A rare disease is defined by the Rare Diseases Act of 2002 as a disease that currently affects fewer than 200,000 patients in the USA. A pediatric population is one where the subjects are of age 18 or less. These two crucial yet underserved types of populations come with their own limitations in clinical trials. The paucity of potential trial enrollees and sensitivity of these patients, combined with a lack of sufficient natural history and experience, presents several economical, logistical and ethical challenges when designing clinical trials. An increasingly well accepted approach to address these challenges has been data extrapolation; that is, the leveraging of available data from adults or older age groups to draw conclusions for the pediatric population. Bayesian hierarchical modeling facilitates the combining (or "borrowing") of information across disparate sources, such as adult and pediatric data. In this thesis we begin by developing, illustrating, and providing suggestions for Bayesian statistical methods that could be used to design improved clinical trials for pediatric and rare disease populations that efficiently use all available information. A variety of relevant Bayesian approaches are described, several of which are illustrated through two case studies: extrapolating adult binary efficacy data to expand the labeling for the drug Remicade R © to include pediatric ulcerative colitis, and a simulated continuous longitudinal dataset patterned after an evaluation of the drug cinacalcet in treating pediatric secondary hyperparathyroidism (HPT). The thesis then turns to methods useful in the study of X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (XALD), a rare neurodegenerative disease for which Lorenzos Oil (LO) is one of the few available treatments. We offer a hierarchical Bayesian statistical approach to understanding the pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) of LO, linking its dose to the plasma erucic acid concentrations by PK modeling, and then linking this concentration to a biomarker (C26, a very long-chain fatty acid) by PD modeling. Next, we design a Bayesian Phase IIa study to estimate precisely what improvements in the biomarker can arise from various LO doses while simultaneously modeling a binary toxicity endpoint. Our Bayesian adaptive algorithm emerges as reasonably robust and efficient while still retaining good classical (frequentist) operating characteristics. Future work in this area looks toward using the results of this trial to design a Phase III study linking LO dose to actual improvements in health status, as measured by the appearance of brain lesions observed via magnetic resonance imaging. Finally, the thesis shows how to utilize the rich PK/PD data to inform the borrowing of information from adults during pediatric drug development. Here we illustrate our approaches in the context of evaluating safety and efficacy of cinacalcet for treating HPT in pediatric and


This paper investigates the state estimation error covariances of cyber-physical systems (CPSs) when its physical system and transmission channels are attacked by false data injection (FDI). Specifically, sensors in CPSs measure the physical systems' state and then send these measurement information to a fusion center through transmission channels. Due to easy deployment and maintenance of sensors as well as unprotected wireless transmission medium, CPSs in sensing and communication are vulnerable to malicious attacks. To maliciously degrade the system estimation performance, an intruder attempts to modify the state and measurements by launching FDI attacks. To seek an optimal attack strategy from the perspective of an attacker, the corresponding estimate error covariances of CPSs are calculated. Based on this, we compare the estimation error covariances of different attacks on the physical system and transmission channels. Simulations demonstrate the effectiveness of the theoretical results.


The first aim of this study is to compare attainment of five markers of transition to adulthood between young adults with first‐episode psychosis and young adults without any psychopathology. The second aim is to examine if the association between age group and transition to adulthood is similar for individuals who experience first‐episode psychosis versus those who do not.


We investigate how R&D contributes to foreign profit margins in U.S. multinational corporations (MNCs) through wage savings and income shifting. Our research question is timely and important given rising foreign R&D investments and recent scrutiny by tax authorities and policy makers of the use of intangibles to avoid corporate income taxes. Using public data, our results suggest that although wage savings increase foreign margins attributable to foreign R&D activities, the shifting of income attributable to domestic R&D activities to lower-tax jurisdictions has a larger magnitude impact on foreign profit margins. Additional tests confirm that income shifting from domestic R&D is concentrated in firms with high-value patents, patents with low risk of expropriation, financially unconstrained firms, and in years following the implementation of the check-the-box regulations. Our evidence sheds light on the importance of R&D locations in corporate intangible income shifting that separates the location of economic activity from the location of reported taxable income.


Space efficient card reader for a variety of electronic devices comprises a plurality of electrical connector pins extending from the portion of the printed circuit board in an electronic device keeping the interval adjacent (PCB) out. The cover is configured to lie on the portion of the PCB, having a plurality of openings formed therein at a distance adjacent. Each aperture is configured to accept the one of the connector pins through the opening when there is the cover in a fixed position overlying the portion of the PCB. Socket is fixed to the outer surface of said cover, configured such that the electrical contacts of the card will accept removably said card in said socket in contact with the connector pins extending through said opening in said cover.


COVID-19 induced lock down has disrupted the food markets and commodity prices in India. This paper uses evidence from the official statistics on daily wholesale and retail prices (n=284) for major commodities by adopting interrupted timeseries analysis (ITSA). The results revealed that prices shot up immediately since lockdown, for chickpea, mung bean, and tomato. We find no evidence of structural break in food prices due to lockdown implying that the changes in prices caused by lockdown was not sufficient enough to alter the long-run price movement. ITSA confirmed the result as a majority of the commodity prices reverted indicating a negative post-intervention trend. We also triangulated the results with an online survey of 729 consumers coupled with a dipstick (telephone and personal interview) survey of 225 farmers. Despite the relaxation allowed for agricultural related activities during the lockdown, farmers reported disruption in disposing their winter produce barring wheat, covered by state procurement. The lockdown period coincided with the wheat harvest, the second most produced and consumed cereal in the country, resulting in a record procurement of 38.98 million tonnes in 2020. Consumers' survey indicated that the pandemic restricted the access to food markets and a majority (75.31%) experienced an increase in the price of food items across intensity of COVID incidence. The pandemic has impacted the consumers' livelihood from moderate (59.53%) to severe (3.3%) with 92 per cent reporting a change in shopping behavior. The Kruskal-Wallis test on Composite Consumption Behavior Change Index (CCBCI) indicated a significant shift among consumers who reported income change during the lockdown. The paper affirms that the pandemic has caused dramatic and unprecedented panic purchase by consumers as revealed by the survey. We strongly recommend for creation and functioning of suitable social safety nets to insulate vulnerable consumers and producers from the persistence and recurrence of pandemics.


I take my title from the concluding phrase of Emma. That phrase is one of several elements in Emma that attract the attention of one interested in clarifying Jane Austen's relationship with English Romanticism. Its reference to "union" calls to mind the first sentence of the novel: "Emma Woodhouse . . . seemed to unite some of the best blessings of existence" (p. 5). And this begins to look rather like Romantic literary territory: progress toward true union, marked by problems of distinguishing things as they may appear from things as they are, the reader's mind forced to move cautiously, on the alert for such warning signs as the word "seemed." One recalls movements toward union in Wordsworth, and Blake's devilish concern for melting apparent surfaces away to clear ground for the marriage of Heaven and Hell. The Romantics are obsessed with such pursuits, also sometimes with tracing their frustration, as when Mary Shelley's Monster laments Frankenstein's inability to melt surfaces that hinder union: "the human senses are insurmountable barriers to our union" (chap. 17).


It has been approximately 25 years since the NCI issued its first consensus statement recommending breast conservation therapy (BCT) as the preferred approach for women with early stage breast cancer (1). This followed publication of randomized trials which indicated that breast conservation, consisting of lumpectomy, axillary node dissection (ALND), and whole breast radiation, achieved equivalent distant metastasis-free and overall survival when compared with modified radical mastectomy. This represented a major advance in breast cancer treatment and hundreds of thousands of patients have since been successfully treated with a breast preserving approach, avoiding the disfigurement associated with breast removal. A number of advancements in local-regional treatments have further improved the outcome of BCT compared to the first clinical trials. To advise practitioners on current standards of local-regional treatments, the American College of Radiology (ACR) has published a series of appropriateness criteria for BCT. The most recent of these publications appears in this issue of the Breast Journal, written by a multidisciplinary panel of breast cancer experts who carefully reviewed and considered outcomes from clinical trials with the addition of expert opinions when necessary (2). The resulting publication provides an important summary of the current state of many issues concerning breast conservation, including a discussion of patient and disease characteristics that should be consideration in the determination of decisions regarding local-regional treatment management. The updated ACR appropriateness criteria also highlights advances in breast conservation treatment, including discussions of partial breast irradiation and hypofractionated radiation dose scheduling, both of which can significantly reduce the length of a radiation treatment course. The ACR appropriate criteria publication is an invaluable resource for providing primary care practitioners, patients and oncology specialists an overview of the current state of breast conservation treatment for early stage invasive breast cancer. In this accompanying editorial, we wish to further discuss the current state of breast conservation, specifically highlighting treatment advances that have improved the outcome of this treatment approach for breast cancer patients.


An excavation of a large rockshelter in Nara Inlet, Hook Island, on the central Queensland coast has revealed archaeological evidence for early Holocene marine resource use dating from before 8150 BP. It is argued here that the site demonstrates continuous use of marine resources from the time of its initial occupation, at the start of the Holocene. Along with other recent evidence (Allen et al. 1989, O'Connor 1989, Morse 1988) this site represents clear evidence of a continuous marine sequence spanning the Holocene. The continued use of marine resources including mangrove species throughout the Holocene argues against a time lag in the occupation of coastal sites and questions the effects of marine transgression on human populations and marine resources. Major changes in the archaeological record at Nara Inlet 1 do not coincide with the major environmental changes documented for the Holocene period in this area and it is considered that social explanations for change may offer a more fruitful interpretation.


Although cloud systems provide a reliable and flexible storage solution, the use of a single cloud service constitutes a single point of failure, which can compromise data availability, download speed, and security. To address these challenges, we advocate for the use of multiple cloud storage providers simultaneously using network coding as the key enabling technology. Our goal is to study two challenges of network coded storage systems. First, the efficient update of the number of coded fragments per cloud in a system aggregating multiple clouds in order to boost the download speed of files. We developed a novel scheme using recoding with limited packets to trade-off storage space, reliability, and data retrieval speed. Implementation and measurements with commercial cloud providers show that up to 9x less network use is needed compared to other network coding schemes, while maintaining similar download speeds and reliability. Second, the ability to update coded fragments from a linear erasure code when the original file is modified. We exploit code structure to provide efficient representations of the evolution of the file. Evaluations using file changes on software library repositories show that a five-order of magnitude reduction in network and storage use is possible compared to state-of-the-art.


Without the use of nucleic acid amplification technology, or increase or decrease, it is a method for detecting a nucleic acid which is capable of detecting a target nucleic acid with high sensitivity in the detection of a target nucleic acid disclosed in a sandwich hybridization. Method for detecting a target nucleic acid by contacting a target nucleic acid or with its fragmentation process water and a plurality of detection probes, capture probes fixed to the support with successively or simultaneously, and hybridizing the capture probe and the target nucleic acid or a fragment processed, and the target nucleic acid or by hybridization to their fragmentation process water and a plurality of detection probes, whereby a result, the process and, for coupling to a support a plurality of detection probes with the capture probe and the target nucleic acid or a fragment treated next, of the plurality bound to the support and a step of detecting the detection probes.


Abstract : Measurements were made on the propulsion system of the USS SIMON LAKE (AS-33) in February 1965 as part of a program to improve analysis procedures used by the Navy for predicting the longitudinal vibration of shaft propulsion systems. The objectives were to find the axial exciting forces and damping associated with the propulsion system of this ship, as well as to determine how the gear case, turbines, condenser, and machinery foundation affect longitudinal vibration. Alternating thrust in the shaft and longitudinal displacement of the gear case, low-pressure turbine, condenser, and machinery foundation were measured. A resonance was found to exist in the operating range, but it is not considered detrimental. The gear case, turbines, and condenser move essentially as one unit. A mass-elastic system derived from measured data includes a level effect acting on the foundation mass. The exciting forces are lower than usual, except at or near full power.


This article explains how to construct a regular heptadecagon according to the theory of cyclotonic equations which was discovered by Gauss in 1796. The author also shows how to construct any root or fraction.


Summary Objective The present up-to-date review of the international psychiatric literature summarizes scientific evidence pointing to potential mechanisms of omega-3 fatty acids in normal brain functioning, development and prevention of some neuropsychiatric disorders and efficacy of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation in the treatment of various psychopathological symptoms. Epidemiological data suggest that the dietary intake of essential long chain n-3 (omega-3) fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), may modify the risk of neurological and psychiatric disorders. Clinical evidence confirms that decreased blood levels of omega-3 fatty acids are associated with several neurological and psychiatric conditions, including: dyslexia, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, senile dementia, depression, bipolar mood disorder and schizophrenia. The reasons, for blood fatty acid alterations, in these disorders, are unknown. Supplementation studies, using one or both the omega-3 fatty acids, suggest the possibility of decreased symptoms, associated with some of these disorders. Methods An update review of the scientific literature was performed, focusing, in particular, on the neurobiological roles exerted by omega-3 fatty acids in physiological and pathological conditions. The benefits of dietetic supplementation with omega-3, in terms of decreasing the risk of onset of various psychiatric diseases, but also as effective symptomatic treatment, were revealed in a number of clinical studies. To date, there is no clear and univocal interpretation concerning the mechanism of action of omega-3 on these pathological conditions. The potential mechanisms by which omega-3 fatty acids may function differ in normal neuronal activity and in the prevention and treatment of various neuropsychiatric diseases. It is known, however, that DHA is the predominant omega-3 fatty acid present in the nervous system, while EPA appears to play a more important role as an anti-inflammatory precursor.


Objective:  In critically ill patients, a decrease in whole body oxygen consumption under hyperoxia has been reported and this could be related to hyperoxia‐induced arterial changes. We investigated changes in brachial artery circulation and tone during short‐term hyperoxic ventilation in septic patients.


What is the shape of a uniformly massive object that generates a gravitational potential equivalent to that of two equal point-masses? If the weight of each point-mass is sufficiently small compared to the distance between the points then the answer is a pair of balls of equal radius, one centered at each of the two points, but otherwise it is a certain domain of revolution about the axis passing through the two points. The existence and uniqueness of such a domain is known, but an explicit parameterization is known only in the plane where the region is referred to as a Neumann oval. We construct a four-dimensional "Neumann ovaloid", solving explicitly this inverse potential problem.


The guide covers search concepts and tools important for students studying health and medicine. Selected dictionaries and encyclopedias on health and medicine topics


Background and Objectives Epidural catheters placed for perioperative analgesia in young children confer clinical benefits but are technically challenging to insert. Approximations of the skin to epidural space depth in this population are limited to direct needle measurement and ultrasonography. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the most comprehensive imaging modality of the spine. This study aims to produce a more clinically useful formula from MRI data to estimate pediatric epidural depth. Methods Seventy children with normal lumbar spine MR images were enrolled. After determination of epidural depth, linear regression was used to estimate a weight-based formula. Analysis of variance and bootstrap methods were used to evaluate this formula against 4 commonly cited formulae. The quality of predictions was evaluated using the mean absolute prediction error. Results The estimated weight-based formula as derived by MRI data is given by: skin to epidural depth (mm) = 9.00 + 0.62 * weight in kilograms. The mean absolute prediction error was 2.56 mm (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 2.12–3.04) for the new formula. Additional derived formulae are skin to dorsal dura depth (mm) = 13.52 + 0.71 * weight in kilograms (mean absolute prediction error, 2.48 mm; 95% CI, 2.00–3.03) and skin to ventral dural depth (mm) = 23.08 + 0.86 * weight in kilograms (mean absolute prediction error, 2.50 mm; 95% CI, 2.04–3.06). Conclusions We provide the first predictive formulae, based on MRI data, for pediatric epidural depth estimation.


The proposed investigation seeks to elaborate on the notion that the metaphor of skin(s), as assumed by contemporary digital design, have produced a conjuncture where the historical, the technical and discursive logics ordering modern tectonics, has been transcended, a condition that I will refer to as metatectonics. In addition to historiographic analysis of such condition, the project seeks to define a conceptual design project that will serve as case study to strategize the theory of meta-tectonics.


Corticosteroids are a mainstay of treatment in the management of sinonasal inflammatory disease. Despite their common use, many practitioners are not well versed in their potential complications or the medico‐legal ramifications of their use. The objectives of this review were to outline the existing data of the medico‐legal implications of oral steroids.


Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused a fatal pandemic worldwide. This review aims to discuss laboratory, molecular, and serological methods and their advantages and disadvantages over each other in COVID-19 diagnosis. Moreover, computed tomography (CT) scan, that is used on suspicion of COVID-19 pneumonia and for determining the severity and progression of the disease, is also discussed. Different CT features categorize the patients into low to high-risk groups. Here, we described three kinds of CT classification based on CT patterns within different time courses of the disease. Chest CT imaging should be considered for screening, evaluating, and following up COVID-19 due to its high sensitivity. Approximately, shortly after the onset of symptoms, viral load can be diagnosed by real-time PCR technique through bronchoalveolar lavage, nasopharyngeal and/or oropharyngeal swab sampling. Proper sampling may delineate the result of this test. Although RT-PCR assay is currently considered the gold standard test, false-negative results should be considered. Furthermore, a positive test may indicate the infection with SARS-CoV-2, but not necessarily the disease, and the person may be a carrier or other organs may be involved other than the lungs. In contrast to CT imaging, RT-PCR assay has poor sensitivity, but it helps the decision-making on hospitalization and isolation. The emergence of reliable serological tests has promoted the diagnosis, treatment process, chronic or carrier status of an individual, and epidemiological studies. In addition, an earlier and more accurate diagnosis will be provided for asymptomatic or susceptible individuals.


We consider one-dimensional branching Brownian motion in which particles are absorbed at the origin. We assume that when a particle branches, the offspring distribution is supercritical, but the particles are given a critical drift towards the origin so that the process eventually goes extinct with probability one. We establish precise asymptotics for the probability that the process survives for a large time t, building on previous results by Kesten (1978) and Berestycki, Berestycki, and Schweinsberg (2014). We also prove a Yaglom-type limit theorem for the behavior of the process conditioned to survive for an unusually long time, providing an essentially complete answer to a question first addressed by Kesten (1978). An important tool in the proofs of these results is the convergence of a certain observable to a continuous state branching process. Our proofs incorporate new ideas which might be of use in other branching models.


ABSTRACT Building on a Value–Belief–Norm (VBN) theory, this study set out to develop a value–belief–emotion–norm model as a comprehensive theoretical framework for explicating customers' pro-environmental decision-making process in a cruise context. Results of the structural analysis revealed that our model satisfactorily fit the data and the proposed relationships were generally supported. Our sequential framework involving the emotional process was superior to the original VBN model and alternative mediator and moderator models, and explained more effectively the decision formation. Moreover, results showed that the integrated emotional process played a vital role in generating moral norms and intentions. Findings further identified the important mediating nature of belief constructs, anticipated emotion, and personal norms.


One of major optical network problem is to route and to assign the wavelength efficiently because of its wavelength reuse characteristics and information transparency. By utilizing the trade-off scheme between the blocking probability and setup time of the requested route, priority-based RWA (PRWA) approaches has been studied for WDM networks by introducing a priority criterion which depends on calculation of hop counts and volume of the traffic. The simulation result shows that PRWA technique reduces both the blocking probability (approx. 20%) as compare with non-priority based RWA scheme and the average end to end delay near about (10 msec.) as compare with Adaptive routing (AR) at various traffic load conditions. This approach also results in cost-effectiveness as well as reduction in the complexity of the network in comparison to earlier reported techniques


Envelope alignment is one of the key steps for inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) translational compensation. The traditional envelope alignment method cannot be accurately completed under a low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), which will limit the accuracy of subsequent phase focusing. We propose a deep recurrent neural network (RNN) frame to address the problem. This is an end-to-end learning approach. Radar echo pulses are input to the network one by one according to time sequence. The inputs of each layer can be divided into two parts. The one is the current pulse, and the other one, named "state," is the outputs of the previous layer except for the aligned pulse. Moreover, the outputs of each layer contain the "state" for the next layer and the aligned result of the input pulse. The above structure is a typical RNN, and the "states" transform the time-sequence information between different pulses. Compared with the traditional methods, the experiments verify that the proposed network can not only provide better alignment accuracy under low SNR but also require a shorter alignment time.


Simple Summary Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera, Aphidoidae) is a worldwide pest. The life history of A. gossypii is complex and there are at least two reproductive strategies in China: holocyclic and anholocyclic types. At present, the strategies of anholocyclic A. gosspii for coping with photoperiod and temperature conditions in autumn and winter remain unknown. Therefore, we studied the reproduction pattern of anholocyclic A. gossypii under different light conditions at low temperatures and performed a transcriptional analysis of them. In this study, the results showed that changes in photoperiod affect the reproduction of A. gossypii. High-throughput sequencing analysis revealed that photoperiodic changes lead to differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in corresponding pathways. Through screening, we found that these DEGs were concentrated in Hsp70 family genes, legumain-like genes, and cathepsin B-like genes. This suggested that these DEGs play an important role in photoperiod changes that regulate the reproduction of A. gossypii. Our results will provide insights into control populations of A. gossypii through the regulation of reproduction. Abstract Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera, Aphidoidae) is a polyphagous pest, whose complex phenotypic form, combined with its high fecundity and short reproductive cycle, has caused serious economic losses to agriculture worldwide. Photoperiod plays an important role in the reproduction of aphids. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying its response to seasonal photoperiodic changes are not known. In this study, the effects of different photoperiod treatments (8 L:16 D, 10 L:14 D, 12 L:12 D and 14 L:10 D) on A. gossypii reproduction in the first, third, and fifth generations at low temperatures were investigated. Then, transcriptome sequencing analysis was performed after the fifth generation of A. gossypii, exposed to different photoperiods (8 L:16 D and 12 L:12 D), using high-throughput sequencing technology. The results showed that (I) the effect of photoperiod on aphids was gradually evident with increasing exposure generations. In general, daylight extension help the A. gossypii to reproduce with the optimum photoperiod of L:D 12:12. (II) The transcriptome analysis results showed that 170 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) (123 downregulated and 47 upregulated genes) were identified between aphids under 8 h daylight and 12 h daylight. (III) Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis showed that the DEGs involved in "proteolysis", "metabolic process", "peptidase activity" and "structural molecule activity" were significantly enriched; Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis showed that there were more DEGs in "Longevity regulating pathway-multiple species", "Lysosome", "Endocytosis", "Spliceosome" and "Protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum". (IV) Ten related genes were chosen for validation of statistical analysis based on RNA-Seq by the reverse transcription quantitative (RT-qPCR). The comparison was consistent with the expression pattern and supported the accuracy and reliability of RNA-Seq. In summary, the genes involved in these pathways play an important role in the reproduction of A. gossypii under photoperiodical changes. These will contribute to the sustainable management of cotton aphids through the disruption of their reproduction by the method of RNA interference in the future.


The distributed parameter and continuous simulation Annualized Agricultural Non‐Point Source (AnnAGNPS) model was implemented in the watershed Anzur (Spain) covered by olive groves, to assess its prediction capability of surface runoff at the large watershed scale in semi‐arid conditions. A 5‐year database reporting hydrological, geomorphological and land use characteristics of the watershed allowed model implementation. Almost 180 surface runoff events were modelled by AnnAGNPS and compared with the corresponding observations through statistical indexes and grouping the runoff events in order to evaluate the model at different temporal scales (event, monthly and seasonal). AnnAGNPS evaluation showed that, in general, runoff was estimated by the default model with low accuracy at all the investigated time scales, likely, as a result of a simple representation of spatial variability. Calibration (by reducing initial curve numbers (CN) of the olive groves) provided more accurate and satisfactory predictions of event, monthly and seasonal runoff volumes with a low effort in the parameterisation approach. The best model performance was achieved at the event scale. The runoff prediction reliability may be attributable to the AnnAGNPS inaccuracy in adjusting CN values during the continuous simulation of the soil moisture conditions, because estimations of daily evapotranspiration values are quite realistic. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Abstract In endonasal surgery, approaching the anterior maxillary wall via the ipsilateral nostril is difficult. It is necessary to have good visual and instrument control when removing lesions such as inverted papilloma. We describe an approach through a temporary septotomy which provides good access from the contralateral nostril. The contralateral mucoperichondrial incision is anterior and the ipsilateral one posterior. The cartilage is hinged superiorly. There is minimal chance of perforation.


If a subgroup of a population is of particular interest in a survey, researchers may wish to increase the yield of this special subgroup by oversampling. One procedure for oversampling through households, or other clusters, is to divide the households into two segments: the main sample and the oversample (for which only members of the special group are eligible). Members of the oversampled special group come from both segments. This paper describes three methods for weighting the members of the special group. The household method treats the segments as strata and weights according to the proportion of households in each segment. The yield method uses weights according to the yield of special‐group members in the two segments. The combined probability method provides a Horvitz‐Thompson estimator using the sum of the probabilities that a person will be selected through either segment. Simulations show that the yield method produces estimates with variance lower than those of the household method. The combined probability method appears to be even more efficient. The difference in precision between the methods is small for estimates from the total sample but the household method can be markedly worse than the other two methods for estimates from the oversampled special group (over 40% greater variance in one scenario). Results from a community sample illustrate the comparisons. Because the household method can be much less efficient it should not be used.


Using anisotropic holographic metasurfaces to transform the creeping waves into circularly polarized (CP) beams has initiated the quest for tangible applications in different disciplines. However, the present designs are only limited to the planar impedance surfaces with rare studies concerning the linear-to-circular polarization converting holographic metasurface over the conformal platforms. In this article, we demonstrate the perfect transformation of linearly polarized (LP) surface waves into CP waves through cylindrical anisotropic holographic metasurfaces consisting of gradient H-shaped slits etched on the periodic circular patches. Especially, the linear-to-circular polarization conversion rate can always maintain a very high level for the beam synthesis no matter how the curvature of the metasurface changes, and such high-purity CP beams also demonstrate very good quality of steerable characteristics over conformal surfaces. Our approach, using anisotropic holographic metasurfaces to transform the creeping waves into high-purity CP beams, should pave the way for more advanced functional meta-device designs over the nonplanar impedance surfaces.


Urbanization threatens headwater stream ecosystems globally. Watershed restoration practices, such as infiltration‐based stormwater management, are implemented to mitigate the detrimental effects of urbanization on aquatic ecosystems. However, their effectiveness for restoring hydrologic processes and watershed storage remains poorly understood. Our study used a comparative hydrology approach to quantify the effects of urban watershed restoration on watershed hydrologic function in headwater streams within the Coastal Plain of Maryland, USA. We selected 11 headwater streams that spanned an urbanization–restoration gradient (4 forested, 4 urban‐degraded, and 3 urban‐degraded) to evaluate changes in watershed hydrologic function from both urbanization and watershed restoration. Discrete discharge and continuous, high‐frequency rainfall‐stage monitoring were conducted in each watershed. These datasets were used to develop 6 hydrologic metrics describing changes in watershed storage, flowpath connectivity, or the resultant stream flow regime. The hydrological effects of urbanization were clearly observed in all metrics, but only 1 of the 3 restored watersheds exhibited partially restored hydrologic function. At this site, a larger minimum runoff threshold was observed relative to the urban‐degraded watersheds, suggesting enhanced infiltration of stormwater runoff within the restoration structure. However, baseflow in the stream draining this watershed remained low compared to the forested reference streams, suggesting that enhanced infiltration of stormwater runoff did not recharge subsurface storage zones contributing to stream baseflow. The highly variable responses among the 3 restored watersheds were likely due to the spatial heterogeneity of urban development, including the level of impervious cover and extent of the storm sewer network. This study yielded important knowledge on how restoration strategies, such as infiltration‐based stormwater management, modulated—or failed to modulate—hydrological processes affected by urbanization, which will help improve the design of future urban watershed management strategies. More broadly, we highlighted a multimetric approach that can be used to monitor the restoration of headwater stream ecosystems in disturbed landscapes.


Abstract The use of video-recording offers important advantages in observing and assessing the relationships between specific behaviors in health care settings. The purpose of this systematic review is to investigate and synthesize the methodological characteristics of studies using video-technology for measuring interactions between the older persons with dementia and staff in long-term care facilities. We searched Medline, Embase and CINHAL databases for published articles in English using a video-recording method for both staff and persons with dementia. Quantitative research design studies (e.g., descriptive studies or an experimental studies) were included. Among 5,605 searched papers, a total of 20 studies were selected for this review. Situations of video-recording were providing personal care (n=12), mealtime (n=6), and conversation (n=3). Concepts of measuring by video-recording were classified into two groups: 1) Staff [care practice by staff (n=13) and communication by staff (n=11)] and 2) residents [communication by resident (n=4), activities of daily life function of resident (n=8), and behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (n=10)]. This review demonstrates that video technologies are actively used to evaluate the relationship between quality of care and health outcomes of the elderly with dementia in many international nursing studies. This study provides the foundation for a future research using video-recording technologies to examine the interactions and relationship between staff and the residents in long-term care settings.


This paper makes a survey on the colorful leaf plants in parks,sight-seeing points and main roads in Changsha city.Based on the survey, the author makes a tentative classification on the colorful leaf plants,analyses their geographical origin,summarizes their ornamental characteristics and applications in landscape,which provide the city with the scientific references to introduction,choice and applications of colorful leaf plants.


∣ + [n = k = 0]. Many interesting combinatorial numbers, such as binomial coefficients, both kinds of Stirling and associated Stirling numbers, Lah numbers, Eulerian numbers, and second-order Eulerian numbers, satisfy special cases of this recurrence. Our techniques yield explicit expressions in the instances α = −β, β = β = 0, and α β = α ′ β + 1, adding to the result of Neuwirth on the case α = 0. Our approach employs finite differences, continuing work of the author on using finite differences to study combinatorial numbers satisfying simple recurrences. We also find expressions for the power sum ∑n j=0 ∣


Object-oriented analysis (OOA) and object-oriented design (OOD) rely on classes and objects as the lowest level building blocks. These classes and objects form patterns with specific relationships between them. Groups of classes in an object-oriented environment are likely to be useful repeatedly. Many patterns may be found by trial-and-error and by observation. Examples of pattern types include item description, time association, event logging, roles played, state across a collection, and broadcast. Patterns standardize small piecework into a larger unit and become building blocks for program design and construction.


Conditions of release of trapped droplets in constricted channels are of great significance in various domains, including microfluidic development and enhanced oil recovery. In our previous studies, a detailed and quantitative analysis of the threshold pressure needed to release a droplet from a constricted channel has been performed. However, droplets may exist in real applications as long droplets, which may exhibit different behavior than finite droplets. Therefore, in this study, direct numerical simulations, combining the fluid flow equations and the phase-field method, have been conducted on three-dimensional constrained channels to investigate discrepancies in release conditions of finite droplets and long droplets. The results have shown that for a finite droplet, the maximum pressure increases with the increase in the contact angle, whereas for a long droplet, the maximum pressure is almost the same both in the water-wet and neutral-wet conditions. Effects of droplet size on the release pressure have also been studied. For the finite droplet and at the water-wet condition (θ = 45°), the minimum release pressure increases linearly with the droplet length, while for the long droplet at similar conditions, the minimum release pressure does not change much as the length of the droplet increases. Furthermore, the release pressure decreases with the increased tapering angle.


The implementation of interaction techniques in Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR) applications still poses a considerable challenge for developers. There are few tools, conventions and standards to rely on. This paper presents the design of a framework aimed at the separation of interactionspecific and domain-specific functionality of VR/AR applications. The goal is to alleviate the development of interaction techniques by providing generic, re-usable components.


—Many systems today rely heavily on virtual private network (VPN) technology to connect networks and protect services on the Internet. While prior studies compare the per- formance of different implementations, they do not consider adversarial settings. To address this gap, we evaluate the resilience of VPN implementations to flooding-based denial-of-service (DoS) attacks. We focus on a class of stateless flooding attacks , which are particularly threatening because an attacker that operates stealthily by spoofing its IP addresses can perform them. We have implemented various attacks to evaluate the DoS resilience of four widely used VPN solutions and measured their impact on a high- performance server with a 40 Gb / s interface, which has revealed surprising results: An adversary can deny data transfer over an already established WireGuard connection with just 300 Mb / s of attack traffic. When using strongSwan (IPsec), 75 Mb / s of attack traffic is sufficient to block connection establishment. A 100 Mb / s flood overwhelms OpenVPN, denying data transfer through VPN connections and connection establishments. Cisco's AnyConnect VPN solution can be overwhelmed with even less attack traffic: When using IPsec, 50 Mb / s of attack traffic deny connection establishment. When using SSL, 50 Mb / s deny data transfer over already established connections. Furthermore, per- formance analysis of WireGuard revealed significant inefficiencies in the implementation related to multi-core synchronization. We also found vulnerabilities in the implementations of strongSwan and OpenVPN, which an attacker can easily exploit for highly effective DoS attacks. These findings demonstrate the need for adversarial testing of VPN implementations with respect to DoS resilience.


Because in vitro fertilization and related practices circumvent the role of sex in reproduction and create new biological and social relationships not anticipated by the conventional nuclear family, the public responses to these practices often express discomfort with their failure to reproduce normative social relations. In contrast, promotional materials for fertility treatments situate technologically assisted reproduction within conventional paradigms for reproduction. These materials focus on procreation as an exchange of genes and represent this exchange as a natural form of self expression. In so doing, they articulate a conservative biological determinism which reinscribes the race, class and sexual politics that inform what constitutes culturally validated generation.


The purposes of this study were to (1) describe the kinds of words aquisition by childrens 5 years old at Bukik Batabuah, (2) describe the kinds of meanings aquisition by childrens 5 years old at Bukik Batabuah, (3) describe the words by semantic field which is aquisition by childrens 5 years old at Bukik Batabuah, and (4) describe the step of semantic aquisition chidren 5 years old at Bukik Batabuah. The data of this study were  speech acts the children 5 years old at Bukik Batabuah. Data were colected by  using observation method, interview technique, record technique, and note technique. The findings of this study showed that the children 5 years old at Bukik Batabuah (1) has aquisition 12 kinds of words, they are, verb, noun, adjektive, adverbial, pronominal, demonstrative, interogative, numeral, preposition, articula,  interjection, and fatic categorial, (2) has aqusition 9  kinds of means, they are leksical, grammatical, referencial, nonreferencial, denotative, conotative, figure, idiomatic, and word meaning, (3) aquisition the most word in the activity semantic field, and (4) childen were not in the generalisation step in semantic aquisition's step, but they are going to that step.


High Resolution Measurement of Time Variation in Skin Impedance Locus Takenori FUKUMOTO, Member (Faculty of Science and Technology, Tohoku Bunka Gakuen University), Shigeo OHBA, Non-member, Ryoko FUTAMI, Non-member, Haruo TANAKA, Non-member, Nozomu HOSHIMIYA, Member (Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University) Measurement of skin impedance locus at high time-resolution is needed for evaluating stress, effects of acupuncturing and so on. In this report, we proposed a new measuring method of the skin impedance lo cus which have advantages over the previous methods. In order to check the validity of a new measuring method in actual measurements, we performed measurement of the time variation in skin impedance locus at high time-resolution using the new method. We examined how the skin impedance locus change with auditory stimulus and quantified the change in skin impedance locus. As a result, we confirmed that the measurements precision and the time-resolution of the new measuring method were enough for measuring the temporal variation in skin impedance locus. We also found that the temporal variation in skin impedance locus, that is, the detail of the temporal variation in electrical properties, can be evaluated quantitatively by some of the skin impedance parameters estimated from impedance locus.


The Box-Jenkins method is one of the time forecasting methods series.  This method uses values in the past as the dependent variable and variable independently ignored.  The Box-Jenkins method has the advantage of being usable on non-stationary data can be used on all data patterns so that this method can be used to predict the daily use of cellular data.  The purpose of the study to find out the model and predict the amount of cellular data daily usage using data from March 10, 2020 to May 29, 2020. Results of the analysis shows the best model for daily use of cellular data is ARIMA (0,1,2). The best model meets the test requirements, namely the parameter significance test and diagnostic checking.


2) This study investigates the effect of external shocks on stock market volatility, focusing on improving the explanatory power and prediction ability of the heterogeneous autoregressive model of realized volatility (HAR-RV) using intraday high-frequency 5-minute return data from the KOSPI market index over the period from January 2004 to June 2016. Based on previous studies, we use improved methods in our empirical design to enhance the reliability of the empirical results: a method extracting jump components from measurements of realized volatility based on statistical significance evaluation; a method incorporating nighttime market information (without trading) into the measurements of realized volatility; a method assessing whether to improve the prediction ability of a proposed model through statistical significance evaluation; and a robustness test comparing the proposed model with models containing well-known explanatory variables of the volatility leverage effect and realized skewness and kurtosis. * Corresponding Author. Address: University of Seoul, 163 Seoulsiripdae-ro Dongdaemun-gu Seoul 02504, Korea; E-mail: email@example.com; Tel: 82-2-6490-2234. We are thankful to two anonymous referees and Professor Joon Chae(editor) for their useful comments. All errors are our own.


The most serious impediment to writing substantial programs in the Java™ programming language is the lack of a gentricity mechanism for abstracting classes and methods with respect to type. During the past two years, several research groups have developed Java extensions that support various forms of genericity, but none has succeeded in accommodating general type parameterization (akin to Java arrays) while retaining compatibility with the existing. Java Virtual Machine. In this paper, we explain how to support general type parameterization---including both non-variant and covariant subtyping---on top of the existing Java Virtual Machine at the cost of a larger code footprint and the forwarding of some method calls involving parameterized classes and methods. Our language extension is forward and backward compatible with the Java 1.2 language and run-time environment: programs in the extended language will run on existing Java 1.2 virtual machines (relying only on the unparameterized Java core libraries) and all existing Java 1.2 programs have the same binary representation and semantics (behavior) in the extended language.


– Forest fires and wetlands has become one of the most serious issues faced by Indonesia these days. Wetlands is an area with a high potential for fires, especially when entering the dry season. Fires keeps occurring in forest and lands all over Indonesia, including Ogan Ilir Regency, South Sumatra Province. In topography, Ogan Ilir Regency was one of areas that has quite extensive wetlands. Data from the Regional Disaster Management Agency of Ogan Ilir Regency recorded that, as of September 2019, there were 738 hectares of land that burned during the year of 2019. Thi study aimed to map the occurrence of forest and wetland fires in Ogan Ilir Regency in 2019. The method used is the Geographic Information System (GIS), where data related to fire is processed through the Geographic Information System (GIS) application. The data obtained is secondary data from the Regional Disaster Management Agency of Ogan Ilir Regency. From the results of the forest and wetland fires mapping in Ogan Ilir Regency, it is discovered that areas where forest and wetland fires often occur are in North Indralaya District, Pemulutan, and West Pemulutan. From the results of this mapping, identification of forest and wetland fire causes can be carried out, especially in sub-districts where fire occurrences are most frequent, so that effective prevention and mitigation efforts can


Abstract Described is the asymmetric synthesis of the allylic alcohols 11 (85% ee), 15 (99% ee), 17 (93% ee), 19 (61% ee), and 21 (69% ee) through a Pd-catalyzed reaction of the unsymmetrical carbonates rac - 10 , rac - 12 , rac - 14 , rac - 16 , rac - 18 , and rac - 20 , respectively, with KHCO 3 and H 2 O in the presence of bisphosphane 6 . Similarly the allylic alcohols 23 (99% ee) and 25 (97% ee) have been obtained from the symmetrical carbonates rac - 22 and rac - 24 , respectively. Reaction of the meso -biscarbonate 26 with H 2 O and Pd(0)/ 6 afforded alcohol 27 (96% ee), which was converted to the PG building block 32 . The unsaturated bisphosphane 33 showed in the synthesis of alcohols 36 , 37 , and 39 a similar high selectivity as 6 . The formation of alcohols 11 , 15 , and 17 involves an efficient dynamic kinetic resolution.


This paper describes the use of an embedded multiprocessor to speed up the computer vision tasks of an autonomous mobile robot. A brief overview over the robot's vision system is given, identifying a signature segmentation algorithm as the most run-time consuming task. A parallelization strategy for the segmentation algorithm is presented based on the exploitation of the data-parallelism. The parallel algorithm is implemented on a multi-DSP system and experimentally evaluated. Speed-up and efficiency figures are discussed.


The paper deals with a theoretical and numerical study of nonlinear inverse problems of time-harmonic wave suppression in regular three-dimensional acoustic waveguides. In these problems the field, which is generated by a primary source is given and it is required to suppress it completely or to minimize it by the action of secondary sources. The problems are considered as the minimization problems of some cost functionals. The power radiated to the far zone of the waveguide or the potential energy of the field in some bounded domain of the waveguide are used as these functionals. The coordinates and amplitudes of the secondary antennas play the role of controls. Each of the mentioned functionals is a quadratic function of the complex intensity and, nonconvex general function of the point source coordinates. An efficient numerical method for solution of these problems is developed and some results of numerical experiments are discussed.


Scattering matrix([S] parameter) is one of the important matrix types in the characteristic of microwave networks description.The understanding and application of the microwave network scattering matrix theory are important and difficult in teaching process.Based on the basic passive microwave component-3dB branch-line hybrid,startting from it's scattering matrix,the paper studies the working performance and practical applications.The process can enhance the understanding of the scattering matrix and make the undergraduates master the analysis method.The plentiful practical applications of the 3dB branch-line hybrid can also be included in the process.


Production is one of the activities carried out in a company, especially CV. Mahera engaged in the processing of export quality dried anchovy. Anchovy is one of the fisheries commodities that have high economic value and is a commodity in the processing of fishery products in CV. Mahera. But the system that is done on the CV. Mahera is still done manually, namely through several processes of weighing, cooking, drying, framing and sorting. so in determining the amount of anchovies exports take a long time and income the amount of production is uncertain in each process. Thus in every time exports sometimes can not meet the desired target by consumers. Therefore, the development of this system aims to apply the Tsukamoto fuzzy method to predict the amount of exported anchovy production based on the number of catches and the dry amount as input variables. The process is carried out by inputting the amount of catch and the amount of dry in the system will then display the results of production as output. The accuracy of the results of the assessment of this system between the original data (115 & 101) with the calculated results (102.5 & 99.25) the highest difference is 12.5 and the lowest difference is 1.75. Based on testing this application it can be seen that the prediction results from the application of the Tsukamoto fuzzy method meet the existing production amount. By using this application the company can predict production results faster than the manual process.


To study the expression and function of HOXA5 in breast cancer cells with different invasive and metastatic potential and to gain insight into the underlying molecular mechanism. Methods: Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blot were used to detect the differential expression of mRNA and protein of HOXA5. The entire open reading frame (ORF) of HOXA5 gene was amplified from MCF-10A cells by RT-PCR using the gene-specific primers and then were cloned into pcDNA3.1(+) and were stably transfected into MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells by LipofectamineTM 2000 Transfection Reagent. After selection in the presence of 1000μg/mL Geneticin (G418 sulfate; Invitrogen) for 4 weeks, the pcDNA3.1(+)-Rab27A positive and the empty vector positive colonies named as 231/Rab27A and 231/vector were identified by RT-PCR and Western blot analysis. Cell apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry (FCM) and Western blot was used to detect the expression of p53 and the activity of caspase 2 and caspase 8. Results: The expression of mRNA and protein of HOXA5 in breast cancer cells decreased with the increase of the invasive and metastatic ability. Overexpression of HOXA5 increased cell apoptosis by 7%-8% in MDA-MB-231 (P0.01) and enhanced the activity of caspase 2 and caspase 8, but did not affect the expression of p53 in breast cancer cells. Conclusion: HOXA5 is negatively correlated with the invasive and metastatic ability of breast cancer cells and has effects on breast cancer cells through activating caspase 2 and caspase 8, thus promoting apoptosis.


This study adopts a unique dataset that includes the complete history of transactions in the Taiwan options market to investigate the misreaction patterns for marketwise observations and the transactions of four different categories of investors in the high-frequency framework. Using the results from model-free tests as benchmarks, we find that model-based tests incorrectly indicate the existence of investor misreaction and show the differences of misreaction degree among investor categories. Our findings are robust to alternative observation frequencies and duration definitions.


This manuscript addresses the design of a discrete regulator for an unstable coupled ODE-PDE cascade system with a recycle stream. The proposed regulator design considers a state feedback gain control law with the input applied to the ODE system. The controller has to ensure the closed-loop system stability and proper output tracking of reference signals. The discrete nature of the design is achieved by application of structure preserving Cayley-Tustin discretization to the coupled system given by a first-order ODE and a first-order hyperbolic PDE without the use of any spatial approximation and/or model order reduction. For the stabilization, the backstepping methodology is applied to ensure the system is mapped to the desired stable target system. To achieve adequate tracking, an exosystem representation is assumed in the design and leads to the corresponding Sylvester equation. The corresponding relationship between the continuous and discrete setting is shown. Finally, the simulations show the performance of the designed regulator for proper stabilization and trajectory tracking.


Brennan, Jack. 2002. Straight Talk on Investing, What You Need to Know (New York: John Wiley and Sons).

Sagner, James, 2002. The Real World of Finance; 12 Lessons for the 21st Century (New York: John Wiley and Sons).


The hot wire type air flow meter is an important tool in measuring the quality of air flow. It is widely used in Santana engine, and in this article, the application in exhaust analyzer is introduced. The basis theory, the basic principle and the application of the hot wire type air flow meter are presented. The main purpose of this article is using the least square method to fit the standard data, calibrating accurately the flow meter by making the curve fit, then using standard tests and comparing the results with the standard current flux at last. The results indicate that the hot wire type air flow meter is accurate in surveying the flux of the exhaust gas.


Nowadays the Javanese traditional children's games have started erased its existence. The development of technology, traditional games is now considered less interesting and have started being replaced with more modern toys and electronic toys. Whereas traditional game has many benefits for the development and growth of the child. With the presence of the museum of traditional children's games are expected to introduce Java back knowledge about all kinds of Javanese traditional children's games, as well as cultural values embodied in the traditional game. The design concept being used is the game gobak sodor . Gobak sodor is a group game and competition. While applications in materials, colors, furniture and interior, which are extracted from human motion playing gobak sodor , and competition in the game that is the opposite of games as well as paying attention to the museum's main target function is intended for children. Adoption of these applications can be seen from the use and incorporation of dynamic and static forms, warm colours, namely orange that gives the impression of a dynamic, cheerful and uplifting and cold colours green gave the impression, tranquility and natural shade, natural materials of wood, parquet, bamboo and artificial materials include carpeting, pipe, and glass. In addition, applying local Javanese culture through elements of interior  batik motifs.


Using literature,expert interview and text anal-ysis methods,this paper has collected all kinds of docu-ments and materials relating to the elderly physical dis-ease patients exercise related quality of life at home andabroad,summed up the intersection on health relatedquality of life research theory and methods,Subjective andobjective evaluation index multidimensional perspective,the practical application of research results,and the clini-cal and the experimental intervention methods to maintainand enhance the quality of life of elderly population spe-cific measures of the main features. Analysis as follows:the existing research methods are not scientific enough,the lack of depth and system research,and the basic theo-retical research is relatively weak,and based on this studyon health related quality of life should be combined withmedicine,sociology,culturology,Anthropology and otherdisciplines theory and research methods,referring to theadvanced the mature theory and practice experience offoreign countries,realize the transfer of the focus of the re-search,and enhance the interaction between the theoryand practice and future trends.


There is an increasing trend to apply microsystems and microfluidics to solve medical and biomedical tasks. Microfluidic modules are used to modify and manipulate cells and cell clusters for therapeutic applications. Specifically, a method and technical system for encapsulation of Langerhans' islets as an option for the future treatment of diabetes mellitus is described. Type‐1 diabetes patients suffer from an absolute lack of the hormone insulin caused by an autoimmune process destroying the Langerhans' islets. One way to restore glucose‐dependent insulin secretion is the transplantation of human pancreatic islet cells (85% beta cells) from cadaveric donors. However, to prevent the rejection of the transplanted cells by the immune system of the host, a life long immunosuppressive medication is necessary. One possible way to prevent this rejection would be the transplantation of immunoseparated Langerhans' islets, which are encapsulated in a 3D‐alginate matrix polymerized with ions like Ba2+. As has been successfully shown in animal experiments, this technique would furthermore allow the transplantation of xenograft islets and thus help to solve the problem of shortage in donor organs. We present a microfluidics‐based system for encapsulation of cells in alginate.


In the new economic situation, more and more researchers began to pay attention to the electricity market. Government departments attach great importance to the growth of electricity consumption. This paper tries to investigate the relationship between electricity consumption and economic growth in Fujian Province China, using monthly data during January 2014 (2014m01) to May 2017 (2017m05). Investment, consumption and export data instead of only Gross Domestic Product (GDP) data is used to represent the economic growth, which indicates their individual effect on electricity consumption. Dickey-Fuller (DF) tests reveal that all the time series are non-stationary and individually integrated of order one. Long-run cointegration relationships between investment, consumption, export and electricity consumption individually are revealed by Engel-Granger (EG) tests. Furthermore, this paper shows that there exist unidirectional Granger causalities running from investment, consumption and export to electricity consumption based on Vector Auto-Regression (VAR) models, which are verified robust and can be used for policy analysis.


Sound encoding is mediated by Ca2+ influx-evoked release of glutamate at the ribbon synapse of inner hair cells. Here we studied the role of ATP in this process focusing on Ca2+ current through CaV1.3 channels and Ca2+ homeostasis in mouse inner hair cells. Patch-clamp recordings and Ca2+ imaging demonstrate that hydrolyzable ATP is essential to maintain synaptic Ca2+ influx in inner hair cells via fueling Ca2+-ATPases to avoid an increase in cytosolic [Ca2+] and subsequent Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent inactivation of CaV1.3 channels.


At present, more and more researches deals with the characteristic features of generation Y and generation Z. As it is about the present and future generations, corporate success and the competitive operation are determined by the behaviour of these generations in the long-run. Researches justifies that there are significant differences between the two generations despite the similarities. These differences appear rather emphasized in the corporate environment when several questions arise at workplaces in the process of cooperation – especially in the field of knowledge-sharing and knowledge transfer-regarding the characteristics of the two generations. Last year, the authors carried out a quantitative research by questionnaires in order to reveal what the managing of these two generations mean for the managers and also what difficulties occur when the two generations cooperate with each other and with elder generations as well. The main question of the research was how to approach the new generations from the view of HR? Although the research cannot be considered representative (410 respondents participated in the survey), it can give a picture about the examined issues. The hypothesis phrased by the authors was justified according to which of the HR activities have to adapt to the requirements of the new generations upon their appearance.


Perhaps it may be worthwhile, amid the deep confusions which beset us nowadays on all sides, for one lifelong socialist, who makes no profession of being able to see the whole thing clear in his mind, to set down as frankly as he can the broad attitude to which he has been reluctantly and unhappily driven by the impact of recent events. In order to do this, I must go back at least to the time just before the war in Korea began. The situation, as I think we then all understood it to be, was that the Americans had not only withdrawn their forces from Korea, but had stated quite openly that they did not regard South Korea as a defensible area in the event of war. This article can also be found at the Monthly Review website , where most recent articles are published in full. Click here to purchase a PDF version of this article at the Monthly Review website.


A relative humidity (RH) fiber optic sensor is demonstrated based on the multimode interference (MMI) phenomenon utilizing a no-core fiber (NCF) coated with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). The sensor's structure is simple and consists of a section of NCF spliced between two standard single-mode fibers (SMFs). The fabrication and testing of a tapered version with enhanced sensitivity is also presented. The native MMI sensor showed a sensitivity of 5.6nm/RH%, in the range from 87 RH% to 93 RH%, while the tapered one exhibited an increased sensitivity of 6.6nm/RH%, in the range from 91.5 RH% to 94 RH%. The sensitivity values obtained with these MMI sensors are at least twice as large as the most sensitive fiber optics humidity sensor reported in the literature in a similar RH range.


We theoretically investigate an ultra small structure with directional coupler (DC) in a two dimensional (2D) photonic crystal (PhC)for realizing the switching phenomenon. In this design, triangular lattice of air holes in dielectric matrix is utilized. The DC is formed by creating two straight line defect waveguides, separated by single row of air holes. We showed that by adjusting the size of the air holes between both the two waveguides, the input signal beam can be switched to a different output ports with a response timeless than 2ps. Difference Time Domain (FDTD) technique is used to simulate the power-time switching curves. The advantages of this method are high stability and accuracy in computations. The total size of the proposed switch is 31.85μm2 which is highly suitable for Photonic Integrated Circuits (PICs).


Temperature control in the production of craft beer is a point that defines the product profile,
requiring precise temperature control in the brewing stage, a process in which starch turns
into sugars through the action of enzymes and They dissolve in the water forming the brewing
wort. Currently, the widely used temperature control method is the on-off flame of the gas
cooker due to its availability and ease of implementation. This work seeks to implement a
PID temperature control using electric resistance heating. This implementation consists of
developing a control system using Arduino that performs a PID control using a solid-state
relay. The plant where this system will be implemented is made up of an 18 liters stainless
steel pan with a false bottom to separate the grains from the must, a low-density resistance
of 1600W and a hydraulic pump. The resistance distributes the dissipated power at the bottom
of the pan avoiding the caramelization of the wort, while the pump will circulate the wort
aiming the homogeneity of its heating. A control system with Arduino, sensor and solid-state
relay was developed and tested in the plant, through the PID control it was possible to reach
the desired degree of precision


Background Patients undergoing cardiac surgeries with cardiopulmonary bypass (on‐pump) have a high risk for acute kidney injury (AKI). We tested ABT‐719, a novel α‐melanocyte‐stimulating hormone analog, for prevention of AKI in postoperative cardiac surgery patients. Methods and Results This phase 2b randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial included adult patients with stable renal function undergoing high‐risk on‐pump cardiac surgery in the United States and Denmark. Participants received placebo (n=61) or cumulative ABT‐719 doses of 800 (n=59), 1600 (n=61), or 2100 μg/kg (n=59). Primary outcome was development of AKI based on Acute Kidney Injury Network (AKIN) criteria, measured utilizing preoperative creatinine value and maximum value within 48 hours and urine output within the first 42 hours postsurgery. Secondary outcomes included incidence of AKI based on maximal changes from baseline in novel AKI biomarkers over a 72‐hour period after clamp release and length of intensive care unit stays through 90 days postsurgery. A total of 65.5%, 62.7%, and 69.6% of patients in the 800‐, 1600‐, and 2100‐μg/kg groups, respectively, developed AKI (stages 1, 2, and 3 combined) versus 65.5% in the placebo group (for each pair‐wise comparison with placebo, P=0.966, 0.815, and 0.605, respectively). Adverse events occurred at a similar rate in all treatment groups. Conclusions ABT‐719 treatment did not lower AKI incidence using AKIN criteria, influence the elevations of novel biomarkers, or change 90‐day outcomes in patients after cardiac surgery. Clinical Trial Registration URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique Identifier: NCT01777165.


Objective To understand dynamic media sandflies in different epidemic areas of visceral leishmaniasis in Southern Xinjiang.Methods Korla gravel desert areas,Kaxgar ancient oasis agricultural areas and Jiashi desert agricultural areas were selected as monitoring points.Three types of monitoring methods of using viscosity oil-paper,light trap sinica law,arrest sinica tube and white artificial light trap method were taken to entice and trap sandflies.Density of the captured sandflies were observed,species were identified and the female naturally infected with promastigote was examined.Results Density of sandflies in Kaxgar,Korla and Jiashi were 34.83,27.69 and 0.73 per labor hour.There were 860 sandflies dissected in Kaxgar,including Phlebotomus wui accounted for 77.6%,and Phlebotomus longiductus for 22.4%.In Jiashi,604 sandflies were dissected,all of Phlebotomus wui.In Korla 11 sandflies of Phlebotomus alexandri were dissected.Phlebotomus wui was the dominant species in Kaxgar ancient oasis agricultural area and on wall outside room or outdoor with light at night in agricultural area of Jiashi.Phlebotomus longiductus was the preponderant species in Kaxgar ancient oasis agricultural area and at room and livestock shed during the day,which could also be caught on the wall outside room at night.Phlebotomus alexandri was the dominant species in Korla gravel desert areas.Conclusions The density of sandflies is high in Kaxgar and Jiashi.Effective control measures should be strengthened according to their own characteristics to reduce incidence of visceral leishmaniasis.


Hybrid zones between closely related species are useful tools to study evolutionary processes, particularly speciation. The evolution of reproductive isolation in these zones will mainly depend on the intensity of gene flow and the fitness of hybrids. In forest trees, large scale contact zones usually exist as a result of broad geographical ranges, long-distance pollen flow and high outcrossing rates. We studied natural hybridization between the two ash species Fraxinus excelsior L. (common ash) and F. Angustifolia Vahl (narrow-leaved ash), autochthonous in France. We developed molecular and physiological (based on seed dormancy) markers that discriminate the two species, and which could be applied by forest managers but are insufficient to detect hybrids in natural populations. We used microsatellite markers and morphological data to describe very different hybrid zones at the country scale. We showed that the distribution of the two species and their hybrids are tightly linked with ecological variables, suggesting that climate is an important factor that restricts hybridization. The two species showing very divergent flowering times, we assessed the role of floral phenology in restricting gene flow at a local scale. We detected isolation by time patterns. Reproductive events mainly occur between co-flowering trees, and pollen flow is asymmetric. Early flowering hybrids are widespread, and show a higher male and female reproductive success, producing more flowers and fruits and suffering less floral gale attacks. They show relatively high selfing rates, and they may have a higher fitness in this intermediate ecotone, possibly increasing their colonizing abilities.


The number of faradays per mole of Cd transferred in the molten salt cell W - Cd/sub (liq)/CdI/sub 2(liq) + Cd/sub (satd)//Cd/sub (liq)/ - W was determined coulometrically under very low current density. The measured value of n = 1.86 at 775/sup 0/K agrees with the thermodynamically predicted value as calculated by Conant (5) and leads to the conclusion that the ionic mobilities of Cd/sup 2 +/ and Cd/sub 2//sup 2 +/ are equal.


This paper examines the crucial interplay between cultural studies and translation. It attempts to shed light on how cultural elements such as gender, ideology and social identity, which necessitate doing adaptation, show that an adaptation is a kind of translation. To this end, the present research explored how Henrik Ibsen's A Doll's House was introduced to Persian culture as a movie entitled Sara by Dariush Mehrjui, mediated by apprehending the intended function and meaning of the original work and its proximity to the cultural elements application of the Iranian audience, through which Nora in Norway could be 'translated' to Sara in Iran, to enlighten both audience. Considering Andre Lefevere's notions on ideology and Linda Hutcheon's theory of adaptation, the descriptive and comparative analysis of characters' Dialogue and element style in A Doll's House and Sara represented the effect of cultural elements in doing adaptation and yielded that cultural elements interfere or necessitate adapting from the literatures of other cultures or nations.


Objective One of the purposes of the reform on higher nursing care education is to improve the abilities of scientific research and innovation.The aim of this study was to promote the awareness and ability of scientific research in university students of nursing by holding thesis presentations.Methods University students of nursing were asked to write and present their theses,which were evaluated by an organized committee.Thesis exhibition and a questionnaire investigation were conducted after the presentation.Results From 2005 to 2011,the students of nursing majors in our center wrote 683 theses,of which,64 were read and 281 were posted at our academic exchange meetings and 172 were published in the Source Journals of Chinese Scientific and Technical Papers and Citations.The questionnaire investigation showed that 97.27% of the nursing students thought of the thesis representation as contributive to enhance their awareness and ability of scientific research.Conclusion Thesis representation among nursing students can effectively improve their scientific research ability,facilitate their independent study and develop their comprehensive qualities.


In this paper, firstly, on the basis of analyzing the principle of wavelet decomposition and reconstruction, the process of wavelet denoising is proposed; secondly, on the basis of analyzing the isotropic feature of wavelet and the traditional low-pass filters, the denoising model and process of the total variation is proposed and it has anisotropic diffusion feature; by analyzing the respective advantages and shortcomings of these two methods, we propose a method based on the wavelet decomposition and reconstruction and total variation. The experiment results show that this new method is better than the above two methods.


A review with 22 references is given on the clinical application and pharmacological effects of selenium both here and abroad in recent years including the pharmacological effects of selenium(anti-oxidation,enhance the body immunity and anti-aging or for beauty),clinical application of selenium in cardiovascular diseases,cancer,cataracts,diabetes,Kashin-Beck disease,Keshan disease,rheumatoid arthritis,such as leukemia of clinical.Selenium is one of those important trace elements for beauty,anti-aging,disease prevention,health and longevity,and it's the most important anti-aging elements,so far.


Ecological food market represent a novel approach in a market already formed and this fact causes a slow evolution in this market compared with the situation of conventional food market. In the Romanian and European market isn't a unitary form for expression the organic products and some expression like 100% natural can give to consumers a wrong understanding of organic concept they believes that such products are similar with organic products. From the legal point of view, "natural" does not mean anything, it is just a marketing name. Anything can be naturally without legal constraints. The producers and the consumers must understand that an organic product is made in accordance with a certification system and with national and european legislation. .The rol of organic certification is to protect the consumers and to help them to distinguish easily the real organic products from those that might misleading consumers.


To the Editor: Bissler et al. and Davies et al. (Jan. 10 issue)1,2 report the beneficial effects of sirolimus on renal angiolipoma in patients with lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM). In contrast to the findings of Bissler et al., Davies et al. observed no benefit in lung function from sirolimus in their patients with LAM. We now describe a 41year-old woman with LAM who underwent rightlung transplantation and subsequently had radiologic improvement in the native lung after undergoing sirolimus therapy, which was used in combination with cyclosporine and prednisolone for post-transplantation immunosuppression. Histologic examination of the explanted lung confirmed the diagnosis of LAM. The patient's postoperative course was uneventful (Fig. 1A). Two years after transplantation, she reported the subacute onset of shortness of breath and a productive cough with milky-colored sputum (150 ml per day). Her peripheral-blood white-cell count was normal. High-resolution computed tomography (CT) showed diffuse ground-glass opacities and consolidation of the right lower lobe of the right transplanted lung as well as bilateral pleural effusions (Fig. 1B). Bronchoalveolar-lavage culture was sterile with a differential cell count showing predominantly macrophages. A transbronchial lung biopsy was not performed owing to marked respiratory failure. Recurrence of LAM was considered the most likely diagnosis. Treatment with 2 mg of sirolimus per day was started, and a mean trough level of 2.6 ng per milliliter was achieved. The patient had a steady improvement in exercise capacity, with a marked reduction in the volume of sputum. Her forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) returned to the baseline value. Nine months after the initiation of sirolimus therapy, high-resolution CT showed progressive radiologic improvement in the lesions thought to be LAM in the native lung (Fig. 1C). The patient remains well 2 years later and is receiving 3 mg of sirolimus per day. The change in the findings on imaging is interesting, though complete resolution of cystic disease was not observed. However, this is not surprising, given the advanced nature of the primary disease. We suggest that sirolimus remains an attractive option in the treatment of LAM and speculate that it may be more effective when used at a low dose in combination with calcineurin inhibitors.


Chile has an unsurfaced road network that carries low volumes of traffic that account for almost 80% of the entire road system. This paper discusses the principles of successfully applying magnesium chloride (bischofite) to improve the quality of the road surfaces. Some of the advantages of bischofite stabilization include: workability of the granular material, evenness of the wearing course, reduction in the amount of dust produced, and reduction in damage to the roadway. Corrosion, slippery surface, and possible health effects are disadvantages of applying bischofite. The article continues with a discussion on bischofite use as a dust suppressant, and concludes with an economic evaluation of the applications of bischofite.


An inverse relationship between mechanical ductility and mobility/molecular ordering in conjugated polymer systems was determined definitively through systematic interrogation of poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) films with varied degrees of molecular ordering and associated charge transport performance. The dilemma, whereby molecular ordering required for efficient charge transport conclusively undermines the applicability of these materials for stretchable, flexible device applications, was resolved using a polymer blend approach. Specifically, the molecular interactions between dissimilar polymer materials advantageously induced semiconducting polymer ordering into efficient π–π stacked fibrillar networks. Changes in the molecular environment surrounding the conjugated polymer during the elastomer curing process further facilitated development of high mobility networked semiconductor pathways. A processed P3HT: poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) composite afforded a semiconducting film that exhibits superior du...


Inner‐shell adsorption spectra of CO, 13C18O, NO, O2, CO2, N2O, C2H2, C2D2, C2H4, C2D4, C2H6, C2D6, measured with unprecedent energy resolution and signal to noise ratio at the Dragon soft x‐ray beamline, are reported. These spectra reveal many new features in core excited valence and Rydberg states. Detailed vibrational structures are observed in these spectra, providing valuable information on the geometrical and vibrational properties of the core excited molecules. In addition, C1s and N1s core hole lifetimes are found to be ∼120 meV and ∼135 meV in these molecules with little dependence on their bonding environments. The results are discussed briefly in terms of the equivalent core model, multi‐electron exctiations, exchange interactions, and the geometry of the excited molecules.


Examination of saline extracts of 70 species of fleshy fungi, chiefly Basidiomycetes, revealed the presence of hemagglutinins in 15 and hemolysins in 6 species. The agglutinins were nonspecific in that they did not permit differentiation of the ABO blood groups.


This study used the complex network analysis to examine the brain functional network involved in finger movements. We found that (a) long-range connections decreased exponentially as distance between nodes increased, whereas short-range connections increased linearly with distance; (b) the distribution of functional connections was scale-free; (c) the typical path lengths were relatively short and comparable to those calculated for equivalent random networks, but the clustering coefficients were several orders of magnitude larger than those of equivalent random networks; and (d) central nodes were located in brain regions identified in previous cognitive neuroscience studies. These results suggest that the method of complex network analysis can be an important tool in future research in cognitive neuroscience. Keywordsfunctional connection; finger moving; small world; scale free; complex network


The MESA is supported by contracts N01-HC-95159 through N01-HC-
95165 and N01-HC-95169 from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute.
AVD-R was supported by grant R01-HL071759 from the National
Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. FB was supported by the Mid-Career
Mentorship Award in Patient-Oriented Research (K24 DK62222) and Diabetes
Research and Training Center Grant P60 DK079637. MF was supported
by the Center for a Livable Future at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg
School of Public Health and the Fulbright Program.


Until the 1980s, it is well known and practiced in Indonesian Basic Physics courses, to present physics by its effective technicalities: The ideally elastic spring, the pulley and moving blocks, the thermodynamics of ideal engine models, theoretical electrostatics and electrodynamics with model capacitors and inductors, wave behavior and its various superpositions, and hopefully closed with a modern physics description. A different approach was then also experimented with, using the Hobson and Moore texts, stressing the alternative aim of fostering awareness, not just mastery, of science and the scientific method. This is hypothesized to be more in line with the changed attitude of the so-called Millenials cohort who are less attentive if not interested, and are more used to multi-tasking which suits their shorter span of attention. The upside is increased awareness of science and the scientific method. The downside is that they are getting less experience of the scientific method which intensely bases itself on critical observation, analytic thinking to set up conclusions or hypotheses, and checking consistency of the hypotheses with measured data. Another aspect is recognition that the human person encompasses both the reasoning capacity and the mental- spiritual-cultural capacity. This is considered essential, as the world grows even smaller due to increased communication capacity, causing strong interactions, nonlinear effects, and showing that value systems become more challenging and challenged due to physics / science and its cosmology, which is successfully based on the scientific method. So students should be made aware of the common basis of these two capacities: the assumptions, the reasoning capacity and the consistency assumption. This shows that the limits of science are their set of basic quantifiable assumptions, and the limits of the mental-spiritual-cultural aspects of life are their set of basic metaphysical (non-quantifiable) assumptions. The bridging between these two human aspects of life, can lead to a "why" of science, and a "meaning" of life. A progress report on these efforts is presented, essentially being of the results indicated by an extended format of the usual weekly reporting used previously in Basic Physics lectures.


Abstract The controversy over the place of translation in the teaching of English as a Foreign Language (EFL) is a thriving field of inquiry. Many older language teaching methodologies such as the Direct Method, the Audio-lingual Method, and Natural and Communicative Approaches, tended to either neglect the role of translation, or prohibit it entirely as a hindrance to second/foreign language learning. Over the flux of the last decennia, English Language Teaching (ELT) seems to have matured enough to have moved from the 'either or' debate to an acceptance of a 'both and' approach which includes translation. This has led to a reassessment of the role of translation as an invaluable and legitimate pedagogical tool if used judiciously and at appropriate times. However, the use of translation should not be associated with the old-fashioned Grammar-Translation Method. Taking into account the undeniable role of English as a global lingua franca and the issue of linguistic imperialism, we propose a Critical-Functional Approach to translation which harnesses students' general literacy: learners and teacher become aware of inherent language complexity as welt as hidden aspects of text. This model draws on postmodernist, poststructuralist, feminist, and critical approaches to literacy and advocates replacing traditional translation, based on mere copy and imitation of an original text, with a more provocative model that engages learners not only in examining the structure, style, and vocabulary, but in interrogating text language, discourse, and subjectivity. By questioning the separation between author, reader, and translator, Critical-Functional Translation places an emphasis on recognising and resisting ideological contradiction, cultural difference, and social conflict. This approach has obvious applications to other second/foreign language teaching and learning contexts. Keywords critical-functional translation, first language, critical language awareness, language and culture [ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] [ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] Introduction The language I speak becomes mine, its distortions, its queerness. All mine, mine alone. (Das, 1965, p. 7) Anathematised from every classroom activity by the followers of the Audio-lingual and Direct Methods, translation has been derided both as a medium of instruction and as an appropriate skill in its own right. This ostensibly cursed activity has been accused of almost every pedagogical evil: from interfering with the second/ foreign language, to creating a focus on formal properties and accuracy instead of communicative practices, to instigating the fallacy of direct meaning correspondence between first and second/foreign language, to producing compound instead of coordinate bilingualism, to constituting a mechanical and product-oriented activity, to lacking procedural guidance and objective criteria of assessment, and so on. Such harsh criticisms endorse 'sending translation to Siberia' (Duff, 1989, p. 7). The contrary view holds that translation is a boon which contributes significantly to language learning and teaching. Psycholinguistic and Second Language Acquisition (SLA) researchers (Bialystok, 1998; Deignan, Gabry, & Solska, 1997; Duff, 1989; Eadie, 1999; Ellis, 1992; Kovecses & Szabo 1996; Lazar, 1996; Ponterotto, 1994) sanction translation as an activity that can trigger conscious awareness or controlled learning. Other scholars suggest that translation is an inherent learning strategy used either indirectly and unconsciously, or overtly (O'Malley & Chamot, 1990, p. 127). For example, Atkinson calls it a 'learner-preferred strategy and an inevitable part of second language acquisition' (1993, p. 17). It is clear, then, that no matter how much teachers encourage learners to avoid translation at all costs, they resort to it frequently and in many everyday contexts, e.g. translating instructions for friends, translating letters and news for family, translating an unknown concept for their peers, etc. …


Headspace GC-MS analysis was performed on potato tubers infected withErwinia carotovorabacteria and on Iberian cured ham infected withMicroccusandLactobacillusbacteria strains, which cause extensive losses in stored foodstuffs. Headspace samples of infected potatoes and ham were entrained passively on to a SPME fiber and dynamically onto Tenax GR and Chromosorb 103 thermal desorption tubes. Ammonia was identified as the major amine component in all cases. Other amines that accounted in total for less than 5% of the ammonia peak by total ion current were identified. The potato headspace contained triethylamine, while the ham headspace contained methylamine and dimethylamine, identified by SPME and by both thermal desorption tubes. The Chromosorb 103 also entrained trace amounts of ethyleneamine from the ham headspace. Simple Drager tube studies of the sample headspaces also confirmed the presence of volatile amines.


This study presents a novel design to improve the sensitivity and resolution of the capacitive-type CMOS-MEMS sensors. This design employs the dielectric films as the MEMS structures, and the metal films as the electrodes and sacrificial layers. There are three merits of this design, (1) the parasitic capacitance is significantly reduced by the dielectric structure, (2) very small in-plane and out-of-plane sensing gaps are realized to increase the sensitivity, and (3) plate-type instead of finger-type out-of-plane sensing electrodes is exploited to increase the sensing area. In application, 3-axis CMOS-MEMS capacitive accelerometers are demonstrated. Measurements show the sensitivities respectively reach 11.5mV/G (in X-,Y-axis) and 7.8mV/G (in Z-axis) which are near 20-fold larger than existing designs. Moreover, a much better sensing resolution of 10mG is also achieved.


The basis of legal relations in public procurement are private and public interests. The purpose of the study is a substantive assessment of the author's hypothesis that the purpose of legal regulation and financial support of public procurement is to satisfy the public interest expressed in the form of a public need for goods, works, and services. The methodological basis of the study rests on historical and systematic approach, analysis, synthesis and comparative-legal methods. The results of the analysis of normative legal acts regulating public procurement, doctrinal literature and practice showed that public interest denounced in the form of public need is realized through public procurement. Public and private interests can be realized exclusively jointly since these needs cannot objectively be met individually. In general, ensuring public as well as private interests boils down to defining and legally securing the rights and obligations of the customer and their officials, which safeguards them in the process of meeting public needs through public procurement. The study revealed the dependence of the essence of public interest on the political regime, which determines the ratio of public and private interests. "Public interest in public procurement" is suggested to understand as the value-significant selective position of an official or another person authorized by the government, which is expressed in the form of the public need for the necessary benefit; gaining such benefit involves both legal regulation and financial security. The purpose of legal regulation of public procurement is to satisfy public interest. These concepts should be legally enshrined in Law No. 44-FZ.


Novel drug delivery systems are the method for delivering of the medications to patients in such a manner which increases concentration of medications inside various body parts. The drug delivery widely found over nanomedicines that plan for employing nano particles mediated drugs delivery for combating downfall for the conventional drug delivery. The nano particles that loaded along with drug and target for the specific part of body where it must solely diseased tissues, hence by avoiding interactions along with the healthy tissues. The aim of targeted drugs delivery system is for the prolonged, localizing, and targeting and has the protected drugs interactions along with diseased tissues. The conventional drugs delivery systems are absorption of drugs around the biological membrane, the targeted releases systems release the drugs in the form of dosage. The pharmaceuticals innovation such as newer drugs delivery system presents the health professional along with wider range of the arsenal for treating disease with better efficacy, precision and the safety. In the future, it is hopeful that along with the more researches endeavor that focused in the arena in the coming future, a larger portion of conventional dosages form be replaced by the betterment of the health care delivery that expected to change over. The pharmacovigilance will provide the cost-efficient health care that helped for extending the better health care for underprivileged.