Antient Mythology (1774–76), an ambitious project whose purpose was "to rectify what time has impaired: to divest mythology of every foreign and unmeaning ornament, and to display the truth in its native simplicity." He hoped thereby to give a "new turn to antient history, and to place it upon a surer foundation." By hypothesizing that the Noachian Deluge was the focal event in ancient history and by seeking to show that its symbolism explained or elucidated the bulk of universal mythology, Bryant was confident that he was not only doing a service to knowledge but also that he was strengthening the premises of Christian truth. On similar diluvian hypotheses Thomas Maurice's Indian Antiquities (1793–1800), Edward Davies' The Mythology and the Rites of the British Druids (1809), and George Stanley Faber's The Origin of Pagan Idolatry (1816) attempted to achieve the same ends. Other notable researches in myth at the turn of the nineteenth century in England were those of Sir William Jones, the Orientalist, Sir William Drummond, the skeptic philosopher, and Richard Payne Knight, the art connoisseur. Well known also in learned circles was the more radically speculative mythologizing of such Frenchmen as Pierre Hugues (D'Hancarville), Jean Sylvain Bailly, and Charles François Dupuis.


The Dolomites Indenter (DI) represents the front of the Neogene to ongoing N(W)-directed continental indentation of Adria into Europe. Deformation of the DI is well studied along its rim, documented by important fault zones as, e.g., the Periadriatic fault system (PFS), the Giudicarie belt, and the Valsugana and Montello fault systems. With this study, we aim to investigate the internal deformation of the DI and its eastern continuation towards the Dinarides including the interference of Dinaric SW-directed and Alpine SE-directed folds and thrusts. What also remains unsolved at present is the relationship between deep-seated mantle dynamics and their control on the geometry and internal deformation of the DI. Our approach to unravel this tectonic history is a combination of (i) compilation and acquisition of detailed structural field data within the DI, (ii) collection of a new and comprehensive low-temperature thermochronological dataset covering the entire DI, and (iii) crustalto lithospheric scale physical analogue experiments.


Quantum correlations: entanglement and quantumness of correlations are main resource for quantum information theory. In this chapter it is presented the scenarios which quantumness of correlations plays an interesting role in entanglement distillation protocol. By means of Koashi - Winter relation, it is discussed that quantumness of correlations are related to the irreversibility of the entanglement distillation protocol. The activation protocol is introduced, and it is proved that quantumness of correlations can create distillable entanglement between the system and the measurement apparatus during a local measurement process.


Abstract Humour has recently emerged as an important research topic in International Politics. Scholars have investigated how states and state leaders practice humour as part of their diplomatic exchanges, in misinformation campaigns, and nation-branding. Important knowledge has been gained as to how humorous practices partake in constituting identities, managing recognition, and international anxieties or contesting global orders. Yet, little attention has been devoted to interrogating the risk that humorous practices may give rise to in international politics, to the underside of humour's productive power. This article aims to begin unpacking these risks both theoretically and empirically. To do so, it engages with the critical thinking on humour by Kierkegaard and Foster Wallace in particular, suggesting three challenging implications: (1) humorous entrapments; (2) facile forms of detached engagement; and (3) ambiguous blurring of fiction and reality. It then shows how these unfold empirically in: Iran's meme war with the US, a Yes Men's parody during COP15, and the Pyongyang Nuclear Summit, developing a three-pronged analytical strategy for studying humorous practices and their different relations to formations of power/knowledge.


Children under-five coverage (D/S) in Surabaya was 76,02% under the national target 80% on 2013. So it was needed efforts to increase D/S by analyzing children under-five and cadre empowerment factors. The objective of this study was to increase D/S based on analysis of children under-five and cadre empowerment factors. This was observational research with cross sectional approach done on May 2014. There were 4 Madya and 4 Purnama�s Posyandu, respectively located at Banyu Urip, Putat Jaya, Kalirungkut, and Gunung Anyar�s Village Health Care (VHC). The respondents were 8 cadre and 96 children under-five�s mother from each Posyandu. Data was collected using questionnaire and document, analyzed using Coefficient Contingency, Spearman, Pearson Correlation and coefficient correlation. The results showed correlations between cadre training and type of Posyandu (0,001), cadre training with trust (0,015), cadre�s job with cadre�s Posyandu attendant (0,002). There were correlations between status of children under-five caretaker, mother�s education, mother�s job, caretaker�s satisfaction, with children under-five�s attendant (0,042; 0,000; 0,042; 0,000). then capacity with cadre attendant (0,046). There was correlations between type of Posyandu with cadre attendant (0,024). We can conclude that trust and type of Posyandu is just associated with cadre training. Cadre attendants are associated with cadre�s job. And children under-five�s attendants are associated with status of children under-five caretaker, mother�s education, mother�s job, and caretaker�s satisfaction. Capacity with cadre attendant is associated, and also type of Posyandu with cadre attendant.


Summary

The goal of this study was to examine the age and size composition, growth, reproductive biology and mortality of Sillago ciliata Cuvier, 1829 in one of the largest estuarine commercial fisheries in south-eastern Australia. The study also aimed to present a qualitative comparison of latitudinal variations in some of these characteristics along the eastern Australian coastline. The sampled population contained fish aged up to 10 years with a maximum size of 39.2 cm fork length (LF), and was dominated by 1–5 year olds. Sexual divergence in both the age and size structure of the population was recorded. Female S. ciliata grew slightly faster and attained a greater maximum size (L∞ = 33.79 cm LF, k = 0.50 year−1 and t0 = −0.57 years) than males (L∞ = 29.73 cm LF, k = 0.49 year−1 and t0 = −0.67 years). Females also matured at a significantly larger size (19.13 cm) and older age (1.63 years) than males (size: 17.07 cm, age: 1.10 years). Reproductive activity was highest between September and March. There were no differences between males and females in terms of mortality rate; the estimated total population, natural and fishing mortality rates were Z = 0.64, M = 0.42 and F = 0.22, respectively. Although these mortality rates suggest that S. ciliata in the Clarence River are relatively resilient to current rates of exploitation, regular monitoring of their commercial and recreational catch as well as their population structure is recommended in order to maintain sustainable fisheries. Potential latitudinal shifts in the spawning period, age structure and growth of S. ciliata along eastern Australia were also revealed.


The question of how to engage large user groups in web-based learning arrangements is consistently raised in CSCL discourse. Recently the interest in crowd phenomena of joint knowledge creation and inquiry as well as their adaptability within institutionalized learning is brought together under the term of mass collaboration. This paper proposes a conceptualization of the crowd since learner involvement, sociality, collaboration and knowledge construction, coordination and regulation efforts, as well as assessment must be fundamentally thought anew, when we take a step away from a small group setting. Thus, we put forward a design framework that provides perspectives on CSCL environments on a massive scale and thereby challenges our understanding of collaborative learning.


Using homologous recombination, both EKLF alleles in murine embryonic stem (ES) cells were inactivated. These EKLF −/− ES cells were capable of undergoing in vitro differentiation to form definitive erythroid colonies that were similar in size and number to those formed by wild-type ES cells. However, the EKLF −/− colonies were poorly hemoglobinized and enucleated erythrocytes in these colonies contained numerous Heinz bodies. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analyses revealed that adult and embryonic globin genes were appropriately regulated, with the exception of β h1 -globin, which continued to be expressed at a very low level. The ratio of adult β-globin/α-globin mRNA in the mutant ES cells was 1/15 of that in wild-type ES cells. When the EKLF −/− cells were injected into blastocysts, they did not contribute at a detectable level to the mature erythrocyte compartment of the chimeric animals, based on analysis of glucose phosphate isomerase-1 (GPI-1) isozymes and hemoglobins that distinguish ES cell-derived erythrocytes from host blastocyst-derived erythrocytes. In contrast, semiquantitative RT-PCR analysis of RNA from reticulocytes of the same chimeric animals suggested that the ES cell-derived reticulocytes were present at a level of 6% to 8%. This indicated that the EKLF −/− erythrocytes in adult animals must be short-lived, apparently due to the imbalance of β-versus α-globin chains, leading to the precipitation of excess α-globin chains to form Heinz bodies. Consistent with this hypothesis, the short life span was ameliorated by introduction into the EKLF −/− ES cells of a human LCR/γ-globin gene, as evidenced by the presence of ES cell-derived reticulocytes as well as mature erythrocytes in the blood of the chimeric animals.


A general gauge action is defined by postulating a minimum of its properties necessary for the existence of loop expansion in the quantum theory. The structure of the general gauge algebra is derived from these postulates. The proof of existence of the structure functions, lacking in previous works, is given. The question of uniqueness is also completely cleared up. Some unsolved problems are discussed in connection with the covariant‐quantization conjecture.


The driving intelligence of the intelligent vehicle in the Driving simulation system is crucial to the system's sense of reality and the reliability of the test. Based on the study of the intelligent traffic environment, this paper introduces a method of building the intelligent vehicle in the driving simulation system. We propose the way for the intelligent vehicle to distinguish the road information by using the database technology. We also propose the method to obtain the vision information, which is based on the collision de-tection, and then we introduce the real time decision making process of the intelligent vehicle. The result illustrates that the intelli-gent vehicle can simulate the human vision genuinely and drive humanly and this method also enhances the correctness of the driving performance of the intelligent vehicle in the complex traffic environment and the quickness and stability of the system.


The European Space Agency's Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) mission, launched in November 2009, has been providing global maps of sea surface salinity (SSS) since 2010. The SMOS SSS derived with version 5 reprocessing senses realistic SSS variability at various time and space scales, although some biases remain a basin and seasonal scale. In this paper, after providing an overview of the SMOS version 5 SSS quality derived from comparisons with in situ measurements, we provide examples of the observed variability associated with tropical instability waves during 2010 and 2013. Then we show improvements expected in future SMOS level 2 reprocessing coming from a new method for retrieving Total Electron Content (TEC). We also estimate the SMOS SSS uncertainties due to uncertainties in a priori sea surface temperature (SST) and wind speed (WS), especially in the tropical Pacific Ocean where there are significant and sometimes coupled variations of SST and WS due to strong seasonal upwelling, zonal surface currents and the development of tropical instability waves.


Abstract Aim/purpose – In this paper, we explore the contribution of Human Resource Management Systems (HRMS) to innovation in SMEs. We consider two HRMS with different orientations: Commitment HRMS (focusing on long-term career development to increase employees' creativity) and Collaboration HRMS (focusing on the use of external human capital to achieve innovation). We believe that SMEs' radical and incremental innovation follow different paths from a configurational perspective. We want to understand how the two HRMS influence radical and incremental innovation, consequently, we explore the contributions of Commitment HRMS and Collaboration HRMS. Design/methodology/approach – We apply a set-theoretic method, an analytic quantitative and qualitative technique to approach data – fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA) – to test our models. We use a sample of 377 Portuguese SMEs from across industries. Findings – Results show there are two pathways that lead SMEs to high levels of incremental innovation and three alternative paths that originate high levels of radical innovation. By contrast, there are ways that lead to lower levels of incremental (two options) and radical innovation (three options). Research implications/limitations – We provide propositions for theory development on the contribution of HRMS to innovation. Managerial contributions regard the several options provided to SME managers in search of innovation. Limitations regard the lack of generalization power of results due to the cross-sectional nature of the work. However, the research design is replicable without restrictions. Originality/value/contribution – We suggest that SMEs' radical and incremental innovation follow different paths from a configurational perspective. With this study, we contribute to showing the diversity of ways to reach higher innovation levels at SMEs, so that managers know the alternatives they have at their disposal. Additionally, we reveal the ways that lead to lower innovation levels at SMEs, so we alert managers to the undesired pathways they should be cautious about.


Investigation of the enhanced mechanical response of treated soils through microbially induced calcite precipitation requires extensive understanding of the pore structure. Depending on the applied...


As interest in fabrication methods for three dimensional (3D) structures has increased, various studies have been conducted to fabricate micro- and nano-structures. The nano-stereolithography process has been recognized as one of the most promising technologies for the fabrication of three-dimensional micro structures with submicron fabrication resolution, and to meet the demand for a process of fabrication of complex 3D micro structures. By considering the surface tension during the fabrication process, it is possible to increase both the fabrication efficiency and the success rate. In this paper, an open structure was fabricated using the 3D laser scanning method. For the fabrication of a perfectly supported open structure, the line width, according to various levels of laser power, was estimated experimentally and the fabrication window was derived with a number of experiments. Compared to the closed structure, the open structure has advantages in terms of fabrication and its functional perspective.


From October, 1929, to March, 1930, and during the spring of 1931, first year tadpoles of Rana clamitans from a goldfish hatchery near Cincinnati, Ohio, were observed to be infected by a new species of Copepoda for which the name Lernaea ranae is proposed. The genus Lernaea was erected by Linnaeus in 1758 to contain three species, two of which, L. cyprinacea and L. salmnonea, are parasitic in fresh-water fishes, while the third, L. asellina, occurs in marine fish. L. salmronea and L. asellina have since been named types of the genera Salmonicola and Medesicaste respectively, leaving L. cyprinacea as type of the genus Lernaea. Excellent historical and critical reviews of the genus and of the family Lernaeidae as well as bibliographic references to earlier papers are contained in papers by Wilson (1917, 1918). Subsequently, the species L. haplocephala, described by Cunningham in 1914 from Lake Tanganyika and the Nile, was reported from the Congo basin by Wilson (1920a) and from the Cameroun by Brian (1927). Leigh-Sharpe (1925) described L. elegans from the buccal cavity of the Japanese eel, Anguilla japonica. The life history of this species was later studied by Nakai (1927) and a description of its internal anatomy and effects upon the host was published by Matsui and Kumada (1928). Wilson (1928) reported a new species, L. composita, from Malapterurus electricus from the Nile. The first species reported from the United States was L. cruciata, described by Le Sueur in 1824 from Lake Erie. Kr0yer in 1863 described L. catostomi and L. pomotidis from the Mississippi River. Kellicott in 1881 added L. tortua from New York and L. pectoralis from Michigan. Wilson (1916) described two species, L. tenuis and L. variabilis from Fairport, Iowa; he also reported the occurrence of L. pomotidis and L. tortua at Fairport, Iowa, and listed L. cruciata from Fairport, Iowa, Scott, Arkansas, and Black Creek, North Carolina. Two new species, L. anolmala from North Carolina and L. dolabrodes from Wisconsin, were added by Wilson (1918). He later (1920) proposed the name L. insolens for L. anomala, preoccupied. In a brief preliminary paper, Enders and Rifenburgh (1928) reported an unnamed species of Lernaea parasitic in goldfish from Indiana. In addition to the species cited, several others have been recorded, particularly by early


Objective The clinical manifestations and image examination of primary T-cell lymphomas and inflammatory bowel diseases are similar. So we should pay more attention to differentiate these two diseases. Methods We collected and analysis all the cases of primary T-cell lymphoma including the cases which were misdiagnosed during past ten years(1994~2004).Results Primary T-cell lymphomas were rare in clinic. The clinical manifestations and images examination of primary T-cell lymphomas and inflammatory bowel were similar. The way to confirm the diagnosis of the two diseases depended on the pathologic and immunohistologic examination of the biopsy under the endoscope and tissue of the operation. Conclusion Incidence of primary T-cell lymphomas is low. There is no specific way to diagnose the disease.To avoid the misdiagnosis of two diseases,patient who has fever, abdominal pain, diarrhea,weight loss, intestinal perforation, obstruction or gastrointestinal hemorrhage should be considered as the disease. When we find multiple ulcer in small intestine by endoscope and when the standard therapies are not efficient to patient with inflammatory bowel disease,primary T-cell lymphoma shoulol be noted.


Abstract The aim of this paper is to generalize a pair of concepts that are widely used in the history of science, in art history and in historical linguistics – the concept of internal and external history – and to replace the often very vague talk of 'historical narratives' with this conceptual framework of internal versus external history. I argue that this way of framing the problem allows us to see the possible alternatives more clearly – as a limited number of possible relations between internal and external history. Finally, I argue that while external history is metaphysically prior to internal history, when it comes to historical explanations, we need both.


Background: A laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation often provoke an undesirable increase in blood pressure and heart rate. These hemodynamic responses to tracheal intubation in diabetics are blunted due to autonomic neuropathy. This study was designed to determine the optimal dose of nicardipine in diabetic autonomic neuropathy patients. Methods: According to the nicardipine dose, 80 diabetics were randomly allocated to four groups of 20 patients. Tracheal intubation by direct laryngoscopy was performed. After intravenous thiopental 5 mg/kg, vecuronium 0.13 mg/kg and one of the dosages of nicardipine 3, 5, or 7g/kg followed by mask ventilation of three minutes with enflurane, nitrous oxide and oxygen. Heart rate and blood pressure were mesured five times at one minute intervals. Results: There was no significant difference in the 3/kg group compared with the control group. On the other hand, there was a sufficient blood pressure decrease in the 5/kg and 7/kg group. However, in the 7/kg group, 55% of cases showed severe hypotension (/kg.


The format of pricing contracts varies substantially across business contexts, a major variable being whether a contract imposes a fixed fee payment. This paper examines how the use of the fixed fee in pricing contracts affects market outcomes of a manufacturer-retailer channel. Standard economic theories predict that channel efficiency increases with the introduction of the fixed fee and is invariant to its framing. We conduct a laboratory experiment to test these predictions. Surprisingly, the introduction of the fixed fee fails to increase channel efficiency. Moreover, the framing of the fixed fee does make a difference: an opaque frame as quantity discounts achieves higher channel efficiency than a salient frame as a two-part tariff, although these two contractual formats are theoretically equivalent.

To account for these anomalies, we generalize the standard economic model by allowing the retailer's utilities to be reference dependent so that the up-front fixed fee payment is perceived as a loss and the subsequent retail profits as a gain. We embed this reference-dependent utility function in a quantal response equilibrium framework where the retailer is allowed to make decision mistakes due to computational complexity. The key prediction of this behavioral model is that channel efficiency decreases with loss aversion for sufficiently Nash-rational retailers. Consistent with this prediction, the estimated loss-aversion coefficient is 1.37 in the two-part tariff condition, significantly higher than 1.27 in the quantity discount condition. At the same time, loss aversion dominates contract complexity in explaining the data. Lastly, we conduct a follow-up experiment to confirm the central role of loss aversion as a behavioral driver. In one condition, the retailer becomes less loss averse when we temporally compress the fixed fee payment and the realization of retail profits, which supports the loss aversion theory. In the other condition, the retailer's contract acceptance rate does not decline when we reward the manufacturer a higher cash payment for each experimental point earned, which rules out the competing hypothesis that the retailer rejects contract offers due to fairness concerns.