It is shown that, contrary to the rationalist tradition which is prevalent in philosophical ethics and to the traditional views of moral psychology, research results in the field of neuroethics suggest that the basis for moral sensitivity is constituted by certain emotions such as: blame, mercy and compassion which are classified as a special class of moral emotions. In fact, they are mainly neurophysiological processes that are launched automatically. The existence of such emotions is proved by the results of brain imagining neuropsychological experiments performed on healthy subjects as well as on lesion patients.


Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (ANUG), also known as noma or gangrenous stomatitis, is a markedly progressive and destructive disease of the oral and facial tissues that generally occurs in debilitated individuals. However with the advent of antibiotics and the development of public health the incidence has gone down but ANUG has yet been seen with special reference to systemic diseases.We recently experienced a case of ANUG in a transfusion-associated hepatitis patient and described it in this paper.


Diaper rash is a skin problem in the genital area of infants and toddlers, which is characterized by the appearance of red patches on the skin. Baby's skin is still sensitive because its functions are still developing, especially in the epidermis or the outermost layer of the skin which provides natural protection for the skin from the surrounding environment. Continuous use of diapers for too long will increase the sensitivity of the baby's skin so that it can cause skin irritation. That's why baby's skin is more sensitive and prone to skin disorders. Disorders that usually arise in the form of a skin rash known as diaper rash or diaper rash. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between the use of instant diapers and the incidence of diaper rash in toddlers aged 0-3 years at PMB Ani Maheasy SST, Kab. Lamongan Year 2021. The design in this research is an observational analytic with a cross sectional design. The population in this study were all toddlers aged 0-3 years at PMB Ani Maheasy, SST Lamongan from January to February 2021. A sample of 29 people was obtained using the Simple Random Sampling technique. The independent variable is diaper use and the dependent variable is the incidence of skin irritation. The instrument used was a questionnaire sheet in the form of a checklist regarding the variables of diaper use and the incidence of skin irritation compiled by researchers who had conducted validity and reliability tests, then the results were analyzed using the chi square test with a significant level of = 0.05. Based on the results of statistical tests using the Chi-square value, the results of p value: 0.000 < α:0.05 indicate that there is a relationship between the use of instant diapers and the incidence of diaper rash in toddlers aged 0-3 years at PMB Ani Maheasy SST, Kab. Lamongan Year 2021. p value: 0.000 < α:0.05. The solution for using diapers with skin irritation in toddlers is by washing their hands with regular soap before touching the baby's genitals, and the mother's behavior in playing an important role in caring for the little one should check the baby's diaper as often, if skin irritation occurs, apply a cream/ointment to prevent irritation. It is expected that existing health workers such as posyandu cadres can provide information about how to use instant diapers properly, such as information about when is the right time to change diapers and the right type of diaper to use on babies to avoid rashes in babies as a result of using instant diapers.


1. The ultra-violet absorption spectra of tyrosine and tryptophan have been determined in 0 1 NNaOH and the curves found to intersect at 257*15 and 294-4 m,u (E, 2748 and 2375, respectively). 2. By using intensities of absorption at 2944and 280 m,, determined by means of a photoelectric spectrophotometer, mixtures of tyrosine and tryptophan may be analyzed with considerable accuracy provided the molar ratios are not greater than 20:1 either way. 3. Using about 25 mg. of material, proteins may be analyzed with comparable accuracy if due correction is made for irrelevant continuous absorption.


The present study investigated the effect of inducing self- compassion and self-esteem on regulating shame and guilt by the experimental method. Eighty students of University of Tehran (26 males, 54 females) completed the Self- Compassion Scale (SCS), the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES), and the Shame-Proneness and Guilt-Proneness subscales of Test of Self-Conscious Affect (TOSCA). Then the experience of shame and guilt were reconstructed for participants by reminding and writing slightly about an experience of personal fault. After that their emotions were measured by the scale of shame and guilt and the scale of unpleasant emotions. Then participants exposed to experimental treatment by random assignment to four groups of self-compassion induction, self-esteem induction, writing control group and control group. Again their emotions were measured by the scale of shame and guilt and the scale of unpleasant emotions. The results showed that participants of inducing self-compassion group reported lower shame and other unpleasant emotions rather than those who were in inducing self-esteem group. The two interventions reduced the same amount of guilt in participants. The present study provided additional evidence for different effectiveness of self-compassion and self-esteem in regulating unpleasant emotions related to fault experience. These results are discussed in terms of the differences in the nature of experiencing shame and guilt.


This paper presents a calibration technique for radix-3 successive approximation register (SAR) analog-to-digital converter (ADC) that was proposed in [1]. The main advantage of radix-3 SAR ADC is it generates 1.6 bits per conversion cycle which is 60% faster than the conventional radix-2 SAR. However the performance largely depends on matching of capacitors in digital to analog converter (DAC). Effect of capacitor mismatches on signal-to-quantization-noise ratio (SQNR) is demonstrated and calibration technique is simulated in 180nm CMOS technology. This calibration technique does not require any extra capacitor DAC and is programmable for any radix-3 SAR ADC. 7 bit Radix-3 ADC is designed which can achieve signal to noise and distortion ratio (SNDR) of 67 dB up to 10% capacitor mismatch.


The current paper presents the designing and technological manufacturing process of the 2.5kW horizontal - axis wind turbine (HAWT) blades mold. The stages of the process from the 3D modelling to the manufactured parts are presented. Firstly, a CAD model of the blade is realized using airfoil cross-sections and with Mold tools from Solidworks the model of the semi-molds are defined. After then for the technological process a CAM simulation is done. The semi-molds are manufactured by using the cutting process using a CNC machine. The infrastructure that NRDI COMOTI has at its disposal was implied in order to obtain the blades mold.


This article is a literature review of the psychological aspects of smoking behavior, highlighting personality characteristics of the smoker as an obstacle to smoking cessation. It describes the relationship between smoking behavior and personality, and between smoking and the principal psychiatric disorders. Studies reveal that smokers tend to be more extroverted, anxious, tense, and impulsive, and show more traits of neuroticism and psychoticism than do ex-smokers or nonsmokers. The literature also reveals a strong association between smoking and mental disorders, such as schizophrenia and depression. Understanding the psychological factors associated with tobacco smoking and dependence can further the development and improvement of therapeutic strategies to be used in smoking-cessation programs, as well as of programs aimed at prevention and education. Psychological characteristics associated with tobacco smoking behavior 593 return to levels similar to those observed in controls. Excessive weight gain generally follows alterations in behavior and personality patterns, frequently manifested as depression, abstention, self-punishment, irritability, and aggression. Weight gain, together with increased stress, intensifies the impulse to eat, perpetuating the vicious cycle. At the moment, the three most widely accepted theories to explain the relationship between smoking and body weight are as follows: a) increased metabolic rate, with greater energy expenditure by smokers; b) differences in quality and quantity of food intake by smokers; c) appetite loss, via nicotine. In this review article, emphasizing the personality profile of the smoker as an important obstacle to cessation, we describe the relationship between smoking and personality and, subsequently, the relationship between smoking and the principal psychiatric disorders. Most studies on the relationship between smoking and personality characteristics, in recent decades, were carried out according to the theoretical model proposed in 1967. According to this approach, there are three predominant dimensions of character or personality supposedly related to smoking: extroversion, neuroticism, and psychoticism. The extroversion dimension comprises factors such as sociability, assertiveness, positive emotions, vivacity, and activity level. It has been hypothesized that there is a relationship between extroversion and smoking. In line with this interpretation, extroverts and introverts differ as to the level of necessary stimulation for their well-being. At equivalent stimulation levels, extroverts will be characterized by low cortical excitation, and introverts by high cortical excitation. At a medium level of stimulation , at which most daily activities occur, extroverts will more likely feel little stimulated, whereas intro-verts will feel highly stimulated. Since they operate below their ideal level of cortical …


This paper was presented at the 'Building Environmental Externali into Full-Cost Accounting' session. Transportation facility and system options were evaluated for the Greater Vancouver region, u the provincial Multiple Account Evaluation Guidelines in conjucti with the provincial transportation strategy and the Livable Regi Strategic Plan objectives. Monetized environmental externalities have been successfully included in the multiple account evaluatio framework, consistent with the sustainable transportation princip in the provincial legislation on growth strategies and on environmental assessments. This paper shows the impact of the environmental accounts on the overall evaluation, using facility, system option and pricing examples from the regional plan. For t covering abstract of this conference see IRRD number 872812. (A)


policy and approved for publication. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. SUMMARY: The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is today publishing in final form a document entitled Guidelines for Neurotoxicity Risk Assessment (hereafter " Guidelines "). These Guidelines were developed as part of an interoffice guidelines development program by a Technical Panel of the Risk Assessment Forum. The Panel was composed of scientists from throughout the Agency, and selected drafts were peer-reviewed internally and by experts from universities, environmental groups, industry, and other governmental agencies. The Guidelines are based, in part, on recommendations derived from various scientific meetings and workshops on neurotoxicology, from public comments, and from recommendations of the Science Advisory Board. An earlier draft underwent external peer review in a workshop held on June 2-3, 1992, and received internal review by participants in the process, and has tried to address their recommendations in these Guidelines. This notice describes the scientific basis for concern about exposure to agents that cause neurotoxicity, outlines the general process for assessing potential risk to humans because of environmental contaminants, and addresses Science Advisory Board and public comments on the 1995 Proposed Guidelines for Neurotoxicity Risk Assessment (FR 60:52032-52056). These Guidelines are intended to guide Agency evaluation of agents that are suspected to cause neurotoxicity, in line with the policies and procedures established in the statutes administered by the Agency. (2) 3½" high-density computer diskettes in WordPerfect format will be available from ORD regulatory agencies establish " inference guidelines " to promote consistency and technical quality in risk assessment, and to ensure that the risk assessment process is maintained as a scientific effort separate from risk management. A task force within EPA accepted that recommendation and requested that Agency scientists begin to develop such guidelines. In 1984, EPA scientists began work on risk assessment guidelines for carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, suspect developmental toxicants, chemical mixtures, and exposure assessment. Following extensive scientific and public review, these first five guidelines were issued on September 24, 1986 (51 FR 33992-34054). Since 1986, additional risk assessment guidelines have been proposed, revised, reproposed, and finalized. These guidelines continue the process initiated in 1984. As with other EPA guidelines (e.18011), EPA will revisit these guidelines as experience and scientific consensus evolve. These Guidelines set forth principles and procedures to guide EPA scientists in the conduct of Agency risk assessments and to inform Agency …


An earthquake is one of the most serious natural disasters leading to the death toll exceeding two million in the last century. As we see from the recent super earthquake near Japan triggered the complex disaster such as catastrophic huge Tsunami and damage to the nuclear power plant. Despite the incomplete understanding of the origin of earthquakes, short time warning must be an urgent issue of human beings. Recently new approach to study the seismic activities by using electromagnetic phenomena reported both by ground-based and satellite measurement has emerged in addition to the traditional seismological investigation since 1990s. This is we call it 'Seismo-electromagnetics', and is a study of short-term process of the earthquake sequence. One of the key advantages of the seismo-electromagnetic phenomena is their precursory nature. In this paper we introduce various ground-based radio physical measurements to study seismo-electromagnetic signals and review the major results of both case and statistical studies for last 10 years from different frequency ranges such as VLF, LF, HF transmitters to identify the ionospheric perturbations, and ULF emissions in relation with seismic activities. Updated results from VLF transmitter signals concerning super earthquake (Off the Pacific coast of Tohoku EQ) will be presented together with our statistical study on the basis of long-term observations.


The article aims at defining the sets of high probability cycles and at revealing the common cyclic genome for sugar industry which, taken as a whole, affect the production of sugar, sugar beet, and sugarcane. The author also studies the principles of big regional structures in the sugar subcomplex. For the first time, the concept of revealing a cyclic genome by means of the forward analysis (instead of the spectral analysis) is realised in practice, i. e. periodograms are built on the basis of a forward analysis and not of a spectral analysis. It has been confirmed in practice that the forward analysis shows substantially better results in building periodograms than the traditional spectral analysis. The author has revealed new principles in shift (mutation) of the cyclic genome of the world sugar production and has defined the sociogenetic principles (cycles of various nature), such as following: the cycle of the developed countries group is 8.23 years, the cycles of the developing countries is 8.39, the cycle of the Third World countries in 7.6. The article has also revealed a cyclic "drift" in the world sugar production. So, after World War II it has shifted from 9.49 years (typical for the period from the 19th century until the middle of the 20th century) to the current value of 7.12 years.


The regions of Saturn's cloud-covered atmosphere polewards of 60 o latitude are dominated in each hemisphere near the cloud tops by an intense, cyclonic polar vortex surrounded by a strong, high latitude eastward zonal jet. In the north, this high latitude jet takes the form of a remarkably regular zonal wavenumber m=6 hexagonal pattern that has been present at least since the Voyager spacecraft encounters with Saturn in 1980-81, and probably much longer. The origin of this feature, and the absence of a similar feature in the south, has remained poorly understood since its discovery. In this work, we present some new analyses of horizontal wind measurements at Saturn's cloud tops polewards of 60 degrees in both the northern and southern hemispheres, previously published by Antuñano et al. (2015) using images from the Cassini mission, in which we compute kinetic energy spectra and the transfer rates of kinetic energy (KE) and enstrophy between different scales. 2D KE spectra are consistent with a zonostrophic regime, with a steep (~n -5 ) spectrum for the mean zonal flow (n is the total wavenumber) and a shallower Kolmogorov-like KE spectrum (~n -5/3 ) for the residual (eddy) flow, much as previously found for Jupiter's atmosphere (Galperin et al. 2014; Young & Read 2017). Three different methods are used to compute the energy and enstrophy transfers, (a) as latitude-dependent zonal spectral fluxes, (b) as latitude-dependent structure functions and (c) as spatially filtered energy fluxes. The results of all three methods are largely in agreement in indicating a direct (forward) enstrophy cascade across most scales, averaged across the whole domain, an inverse kinetic energy cascade to large scales and a weak direct KE cascade at the smallest scales. The pattern of transfers has a more complex dependence on latitude, however. But it is clear that the m=6 North Polar Hexagon (NPH) wave was transferring KE into its zonal jet at 78 o N (planetographic) at a rate of ∏ E ≈ 1.8 x 10 -4 W kg -1 at the time the Cassini images were acquired. This implies that the NPH was not maintained by a barotropic instability at this time, but may have been driven via a baroclinic instability or possibly from deep convection. Further implications of these results will be discussed.


Researches and devolpments of ultraprecision manufacture
technologies for functional ceramics are introduced in this paper. As the
ultraprecision polishing technology is most improtant one, principles
and their effects of different kinds of advanced polising processes are
described with some characteristics concluded. Byanalysing the insuf-
ficiencies of these technologies in practice at present, the development
tendency as well as the prospects of ultraprecision manufacture tech-
nologies for functional ceramics are put forwards.


this study investigated the validation of 2–minute, 4– minute, 6–minute, and 8–minute Run–walk tests for male Physical Education Students. One hundred and twenty (120) male students of the age range 18-25 years were selected randomly as subjects from different Physical Education College of S.G.B. Amravati University, Amravati. The measured criterion selected for this study was Cooper's 12–minute Run– walk test. Data were collected by administering 2–minute, 4– minute, 6–minute, 8–minute, and 12–minute Run/Walk Tests. To establish the reliability of sunjects used in this study, a Testretest method was employed. In addition, to establish the relationship between the tests of cardiovascular endurance and the criterion test Pearson's products moment, Co-relation statistical technique was employed. Result of this study shows that there is a significant relationship in between cooper's 12– minute Run / Walk and 2–minute Run /Walk (r = 0.47), 4 – minute Run / Walk (r = 0.68), 6 –minute Run / Walk (r = 0.75), and 8 – minute Run / Walk (r = 0.78). Keywords— Cardiovascular Endurance


The concept of dependence is used in several different scholarly traditions to refer to aspects of relational asymmetry in international and transnational relations. In three such traditions, dependence refers to three quite different kinds of concepts with the result that possibilities are restricted for fruitful dialogue about dependence across these scholarly traditions of dependencia theory, systematic empiricism, and formal, analytical theory. To aggravate this problem of multiple "languages," there are two basic conceptual notions generally associated with the term dependence. These two meanings have clearly distinct implications for the nature of a theory of dependence, the character of entities dependent on one another, and the assessment or measurement of dependence. Thus, if the "language" gap is to be bridged and fruitful dialogue is to occur among different scholarly traditions, attention must be directed to the basic conceptual meaning of dependence in each tradition. Dialogue between systematic empiricism and dependencia theory is possible if empiricists recognize the fundamentally historical and historicist character of the particular substance of dependencia theory. These principles are exemplified here.


The successful drilling on Legs 51, 52, and 53 created a rare opportunity to investigate the long-term effects of seawater-rock interactions on the mineralogy and chemistry of basalts erupted on the sea floor. Holes 417A and 418A were drilled about 6.5 km apart in 109-m.y .-old crust (anomaly MO) at the southern end of the Bermuda Rise. Circulation of seawater through cracks and fractures in the basaltic column at these sites has exposed large amounts of basalt to seawater over a long period of time. This has resulted in chemical reactions between the rock and seawater at low temperatures, i.e., close to those of ambient bottom water. Throughout this paper, the term "weathering" will be used to signify this process. The relatively deep basement penetration (544 m) and the good recovery (72%) in Hole 418A provided a stratigraphic sequence for investigation of the variation in the degree and nature of basalt weathering. The basalt recovered from Hole 417A was notable for its very high degree of weathering, particularly in the upper basement cores. The purpose of this paper is to describe the weathering of the basalts in terms of the changes in their mineralogy and chemistry, and to compare the weathering observed in Hole 418A with that in the upper parts of Hole 417A. Eleven highly weathered samples were made available to us from Hole 417A, and these covered an interval from 208 to 280 meters below the sea floor. A suite of samples from Hole 418A was also obtained; these represent the complete recovery of the stratigraphic sequence, i.e., from 320 to 868 meters sub-bottom.


Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine whether the inhibitory action of peptide YY (PYY) on gastric acid secretion is attributable to the release of gastric somatostatin in rats. Two groups of rats (six rats/group) were anesthetized with urethane and prepared with gastric fistulas and jugular catheters. Pentagastrin (18 μg/kg-h) was given intravenously for 150 min to stimulate gastric acid secretion. Intravenous PYY (130 μg/kg-h) inhibited pentagastrin-stimulated gastric acid secretion significantly (P < 0.05). Administration of iv PYY resulted in a 41% reduction (P < 0.05) in pentagastrin-stimulated gastric acid secretion. In another group of anesthetized rats, administration of PYY (10–7, 10–8 M) failed to stimulate a release of somatostatin from the isolated-perfused rat stomach. Our findings indicate that PYY can inhibit gastric acid secretion independently of release of gastric somatostatin in the rat.


This letter is not in Lee's hand, though it is signed by him. Lee informs Lapsley that his son (John) has struggled at Washington College and asks that he not return.
This letter is likely to James W. or John W. Lapsley of Alabama.


A self warming mask is disclosed. The self warming mask includes a facing layer configured to cover at least a portion of a person's face. Attached to the facing layer is at least one thermal delivery pad. The thermal delivery pad contains an exothermic composition. Once the mask is removed from a sealed package, air contacts the thermal delivery pad causing the mask to elevate in temperature. The thermal delivery pad can be constructed so that the rise of temperature and the length of time the mask remains heated is carefully controlled. The mask product can be used in combination with a fragrance or vapor delivery device for also releasing a fragrance, a vapor, or both as the mask is heated. In one embodiment, the fragrance or vapor delivery device can be attached and removed to the mask as a user desires. ® KIPO & WIPO 2009


The first step towards the production and marketing of bioplastics based on renewable and sustainable materials is to know their behavior at a semi-industrial scale. For this reason, in this work, the properties of thermoplastic starch (TPS)/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) films plasticized by a green solvent, as the 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate ([Emim+][Ac−]) ionic liquid, produced by melt-mixing were studied. These blends were prepared with a different content of [Emim+][Ac−] (27.5–42.5 %wt.) as a unique plasticizer. According to the results, this ionic liquid is an excellent plasticizer due to the transformation of the crystalline structure of the starch to an amorphous state, the increase in flexibility, and the drop in Tg, as the [Emim+][Ac−] amount increases. These findings show that the properties of these biomaterials could be modified in the function of [Emim+][Ac−] content in the formulations of TPS, depending on their final use, thus becoming a functional alternative to conventional polymers.


A novel approach based on the graph model for conflict resolution (GMCR) methodology is proposed to address the problem of multistakeholder system portfolio decision analysis encountered in architecting a system of systems (SoS) with desired capabilities. More specifically, a flexible four-process framework for capability-based SoS architecting containing interactive portfolio decision analysis to promote multistakeholder design negotiations on system portfolio selections is presented. By taking full advantage of the inherent realistic and flexible design of the GMCR paradigm, an interactive portfolio decision analysis approach is designed to facilitate the systematic modeling and analysis of system portfolio decisions at the SoS level in order to achieve potential compromises among all key stakeholders having disparate preferences and interacting according to different conflict behavior patterns. This approach permits the prediction of possible mutually agreeable system portfolios for SoS architecture development. Last, the feasibility of the proposed approach is demonstrated using an illustrative example.


The technology for processing facial vibroimage is identified as one of the most promising for the development of remote non-contact monitoring systems for the functional and psycho-emotional state (FPS) of potentially dangerous objects (PDO) control operators. It is shown that temporary instability and spatial unevenness of the coverage of the face area in real production conditions are the main destabilizing factors that reduce the reliability of the of the operator's current bio-parameters measurement. An approach is proposed and substantiated that allows minimizing the influence of these factors. The approach takes into account the influence of the color temperature of an external light source and is based on independent compensation of destabilizing factors in various spectra of optical radiation.


Previous work on harmonic modeling have shown that the probabilistic approach is suitable to harmonic prediction since it allows to take into account the randomly varying operating conditions of static converters. Although the six-pulse AC/DC power converter has already been the subject of probabilistic modeling, little consideration has been given to the twelve-pulse AC/DC power converter. In high power applications, such as large rated DC and AC drives, large rated DC power supplies, twelve-pulse AC/DC power converters are usually preferred since they allow a reduction of system disturbances due to harmonic currents. This paper presents an analysis of the random properties of harmonic currents produced by a twelve-pulse AC/DC power converter that operates under random variations of its DC load and voltage unbalance. The probability density functions of the amplitudes and the phase angles of the harmonic currents (of orders 12k/spl plusmn/1 and 12k-6/spl plusmn/l) are established and validated by results obtained from Monte Carlo simulations.


It was concluded that there is a wide variation in the quality of the shallow hydrocarbon deposits which are found in western Missouri. The various types of reservoirs will probably require the use of several different oil recovery processes, and production costs are expected to vary substantially from one deposit to another. Based on current costs and tax regulations, current ''new oil'' prices are probably adequate for commercial development of some of the better oil deposits in this region. Higher oil prices would increase the number of reservoirs that can be commercially produced, but the low-quality reservoirs will require improved production technology before development becomes economically feasible.


Small ("spatial") free products of C*-algebras are constructed. Under certain conditions they have properties similar to those proved by Paschke and Salinas for the algebras C,*(GI * G2) where G1, G2 are discrete groups. The freeproduct analogs of noncommutative Bernoulli shifts are discussed. 0. Introduction. Let K be a field. Consider the category of unital algebras over K. It is well known that this category admits coproducts: free products of algebras [2]. Heuristically, the free product of algebras is the algebra generated by them, with no relations except for the identification of unit elements. If K = C, the complex numbers, and we consider unital * -algebras, we can easily define a * -operation on the free products. Let A, B be unital C*-algebras, and A * B their free product, which is a unital *-algebra. The question arises: in what ways may one define a pre-C* norm on A * B that extends the norms on A and B? Guided by analogy with tensor products, we expect to have a choice among many pre-C* norms, giving rise to many "C* free products" of A and B. One natural norm is 1c I I = sup{ 1IT(c)IH: ST * -representation of A * B). The * -representations of A * B are in 1-1 correspondence with pairs of * representations of A and B, which act on the same Hilbert space. Let A * B be the completion of A * B in this norm. It is easy to see that this construction defines a coproduct in the category of C*-algebras, and that A * B is the "biggest free product" of A and B, analogous to the biggest tensor product A 0 B. If G 1, G2 are discrete groups we obtain C*(G1) * C*(G2) C*(GI * G2) where G1 * G2 is the free product group, and this is analogous to the relation C*(G1) 0 C*(G2) C*(G1 X G2). This paper is motivated by the question: Is there a "smallest C*-product", A*B, in analogy to the smallest tensor product, A * B, satisfying a relation Cr*(GI * G2) Cr*(GI) * Cr*(G2) Received by the editors January 28, 1981 and, in revised form, May 19, 1981. 1980 Mathematics Subject Classification. Primary 46L05; Secondary 46L55. (1 982 American Mathematical Society 0002-9947/82/00001022/$04.25


Introduction. The natural resources national ownership, which basis the formation of state and other forms of ownership, has a complex nature, sometimes its interests do not reflect the interests of every member of society, especially this applies to the system of appropriation in the nature use management. The analysis of various aspects of state property management for natural resources is due to the necessity of its development as a complex, integrated process involving the expansion of horizontal and vertical interactions and relationships.
Aim and tasks. The aim of the article is to determine the vectors for improving the system of state management by appropriating natural recreational resources for their effective disposal, alternatives to use, and, also receiving and distributing the proceeds of its ownership. In accordance with the article aim, were set the following tasks: to investigate the trends of rent payments and environmental taxes revenues to the state budget; to analyze revenues to the state budget from the use of natural recreational resources, for example, forest and water polyfunctional resources; to provide suggestions, how to improve the property state management of natural recreational resources.
Results. Analyze of positive and negative tendencies towards effective state management, based on the experience of managing property ownership on natural recreational resources in different countries of the world, are identified. The essence of appropriation of natural recreational resources as an economic-ecological category is determined, and includes appropriation of income from natural resources and losses for irrational use of them. The budgetary revenues  from the use of natural production factors are analyzed and their insignificant part of the product manufacturing cost in the areas of activity (forest and water management) is determined, where the basis of the produced goods and services are natural resources. The horizontal management functions dissipation of the same natural recreational resources between different ministries and agencies is identified. Priorities recommendations on the improvement of state natural recreational resources property management are given (inter alia, regulatory framework, forecasting and planning, organization, accounting and control).
Conclusions. The analysis of rent payments for the natural resources use and environmental taxes shows that almost the free assignment of income from the use of natural capital to economic entities. Thus, summing up the research it can be concluded that the state policy regarding the use of natural recreational capital should be based on ecosystem and polyfunctional approaches, and the most effective directions for its use in various sectors of the national economy and forms of ownership should be determined by the state.


The invention aims to prevent the hot primary air supply in the peripheral opening formed between the nozzle and the ejector of the exhaust stream of a gas turbine. To do this, the invention provides for partially closing this opening device to prevent the backflow of the primary flow in the engine bay. More specifically, the invention provides a method of ejecting exhaust gas turbine wherein the number of sectors, the position and angle at the center (C) of at least one sector (21) of peripheral opening (1) may constitute a region of re-ingestion of the primary flux (Fp) in the engine bay (Mb) are determined by correlation of interactions between the cooling side flow (Fs) and the main stream (Fp) , based on behavior parameters: the turning and the nozzle inlet in the air speed (2), the geometry of the exhaust duct (2, 3), the delivery of the secondary flow (Fs) for cooling the engine bay (Mb), and the geometry and position of the inputs (E1) of second flow (Fs). This peripheral opening is then closed on the (s) area (s) angle (s) (21) and identified (s).


Objective To compare the gene expression difference between 0.1 and 5 Gy X-ray irradiated cells,and to explore its possible mechanism.Methods A cDNA microarray corresponding to 45033 human genes was used to analyze the transcriptional profiles of normal human lymphoblastoid AHH-1 cells at 4 h after 0.1 or 5 Gy irradiation.The genes with a fold change ≥ 2.0 were identified as the differentially expressed genes.real-lime PCR and Western blot were used to confirm the expression of PERP.Results The microarray assay showed that there were 760 up-regulated genes and 1222 down-regulated genes in the cells at 0.1 Gy,while there were 744 genes down-regulated and 457 genes up-regulated in the cells at 5 Gy.In addition,55 genes were commonly up-regulated and 339 genes commonly down-regulated at 0.1 and 5 Gy.The predominant biological processes of the differential genes responding to low-dose radiation include cell-cell signaling transduction and DNA damage response,and the altered genes after 5 Gy irradiation were related to cell proliferation,differentiation,and apoptosis.Moreover,the expression of PERP gene was down regulated,which was consistent with the data of microarrey assay.Conclusions The quantitative and qualitative differences in the gene expressions may contribute to the diversed biological effects induced by low or high doses of ionizina radiation.

Key words:
Ionizing radiation; Gene chip; Dosage; GO analysis


Abstract This paper focuses on the concept of social (in)justice to examine and discuss some of the areas in the production and dissemination of knowledge in which the issue of social justice is significant and should be applied and considered. More specifically, it explores and advocates for some of the ways in which participation in, and contribution to, global scholarship can become a more socially just practice for academics, especially novice scholars and early-career researchers in the field of Applied Linguistics. It also highlights the role and agentive engagement of both established and junior members of academic communities as an important factor in demonopolizing and democratizing academic discourses and practices and making the mobilization of scholarship more diverse, inclusive, multivocal, and transformative.


The European Union has established a strict legal framework for the proper management and disposal of liquid waste and Greece is committed to pursuing European policy. The winemaking process uses significant amounts of water, which leads to the production of large amounts of wastewater. These effluents have significant seasonal variation in volume and variable composition, making their treatment difficult. Conventional treatment methods are usually applied to winery liquid waste, although in recent decades an attempt has been made to adopt or incorporate advanced oxidation processes. Some of these processes are non-photochemical such as ozone application, electrochemical oxidation methods, ultrasound application and Fenton reaction. The object of the present work is the photochemical methods of treatment of the liquid waste of the wineries. This is the reaction photo-Fenton, solar photo-Fenton, photocatalysis with titanium dioxide-based catalysts and can increase their efficiency and effectiveness by modifying their surface with metal deposition, ion enhancement, sensitization using pigments and coupling of TiO2 with other materials. Also other photocatalysts with different materials have been considered effective for the degradation of organic pollutants in wastewater such as metal oxides and metal sulfides, bismuth compounds, graphene and carbon nitride. Finally, the combined application of two or more advanced oxidation processes, interconnected or by conventional processes, has proved to be quite effective, such as the O3 / UV / H2O2 system.


Using the case of Taegu city, this study analyses benefits and costs related to the construction of GIS to local government. For this purpose, the study uses a case study selecting Taegu Metropolitan city. In this study, four discount rates(5%, 8%, 10%, 12%) are used for sensitivity analyses. According to this benefit-cost analysis, Taegu city government could get positive net present benefits from the year of 2004 which is 6 years after its GIS construction. This a result, Provides the economical and financial validity of GIS Construition in local government. In this study, analysis of invisible benefits are excluded. If these invisible and potential benefits are included in the analysis, GIS could produce more net benefits and the even break point of GIS construction in local governments will come earlier. For the further study, the study needs to develop new benefits and utilize cost-effectiveness analysis to catch these invisible benefits.


Arising from the corporate crashes of the 1980s were several legal suits involving auditors that were ultimately settled out-of-court. Due to the complex nature of the issues involved, the hearing of these cases would have involved large legal costs. The amount of the funds that could realistically be recovered was limited by the amount of the auditor's professional indemnity insurance. Consequently, out-of court settlements were inevitable. In the Tricontinental and National Safety Council cases, cost and complexity also lead to courts to suggest to parties to mediate and settle out-of-court. However out-of -court settlements cause problems for the development of the auditing profession and it is argued in this paper that regulatory change is necessary.


Specific human subtelomeric DNA probes were used to reveal cryptic chromosomal rearrangements that cannot be detected by conventional high resolution cytogenetic techniques, or by chromosomal in situ suppression hybridization using whole chromosome paint analysis. Two cosmids containing different subtelomeric DNA sequences were derived from human chromosome 19 and designated as 7501 and 16432. Cosmid 7501 was hybridized to chromosomes from humans, chimpanzee, gorilla and orangutan. In humans, 7501 consistently labeled chromosomes 3q, 15q, and 19p. Additional chromosomes were labeled in different individuals, indicating a polymorphic distribution of this sequence in the human genome. In contrast, 7501 consistently and strongly labeled only the q arm terminus of chromosome 3 in both chimp and gorilla. The identification of the chromosome was made by two-color FISH analysis using human chromosome 4-specific paint and homologous to human chromosome 4. None of the human subjects showed labeling of chromosome 4 with 7501. This finding suggests that in the course of human evolution, subsequent to the divergence of humans and African apes, a cryptic translocation occurred between the ancestral human chromosome 4 and one or more of the other human chromosomes that now contain this DNA segment. In orangutan, 7501 labeled a single acrocentric chromosome pair,more » a distinctly different chromosome than that labeled in chimp and gorilla. Comparison of chromosome sites labeled with cosmid 16432 showed the distribution of signals on chromosome 1q arm is the same for humans and chimp, but different in the gorilla. Humans and chimps show distinct labeling on sites 1q terminus and 1q41-42. In gorilla, there is instead a large cluster of intense signal near the terminus of 1q that clearly does not extend all the way to the terminus. A paracentric inversion or an unequal cross-over event may account for the observed difference between these species.« less


Interferon alpha (IFN-α), patch preparations composed of three layers, water-insoluble backing layer, drug containing layer with absorption enhancer and surface layer containing pH-dependent polymer were prepared. As absorption enhancer, three surfactants, Gelucire44/14 (Lauroyl macrogol-32 glycerides), Labrasol (Caprylocaproyl macrogol-8 glycerides) and HCO-60 (polyoxyethylated hydrogenerated castor oil) were used in preparing IFN-α patch preparations. The intestinal absorption of IFN-α was studied after the administration of test patch preparations into the rat jejunum, 50,000 IU/kg. The serum IFN-α levels were measured by an ELISA method and both C max and AUC were determined as the index of absorption of IFN-α. Gelucire44/14 preparation including Pharmasol for the stable solidification showed the higher C max, 7.66 ± 0.82 IU/ml, and AUC, 12.85 ± 1.49 IU h/ml, than Labrasol (6.51 ± 0.89 and 8.30 ± 1.34 IU h/ml) and HCO-60 (6.02 ± 1.14, 7.53 ± 1.84 IU h/ml) preparations, respectively. By comparing to the AUC obtained after s.c. injection of the same dose of IFN-α to rats, bioavailability (BA) was estimated to be 7.8% in Gelucire44/14 preparation. In vitro release study showed that the T50%s, the time when half of the formulated IFN-α is released from the patches, were 3.4 ± 0.1 min for HCO-60, 7.8 ± 0.1 min for Gelucire44/14 and 11.4 ± 0.1 min for Labrasol preparations. To study the effect of absorption site, Gelucire44/14 preparation was administered into the rat duodenum and ileum. However, there were not significant differences on AUC among the three absorption sites. By reducing the IFN-α dose from 50,000 to 25,000 IU/kg, the serum IFN-α levels vs time profile showed a tendency of dose-dependency. When the histological examination of small intestinal mucosa was carried out in this study, the small intestinal mucosa after the Gelucire44/14 patches administered and before it was administered, could not recognize impaired. From these results, the usefulness of oral patch system for the oral delivery of IFN-α has been proved in rats.


Introduction: Ultrasound-guided Interscalene Brachial (USGISB) plexus block is known to provide effective analgesia for upper limbs surgery. Low-dose dexamethasone as additive with levobupivacaine in USG-ISB plexus block is known to provide effective analgesia for upper limbs surgery. Aim: To evaluate whether dexamethasone, use as an additive with levobupivacaine during an USG-ISB plexus block for upper limb surgery, has sufficient analgesic effect. Materials and Methods: The randomised clinical trial was conducted at GGS Medical College and Hospital, Faridkot, Punjab, India, from March 2018 to August 2019. Sixty patients who were scheduled to have upper limb surgery using USG-ISB with 0.5% levobupivacaine were randomly assigned to one of two groups. Group A (n=30) received one ml of normal saline, while group B (n=30) received 4 mg of dexamethasone. A fourpoint Verbal Numerical Rating Scale (VNRS) for pain was used to evaluate postoperative analgesia. The duration of analgesia, time to onset and duration of sensory and motor blockade, and pain ratings were measured. Unpaired student's t-test, Chisquare and Fisher's-exact tests were used to analyse the data. Results: The mean duration of analgesia was significantly longer for group B than for group A (854.67±10.08 min vs 743.00±23.22 min; p-value<0.001). The onset of sensory and motor blocks in group B began to develop earlier (8.42±0.35 min, and 9.72±0.55 min) than those in group A (10.10±0.80 min, and 11.02±0.84 min; p-value<0.001). The duration of the sensory and motor block in group B was longer (653±16.17 min and 582.83±14.18 min) than that in group A (595±17.29 min and 487.33±21.04 min; p-value<0.001). Conclusion: Perineural dexamethasone with levobupivacaine provides greater postoperative analgesia, also speed up the onset of sensory and motor effects, and prolongs the duration of interscalene brachial plexus block.


In 2010 as an outcome of MEARU's 3 year EPSRC funded project titled 'The Environmental Impact of domestic laundering' a design guide was produced. This A4 published guide was distributed to Housing Associations across Scotland by the SFHA Scottish Federation of Housing Associations (SFHA) and to housing designers by the Royal Incorporation of Architects (Scotland) RIAS. The project also gained significant expose in the UK media outlets including BBC news.

The design guide is still in use as a best practice guide to ensuring new homes have a provision to remove humidity caused by drying clothes by passive methods. This poster highlights key recommendations from the report and illustrates methods by which housing designers have subsequently integrated these into their new home layouts. The guide aims to improve indoor air quality in dwellings by providing dedicated drying cupboards which are independently heated and ventilated to remove moisture from living spaces (a frequently used location for drying clothes on radiators). In addition to moisture removal a dedicated drying space allows potential VOC's from laundry detergents and fabric softeners to be isolated from the home too. Options to integrate ventilation in these spaces with new MVHR systems in new air tight homes is also investigated.


Objective
The present study aimed to analyze the effect of previous cardiac surgery(PCS)for structural heart disease or radiofrequency catheter ablation(ABL)on the mechanism of atrial flutter.

Methods
This was a prospective, multicenter, and open registry study.Data were collected from the database platform for interventional therapy of arrhythmia from the national center for cardiovascular diseases.Patients who underwent radiofrequency catheter ablation for AFL were consecutively enrolled from 18 hospitals in 10 provinces between January, 2013 and December, 2015, those with incomplete data were excluded.The patients' baseline clinical data, perioperative data were collected.According to previous history of catheter ablation or cardiac surgery, patients were divided into three groups, control group(n=322), ABL group(n=31)and PCS group(n=48). The composition of different mechanisms of AFL and the influencing factors of the success rate of present catheter ablation for AFL were analyzed.

Results
Four hundred and one patients who underwent radiofrequency catheter ablation for AFL were enrolled.Left atrium originating AFL, cavotricuspid-isthmus(CTI)dependent AFL and Right atrium non-CTI dependent AFL account for 9.0%, 82.9% and 8.1% respectively.The majority of AFL mechanism still were typical AFL in control group, ABL-non-AF subgroup and PCS group(91.3%, 66.7% and 64.6%), whereas more left atrium originating AFL were found in ABL-AF subgroup(68.4%, P<0.001). There was no significant difference in AFL success rate among the three groups.As for typical AFL, success rate varied among different NYHA classifications(99.3% vs.100% vs.83.3%, P<0.001). For left atrium originating AFL, left atrium diameter was the major influencing factor(100.0% vs.50.0%, P=0.010).

Conclusion
In patients with PCS or ABL, typical AFL still was the most common mechanism, However, history of PVAI(pulmonary vein antrum isolation)is associated with a higher proportion of left atrium originating AFL.Previous cardiac surgery and ablation made no difference on acute success rate in all types of AFL.

Key words:
Atrial flutter; History of cardiac operation; Catheter ablation; Rigistry


Abstract Six peanut genotypes grown at three locations (sources) were tested in laboratory studies for the influence of pod and seed inoculation methods on seed colonization by Aspergillus parasiticus Speare and/or incidental prior contamination (uninoculated method) in the field or storage by A. flavus Link ex Fr. or A. parasiticus. The genotypes has been identified as having varying levels of resistance to seed colonization by Aspergillus spp. in laboratory screening. There was no difference between the pod and seed inoculation on the mean percentage of seed colonization, but pod inoculation resulted in a noticeable reduction in seed colonization of the more susceptible genotypes when compared to inoculated seed (genotype x method interaction). Uninoculated seed incubated similarly to the inoculated samples exhibited considerably less colonization. For all three methods, seed colonization was consistently less for the resistant genotypes than for the 'Florunner' variety or the highly susceptible check P...


analysis of 34 cases with a new classification of the disease. Medicine 1981; 60: 95–109. 4 Wolff K, Tappeiner G. Mycobacterial diseases: tuberculosis and atypical mycobacterial infections. In: Dermatology in General Medicine (Fitzpatrick TB, Eisen AZ, Wolff K, eds), 3rd edn. New York: McGraw Hill, 1987; 2152–86. 5 Victor T, Jordaan HF, van Niekerk DJT et al. Papulonecrotic tuberculid: identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis DNA by polymerase chain reaction. Am J Dermatopathol 1992; 14: 491–5. 6 Morrison JGL, Fourie EG. The papulonecrotic tuberculid: from Arthus reaction to lupus vulgaris. Br J Dermatol 1974; 91: 263–70. 7 Sehgal VN, Gupta R, Bose M, Saha K. Immunohistopathological spectrum in cutaneous tuberculosis. Clin Exp Dermatol 1993; 18: 309–13. 8 Stead WW. Skin ulcers and tuberculosis outbreaks (letter). Ann Intern Med 1993; 118: 474.


An arborescence graph is a directed graph in which, for a vertex u called the root, and any other vertex v, there is exactly one directed path from u to v. The directed pathos of an arborescence Ar is defined as a collection of minimum number of arc disjoint open directed paths whose union is Ar. In [6], for an arborescence Ar, a directed pathos total digraph Q = DP T(Ar)has vertex set V (Q) = V (Ar) ∪ A(Ar) ∪ P(Ar), where V (Ar) is the vertex set, A(Ar) is the arc set, and P(Ar) is a directed pathos set of Ar. The arc set A(Q) consists of the following arcs: ab such that a, b ∈ A(Ar) and the head of a coincides with the tail of b; uv such that u, v ∈ V (Ar) and u is adjacent to v; au(ua) such that a ∈ A(Ar) and u ∈ V (Ar) and the head (tail) of a is u; P a such that a ∈ A(Ar) and P ∈ P(Ar) and the arc a lies on the directed path P; PiPj such that Pi, Pj ∈ P(Ar) and it is possible to reach the head of Pj from the tail of Pi through a common vertex, and it is also possible to reach the head of Pi from the tail of Pj .In this paper, the concept of planarity of the directed pathos total digraph (that is, as an acyclic directed graph which can be drawn with non crossing arcs oriented in one direction) is being discussed and applied to a directed pathos total digraph of an arborescence Ar (DP T(Ar)). Further, the internal vertices of these directed pathos total digraph of Ar are cconsidered.Finally, the planarity of an arborescence resulting from the vertex-gluing of two directed paths ispresented and corresponding internal vertex number is obtained.


This chapter explores Human Capital in Malaysian SMEs. Malaysia has placed significant policy emphasis on indigenous SMEs as a basis for achieving economic growth and competitiveness. This renders the human capital infrastructure of SMEs of critical importance. However, the reality is that there is little information as to the nature of HR practices and their impact in Malaysian SMEs. This chapter aims to fill this void by exploring descriptive findings from a unique sample of over 200 Malaysian SMEs. Drawing on the work of Lepak and Snell in particular, the chapter offers insights into human capital uniqueness and human capital value in the firms investigated. The performance and policy implications of the research are discussed and future research avenues outlined.


Objective To explore the expression and significance of transmembrane binding protein occludin in the gut mucosal cells of rats with schistosomal cirrhosis.Methods A total of 40 rats were divided into 2 groups: Group N(control) and Group M(model).The Group M rats were infected percutaneously with cercariae of schistosomiasis japonica.The mice were sacrificed on the 120th day after being infected.Vena cava blood was tested for endotoxin;immunohistochemistry and Western blot were applied to detect the protein expression of occludin.Results The expression of occludin in the large intestine of rats belonging to Group N was significantly stronger than in those belonging to Group M(P0.01);the level of endotoxin in rats of Group M were significantly stronger than in those of Group N(P 0.01).Conclusions Endotoxin translocations and endotoxemia in rats with schistosomal cirrhosis were related to the descent of occludin expression in their tissues.


That curriculum is far more than the policy documents and lesson plans that ostensibly guide the work that teachers do is a truism of curriculum studies. There is a plethora of concepts and frameworks for examining the many different aspects of what counts as curriculum and what shapes, in some way or another, educational experience. As editors, we are often struck not just by the range of concepts, but also by the range of definitions of concepts such as the "hidden" curriculum (Gaztambide-Fernández, 2017). This broad constellation of concepts and frameworks helps us to understand that there is more to curriculum than the curriculum, and that there are curricular forces that shape educational experience in far more profound ways than what is expressed in official documents and other written texts. As educators, however, we are often pressed by the exigencies of the institutions in which we work as well as by the political urgency of the work we do. Whether we work in universities or schools, or whether our work is situated in communities, or focused on global movements, attending to the absent presences of curriculum is often not just challenging, but at times beyond our capacities, resources, and time constraints. And thus, we often find ourselves working as if other forces were not having a profound effect on our work as educators, and even, to borrow from the title of the opening article in this issue, "pretending not to know" that such forces exist (see Okello, this issue). The four articles in this issue of CI offer us a lens through which to consider dimensions of curriculum that are not just hidden from our usual approaches or perceptions, but that profoundly shape educational experience. These absent presences, like elephants in a room, are often so overwhelmingly powerful in shaping educational experience that to acknowledge them might lead us to give up on any attempt to counter or resist their force. Racism, sexism, genderism, ableism, labour exploitation, and colonialism, to name only a few of the ideologies and social processes that shape educational experiences, are so ubiquitous and yet often so stealth that as educators we can feel compelled to act as if they are not there; we might pretend that we don't even know how they impact us and ignore their absent-presence. Whether for the sake of efficiency, practicality, or to manage the sheer feeling of powerlessness in the face of such forces, we might pretend not to know they are even there at all and proceed as if otherwise.


The definition of the theoretical system of socialism with Chinese characteristics does not include Mao Zedong Thought in the 17th National Congress of the Communist Party of China,which has brought about a very sensitive problem,that is,how to understand the relationship between Mao Zedong Thought and the theoretical system.In this article,we overview the academic community research on such questions as whether system includes Mao Zedong Thought,whether the system includes Mao Zedong's Socialist Construction Thought,etc.


Energy consumption, technological level, and sustainable industrial system are crucial for developing a low-carbon economy. China's excessive reliance on coal has led to low energy utilization efficiency, which has become an important factor affecting the optimization of China's energy structure and further constraining the sustainable development of the economy. In this regard, this article attempts to explore the issues of China's energy structure from the perspective of a low-carbon economy, and proposes strategies for optimizing China's energy structure from the perspective of a low-carbon economy. In the context of developing a low-carbon economy, starting from China's specific national conditions, the government should play a guiding role, optimize China's energy structure step by step, and promote the development of new energy projects. Based on China's actual technological situation, technological upgrading and industrial structure transformation, we will focus on developing low-carbon related industries and strategic emerging industries. Only by continuously innovating and applying new energy can we achieve the transformation of energy application structure in the production and living fields, gradually shifting from high pollution and high emissions to low pollution and low emissions.


This paper deals with the design parameters of a communications satellite which would be capable of providing domestic telephony, data, and television distribution services. Certain important aspects of the design are discussed, including satellite antenna beam coverage, transponder bandwidth, and transponder radiated power for a given weight range. A baseline satellite design is then presented which has 24 transponders (with 4000 watts radiated power on-axis and 34-MHz radio-frequency bandwidth) fully accessible from the 48 contiguous United States. The design uses crossed linear polarization to reuse the satellite transmit and receive frequency spectrum.


This study shows the Caixa Economica Federal employees perception about the Universidade CAIXA. Questionnaires were applied with 60 employees where 30 employees work at Negotiating Area and 30 employees work at Business Support Area. In addition, were used the employees testimonials to a qualitative step. These results demonstrated that have a big difference between the perceptions of Negotiating Area employees with Business Support Area employees. The most educational actions available are directed to the main activity of the company, the Negotiating Area. Another important point is the work overload and lacks of time for complete courses during the work, these factors affect both areas. It must be pointed out, however, that the Universidade CAIXA is an initiative of the company in frequently improvement, because this creation is relatively newer if compared to the time life of the company.


Purpose: To evaluate the role of microtubule-associated variables as potential predictors of response and clinical outcome in patients with advanced breast cancer receiving single-agent docetaxel or doxorubicin chemotherapy. Experimental Design: The analysis was done on 173 tumor samples from patients with locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer who have participated in the TAX-303 phase III trial in which patients were randomly assigned to receive docetaxel or doxorubicin. Expression of total α- and β-tubulin, classes II to IV β-tubulin isotypes, and τ protein was evaluated by immunohistochemistry on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tumors from the primary breast cancer. Results: We observed that patients with "high" expression of class III β-tubulin isotype had a higher probability of response to docetaxel than to doxorubicin treatment (odds ratio, 1.9; 95% confidence interval, 1.01-3.7; P = 0.05). No difference was observed in terms of time to progression or in terms of overall survival. Conclusions: This study suggests that the superiority of docetaxel over doxorubicin seems to be confined to the subgroup of patients with "high" expression of class III β-tubulin isotype.


The prevalence of obesity, defined as a Body Mass Index (BMI) C30 kg/m2, reaches epidemic proportions. It is not only a risk factor for health problems, but also exacerbates illness progression. Consequently, the number of obese patients on the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) has increased enormously. Caring for obese patients can be quite challenging due to the weight and size of this person. The extent of and specific problems associated to the care of obese ICU patients are unknown. The aim of this study is to identify and quantify problems nurses face in caring for obese patients on the ICU.


Although practice of hydrology can be traced back to as early as 5000 to 6000 years ago in ancient Mesopotamia, Egypt and China, the study of hydrology emerged as a discipline in the 17th century when Pierre Perrault, Edme Mariotte and Edmond Halley conducted their experimental work on the hydrologic cycle. For quite a long period, hydrological education and research programs were offered primarily as an engineering discipline in universities in the United States and many East Asian countries. With our increasing understanding of the mechanisms of spatial and temporal distributions of water over large watersheds, and even the globe, and the capabilities of computer modeling of complicated hydrological processes, the study of hydrology has now extended to and interacted with meteorology, geophysics, environmental science, and mathematical statistics, and has established its own right as a branch of geoscience. Recognizing the geoscience nature of hydrology, a hydrology section in TAO was established in 2006 and has since received an increasing number of papers contributing to this growing field. This issue marks the first TAO special issue in hydrology. It focuses on two topics watershed management and climate change impacts in hydrology, both involving spatial scales which are characteristic of hydrology. This special issue is composed of seven papers on watershed management addressing water quality, groundwater, coastal inundation, hill-slope runoff, and surface and ground water interaction and five papers on climate change impacts on sea level rise, extreme rainfall frequency, runoff regime, river discharge, and water quality management. Case studies were carried out in different countries including Taiwan, United States, China, Japan, and Vietnam and in vastly different terrain ranging from Tampa Bay in Florida, USA, coastal lowlands in Taiwan, river basins in Japan and Central Vietnam, to the Tibetan Plateau in China. Hydrological research is multi-faceted, and, with our improved knowledge of hydrological processes and growing concern of the global influence of hydrological changes, new issues will arise continuously. It is the editors' belief that this special issue will serve as a stepping stone in addressing hydrologic issues that not only are of global concern but also fundamental for universal applications. We are grateful to the TAO editorial office for their superb support and assistance during the review and editing process. Our sincere appreciations also extend to all contributing authors and reviewers for their enthusiasm and dedication, which have made this special issue a reality.


[Objective] The aim was to find the best degumming technology of rapeseed oil.[Method] Phospholipase Lecitase Ultra was used to tested for the optimization of degumming factors of the rapeseed oil,and the optimum conditions were studied by single factor experiments,orthogonal test experiment and production costs.[Results] The optimum reaction condition were as follows:phospholipase dosage was 66.67 mg/kg,initial pH value was 5.5,reaction temperature was 40 ℃,reaction time was 4.5 hours.Phosphorus content of rapeseed oil were decreased from 83.31 mg/mg to 5.46 mg /kg.[Conclusion] Degumming effects performed better in the optimal degumming experimental conditions.


Mong Hsu rubies from Myanmar were heat treated in oxidizing(oxygen) atmosphere at for 1 hour. The investigations of the micro-structural defects in the samples before and after heat treatment have been carried out by the variety of analysis techniques of FTIR, UV-VIS-NIR and SEM-EDS. It was found that after heat treatment the dark blue cores region were disappeared and turned to orange red color with the presence of the dense cloudy brownish colored tiny particles in and near former blue zoning. As-received ruby samples only revealed the presence of FTIR absorption peaks of diaspore, boehmite and O-H stretching, at 1986, 2115 and respectively. The UV-VIS-NIR absorption of as-received and heat treated ruby samples similarly showed peaks at 405, 554 and 693 nm associated with , but for the same samples, the absorption peak of heat-treated ruby samples at 693 nm was somewhat stronger than that of the untreated ruby samples. Especially the presence of peaks at 659 and 675 nm was found obviously in as-received ruby samples only. The SEM-EDS investigation disclosed the micro-porous defect structures commonly related to the core regions of the untreated ruby samples, which after heat treatment in an oxidizing environment those defect features have been dissolved into the host phase resulting in the lightening or disappearance of the dark coloration of ruby core.


Media literacy education in America started in the 1960s, and it has been experienced three stages which are germination, emergence and development. It's main purpose is that to develop student's critical thinking skills and require them to learn how to study and self-expression , so that they can avoid the influence from the negative information. Although media literacy education in America has developed to some extent, there are also many problems. For example, people's knowledge of media literacy education is not comprehensive; It does not have uniifed curriculum standards and teachers are not professional, and it's developing trends in the future are specialization, popularization and diversiifcation.


This dissertation is divided into two parts, the first of which aims to illustrate the pedagogy of the Waldorf School, while the second is an experimental research that aims to establish how well Steiner's principles are known outside of Waldorf schools. Rudolf Steiner places the child and his/her potential at the centre of his pedagogy and all his theories aim at bring this potential to full expression at every stage of the child's development. Steiner described and identified the child's needs for each of the three 7-year-cycles (which cover the period between birth and the age of 21) developing suitable pedagogical methods for each stage. The basics of Steiner's pedagogy include: respect for the origin of man, education of the inner potential of the child, awareness of the temperaments, understanding of seven-year-cycles, holistic learning, activation of the senses and continuous professional training for teachers. Also, there are four basic principles that he theorised, namely learning to live together, learning to know, learning to do and learning to be. According to Steiner, in education, particular importance should be paid to rhythms (daily, weekly, monthly and yearly) which regulate the child's life. He also described in detail the teaching material that should be used in Waldorf kindergartens and expressed precise ideas about the use of technological means of communication in teaching and how this can affect the child at an early age. Also very important in this pedagogy is Eurythmy or the art of movement, created by Steiner, to synchronize the human rhythm with the rhythm of nature and universe. Finally, Steiner underlined the role of the teacher, who in the first seven years cycle represents a figure to be imitated by the child, while in the second cycle he embodies authority and in the third seven years period he becomes the figure whom the pupils can challenge with their intellectual abilities and power of judgement. The experimental part of the thesis was configured in order to understand if Steiner's pedagogy is known outside of Waldorf kindergartens. The main objectives of the research were to measure the frequency of professional trainings among teachers, to establish how long children are in contact with technology and IT s during the school day and to consider whether awarding grades is perceived as an adequate way to judge a child's knowledge.


Bilingualism is a fact central to the lives of many persons in the world: Canadians, Scandinavians, Africans, and Filipinos, among many others. Moreover, the majority of the world's children receive all or part of their education in a language other than their home language. The appropriate education of the young for a world characterized by linguistic and cultural diversity is the subject of these two books. Although very different in focus and in context, both acknowledge the importance of national language policies in determining the educational treatment provided in schools. Canada's dualistic official language policy in a multicultural framework which, since 1971, establishes French and English as official state languages and promotes all cultures without an official culture, provides the context for the Shapson and D'Oyley collection. The logical flaw in this policy as well as its heady openness are both reflected in the organization and substance of this volume. Canadian perspectives is organized in four sections: an untitled introduction, schools' responses to bilingualism, schools' responses to multiculturalism, and educational policy for the future. The dichotomy between responses to bilingualism and to multiculturalism illustrates the flawed policy. Culture cannot be separated from language in reality, yet many academic and educational responses tend to divorce language education from multicultural education. In fact, this volume is itself not bilingual. It is presented entirely in English and focuses almost exclusively on the teaching of French to majority nonfrancophones and on the provision of multicultural education in English. The role given to minorities is very minor: One paper deals with the minority-language child. The perspectives of francophones and of aboriginal peoples themselves are absent, although D'Oyley himself represents a perspective of "later visible minorities" (his terminology). Yet in spite of the volume's shortcomings, most of the contributions are excellent separate pieces.


The hybrid big bang–big crunch algorithm is a combination of a global optimization algorithm inspired by one of the theories of the evolution of the universe, named the big bang and big crunch theory, and the simulated annealing method. The procedure was implemented in the latest version of the program EXPO and applied to crystal-structure solution from powder diffraction data. Several aspects of the hybrid big bang–big crunch algorithm can be further optimized with the aim of obtaining good quality solutions in a shorter computation time. In the present study, the hybrid big bang–big crunch procedure has been combined with the greedy randomized adaptive search procedure (GRASP) and some steps of the algorithm have been improved. The new approach, implemented in the EXPO package, has been successfully tested on numerous known crystal structures.


What is the relationship between income distribution and economic policy/governance? This paper focuses on one way in which distribution can affect the type of economic policies that are enacted by a government. If there is government capture by the economic "elite," the elite may choose to use economic policies to protect and preserve their privileged status. Policies that are status-quo biased in this way, such as limitations on entry and competition, unequal access to capital markets and education etc., tend to be policies that also hinder long-run economic development. This paper first discusses the empirical evidence on inequality and a variety of measures of status-quo bias in economic policy. Then a simple model is presented for examining under what conditions we may expect governments to tend to pursue such policies.


In this paper,multi-time scale characteristics in surface subsidence time series(SSTS) is analysized based on Morlet wavelet transform,mainly,including of multi-scale describing of periodical information.It represents the frequency characteristics in time-domain.All kinds of characteristics(the strength and distribution of time scales,the change trend and jump) of SSTS are demonstrated clearly.As an example,19 periodical surface subsidence observations in certain industrial area lasting 10 months are analysized,obtainning 2.1 and 4.1 month periods from SSTS.It shows wavelet transform has the advantage of probing the characteristics of SSTS.The influence factor of cycle obtained and physical,mechanics explaination require further investigation.


In the United States of America nowadays, when higher education become essential and irreplaceable as a way for people to achieve any kind of success, the universities and colleges which position in the heading ranks select their students relating to the family background: beside the wealth, students are concerned about the social status inheriting from their family, which brings them the advantages to use in the future success extending to the social components. How does the postsecondary education system, especially the most recognizable and reputable schools have the impact over students' social background? By analyzing the component of student bodies in the current top institution in the United States combining with relevant explanation from Max Weber's theory about social status, it is clear to see the stratification of social component has already existed in the education system of the United States, as the method for certain social groups to retain their privilege over the generals, maintain a stagnation of social groups. With what has been uncovered in this passage, the inspiration of relatively fair educational system is possible to draw in the future.


Qualitative method has brought new perspective in research and academic world. One of qualitative method is interpretative approach. Interpretative paradigm includes many sociologists and philosophises that share general characteristics in understanding and explaining social world. Furthermore, this paradigm also motivates scholars to explore social world from people who involves directly in social process. Interpretative approach consists of many approaches. Some of them are ethnography, ethomethodology and phenomenology. Ethnography means a writing or report in terms of anthropology. Ethnomethodology is a knowledge collection based on healthy minds and procedures in order to make society understood and acted based on situation. Lastly, phenomenology is a philosophy that implicates moral value from observation, data collection and conclusion phase.


Center for High Pressure Science & Technology Advanced Research, Beijing 100094, China Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China School of Physics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China Key Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic Quantum Architecture and Measurement (Ministry of Education), School of Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an 710065, China High Pressure Collaborative Access Team (HPCAT), Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan 523808, China Department of Physics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China


A late Variscan structure, the Alcanices synform, preserves at its core an allochthonous stack of metasediments thrust along a decollement located on Silurian carbonaceous slates. Three internally imbricated units, separated by thrust faults, were placed on top of autochthonous sequences of the northwestern Iberian Massif. The three units consist of Silurian and Devonian clastic sediments, and subordinate carbonate and volcanic rocks. Differences in the lithologic associations and facies, together with the reconstruction of their relative predeformational positions, give information on the evolution of the continental margin of Gondwana prior to and early during its collision with Laurentia. The uppermost unit forms part of a large epizonal thrust sheet that separates the Iberian autochthon from far-traveled allochthonous terranes that include ophiolites and subducted fragments of continental crust. The Silurian deposits show abundant facies changes, evidence of mass flow and gliding, synsedimentary folds, and small basic sills and volcanic plugs. This points to an extensional regime, and correlates with the prolonged evolution of the northern Gondwanan passive margin, developed during the Ordovician. Extension was succeeded by plate convergence during the Devonian, when the approaching active Laurentian margin supplied terrigenous sequences that filled the synorogenic trough and partly overlapped the passive margin. This was followed by the Variscan thrust and nappe tectonics, characterized by ductile to brittle subhorizontal shearing that placed the allochthonous complexes on top of the former Gondwana margin, while internal deformation induced crustal thickening.


In the United States (US) there are over 15 separate avalanche centers which operate independently and issue avalanche hazard bulletins for 55 areas in portions of nine states. Each center derives data from different sources, caters to different users, produces their bulletins in different formats and posts them on different websites. During the 2012/13 season a Google map format was used to display the daily avalanche hazard rating for these areas in one location. This programming can also be used to map the location of individual avalanches, weather stations, snow pit profiles and the location of avalanche fatalities. This project is designed for web browsers, which allows it to be easily linked to and embedded in other web pages. Several of the US centers have embedded the map to show their daily hazard ratings. In addition to the Google map interface, the project uses a best-of-breed open-source geospatial enabled database. These tools provide a robust platform that could be expanded to include avalanches centers in other countries.


We have investigated the optical properties of the ${(\mathrm{NV})}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ center in 3C-SiC to determine the photoluminscence zero phonon line (ZPL) associated with the $^{3}\mathrm{E}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}^{3}\mathrm{A}_{2}$ intracenter transition. Combining electron paramagnetic resonance and photoluminescence spectroscopy, we show that the ${\mathrm{NV}}^{\ensuremath{-}}\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}\mathrm{center}$ in 3C-SiC has a ZPL line at 1.468 $\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{m}$ in excellent agreement with theoretical predictions. The ZPL line can be observed up to $T=100$ K. The negatively charged NV center in 3C-SiC is the structural isomorphe of the NV center in diamond and has equally a spin $S=1$ ground state and a spin $S=1$ excited state, long spin lattice relaxation times and presents optically induced groudstate spin polarization. These properties make it already a strong competitor to the NV center in diamond, but as its optical domain is shifted in the near infrared at $1.5\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{m}$, the NV center in 3C-SiC is compatible with quantum photonic networks and silicon based microelectronics.


The latest hardware accelerators proposed for graph applications primarily focus on graph neural networks (GNNs) and graph mining. High-level graph reasoning tasks, such as graph memorization and neighborhood reconstruction, have barely been addressed. Compared to low-level learning applications like node classification and clustering, high-level reasoning typically requires a more complex model to mimic human brain functionalities. Brain-inspired Hyper-Dimensional Computing (HDC) has recently introduced a promising lightweight and efficient machine learning solution, particularly for symbolic representation. General-purpose computing platforms (CPU/GPU) have been revealed to be inefficient for HDC applications. Therefore, it becomes essential to design a domain-specific accelerator targeting HDC-based graph reasoning algorithms. In this work, we propose the first domain-specific accelerator for HDC-based graph reasoning, HyperGRAF. We first develop a scheduler to balance the sparse matrix computation workloads, before parallelizing the hypervector calculations on two levels for the graph memorization task. Finally, we design a pipelinestyle matrix multiplication accelerator for the neighborhood reconstruction task. We evaluate our design under a wide range of generated graphs with different sizes and sparsity. The results show that HyperGRAF achieves over 100× improvement in both speedup and energy efficiency of graph reasoning compared to NVIDIA Jetson Orin.


This paper describes a comparison of two methods that are used in practice to determine the dielectric constant of RF and microwave substrates, namely the method of two microstrip lines (the microstrip differential phase method) and SPDR (split post dielectric resonator) method. We compare accuracy of these two methods that is subject mainly to geometry measurements. Our case study, based on an LTCC (low temperature co-fired ceramic) material with high relative permittivity (εr=16), shows that the method of two microstrip lines has potential to give almost identical results to those from the SPDR method. Our approach, however, requires several samples to be measured, and the obtained results exhibit quite large standard deviation. In addition to this the approach is very sensitive to the quality of samples under test.


The vicious cycle of rural poverty necessitates fonnulation (){a set of' distinct but related strategics to combat the inextricably linked socio-political and economic factors that cause poverty and stunt development. Critical public policy fom1ulation accompwzied by appropriate instruments wui institutions can alone usher in 111ral and human develop111en1 on a sustai1wble basis. Capacity building and empowennellt of the poor through imaginative Rural Development (RD) and HRD interventions in the key sectors of development such as health, literacy, education, employment, food, nutrition and income generatinf? activities hold promise for people-centred and community-based developmenl. Of course. supplementwy state support in legislations. empowerment arul institution building would he a necessary corollary to the partne1'.5hip mode of development mul a shift towards the human development paradigms. Much of the recent developments in the West and the south-east Asia are attributable to this growing shift (){policies. strategies and progranm1es in tune with the global changes in socio-political and economic reforms and their consequences . The paper outlines the problems of poverty and development in Asia even while highlighting the need for RD, HRD and Human Development, and critically analyses the related policies, strategies, programmes and results of developmelll interventions. It summarises the past ejfons and presents pointers.for future development. Alternative approaches to and innovative practices in RD and HD are hif?hliglued wui the instmmentalities are elaborated with focus on poverty alleviation wul RD. HRD and HD services . Greater availability of and access to basic minimum services and .1·l1/et)1 nets is emphasised. 1.0 Characteristics of the Poor and Magnitude of Poverty Poverty is pervasive and persistent in all the developing countries. Measured by the human poverty index, more than a fou11h of the 4.5 billion people in developing countries still do not Director, Centre for HAD, National Institute of Rural Development (NIRO), Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, India. The author is thankful to Dr. K. Hanumantha Rao, Faculty Member, COT, NIRO for his valuable comments and contributions to significant parts of the text. have some of the life's most basic choices of survival beyond age 40, access to knowledge and minimum private and public services. The other deprivations include: Nearly 1.3 billion people do not have access to clean water One in seven children of primary school age is out of school 840 million are more malnourished 1.3 billion people live on incomes of less than $1 a day per person Only five countries have women representatives in 30% of their Parliament seats Illiterate women are 60% more than illiterate men. Female enrol1111·,,1 at the primary level is still six per cent lower than male enrolment. The Asian scenario in particular is far more distressing than this as rcrlccted by the Human Poverty Index (HPI) of UNDP ( 1999: Annexure l) The World Bank states that in India and Bangladesh more than a third of the total population lives below the poverty line (WDR: 1997). While in the Indian case, the Lakdawala Committee recorded this figure at 40 per cent. However, the recent statistics of the Indian government show the pove1ty incidence at less than 30 per cent (Annual Report of Ministry of Rural Development, India, 1999). Majority of the Asian poor dwell the resource deficient are<l~. pursue less productive socio-economic activities and are often characte1ised as belonging to the weaker sections and the vulnerable groups (especially in poorly endowed parts of South Asia) sharing such impoverished characteristics as: large households with high economic dependencies; little or no land a major productive asset; low capital and income generating activities producing low value additions resulting in seasonal, fluctuating and meagre earnings; low investments in human development (for achieving adequate health, education and functional skills) leading to sickness, unemployment and low wages; little or no access to safe drinking water, hygienic environment. communication, transport and other basic amenities. And therefore. are faced with a bleak future in the absence of self-reliant and community based interventions and empowerment tools for people-centred development, justice and remedial measures. 2.0 Past Experience of Poverty Alleviation and Rural Development The synergistic relationship between poverty and under-development should be understood indeplh to formulate policies, strategies and programmes of development suited to the development of the rural poor. The impact of the macro and the micro development policies needs to be appreciated to gauge the incidence of poverty so as Lo alleviate it. The concept of Integrated Rural Development (!RD) adopted in India and rest of Asia for poverty alleviation aims al maximization of human welfare through proper channelling of resources and intends to strike a balance between growth and equity. In the short-run. IRD envisages reduction in the incidence and intensity of socio-economic problems like poverty and


A single diode model incorporates diffusion and recombination characteristics of charge carriers, but neglects the recombination in the space charge zone. If such an effect has to be taken into consideration, double diode model has to be used. The double diode model can exhibit good accuracy resulting in accurate prediction of photovoltaic system's performance. A novel approach to analyse the stability of double diode model based photovoltaic systems which relies on second method of Liapunov that uses Krasovskii's method is proposed in this paper. Nominal operating condition is considered and stability is analysed in accordance with the devised Liapunov function


................... vi Acknowledgments .................... vii Acronyms and Abbreviations .................... viii Currency Equivalents .................... ix Executive Summary .................... xi 1. Overview .............................................................. 1


A novel randomized approach to fixed-order controller design is proposed for discrete-time SISO plants. It is based on the random generation of Schur stable polynomials using reflection coefficients and reflection segments of polynomials. Stable reflection segments are projected onto affine set of closed-loop characteristic polynomials which is defined by the controller parameters and the stable line segments in the controller parameter space are then determined. A novel approach is proposed for global and local optimization over reflection segment bunches on the basis of the weighted sum of absolute values of reflection coefficients.


Several hours after he had installed ceramic tile, a 33-year-old man experienced muscle spasms and felt pressure in his right shoulder. He denied previous injury to the area.


It is generally assumed that crop residues will decompose more slowly under notill than under conventional tillage management. With a reduced rate of decomposition, we would expect less nutrients to be released in a given time period. This assumption may not always be correct, given that the amount of a nutrient released from crop residue depends not only on the decomposition rate, but also on the nutrient concentration in the original crop residue. This could be affected more by crop type than any management input. To address these questions, a study was initiated in an established long-term tillage and crop rotation experiment. The objective was to quantify how much K is released from red clover, field pea, canola, and spring wheat residues under conventional and no-till seeding systems. The trial was conducted at Fort Vermilion in northwestern Alberta in 1998


A coarse‐grained modeling is based on the frnitely extendable nonlinear elastic (FENE) spring with long‐range electrostatic and hydrodynamic interactions between pairs of beads, where both flexible and semiflexible chains are developed. We also consider steric and electrostatic interactions between the bead and the confining walls of different charge condition. Brownian dynamics simulations with the xanthan polyelectrolyte in bulk solutions and under confinement in a slit channel revealed an interesting crossover behavior from the 3D chain to a 2D one. For experimental verifications, single molecule visualization is performed on fluorescently labeled xanthan using an inverted epi‐fluorescence microscope. Both the conformation and diffusivity of single xanthan molecules are characterized with variations of the chain confinement and solution environments. We discuss the scaling predictions to describe the source of the observed free‐draining diffusion dynamics.


Purpose – This paper analyzes consumers' attitudes and behaviors towards online piracy and their willingness to try subscription-based music services. The objective is to develop and test an attitude-intention model which includes ethical considerations in consumers' decision making process regarding music consumption. Design/methodology/approach – The study analyzes 505 consumer questionnaires using a structural equations model. Findings – Attitude toward online piracy is positively determined by economic and hedonic benefits and negatively by moral judgment. A favorable attitude toward online piracy, in turn, negatively influences consumers' willingness to try subscription-based music services, which is also directly determined by their interest and involvement with the services themselves. Research limitations/implications – The limitations of the paper are linked mainly to the adapted scales, to the analysis of just two subscription-based music services (Napster and Spotify) and to the fact that all r...


[Objective]To understand AIDS knowledge,high risk behavior and the status of HIV infection among MSM,explore effective intervention methods in order to reduce the prevalence of AIDS.[Methods]AIDS knowledge education,partner education and behavior intervention were conducted for MSM persons aged over 18 and living in Qingdao for more than 6 months,who had sex with man in bar,park and public toilet.Investigation on basic characteristic of larithmics,the understanding rate of AIDS related knowledge and behavior was conducted before and after intervention.The result was statistically analyzed with SPSS soft ware.[Results]216 and 199 people were investigated before and after intervention.The basic characteristic of larithmics among the investigated people before and after intervention was the same.Most of the people were at the age from 21 to 30,accounting for 68.06% and 66.33% before and after intervention,67.13% and 65.83% had the education level at college for professional training.Homosexual accounted for 56.94% and 59.80%.Non married people accounted for 71.30% and 69.85%.Most of them had the first sex behavior at the age about 20,(the average age before and after intervention was(20.46±4.27) and(20.52±3.05).73.15% and 79.90% of them had first sex with man.25.46% and 20.10% of the MSM had female partners at the same time.AIDS knowledge understanding rate among the target population was 59.05% before intervention,condom use rate was 45.27% and 13.40% during anal sex and mouth sex in the last 6 month,condom use rate was 32.73% during sex contact with female.The understanding rate of AIDS related knowledge was 87.02% after intervention.condom use rate was 63.83%,31.58% and 57.5% during anal sex and mouth sex in the last 6 month as well as with female.The understanding rate of non-transmission route,preventive methods and use of condom increased after intervention.The infection rate of HIV was 1.1%.[Conclusion]Condom use rate was low among MSM population,there was a risk to be infected by HIV.After intervention such as the delivery of booklets,condom and VCT activities,the status of infection can be made.


Abstract A midlevel, coastally trapped atmospheric event occurred along the California coast 10–11 June 1994. This feature reversed the surface wind field along the coast in a northerly phase progression. Along the central California coast, the winds at the coastal stations reverse before the corresponding coastal buoy offshore, then followed hours later by passage of the leading edge of an overcast stratus cloud. The sea surface temperature was much colder in the narrow strip along the coast. The cloud characteristics may be accounted for by a sea surface mixed layer (SSML) model beginning with the wind reversal and growing with the square root of time. Heat is lost from the SSML to the sea surface. A cloud forms when the air temperature at the top of the SSML is equal to the dewpoint. It is suggested that a bore develops on the top of the SSML, increasing the thickness of the SSML and the progression speed of the cloud to 8 m s−1. There is evidence that an undular bore with a leading cloud develops in t...


2-Phenylbenzophenone is proposed to have two nearby triplets, a low lying π,π* state similar to that of biphenyl and a benzophenone-like triplet lying ~4 kcal/mol higher. The triplet lifetimes of this photostable ketone are extremely short, e.g. 0.56 and 2.5 ns at 300 K in toluene and isooctane, respectively, and are believed to be controlled by population of the benzophenone-like triplet and decay from this state via interaction of the carbonyl chromophore with the phenyl ring in the ortho position. The two triplets interconvert via ring rotation. The Arrhenius parameters for triplet decay in five solvents show some dependency with the temperature dependence of the solvent viscosity.