Navigation assistance systems have become integral to our daily routines, helping us to find our way through unfamiliar environments. However, their use may come at a price, as empirical evidence suggests a potentially harmful impact of these systems on our spatial abilities, including the acquisition of spatial knowledge. This could be remedied by giving users more freedom and involving them in the decision-making process. Therefore, we present a navigation system that combines augmented reality and Beeline Navigation (BeeAR). Here, the location of the destination is overlaid with a digital landmark and permanently displayed to the user via a visual, translucent AR display (without a map). Since the digital content is integrated into the real world, no mapping between the device and reality is required, potentially lowering the workload. Making one's own decisions along the route is expected to increase engagement with the environment, leading to increased acquisition of spatial knowledge. We compare BeeAR with findings from a previous study comparing Free Choice Navigation (FCN) and Turn-by-Turn (TBT) navigation conducted along the same routes on the outskirts of Vienna, Austria. Although BeeAR and FCN do not provide users with a map, BeeAR users could better retrace the walked route and remembered more points of interest along the route than FCN users. Participants of all three navigation conditions achieved a high configuration similarity between drawn points of interest and their true locations, albeit only one navigation condition included a map.


(57) Abstract: viewing the substrate that is configured to exhibit one or more three-dimensional optical image to a human, a stereoscopic pair of a plurality of grooves or ridges are formed, to a person element of each pair viewed substrate that gives the image of a point in a predetermined distance from the substrate surface, the image of a plurality of such points to form the three-dimensional optical image. In such a substrate, for example a pair of straight grooves 14, 16 directed in the direction as shown, and reflected toward the eye of a person viewing the incident light B, the distance r with behind the surface of the substrate give the P image of a point to.


Summary Exchangeable ice deposits are present today on Mars in polar caps and as shallow subsurface mid-latitude ground-ice. Geologic evidence indicates these reservoirs waxed and waned in the past in concert with the emplacement and loss of equatorial glaciers. Here we use a climate model [1], to determine the distribution of the mid-latitude ground ice deposits assumed to be in diffusive vapor equilibrium with the atmosphere, at present and under past orbital configurations. The ground-ice and its distribution have profound consequences for various aspects of Mars climate, not only playing a central role in the water cycle, but also determining the seasonal duration of CO 2 stability at the surface, explored in sepa-rate work [2]. The model predictions for the extent of the equilibrium ice-table in the past are successful in match-ing the latitudinal distribution of terrain softening geologic features previously mapped [3–5] and exposures of sub-surface ice in recently formed craters [6].


In this paper we propose a sequential factorization method for solving the structure from motion problem. The proposed method integrates partial reconstruction estimated at each frame for obtaining full reconstruction. It can deal with missing data and treats past information on the camera motion in efficient manner by using principal component analysis (PCA), which reduces computational cost. Our proposed method enables accurate estimation of 3D scene structure and camera motion by using projective camera model. Additionally, the proposed method uses only linear computation, and does not require an initial estimation in contrast to non-linear method. The experimental result on real data shows that this method is reliable under practical situations.


Independent enterprises that are able to exist and survive for several generations and are able to achieve the dreams they aspire to are the hopes of every founder. There are many factors that determine the success of an entrepreneur to survive the tough competition. These factors include the ability to respond internal and external changes quickly and accurately. The ability to win the competition, be able to know the situation, collaborate with other parties to work together and the ability to adapt to competition are the keys to business sustainability. The massive Covid-19 condition is a challenge for independent Moslem micro entrepreneurs to survive. This research aims to test the model whether the attitude values in the form of the concept of Islamic entrepreneurs, social responsibility, local cultural wisdom values have a significant influence on entrepreneurial intentions and entrepreneurial behavior. The research design is carried out using quantitative methods which explain the causal relationship of one dependent variable which is influenced by several independent variables to be tested. Hypothesis testing is formulated using a multivariate analysis model uses SEM ( Structural Equation Model). The population in the research is Moslem micro-entrepreneurs in Solo Raya Regency. The research sampling technique is conducted through purposive sampling of 165 respondents. The analysis results show that all research hypotheses are supported. Antecedents of entrepreneurial intentions in the form of Islamic entrepreneurial values, Islamic social responsibility and local cultural wisdom have a positive influence and influence on behavior


The residue-to-binary conversion is the crucial step for residue arithmetic. The traditional methods are the Chinese remainder theorem (CRT) and the mixed radix conversion. This paper presents new Chinese remainder theorems I, II, and Ill for the residue-to-binary conversion, with the following detailed results. (1) The big weights in the original CRT are reduced to a matrix of numbers less than the moduli P/sub i/. (2) The new Chinese remainder theorem I is a parallel algorithm in mixed radix format. The delay is reduced from O(n) to O(logn). (3) The new Chinese remainder theorem II reduces the modulo operation from the size M to a size less than /spl radic/M. (4) The new Chinese remainder theorem II can be easily extended to the new Chinese remainder theorem III for non-prime moduli sets. (5) A summary of a long list of references on residue-to-binary conversion is also presented.


Brugada syndrome (BrS) is a malignant, genetically-determined, arrhythmogenic syndrome that is characterized by abnormal electrocardiogram (ECG) findings and an increased risk of sudden cardiac death (SCD). BrS is responsible for about 4% of all sudden deaths and up to 20% of sudden deaths among patients with structurally normal hearts. Since the first report on BrS in 1992 by the Spanish cardiologists Pedro and Josep Brugada, there are still some unresolved clinical problems as risk stratification (RS) and identification of those patients at high risk of SCD who need implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD). All recommendations are based on expert opinion, there is still no validated algorithm for RS of asymptomatic patients (low prevalence, no randomized controlled trials). Electro-anatomic mapping studies have revealed, for the first time, an arrhythmogenic substrate over the right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) in BrS patients. Better understanding of the genetic and electrophysiological changes underlying BrS are needed for RS of asymptomatic BrS patients in preventing morbidity and mortality. In this article we present a case of 42-year-old man with Brugada type ECG that was recorded after sudden cardiac arrest and briefly summarize current knowledge about the ECG based methods for diagnosis and emphasize risk factors for RS and options in treatment of BrS patients. Klíčová slova:


The cadres in colleges are the organizers and executors to construct harmonious campuses. It is an essential guaranty to enhance cadre construction for the construction of harmonious campuses. The cadres in colleges should try to deal with the relations between the Party and the Executive, between departments, the chief and the deputy, higher and lower authorities, the cadres and the masses. Maintaining and improving democratic centralism is the key to construct harmonious cadres.


In recognizing that much mainstream literature on organizational learning is overwhelmingly managerial, this article explores learning as an appropriate framework for studying organizations at the level of sub-systems or subcultures. It is thus argued that there is an interesting agenda to be pursued by the critical researcher on seeing organizational learning as a means of analysing both co-operation and conflict over the labour process from a bottom-up perspective. In practical terms, in highly organized contexts with established collective bargaining, this means study of collective learning in workplace trade union organizations. The setting of Ericsson Infocom at Norrképing, Sweden, is selected for empirical study. An adaptation of Dixon's model of experiential organizational learning of the local unions identifies two distinct modes of learning, each reflecting different post-Fordist strategies for managing the labour process: initially multiskilled teamworking and subsequently outsourcing. The former mode reflects the actions and discourse of negotiated partnership with the employer, whilst the latter reflects the actions and discourse of resistance.


The extraction and purification of antibacterial factor from one strain of Enterococcus faecalis H1-1 were studied, which was isolated from koumiss collected from a heardsman's home in Xilinguole region, Inner Mongolia. The zymotic fluid Enterococcus faecalis H1-1 was precipitated with 50% ammonium sulphate. The sediment was separated with CM-52. The fractions were analyzed for their antibacterial abilities. The antibacterial fraction was isolated with Sephadex G-25 and then G-100 further. The antibacterial fraction isolated with G-100 was analysed with Tricine-SDS-PAGE electrophoresis and three bands were presented. Their molecular weights are 33800 D, 40100 D and 42800 D respectively.


Stress plays an integral role in influencing one's decision making capability, attention span, learning, and problemsolving capacity. Stress detection and modeling has been an active area of research in the fields of psychology and computer science in recent times. Psychologists quantify stress using affective states, which is the experience of feeling the underlying emotional state. Most of the work in classifying human stress was achieved using user-dependent models, incapable of generalizing to a new user. This causes a new user to spend a significant amount of their time in training the model to predict their affective states. In this paper, the authors propose a User-Independent classification model for human stress detection where a new user requires no prerequisite calibration of their affective state. The classification of affective states were carried out on the publicly available dataset WESAD to confirm our hypotheses. The authors of this paper demonstrate User-Independent models for Bi-affective state classification (Stress vs Non-Stress) and Tri-affective state classification (Stress vs Amusement vs Baseline) cases in addition to providing a novel classification model for the Multi-affective state classification case (Stress vs Amusement vs Baseline vs Meditation). The models achieved a classification accuracy of 95% in the Bi-affective state, 85% in Tri-affective state and 83% in the Multi-affective state cases.


By controlling the public spaces in which true human interaction occurs, planners and policymakers are challenging the fundamental desires of groups to forge social bonds and enhance their own sense familiarity with the environment. Security is not merely achieved through an understanding of territory but through acknowledgement and confrontation with individuals or groups maintaining diverse perspectives on the world.


The utility model relates to a multifold multi-step solid punching die of an IML product. The punching die comprises an upper die part and a lower die part; a direct-punching structure is formed between a convex die of the upper die part and a concave die of the lower die part; a lateral punching structure is formed between the side wall of the concave die of the lower die part and the four groups of cylinder power side cutting components; and four guide columns of the upper die part match with and enter the four lower die guide sleeves of the lower die part respectively in a sliding way. In the utility model, the punching of the IML product with complex structural shape is decomposed as a single-step punching with simple shape; the single-step punching of the side surface totally adopts the linear cylinder to provide the power; therefore, the quality and stability of the punching are ensured, the operation is easy, the positioning of the product is exact, the qualified rate of the product can achieve more than 90%, and the punching die is suitable for the requirement of large-batch mass production.


Respect for the rights of an investor's ownership is one of the most important elements to be taken into account by an investor when deciding whether to launch an investment project in a third country. The purpose of this article is to discuss issues related to the institution of indirect and creeping expropriation in international investment law and to provide legal differences between these two institutions. In the following text, reference is made to the concept of direct expropriation known under domestic law, presenting differences about indirect and creeping expropriation, which are both unknown in Polish civil law. Differentiation of expropriation clauses shall require the presentation of how these institutions developed in public international law in the period after the World War II. The text analyses clauses present in international investment law contained in the universal treaties, regional treaties, agreements, multilateral agreements, as well as in bilateral investment treaties. The article presents the current law cases of international arbitration tribunals that have developed criteria that should be met to interpret state actions as indirect and creeping expropriation. In some cases, intervention by the state in the investor's property is allowed for the purposes of economic regulation and is justified due to the public good or public welfare. The final part of the article discusses the category of such actions taken by the host country, known as the regulatory measures. These actions, under certain conditions, may be legal and carry no obligation to compensate.


The forced Korteweg-de Vries (fKdV) equations are solved using Homotopy Analysis Method (HAM). HAM is an approximate analytical technique which provides a novel way to obtain series solutions of such nonlinear problems. It has the auxiliary parameter , where it is easy to adjust and control the convergence region of the series solution. Some examples of forcing terms are employed to analyse the behaviours of the HAM solutions for the different fKdV equations. Finally, this form of HAM solution is compared with the analytical soliton-type solution of fKdV equation as derived by Zhao and Guo. The results is found to be in good agreement with Zhao and Guo.


Managing supply chain relationships and/or working with suppliers to meet the mutual goals of operational efficiency and profitably can be enhanced through the use of RFID and barcode technologies. It is important in a lean environment to use RFID and related IT-intensive technologies to manage more robust and agile supply chains. The areas of improvement, as demonstrated in a case study of NE Ohio regionally headquartered firms' involvement of positive outcomes from the strategic use of automatic identification and tracking technologies, included successfully implemented applications as well as technological advancements and development.


The objective of the research was to study the dynamics of health indices of children and adolescents of the city of Saint Petersburg for 20 years. We analyzed official statistical data of general and primary morbidity rate of children aged of 0-14 years and adolescents aged 15-17 years, the incidence of chronic diseases in schoolchildren (7-17 years), as well as there was held a comparative analysis of the health state of senior schoolchildren in 5 Saint Petersburg schools with advanced content of education based on indices of the pathological prevalence rate, physical development, non-specific resistance, adaptation status. The study was executed according to approved standard methods. In the study, over a 20-year period there was revealed a steady trend of health deterioration of children and adolescent population of the city as a whole, and schoolchildren enrolled in the program with advanced content of education as well. The prevalence rate of diseases in children has increased by 72.0%, while primary morbidity increased by 70.4%. Adolescents aged 15-17 years showed more pronounced gain of indices than in children, the level of general and primary morbidity rate has increased by 2 times. In the structure of general and primary morbidity of children and adolescents first ranking places were held by respiratory diseases, injuries, poisoning, diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissue. In chronic morbidity of schoolchildren there were prevailed diseases of the musculoskeletal system, diseases of the eye and its appendages, respiratory diseases. There was established the gain in the pathological prevalence rate in schoolchildren with advanced content of education. In the majority of the surveyed high school students there were diagnosed polysystemic changes in health status. Negative trends in the health status of children and adolescents of the city of Saint - Petersburg were confirmed by indices of nonspecific resistance: immunological tests, key elements of protective enzyme systems of the body. In order to stabilize the growth of children and adolescent incidence there were suggested directions of prevention work.


Transient models of a three-phase induction motor are established. Functional blocks of the entire inverter-fed induction motor drive system are developed systematically. Programming examples are given to familiarize readers with MATLAB??/Simulink programming environment.


A numerical model has been developed to analyze and optimize the run-time performance of a disk drive spindle motor. A field-circuit coupled time-stepping finite element method is used for the analysis of the motor optimal performances with limits of supply voltage, current and power consumption during the spin-up time of the drive. Results of investigations with one and two disks are presented


Human activity recognition (HAR) is recently used in numerous applications including smart homes to monitor human behavior, automate homes according to human activities, entertainment, falling detection, violence detection, and people care. Vision-based recognition is the most powerful method widely used in HAR systems implementation due to its characteristics in recognizing complex human activities. This paper addresses the design of a 3D convolutional neural network (3D-CNN) model that can be used in smart homes to identify several numbers of activities. The model is trained using KTH dataset that contains activities like (walking, running, jogging, handwaving handclapping, boxing). Despite the challenges of this method due to the effectiveness of the lamination, background variation, and human body variety, the proposed model reached an accuracy of 93.33%. The model was implemented, trained and tested using moderate computation machine and the results show that the proposal was successfully capable to recognize human activities with reasonable computations.


This report examines the repercussions of citizenship laws on Palestinian identity, and in case of the establishment of a Palestinian state, the repercussions on Palestinian nationality. I trace the origin of Palestinian nationhood, common identity, and peoplehood and show how state laws that were or still in force on parts of Palestine had shaped it.


Objective To evaluate the efficacy and toxicities of nab-paclitaxel plus carboplatin as the first-line therapy for elderly patients with advanced lung squamous carcinoma. Methods Thirty-nine cases of elderly patients with advanced lung squamous carcinoma were retrospectively analyzed from February 2010 to February 2012,who received intravenous injection of nab-paclitaxel 100 mg / m2on d1,d8,plus carboplatin at area under the concentration-time curve( AUC) 5 on d1,with three weeks as a treatment cycle. The effects were evaluated after two cycles. Results Thirty-eight cases were appraised. No patients showed complete remission,17 patients showing partial remission( PR),12 patients showing stable disease( SD) and 9 patients showing progressive disease( PD). The response rate was 44. 7% and the disease control rate was 76. 3%. The median progression free survival was 5. 8 months,and the median overall survival was 11. 4 months. The main non-hematologic adverse events were sensory neuropathy,hearing loss and faigue,and the main hematologic toxicities were neutropenia and anemia. Conclusions Nab-Paclitaxel plus carboplatin as the first-line therapy for elderly patients with advanced lung squamous carcinoma is effective and safe.


A 3D model for co-extrusion dies of polymer with metal insert was established.The basic shaping rules of transition driving section were numerically simulated by using Polyflow after pre-processed in Gambit.The distribution of temperature and velocity field of polymer melt in the die was achieved and the effect rule of various driving velocity in steel liner on the polymer flow was analyzed.Based on it,a cooling system of co-extrusion dies of polymer with metal insert was designed.


1 Chapter 1: Introduction 2 The neural retina 2 Mitochondria 6 Monocarboxylate Transporters 13 Basigin 15 Chapter 2: Materials and methods 21 Generation of Mouse retina cell extracts 21 Protein Assay of mouse retina cell extracts 22 Cytochrome c Assay 22 Autophagy Assay 26 Mitotracker Assay 27 Chapter 3: Results 28 Cytochrome c Assay 29 Autophagy Assay 29 Mitotracker Assay 31 Chapter 4: Discussion 36 References 41 Vita 50


This short excerpt does not in any way capture the full trajectory of Chesterton"s larger argument at this point in his book, but I quote it here to highlight one incarnation of his understanding both of the structure of mimetic desire and the violent consequences that may arise out of mimetic desire. To begin with, there is the notion that desires for attaining things involve the desire of another. This follows Rene Girard"s discovery, after Shakespeare, of the centrality of "borrowed desire" or "desire by another"s eye" to human interactions.2 Moreover, there is Chesterton"s observation that when this mimetic desire is shared, "nightmare" is inevitable: when many hands covet the same object, the result is bitter rivalry.3


We morphologically and genetically studied the southern African electric fish Petrocephalus catostoma, or churchill, and its six nominal species, five of which by synonymization (three valid subspecies). We reinstate the synonymized species, and recognize Petrocephalus tanensis (Whitehead and Greenwood, 1959) from the Tana River in Kenya, also using electric organ discharges. The Okavango delta (Botswana) is inhabited by Petrocephalus okavangensis sp. nov. and Petrocephalus magnitrunci sp. nov., and the Namibian Cunene River by Petrocephalus magnoculis sp. nov. We recognize Petrocephalus petersi sp. nov. for the Lower Zambezi River (Mozambique), and Petrocephalus longicapitis sp. nov. for the Upper Zambezi River (Namibia). The Lufubu River in Northern Zambia is inhabited by Petrocephalus longianalis sp. nov. For the southern churchill, Petrocephalus wesselsi Kramer and Van der Bank, 2000, we confirm intraspecific and interspecific differentiation. Sequence data from mitochondrial DNA confirm differentiation of two new western and two eastern species, forming mutual sister groups.


Diphenhydramine (5.3 times 10−7 M) significantly reduced the tritium efflux evoked by 10 −7 M tyramine from cat cerebral arteries preloaded with [3 H]noradrenaline but not that brought about by 50 mM KCl. These results indicate the ability of diphenhydramine to block the amine neuronal uptake.


The standard drugs to treat persistent hiccups are chlorpromazine haloperidol (BNF 4.2.1) and other dopamine antagonists.1 These are not always effective, especially when given b mouth, and it is therefore worth noting several reports that baclofen and nifedipine can each be successful.


A central goal of flow control is to minimize the energy consumption in turbulent flows and nowadays the best results in terms of drag reduction are obtained with the addition of long-chain polymers. This has been found to be associated with increased anisotropy of turbulence in the near-wall region. Other drag reduction mechanisms are analysed in this respect and it is shown that close to the wall highly anisotropic states of turbulence are commonly found. These findings are supported by results of direct numerical simulations which display high drag reduction effects of over 30% when only a few points inside the viscous sublayer are forced towards high anisotropy.


It is shown that care should be taken in using the term "velocity" in connection with wave propagation in inhomogeneous media. An expression is derived for phase velocity which depends on frequency and depth. Exact solutions are found for normal and oblique incidence, for plane-wave propagation in a liquid medium. It is shown that the geometrical optics approximation solution, valid for high frequencies, is the first term in an asymptotic expansion of the exact solution.The reflection coefficients are obtained for a linear transition layer between two homogeneous half-spaces. Both first-order and second-order discontinuities in density and bulk modulus are considered at the boundaries of the transition layer.


Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) radar realize waveform diversity by transmitting orthogonal waveforms on each array. Generally, implementing the waveform requires multiple signal generators or carrier frequencies, which results in increased hardware complexity and high cost. Slow-time MIMO waveform realizes the orthogonality between waveforms in the Doppler frequency domain, it has the advantage of being easy to implement and the signal processing algorithm is similar to traditional PD radar. However, the current method still implement the Slow-time MIMO waveforms by analog mixing, which has low phase accuracy and easy to be affected by temperature. In this paper, a method for realizing Slow-time MIMO radar waveform based on direct digital waveform synthesis (DDWS) is proposed. The method achieves low cost, high phase precision and strong coherent performance, and can be implemented by using existing radar signal generator. This paper presents the implementation method of Slow-time MIMO waveforms and uses S-band MIMO radar for practical verification.


Objective  To understand the compositions of pathogens and seasonal distribution characteristics of rash and fever syndrome (RFS) in Gansu Province from 2009 to 2019, so as to provide references for further disease surveillance and scientific prevention and control. Methods    Descriptive epidemiological methods were used to analyze the composition of pathogens of RFS in Gansu Province from 2009 to 2019 and the seasonal variation characteristics of the main pathogens. Results    The compositions of pathogens of RFS in Gansu Province were dominated by viruses, mainly enterovirus (56.04%), measles virus (19.14%), varicella-zoster virus (16.85%) and rubella virus (7.33%). The differences of positive rate of the main pathogens in different age groups and different seasons were statistically significant (all P Conclusions  From 2009 to 2019, the compositions of pathogens of RFS in Gansu Province were mainly viruses and the main pathogens have obvious seasonal characteristics. Seasonal and targeted proventive methods should be adopted for high-risk populations.


In the field of English Language Teaching (ELT), a vast number of teachers are not native speakers of English. The majority of students worldwide learn English in foreign language (EFL) contexts and consequently, most English teachers work in similar contexts too. These non-native teachers have taught hand in hand with the native speakers for centennial however, research on the students' in the facets of attitudes and perceptions of their teachers have only been carried out recently. This paper reports on a study conducted which investigated the attitudes and perceptions of transfer students towards their non-native lecturers. The students were queried via a questionnaire and interviews. On the whole, the students had a favorable attitude although some shortcomings were indicated. The reasons for the students' attitudes and perceptions are discussed.


Let 𝒜 p (p∈ℕ:={1, 2, 3, …}) be the class of functions f given by which are analytic in the open unit disk 𝕌. Making use of the method of differential subordinations, we obtain some sufficient conditions for f(z)∈𝒜 p involving the Dziok–Srivastava operator to satisfy certain subordination properties. The results presented here are shown not only to generalize the main results in several earlier investigations, but also to give rise to many other new results.


Service learning methodologies provide students of information systems with the opportunity to create and implement systems in real-world, public service-oriented social contexts. This paper presents a case study which involves integrating a service learning project into an undergraduate Computer Information Systems course entitled "Information Systems" for the first time at the Hashemite University in Jordan. The project requires students to visit local non-profit and government agencies to learn about and to provide needed information systems services and solutions that are closely related to the specific course topics they have come across during their lectures. Students are required to brainstorm and suggest innovative ideas and to provide the information systems services and solutions required based on tips and hints provided by the instructor and specialized consultants in the field. In these activities, students actively evaluate and analyze the complex contributors associated with understanding problem domains, as well as designing and implementing real-world solutions. A student's achievement in this project is evaluated by their academic supervisor, their community partners, and the student's own reflections on their experience. This paper presents qualitative analysis of integrating service learning and civic engagement in this course, and highlights benefits, challenges, and recommendations for future implementation.


ABSTRACT Experiment was performed to assess the effect of 17 a -methyltestosterone (MT) treatment on Congo tetra fish larvae. To evaluate the optimal pattern of MT treatment, three different treatments were administrated. Three months old larvae were submerged in three different doses of MT; 1, 2 and 4 mg/l. These studies showed that the highest percentage of male fish was obtained by 4 mg/l MT treatment, 87,17%. The 2 mg/l and 1 mg/l MT treatments obtained 77,53% and 69,86% male respectively, two times higher than control, 38,96%. On the other hand, the 4 mg/l MT treatment also resulted the highest percentage of hermaphrodite fishes, 17,58%. The highest survival rate was shown by 1 mg/l MT treatment, 62,77% and the lowest was shown by the 4 mg/l MT treatment, 47,20%. The highest rate of fish length and weight was shown by the 4 mg/l MT treatment, 4,4 cm and 1,65 gram respectively. These findings suggest that MT treatment offers an advantage in growth of tetra Congo larvae. Key word : Sex reversal, methyltestosterone, Congo tetra fish, Micraleptus intterruptus. ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh perendaman larva di dalam larutan hormon 17 a -metiltestosteron pada dosis 1, 2 dan 4 mg/l larutan. Persentase tertinggi ikan jantan dihasilkan oleh perlakuan 4 mg/l, yaitu 87,17%. Perlakuan 2 mg/l dan 1 mg/l masing-masing menghasilkan 77,53% dan 69,86% sedangkan kontrol menghasilkan 38,96% jantan. Efek lain dari perlakuan MT ini adalah hermafroditisme. Perlakuan 4 mg/l menghasilkan persentase hermafrodit tertinggi yaitu 17,58%, sedangkan pada kontrol kelangsungan hidup tertinggi diperoleh pada perlakuan 1 mg/l (62,77%) dan terendah pada perlakuan 4 mg/l (47,20%). Hasil tersebut menunjukkan adanya pengaruh dosis hormon terhadap kelangsungan hidup ikan. Pengukuran bobot dan panjang ikan pada setiap perlakuan menunjukkan nilai tertinggi dihasilkan oleh perlakuan 4 mg/l yaitu 1,65 gram dan 4,40 cm. Hal ini diduga bahwa hormon MT merangsang pula pertumbuhan ikan. Kata kunci : Pergantian kelamin, metiltestosteron, ikan tetra Kongo, Micraleptus intterruptus.


Neutron beam detecting apparatus comprising: a scintillator, if the incident radiation generating light; fiber transmission generated in the scintillator; and a discrimination unit receiving the light transmitted through the optical fiber, when the detection signal related to the light received when the wave height exceeds the determination threshold value (Qth is), the discrimination signal relating to the detection signal into a neutron beam, the deterioration determination threshold discrimination section according to the adjustment of the optical fiber.


During the development of management information system(MIS), the MIS software is passed through a truncated life test and the data of its fault are collected. By applying the method of reliability statistics, a parameter iteration of maximum likelihood equation is set up MIS Software with an operation life submitting to Weibull distribution. Various formulae of reliability index are given and verified by computation.


This study aims to describe the quality management system in the field of communication to consumers based on ISO 9001:2015 on the Multi Media College website. The research method uses descriptive qualitative. Sources of research data are users of the Multi Media College website. Data collection uses the method of observation and documentation. Data analysis was carried out through data collection, data reduction, data presentation, drawing conclusions and verification. To ensure the validity of the data used triangulation method. The results of this study are the communication quality management system to consumers based on ISO 9001: 2015 on the Multi Media High School website including: 1) Providing information related to products and services, 2) withdrawing requests, contracts or orders, including changes thereto, 3) Obtaining consumer feedback related to products and services, including consumer complaints, 4) restrict or control consumer property, and 5) make specific requirements for contingency actions. Recommendations from research results to improve the quality management system in the field of communication to consumers, namely: 1) Providing information related to consumer requirements that can be maintained and maintained properly, 2) Providing information to consumers receiving and answering consumer questions clearly, 3) Providing an effective way to receive complaints from customers and provide answers to them, 4) Provide an effective way to receive feedback from consumers, 5) Maintain an effective channel for sharing information and situations of educational products and services that are not yet in accordance with consumers, 6) establish ways effective for 9 and receive input from consumers in case of contingencies.


This paper sets out to describe Local Exchange and Trading Systems (LETS1) in economic terms. An extensive literature describes the features of LETS in sociological and geographical terms. I will attempt to define LETS in the terminology that is commonly employed in the standard economic literature. The purpose of this exercise is to enable the analysis of the potential of LETS in strictly economic terms2. Firstly, the essential features of LETS are described. Subsequently, LETS is analysed by distinguishing LETS as a monetary phenomenon3 from common monetary instruments, such as commodity and fiat money. In order to be able to separate the ideological and objective descriptions of LETS, I have conducted several informal interviews with members and the administrator of the Talente system in Innsbruck, Austria. My main finding from this research is that, in general, experiences in existing LETS do not provide a good basis for economic theorising because the actions and motivations of a large number of their members are based in ideology rather than self-interest. In accordance with my own findings, the rapidly growing body of research on local currencies, such as the Local Exchange and Trading Systems (LETS), has shown that the participants are not on average very similar to 'homo economicus' (Pacione 1998, Williams 1996d, Gran 1998, Caldwell 1999, North 1999). Although this is an indication of the success of LETS in terms of its objectives, it makes economic analysis more cumbersome. Consequently, I advocate a purely theoretical approach, where standard economic concepts and assumptions are used to model the potential benefits of local currencies in economic terms. It would be inconsistent to base such standard economic analysis on research on the actions of such people4. I recognise that this type of analysis excludes some of the fundamental objectives of the founders of LETS, such as creating a sense of community and providing an alternative to global capitalism. However, a vast body of 'alternative economics' literature already covers these issues at length. In this paper I hope to lay the foundations for a partial and parallel economic analysis, which can add valuable insights to the debate.


The design version of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology reasearch reactor (MITR-II) was analyzed subject to earthquake forces. The problem was divided into three major areas. First, the reactor core tank and support structure were studied. The reactor can be adequately cooled and shutdown if the core tank remains undamaged. Using a SABOR-5 compiter program, the peak accelerations required to cause yielding of the core tank were calculated to be well above potential earthquake accelerations. Second, the possibilities of potential damage to miscellaneous reactor systems were studied, The miscellaneous systems were studied to see if earthquake accelerations, resonance response, or differential motions would result in damage leading to major radioactive releases. No major potential hazards were discovered. Third, the possibility of earthquake damage to the reactor stack was studied. An approximate analysis of the stack subject to dynamic earthquake shear and a 100 mile per hour wind was made. A case of a fallen stack was modeled to determine its efect on the containment building. The conservative calculations indicate that it is unlikely that the stack will fall and even if it were to fall onto the containment shell, it would not cause damage to the reactor core tank. Within the scope of this report, it appears that the design MITR-II is adequate to provide required protection even in the event of the maximum expected earthquake motions. Thesis Supervisor: David D. Lanning Professor of Nuclear Engineering


Connecting physics with the humanities is a fascinating challenge and a complicated cultural task. Yet, it is exactly what the Italian secondary-school graduation exam requires in its oral part. Although it has been criticized by teachers and students, here I provide a list of real school life examples and discuss why this can be a great, innovative opportunity for physics teachers to highlight the cultural power and richness of the discipline they teach.


One full-scale vehicle crash test was performed on Missouri's 6-in. (15.24-cm) barrier curb under W-beam guardrail. Test MO6C-1 was conducted with a 4500 lb (2041 kg) test vehicle with target impact conditions of 60 mph (96.6 km/h) and 25 deg. The potential safety performance degradation of using a 6-in. (15.24-cm) barrier curb under a standard G4(1S) W-beam guardrail installation was evaluated to determine the effects of the curb on vehicle stability during a redirective guardrail impact test. The test was conducted and reported in accordance with the requirements specified in the "Recommended Procedures for the Safety Performance Evaluation of Highway Appurtenances", National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Report No. 230. The safety performance of Missouri's 6-in. (15.24-cm) barrier curb under W-beam guardrail was determined to be acceptable according to the NCHRP 230 criteria.


Author analyses the terminology of archaeological ornamentology. The problem is in the different understanding of the structural levels of ornaments and their various designations. The author proposes his solving of this problem.


This article discusses the field of agricultural land
protection against soil sealing in Slovenia from the
perspective of the land development tax applied to
land-use changes. In Slovenia, the land development
tax for agricultural land use change was introduced
in 1970s with the aim to slow-down the then huge
interventions in agricultural land and at the same time
to get financial resources for investments in agriculture,
in particular for the purpose of agrarian operations. In
the research, the methodology for calculating the land
development tax for conversion of agricultural land to
built-up land and the amount of the tax in Slovenia
during reference intervals in the study period 1979-2012
is analysed. The results of the research are presented
together with the legal framework, which regulated the
discussed field in individual time periods. For the study
period, an analysis of methodology for calculating the
agricultural land development tax was done for three
cadastral districts (Novo mesto, Kranjska Gora and
Murska Sobota), and an in-depth analysis of actual
payments was done in the area of administrative unit
of Lendava in the cadastral district of Murska Sobota.
It has been shown that the amount of the agricultural
land development tax was changing in the study
period and that its value in the past had significantly
exceeded the amount, which was determined with
the change of legislation in 2011, and has been even
decreased in 2012.


The landscape environment should provide necessary survival, development, protection and participation opportunities and conditions for children. Faced with children's psychological and physical problems, the landscape environment should not only have basic aesthetic and ecological functions, but also possess the function of psychological cure and physical rehabilitation. In this paper, the need for the construction of kidfriendly landscape environment is comprehended through bibliographic retrieval. Besides, under the construction orientation of psychological cure and physical rehabilitation, a discussion is made from the perspectives of landscape policy, landscape planning, landscape design, and landscape technology and facilities. Besides, key indexes under each perspective are analyzed.


Ice-shelf grounding zones link the Antarctic ice-sheets to the ocean. Differential interferometric synthetic aperture radar (DInSAR) is commonly used to monitor grounding-line locations, but also contains information on grounding-zone ice thickness, ice properties and tidal conditions beneath the ice shelf. Here, we combine in-situ data with numerical modelling of ice-shelf flexure to investigate 2-D controls on the tidal bending pattern on the Southern McMurdo Ice Shelf. We validate our results with 9 double-differential TerraSAR-X interferograms. It is necessary to make adjustments to the tidal forcing to directly compare observations with model output and we find that when these adjustments are small (< 1.5 cm) a viscoelastic model matches better, while an elastic model is more robust overall. Within landward embayments, where lateral stresses from surrounding protrusions damp the flexural response, a 2-D model captures behaviour that is missed in simple 1-D models. We conclude that improvements in current tide models are required to allow for the full exploitation of DInSAR in grounding-zone glaciology.


Small cell carcinoma of the ovary, hypercalcaemic type, (SCCOHT), is a rare ovarian tumor featured by hypercalcaemia, onset at early age and poor prognosis [1, 2]. This type of undifferentiated malignant tumor was first described early in 1979 with unknown histogenesis, based on the appearance of small and hyperchromatic cells [3]. SCCOHT accounts for 0.01% cases of ovarian tumors mainly in young females under the age of 40 with a median age of 24 years, usually causing unilateral pelvic masses, vomiting, infertility, and other systemic symptoms [1, 4]. Epithelial, neuroendocrine and sex cord-stromal origins, and various other hypothesis have been postulated over past decades about the etiology of SCCOHT, but none of them were fully supported and accepted [3]. Due to the lack of typical histological features, the diagnosis of SCCOHT is extremely challenging, difficult to distinguish it from other ovarian malignancies such as germ cell tumor, intra-abdominal desmoplastic small round cell tumor, and primitive neuroectodermal tumor [3, 5]. Recent investigations revealed various genetic mutations associated with SCCOHT development, such as SMARCA4 and SMACB1 genes [6-8]. More observations of the specific clinical and molecular features are pressingly needed for SCCOHT early diagnosis and effective therapy. In this report, the authors describe three cases of small cell carcinoma of the ovary hypercalcemic type (SCCOHT), followed by a literature review of its clinicopathological features, molecular basis, as well as clinical diagnosis and treatment.


Objective To observe the virological and immunological items in peripheral blood of Chinese-origin Rhesus macaques infected with SIVmac251.The normal levels of WBC and CD4+T cell ratio for healthy Chinese-origin Rhesus macaques that suitable for simian AIDS modeling also investigated.Methods Thirty-six Chinese-origin Rhesus macaques were intravenously infected with SIVmac251.Blood samples were collected at 10 time points respectively include 1 day before SIV infection,every week within 1-8th week and then in tenth week post infection.Blood routine,peripheral blood T lymphocyte subsets,plasma viral load were tested.Results The most significant changes of the tested items were appeared in 1 or 2 weeks post SIV infection,while the WBC counts didn't show marked changes in all the time points tested.WBC counts ranged from 4×106/ml to 10×106/ml and the CD4+T cells ratio high than 25% are the suitable levels for simian AIDS modeling.Conclusion This research provides necessary and beneficial informations to the usage of Chinese-origin Rhesus macaques in AIDS research.

Key words:
Chinese-origin Rhesus macaques; SIVmac251; Immunology; Virology


This paper discusses the AirTouch Teletrac wireless network which gives consumers roadside assistance, stolen vehicle protection, wireless 911 service, yellow pages information, and commercial fleet management. The system's applicability to ITS is discussed by providing an outline of the Teletrac location and data network and its subsystem characteristics. Next, the paper discusses application of the Teletrac system to provide current and future ITS services, including examples of some of the primary applications. Finally, it shows the evolution of the network architectures that will be providing future ITS services.


Chron. Pasch. is omitted from relevant citations (408, 537), while the omission of 531 is wrongly attributed to the chronicler's (admitted) confusion over post-consular dates (p. 56) rather than to the lacuna in the MS. exemplar. The chronicler lived after the end of the consulate as a functioning institution, but it does seem to have been resurrected for dating purposes in the seventh century to judge from the precise demarcation of different parts of each year of Heraclius' reign (and from the independent compilation of two consular lists in the 620s). Perhaps an appendix could briefly have covered this survival of the consulate after Basilius the 'last consul'. One can sympathise with the complexity of the compilers' task, but the imprecise or limited reporting of variants in the Chron. Pasch. or any other source (note, for example, Albinus for Ablabius (331) in Scaliger's Excerpta Barbari) could affect judgements about its value and links with other consular lists. Till this is sorted out, this volume cannot be used as a substitute for consultation of the texts of the lists themselves. The book is computer produced and good value for money (although the computer allows footnotes to stray onto other pages at times and occasionally loses them altogether). This is indeed a weighty work of intricate scholarship but, nevertheless, we must hope that, with the computer's assistance, a corrected and amplified edition may be brought out soon without undue additional labour.


From the flat white sheets of our favorite weed Arabidopsis ( Arabidopsis thaliana ) to the colorful cups and spirals of orchids, petals come in a spectacular array of shapes, sizes, colors, and textures. These elaborate forms have often evolved to attract pollinators. For example, bee orchids


Abstract. Performance-approach goals (i.e., the desire to outperform others) have been found to be positive predictors of test performance, but research has also revealed that they predict surface learning strategies. The present research investigates whether the high academic performance of students who strongly adopt performance-approach goals stems from test anticipation and preparation, which most educational settings render possible since examinations are often scheduled in advance. We set up a longitudinal design for an experiment conducted in high-school classrooms within the context of two science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) disciplines, namely, physics and chemistry. First, we measured performance-approach goals. Then we asked students to take a test that had either been announced a week in advance (enabling strategic preparation) or not. The expected interaction between performance-approach goal endorsement and test anticipation was moderated by the students' initial level: ...


Postnatal outcome of fetuses with hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) is determined mainly by right ventricular function. Our study examines whether there are differences in right ventricular function during gestation of fetuses with HLHS compared with healthy fetuses.


The paper is devoted to the substantiation of the approach to diagnosing the comfort of the urban environment from the position of the city marketing theory, namely, based on the management and commodity concept. The latter is characterized by the obligatory consideration of interests and their interconnection of all stakeholders residents, authorities, business community, etc., and also the focus on solving both tactical and strategic tasks of the city development. An overview of the main approaches and methods for studying the comfort of the urban environment is presented. The comfort of the urban environment determines the level of urban development as a whole. Therefore, it is necessary to treat this concept as a system-forming, and not a particular one, in contrast to the position of many authors. The basis of the proposed approach is a system of criteria that collectively reflect the functional, social and psychological requirements of citizens to the comfort of their living environment.


Comment: The only minor problem with the paper is the stark confidence expressed in the model results. E.g. the strengthening of the BDC is mentioned numerous times, but without mentioning the caveat that this is a model only result so far and that recent observations (Engel et al., 2009, Nature Geoscience) cannot find a strengthening of the BDC for the recent past (obviously with the caveat of sparse sampling). The paper should be published with minor revisions, including a slightly more critical assessment of the models ability to simulate future change.


An n-vertex graph is called C-Ramsey if it has no clique or independent set of size C log n. All known constructions of Ramsey graphs involve randomness in an essential way, and there is an ongoing line of research towards showing that in fact all Ramsey graphs must obey certain "richness" properties characteristic of random graphs. Motivated by an old problem of Erd\H{o}s and McKay, recently Narayanan, Sahasrabudhe and Tomon conjectured that for any fixed C, every n-vertex C-Ramsey graph induces subgraphs of $\Theta(n^2)$ different sizes. In this paper we prove this conjecture.


This paper's main goal was to assess, based on the analyses carried out, if Osama bin Laden's wives enjoyed a special status within Al-Qaeda as a result of their husband's rank and status. In other words, this paper examined if it is justifiable to infer the occurrence of exceptionalism or a detachment from religiously and socially predefined gender limitations, thanks to being married to the leader. The main methods used to examine this hypothesis were historical and content analysis, which provided verified premises, and the deductive method, which allowed for the construction of a sound argument that addresses the paper's research question. This paper's conclusion is not unequivocal.


The life-world turn has been the leading direction of contemporary philosophy.And it is also the original purpose and essence of Marx's philosophical revolution.This turn demands to break fundamentally the traditional philosophical pattern which takes scientific worldview as its characteristic,and to adopt the life worldview which is the basis to build a new philosophy form.It also demands to change completely the basic factors of philosophy,such as the object of philosophy,the fundamental problems of philosophy and the thinking mode of philosophy,leading thereby to the revolution of contemporary philosophy.In more details are on the object of philosophy,and the change from the other world to this world;On the fundamental problem of philosophy,change from cognitive contradiction to existential contradiction;On the thinking mode,from science thinking to historical thinking.Probing into the contemporary philosophical life-world turn and the revolution of contemporary philosophy can not only deepen our understanding of the subject,characteristics and trend of contemporary philosophy,but also be significant in the construction of the life-world theory of Marx's philosophy,thus pushing forward the contemporary development of Marxist philosophy.


In evaluating the benefits of a voluntary debt reduction scheme, look for efficiency gains that allow both debtor and creditor to gain. In particular certain debt reduction operations can: (i) increase the incentives for growth in highly indebted countries; (ii) allocate risk more efficiently between debtor and creditors; and (iii) signal the credibility of a country's willingness to adjust its economy. Market-based debt conversion is more likely to improve the debtor nations welfare when: (i) the opportunity cost of foreign exchange is low; (ii) there is great probability of default with a deadweight loss to the creditor; (iii) private rather than public debt is swapped for equity investments; (iv) the country has no other way of signalling its commitment; and (v) the country has an extreme case of debt overhang.


Background: In December 2019, the world was introduced to a novel corona virus, SARS CovV2 causing severe acute respiratory syndrome. Out
of several therapeutic agents evaluated for treatment of Covid 19, Remdesivir was a leading candidate. The aim of the study is to evaluate the
efcacy and adverse effects of injection Remdesivir in SARS cov 2 pneumonia. Methods : We conducted an observational, epidemiological study,
retrospective and longitudinal in design in which a 5 day course of injection Remdesivir was administered to 63 adult patients admitted in Covid
th th CCUs of Medical College, Kolkata with COVID 19 pneumonia from 15 September to 15 December 2020. The study subjects were assessed
th based on NEWS 2 score and a Six point ordinal scale from day zero to 28 or death. Results : The outcome at 28 day after starting injection
Remdesivir was 19 (30.15%) patients had died since admission and 44 (69.8%) patients were either discharged or met discharge criteria. The
commonest adverse effect was raised liver enzymes found in 14 (22.2%) patients. The adverse effects were not statistically signicant ( p > 0.05) .
Conclusion : The association of six point ordinal scale and outcome were statistically signicant ( p < 0.01) which suggests that Remdesivir might
have a clinical benet in moderate to severe Covid 19 disease without causing serious side effects.


Women who do not attend parental education classes during pregnancy or after birth. Helena Fabian, Department of Woman and Child Health. Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. This thesis focuses on childbirth and parenthood education during pregnancy and the year after childbirth, and investigates attendance rates and factors associated with non-attendance, and women's experiences and possible effects of antenatal education. Also, women with a nonSwedish speaking background are analysed: their uptake of care at the antenatal and child health centres, and their own and their child's physical and emotional well-being up to five years after birth. For the purpose of Papers I-IV, data from a prospective cohort study in which about 3,000 women were followed by means of questionnaires in early pregnancy, and 2 months, 1 year, and 5 years after the birth were used (the KUB study: Women's Experiences of Childbirth). Women were recruited at their first scheduled antenatal visit in early pregnancy, during a period of three weeks evenly spread over one year (in May and September 1999, and January 2000). Of all antenatal clinics, 593 (97.5%) participated in the recruitment, and 4,600 women were eligible for the study according to the Medical Birth Register. The number of responders to the first questionnaire was 3,061, to the second 2,762, to the third 2,563 and to the fourth 1,721. The representativeness of the sample was assessed by comparing the background characteristics of the study sample with the total Swedish birth cohort in 1999. Most primiparous women (93%) attended childbirth and parenthood education classes during pregnancy, and 19 per cent of the multiparas. The attendance rate after childbirth was 78 per cent in first-time mothers and 31 per cent in multiparas. Factors associated with nonattendance at both antenatal and postnatal classes were having a native language other than Swedish and an inconvenient timing of pregnancy. In primiparous women, smoking during pregnancy was also associated with non-attendance in classes both during and after pregnancy. Additional factors related to non-attendance at antenatal classes in primiparas was unemployment; and in multiparas age over 35 years, low education, having had counselling because of fear of childbirth or expressing a need of such counselling. After childbirth, additional factors in primiparas were maternal hospital admission and infant health problems (Papers I, III). Seventy-four per cent of first-time mothers stated that antenatal education helped prepare them for childbirth, and 40 per cent for early parenthood. One year after childbirth 58 per cent of the mothers still met with other class participants. These outcomes were associated with the number of class sessions. However, antenatal education did not seem to affect memory of labour pain, mode of delivery, overall birth experience, duration of breastfeeding, and assessment of parental skills, but participants had a higher rate of epidural analgesia (Paper II). Women with a non-Swedish speaking background from a poor country of origin did not differ from a reference group of women with a Swedish speaking background regarding number of antenatal and child health centre visits, but they had a lower attendance rate at antenatal and postnatal education classes. Depressive symptoms, parental stress and poor self-rated health were more common in these women, and they reported more psychological and behavioural problems in their five-year olds. Women with a rich country origin did not differ from the reference group regarding maternal and child health, but they had a lower uptake of all outpatient care, except parental classes after the birth (Paper IV).


The rapid advances in Computing, Communications, and Information Technologies have had tremendous impacts on various aspects of the lives of vast sections of humanity in such a short time. They have (a) created numerous kinds of new jobs, (b) made several other kinds of jobs to disappear due the kinds of automation they have created, and (c) transformed many professions based on their penetration in various facets of workflow. While these technological advances have resulted in many benefits to our society, they have also created many problems. Also, there are several other more prevalent problems in today's society than in the past, and the advances of technologies have yet to be put to effective use to solve them. These technological advances and their effects on our lives, on the jobs landscape, and the demands on these technologies to solve societal problems are expected to grow further in the near future. In the wake of these, from a higher education point of view, there are tremendous challenges in keeping the curricula in the Computing/IT disciplines up-to-date and relevant. In this paper, we will (a) briefly trace the major milestones in the developments of Computing, Communications, and Information Technologies, (b) give an overview of the current pressing societal problems, (c) present the projected trends in jobs landscape, and (d) outline some ways of keeping curricula in Computing/IT relevant in the wake of the challenges.


It is a great privilege to be invited to participate in launching Sandra Liebenberg's book. This book is a monumental piece of work. It combines an account of the struggle for the constitutional recognition of social and economic rights in South Africa, a jurisprudential analysis of the basis for this recognition, a comprehensive and detailed account of the way in which our courts have dealt with social and economic rights in this phase of the development of this area of our law, and a scholarly critique of the judgments and the literature which have now emerged.


Bushings are anti‐vibration components used in vehicle suspension systems. They are typically made of rubber between two concentric metallic cylinders. Their analysis requires characterising their complex impedance (dynamic stiffness and phase angle). Their behaviour is often difficult to predict without testing a prototype. The rubber undergoes large strains, usually involving strain stiffening and Mullins effect, time dependency and, possibly, plasticity. Thus the behaviour depends on the loading frequency and amplitude, as well as the preload. To tackle the problem a methodology has been developed that combines Abaqus and Isight. From the constitutive models in the material library the parallel rheological framework (PRF) is the most appropriate one for the rubber. It is based on a hyperelastic material model and consists of multiple parallel viscoelastic networks. The hyperelastic model is determined by evaluating strain energy potentials for a uniaxial quasi‐static tensile test; dynamic tests are used to calibrate the parameters of the PRF model. The process combines Abaqus analyses on a single element model with Isight runs for minimising the differences between test and model results. Based on this a model of the bushing is constructed and used for predicting its behaviour under static and dynamic loads, self‐contact, axial and radial displacements, and torsional and Cardanic rotations. The model takes into account the assembly loads produced by thermal shrinkage and a subsequent plastic reduction of the radius.


The problem of detailed calculation of micro-stresses in textile composite materials under arbitrary types of loading is considered. A model for calculating the effective characteristics of textile composites considering the real complex curvilinear anisotropy of fibers in tissues is proposed. The model is based on the asymptotic homogenization method, whereby local problems of elasticity theory for a curvilinear anisotropic body are formulated. For the numerical solution of these problems, the finite element method is used. The implementation of the proposed method was carried out within the framework of the SMCM software package, developed at the Department of Computational Mathematics and Mathematical Physics of the Bauman Moscow State Technical University. The SMCM software package allows you to perform a full cycle of finite element modeling, including the stages of pre-processing and post-processing. An example of numerical modeling of a textile carbon-carbon composite of twill weaving is carried out. It is shown that the developed software package provides (a very high accuracy of calculations of the effective elastic properties of composites. The comparison was carried out with the calculations obtained using the ANSYS software, which was modified to provide the possibility of solving local problems, the relative deviation in the calculations of the effective elastic constants did not exceed (-7) degrees.


Abstract The sustainable management of water resources and a reliable supply of safe drinking water will play a key role for the human prosperity in the following decades. This paper presents an optimal control approach for the management of water resources in a rapid developing region with critical water shortage. A model of the water allocation system is developed which considers both surface and groundwater resources and the distribution network. A reduced model of the complex spatially distributed 3D Finite Element groundwater model is applied. Hence the optimization problem, which is formulated as a large scale structured non-linear programming problem, can be solved with appropriate computation effort. The performance of the proposed concept is analyzed using realistic optimization scenarios.


A Short History of Sauce Making. Equipment. Ingredients. Stocks, Glaces, and Essences. Liaisons: An Overview. White Sauces for Meat and Vegetables. Brown Sauces. Stock--Based and Nonintegral Fish Sauces. Integral Meat Sauces. Integral Fish and Shellfish Sauces. Crustacean Sauces. Jellies and Chauds--Froids. Hot Emulsified Egg--Yolk Sauces. Mayonnaise--Based Sauces. Butter Sauces. Salad Sauces, Vinaigrettes, Salsas, and Relishes. Purees and Puree--Thickened Sauces. Pasta Sauces. Asian Sauces. Dessert Sauces. Appendix. Glossary. Sources. Purveyors. Bibliography. Index.


The U.S. Geological Survey conducted its first Pressure Transducer-Packer Workshop in Denver, Colorado, June 25-28, 1991. Nineteen attendees from the Survey, Environment Canada, academia, and the private sector presented papers concerning their experiences with the use of transducers and packers in hydrogeologic investigations. Workshop participants concluded that fixed-head packers are generally more reliable than other types and that there is a need for a wet/wet transducer for deep wells. The group recommended that simple downhole technology be used, that only rugged commercially available packers be purchased, and that it is imperative electrical connections and transducer electronics be kept dry.


Objective To identify women treated for endometrial carcinoma with increased risk for recurrent disease, to examine how and when recurrences are discovered, and to assess the clinical benefit of routine follow up investigations.


Trauma-related resources in the United States are increasingly allocated to the workup and treatment of geriatric patients due to the aging population and their disproportionate morbidity and mortality burden. Presently, there is no standardized workup recommended for geriatric trauma patients, particularly to guide which patients should receive computed tomography (CT) imaging. This creates significant variation and inefficiency and can lead to a missed injuries, inefficient management, and increased costs from imaging overutilization. Existing tools identifying patients appropriate for CT imaging almost always use older age as a singular factor that triggers imaging and are therefore essentially worthless in this population. The main objective of our study is to utilize multi-institutional prospective observational data to derive a simple and sensitive decision rule for identification of clinically significant injury and guide safe use of CT imaging in geriatric blunt trauma patients.


Existing sustainable IT services have several problems related to user authentication such as the inefficiency of managing the system security, low security, and low usability. In this paper, we propose a Fast IDentity Online (FIDO) authenticator that performs continuous authentication with implicit authentication based on user context and multimodal authentication. The proposed FIDO authenticator, a context-aware multimodal FIDO authentication (CAMFA) method, combines information such as the user context, state of the mobile device, and user biometrics, then applies implicit and explicit authentication methods to meet the level of authentication required by the service provider. This reduces the user's explicit authentication burden and continually authenticates users at risk during the session. Moreover, it is able to respond to attacks such as the theft of the authentication method or session hijacking. To study the effectiveness of CAMFA, we ran a user study by collecting data from 22 participants over 42 days of activity on a practical Android platform. The result of the user study demonstrates that the number of explicit authentication requests could be reduced by half. Based on the results of this study, an advanced user authentication that provides multimodal and continuous authentication could be applied to sustainable IT services.


The 10-year cumulative incidence of chronic GVHD and the duration of sys-temic immunosuppression were similar in the 2 groups. In summary, transplanta-tion of HLA-identical related G-PBMCs, compared with marrow, was associated with superior short-term and long-term DFS, and there was no evidence that this benefit was outweighed by GVHD-related late mortality. Introduction Because of ease of collection, faster hematopoietic recovery, and improved short-term survival, G-CSF–mobilized peripheral blood mononuclear cells (G-PBMCs) have become the preferred source of hematopoietic stem cells for matched related allogeneic hemato-poietic cell transplantation (HCT). 1 In most comparative studies with bone marrow, however, long-term transplantation outcomes associated with these 2 stem cell products have yet to be reported. Although evidence has suggested that the use of G-PBMCs is associated with an increased risk of chronic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), the net impact of this complication on long-term outcomes has not been fully delineated. 2-9 Early results of our randomized 3-institution study between HLA-identical related G-PBMCs and marrow for HCT after myeloablative conditioning for patients with hematologic malignancies showed that transplan-tation of G-PBMCs was associated with significantly superior rates of 2-year overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS). 8 To assess the longer-term impact of chronic GVHD on outcomes, we analyzed follow-up data from all participating patients and found that transplantation of G-PBMCs conferred sustained protection against relapse, and there was no evidence that this benefit was outweighed by GVHD-related late mortality. Methods Patients Full details of the study design have been reported previously. 8 In brief, between 1996 and 1999, 172 patients (median age, 42 years; range, 12-55 years) with hematologic malignancies were randomly assigned to receive either marrow or G-PBMCs from HLA-identical relatives after myeloablative conditioning. The trial was conducted by the Fred Hutchin-son Cancer Research Center (n ϭ 137), City of Hope National Medical Center (n ϭ 20), and Stanford University Medical Center (n ϭ 15), and eligible patients and donors gave written informed consent in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki with approval from all participating centers. Patients were eligible for the study if they had a hematologic malignancy for which allogeneic HCT with marrow or G-PBMCs from an HLA-identical, related donor who was at least 12 years of age was indicated, provided that no comorbidities were present that precluded the use of a myeloablative preparative regimen. Patients were stratified according to treatment center, age (Յ 30 or Ͼ 30 years), and stage of malignancy …


Ischaemic heart disease is the leading cause of death in high, middle, and low income countries.1 The improvement in management and survival of heart disease in the last decades, together with an increasingly ageing population, continues to increase the absolute number of patients with heart disease.1,2 Optimal medical therapy includes satisfactory antianginal therapy and intensive risk factor modification as the first-line treatment in the majority of cases.3 This very large group of patients presents with a natural diversity with regard to symptoms, side effects of medications, expectations, and co-morbidity. Most patients need multiple medications and a multidisciplinary approach. Combination therapy is often necessary both to control angina symptoms and to modify risk factors such as hypertension. A primary approach consisting of medium doses of two medications rather than the highest doses of one medication is gaining popularity in hypertension due to fewer side effects than one high dose medication, with equal or better effect.4 The same approach may also be appropriate in angina pectoris. The 'European guidelines on management of angina …

*Corresponding author. Tel: +45 35 31 33 33, Fax: +45 35 31 32 26, Email: ahs{at}dadlnet.dk


This paper aims at investigating novel solutions to the problem of textile defect detection from images, that can find applications in building robust quality control vision based systems in textile production. The proposed solutions focus on detecting defects from the textural properties of their corresponding wavelet transformed images. More specifically a novel methodology is investigated for discriminating defects in textile images by applying supervised and unsupervised neural classification techniques, employing multilayer perceptrons (MLP)-trained with the on-line backpropagation algorithm and Kohonen's Self-Organizing Feature Maps (SOFM) respectively. These parallel techniques are applied to innovative wavelet based feature vectors. These vectors are extracted from the wavelet transformed original images using the cooccurrence matrices framework and SVD analysis. The results of the proposed methodology are illustrated in defective textile images where the defective areas are recognized with about ...


A convenient procedure for the preparation of functionalized BODIPYs bearing both F and an organo substituent at the boron center, using one-pot reactions between in situ formed dipyrromethenes and organotrifluoroborate salts, has been reported. The complexation reaction utilizes stable and commercial accessible organotrifluoroborate potassium salts and provides a facile access to a variety of novel B-functionalized BODIPYs, which are hard to access through current synthetic methods.


Abstract : The article describes an optical instrument that measures crosswinds by observing the scintillation of naturally illuminated scenes. Operating instruction, adjustment procedures, and circuit diagrams are included.


In this paper, nanostructured TiO2 films on a glass slide were synthesized through a simple evaporation−deposition route using volatile TiCl4 as the titania precursors. TiO2 nanostructures such as nanorod, nanofiber, ribbon, and network films on etched or bare glass slides were prepared by simply adjusting the heating condition of TiCl4 in an autoclave. The research found that the heating temperature, heating time, and humidity in an autoclave are the major factors that affect the formation of various TiO2 nanostructures.


A coating, ink, or article containing a pearlescent pigment comprising a Substrate and a first layer, wherein the first layer comprises iron oxide, wherein the iron has from about 1% to about 30%. Fe(II) and from about 70% to about 99%. Fe(III).


This chapter seeks to unpack access to EU courts in the area of EMU, the emphasis being on the challenges facing austerity-hit litigants wishing to put their substantive case before the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU). The discussion will proceed as follows. First, it will be shown that aggrieved individuals might not always be able to locate a formally binding EU law measure which could form the basis of a direct or indirect challenge before the EU courts. Second, it will be seen that the judicial doors to an Article 263 TFEU challenge (action for annulment) are, nevertheless, firmly shut as most private persons will not be able to overcome the admissibility hurdles of direct and individual concern. Third, almost all Article 267 TFEU challenges (preliminary reference) have so far been declared inadmissible, which begs the question as to the legal quality of the bailout terms and its ripple effect on the scope of application of the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights. Fourth, though aggrieved individuals could in principle bring an Article 340 TFEU action for damages before the EU courts, litigants are likely to face an uphill struggle in trying to convince the CJEU that the relevant requirements for liability of the EU institutions for damages for breach of EU law were met. The final section of this chapter will focus on the scope of application of the EU Charter, which has formed the basis of many (unsuccessful, thus far) challenges to austerity measures.


We propose a new kind of inexact scheme for a family of generalized proximal point methods for the monotone complementarity problem. These methods, studied by Auslender, Teboulle, and Ben-Tiba, converge under the sole assumption of existence of solutions. We prove convergence of our new scheme and discuss its implementability.


Solitary fibrous tumours (SFTs) are rare WHO grade I mesenchymal neoplasms that were first described in the visceral pleura. A wide variety of locations of SFT have been reported but only twelve cases of intramedullary solitary fibrous tumour. We report a case of thoracic


Selective separation of organic species, particularly that of intermediate‐size ones from their analogs, remains challenging because of their similar structures and properties. Here, a novel strategy is presented, cooperatively (thermodynamically and kinetically) controlled crystallization for the highly selective separation of intermediate‐size anionic pollutants from their analogs in water through one‐pot construction of cationic metal‐organic frameworks (CMOFs) with higher stabilities and faster crystallization, which are based on the target anions as charge‐balancing anions. 4,4′‐azo‐triazole and Cu2+ are chosen as suitable ligand and metal ion for CMOF construction because they can form stronger intermolecular interaction with p‐toluenesulfonate anion (Tsˉ) compared to its analogs. For this combination, a condition is established, under which the crystallization rate of a Tsˉ‐based CMOF is remarkably high while those of analog‐based CMOFs are almost zero. As a result, the faster crystallization and higher stability cooperatively endow the cationic framework with a close‐to‐100% selectivity for Tsˉ over its analogs in two‐component mixtures, and this preference is retained in a practical mixture containing more than seven competing (analogs and inorganic) anions. The nature of the free Tsˉ anion in the cationic framework also allows the resultant CMOF to be recyclable via anion exchange.


Information loss and proliferation of parameters (PoP) in polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (PolSAR) eigenvalue/eigenvector-based target decomposition had not been well treated until Paladini et al. recently devised a lossless and sufficient decomposition of the coherency matrix under circular polarisation basis, and a classification scheme based on the decomposed parameters was also proposed to validate the decomposed parameters. Inspired by the Paladini incoherent target decomposition, a new lossless and sufficient eigenvalue/eigenvector-based decomposition of the coherency matrix under Pauli basis is proposed. Compared to the coherency matrix under circular basis, the coherency matrix under Pauli basis is more frequently used because it is more convenient for interpreting the polarimetric scattering mechanism. The proposed decomposition not only deals with these two problems (information loss and PoP) well but also avoids the possible ambiguity of the α angle of the Paladini decomposition. In addition, both the two decompositions are serial or multiplicative decomposition, while other common target decompositions are parallel or additive decompositions. A further modified fine classification scheme is carried out to validate the decomposed parameters. Real PolSAR data are processed to validate the proposed decomposition.


New promising assessment possibilities have been studied in Pervasive Developmental Disorders (PDD) such as eye tracking analysis. This study compares the perception of human faces in children with PDD and children with typical development through the analysis of eye-tracking patterns. Ten participants with PDD, mean age of 11.9 years (SD=3.22), were matched by age and gender with 10 participants with typical development. Ten neutral faces, in black-and-white, were observed per 10 seconds each while some stimuli were controlled: gender (male or female); position (normal or upside- down); presence of eyes (present or absent). Significant differences were found: PDD participants spent less time looking at eyes of male faces; spent less time with faces and eyes in upside-down figures and spent less time looking at faces with eyes and faces with occulted eyes; and control group spent more time looking at the eyes region when these were occulted.


The article describes the history of naming ancient Egyptian papyri, which played an important role in the history of traditional medicine, records of their treatment of various diseases, recommendations and suggestions for the prevention and prognosis of diseases.


Software Engineering (SE) is a discipline that deals with aspects of software production. Often, only the technical aspects are taught in the classes, and the economic and social aspects involved in software development are not reinforced in the classroom. In this context, the concept of a Software Ecosystem (SECO) emerged, defined as a set of actors acting as a unit interacting with a market distributed between software and services, with relationships supported by a technological platform or a common market, carried out by exchanging information, artifacts and resources. SECO teaching is not common in SE classes. However, when adding this knowledge, it is possible to have the benefit of a more global vision of SE, with the relationships between suppliers, technological platforms and customers. Moreover, there is a lack of SECO models and examples in the literature, making its study difficult. This article presents the ARIEL tool, with the aim of mitigating this gap and supporting the teaching of SECO in SE. For this, an user experience evaluation was projected using the DECIDE framework as a reference, with undergraduate and graduate students. As a result of this work, the participants stated it was easy to use the tool and they made few mistakes, most of them felt satisfied when using the tool, and the level of mental effort to carry out the activities is low.


Background—Whether female sex is associated with a better prognosis in patients with congestive heart failure (CHF) remains uncertain. The Cardiac Insufficiency Bisoprolol Study (CIBIS) II showed that bisoprolol reduced all-cause mortality and morbidity rates in CHF patients treated with diuretics and ACE inhibitors. We examined whether survival was different in men (n=2132) and women (n=515) enrolled in CIBIS II. Methods and Results—Women differed from men with regard to age, NYHA functional classification, primary cause of CHF, and risk factors such as left bundle-branch block. After adjustment for baseline differences, the probability of all-cause mortality was significantly reduced by 36% in women compared with that in men (hazard ratio 0.64, 95% CI 0.47 to 0.86, P=0.003). Women also had a 39% reduction in cardiovascular deaths (hazard ratio 0.64, 95% CI 0.45 to 0.91, P=0.01) and a 70% reduction in deaths from pump failure (hazard ratio 0.30, 95% CI 0.13 to 0.70, P=0.005) compared with men. Kaplan-Mei...


Building up a legul society is not a pure legal prass, but a complex, systematic aseiul eopneering pojectinvolving economic political and cultural construchons. In the respet of economy, to begin with, a legal societydemands setting up a wodern sysytem of market-oriented economy which would effectively guarantee the classifiedproprietary rights of property. secondly, in the respect of politics, a legal society demands practising constitutionaldemocmey, estabishin the supreme authority of the constitution and laws in the nation's political life,and meoanwhile doing well in handling the relation between government and market .Thirdly, in the respect of cultare, a legal aseietydemands developing a culture wIhch is geared to the modern social , political and economic structures. In China , if it isto build itself into hnild itself into a socialist country ruled by law, there has to develop a aseiul supporting frame on which a legal aseietycon rely for its ekistence.


We compare and review the theoretical predictions for the KN and ηN elastic amplitudes where sizable variations are found among the considered approaches, especially at subthreshold energies relevant for studies of kaonic atoms and meson-nuclear quasi-bound states. Conditions for an appearance of dynamically generated states in meson-baryon multi-channel interactions are established and discussed for the KN and ηN systems.


Study motivation is an inner impetus that encourages the students to carry out their studies. The law of the variation of the students′ study motivation from primary school to middle school, then to colleges is that the close insterest motivation which is formed under the influence of age, characteristics, the school, family and the society gradually shifts to the indirect long range study motivation. It is necessery to help the students set up goal for study, urge the shifting of the origional study motivation and foster the students′ longing for knowledge and extensive interest.


A field experiment was conducted during kharif season of 2010 at Zonal Agricultural Research Station, V. C. Farm, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore to assess the effect of organics and microbial inoculants on growth of aerobic rice. Application of recommended NPK+Azospirillum brasilense+Bacillus megaterium+ Vermicompost was found better in improving the plant growth parameters viz., plant height (74.31 cm), number of tillers/hill (32.2) and total dry matter production (87.09 g/ hill). Maximum uptake of nutrients by the crop was recorded as total nitrogen (78.06 kg/ ha), total phosphorus (15.28 kg/ha) and total potassium (101.67 kg/ha) with the supplementation of organics and microbial inoculants to the recommended dosage of inorganic nutrients.


This research concern on Analysis of Budget�s Measurements Surplus
(SiLPA). The objective of this research is to know some factors cause budget�s
measurements surplus (SiLPA) in North Mollucas Province in 2009.
The data used in the research are primary and secondary data. Primary data
obtained by spreading questionnaires to respondents who are related directly to
the financial management, while the secondary data obtained from financial
bureau. Variables used in this research are controlling, policy actor, financial
management policy, local executive policy, and local legislator�s capacity, which
are measured by using Likert Scale represented in 17 questions.
It can be conclude from the research results that local legislator�s capacity
is the most significant factor with mean value 4,109 and modus value 4, means
that respondents aggree that local legislator�s capacity affects the SiLPA. Whereas
local executive policy is the fifth factor with mean value 2,218 and modus value 2,
means that respondents do not aggree that local executive policy affects the
existing of SiLPA.


This paper deals with the automatic control system of TIG weld width.We put forward the parameter self-tuning fuzzy and integral control in order to consider demands of both dynamic and static performance.Simullation reveals that method is of utility and efficiency.


We present a case of ethmoidal adenocarcinoma which in early stages of the disease produced a meningeal carcinomatosis. Its first clinical manifestation, bilateral deafness, is exceptional. The patient's history and endoscopic and histopathological findings are presented and the relevant literature is reviewed.


This inelastic magnetic scattering of slow neutrons by single-particle and collective excitations in normal metals with quasilocal electron states at nonmagnetic impurity atoms in a quantizing magnetic field has been studied. The cross section for neutron scattering resulting in excitation of a new type of spin waves has been calculated in the random-phase approximation. Such waves are weakly damped in narrow transparency bands in the vicinity of frequencies corresponding to resonant electron transitions between the quasilocal and Landau levels accompanied by spin flip


The relationship between national legal order and international law has in the past been determined by a hierarchy of norms whose ranking and status were determined by monist or dualist oriented legal systems. This relationship will first be addressed on the bilateral level, namely between national and/or European law and international law. However, due to multilevel systems, involving the European Union, national Member States and international organisations such as the UN and the World Trade Organisation (WTO), which are engaged in multilevel regulation, the question of hierarchy between courts - and not only norms - needs consideration. To determine multilevel jurisdiction and whether this leads to collisions or gaps in the legal protection, a closer look is taken at the national courts and the European Court of Justice (ECJ) and the ECJ and the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR). Keywords:European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR); European Court of Justice (ECJ); multilevel regulations; national courts


Damaris Masham has been described as the first woman philosopher of her Age. Her best known works, published anonymously, were 'A Discourse Concerning the Love of God', 1696, and 'Occasional Thoughts in Reference to a Vertuous or Christian Life', 1705. To some scholars her ideas, radical for her time, are the ideas of an early feminist. Her correspondents besides Locke, included Leibniz. Damaris was 23 years old and Locke 49 when they first met in 1681.


Background: Multiplexed immunohistochemistry (IHC) has the potential to improve conventional IHC staining allowing for analysis of multiple cell phenotypes while maintaining spatial context. Automated multispectral image analysis and computer-based cell recognition make the process more attainable, but stringent validation of multiplex IHC is still required. Pertinently, multiplex IHC allows for the characterisation and enumeration of immune cell densities in the tumour micro-environment, of particular importance for analysis of tumour-infiltrating immune cells which require multiple co-localised markers for their identification. However, issues of antibody blocking, cross-reactivity and masking have caused concern that the results of multiplex staining may not accurately reflect those of single-plex staining. The Opal workflow from PerkinElmer uses a heat-induced epitope retrieval step between each antibody detected which aims to obviate these potential problems and enable single-species antibody use. In this study we systematically validated multiplex staining for a range of immune cell markers against single plex staining for each marker to determine the accuracy of the multiplex method. Methods: Validation of multiplex IHC was undertaken using a multi-tissue TMA stained in multiplex for CD3, CD4, CD56 and CD20 in a 4-marker validation and for CD3, CD4, CD8, CD20 and FOXP3 in a 5-marker validation. The TMA was composed of 72 cores including normal lung, pancreas, breast, prostate and stomach and malignant prostate, lung and colon. Spearman correlations measured agreement of immune cell populations with those of singly stained serial sections on a per-core basis. Single-stain/single-stain comparisons of corresponding immune cell populations provided baseline variation of immune cells in subsequent sections. Results: All validation comparisons showed a highly significant correlation (P Conclusion: Multiplex IHC is comparable to single stain IHC preserving precious samples and reagents while enhancing the information gained. Citation Format: James Mansfield, Richard Byers. Validation of multiplex immunofluorescence for use in analysis of Ttmor infiltrating lymphocytes. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference: Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; 2015 Nov 5-9; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2015;14(12 Suppl 2):Abstract nr B200.


The adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) was initially described by Ashbaugh as comprising profound hypoxia refractory to oxygen therapy, loss of lung compliance and diffuse radiographic alveolar infiltration (Ashbaugh et al., 1967). The pathophysiological features of ARDS are well established and include reduced functional residual capacity and lung compliance, increased airway resistance, microvascular permeability and severe ventilation/perfusion mismatch (Petty & Fowler 1982; Lloyd et al., 1984; Repine et al., 1992). It is now considered that the process is initiated by a provoking combination of insults, most often distant to the lung, which results in mediator release. This, in turn, initiates a complex sequence of cellular events culminating in breakdown of alveolar/capillary integrity in the lung, leakage of protein-rich fluid into the airspaces, and the clinical manifestations as outlined above.


Neil Gilbert, Ph.D., is Assistant Professor, and Harry Specht, Ph.D., is Associate Professor, School of Social Welfare, University of Califor nia, Berkeley, California. Armin Rosenkranz, Ph.D., is a lawyer and political scientist. Since 1970 the federal government has drifted from fostering community partici pation to supporting and building local political leadership. The drift, though most evident in policies developed in Wash ington, D.C., reflects some of the changing currents in American society. This article will explore this change by examining Planned Variations—a program of the De partment of Housing and Urban Develop ment (HUD) designed to grant extensive authority to local executive leadership. Planned Variations is but one of several