The two mononuclear complexes of the formula [Dy(tta)3(L)] (1) and [Dy(hfac)3(L)] (2) (where tta- = 2-thenoytrifluoroacetylacetonate and hfac- = 1,1,1,5,5,5-hexafluoroacetylacetonate) were obtained from the coordination reaction of the Dy(tta)3·2H2O or Dy(hfac)3·2H2O units with the 1,10-phenantroline-5,6-dione ligand (L). Their structures have been determined by X-ray diffraction studies on single crystals, and they revealed a supramolecular assembly of tetramers through σ-π interactions. Both complexes displayed a Single-Molecule Magnet (SMM) behavior without an external applied magnetic field. Magnetic relaxation happened through Orbach, Raman and Quantum Tunneling of the Magnetization (QTM). Wavefunction theory calculations were realized to rationalize the magnetic properties.


Abstract Increasing population has led to the increasing demand for food, raw materials, and energy. Continuing land use changes, intensification of its exploitation, deforestation, fossil fuel combustion, and related carbon dioxide production have been contributing to change of water and energy balance of the globe, thus changing conditions for life. Other reasons for changing conditions on the Earth are natural changes in interactions between the Earth and outer space. Actual climate change is a part of other global changes resulting in both natural and anthropogenic changes. It is mostly felt as a change of global temperature and increase of precipitation intensities and totals. Flood periods are followed by long periods without precipitations. Increasing population as well as increasing consumption of resources lead to the increasing imbalance between our planet production and consumption. To preserve good conditions for population of the Earth, it is necessary to decrease consumption of energy, raw materials, and food to reach equilibrium between Earth´s ecosystem production and consumption of the ecosystem products.


The research work is devoted to the questions of information support of internal control of operations with debt financial instruments. The internal documentation of operations with debt financial instruments, peculiarities of their value and their presentation in accounting reports are considered in article


In order to confirm the calculation model of multi-ribbed slab structure and transmission of earthquake action, this paper improved existing multi-ribbed slab structure. The calculation model of improved multi-ribbed slab structure confirmed the stress relationship among three seismic fortification lines, and the transmission of earthquake action became clear, the same calculation model could be applied in structural analysis. For studying the features of characteristic parameters of restoring force changing in the first seismic fortification line, blocks, and correcting the parameters, the experimental study was carried out. The experiment shows that when a unidirectional horizontal load was applied, that blocks in grid frame could be regarded as a slanted strut that with specific section and elasticity, the ideal slanted struts nominal elastic modulus is roughly in 20~60 N/mm2.


Classification and identification of agricultural products are usually done
manually. This method is prone to error and subjectivity of the user. The other
method, laboratory testing, can only be done by professional and takes time.
Classification and identification of cane sugar in Indonesia is also done with
similar process with no standardization. In the production of cane sugar, several
stages and condition produce different kinds of sugar, resulting in the need of
supervision. In automation and standardization of quality, quantized identification
process needs to be done. System was designed as Artificial Neural Network with
one hidden layer using Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm. Colour and textural
features were extracted from 120 images of cane sugar for Artificial Neural
Network inputs. After feature reduction, the designed system could identify 8 kinds
of cane sugar with success rate of 85%. Designed system was also tested for
different learning rate, activating function, ratio of training and testing set and
different testing conditions. Application with GUI was also made for user.


We study a continuous-variable (CV) teleportation protocol based on a shared entangled state produced by the quantum-nondemolition (QND) interaction of two vacuum states. The scheme utilizes the QND interaction or an unbalanced beam splitter in the Bell measurement. It is shown that in the nonunity gain regime the signal transfer coefficient can be enhanced while the conditional variance product remains preserved by applying appropriate local squeezing operation on sender's part of the shared entangled state. In the unity gain regime, it is demonstrated that the fidelity of teleportation can be increased with the help of the local squeezing operations on parts of the shared entangled state that effectively convert our scheme to the standard CV teleportation scheme. Further, it is proved analytically that such a choice of the local symplectic operations minimizes the noise by which the mean number of photons in the input state is increased during the teleportation. Finally, our analysis reveals that the local symplectic operation on sender's side can be integrated into the Bell measurement if the interaction constant of the interaction in the Bell measurement can be adjusted properly.


and Berger, should be a useful addition to our somewhat scanty literature on the subject. Unfortunately Prof. Burton's book does not wholly fulfil two conditions which may be looked for in a work of this kind. (1) Insufficient use has been made of the considerable amount of new information which the research of recent years has thrown upon the subject. The author shows acquaintance with the literature on the Minoans, and gives them due credit as pioneers of Mediterranean navigation. But, although he cites Berard's Phkniciens in his bibliography, he makes little use of this important work, and he does not appear to know Schulten's Tartessos or the edition of Avienus' Ora Maritima by Schulten and Bosch. Consequently he remains at sea with the Phoenicians. For the discovery of the Asiatic continent he quotes Herrmann's Seidenstrassen, but ignores Hirth and Aurel Stein ; and he seems to be unaware of the large part played by the Chinese of the Han dynasty in linking the extremes of Asia. Again, he mentions Warmington's Roman Commerce with India, but takes no advantage of the great amount of new light which this work has thrown on the extent and the stages of discovery in the Indian Ocean. Indeed, the entire history of eastern voyages, from the time of Hippalus to that of the Emperor ' An-Tun,' is completed in four sentences. In the description of Hanno's cruise on the coast of West Africa he does not consider the theory, recently supported by Gsell and Hennig, that the Carthaginian captain proceeded as far as Camerun. (2) On the many debatable points in which the history of ancient geography is involved Prof. Burton seldom gives a sufficiently strong lead. He dismisses Herodotus' story of a Phoenician circumnavigation of Africa in a single non-committal sentence, though the feasibility, if not the actuality, of this voyage under the conditions stated by Herodotus can be proved. He mentions that Tartessus was a city, but does not state whether it should be identified with Gades. He throws doubts upon the authenticity of the remaining fragments of Hecataeus, leaving open the question of their historical value. Yet it may be claimed that their genuineness has been definitely established by Jacoby's article Hekataios in Pauly-Wissowa. On p. 51 we read : ' Seleucus . . . sent an expedition under Patrocles to explore the Caspian Sea and undertook the conquest of Northern India.' We are not told that Patrocles brought back false information and contrived to throw fresh fog upon that piece of water. The cruise of Pytheas is hesitatingly accepted as historical, but the cogent reasons for holding this view {vide Miillenhoff, Hergt, or Rice Holmes) are not adduced ; and the whereabouts of Thule is not discussed. In cases where the author exercises his own judgment, we may usually follow him without misgivings. He makes some good points in denying the connection of the Phoenicians with the early trade in amber, and he gauges correctly the value of the Argonaut legend as evidence for Black Sea exploration. On the other hand he is rather too sceptical in questioning the discovery of the Tin Islands by the Phoenicians. In view of Hanno's well-authenticated voyage along the African coast, it can hardly be contended that the trip from Corunna to Cornwall was beyond the capacity of a Phoenician navigator. And if the story of Himilco be dismissed as coming from too dubious a source, we are almost bound to accept the detailed account of Strabo (bk. Ill , p. 175-6) about the regular Phoenician sailings to the Cassiterides. (For a recent summary of information on the Tin Islands, see Haverfield in Pauly-Wissowa, art. ' Kassiterides ' ; or Haverfield and Miss Taylor in the Victoria County History of Cornwall.)


The circulation and intersection of supranational rights, discourses, and practices with local struggles have contributed to victories, disappointments, and in many instances, new articulations and understandings of rights for local people. In Botswana, the everincreasing interaction of minority groups with international institutions, laws and conventions, nongovernmental groups (NGOs), and the Botswana courts has created a dialectic that continues to reshape vernacular rights discourses. The state has also been a party in this evolving dialectic and has found new means of intervening in the process. The Botswana state prides itself on its liberal practices and has received international acclaim as a result. The state's success in promoting individual-based human rights provides a context for minorities to self-identify, recognize their oppression, and safely challenge the state. Initially disarmed by minority demands and legal action, the state has now attempted to redefine the goals of minorities and to reduce the substance and redress of justice claims to support for * Professor, Department of International Development Studies & Department of Anthropology, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada. I wish to thank the hosts and participants of the 2010 Human Rights, Legal Systems, and Customary Cultures Across the Global South conference at the Indiana University Maurer School of Law for inviting me to the conference and providing a very stimulating venue. Rosemary Coombe has been an invaluable interlocutor and has offered me much food for thought through our discussions and her written work. In Botswana many people offered their time and shared their knowledge; the full list is too long to include. I especially wish to thank Lydia Saleshando for her unfailing support and the members of Reteng for including me in many of their activities. Also in Botswana Dimpoetse Khudu, Kelone Khudu-Petersen, Josti and Doreen Moeletsi, Tsaone Moeletsi, Jeffrey Tsheboagae, Alice Mogwe of Ditshwanelo, The Botswana Centre for Human Rights, Serara Mogwe and the staff at the Department of Culture have been extremely helpful. I could not have conducted this research without generous support from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada and the Botswana government for granting me a research permit. Michael Lambek and Nadia Lambek have offered unstinting editorial and moral support. Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies Vol. 18 #1 (Winter 2011) @ Indiana University Maurer School of Law


In 1990, Australia became the first country in the world to institute a process of uniform assessment and recognition of endoscopy training. Partnering with the Royal Australasian College of Physicians and the Gastroenterological Society of Australia (GESA), the Royal Australasian College of Surgeons (RACS) was instrumental in creating the Conjoint Committee for the Recognition of Training in Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. The 'Conjoint Committee' has evaluated and recognized the completion of training benchmarks for all endoscopic procedures by trainees, almost unchanged, since that time. But as surgeons we already know how good our trainees are, and how good we are, as colonoscopists, don't we? In increasing the numbers of procedures and assessment tools required by the Conjoint Committee for colonoscopy, merely to analyse learning curves and competence, we should be asking whether this is justified. We should also ask why we need recertification which is required by no other single procedure; why we should measure adenoma and serrated polyp detection rates and caecal intubation rates; why these rates are so high; and how we will benefit from a national standard for colonoscopy practice. Or should we? Before recognizing training, the Conjoint Committee does not currently assess learning curves or the objective skill level that our trainees attain, as meaningful formative and summative assessment tools are not utilized. The current training reports are based on the (sometimes limited) assessment and perceptions of the trainers. So how good are our new colonoscopists really? Do we ourselves know how well we identify polyps and complete colonoscopies? Do we know how many potential cancers we miss? Do we control the standards of practice around the availability and provision of colonoscopy training, the provision of colonoscopy and the outcomes of colonoscopy as these elements vary greatly between individuals, institutions and geographic regions? Colonoscopy practice is rarely scrutinized or audited, so how good are we as training and practicing colonoscopists? As surgeons we pride ourselves on the skills training and assessment that our trainees receive. We believe that our system produces surgeons of the highest calibre. As fellows, we audit outcomes and complications and strive for continual improvement. It is part of our culture and yet the training, practice and audit of colonoscopy often falls below the high standard that we set for other procedures. In addressing quality indicators for colonoscopy, Shine et al., in this issue of the journal, are looking at similar markers of performance and outcome to those we espouse for our operative work. And yet the introduction of mandatory recognition and recertification, within the national clinical care standard for colonoscopy, are both being questioned by fellows of our college. The same fellows who vigorously defend the audit of surgical outcomes and complications, the elimination of substandard practices and the identification and remediation of substandard surgeons. Why then is there such vociferous opposition to processes mandated in the national standard, against which all colonoscopy facilities are to be measured? Why are some opposed to a systemized audit of practice (recertification) that adds to our CPD, provides a tool to assess individual performance of colonoscopy and guides how we may improve? The fear of exclusion from practice is mentioned but RACS and GESA must provide remediation systems to prevent this. Or is it actually the fear of possibly being in this substandard group? There is also a price; but for this paltry amount we can utilize a national standardized audit to improve practice. While not a registry, it provides some of the benefits of one. But why not a registry? Why not make the logging of every colonoscopy mandatory as part of our Professional Development portfolio? Why not allow colonoscopists to continuously benchmark against their peers? Why not track underperformance and provide supportive intervention to remediate those below our set standard? Why not use this opportunity to make us the most skilled cohort of colonoscopists in the world? In supporting the Conjoint Committee's role of recognizing training, RACS should be leading the development of skills training pathways and paradigms for colonoscopy; as skills training is our strength. RACS should be advising the Conjoint Committee on better methods of formative and summative assessment; as skills assessment is our strength. Surgeons should be leading the way in the uptake of the recertification audit of skills and outcomes; as audit, reflection and improvement of practice is our strength. In these processes, RACS must be leaders. But as only one part of the colonoscopy community we should also be leaders in unity. Division will allow external forces to regulate us, much as the care standard has started to. It is only through RACS, its sections and the Gastrointestinal specialty societies, partnering with GESA, creating unity in the standards we set for all endoscopy training and practice, that endoscopists will retain the ability to control these areas themselves. Promote excellence; lead the processes of training, assessment, audit and improvement in colonoscopy; embrace unity with GESA;


In this paper, we present an automated Web page classification system based upon ontology. As a first step, to identify the representative terms given a set of classes, we compute the product of term frequency and document frequency. Secondly, the information gain of each term prioritizes it based on the possibility of classification. We compile a pair of the terms selected and a web page classification into rules using machine learning algorithms. The compiled rules classify any Web page into categories defined on a domain ontology. In the experiments, 78 terms out of 240 terms were identified as representative features given a set of Web pages. The resulting accuracy of the classification was, on the average, 83.52%.


An optoelectronic mixer based on the nonlinear photoconductivity of black phosphorus is presented. We demonstrate mixing with a maximum conversion loss of 31 dB at local oscillator frequencies up to 640 MHz.


In indoor propagation, the decline in field strength with distance has been modeled as inversely proportional to r/sup n/, where n is found empirically. In this paper, the field strength in a 50 m hospital corridor is computed by geometrical optics. The computed field strength is well represented as declining as 1/r at close distances and as 1/r/sup n/ farther away, with n chosen to minimize the error between the computed field and the r/sup n/ approximate model. Values of n are found for four wall constructions, at 850 and 1900 MHz.


This Magnetorheological fluid (MRF) are a group of so-called "smart materials" that have seen an upsurge in interest recently. These materials have rheological properties which can change between fluid and solid continuously, rapidly and reversibly by applying magnetic fields. They are composed of a fluid with low permeability and micron-sized magnetic particles. A performance of MRF used in automotive rubber devices was investigated to prevent the magnetic particles inside the fluid sediment over time and to study the compatibility between the rubber material and the fluid. Sedimentation analysis and ageing analysis were carried out to characterize the stability and the compatibility of the MRF respectively. The results of the sedimentation ratio of the MRF and the tensile properties of rubber immersed in the MRF are presented. Consequently, a usage of the MRF in automotive rubber devices was successfully developed.


The aim of present study was to investigate potential antioxidant and lung protective activities of Sambucus ebulus (SE) induced by Gamma-radiation. Hydro alcoholic extract of SE (20, 50 and 100 mg/kg ) was studied for its lung protective activity induced by gamma irradiation. Phenol and flavonoid contents of the extract were determined as gallic acid and quercetin equivalents from a calibration curve, respectively. Male C57 mice weighing 25-30 g were used for all experiments. Mice were divided into 10 groups of five mice in each group. Only the first and second groups (as negative control) received 10ml/kg of intra peritoneal saline fluid. Groups 3 to 8 received only SE extract with intra peritoneal doses of 20mg/kg, 50mg/kg and 100mg/kg (Three groups were repeatedly injected for 15 days, chronic) and the other three groups received a single dose of gamma irradiation just 2 hours before irradiation. The ninth and tenth groups (as positive control) received also the gamma rays. Finally, wholebody was exposed to 6 Gy gamma radiation from the source to deliver the dose rate of 0.85 Gy/min. Consequently, sections of Lung tissue were examined for any histopathologic changes. Doses of 50 and 100mg/kg caused significant histopathological changes (P<0.05). Lung protective effect of SE can occur due to the decreasing lipid peroxidation. Therefore, the result of our study, demonstrate that Gamma irradiation is a suitable model to study the lung protective effect of SE extract.


The Bologna Process has been understood as a curriculum reform. Of the original six objectives (Bologna Declaration 1999), the most attention has been given to the new BA-MA structure. Somehow the introduction of the ECTS system, mobility issues and the introduction of quality assurance mechanisms have been taken for granted, maybe because they had been introduced by the European Commission and some national governments already before the beginning of the Process. On the other hand, two remaining objectives, the adoption of a system of easily readable and the comparable degrees and promotion of European dimensions in higher education, have seemed obscure for many (although now they have been linked to the establishment of National Qualifications Frameworks and the creation of joint degrees).


Large temperature differences exist between the winter and summer seasons in different regions of China. Such temperature differences, caused by seasonal changes, may affect the life cycles of piles. Under natural conditions, such as long-term operation under the ambient environment and loads, piles and the surrounding soil undergo peel damage. To study such peel damage between the pile and soil at different temperatures, we installed concrete test piles in soil and subjected them to different temperatures. A crack with a width of 2 cm, depth of 10 cm, and damage range of 90° was applied at the side of the piles. Furthermore, a horizontal impact load was applied near the top of the pile and a piezoelectric ceramic sensor was used to obtain the stress wave response signals. The experimental results reveal that with a decrease in the soil temperature, the amplitude and fluctuation range of the signals received by the piezoelectric sensor decreased. According to the experimental results, in the group with the greatest influence of temperature, keeping other conditions unchanged and setting different crack depths, the horizontal impact load can also be introduced to observe the frequency change. It can be observed that the larger the crack depth, the smaller the frequency. Finally, ABAQUS was used for simulations, whose results were found to be consistent with those of the experiments. This paper describes a method for determining the safety of soil and piles with peel damage at different temperatures, and it also provides a validation of the necessity of holding the rest constant.


Abstract : The article examines the rheological properties of gels. To do this, a rotary viscometer was used. It was found that rheological characteristics of gels correspond to the mechanical characteristics determined in relative units. A correspondence exists between the mechanical characteristics, melting point and strength of the gels.


This study aims to develop digital-based comic media on students' critical thinking skills on high-class metamorphosis material. This type of research uses Research and Development (RnD). The research instrument used questionnaires and tests. The subject of this research was conducted by a validator (a media expert lecturer, a material expert lecturer and 2 homeroom teachers). It can be concluded that the quality of comic products as a learning medium for critical thinking skills based on validation results by expert lecturers and practitioners. The final result of the comic media feasibility assessment on each component is that the content, material and media feasibility components are categorized as 'Excellent' by experts and practitioners, making it very feasible to test.


This paper describes the first stages of a research project that is currently being developed in the Image Processing Group of the UPM. The aim of this effort is to add video capabilities to the Storage and Retrieval Information System already working at our premises. Here we will focus on the early design steps of a Video Information System. For this purpose, we present a review of most of the reported techniques for video temporal segmentation and semantic segmentation, previous steps to afford the content extraction task, and we discuss them to select the more suitable ones. We then outline a block design of a temporal segmentation module, and present guidelines to the design of the semantic segmentation one. All these operations trend to facilitate automation in the extraction of low level features and semantic features that will finally take part of the video descriptors.


The Ozone Monitoring Instrument is an UV-Visible imaging spectrograph using two-dimensional CCD detectors to register both the spectrum and the swath perpendicular to the flight direction. This allows having a wide swath (114 degrees) combined with a small ground pixel (nominally 13 x 24 km2). The instrument is planned for launch on NASA's EOS-AURA satellite in January 2004. The on-ground calibration measurement campaign of the instrument was performed May-October 2002, data is still being analyzed to produce the calibration key data set. The paper highlights selected topics from the calibration campaign, the radiometric calibration, spectral calibration including a new method to accurately calibrate the spectral slitfunction and results from the zenith sky measurements and gas cell measurements that were performed with the instrument.


The number of nursing students accepted on to diploma courses in England has fallen to its lowest level since 1999-2000, latest figures reveal.


The European Green Deal (EGD) represents a new and ambitious growth strategy proposed by the European Commission for transforming the EU into a prosperous and resilient society based on competitive economy, efficiency in terms of resource allocation and a green environment. Under these circumstances, the aim of the present research is to highlight the main criticisms of the European Green Deal by taking into consideration the competition and entrepreneurial dimensions of the common market. Methodologically, the research entails a systematic review of the specialty literature and, alongside this, a preliminary bibliometric study on the analysed topic. Therefore, several critical issues on the European Green Deal's impact on entrepreneurship and competition are highlighted. The research results illustrate that the European Green Deal affects entrepreneurial activity through a prioritization of the environmental dimension, despite the free market. Aiming to achieve the stated goals, the EGD provides the context of governmental interventions and regulations, which will distort entrepreneurship and competitional processes through fiscal policies and other instruments. The lack of clarity, the ambiguous objectives and the overall costs are also weaknesses of the European Green Deal, as highlighted by the present research. Even if it seems impressive on paper, many researchers demonstrated its inefficiency and impossibility. However, the research results are far away from denying the importance of the European Green Deal, considering the long-term perspective.


Endoscopic endonasal approach surgery is now the preferred treatment for most pituitary and related skull base tumors. However, this procedure requires a high level of hands-on skills and rich clinical experience. During the operation, haptic feedback, as the only one sense of bidirectional information interaction, plays an important role in surgical decision-making especially for bone-drilling. Existing surgical simulators provide either no haptic device or multipurpose haptic devices, which is difficult to reproduce the characteristics of surgical tool handling. In this paper, a custom-designed 3-DOF (pitch, yaw, radial) compact haptic interface for this surgery simulation is presented. It is dedicated to mimicking the touch sense of the surgical tools inserted through the nostril. Its main innovation is the mechanism design to maintain as much fidelity of the tool handling in the surgical training as in a real operation. The mechanism design is presented in detail as well as the kinematics and the force transmission. The mechanical characteristics of this haptic interface are also analyzed and presented.


This article analyzes patterns of economic coordination in Estonia and Slovenia, two postsocialist countries in Central and Eastern Europe, by using the varieties of capitalism (VOC) framework. The article argues that Estonia and Slovenia are very good examples of liberal and coordinated market economies. Market-based coordination of economic relations predominates in Estonia, whereas Slovenia has highly institutionalized coordination. Industrial relations and wage bargaining arrangements are the main focus, but other areas studied by the VOC literature are briefly considered as well. The article also accounts for the origins of these arrangements by examining the interaction of two sets of factors: economic organization and industrial relations under the old system, on one hand, and strategic policy choices, especially the effects of privatization and monetary policy on formalizing coordination, on the other. The article considers some general implications of this analysis for studying successful postsocialist transition and comparative capitalism.


Correlative data analysis and theoretical modeling methods are used to evaluate models involving both meteoroid and cometary impact processes which can explain the correlation in location of the strongest lunar magnetic anomalies with swirl-like high-albedo and low-albedo markings of the Reiner Gamma class. The results indicate that the relatively strong magnetization of basin antipode zones may have favored the formation of swirls in the same regions. The solar wind deflection model is tested by calculating the trajectories of simulated solar wind ions deflected by the Lorentz force in the presence of model crustal magnetic fields.


In electrical property test for the different kinds of insulators, it is found that partial discharge of the insulator with specific structure will increase with the increase of storage time. We refer to this phenomenon as the hysteresis characteristic of partial discharge. After the combination of 3D simulation and validation tests, it is confirmed that the main reason of this phenomenon results from micro cracks or gaps occurred in the interface between insulating feet and epoxy resin material in later storage or service. By removing insulating feet, the interface between different materials is eliminated and the internal stress is decreased, so the improvements have been achieved.


Agriculture in India has a significant history. Today India ranks second worldwide in farm output. India is the second largest producer of wheat and rice, the world's major staple food. The government revised upwards total food grain production estimates by over one million tonne to a record 264.38MT for the agricultural year 2013-14 crop years on account of record wheat and rice production. Uttar Pradesh state is situated in North India. Uttar Pradesh is fourth largest state in the country. State covers an area of about 243290 square km and possesses varied topographic features ranging from plain to vindhyan hills. Uttar Pradesh is divided in two physiographic regions viz. Gangatic plain and Southern Plateau. Agriculture is the most important occupation in the state as about 80% of its population resides in rural areas and 75% of the total workers are involved directly or indirectly in Farming which accounts for 27% of state's GDP. The state is divided into 4 International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 8 Number 06 (2019) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com


156 S . WE N , C . CH E N , S . D U , Z . Z H A NG , Y . H U AN G , Z . H A N , X . Q . D O NG *, X . Z H A N G * ( WU H AN U N I V E R S I T Y A N D S OU T H E R N U N I V E R S I T Y O F SC I E N C E AN D TE C HN O L O G Y, S H E N Z H E N , P. R . OF C H I N A ) Highly Enantioselective Asymmetric Hydrogenation of Carboxy-Directed α,α-Disubstituted Terminal Olefins via the Ion Pair Noncovalent Interaction Org. Lett. 2017, 19, 6474–6477.


Sentinels are group members that watch from prominent positions. Sentinel interchanges often appear orderly and the number of sentinels changes little despite the turnover of individuals. I modeled why solitary individuals or group members might take up prominent positions. Such positions can be safe places to rest because they provide a good view of approaching predators, even if undetected predators preferentially attack sentinels. In pairs, coordinated sentinel behavior is favored whenever information spreads from a detecting to a non-detecting individual more than half the time. Under these conditions, safety for a sentinel produces safety for a forager as a by-product. Thus sentinel behavior occurs for selfish safety reasons but coordination of sentinels is based on mutualism. If sentinels can coordinate their individual actions, evidence of the game is hidden from view. The fitness consequences of some games may be best indicated by the strategies organisms take to avoid playing them.


Badminton is a popular sport at the Muhammadiyah University of Malang. This final project aims to facilitate the badminton coach in determining athletes to be included in the tournament based on the assessment data he has made using the Support Vector Machine (SVM) method. The data used in this thesis as many as 100 consisting of several attributes supporting penialian. This application is made using php and svm light that are connected, in order to classify or search for hyperplane lines for data that is received and rejected. This application is carried out through 4 stages namely data retrieval from excel format to svm light format which will automatically be displayed in the form of classification results. For the testing phase here, the k-fold cross validation method is used to test the stability of the accuracy when compared to the original data. So that the accuracy of this application is obtained as much as 95% of the results of tests conducted 10 times.


The effects of surface modification of jute fibers and nanoclay on jute–biopol green composites are evaluated by the thermal and interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) characterizations. Four subsequent chemical treatments including detergent washing, dewaxing, alkali treatment, and acetic acid treatment were performed to facilitate better bonding between the fiber and matrix. The scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy study confirmed improved fiber surfaces for better adhesion with matrix after final treatment. Enhanced thermal performance and tensile properties were obtained due to chemical treatments. Montmorillonite K10 nanoclay (2–4 wt.%) was dispersed into a biodegradable polymer, biopol, using solution intercalation technique and magnetic stirring. Nanoclay-infused biopol resulted in 7% improvement in the degree of crystallinity over the neat biopol. Jute fiber-reinforced biopol biocomposites with and without nanoclay were produced using treated and untreated jute fibers by the compression molding process. Treated jute fiber-reinforced biopol composites (TJBC) without nanoclay showed 5% and 9% increases in decomposition temperature and storage modulus, respectively, and 19% decrease in coefficient of thermal expansion compared to untreated jute fiber-reinforced biopol composites (UTJBC). The respective values were 5%, 100%, and 45% for 4% nanoclay-infused TJBC compared to UTJBC without nanoclay. ILSS evaluated by the short-beam shear tests, improved by 20% in the TJBC compared to the UTJBC. Incorporation of 4 wt.% nanoclay in TJBC further improved the ILSS by 22% compared to that of TJBC without nanoclay.


The article examines the role and importance of taxes for the formation of the budget system, highlights the shortcomings of the tax collection system, considers approaches to defining the concept of tax administration, assessing its effectiveness. The existing problems in terms of calculating the efficiency of tax administration have been identified. An assessment method was developed and tested on the example of several tax authorities in the Russian Federation. The study aims to develop theoretical aspects and methodology for assessing tax administration in the Russian Federation as the basis for ensuring budget revenues.


The article deals with the problem of using information technologies in teaching English language and culture. The author traces back the history of this issue, addresses methodological aspects of introducing technology in education, analyzes learning by distance and formulates ethical principles of applying information technologies for pedagogic purposes.


Food is the leading cause of anaphylaxis in children seen in emergency departments in the United States, yet data on emergency department visits and hospitalizations related to food‐induced anaphylaxis are limited. The objective of our study was to examine national time trends of pediatric food‐induced anaphylaxis‐related emergency department visits and hospitalizations.


Photovoltaics (PVs) and plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) could instigate voltage violation issues, if not controlled properly. Besides, these components highly contribute to economic efficiency of microgrids (MGs). Being motivated to enhance technical and economic issues, this study develops an energy management system that is able to coordinate voltage control devices, say under-load tap changers (ULTC), PVs, PEV aggregators, and dispatchable distributed generations (DDGs). Active and reactive power provisions of PEVs and DDGs along with voltage control of ULTC lessen the plausible violations. So, higher renewable energy is contributed by PVs and extra monetary saving is reflected. In this manner, augmented Epsilon-constraint method followed with fuzzy decision making is applied to operation cost and voltage deviation minimizations. The proposed approach is formulated as a mixed-integer nonlinear multiobjective problem and tested on a modified IEEE 33-bus medium-voltage MG. Results are discussed in depth.


Removable gripping device (1) for a container, comprises two jaw-forming elements (3,4) mounted on a gripping body (2) of which is mobile in translation along a longitudinal direction between an open position and a closed position , moving means (6) adapted to move the movable member (4). According to the invention, the device comprises locking means (26) adapted to prevent any separation of the movable member (4) in closed position.


The wing structure of several insects, including dragonflies, is not smooth, but corrugated; its vertical cross-section consists of a connected series of line segments. Some previous studies have reported that corrugated wings exhibit better aerodynamic performance than flat wings at low Reynolds numbers (ten to the third). However, the mechanism remains unclear because of the complex wing structure and flow characteristics. Although a complex corrugated structure modifies the aerodynamic characteristics and flow properties during unsteady wing motion, for example, leading-edge vortex (LEV) dynamics, which are key to lift enhancement in many insects; the details have not yet been studied. In this study, we analysed the flow around a two-dimensional corrugated wing model that started impulsively by direct numerical simulations. We focused on the period between the initial generation of LEVs and subsequent interactions before detachment. For the flat wing, it is known that a secondary vortex with a sign opposite to that of the LEV, the lambda vortex, develops and erupts to discourage lift enhancement. For corrugated wings, such an eruption of the lambda vortex can be suppressed by the corrugation structure, which enhances the lift. The detailed mechanism and its dependence on the angle of attack are also discussed.


Children under five years of age was a period of growth and development of children who need special attention from parents especially mothers,because age is prone to nutrition and prone to infectious diseases.Diarrhea dominant attacking under five years of age because the endurance of the their body is still weak so very so that they are susceptible to the spread of bacteria that cause diarrhea.Design research was descriptive.Population all mothers who have children and have diarrhea taken with concecutive sampling as many as 65 respondents.The results showed that most mothers of children under five years of age who had diarrhea had a high school education (60%),had family-income according to standart of city minimum age (46.4%), did not have a job or as a housewife (44.6%) And did not provide exclusive breast milk (53.8%).Analyzed by frequency distribution.Work,education and income are factors that influence the behavior of mothers in preventing diarrhea in children under five years of age.Exclusive breast feeding can increase immunity in children under five years.Therefore, mothers should be able to improve the information diarrhea either by following the counseling of health workers or through reading magazines so that it can increase the knowledge in prevention of diarrhea in children.


High-field nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, infrared spectroscopy, and ultraviolet spectroscopy were used to determine the structures of two novel degradation productions of the penicillins sodium nafcillin (1) and sodium oxacillin (2). The degradation products of compounds (1) and (2) were found to possess the novel thietan-2-one structures (3)and (4), respectively. The structure of compound (4) was confirmed by chemical synthesis via two independent routes. The structure of compound (3) was confirmed by single-crystal X-ray crystallography.


In the past few years, the issue of test bias with its far-reaching political and social implications has been the subject of much controversy. The majority of the research on bias has been concerned with the fair use of testing instruments in decision-making situations such as employment and college admissions. In general, the models employed in these situations have involved the test or subtest as a whole and have measured the test scores against some criterion of performance external to the test. (See Petersen & Novick, 1976, for a discussion of the principal models which have been proposed.) More recently, test publishers and others charged with the construction of testing instruments have become interested in the more specific question of identifying items which appear to be biased prior to the construction of final forms of the test. Once such items are identified, the modification or removal of these items should increase the likelihood that fairer use of the final instrument will follow. Consequently, the past few years have seen a rapid proliferation of new methods for assessing bias in test items. Recent reviews by Merz (1978) and Rudner (1977a) discuss a number of these techniques. The methods use a variety of models, but all approach the issue at the item level, and all are based on information internal to the testing instrument itself. Among the various procedures for assessing bias in the absence of an outside criterion, the most well known methods are the transformed item difficulty approaches. When examining differences in performance on items for members of different groups, the assumption of equal ability in the respective samples is usually not warranted.' Hence, simply comparing item difficulties and assuming that any significant difference constitutes bias is not an appropriate procedure. Therefore, the assumption is made instead that mean performance differences between samples reflect true differences in ability, and that items deviating significantly from these mean differences might be considered biased. (These procedures rely on an item-by-group interaction definition of bias.) Item difficulties are first transformed so that the relationship between obtained difficulties for the two groups is linear, and a line is fitted to points representing the difficulty of the items for each group. Then confidence bands are drawn on either side of the line, or distances from it are computed for each point. This approach is typified by the delta plot procedure introduced by Angoff (for example, Angoff and Sharon, 1974). Other approaches which have been proposed, but not widely used, are methods comparing responses to incorrect options of multiple-choice items such as those proposed by Veale (1976), and various factor analytic procedures such as those presented by Merz (1976) and Green and Draper (1972). More recently, methods have been proposed for assessing bias in items based on latent trait theory and item characteristic curves, which have some interesting advantages over those discussed above (Scheuneman, in press). In the models based on this theory, the


Periodic diameter modulation of individual carbon nanotubes (CNTs) by rapid temperature variation in laser-assisted chemical vapor deposition (LCVD) process was successfully achieved. A CO2 laser was used to quickly and precisely modulate the growth temperature. Due to inverse relationship between the diameter of SWNTs and the growth temperature, tapered and diameter-alternating tubes were grown by modulating the CO2 laser power during the growth. The diameter-modulated SWNTs were grown across a pair of Mo electrodes to form field-effect transistors (FETs) for investigation of their electrical and optical properties. Variations in the bandgap of the individual semiconducting SWNTs were detected meaning the formation of multi bandgaps within a single tube. Transmission electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy were also studied to investigate the structural and electronic properties of the structures.Periodic diameter modulation of individual carbon nanotubes (CNTs) by rapid temperature variation in laser-assisted chemical vapor deposition (LCVD) process was successfully achieved. A CO2 laser was used to quickly and precisely modulate the growth temperature. Due to inverse relationship between the diameter of SWNTs and the growth temperature, tapered and diameter-alternating tubes were grown by modulating the CO2 laser power during the growth. The diameter-modulated SWNTs were grown across a pair of Mo electrodes to form field-effect transistors (FETs) for investigation of their electrical and optical properties. Variations in the bandgap of the individual semiconducting SWNTs were detected meaning the formation of multi bandgaps within a single tube. Transmission electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy were also studied to investigate the structural and electronic properties of the structures.


In this work, we propose the use of phone-level language models to estimate phonotactic complexity—measured in bits per phoneme—which makes cross-linguistic comparison straightforward. We compare the entropy across languages using this simple measure, gaining insight on how complex different language's phonotactics are. Finally, we show a very strong negative correlation between phonotactic complexity and the average length of words—Spearman rho=-0.744—when analysing a collection of 106 languages with 1016 basic concepts each.


Purpose To capture the views of different health care providers involved in the treatment of patients with lymphoedema from various countries around the world on the functioning of lymphoedema patients and the factors influencing functioning of these patients using the international classification of functioning, disability and health (ICF). Method A worldwide e-mail survey with questions based on components of the ICF. Results In total, 142 health professionals from seven different health professions and 20 different countries answered the questions. The aspects of functioning that were named by the health professionals could be linked to 359 different ICF categories. Of these categories, 109 belonged to body functions (30.4%), 55 to body structures (15.3%), 121 to activities and participation (33.7%) and 74 to environmental factors (20.6%). Overall, the most mentioned items were health services, systems and policies, immunological system functions, looking after one's health, products and technology for personal use in daily life and dressing. Conclusions The ICF provided a valuable reference for identifying concepts in statements from international health care professionals experienced in the treatment of lymphoedema patients. The results of this research will be used in the development of ICF core sets for lymphoedema.


In order to improve the surrounding environment of the Ningxia Taiyang Liujiagou reservoir,enhance the vegetation to restore ability,plan new forestation scheme.After implementing,the result indicates that survival rate of trees planted is high,improves the ecological environment condition greatly,simultaneously promotes to restore this local original vegetation yield condition,this strategy will provide reference value of speeding up the green construction pace.


This paper provides an overview of the main switching technologies currently used and their evolution in DWDM systems, and looks at how technology innovation enables different network architectures.


Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to examine whether high analyst coverage increases or decreases accounting conservatism. Design/methodology/approach - Sample firms were selected from the Compustat and I/B/E/S databases for years 1989-2006. The authors used both accrual-based and market-value-based measures of accounting conservatism, also the extent to which negative cash flow from operations is more timely recognized via accruals than positive cash flow from operations to measure accounting conservatism. The regression analyses are conducted to test the hypotheses. Findings - Strong evidence was found that analyst coverage is positively associated with accounting conservatism. The results suggest that firms choose more conservative accounting methods when they are followed by more analysts than when they are followed by fewer analysts. The results are robust to a battery of sensitivity analyses. Originality/value - This paper sheds light on how analyst coverage affects firms' accounting choices and extends the limited research on the monitoring role of analyst coverage. The findings are consistent with the notion that analyst coverage plays an important corporate governance role in the financial reporting process. This paper also adds to the literature on the economic determinants of accounting conservatism, and provides some implications for practitioners.


ABSTRACT Ethanol production from waste biomass using a slightly modified bio-refinery approach was performed in this work to cater to the increasing need of alternate fuels and fuel additives globally. A surgical waste cotton and waste packaging cardboard mixture after a 15% v/v ammonia pre-treatment showed 70% lignin removal. An optimized saccharification using In-house Cellulases produced from Trichoderma harzanium ATCC 20846 had a percentage saccharification of 45% and percentage yield saccharification of 94.6%. An optimized fermentation using Saccharomyces cereviseae strain RW143 resulted in the yield of 0.4 g ethanol/g glucose from the 15% (v/v) glucose in the enzymatically saccharified hydrolysate loaded. The distilled ethanol had 90% (v/v) concentration and180 proof (twice the amount of concentration percentage in v/v) purity. 1 kg biomass mixture when processed as mentioned would yield 120 mL ethanol. Two diesel-ethanol blends (E-10 and E-20) and a commercial Diesel control were used to rate an IC engine's brake power.


Research on continuous-speech recognition using phoneme-level hidden Markov models (HMMs) is described. The aim of the project is automatic recognition of spoken airborne reconnaissance mission (ARM) reports. The evolution of the ARM system from a simple baseline system to its current configuration is described, and a considerable number of experimental results are included. Work on alternative approaches to modeling contextual effects and on improved duration modeling is described.<<ETX>>


Lymphedema after Mastectomy and Axillary Lymph Nodes Dissection Komtouch Wangdamrongwesh BSc (Physiotherapy) Department of Rehabilitation, BMA Medical College and Vajira Hospital Lymphedema is one of the most common complication following mastectomy and axillary lymph nodes dissection. This condition results from damage to the lymphatic system by surgery or radiation and leading to an interruption or obstruction of the lymphatic flow to blood circulation. Then, extracellular fluid gradually collects in the arm. The swelling will occur in the arm, hand and may be in chest and back. It can induce pain and infection easily. Now, there is no definite treatment. The principles of management are to decrease the swelling and to slow the occurrence. There are many kinds of treatment, consisting of surgery, pharmacological and complex physical therapy. Vajira Med J 2007 ; 51 : 149 - 153


conceptualised in an introspective way, Von Gontard concludes by looking at the way spirituality is experienced and developed interpersonally between children. Again, this is through his understanding of Buddhism and by drawing on his skills as a psychiatrist and psychotherapist. Through using excerpts taken from children's own accounts an authentic, but limited, view of spirituality is presented. What would facilitated this further would have been more of an in-depth examination as this discussion was minimal and may possibly leave the reader with questions regarding children's social interactions and the ways the personal and communal aspects of self facilitate spiritual development. Quite possibly, this may well be the next piece of work by the author. This book adds a great deal to the understanding of children's spirituality and may be of value to a variety of interested groups, both professional and personal. However, this book is written from a western perspective where faith and spirituality are often individually negotiated and where religion is a contested space. As such, a book which focuses on Buddhism and Buddhist concepts in general may be of such a specialist nature that its contribution and impact may not achieve the readership its quality deserves.


Olivine polycrystal artificial samples porosity is a question of common interest. This paper emphatically researches void compression of the sample. It describes the curve of porosity which changes with stresses of wet sample (containing water) and dry sample. It puts forward a densification factor " V 0/V " which measure degrees of void compression.


Background: Proteasomal and mitochondrial dysfunction are implicated in neurodegeneration. Results: Upon mitochondrial dysfunction in neurons, calpain-mediated cleavage of Rpn10 negatively regulates 26S proteasome stability. Conclusion: ATP deficiency and calpain-activation impair the ubiquitin/proteasome pathway with a concomitant increase in 20S proteasomes. Significance: This proteolytic switch could promote degradation of randomly unfolded oxidized proteins in an unregulated and energy-independent manner by 20S proteasomes. Proteasomal and mitochondrial dysfunctions are implicated in chronic neurodegenerative diseases. To investigate the impact of mitochondrial impairment on the proteasome, we treated rat cerebral cortical neurons with oligomycin, antimycin, or rotenone, which inhibit different elements of the electron transport chain. Firstly, we observed a reduction in ubiquitinated proteins and E1 activity. Secondly, we established that 26S proteasomes are disassembled with a decline in activity. Thirdly, we show, to our knowledge for the first time, that calpain activation triggers the selective processing of the 26S proteasome subunit Rpn10. Other proteasome subunits tested were not affected. Calpain also cleaved caspase 3 to an inactive fragment, thus preventing apoptosis that is an energy-dependent cell death pathway. In addition, calpain cleaved the microtubule-associated protein Tau, a major component of neurofibrillary tangles in Alzheimer disease and other tauopathies. Fourthly, we detected a rise in 20S proteasome levels and activity. Finally, we show that both acute (16 h) and long term (up to 7 days) mitochondrial impairment led to down-regulation of ubiquitinated-proteins, 26S proteasome disassembly, and a rise in 20S proteasomes. We postulate that upon mitochondrial dysfunction, ATP depletion and calpain activation contribute to the demise of protein turnover by the ubiquitin/proteasome pathway. The concomitant rise in 20S proteasomes, which seem to degrade proteins in an unregulated and energy-independent manner, in the short term may carry out the turnover of randomly unfolded oxidized proteins. However, if chronic, it could lead to neurodegeneration as regulated protein degradation by the ubiquitin/proteasome pathway is essential for neuronal survival.


Due to the importance of generalized order statistics (GOS) in many branches of Statistics, a wide interest has been shown in investigating stochastic comparisons of GOS. In this article, we study the likelihood ratio ordering of $p$-spacings of GOS, establishing some flexible and applicable results. We also settle certain unresolved related problems by providing some useful lemmas. Since we do not impose restrictions on the model parameters (as previous studies did), our findings yield new results for comparison of various useful models of ordered random variables including order statistics, sequential order statistics, $k$-record values, Pfeifer's record values, and progressive Type-II censored order statistics with arbitrary censoring plans. Some results on preservation of logconvexity properties among spacings are provided as well.


Let $F$ be a nilpotent group acted on by a group $H$ via automorphisms and let the group $G$ admit the semidirect product $FH$ as a group of automorphisms so that $C_G(F) = 1$. We prove that the order of $\gamma_\infty(G)$, the rank of $\gamma_\infty(G)$ are bounded in terms of the orders of $\gamma_{\infty}(C_G(H))$ and $H$, the rank of $\gamma_{\infty}(C_G(H))$ and the order of $H$, respectively in cases where either $FH$ is a Frobenius group; $FH$ is a Frobenius-like group satisfying some certain conditions; or $FH=\langle \alpha,\beta\rangle$ is a dihedral group generated by the involutions $\alpha$ and $\beta$ with $F =\langle \alpha\beta\rangle$ and $H =\langle\alpha \rangle$.


Expediency of carrying out regional registration of lightning discharges is shown. Territorial distribution of data regarding lightning discharges for 2013 obtained by Boltek StormTracker Lightning Detector are provided. Possibilities to visualize the results of registrations processing and to combine them with the data about storm violations in the power network operation are shown.


Functional Characterization of Regulators of Bacterial Pathogenicity and Metabolism A thesis presented to the Biochemistry Department Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Brandeis University Waltham, Massachusetts By Richard Stefan Isaac Regulatory proteins from pathogenic bacteria have the potential to serve as novel therapeutic targets. This study discusses the characterization of three regulatory bacterial proteins. First, the HlyU protein of Vibrio vulnificus belongs to the SmtB/ArsR family of metal ion binding repressors and is a global regulator of virulence factors. It has been shown to directly bind a DNA sequence upstream of the transcription start site in the rtxA1 operon and to compete with the repressor H-NS. In this study, a homology model was constructed using the crystal structure of the metallorepressor SmtB from Synechococcus elongatus PCC7942. A high-throughput assay was utilized to monitor DNA binding in vitro. The model structure, metal analysis, and denaturation assays all support the hypothesis that HlyU lacks the key metal ion binding residues of other members of the SmtB/ArsR family. Future studies will determine key residues in DNA recognition and binding and will determine how HlyU is regulated. Second, the Diphtheria toxin repressor (DtxR) is the best characterized member of a family of metal ion-activated repressors involved in metal ion homeostasis, virulence factor expression, and stress response in bacteria. This study presents evidence that DtxR may be involved in an oxidative stress related response system through the oxidation of the metal ion ligand C102. Future studies will determine how, structurally, oxidation of C102 abolishes repressor activity. Third, propionate kinase (PK) from


A comprehensive study of a sandy aquifer of deltaic origin in southern Poland included water chemistry, isotopes, dissolved trace gases and transport modelling. Tritium, sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) and freons (F‐11, F‐12 and F‐113) showed the presence of modern waters in the recharge areas and shallow confined parts of the aquifer. The presence of older Holocene waters farther from the recharge areas was indicated by lack of 3H, SF6 contents ≤0·02 fmol l−1 and relatively low 14C values. The discharge from the system is by upward seepage in the valley of a major river. Pre‐Holocene waters of a cooler climate, identified on the basis of δ18O, δ2H, 14C, Ne and Ar data, were found in some distant wells. Concentrations of N2, Ne and Ar determined by gas chromatography were used for calculating the noble gas temperatures, air excess needed for correction of SF6, and nitrogen content released by denitrification process. The time series of 3H content available for some wells supplied quantitative information on age distributions and the total mean ages of flow through the unsaturated and saturated zones. The derived 3H age distributions turned out to be very wide, with mean values in the range of about 30 to 160 years. For each well with determined 3H age, the SF6 data showed either a lower age range or the possibility of a lower age as expected due to shorter travel times of SF6 through the unsaturated zone, which most probably also resulted in different types of age distributions of these tracers. Freons appeared to be of little use for individual age determinations. A quantitative estimation of two‐component mixing from SF63H relations is not possible unless the travel time of 3H through the unsaturated zone is comparable to that of SF6. The ratio of integrals of the response function over the age range with tracer and the whole response function yields the ratio of water with tracer to total flow of water. That ratio is a tracer‐dependent function of time. Transport modelling of SF6 tracer done with MT3D code yielded initially large discrepancies between calculated and measured tracer concentrations. Some discrepancies remained even after calibration of the transport model with SF6. Simulation of tritium contents with a calibrated transport model yielded reasonable agreement with measured contents in some wells and indicated a need for further investigations, particularly in the eastern part of the aquifer. The existence of distinct hydrochemical zones is consistent with the tracer data; young waters with measurable 3H and SF6 contents are aerobic and of HCO3Ca or HCO3SO4Ca types. Slightly elevated Na and Cl contents, as well as the highest concentrations of SO4 and NO3 within this zone are due to anthropogenic influences. Anaerobic conditions prevail in the far field, under the confining cover, where pre‐bomb era Holocene waters dominate. In that zone, dissolved oxygen, NO3 and U contents are reduced, and Fe, Mn and NH4 contents increase. In the third zone, early Holocene and glacial waters occur. They are of HCO3CaNa or HCO3Na types, with TDS values higher than 1 g l−1 and Na content higher than 200 mg l−1, due to either small admixtures of ascending or diffusing older water or freshening of marine sediments, a process that is probably occurring till the present time. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


In light of recent work on 'scale structure', this paper provides a new perspective on event framing in Japanese and Chinese. It has a focus on motion as well as result as sub-domains of event representation. Lexical resources, such as verb compounds, serial verb constructions (SVC) and open / closed-scale adjectival predicates (APs) are revisited. It is postulated that different lexical resources present distinct event framing patterns. Japanese change-of-state (COS) events show sensitivity to the scalar structure of APs, i.e. closed-scale APs give rise to satellite framing and open-scale APs invite verb framing. The distribution of Chinese motion events denoted by SVCs is not arbitrary but restricted i.e. the order of motion morphemes must be [open / closed - scale change morpheme + closed-scale change morpheme], meaning the second constituent has to be closed-scale morpheme. This study argues that the distinct event framing patterns intralinguistic and crosslinguistic are based on the diversity of lexical resources of motion/resultative event framing and preferences for event-encoding options by selecting different linguistic resources.


In view of the well-known disparity between predictions from temper rolling models and measured values from rolling mills, there is a need to obtain a better understanding of the effect of roll asperities on the yielding characteristics of the rolled strip. This paper models a roll with asperities as a rigid body with a regular serrated surface and the rolling process as an indentation, and uses the plane strain model and slip-line theory to determine the critical pressure that is required to yield the strip throughout the thickness beneath the tips of the asperities. The strip is also under lateral tension at both ends. The emphasis of the paper is the effect of the lateral tension and the thickness of the strip on the critical pressure. For the case when the indenting surface has sharp teeth, the critical pressure can be found in close form. For the case when the indenting surface has blunt teeth, a robust approximate scheme for estimation of the critical values that does not require extensive computation is given and this scheme can he used in an on-line control process. It is found that when the tooth angle is smaller than a critical angle, the sharper the tooth, the lower the average critical pressure needed to make the strip yield. When the tooth angle is larger than the critical angle, then the blunter the tooth, the lower the pressure that is needed. The effect of the asperities is to reduce the critical pressure and it is found that this effect is more pronounced for thin strips than for thick strips. The lateral tension reduces the critical pressure further These findings give some implications for the rolling of metal sheets.


Transcriptomic analysis is used to capture the molecular state of a cell or sample in many biological and medical applications. In addition to identifying alterations in activity at the level of individual genes, understanding changes in the gene networks that regulate fundamental biological mechanisms is also an important objective of molecular analysis. As a result, databases that describe biological pathways are increasingly uesad to assist with the interpretation of results from large-scale genomics studies. Incorporating information from biological pathways and gene regulatory networks into a genomic data analysis is a popular strategy, and there are many methods that provide this functionality for gene expression data. When developing or comparing such methods, it is important to gain an accurate assessment of their performance. Simulation-based validation studies are frequently used for this. This necessitates the use of simulated data that correctly accounts for pathway relationships and correlations. Here we present a versatile statistical framework to simulate correlated gene expression data from biological pathways, by sampling from a multivariate normal distribution derived from a graph structure. This procedure has been released as the graphsim R package on CRAN and GitHub (https://github.com/TomKellyGenetics/graphsim) and is compatible with any graph structure that can be described using the igraph package. This package allows the simulation of biological pathways from a graph structure based on a statistical model of gene expression.


The invention discloses a transmission apparatus, a transmission method, and a relay system. The transmission apparatus or the like is able to transmit information efficiently. The transmission apparatus, on the basis of history information which includes a service identifier and a message identifier associated therewith, transmits a difference between a third message having a large similarity ratio to a second message included in a specific service and the second message, and a message identifier identifying the second message via a communication network.


We bring together fifteen, nonredundant, tabulated collections (amounting to 696 separate measurements) of the apparent permeability (Papp) of Caco-2 cells to marketed drugs. While in some cases there are some significant interlaboratory disparities, most are quite minor. Most drugs are not especially permeable through Caco-2 cells, with the median Papp value being some 16 ⋅ 10−6 cm s−1. This value is considerably lower than those (1,310 and 230 ⋅ 10−6 cm s−1) recently used in some simulations that purported to show that Papp values were too great to be transporter-mediated only. While these values are outliers, all values, and especially the comparatively low values normally observed, are entirely consistent with transporter-only mediated uptake, with no need to invoke phospholipid bilayer diffusion. The apparent permeability of Caco-2 cells to marketed drugs is poorly correlated with either simple biophysical properties, the extent of molecular similarity to endogenous metabolites (endogenites), or any specific substructural properties. In particular, the octanol:water partition coefficient, logP, shows negligible correlation with Caco-2 permeability. The data are best explained on the basis that most drugs enter (and exit) Caco-2 cells via a multiplicity of transporters of comparatively weak specificity.


Often, second-order response surface designs are chosen on the basis of a single-valued criterion such as D- or G-optimality. While such criteria provide a useful basis for selecting designs, they often fail to convey the true nature of the design's sup..


Dedifferentiated Chordomas are rare variants of a malignant bone tumor arising from remnants of the embryonal notochord. Most cases are reported from chordomas that have recurred after surgical resection and/or radiation. Dedifferentiated Chordomas have an overall poorer prognosis compared with conventional chordomas due to their highly aggressive behavior and high metastatic potential. We report a case of a Dedifferentiated Chordoma from the sacrum in a 53-year-old female with no known prior surgery or radiation treatment. The associated clinical and radiologic features are discussed along with a review of the reported cases in the English literature. The diagnostic pitfalls and approach for Chordomas as well as the current and developing treatment modalities are also reviewed.


Abstract A novel series of fused acridine containing 1,2,4-triazole derivatives (13a-j) have been synthesized and their structures were confirmed by 1HNMR, 13CNMR and mass spectral data. Further, all these derivatives were tested for their anticancer activity against four human cancer cell lines A549 (Lung), MCF7 (Breast), A375 (Melanoma) and HT-29 (Colon). The IC50 values range of target compounds shown 0.11 ± 0.02 to 13.8 ± 0.99 µM as compared with standard drug range 0.11 ± 0.02 to 0.93 ± 0.056 µM. Among them, compounds 13d, 13f, 13g, 13h, 13i, and 13j were exhibited more potent activity. Docking simulation was performed as a trial to study the mechanisms and binding modes of these compounds towards the DNA target. The results showed these compounds have intercalated placement in the active sites and stable interactions similar to the co-crystallized reference ligand. Further, these compounds (13a-j) were investigated for Drug-likeness, ADME properties and Toxicity risk assessment. Graphical Abstract


The story of how the targeted therapies, immunotherapies, and combinations of these therapies have been developed for use in patients with advanced melanoma holds a number of important lessons for the development of agents for use in other tumor types.


The block set mechanism is used to conduct upper bound analysis of the basal stability of braced excavations in undrained clay.Applications with consideration of different conditions are given to study the characteristics of stability factor and failure surface for excavations.The proposed mechanism is validated by case studies in which the factors of hard stratum,embedment depth of retaining wall and external load are taken into consideration.Improvement of the failure surface obtained from the Block Set Mechanism over that obtained from the multi-rigid-block mechanism(Qin et al.,2010) is achieved,since in the latter a partially assumed failure surface is adopted.Especially,for the cases of large embedment depth of retaining wall,the accuracy of solution obtained from the block set mechanism is better that that obtained from the multi-rigid-block mechanism(Qin et al.,2010) and the strength reduction finite element method(Faheem et al.,2003).


Strong gravitational lensing by clusters of galaxies can be used a probe for the underlying cosmogony and as a nature telescope to probe the high‐redshift universe. I review some recent progress in these two areas.


This essay scrutinizes the theoretical foundations of Laclau's notion of rhetoric and the rhetorical. It juxtaposes to Laclau's reliance on Saussurean linguistics, especially its elementary vocabulary of the signifier and signified, a model of rhetoric based on non-linguistic and linguistic modes of rhetoric and interpretation.


This work introduces and compares attitudes of William Montgomery Watt and Kenneth Cragg to interfaith dialogue. This thesis presents their main topic and attitudes to development of dialogue. In conclusion, this work also tries to focus on their understanding of prophet Muhammad, who is the key theme for both of them for dialogue progress.


The need for high bandwidth applications is growing rapidly. Connected Vehicle Research initiatives are examining technologies that meet Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) requirements and can handle high bandwidth traffic. One such wireless technology is Long Term Evolution (LTE). As a broadband mobile technology, LTE will be able to serve as either a vehicle to infrastructure solution or can also be used as a backhaul solution. This paper focuses on the use of LTE technology in the context of Vehicle to Infrastructure (V2I) communications. In addition to the technology aspects, the authors also look at some of the high bandwidth ITS applications in a mobility environment which help smooth traffic on the highways, as well as specific requirements in the system design process for such a LTE network which shall support all the ITS applications. Due to the mission-critical nature of the overlaying application, the system design process needs to have a particular focus on the traceability to operational requirements. Model Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) is considered as the state-of-the-art for the design of complex systems. In this article the authors propose to integrate the design aspects of the LTE network in a model based design approach for ITS applications.


TiC matrix Fe40Al intermetallic composites were made by spontaneous infiltration. The oxidation kinetics of Fe40Al/80vol%-88vol%TiC composites were investigated by means of conducting the oxidation experiments in air at temperature of 700 ℃ ~ 1100 ℃ for up to 65 hours, and measuring the variations of the weight gains of the composites with the oxidation times. The microstructure evolution of the composites during the oxidation processing was studied by using SEM/EDS and XRD. The effect of the surface roughness of the composites on the oxidation behavior was also studied. The results show that, the weight gain data were fitted a power type law with the oxidation time with power coefficients ranging 0.63 ~ 0.75, the oxidation rate decreased with increasing the oxidation time. The oxidation layer was mainly composed of dense crystalline TiO2, the crystalline size of TiO2 was effected by the oxidation temperature and the surface roughness of the composites.


The emitter photocurrent transient of a doubleheterojunction
 InP/Ga0.47In0.53As/InP bipolar transistor has
 been found to be much faster than its ~15-GHz microwave bandwidth
 would suggest, since optical injection bypasses the base resistance.
 Slower components, due to holes residing in the base, can be
 eliminated with appropriate base biasing; this feature may be useful
 in optical receiver circuits. At a base bias of +0.5 V, the
 photocurrent transient has a 12-ps duration in response to both 620-
 and 1530-nm ultrafast optical pulses. At higher biases a slower
 transient component appears, as does a transient of opposite sign but
 with the same ~100-ps time constant at lower base biases. One slow
 component, a charge-neutrality-preserving collector current, has a
 base-bias-controlled gain; the other components can therefore be made
 to cancel. The device does not possess gain when operated in this
 manner, but the data suggest a design for an ultrafast photodetector
 with gain. The device studied is as fast a photodetector at visible
 wavelengths as at infrared, and the additional absorption provided by
 the InP emitter layer increases its short-wavelength sensitivity.


The effects of weight ratio of acrylic acid to starch,cross-linking agent,initiator agent,ratio of oil to water and neutralization content of monomer on reaction of graft co-polymerization of to water 1.3∶1,neutralization content of monomer 70%.Under the best polymerization condition,the acrylic acid onto starch in inverse suspension system were conducted.By single factor experiment and orthogonal experiment the optimum conditions were determined as weight ratio of acrylic acid to starch 5∶1,concentrations of cross-linking agent 0.122 g,concentrations of initiator agent 1.3 g,ratio of oil water-absorbency of polymer is 95 g/g.Also,the product with excellent speed of water absorption


The paper is based on a quantitative Analysis made on Romania's healthcare market in order to quantify the impact of some key elements of the marketing mix like the Price Component, Placement, Human Resource, Product and Placement/Location and the Healthcare Quality of Services and to establish the connection between the components from the Healthcare Managers point of view.


even uncanny trait, a characteristic which sets him apart from the rest of the story's human population, all of whom interact within a fairly confined setting. As much as this film is about sf, it is also about mythology, which likewise asks us to believe the unbelievable. Much of the conversation in the film has to do with whether or not Oldman's story might be true, given certain plausible but improbable conditions, such as perfect biological regeneration; but finally all the participants have to admit that it is impossible either to prove or disprove Oldman's claims. Whatever value they glean from his story depends upon their willingness to get caught up in it and find its intrinsic value, aside from any question of literal truth. This brings us to the crux of the film, which in its decentring of Christian mythology echoes the sentiments of the noted scholar, Joseph Campbell, who suggested that all of the great myths, all of the major religions, are true metaphorically and poetically, in terms of what they teach us about the human condition. Although this straight-to-DVD release is visually rather pedestrian, its literary qualities ultimately shine through. The metaphysical questions that it raises are so fundamentally irresolvable that the sf and fantasy genres return to them time and time again; and we sf enthusiasts cannot help but do the same.


The purpose of this study is to analyse the design strategies of contemporary landscape architecture. This explains the steps through which contemporary landscape architecture can be developed. And how the theory of landscape architecture can be found by architects. Through the etymological studies, the semantic studies and studies of the theory of the residence, the concepts of landscape architecture can be defined. Through this research the foraging-ground and the nesting-place is redefined. Links and differentiations of the two area make and develop the variations of concepts about landscape. Contemporary landscape architecture is the result from differences and diversities of our societies and architectural properties. And from the thoughts of art and philosophy, the developments of science and technologies and the design by the digital softwares. Finally, The design strategies are categorized into the relations of the materiality, organic forms, eventual networks and redeterminations of senses.


A 76-year-old woman with worsening exertional dyspnea was admitted to the Cardiovascular Department of the University of Tokyo Hospital in April of 1999. Physical examination revealed a grade 3/6 systolic murmur on the left sternal border. Laboratory findings were almost normal, except for a slight elevation of B-type natriuretic peptide (40 pg/mL).The chest radiograph showed normal pulmonary vascularity and mild cardiomegaly. There was no abnormal electrocardiographic finding. The pulmonary function test showed normal forced vital capacity and forced expiratory flow rate (96% and 81% of the normal predicted values, respectively).


In several regions of today's Europe there is an increased activity for socio-political self-government or total independence. The European Free Alliance (EFA) is a transnational European party that represent many of these regions at a supranational level. As the party brings together regions with strong national and regional identities and constitutes an ideological platform for meetings between nationalism and regionalism, the EFA becomes an interesting object for analysis. The purpose of this study is thus to investigate and analytically discuss the political message articulated by the EFA with focus on the interaction between regionalist and nationalist ideas. This essay intends to convey the main content of the EFA's political discourse, especially on ideas about nationalism, regionalism and political self-determination. The main ideas of the party are discussed based on EFA's official manifesto, published before the 2014 European Parliament elections. The research was carried out by using idea analysis, together with the essays theoretical framework: the theories of nationalism and regionalism. These were then applied to the study's empirical material. In this essay, I determine that EFA indeed convey both regionalist and nationalist ideas in their manifesto and that regionalism and nationalism, depending on the context, indeed can be interconnected "isms".


In this article, we describe a demonstration and discussion of an initial family therapy interview simulated by 4 student volunteers. Several concepts and principles fundamental to family therapy are illustrated: interview stages, one-person definition of a problem, systemic perspective, clear generation line, unified executive team, disengaged parent, overinvolved parent, scapegoated child, functional–dysfunctional family, and family dance. Some interview scenarios also illustrate the concepts of triangulation and coalition. Pretesting and posttesting indicate that the demonstration and discussion were instructive and positively perceived.


The article analyses the types of hooliganism prevention, the preventive tools and methods used within these types of prevention, the functions specific to hooliganism prevention, and the problems of legal regulation of the organisational bases of hooliganism prevention. The author has developed a system of measures for individual and victimological prevention of hooliganism.


Background The Moria single-use adjustable depth trephine is a device that allows a goal trephination depth to be set prior to the surgical procedure. Methods Eleven fresh human cadaveric eyes were trephined using 8.0 mm Moria single-use adjustable vacuum trephines. Prior to trephination, the average corneal pachymetry in the peripheral 7–10 mm range was obtained using anterior segment optical coherence tomography. The trephination depth was set to 80% of that value. Light microscopy was used to image anteroposterior cross-sections of each corneal specimen. Digital protractor software was used to evaluate the trephination angle, depth, and length. All adequately processed specimens were included in the analysis. In addition, trephination angle data from a previous publication by Moshirfar et al were used as a comparison with those of this study. Results Trephination analysis of depth compared with pachymetry revealed a mean of 83.7%±6.53% (95% confidence interval 79.8–87.6). Maximum and minimum trephined depths were 95.35% and 71.3%, respectively. Trephination depth compared with angular corneal thickness yielded a mean of 66.2%±4.79% (95% confidence interval 63.0–69.4). Maximum and minimum depths were 73.7% and 59.7%, respectively. Analysis of trephination angle yielded a mean of 130.2±3.57 degrees (95% confidence interval 127.8–132.61). Maximum and minimum angles were 135.5 degrees and 126 degrees, respectively. The standard deviation of the trephination angle of the Moria trephine was found to be significantly less than that of Hessburg-Barron and Hanna trephines calculated in the previous study. Conclusion The Moria adjustable vacuum trephine is an accurate method of trephination when a specific depth is desired. Further investigation is needed to determine the relevance of this in relation to deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty.


How can Korean literature prosper through mutual understanding and fusion into other areas and genres? Above all, the first alternative is, by applying world-best IT environment, to move into various content through mutual understanding and fusion into digital media. It can not only circulate rapidly vast amount of data to the public, but also create new genre by reorganization and content-making. The first step is to lay down solid base for literature content by preparing DB for Korean literature. Putting classical and modern works into DB will make it easier and more practical to have an access to what we call "Digital Korean Literature Hall" Additionally, by comprehensively providing multi-level data, reorganization and edition will be able to be applied in various ways. A government agency, such as National Korean Language Center or Ministry of Culture and Tourism, should be responsible for such a huge DB-making task, and at the same time the public access to the DB should be free. The second step is to make the network access feasible for anybody, from anywhere, and by any device. Only if the "ubiquitous" environment is offered, easy access to any works will be possible before they are converted into a certain form of content. As literature becomes part of our daily life, so prosperous will be our life. Accordingly, it will bring us solid foundation which will lead to literature content. The third step, by making literature works into content. is to produce works of various genres. Literature works can be transformed and expanded into films, dramas, comic books, animations, characters, and games. They can also be changed into life-related content like festivals, tourism, and theme-parks. The quality of works should be the main focus. The purpose of such task is not to simply make great fortune through entertainment or consuming industry. It is rather to enable the public to easily access high-quality cultural works, so that our life becomes more abundant as literature content accomplishes its inherent responsibilities of the humanities. Digital media environment is a mere device of effective transmission of such works.


As it has been found that radiation exposure at aviation altitudes is increased
compared to ground, a possible health threat is of concern for airline personnel.
Responsible for the increased radiation exposure in air traffic are galactic cosmic
rays (GCR) originating in the interstellar space. The primary particles of GCR cause
a cascade of secondary particles in the Earth's atmosphere. The intensity of GCR is
modulated by the solar cycle and is anti-correlated with the solar activity, which is
proportional to the number of sunspots. This thesis deals with the characterization
of the solar cycle by adequate parameters in order to estimate the intensity of
GCR and therefore also the radiation exposure at aviation altitudes. Besides the
neutron monitor count rates (NMCR) as an indicator of the GCR intensity and
the sunspot number (SSN), the solar radio flux (SRF) was selected by calculating
the correlation coefficients between the parameters. To obtain periodic structures in
the time response first the dominant frequencies were determined for all quantities
by using sine-fits and the fast Fourier tranform. Both methods identified for all
parameters a dominant period of 11 years, which is the duration of the solar cycle.
In the second part of the data processing the time lag between the parameters was
investigated with three different methods. Firstly the results from the sine-fits for
the corresponding data series were used, secondly a gradual shift was applied in
the data series and the correlation coefficient was calculated. As the third method
the cross-covariance function was employed. The results showed only slight or no
temporal differences between the solar parameters (SSN, SRF) but similar time lags
to the NMCR. Additionally comparing these time lags for even and odd cycles, a
significant difference in the length of the time lags was observed. For even cycles a
time lag of 0-5 months was found, while for odd cycles the time lag variied between
11 and 14 months. These facts indicate different conditions in the modulation of
GCR for even and odd cycles and can be explained by the polarity of the global
solar magnetic field.


The effect of heating temperature in candy making was investigated on physical properties of a model hard candy. A mixture of sucrose and water was heated up to a final temperature (Tf), poured into a candy forming frame, and cooled to be solidified. Tf was set at 170, 180, 190, 200℃, respectively....


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Ferrous hydroxide Fe(OH) 2 gel was adsorbed on carbon black to produce Fe(OH) 2 /C. Various N-containing precursors were then either adsorbed on this material before pyrolysis at 1000°C in Ar or introduced as vapors in the reactor during the pyrolysis step. The N-containing precursors adsorbed on Fe(OH) 2 /C were either polyacrylonitrile (PAN), tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ), or metal-free phthalocyanine (H 2 Pc), while the N-containing vapors injected into the reactor were acetonitrile (CH 3 CN) or ammonia (NH 3 ). The resulting materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction analysis, transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Their electrochemical activities for O 2 reduction were determined using a rotating disk electrode in O 2 -saturated H 2 SO 4 at pH 0.5. Upon heating, Fe(OH) 2 /C is mostly transformed into iron carbide aggregates. Adding a N-containing species during the pyrolysis of Fe(OH) 2 /C is essential for obtaining catalytic activity of O 2 reduction. However, all N-containing precursors are not equivalent. The catalytic activity increases along the series: PAN < TCNQ < H 2 Pc. This series also represents an increasing polarizability of the N-containing precursor. The effect of NH 3 and CH 3 CN vapors are equivalent, yielding slightly higher electroactivities than those obtained with adsorbed PAN. All N-containing precursors generate pyrolysis products containing C and N atoms. This is also true for NH 3 vapors since NH 3 reacts with the carbon support at 1000°C. Deconvolution of the N 1s core level spectra of the catalytic materials leads to the identification of three separate contributions assigned to pyridinic, pyrrolic, and graphitic-type nitrogens. It is demonstrated that none of these N-type contributions alone seem to be responsible for the catalytic activity.


Abstract This paper is motivated by the recent progress on the Hermite–Hadamard inequality for convex functions defined on the bounded closed interval, obtained by Z. Pavić [Z. Pavić, Improvements of the Hermite–Hadamard inequality, J. Inequal. Appl. 2015 2015, Article ID 222]. As a generalization, we obtained a new refinement of the Hermite–Hadamard inequality for co-ordinated convex functions defined on the rectangle.


The treatment of resected lung adenocarcinoma has ample room for improvement. Can genomic characterization aid us in deciding how and when to apply adjuvant therapy in the smallest resected tumors? Clin Cancer Res; 21(11); 2418–20. ©2015 AACR. See related article by Choi et al., p. 2613


Beam commissioning of the SuperKEKB will be started in 2015. A new LLRF control system, which is an FPGA-based digital RF feedback (FB) control system on the MicroTCA platform, has been developed to satisfy the requirement for high current beam operation of the SuperKEKB. The good performance of the prototype was demonstrated in the high power test with an ARES cavity. Then the quantity production with some refinements is in progress. As a new function, klystron phase lock loop was additionally implemented within the cavity FB control loop in the FPGA, and it was successfully worked in the low-level operation test. In this report, the latest design and new progress of the LLRF control system are summarized including the RF reference distribution system.


We have fabricated GaP two-dimensional photonic crystals (PCs) for terahertz (THz) wave generation by a reactive ion etching in Ar/Cl2 gas chemistries. We performed 75-mm-deep etching of GaP, in which Al2O3 layer is applied as a hard mask with its selectivity as high as 125. We demonstrated the THz-wave generation from the fabricated GaP slab waveguide with the PC structure as a cladding layer under a collinear phase-matched difference frequency generation. In the frequency dependence of THz output power for the PC slab waveguide is seen at around 1.1 THz. From the in-plane transmission spectrum of THz-wave, we confirmed that the THz output characteristics had relation with the photonic structure for THz wave. [doi:10.2320/matertrans.MAW200728]


Sulfate reducing bacteria have been shown to be effective at treating acid mine drainage through sulfide production and subsequent precipitation of metal sulfides. In this laboratory experiment for undergraduate environmental chemistry courses, students design and implement a set of bioreactors to remediate acid mine drainage and explain observed changes in dissolved metal concentrations and pH. Using synthetic acid mine drainage and combinations of inputs, students monitor their bioreactors for decreases in dissolved copper and iron concentrations. This laboratory provides students with a wide range of potential learning objectives, including experimental design, data interpretation, and analytical techniques such as atomic absorption spectrophotometry, as well as learning about the potentially complex interactions between biological and chemical reactions present in many natural systems.


Tumor-derived exosomes (TEXs) are small membrane vesicles secreted by tumor cells. They contain various proteins and RNA which make they serve as functional mediators in cell interaction. TEXs can alter the components of extracellular matrix and induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition of tumor cells, which enhance the invasiveness of tumor cells. TEXs regulate immunity through multiple pathways, allowing circulating tumor cells to escape immune surveillance. TEXs promote pre-metastatic microenvironment in target organ before metastasis and induce angiogenesis after circulating tumor cells colonization. Understanding the role and mechanism of TEXs in this process can effectively block relevant signaling pathways which may provide new targeted therapies for clinic.

Key words:
Neoplasm metastasis; Tumor escape; Neovascularization, pathologic; Tumor-derived exosomes; Neoplasm invasiveness


This paper focuses on Nuclear Electric Propulsion (NEP) as a means to transport large payloads to targets in the solar system which are energetically difficult to reach.


This study serves two aims: (1) to evaluate the results of role playing on relevant criteria, and (2) to evaluate these same results from the standpoint of a particular frame of reference, namely that of religious education.