Background: SAMHD1 is a novel antiviral factor counteracted by the viral protein Vpx Results:Several residues in Vpx affect its ability to increase infection and degrade SAMHD1. Conclusion:Vpx functionality correlates with SAMHD1 degradation, but not with Vpx stability and Vpx-Vpx association. Significance:Several mutants provide further insights into the molecular mechanism of Vpx-induced protection. SAMHD1 is a newly identified restriction factor that targets lentiviruses in myeloid cells and is countered by the SIVSM/HIV-2 Vpx protein. By analyzing a large panel of Vpx mutants, we identify several residues throughout the 3-helix bundle predicted for Vpx that impair both its functionality and its ability to degrade SAMHD1. We determine that SAMHD1 is a strictly non-shuttling nuclear protein and that as expected WT Vpx localizes with it in the nucleus. However, we also identify a functional Vpx mutant with predominant cytoplasmic distribution that colocalizes with SAMHD1 in this location, suggesting that Vpx may also retain SAMHD1 in the cell cytoplasm, prior to its entry into the nucleus. Several mutations in Vpx were shown to affect the stability of Vpx, as well as Vpx:Vpx interactions. However, no strict correlation was observed between these parameters and the functionality of Vpx, implying that neither properties is absolutely required for this function and indicating that even unstable Vpx mutants may be very efficient in inducing SAMHD1 degradation. Overall, our analysis identifies several Vpx residues required for SAMHD1 degradation and points to a very efficient and plastic mechanism through which Vpx depletes this restriction factor.


By comparison and analysis of theoretical study,this paper demonstrate that the concrete has a plastic structural strength,the compression strength,wear resistance,anti- seepage,anti-freeze,and anti-creak of concrete increased through the vacuum treatment.The future of spreading and application of the technique in the concrete pavement that require above performance will be well.


120,000-word anthology of shorter American fiction concerning AIDS. 'Foreword' by Dale Peck. Critical 'Introduction' by Editor (12,000 words). Shortlisted for Best Anthology, Lambda Literary Award 2008. 'Richard Canning's anthology of AIDS fiction includes many of the best-remembered stories from the 1980s and 1990s, when AIDS was essentially a death sentence and those who came down it were shunned and essentially quarantined… An immensely satisfying collection.' – Kevin Killian. Quoted from and cited extensively in Gina Bright, Plague-Making and the AIDS Epidemic: A Story of Discrimination (London/New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012)


SIR ALEXANDER GRAY'S presidential address to Section F (Economics) provides a survey of recent and current trends in economics. He points out that it would be possible to learn much about the continually changing view of the subject-matter of economics by reading in chronological order the definitions of economics given by its leading exponents. In Adam Smith, it was considered "as a branch of the science of a statesman or legislator". In the early part of the nineteenth century (as exemplified by Senior) there was a conscious effort to transform economics into a wholly independent scientific discipline, establishing laws or generalizations, while remaining perpetually and eternally neutral in a world of conflict. Broadly, the nineteenth century was in the main a period of specialization, when the economist tried to keep himself to himself, and to pursue the peculiar problems of his own specialism.


Educators are paying more attention to students' hands-on ability with critical thinking which has not been emphasized in previous Chinese education system. To fill this gap, there is a need to organize a hands-on workshop to develop teachers' STEM hands-on skills to promote on high school campus. Therefore, the purposes of this study are: 1. exploring the development status of teachers' hands-on ability after ending the workshop and 2. exploring the effectiveness of the project-based STEM training with interdisciplinary concept content compared with the traditional STEM training. Based on the two-day teacher training of STEM workshop, this paper used Flanders interaction analysis which is an observation technique used to record and analyze the process and impact of teacher-student interaction in the classroom. Through the analysis, we found that the learners were active in this training course, the interaction between teachers and learners was very frequent, and the relationship between them was quite consistent (harmonious). Then we inferred the training effect of the teachers in the training by combining the works or results submitted by the learners after the workshop. The error rate of these exercises or results was low, indicating that peer discussion or group discussion played an important role in the process of practice. Compared with the traditional iFIAS method, it can be found that in the training based on the project-based teaching model, learners' advanced cognitive abilities such as analysis and synthesis were developed, and their knowledge transfer ability was more flexible, which was also a reflection of interdisciplinary ability.


Isolation and characterization of bacteria in food products are important to determine and distinguish the beneficial or harmful effects of microbiota in certain samples. Lactic acid bacteria in food products had long been associated to good factors as food preservatives and with added fermentation metabolites. This study isolated and characterized lactic acid bacteria from burong bangus. The culture and purification process of bacteria isolation resulted to 4 strains of lactic acid bacteria namely Enterococcus faecalis, Tetragenococcus muriaticus, Lactobacillus delbrueckii subp. delbrueckii and Carnobacterium divergens. High enzymatic activity were observed with E. faecalis particularly on lipase and protease assay. While C. divergens have no enzymatic activity against lipase, protease, amylase and cellulase. The antimicrobial property of L. delbrueckii is only susceptible to amoxicillin unlike the other three bacteria isolates. No antagonistic activity were observed with the four bacterial strains against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The result of this study showed promising benefits to the industry especially in developing countries like the Philippines because population are not yet so aware of this organisms and the benefits that can be derived through their consumption.


Regional autonomy is an effort of regional empowerment in making regional decisions more freely and is responsible for managing the resources owned. The Regional Head has an obligation to account for the use of local budgets to the DPRD and the general public. The accountability report is a Financial Report prepared by the Regional Government. Before the report is given to the regional head of LKPD, it should be reviewed by the inspectorate to obtain sufficient confidence whether the financial statements have been prepared in accordance with government accounting standards and have been presented in accordance with the appropriate internal control system. The reviews consist of planning, and reporting. Based on the results of this study, the implementation of review of LKPD by Inspectorate of Fiscal Year 2015 and 2016 in Minahasa District has not been in accordance with the Implementation Guidelines of the Revision as stipulated in the Regulation of the Minister of Home Affairs Number 4 Year 2008 on Guidance of Implementation of LKPD Review. This is due to the absence of adequate review planning in the SPI assessment, and the implementation of reviews that are not in accordance with the schedule. Keyword :  Review Inspektorat, Government Financial Report (LKPD)


Positioned as existing predominantly within a green agenda, the right to an environment (section 24 of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996) presents numerous opportunities for rights-based interpretation in the "brown" urban and spatial environment. In this article I conduct such an exercise, focussing on both the right to freedom of movement (section 21 of the Constitution) and the right to the safety and security of the person (section 12 of the Constitution). I begin by drawing out the historical and contemporary spatial implications of both rights, drawing on empirical research that demonstrates how the enclosure of everyday space through gating practices and private securitisation in the South African city serves to extend spatial apartheid into the current day. A siloed interpretation of both rights, however, leads to an impasse between the two. Both rights are prima facie of an equal value in a constitutional setting.
To resolve this standoff, I argue for the use of the environmental right as a constitutional value. This is an underutilised right in the South African Constitution, and yet it holds much promise given how it seeks to protect the health and wellbeing of both present and future generations.
There are two benefits to employing the environmental right as a constitutional value. First, the environmental right situates both section 12 and section 21 in a symbiosis of individual claims to shared resources, in the process recalibrating the human ecology of the urban and spatial environment away from the centrality of dominant actors and towards a polycentricity of interests. In so doing, section 24 provides a fuller and more connected picture of both rights.
Second, the duty implicit in the environmental right reveals how to begin realising these rights on a wider scale that goes beyond individual injustices and towards community justice. I argue strongly that this duty exists on the state: left unattended to, everyday space becomes the preserve of those with the means – financial or otherwise – to shape space according to their own anti-public interests. In this regard, I present two instances of policy and legal choices available to the state that serve to undo contemporary experiences of spatial apartheid


We propose here to analyze the process of development research which was undertaken aiming at setting up the e-learning module of the Institute for French Studies at the University of Warsaw. Doing so, we intend to propose a frame of reflection that can be employed by the institutions which would like to implement such a module in their courses.


If we integrate the curriculum into the storyworld of the game in the form of narrative,the learners can achieve cognitive effects by exploring in the game,consulting with peers and consulting with themselves.The article puts forwards the features of narrative-centered game-based inquiry learning and the design steps of the learning environment by elaborating the application of consultation theory,cognitive load theory in narrative-centered game-based learning.


In 2008, the London Tate Modern presented on the façade of the building the works of six artists: Os Gemeos, Nunca, Sixeart, JR, Blu and Faile. At that point I thought to myself: why not do it here? Why not in Lodz? After all, the history of Lodz resembles the history of street art to some extent: Lodz is a young city, just like street art. Lodz is a city of revolution. Its golden age was in the period of the great industrial revolution, in times when artistic revolutions were so frequent as technical inventions. Its traces can be seen everywhere – in the brick walls of the factories, in the factory owners' eclectic villas, in the art nouveau tenement houses and villas, in the modernist housing estate of Helena and Szymon Syrkusowie and in the Strzeminski Art Museum, for which foundations were laid by the collection of the a.r. group – a group of revolutionary artists. The revolution is also reflected in the blank walls of tenement houses created as a result of clearances planned by communist planners. Political, social and economic revolutions built and ruined this city. The revolutions of the 1980s formed street art, which derives its own independence from them and is not limited by schematic formulas (Latuszewska-Syrda 2015: 2).


Water is a kind of important material resources and economic resources in human living and development.As the price system is imperfect,shortage and waste co-exist in the use of water resources,which severely restricts the economic and social development.Mode of ladder water price has been researched and applied widely in foreign countries,because it meets with three principles: equity,resources conservation,cost recovery,.Many cities in China are also trying this model,but some problems are still exists,mainly the parameters set is unreasonable,which lead to the model can not play an important role.Combining with practical experiences of water pricing at home and abroad,scientific and reasonable methods and formulas to determine the parameters were presented.


MYCOLOGY, INDUSTRIAL MYCOLOGY, AND FUNGAL BIOLOGY Industrial Mycology: Past, Present and Future Phylogeny of the Fungal Kingdom and Fungal-like Eukaryotes Biological Activities of Fungal Metabolites Cell Cycle Regulation in Morphogenesis and Development of Fungi Agrobacterium-Mediated Transformation of Filamentous Fungi FUNGAL SECONDARY METABOLITES DISCOVERY Fungal Germplasm for Drug Discovery and Industrial Applications Expression of Cosmid-Size DNA of Slow-Growing Fungi in Aspergillus nidulans for Secondary Metabolite Screening The Isolation and Structure Elucidation of Fungal Metabolites PCR-Based Data and Secondary Metabolites as Chemotaxonomical Markers in High Throughput Screening for Bioactive Compounds from Fungi Screening for Biological Activities in Fungal Extracts Sordarins, Inhibitors of Fungal Elongation Factor 2 BIOSYNTHESIS OF FUNGAL SECONDARY METABOLITES Secondary Metabolite Gene Clusters The Aflatoxin Biosynthetic Pathway Indole-Diterpene Biosynthesis in Ascomycetous Fungi Loline and Ergot Alkaloids in Grass Endophytes Biosynthesis of N-methylated peptides in fungi The Molecular Genetics of Lovastatin and Compactin Biosynthesis The Aspergillus nidulans Polyketide Synthase WA FERMENTATION, STRAIN IMPROVEMENT, AND BIOCONVERSION Pneumocandin B0 Production by Fermentation of the Fungus Glarea lozoyensis: Physiological and Engineering Factors Affecting Titer and Structural-Analogue Formation Strain Improvement for the Production of Secondary Metabolites Fungal Bioconversions: Applications to the Manufacture of Pharmaceuticals METABOLIC ENGINEERING Metabolomics Metabolic Engineering Fungal Secondary Metabolic Pathways HETEROLOGOUS PROTEIN AND ENZYME EXPRESSION IN FUNGI Heterologous Protein and Enzyme Expression in Fungi MYCOTOXIN Toxigenic Fungi and Mycotoxin FUNGI IN BIOLOGICAL CONTROL Biochemical Basis of Fungi in Biocontrol of Plant Diseases


The theological concept, incarnation, is fitting to Jackie's struggle. According to the Dictionary of Pastoral Care and Counseling (DPCC), incarnation pastoral care is understood in two senses: first, human existence as embodied or incarnated and second, as the doctrine of the Incarnation, that is the mystery of the Second Person of the Trinity's becoming human, Jesus Christ being both fully human and fully divine. The fact that human existence is embodied is primary datum. Humans simply do not exist in a body, but are a body. The idea of bodiliness, as a theological datum, implies that body as a sign of all that a person is. It is in and through our bodies that we experience God's loving self-communication to us. As embodied spirits we primarily experience God's relationship to the world through symbols, nature, and sacraments rather than through doctrinal decrees about creation. God's self-communication is not merely intellectual speculation, but the result of the salvific presence of God in the created world.


The global climate system is changing faster than earlier projections with variable rates across the geographic scale. The impacts are also perceived heterogeneously across the places and communities. This study explores gender differentials in impact-perception in the Kaligandaki river valley in central Nepal. Research used primary data collected from 360 households, 75 Key Informants and 24 Focus Groups Discussion as well as through construction of nine Historical Timeline Calendars from three clusters – Meghauli (lower basin), Lumle (middlepart) and Upper-Mustang (upper-basin). The impact perception was assessed under seven social-ecological variables in the unipolar Likert Scale. The impact perception does not significantly differ across the gender of respondents while testing the means of perception scores and probably it is due to the impacts that have been experienced at profound level. The test of independence of gender to level of impacts indicates no significant association. This research also tried to check if other social-economic variables such as age of respondents and landholding size of household as well as self-reported economic status of households were significantly associated with some of the impacts. However, the number of cells with expected counts less than 5 in chi-square test turned to be more than 20 percent so they were considered to be invalid. Nevertheless, impact perception is significantly associated with the places of residence or study clusters, which indicates that local social-ecological system matters in climate change impacts. The qualitative information however, suggests otherwise that women Research Article


Characteristics of bleats from groups of ewes from Clun Forest, Dalesbred, Jacob and Border Leicester breeds are described. The bleats were analysed on a sonagraph and measured for length, fundamental frequency and formant structure. The bleats from Border Leicester sheep differed most from the other breeds, they were the longest bleats and had the lowest fundamental frequency with four formants in a pattern 4-10-14-17. Clun Forest ewes had the shortest bleats and highest fundamental frequency, with three formants in a pattern 3.6-8-12. Jacob bleats showed little variation in fundamental frequency and were lower than Dalesbred and Clun bleats. They sounded rich and mellow and often had only two formants in a pattern of 4-9 (sometimes 12). Dalesbred bleats were long and vigorous with well marked harmonics. Their formant pattern was 4-9-13. Individual ewe's bleats had a combination of characteristics which were different from bleats of other sheep. Lambs do not seem to use any one particular character of the bleat to identify the voice of their dam.


In this thesis, we propose a non-perturbative criterion to judge whether recently proposed supersymmetric lattice gauge theories with preserved supercharges can have the desired continuum limit or not. Since the target continuum theory of the lattice model is an extended supersymmetric gauge theory including a topological field theory as a special subsector, continuum limit of it should reproduce the topological properties. The topological properties are non-perturbatively obtained since the semi-classical approximation gives exact results in a topological field theory. Therefore whether the continuum limit can reproduce the topological properties or not becomes a non-perturbative criterion to judge whether the lattice theory can have the desired continuum limit or not. We apply the criterion to N = (4, 4) supersymmetric lattice gauge theory proposed by Cohen-KaplanKatz-Unsal (CKKU) as an example. And then we find the difficulty of taking the desired continuum limit in their model which has not been found in perturbative studies.


This is a basic guide to the practice of successful dispute resolution through mediation - a process that seeks to settle disputes in a non-adversarial and nonjudicial way. Mediation is a growing method of problem resolution in divorce, family, and other life cycle events. This practical book is designed for use by novices as well as by people with more experience resolving disputes, and will be useful not only for people preparing for careers in mediation, counseling, or the law, but also for teachers, landlords, tenants, corporate managers, union supervisors, police officers, real estate agents, and any of a wide variety of others who find themselves needing to resolve conflicts as part of their job.


An experimental study on the hydraulic performance of a hybrid pickup device for manganese nodules was conducted in a 2D flume. Based on a series of experiments, the pickup efficiency of the hydraulic lifter has been analyzed, and an operational condition assuring high pickup efficiency has been identified. Fluctuating bottom pressures due to waterjet were measured with varying conditions, and the characteristics of bottom pressure distribution were studied in correlation with the pickup efficiency. The experiment's results provide some guidelines for design and optimal operational condition of the hydraulic lifter of a hybrid pickup device. * ISOPE Member. Received October 16, 2000; revised manuscript received by the editors April 16, 2001. The original version was submitted directly to the Journal.


This paper studies channel partitioning policies and channel resource prioritization techniques for handovers, which efficiently support multi-class traffic in low Earth orbit mobile satellite systems (LEO-MSS). Analytical methods are developed for evaluating the performance of complete partitioning (CP) and complete sharing (CS) with and without fixed channel reservation (FCR) for multi-class traffic in LEO-MSS. Furthermore, a novel threshold call admission (TCA) scheme which achieves better channel utilization and fair channel access is introduced and analyzed.


To explore the large-scale effect of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARG) in goat mammary epithelial cells (GMEC), an oligonucleotide microarray platform was used for transcriptome profiling in cells overexpressing PPARG and incubated with or without rosiglitazone (ROSI, a PPARγ agonist). A total of 1143 differentially expressed genes (DEG) due to treatment were detected. The Dynamic Impact Approach (DIA) analysis uncovered the most impacted and induced pathways "fatty acid elongation in mitochondria," "glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis-keratan sulfate," and "pentose phosphate pathway." The data highlights the central role of PPARG in milk fatty acid metabolism via controlling fatty acid elongation, biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acid, lipid formation, and lipid secretion; furthermore, its role related to carbohydrate metabolism promotes the production of intermediates required for milk fat synthesis. Analysis of upstream regulators indicated that PPARG participates in multiple physiological processes via controlling or cross talking with other key transcription factors such as PPARD and NR1H3 (also known as liver-X-receptor-α). This transcriptome-wide analysis represents the first attempt to better understand the biological relevance of PPARG expression in ruminant mammary cells. Overall, the data underscored the importance of PPARG in mammary lipid metabolism and transcription factor control.


With globalization increasingly define the world, international students are undertaking an important agentic role in terms of communicating different cultures. Therefore, their experiences are significant in revealing the pedagogic practices between different country settings. This article attempts to compare pedagogic practices between the UK and China by examining their cultural origins and the potential connections with pedagogical assumptions, placing on a spectrum of teacher/learner-centered pedagogy. Combining with the perspective of Chinese international students who have been studying in the UK, it captures the lived experiences of the actual classroom differences experienced by these students. It concludes with each pedagogy has its benefits and drawbacks respectively, and has its cultural fits, therefore, it is not possible for one particular educational system to completely 'borrow' pedagogic practice.


There was described the case of applying simultaneous bilateral cataract surgery (SBCS) in a patient with deep congenital psychic and somatic pathology. There were performed the instillation of a water-soluble fluorescein solution and the hard contact lenses was applied, with the following light source with a blue filter. Because of the complicated deformation of the trachea, intubation was not possible and a device called "Combitube" was used. As a result of operation the patient had the vision and the orientation in space was appeared and aggressive behavior was disappeared. Research Article Citation: Kliuiev G, Luhova O, Matskevych O, et al. The Experience of Applying Simultaneous Bilateral Cataract Surgery (Sbcs) In a Patient with Deep Congenital Psychic and Somatic Pathology. J Med Clin Res & Rev. 2017; 1(2): 1-3.


It has become increasingly noticeable that common features of many forest and forest/savanna foci of West African human trypanosomiasis (WAT) are peri-domestic tsetse populations closely associated with domestic pigs. Recent evidence from various sources almost completely proves that, in at least some WAT foci, domestic pigs play an active role as reservoirs of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense. On the basis of this assumption, various aspects of Glossina palpalis and G. tachinoides local distribution and ecology, in relation to domestic pig and human populations, are discussed.In those WAT foci where domestic pigs are kept, tsetse are widely distributed in forest islands, forest/plantations, and riverine forests, but major concentrations are in villages containing pigs. Close pig/fly relationships at the village level, involving peri-domestic feeding, breeding and resting behaviour on the part of flies, could be important factors in maintaining T.b. gambiense transmission in pig populations.Endemic transmission of WAT to man could occur, either in villages where low pig densities dictate that a significant proportion of the fly population must also feed on man, or away from the village as a result of contact with infected flies which have strayed from a village transmission cycle.The development of epidemic conditions could be explained, on the basis of changes in pig density and resultant changes in fly feeding behaviour. The sudden reduction of a pig population could result in an increased number of infected flies feeding on man, until such time as the fly population became stabilized on a reduced pig population (or on other hosts if pigs disappeared totally). During the period of increased feeding of flies on man, T. b. gambiense transmission could be intense.Minor flare-up of WAT could occur if small numbers of infected pigs were introduced into a village area which had no previous history of pig husbandry. If a loose man/fly association persisted in such a village, endemic WAT could become a characteristic feature of that village.Because of the fluidity of pig distribution and density, infected pigs could be instrumental in dispersing T.b. gambiense from village to village within a WAT focus and contribute to the persistent character of the focus. Pig movements involving much greater distances could also be important to the transfer of T. b. gambiense strains from one focus to another.


The catechim we oublish is written in the Basque variety of Huarte-Araquil. This catechim was ordered by L. L. Bonaparte, giving an accurate description of the dialect used in this village (unfortunately it cannot be said the same ofthe other catechims ordered by Bonaparte in Barranca). Therefore it has been regarded to analyse the phonetical, morphological, sintactical and lexical characteristics, as well as making a comparition between the catechim and the language nowadays spoken in Huarte-Araquil, taking reference ofthese characteristics in other places of Barranca.


Melt electrospinning was used to produce PLA superfine fibers. The high spun temperature will lead to serious degradation of PLA. To alleviate the thermal decomposition and obtain superfine fibers at low temperature, sucrrose fatty acid esters (SE) was added to decrease the viscosity of PLA melt. The diameter of PLA including SE was 1.5μm while those of pure PLA was 6.4μm. At the same time, pure PLA melt cost a long time to flow out of cylinder. So SE increased the flowability of PLA melt, which ensured PLA fibers of small diameters were get at low temperature. Spinning load or melt velocity has a direct effect on the relative molecular mass of PLA fibers.


Abstract Companies desire to increase total profits. Consumer's buying behavior depends on the nature of theproduct just like look, touch, and feel of fabric in apparel shopping on-line with Quick Response basedmass-customization. The purpose of this study is to investigate the consumer's texture sensibility fromtextile image under on-line environment in order to give the direction for marketing strategy in apparel e-business.Total 8 kinds of textile swatches representing each of 8 texture-sensibility-axes were selected for thisresearch on the basis of finding in previous studies. The analyses of 60 questionnaires were conductedby frequency, mean, and standard deviation using SPSS 10.0.The results of this research were as follows:Under on-line environment, consumers recognized Homespun as natural, strong, and warm texturesensibility, but not as glossy, and transparent. Oxford was recognized by consumers as refreshing, andplain texture. Consumers recognized Muslin as flat and refreshing, Melton not as transparent but aswarm, strong, dense, and natural, Habutae as thin, transparent, refreshing, flat, glossy, and soft, Linen assandy, Suede not as transparent but as strong, and warm, and Terry as warm, and dense.Key words: e-business, Mass-Customization, Texture Sensibility, Quick Response


The relations among environmental tests and test sequence were introduced.According to the application,the mechanism,and the effect of the environmental tests,the basal principles of the selection of environmental test sequence was expatiated.The way to plan environmental test sequence reasonably was introduced.It was concluded that the selection of environmental test sequence was a complex process.To acquire the economical efficiency and the practicability,the anticipative aim,work condition,and the mechanism of the tests should be considered.


Prediabetes (impaired fasting glucose, impaired glucose tolerance, or both), which affects tens of millions of Americans, is associated with elevated risk for adverse cardiovascular (CV) events. In this meta-analysis of 15 prospective studies involving 760,000 …


Some of types Dioscorea that grows in Indonesia have not been fully utilized, one yam tubers. Yam (Dioscorea hispida Dennst) is a type of bulb that grows wild in the woods and not so difficult to get. Has the potential to be used as a source of maltodextrin. Maltodextrin is a polymer of glucose with an average bond length of 5-10 units per molecule of glucose chains. Maltodextrin is a starch derivative resulting from the degradation of amylose and amylopectin chains chemically or enzymatically into dextrin. Maltodextrin has a DE of 3-20. This study aimed to determine the effect of pH and liquefaction time to maltodesktrin quality and enzymatic hydrolysis of starch yam tubers. This study uses the enzymatic method, with the addition of enzyme. Analysis of the data using a completely randomized design (2 factor 3 replications). The results showed that pH 5, 6 and 7, liquefaction time 60, 90 and 120 minutes and the interaction of pH and time likuifikasi gave highly significant effect on reducing sugar, dextrose equivalent, solubility, viscosity, absorption and yield maltodesktrin. The most optimal pH was 6, the most optimal liquefaction time was 90 and 120 minutes. Keyword : Gadung, Hidrolisy Enzymatis, Maltodextrin Universitas Sumatera Utara


Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to develop a novel coupled analysis method for synchronous rectification alternators.

Design/methodology/approach
An ideal diode module is embedded in a rectification circuit. The resistance of the diode module is set such that it is equal to the on-resistance of the MOS-FET modules in the generation mode. In a mode without power generation, the motor voltage is less than the bus voltage; a sufficiently large value is defined for simulating the infinite resistance.

Findings
Because there is no need to decide the switch timing in advance, only one round of coupled analysis is needed to evaluate the synchronous rectification alternators.

Research limitations/implications
As limited case study is denoted in this paper, much more case studies are needed to be discussed.

Practical implications
By using the proposed method, it can be fulfilled that generation characteristic of automotive alternators can be evaluated without using the control simulation or pre-conducted analysis to decide the switch timing.

Social implications
By using the proposed method, it can be fulfilled that generation characteristic of automotive alternators can be evaluated without using the control simulation or pre-conducted analysis to decide the switch timing.

Originality/value
In the proposed methods, the definition of diode module differs from that of a conventional coupled analysis.


In the Grand-Duchy of Luxembourg, rapid industrialisation since the late nineteenth century raised awareness of multiple public health issues, most urgently the wide spread of tuberculosis among the working population. Representatives of Luxembourg's steel elite made use of private welfare organisations in order to implement their vision of public health philanthropy. Focusing on the introduction of visiting nurses in the early 1920s, this article discusses how Luxembourg appropriated new ideas and practices of public health that circulated globally in the wake of WWI. Young women were sent abroad to receive a nursing education. After their return to Luxembourg, the professional experience of these visiting nurses was characterised by hard work in anti-tuberculosis and infant dispensaries. While bringing the latest public health innovations to Luxembourg, the industrial philanthropy subjugated the nursing apparatus to private interests and forged and stabilised socio-economic patterns that worked to the advantage of the steel industry.


Channel has become crucial for the industry.The market of Chinese children cosmetics,especially the present situation of middle class and high tier end,as well as the market channel of main brands were related.The market of specialty stores and the mother and children stores for children cosmetics were analyzed.The problems of costs caused by rising of materials costs and package costs were analyzed. Meanwhile,some countermeasures for dealing with the situations for the companies were also included here.


The development of the social institution of education is associated with two leading and complementary socio-cultural trends: the integration associated with the development of universal, national, civil, collective values, etc., consolidating people with different views, worlds and cultures differentiation with the development of national, ethnic, religious, personal etc. values that contribute to the identification of distinctive local communities, groups and individuals individuals. Dialectical synthesis of these trends is found in the spiritual and moral achievements, COG-but the individual (particular) on the importance and recognition becomes universal. The priority are humanistically oriented universal, national and civil values, that promote peace, freedom, democracy and mutual understanding between peoples, different cultures and individuals.


We prove the optimality of a criterion of Koksma (1953) in Khinchin's conjecture, settling a long standing open problem in analysis. Using this result, we also give a near optimal condition for the a.e.\ convergence of series $\sum_{k=1}^\infty c_k f(kx)$ for $f\in L^2$.


This pilot study aims to investigate differences regarding access to psychi- atric care, motives for demanding emergency psychiatric care, admission rates, rates of compulsory admission, and main diagnoses in immigrants and natives. Psychiatric emergency visits (n=1,126) and hospitalisations (n=225) were registered in a Spanish Hospital with a catchment area of 280.000 people (19.34% immigrants) between October 20 th 2002 and April 30 th 2003. Access to psychiatric care, motives for demanding emergency psychiatric care, admission rates, rates of compulsory admission, and main diagnoses in natives and immigrants were compared. Immigrants were more likely to be compulsory admitted, were under-represented in the emergency and hospitalization units, and were less likely to be readmitted. Motives for hos- pitalisation were also different. Immigrants seemed to suffer less drug abuse and more anx- iety disorders than natives (possibly reactive conditions related to the stress of migration).


Vita........................... 172 Approval Sheets iv LIST OF FIGURES Page CHAPTER II Fig. 1 Gastrin RIA kit validation, specificity . . 56 Fig. 2 Serum pepsinogen levels of Group I control goat kids .................... 57 Fig. 3 Serum pepsinogen levels of Group III goat k i d s ................................ 58 Fig. A Serum pepsinogen levels of Group II goat k i d s ................................. . . 5 9 Fig. 5 Gastrin immunoreactivity of Group I control goat k i d s .......................... 60 Fig. 6 Gastrin immunoreactivity of Group III goat kids ........................... . 6 1 Fig. 7 Gastrin immunoreactivity of Group II goat k i d s ....................................62 Fig. 8 Abomasa of control and Ostertagia ostertagi-infected goat kids opened along the greater c u r v a t u r e ............... 63 Fig. 9 Abomasum of an Ostertagia ostertagiinfected goat k i d .......................... 64 Fig. 10 Abomasum of a pentagastrin-treated goat kid. ................................65 CHAPTER III Fig. 1 Schematic drawing of a caprine abomasum opened along the greater curvature........ 90 Fig. 2 Non-folded fundus of a control animal . . . 91 Fig. 3 Fundic fold of a control a n i m a l ........... 92 Fig. A Non-folded fundus of a pentagastrintreated animal............................... 93 Fig. 5 Fundic fold of a pentagastrintreated animal............. . . . . . . . . . 9 4


Lake not only contains rich resources,but also has formidable environmental function and ecological effect.But,along with the human's large-scale development and utilization of the lake wetland resources,mass data of production and life were obtained,meanwhile,many influences were taken to the ecological environment of lake wetland.The Wang Lake in Yangxin County of Hubei Province was taken as the study object,and according to the field questionnaire survey of peasant household in lake district,the changes of economic activities of peasant household in lake district and its causes were analyzed.The results showed that the economic activities of peasant household in lake district had profound influences to the ecological environment in lake district,and the corresponding suggestions were proposed.


We study some properties of first order differential operators from an algebraic viewpoint. We show this last can be decomposed in sum of an element of a module and a derivation. From a geometric viewpoint, we give some properties on the algebra of smooth functions. The Dirac mass at a point is the best example of first order differential operators at this point. This allows to construct a basis of this set and its dual basis.


The current study conducted an online survey to understand the challenges and needs teachers face for identifying and nurturing students with twice exception. Among 896 respondent schools, 179 schools were reported to have 277 identified 2E students. The results indicated that schools with both gifted and disability classes/programs or services identified more 2E students than did schools without a special education program. Although increasing the awareness and knowledge of general education teachers is beneficial for the identification of 2E students, most of the respondents reported that they need gifted education teachers to get involved in developing students' talents. Obvious opportunity gaps existed between schools with only disability education and with gifted and disability education. An effective support system with manpower and financial assistance from governments is also essential for closing opportunity gaps and meeting the needs of both learners and teachers.


Abstract Accumulating evidences have shown the beneficial effects of natural products for Alzheimer's disease (AD) treatment. The present study was designed to investigate the neuroprotective effects of secondary metabolites of Galactomyces geotrichum (SMGG) on D-galactose induced AD mice. SMGG was extracted and its toxicological evaluation was conducted. To explore the neuroprotective mechanism responsible for anti-AD activity of SMGG, spatial learning and memory behavioral, oxidative stress levels, acetylcholinesterase and choline acetyltransferase activity assays were employed. The AD mice received SMGG treatment exhibited significant improvement in cognitive performance, enhanced antioxidant capacity, decreased acetylcholinesterase activity and increased choline acetyltransferase activity. Meanwhile, SMGG had no toxicity and seven compounds were separated from it: 7,8-dimethyl-iso-alloxazine, 1-methyl-3-benzyl-6-(4-hydroxybenzyl)-2,5-piperzainedione, cyclo-(Phe-Pro), cyclo-(Leu-Pro), cyclo-(Pro-Gly), cyclo-(Gly-Leu) and uracil, respectively. Overall, these data suggested that SMGG protects the brain against D-galactose induced cognitive impairment, oxidative damages and acetylcholine content decrease in AD mice. Graphical Abstract


It is carried out a screening of diazotrophs, allocated from rhizosphere and rhizoplane of wheat plants of 13 sorts. It is shown, that strain Azospirillum sp. 77, allocated from rhizoplane of a spring wheat of sort Varyag, was characterized by the greatest nitrogenase activity. Inoculation of wheat seeds by specified strain promoted the increase of its germination on 22,3 % and dry weight of sprouts increase on 18,2 % in comparison with the control, that testifies the ability of Azospirillum sp. 77 to produce biologically active substances. The researched strain causes deformations of root fuzz that confirms the ability of Azospirillum sp. 77 to cause reaction on inoculation of wheat plants sorts Varyag. According to preliminary screening it is selected the strain, which capable to form effective associations with wheat plants.


Near- infrared plasmons in N- doped hexagonal graphene nanostructures were investigated using time- dependent density functional theory. Along a certain direction, N- doped hexagonal graphene nanostructures with a side length of 1 nm have more intense plasmon resonances throughout the nearinfrared spectral region. The electrons that participate in these near-infrared plasmon resonances oscillate back and forth between the center and edge regions of the hexagonal nanostructures. The formation of a near-infrared plasmon resonance mode depends on the nitrogen-doping position and the scale size of the graphene nanostructure. It is only when the nitrogen-doped location is close to the edge of the nanostructures,near-infrared plasmon resonance mode of the graphene nanostructure will be formed. For N-doped hexagonal graphene nanostructures with a side length of less than 1 nm, there is no plasmon resonance in the nearinfrared spectral region.


Objective To study the differences between sclerosing haemangioma and carvernous hamangioma of liver、hepatocellular carcinoma、Hepato-Cholangio-Carcinoma and hepatic matastasis cancer to improve the level of recognition and preoperative diagnosis of this disease.Methods Between 2000 and March 2008,the clinical and radiological datus(including CT and MRI images) of 10 patients of EHBH were analyzed,which were confirmed by pathology after surgical resections.Results This group of clerosing haemangioma of liver are lack of typical CT and MRI image characteristics of carvernous hamangioma of liver:dynamic enhanced CT scanning shows that there is no apparent enhancement of the tumor on the arterial phase and portal phase,but apparent enhancement of the tumor on equilibrium phase;MRI shows that hypointense on T1WI of the lesion,multi-intense on T2WI,of which part of lesion is hyperintense.Among these 10 cases,3 cases were misdiagnosed of heptocellular carcinoma,2 cases were misdiagnosed of Hepato-Cholangio-Carcinoma,one were misdiagnosed of Hepato-Cholangio-Carcinoma combined with infection,one were misdiagnosed of hepatic matastasis cancer,one were misdiagnosed of abscess of the liver,one were misdiagnosed of atypical carvernous hamangioma of liver,one were misdiagnosed of Retroperitoneal tumor.Conclusion Being familiar with the radiological characteristics of sclerosing haemangioma of the liver provide us great importance for improving the level of recognition and preoperative diagnosis of this disease and avoiding inappropriate operations.


In certain survival studies the percentage of right-hand single censoring and the frequency of survival assessment, which results in the grouping of otherwise distinct failure times, is under experimental control. It is important to determine the consequences of the use of the Peto-Breslow approximate likelihood function in the analysis of studies with grouped and censored observation. A Monte Carlo study was performed to simulate the response surface analysis of data generated under the assumption of Cox's proportional hazard model. Fortuitous reductions in the mean squared error of the model parameters with slight grouping and censoring are observed.


ABSTRACT Scottish public service reform is one example of an emerging international vision for state-convened public value governance. Scottish Government focus on community empowerment has legitimised discussions of community-led approaches and offers cautious policy support for community anchor organisations. In this context, community studies scholars and community sector continue to reflect critically on complex relations between state and community, with some exploring a social commons as a distinctive aspiration for democratic governance. In this paper, our participatory research with six community anchor exemplars and wider stakeholders provides empirical material to support discussion, interpretation and analysis at 'the frontier' of these visions of governance. We consider the potential for anchors to offer collaborative leadership to facilitate cross-sector partnership and participation and agonistic leadership to provide countervailing, constructive challenge to the state. We conclude by advancing a research agenda to explore further community sector leadership at times of increasing social and ecological crisis.


Through to the large mechanical and electrical products packing base under uniformly distributed loads, using pine, poplar LVL and bamboo and wood composite to comparative study of three different materials, with the theory and the finite element method analysis the deformation and the stress of three different material base of the packing. Research results show that three kinds of material stress results is close, bamboo-wood composite material deformation is smaller than pine pine deformation is smaller than poplar LVL, three kinds of materials of the gap between theoretical analysis and finite element analysis results is smaller, two kinds of analysis method is feasible. Therefore, bamboo-wood composite material can be used in placing of pine applied to large packaging of electromechanical products, reaching the "materials wood" requirements, achieving full utilization of resources.


Highway agencies across the United States are using incident management programs with technologies such as those provided in intelligent transportation systems to mitigate incident-related congestion. To establish effective systems and practices, incident managers need to know the extent to which technologies and practices have been used and how effective they are. Clemson University, with sponsorship from the South Carolina Department of Transportation, conducted a nationwide survey of state departments of transportation, emergency medical services, and state highway patrols to identify what technologies, communication, and strategies are most widely used in incident management and to determine best practices. Respondents reported that traffic cameras, wireless phones, and highway patrol communication were the top 3 means of identifying incidents. Although many agencies have deployed traffic sensors and cameras for incident verification, most agencies rely heavily on communications with state troopers and highway patrols as the primary means of verifying incidents. In terms of supporting inter-agency coordination for incident management, simplicity and the direct assignment of responsibility lead to the most effective and comprehensive programs. For agencies in some states, state legislation has provided critical support to alleviate agency liability concerns.


To analyse spatial patterns and the temporal tendency of mortality related to Chagas disease, in order to identify priority control areas in the state of Sergipe, Northeast Brazil.


Introduction: Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP1) agonists are highly effective agents for the treatment of obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D). GLP-1 is also implicated in outcomes of bariatric surgery, including appetite changes and T2D remission. Rare, potentially deleterious mutations in the glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor gene (GLP1R) may, therefore, have important implications for pathogenesis of obesity and T2D, and for response to therapeutic interventions. Methods: A custom Axion genotyping array, including 117 rare predicted-deleterious GLP1R mutations (MAF<0.01 in gnomAD, CADD-PHRED >= 15), was used to screen 1714 unrelated adults with BMI >35 kg/m2 from the PMMO study. We also examined the UK Biobank (UKB) exome sequence dataset for rare, predicted-deleterious GLP1R variants and tested their effects on weight and glycaemia-related traits. Results: Thirty-four PMMO participants carried one of the 117 GLP1R variants screened (11 might have been expected using the sum of their gnomAD control MAFs). These 8 variants were associated with T2D in the UKB and subsequent gene-level analysis of the UKB exome sequence dataset (629/39,274 carriers) confirmed that rare GLP1R variants are associated with increased risk of T2D (OR=1.58), as well as with higher HbA1c levels (p= 0.039). Furthermore, our data highlight a potential interaction of these variants with body mass index. Conclusion: Rare, potentially deleterious GLP1R mutations is associated with increased T2D risk, as well as higher HbA1c in UKB participants without diabetes. Future studies should examine the implications of GLP1R mutations for response to GLP1 agonist treatment and explore the observed interactions with obesity in T2D risk, including in larger cohorts with obesity.


A simple and practical doublefuzzy control scheme is proposed for industrial processes with dominant delay. It contains two separate controllers, a setpoint controller and a load controller. In order to obtain good performance in both setpoint tracking and load rejections, the two controllers can be separately designed, because the setpoint response of the closedloop system can be decoupled from the load response. Secondly, considering the advantage of fuzzy controller, the two controller are taken to be fuzzy controller, and to be common for simplicity. The simulation results show that the doublecontrol scheme modeled based on fuzzy controller is insensitive to the process model.


Purpose
There are limited data from Asian countries regarding retinal thickness in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). This study aimed to compare the macular and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) parameters between diabetic children without retinopathy and non-diabetic healthy children. We also evaluated the factors associated with RNFL thickness in children with T1DM.

Methods
A comparative cross-sectional study was conducted among children with T1DM and healthy children aged 7-17 years old in Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia from 2017 to 2019. Children with retinal disease or glaucoma were excluded. Macular and RNFL thicknesses were measured using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography. Demographic information, duration of diabetes, blood pressure, body mass index, visual acuity, and retinal examination findings were documented. Glycosylated hemoglobin levels, renal function, and blood lipid levels were also collected. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 24 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA) was used for statistical analyses.

Results
Forty-one children with T1DM and 80 age- and gender-matched children were enrolled. Both genders were affected. Mean duration of DM was 3.66 years. The mean HbA1c levels in the T1DM group was 9.99%. The mean macular and RNFL thicknesses in children with T1DM were 277.56 (15.82) µm and 98.85 (12.05) µm, respectively. Children with T1DM had a significantly thinner average macula, superior outer macula, nasal outer macula, mean RNFL, and inferior RNFL thickness compared to controls (p<0.05). There was a significant association between nephropathy and the mean RNFL thickness.

Conclusion
Children with T1DM had significantly decreased mean macular and RNFL thicknesses. Nephropathy is associated with an increased RNFL thickness.


The advantages of using a liquid mirror in a lunar telescope are summarized. Interferometric measurements of a 1.5-m diameter liquid mirror are presented which show that liquid mirrors can have the very high optical quality required of a lunar telescope. Some of the liquid metals that could be used are discussed.


Artificial intelligence is disrupting the field of mental healthcare through applications in computational psychiatry, which leverages quantitative techniques to inform our understanding, detection, and treatment of mental illnesses. This paper provides an overview of artificial intelligence technologies in modern mental healthcare and surveys recent advances made by researchers, focusing on the nascent field of digital psychiatry. We also consider the ethical implications of artificial intelligence playing a greater role in mental healthcare.


Abstract : Report developed under a SBIR contract. This SBIR project sought to develop an x-ray system for nondestructively imaging the internal three-dimensional structure of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) - a CT scanner for fuel cells with sub-50 nm resolution. During the Phase I project, Xradia completed two key tasks that demonstrate the use of this technology in routine SOFC development, specifically for studying Sulfur contamination.


Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a widespread autoimmune inflammatory disease. It implicates damage to bones, cartilage, and joints with uncertain pathogenesis. It is coupled with an elevated risk of cardiovascular complications and human disability. The conventional dosage forms for RA treatment pose numerous problems including poor efficacy, large dosages, frequent administration, limited responsiveness, greater expenses, and severe side effects. The nanoparticulate systems are emerging as a new thought for the diagnosis and treatment of RA. Anti-inflammatory drug-loaded nanoparticulate systems aid in the active and passive targeting of the inflamed region. Improved bioavailability and targetability are achieved by using these systems. In this review, the pathophysiology of RA and its conventional treatment has been discussed. The role of various nanoparticulate systems for passive and active targeting of RA has been reviewed. The authors have summarized the current practices in the typical and novel nanosystems to improve the quality of life in RA patients.


The arrival of mini-UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle), these small autonomous aircrafts, has opened the doors to a new environmental data acquisition's approach. In forestry, low-altitude imagery from UAV can be used to characterize forest ecosystem structure through a Canopy Height Model (CHM). The greatest asset of these images, compare to traditional remote sensing techniques such as photogrammetry (high altitude flights with metric camera) or Lidar based survey, stay its high spatial and temporal resolutions [Watts et al., 2012]. In this research, authors developed a new workflow for acquiring low-altitude aerial images with a mini-UAV and used them for the construction of a high resolution Canopy Height Model.


Introduction to The Problem: The term interpretation of Pancasila seems rarely used to measure the substance of the Pancasila as the Indonesian nation's weltanschauung . The term interpretation refers to the concept of constitutional and cultural meaning so that the order of civic life is in the same direction and under the paradigm of God, humanity, unity, society, and social justice. After the amendment of the 1945 Constitution, the Indonesian constitution has faced many changes. The changes that occurred are to creating a democratic governmental order. Even though the democratic rule of the government has surfaced, one thing for sure is that Pancasila is strengthening the form of Indonesia's foundation. Because philosophy, enthusiasm, ideas, and thoughts of the nation's life are determined by the underlying weltanschauung . Purpose/Objective Study: This study is trying to find the authentic interpretation of Pancasila based on its dynamic interpretation throughout Indonesian history. Design/Methodology/Approach: To answer these problems, the method used in this study is normative research with a conceptual approach so that interpretation is obtained by the paradigm built by the nation's founders. Findings: By referring to library materials, the conclusion that can be drawn from this research is Pancasila , which is misinterpreted rigidly and is state-oriented to castrate the meaning of Pancasila as a public view of life. Then with the strong tendency of legal-formal interpretation so that it eliminates its substantive nature as weltanschauung or national outlook on life so that Pancasila loses its vital in the present state of life in Indonesia .


Summary To test the assumption that littorinid snails do not discriminate between mates prior to copulation, I studied mate recognition behaviour in two species of Littorina on Swedish rocky shores: L. littorea (which has pelagic development and a distinct reproductive season) and L. saxatilis (non-pelagic development; reproduces throughout the year). Copulating pairs were sampled in five populations of each species to determine the occurrence of maladaptive (male-male or male-juvenile) matings. To complement the field sampling I did laboratory experiments on mucous-trail following, to reveal possible discriminating behaviour among potential mates when following mucous trails. In L. littorea about 5% of copulating pairs were between males, while in L. saxatilis, 33–38% were male-male or male-juvenile pairs. In contrast to L. littorea, this study showed that males of L. saxatilis did not discriminate between sexes from mucous trails, but followed any mucous trail (irrespective of sex of marker snail) for longer than females did. Thus, mate recognition behaviour by trail following can explain the difference in the proportion of maladaptive mating pairs between the two species studied. Among the 19 recognized species of the snail Littorina, nine show pelagic larval development, while 10 have direct, non-pelagic development. From the literature a clear relationship between reproductive strategy and the presence or absence of breeding season in Littorina snails was found. Species with pelagic development always have a distinct reproductive season, while species with non-pelagic development either reproduce throughout the year, or show variation between regions in seasonal or non-seasonal reproduction. The hypothesis that reproductive strategy and breeding season may influence the presence of mate recognition in Littorina snails is discussed.


The authors have proposed a cognitive science-based instructional technique for instruction of autistic children in language comprehension in which the meaning of tasks is explained by inference based on the child's existing knowledge. To clarify the characteristics of this instructional technique, an instructional setting was selected in which a child says "finished" once a print-out of tasks is complete and a transcript was created based on a video recording of that setting. A proposition, i.e. that a child instructed to do so would say "finished" upon completing a print-out of tasks, predicated upon a communicative act by an adult and the intent of that act and this proposition and intent as interpreted by the child were inferred and described in turns and then analyzed from the perspective of communication. Results indicated that discrepancies between the two readily occurred. Results also indicated this instructional technique modified cues immediately reminding the child of incorrect propositions when such a discrepancy occurred and served to revise communication so that the two agreed.


This paper presents a FPGA-based virtual motor drive system featuring two Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine (PMSM) drives made with two-level IGBT/GTO inverters model with full fault capability. The inverters are implemented on the FPGA with a nodal solver, using floating point arithmetic, and support individual component faults, like a single IGBT open fault, as well as other non-standard modes, like cases with no IGBT gate signals and natural rectification. The motor model can be either linear d-q models or Finite Element Analysis models from JMAG-RT. The virtual motor drives are implemented on a Virtex-6 FPGA card and have a total latency near 1μs from the IGBT gate signal capture at Digital Inputs to motor currents at Analog Outputs and are therefore well adapted for HIL tests with high-speed machine with either PWM (up to 100 kHz) or hysteretic current control. Finally, the paper presents experimental accuracy validation made by a TIER-1 supplier for hybrid electric vehicle in Japan.


This study aims to analyze the juridical review of the principles and systems of local tax collection in national development. The research method used is normative juridical. The results showed that tax collection was carried out based on the principle of "Four common of taxation" or "The four maxims", which contained; 1) the Principle of Equality (principle of balance with ability or principle of justice), 2) Principle of Certainty (principle of legal certainty), Principle of Convinience of Payment (principle of tax collection on time), 4) Principle of Economy (principle of economics). The taxation system in Indonesia adopts a self-assessment system, where taxpayers are given the full trust to calculate and pay taxes owed in accordance with the provisions of tax laws and regulations. Tax collection is a manifestation of the obligation and participation of taxpayers to finance state and national development.


Abstract A survey to document peanut farmers' weed management practices was conducted in the Ashanti, Brong Ahafo, Eastern, and Volta regions of Ghana, West Africa during 2001. Peanut was planted as the only crop in 64% of fields surveyed. Land preparation method was related to land tenure system. The slash and burn system constituted 72% of farmers surveyed. In Brong Ahafo region, 80% of the farmers planted on ridges while peanut was planted flat primarily in the Volta region. Planting flat or on ridges was variable in Ashanti and Eastern regions. Cogongrass [Imperata cylindrical (L.) Beauv.] was ranked as the worst weed by 41% of farmers. Wild poinsettia (Euphorbia heterophylla L.) was ranked second by 38% of farmers. Difficulty in weeding, interference with peanut, rapid growth, and profuse seeding were reasons given by farmers for ranking these weeds as the two most pernicious in Ghana. Weed control was perceived as poor by 65% of farmers, fair by 24% of farmers, and good by 12% of farmers. Sixty-nine...


In this paper a notion of difference function Δ f is introduced for real-valued, non-negative and log-concave functions f defined in R n . The difference function represents a functional analogue of the difference body K + (− K ) of a convex body K. The main result is a sharp inequality which bounds the integral of Δ f from above in terms of the integral of f . Equality conditions are characterized. The investigation is extended to an analogous notion of difference function for α -concave functions, with α α -difference function of f in terms of the integral of f is proved. The bound is sharp in the case α = −∞ and in the one-dimensional case.


According to management status of instruments and equipments in veterinary drug control organization applied for laboratory accreditation,this paper discusses on standardized management of laboratory instrument and equipment.


Performance contract as a branch of management science refers to a management control systems which is a contractual agreement to execute a service according to an agreed upon terms, within an established time period and with a stipulated use of resources and performance standards. The government of Kenya introduced performance contract signing in 2004. The aim was to improve service delivery and resource utilization in public institutions among other objectives. The introduction of performance contracting in public primary teachers training colleges was an effort to institute a framework of accountability and enhance service delivery in Kenya. This study sought to establish the availability of resources for implementing Performance contracting with an aim of improving service delivery to the public. It employed descriptive survey design. The target population was 2270 employees and 783 members of the students' councils of Public Primary Teachers Training Colleges. Purposive sampling, simple random sampling and stratified random sampling were used to identify the sample population. A total of 429 respondents formed the sample size representing 30% of the study population. The study revealed several challenges in the implementation process which included lack of funds, lack of training and capacity building of employees regarding performance contracting, ambiguity in the process and resistance by personnel to participate in the process hence these challenges had hindered the successful implementation of Performance contracts in PPTTCs. It is recommended that performance contracting strategy should be strengthened with the availing of more financial resources to ensure that the required learning and teaching resources are all made available.


This article discusses the Scarborough-born Black British artist Jade Montserrat, interrogating her multimedia work in the light of the history of slavery and Black British presence, postcolonialism, and ecocriticism. It looks specifically at the video works Clay and Peat Bog, discussing them in the context of their relation to Black presence in the North and the history of Black agency including new information about runaway slaves. The watercolour Toes and the installation piece No Need for Clothing are discussed in these terms as well, while the latter is used also to describe how charcoal traces from the work illuminate the physical cost of the work on Black bodies. The article uses theoretical work by Edouard Glissant, Paul Ricoeur, Michael Rothberg, Katherine McKitterick, Ian Baucom, and Hannah Arendt, as well as the context of Black British history, to help illuminate the multiple meanings the work engenders.


PURPOSE: To form a pattern of pitch twice as large as resolution of an optical system by forming first and third inert substance films as barriers, expanding a side face of the second substance film, and forming a part not changed in substance as a mask for patterning a film to be processed. CONSTITUTION: Inert silicon nitride films 20, 16 are formed as oxidation barriers, only a side face of an active polysilicon film 18 is wet oxidized, and expanded. Then, the film 20 and the film 18 remaining without oxidizing are removed. Thus, a mask formed of a silicon oxide film 18A having a width W2 of about 400nm and an interval D2 of about 200nm is formed. Thereafter, with the film 18A as a mask the film 16, and a conductive polysilicon film 14 are sequentially etched. Thus, a fine pattern of a pitch twice as large as resolution of a transfer unit can be formed. COPYRIGHT: (C)1993,JPO&Japio


If, according to Aristotle, the validity of any argument is based on technical as much as extra-technical evidence, the latter, however, seems to be the only one which is likely to grant historians a legitimate base to any assertion they make. The fact that in both history and rhetoric argumentation validity has no cross-checking to feature its scope may make historians face a paradoxical situation : they might be compelled to resort to technical evidence of rhetoric whereas such an evidence is known to be invalid as far as history is concerned.


Abstract This note is devoted to the existence of rigorous asymptotic expansions for some boundary layer problems. We follow ideas of geometric optics and show that, generically, the study of such expansions is linked to the kernel and range of suitable projectors. We apply this remark to some classical geophysical systems, and recover in particular the results of (Grenier, E., Masmoudi, N. (1997). Ekman layers of rotating fluids, the case of well prepared initial data. Comm. Partial Differential Equations 22(5–6):953–975) with some improvements.


Although Au wires is a popular bonding material in IC package. But the trend to replace Au wire with Cu in wire bonding process has become an important trend in semiconductor package. To explore properties variation for these two wires bond. We focused on mechanical, electrical, physical related properties comparison between Au and Cu wires bond in DRAM component. The test vehicles with both Au and 4N purity (99.99 wt%) Cu wires and then diameter size were 25um. To investigate mechanical properties of IMC formation on Au and Cu wires bond-ability on Al pad, both ball shear and wire pull tests were performed on test samples. In electrical related evolution result displayed that Cu wire was lower than Au wire bond in resistance increase rate up to thermal aging 500hr. SEM cross-sectioned was performed to identify IMC growth rate of Cu-Al pad is slower than that of Au-Al pad due to two raw materials with variation chemical property. Moreover, IMC growth behavior is different between Cu and Au wires bond. From this study result, we obtained Cu with advantages than Au in properties of wires bond.


ABSTRACT The sand compaction pile (SCP) method can be applied to soft marine clay ground that is a reinforcement of composite ground consisting of compacted sand piles and surrounding clay. The application of SCP method in the immersed tunnel of Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macao Bridge verify SCP method is a robust solution to limit the total settlement and differential longitudinal settlement and to promote smooth transition from immersed tunnel to artificial island. The SCP method has significant settlement reduction effect on marine clay. The SCPs can also function as a drainage path to accelerate the consolidation process in marine clay. It is also found that the consolidation rate of SCP-improved ground is delayed compared with that predicted program which is most probably because of the soil disturbance effect during the installation of SCPs.


The semantic web was proposed in 1994 by the inventor of the original world wide web, Sir Tim Berners-lee. He outlined a web of information that provided meaning and structure to information in a way that the existing web did not. This meaning, or semantics would allow for the automation of a greater number of tasks, such as a hospital booking that involves many agents, trust and communication as described in the article. Since then the semantic web has become the focus of a large amount of research: knowledge representation, multi-agent systems, semantic web services and trust. Each of these subject areas has made a significant contribution to the current state of the semantic web. This paper summarises the research of a key paper in each of these areas of semantic web research, as well as the original Berners-lee article in order to provide an overview of the current state of the semantic web.


At the U.S. Department of Commerce, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) Climate and Adaptation Partnerships (CAP) Program and the National Institute of Standards and Technology's (NIST) Community Resilience Program (CRP) collaborate on a portfolio of research projects, across national and regional scales that explore small- and medium-sized business (SMB) disruption and resilience to complex climate events. Some of the most significant costs associated with the impact of weather and climate disasters stem from disruptions experienced by SMBs, but the full extent of immediate and downstream impacts on communities can only be fully understood over time. The NOAA-NIST portfolio of projects uses social science framing to bridge federal research priorities that typically orient around specific hazards and risks, with sector-specific (i.e. SMBs) climate change resilience needs. This approach lends itself to a deeper understanding of complex climate events by focusing on cascading and compound events, including both acute and chronic exposures, as well as the broader social structures that formulate a variety of socio-economic stressors and that can exacerbate both vulnerability to impacts and recovery potential over time. In this commentary, we describe the development of the research portfolio and highlight the importance of the complex event framework and cross-agency cooperation in the federal approach to understanding and addressing climate change. This approach moves beyond considerations relevant to discrete risk types or events, to uncover the social and sectoral spaces in which conditions for impacts and recovery are formed and realized across multiple geographies and over time. Understanding the formulation of complex events, and in this demonstrative case how SMB operators across communities learn about and implement resilience measures, is key for effective and equitable climate services and building community resilience.


As a simple tribute to his work in favor of impoverished children, we briefly cite the educational aims of Lorenzo Milani, we consider that they are still valid.


The chemical feasibility of depositing a primary uranium material from a pregnant solution by exposing the solution to natural gas in an environment favorable to such deposition was tested. It was found that the precipitation is achieved by reduction of soluble hexavalent uranium salts to insoluble tetravalent compounds. The reducing agent is primarily the hydrogen sulfide in the natural gas: however, hydrogen and methane present in the gas and ferrous ions in the solution contribute to the reaction. (J.R.D.)


Zhejiang and Fujian are the two main sports production bases in china, as well as highly developed regions of sports industry cluster. In this study, five typical industrial clusters are selected from these two provinces to perform the research on brand competitiveness. The results show that there are many problems, such as low market concentration, the lack of well-known brand, slow growth in brand operating expenses, unique means of product promotion, weak brand innovation capability and so on. Therefore, we must enhance the building of leading enterprises, vigorously implement the brand strategy, and accelerate the building of the sports industrial parks.


BACKGROUND
Diastema can be closed using conservative and non-conservative techniques. Composite resin wings and ceramic veneers are the most common treatment options if there is no indication for orthodontic treatment. A novel ultra-conservative technique has been introduced to the practice, i.e., porcelain sectional veneers can be fabricated with no or minimum preparation. However, porcelain is known for its poor mechanical properties and the long-term survival of such restorations is questionable.

OBJECTIVES
This paper aimed to investigate the mechanical aspects of porcelain sectional veneers by means of the finite element method (FEM).

MATERIAL AND METHODS
A three-dimensional (3D) model of porcelain sectional veneers on the upper central incisors with diastema was obtained by the reversed engineering method starting from a cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) image. A 100 N occlusal force was applied parallel and 135° to the longitudinal axis, respectively. For each direction the force was applied once with direct contact and again with no contact with the porcelain sectional veneers. For each of the resulting 4 scenarios, a 3D finite element analysis was simulated and the maximum equivalent von Mises stress was compared to porcelain flexural strength.

RESULTS
Higher stresses were detected when the force was applied on the porcelain sectional veneers and they were increased dramatically with the inclined force.

CONCLUSIONS
Direct occlusal contact has to be avoided when using porcelain sectional veneers and the margin positions must be chosen carefully. The occlusal scheme must be noted carefully before choosing this type of restoration.


In this paper successive approximation register (SAR) analog-to-digital converter (ADC) and multiplied delay locked loop base phase locked loop (MDLL) implemented in tsmc 0.18-um CMOS process is presented for R-G-B sensors in 3D camera application. By applying single-sided switching method that reduces DAC switching energy, the proposed SAR ADC achieves less power consumption. Also, asynchronous control logic is used which an external high frequency doesn't need clock to drive ADC. MDLL use sub-sampling charge pump structure and a divided by 48 pulse swallow divider.


Future professionals in fields, which are in increasing demand on the labour market, need "Learning in Depth". Such approach ensures that every student becomes familiar with specific EU issues they may choose to specialize on. It can be achieved via employing different teaching methodologies and technics. Developing in-depths learning materials, including hand-outs, power point presentations, tutorials materials, video-lectures, open on-line courses are part of this approach. Instead of traditional face-to-face lecturing, it implements lectures with open discussions and game simulations, targeting in particular cross-cultural peculiarities for sustainable development fostering based on achievements of Industry 3.0 and Industry 4.0. Much of the attention would be paid for the debates as a part of learning by doing methodology. The basic here is the Karl Popper format of debates. Its extended format with Government and Opposition as two confronting parties is preferable, modelled by debates with NGOs participation, local government, business, developers, and active citizens. The other type of team-work projects are round tables discussions, during which global scale issues will be simulated, where each student would need to become an expert for solving critical issues. There would be specific tasks of modelling production/consumption nets, including those achieved by social and solidarity economies.


It is very important to understand the variation and leading factors of evapotranspiration in phragmites communis wetland for estimating wetland water resource.Based on observations of the microclimate gradient,eddy covariance,and eco-physiological in the Panjin Wetland Ecosystem Research Station,Institute of Atmospheric Environment,China Meteorological Administration,the daily evapotranspiration variation and the leading factors were analyzed.The Bowen-Ratio energy balance method and gradient method were taken to simulate the daily evapotranspiration process of phragmites communis,and the results was compared with the observation data of eddy covariance system.The results showed that the daily evapotranspiration variation process had the tendency of the single peak curve that was lower at morning and evening and higher at noon.According to the correlative analysis,meteorological factors and biological factors affected the evapotranspiration significantly.Especially,net radiation,relative humidity,air temperature,leaf photosynthetic rate and leaf conductance were the leading factors for the evapotranspiration of phragmites communis. In terms of the comparison of the results of two methods and the factual data of eddy variation,gradient method was better to simulate the evapotranspiration of phragmites communis.This research can provide the support for the evapotranspiration calculation of phragmites communis.


1Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore City, Singapore 2Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA 3Department of Biological Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore 4Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA 5Rhinology and Endoscopic Skull Base Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA


This article presents a study of the energy efficiency and the optimal sizing of an autonomous hybrid energy system (PV-wind-battery) as a power source for a typical household in an isolated village in Adrar, Algeria using the multi-objective Particle Swarm Optimization (MPSO) algorithm and Genetic Algorithm (GA). This study presents a new approach to obtain an optimal configuration and sizing of the main components integrated into the autonomous hybrid system (PV/wind) which meets the requirements of the desired system. In the first phase, the reliability criterion (LPSP) is met with the lowest Energy Cost (EC) value (min Total Net Present Cost (TNPC)). The required storage bank must have a low rate of aging in order to extend the battery life, which contributes to the reduction of the overall cost of the system. Due to the inability to meet the needs demanded by random load profiles, we have incorporated a complementary approach to home insulation to significantly improve energy efficiency. In order to improve the thermal comfort of the house and reduce the energy consumed by air conditioning and heating, a thermal and energy study on this house has been evaluated using TRNSYS 18 simulation software for the overall thermal and energy behavior of a habitat and its environment in dynamic regime. The simulation results show that the thermal insulation of the walls reduces energy consumption by 13.39% in the case of heating and by 10% in the case of air conditioning. Assuming a 10% decrease in energy needs for heating and air conditioning, we observe its positive effect on optimizing the battery lifetime.


The potential for environmentally friendly nano-additives based drilling fluids is extended here in the context of the ongoing EU project 'ORCHYD' where a hybrid drilling technology is developed by combining High Pressure Water Jet (HPWJ) and Percussive Drilling to improve the efficiency of deep geothermal drilling. In this work, different types of nanomaterials such as graphene oxide, hybrid nano silica and their composite nanomaterials are used as additives in a water-based drilling fluid. The influence of additives on the rheological properties and the friction of the drilling fluid has been investigated. The laboratory results showed that an increase in the concentration of additives will increase the viscosity of fluids. A significant reduction in the coefficient of friction (during wear testing of steel material) was also revealed with the addition of GO and chemical functionalization. The need for further characterizing and the perspective to upscale the enhanced nano-additives based fluids for HPWJ and percussive drilling application, in deep geothermal conditions, are discussed.


In March 1997 the Jade Shipping Channel was the location for a trial, to determine the ability of a water-jetting device (the Wing Excavator) to lower the crests of sandwaves, which pose a navigation hazard. Several methods of operation were tried, including displacement of sand from the crests and deep trenching through the crests. State-of-the-art surveying techniques were used to establish the location and morphology of the sandwaves, and determine the volumes of excavation. Despite encouraging results from each of the trial stages, the final cumulative volume of excavation proved surprisingly low and was insufficient to convince the Waterway Authority of the effectiveness of the technique. Subsequent re-evaluation of the data has shown that, rather than surveying errors being responsible for the anomaly, rapid re-building of the sandwave crests was the cause. Rebuilding appears to take place in a matter of hours or days, provided that the crests are not lowered by more than 50% of their original height. Crests that were deeply trenched did not re-build in the same way. Symmetrical trochoidal sandwaves of the type present in the trial area are common in the Jade. Oblique imagery of the sandwaves derived from the processed swathe bathymetry, reveals many features that would accord with a Hulscher-type of sandwave building mechanism. Rapid re-building of the crests highlights the inefficiency of any technique that seeks to control the navigation hazard by displacing or removing material from the crests. By considering the dynamics of sandwave/water flow interaction, an alternative method for reducing the up-building tendency is proposed.


When flowing water concentrates on hillslopes, the erosivity of the water may only be limited by the erodibility of the soil. Over time, concentrated flow paths may become permanent drainage channels, and such rills and ephemeral gullies often have negative impacts on crop yield and downstream sedimentation. Spatiotemporal topographic assessments of rill and gully dimensions compliment hydraulic erosion estimates, and they can elucidate soil erosion processes and provide data for model validation. Accurate and detailed topographic assessments, however, can be cost prohibitive. The objectives of this study are to describe and evaluate a topographic assessment method with relatively high spatial and temporal resolution, to discuss its costs and limitations, and to provide an assessment procedure for erosion characterization and data optimization. Three locations are evaluated that are pertinent to soil erosion research on the field, plot, and laboratory scale. In each setting, the sites are monumented and monitored using photogrammetric techniques. Photogrammetry is a simple, robust means to track landscape evolution and morphodynamic changes in rills and ephemeral gullies. The assessment procedure describes study site attributes at a variety of spatial and temporal scales, it is cost-effective, workforce empowering, and reliable, and the analysis and presentation can be automated. Capturing this type of information is critical to an improved understanding of the fundamental principles necessary to enhance modeling technology to estimate erosion potential at various scales and to assess the efficacy of conservation practices.


Introduction . In the educational systems of different countries, much experience has been gained regarding the use of project-based learning. This method is an alternative to traditional lecture-based learning: it helps to pull together a theoretical training material with real life; additionally, it changes the roles of pupils and teachers: students become active fully-competent subjects of an educational process, whereas teachers organize, supervise and direct this process, but do not transfer readily available information. The aim of the publication is an analytical review of the cases of application of project-based learning in Finland, France, Australia, China and the USA, which were described in the articles of foreign peer-reviewed journals. Methodology and research methods. The methodological framework of the present research is based on systemic and active approaches. The general scientific methods of comparative analysis, synthesis and generalization were applied. The case study method was chosen as a basic tool of the research. Results. A brief background to the history of the genesis and development of project-based learning is given. The emphasized features of various approaches to project-based learning application are different in their orientation towards the solution of certain tasks, as well as in the possibilities for selecting goals and means for implementing specific projects. The case studies in Finnish universities are worked out for the development of social skills of students; however, students can choose both the goals and tools of project activities by themselves. The industrial project method has gained a wide popularity in France; the method is focused on the market, therefore, the choice of the goals and instruments is made on account of the needs of a particular employer. The experience of some Australian universities shows that the project-based learning is used to develop professional skills; the choice of instruments occurs with an orientation towards the latest technological advances. In China the key objectives of the project-based learning are various social projects (for example, environmental projects) which are declared at the governmental level. A broad range of versions of project-based learning have been practised for more than one decade in the leading United States universities, colleges and schools: social competences of students are formed by the means of this method; there is an introduction of innovative technologies into educational process; partnerships are build between educational organizations and market; comprehensive ecological programs are created; etc. However, at this stage, the project-based learning is singled out for serious criticism; the analysis of previous experience and the search for solutions are conducted in order to increase the efficiency of education and improve academic performance of students. Scientific novelty. In the Russian Pedagogy, this paper is the first attempt for understanding and generalizing the experience of international project-based learning application. Practical significance. The materials of the publication provide a possibility for education administrators and educators-practitioners to get familiarized with the educational potential and a variety of approaches of project-based learning in order to adopt the best and most appropriate methods towards the Russian realias and the Russian educational institutions.


To enhance the design of mechanical system, parametric Accelerated Life Testing (ALT) as systematic reliability method suggests to evaluate the design of mechanical systems subjected to repeated stresses. It involves: (1) a parametric ALT plan formed on system BX lifetime, (2) a load examination, (3) a customized parametric ALTs with the design changes, and (4) an assessment of whether the design(s) of product attains the objective BX lifetime. We suggest a general life-stress model and sample size equation. As a test case, based on market data and a customized ALT, the redesign of hinge kit system (HKS) in a refrigerator was investigated. To carry out parametric ALTs, utilizing a force and moment balance analysis, the mechanical impact loading of HKS were computed in operating the refrigerator door. At the first ALT, the HKS failure occurred in the fracture of the kit housing, and oil damper leaked when the HKS broke. The failure modes and mechanisms found in the 1 ALT were alike to those of the failed samples obtained from the marketplace. The missing design parameters of the HKS included the stress raisers such as corner rounding and rib of the housing in HKS, the oil seal in the oil damper, and the material of the cover housing. In the second ALT, the cover housing fractured. The missing design parameter of the cover housing in the HKS was the plastics material. As a corrective action plan, we modified the cover housing from plastic to aluminum. After ALTs, the lifetime of the redesigned HKS was reassured to be a B1 life 10 years with a yearly failure rate of 0.1%. Keywords—Lifetime Design, Hinge Kit System, Fracture, Parametric ALT, Missing Design Parameter,


With the rapid development of economic and the acceleration of urbanization, traffic problems in China are very prominent. Moreover, the advent of the "information" era has accelerated the development of Internet of Thing (IoT), For purpose of improving the current situation of urban transport, and in the context of rapid development of IoT, intelligent transportation system (ITS) has received extensive attention. Traffic path guidance system (TPGS) is an important research field of ITS, which improves the traffic condition of road network by guiding user's travel behaviors, and ultimately realizes the reasonable distribution of traffic flow in each section of road network. In this paper, we adopt Performance Evaluation Process Algebra (PEPA) to model the process of path guidance in TPGS, and analyze performance indexes on the response time of the model by simulation method.


Abstract The crystal structure of Rochelle salt in the ferroelectric phase has been determined by means of X-ray diffraction. R-factor is 0.069. Large thermal vibrations are observed for all the atoms. The displacements of atoms due to the appearance of the spontaneous polarization are presented, which are parallel to the longest principal axis of the thermal motion ellipsoids and confirm the disordered model proposed Iwata el al. Discussions are made on the importance of the interactions between O(8) atom and K ions for the ferroelectric activity.


Abstract The paper discusses the analytical expressions of a motion profile characterized by elliptic jerk. This motion profile is obtained through a kinematic approach, defining the jerk profile and then obtaining acceleration, velocity, and displacement laws by successive integrations. A dimensionless formulation is adopted for the sake of generality. The main characteristics of the profile are analyzed, outlining the relationships between the profile parameters. A kinematic comparison with other motion laws is carried out: trapezoidal velocity, trapezoidal acceleration, cycloidal, sinusoidal jerk, and modified sinusoidal jerk. Then, the features of these motion profiles are evaluated in a dynamic case study, assessing the vibrations induced to a second-order linear system with different levels of damping. The results show that the proposed motion law provides a good compromise between different performance indexes (settling time, maximum absolute values of velocity and acceleration).


A method has been developed for the two‐dimensional separation of proteins in a single thin‐layer gel, using sodium dodecyl sulfate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the first dimension and isoelectric focusing in the second dimension. After two‐dimensional electrophoresis of concentrated culture supernatants from Streptococcus mutans, the gels were directly stained with Coomassie Brilliant Blue R‐250 for protein and with periodic acid‐Schiff base reagent for glycoprotein. Glycosyl‐transferases were detected by incubating the gels in a sucrose‐containing buffer, either by visual observation of white spots of the product polysaccharides or by periodic acid‐Schiff staining of the products. All the procedures, including the staining steps, were done in a single gellayer covalently bound to a glass plate. The efficient removal of sodium dodecyl sulfate and renaturation of glycosyltransferases in the gel layers rendered this a simplified and rapid method for the relative molecular mass and isoelectric point determinations in the crude preparations.


OBJECTIVE To study toxicity and efficacy of aconite composition on myocardium and identify the main compositions.METHODS The compositions of aconite abstract was absorped with myocardium cell membrane and the dissociated samples were determined by LC-MS.RESULTS Ionization peak(646.0 /586.0,616.3 /338.5,632.0 /105.0) was detected by MRM scanning.CONCLUSION Aconitine,mesaconitine and hypaconitine in aconite are the compositions of toxicity and efficacy to myocardium.