Abstract The effects of magnetization transfer hold considerable potential for providing new information in a magnetic resonance image. Recent applications and discussions, however, have neglected to utilize the full potential of the experiment by ignoring its sensitivity to tissue water content and to the nature of the macromolecular components. The magnetization-transfer experiment where one spin population is irradiated with a preparation pulse and its effects are detected in the solvent resonance is examined in the context of the simplified equations of Grad and Bryant. Specific effects on the magnetic relaxation properties of the solids and on the water content are examined. Recent developments in modeling such systems are discussed, and it is demonstrated that reports of magnetization-transfer rates may be underestimated in some cases. Complications of mobility within the solid macromolecular phase of the system are also addressed in the context of the currently employed model that assumes heterogeneous systems may be partitioned into two or more motionally distinct proton populations.


Objective To observe the effects of injection of amino acids before enteral nutrition on the cholestasis of patients with acute pancreatitis.Methods Thirty-two patients with acute pancreatitis were equally and randomly divided into control group and experimental group.The patients in control group were given conventional enteral nutrition,while additional injection of amino acids before enteral nutrition was used in experimental group.The changes of APACHEⅡ score,liver function indexes,cholecystokinin(CCK)peak and gallbladder emptying fraction were observed before and after treatment in two groups.Results The APACHEⅡ score in both groups improved notably after treatment,but the effect in experimental group was more significant.The levels of total bilirubin(TB)and direct bilirubin(DB)increased significantly in control group on the treatment of 3rd day,and slightly decreased on the 7th day,however they decreased on the treatment of 3rd and 7th day in experimental group.Both CCK peak and gallbladder emptying fraction in experimental group were significantly higher than those in control group on the treatment of 3rd and 7th day.Conclusion Injection of amino acids before enteral nutrition can improve CCK level and enhance the ability of gallbladder emptying,so as to alleviate the cholestasis of patients with acute pancreatitis.


There are many different energy aware routing protocols proposed in the literature, most of them focus only on energy efficiency by finding the optimal path to minimize energy consumption. These protocols should not only aim for energy efficiency but also for energy balance consumption. In this work, energy balanced data gathering routing algorithm is developed using the concepts of potential in classical physics (16). Our scheme called energy balanced routing protocol, forwards data packets toward the sink through dense energy areas so as to protect the nodes with relatively low residual energy. This is to construct three independent virtual potential fields in terms of depth, energy density and residual energy. The depth field is used to establish a basic routing paradigm which helps in moving the packets towards the sink. The energy density field ensures that packets are always forwarded along the high energy areas. Finally, the residual energy field aims to protect the low energy nodes.


Background and Purpose— An individualized risk score for the development of stroke may be a useful tool to motivate patients to modify their risk behaviors. We developed and validated a point-based prediction model (risk score) for stroke incidence using a Japanese cohort of general men and women. Methods— The Japan Public Health Center-based prospective study cohort II (age range, 40–69 years at baseline in 1993–1994; n=15 672) was used to derive the point-based model according to Cox regression results. The model was externally validated using the Japan Public Health Center study cohort I and also by bootstrap methods within cohort II. The model discrimination was evaluated by the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, model calibration, by the Grønnesby–Borgan &khgr;2 statistic. Vascular age was also calculated. Results— During 14 years of follow-up, 790 incident stroke cases occurred. Variables selected for the model were age, sex, current smoking, body mass index, blood pressure, antihypertensive medication use, and diabetes mellitus. Interactions of sex with current smoking and of antihypertensive medication use with systolic blood pressure were statistically significant. The point-based model discriminated reasonably well (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, 0.73). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of the point-based model applied externally to cohort I was reasonably good: 0.69. A 50-year-old man with diabetes mellitus and hypertension has an estimated vascular age of 69 years. High normal blood pressure and grade 1 hypertension accounted for one third of the stroke incidence. Conclusions— We developed score to predict 10-year stroke risk using variables that are easily available in the community setting.


Insulin−like growth factors (IGFs) and their binding proteins (IGFBPs) have important anabolic functions in normal tissue growth, which in excess may lead to tumorigenesis. In the pres− ent study, circulating IGF−I, IGF−II and their binding proteins (IGFBP−3, IGFBP−2 and IGFBP−1) were determined in 92 adult pa− tients with gastrointestinal inflammation (Crohn's disease, coli− tis ulcerosa, gastritis, duodenitis errosiva, gastrointestinal candi− diasis, and rotaviral and adenoviral enteritis). Serum IGF concen− trations were measured by radioimmunoassay, while IGFBP pro− files and IGFBP proteolytic patterns were characterized by im− munoblotting. Concentrations of both IGF−I and IGF−II were sig− nificantly (p < 0.001) lower in patients than in healthy subjects. Immunoblotting demonstrated a decreased amount of intact IGFBP−3 (by approximately 60%), whereas IGFBP−2 and IGFBP−1 were increased (approximately 1.7 and 3.5−fold, respectively). No alteration in either fragmentation pattern or relative degree of proteolysis was detected in patients compared to the control group.


A method of winding a glass tape (10), the method comprising: a sandwich material (20) and wound together with the glass to produce a roll (40); and the interlayer material to the interlayer tension control roll pressure. Through the interlayer pressure control volume, the volume can be formed with straight side walls. You may control the tension in the sandwich material, to be larger than 0, and the width of the sandwich material ≤0.25 pounds / linear inch. Likewise, a belt and wound together with the glass interlayer material roll device. The apparatus comprises: a sandwich material supplying path; glass ribbon feed path; wound mechanism (46); and when the material is wound into a roll while the sandwich (40) for applying tension to the interlayer material moving along a feed path sandwich material means (26), thereby producing a pressure between the layer volume.


Research question: What are the mothers and child related determinants of routine and additional vaccine coverage in West Tripura? Methodology: Present study was undertaken during June-Sept 2011 at child clinic situated in urban Agartala Tripura. Data was collected by pre-designed and pre-tested proforma using interview technique. Information regarding background characteristics of mother father and child (2-5 years) was collected and detail vaccination history of the concerned child was collected. Data was analysed using Epi_Info software version 6.04. Results: Coverage of routine vaccines was more than 90% Hepatitis B vaccine and Vitamin A was above 80% and 75%. Coverage of H influenza B Hepatitis A and Chicken Pox vaccine was more than 30%. Coverage of Meningococcal Pneumococcal Influenza and Rota virus vaccine was low. 41.07% male children did not receive any of the recommended additional vaccines as compared to 52.94% female children. Conclusion: Routine vaccine coverage was high in urban Tripura. Additional vaccines should be included under the EPI to improve their coverage.


The purpose of the paper was to examine weight loss and correlation between
 total bacteria count and the somatic cells count and weight loss of semihard
 naturally dried cheese, product of dairy plant ZZ"Cijevna" in Podgorica.
 Weigt loss was calculated on the base of difference in mass of cheese at the
 beginning of ripening and after specified period of ripening, exposed in
 percents. Examination of weight loss was done on total six product series of
 cheese during 60 days of ripening on temperature 14,20C and RH of 89%.
 Obtained average values for weight loss of cheese were: after 10 days 4.723%,
 20 days 8.789% and after 30 days of ripening 11.020%. Weight loss of cheese
 in period of ripening 10-20 days was 4.266%, in period 20-30 days 2,445% and
 in period of ripening 30-60 days 5.507%. The total bacteria count in milk was
 determined on apparatus BactoScan FC 100 and the somatic cells count on
 apparatus Fossomatic 5000. The middle positive correlation between somatic
 cells count in milk and weight loss of cheese in period 1-10 days of ripening
 (0.69156), as well as middle positive correlation (0.767336) between total
 bacteria count and weight loss of cheese 1-10 days of ripening were
 determined. The obtained results show that weight loss of cheese was highest
 in period 1-10 days of ripening and that there is significant influence of
 hygienic quality of milk on weight loss of cheese and economy of production.


According to economic theory,the theory of public products has been proposed since the 1950s,it has undergone dramatic changes in the policy sense-Originally,the provision of public goods should be intervened by government.Then market should play a greater role gradually.Western theory and practice has proved that the government or the market cannot be achieved to provide the optimal public goods,in China,the market mechanism should be extablished with the governmnet mechanism in line with regulation,complementary functions of the institutional framework.


Changes in world capitalism caused prices of traditional raw materials to fall and new energy demands to arise at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th century. The Andean countries witnessed the fall in the value of their exports and began to receive large flows of foreign investment in mining and industry. Consequently, urban economies were strengthened and demographic patterns were changed. This led to the internal migrations and to a process of social change. These consequences are summarized from relevant studies focusing on Ecuador, Colombia, and Venezuela. Since the 1960s a compendium of information has become available which highlights the causes of the migration, migration patterns, the composition of migratory movements, and the mechanisms that the migrant uses to establish himself/herself in the city. Preston (1969) distinguished 2 migratory patterns in Ecuador: rural to urban, with migratory flows from the rural areas to urban centers and new industrial cities that experienced development and high demand for unskilled labor at comparatively high wages: and rural to rural, based on the movement of population from depressed rural areas to other areas in which programs for colonization or commercial agriculture have been promoted. In a study of Colombia, McGreevey (1968) identifies the lack of cultivatable land, rural violence in certain departments, and other economic and family causes as the principal factors that induced migrations to the cities. The study emphasizes that the predominant model of movement relates to "fill in" migration. The spatial mobility of the Venezuelan Andean population was initially outlined in a voluminous report on economic and social problems of the region (1954). The study indicates that during the intercensal period 1941-50 cities grew much more rapidly than rural "municipos" and that the drive to find employment and earn a living were the most important motives in the movement of peasants to the cities. All of the studies identified that use demographic, economic, or phychosocial approaches have provided partial explanations of the current status of Andean migrations. The explanations they offer, by not transcending the current reality of the migrants, overlook the historical traits of internal migration. Migratory flows do not spring up suddenly. They result from specific socio-political circumstances which, when closely linked to demographic evidence, serve as a basis for understanding the process. Review of studies on internal migration in the Northern Andes, as presented here, reveals a series of distinguishing characteristics: there are 5 migratory patterns--rural to rural, rural to urban, urban to urban, seasonal worker migration, and return migration, and the predominant pattern has been rural to urban; the demographic data show the importance of rural migrants to urban growth in the region and a complementary loss of population in the rural areas; depopulation of the countryside has been selective; and there is a marked disparity in employment remuneration between rural and urban areas.


To the Editor:— The Dec. 13, 1941 issue ofThe Journalcarries the paper of Drs. Hoyt, Davis and Van Buren in which it is said that I have always advocated some sort of drainage in cases of acute hematogenous osteomyelitis. Yet further along in the paper is a quotation from my writings in which it is specifically stated that such foci of osteomyelitis frequently go on to healing without operation of any kind. I wish to state that the latter statement is the correct point of view. I should like to emphasize again the more and more frequent possibility of treating this form of osteomyelitis without operation and in the most conservative manner. In previous years this has repeatedly been possible in my experience without chemotherapy, and now with chemotherapy it seems as if this possibility should be accepted as almost a routine response when the condition is seen


Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the relationship between intrinsic motivation and learning outcomes of nursing college students who took the Fundamentals of nursing as a problem-based learning method.Methods: In this cross-sectional study, we identified the intrinsic motivations of 114 nursing students who completed problem-based learning using the Intrinsic Motivation Inventory. The t-test was conducted to identify differences according to intrinsic motivation, and correlation analysis was performed to confirm the relationship between intrinsic motivation and learning outcomes.Results: The group with higher intrinsic motivation showed higher scores in all domains of self-assessed learning outcomes than the lower group. It was the 'Relatedness with an instructor' that showed the highest correlation with the learning outcomes in the domains of intrinsic motivation.Conclusion: Problem-based learning is an effective learning method for cultivating the competencies needed for nurses. The intrinsic motivation of students is an important factor in the performance of problem-based learning. For the efficiency of problem-based learning, efforts should be made to develop and apply autonomy-supportive interventions that can enhance intrinsic motivation.


THE FEDERAL STANDARD DD-G-1403B REQUIRES THAT GLASS TREATY HAS HEAT STRESS AREA INCLUDING COMPRESSION AND BETWEEN 24.0 megapascals 68,5MEGAPASCALS AND EDGES OF COMPRESSION STRESS THAT IS NOT LESS THAN 37,6MEGAPASCALS . LARGE GLASS COMPLY WITH THIS STANDARD ARE CONSIDERED AS HAVING FORMING RISK LOW GLASS ISLANDS THAT ARE SEEN OF GLASS SHEETS WHEN THEY BREAK SE. THE INVENTION PROVIDES A METHOD AND DEVICE MANUFACTURING forLa GLASS SHEETS HEAT TREATED LARGE, SUCH QU'UTILISEES IN THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY, WHICH ARE OF THE DRAWING OUT WHEN APPROPRIATE TO BREAK.


We studied optical properties of films. Films were grown on GaN by metalorganic vapor-phase epitaxy. The AlInN layer was grown on GaN layer with an -AlOsubstrate. X-ray diffraction, optical absorption spectroscopy, photoluminescence(PL) and reflection high energy electron diffraction(RHEED) measurements of AlInN showed that the crystalline quality of layer was improved around x


The present invention provides a trench Schottky pass type device structure and a manufacturing method through, the through-type trench Schottky device structure comprises: N type heavily doped silicon wafer; N-type lightly doped epitaxial silicon layer , coupled to the heavily doped N-type silicon wafer surface; at least two trenches, at least through said silicon epitaxial layer; silicon dioxide layer, formed on the surface of the trench; conductive material layer filled in the trench slot; metal silicide layer, formed on the surface of the epitaxial silicon layer; and a front electrode layer formed on the surface of the metal silicide layer. Advantage of the present invention, the thickness of the silicon epitaxial layer, the groove depth produce fully over the epitaxial silicon layer thickness, while without increasing the thickness of the gate oxide layer to improve the reverse breakdown capability, without increasing the forward conduction drop, help to optimize device performance. The present invention is compatible with conventional CMOS technology, suitable for industrial production.


We show that Hanbury Brown and Twiss intensity interference and Dicke superradiance can be considered as two sides of the same coin, resulting from multi-photon interferences appearing in higher order photon correlations.


Summary Clancey, P. A. 1985. Species limits in the long-billed pipits of the southern Afrotropics. Ostrich 56:157-169. It has long been appreciated by systematists that the present polytypic species of Longbilled Pipit Anthus similis of the Afrotropics is composite, the populations inhabiting deciduous Miombo (Brachystegia) woodland south of the equator being specifically distinct from those of drier, more open and often mountainous terrain, to the south and northeast. Resolution of the complex requires the recognition of three species: the Longbilled Pipit Anthus similis Jerdon, the Wood Pipit A. nyassae Neumann and Jackson's Pipit A. latistriatus Jackson in which a new subspecies is proposed. The African Richard's Pipit A. cinna-momeus Ruppell is marginally involved. The current complicated mosaic of sympatric polytypic species of the Miombo woodlands biome extending from western Zaire and Angola, to southern Tanzania, Mocambique and Zimbabwe results from a situation in which specifically discrete desce...


The development of a water-soluble, perylenemonoimide (PMI) dye-doped polymer nanoparticle (PNP) with NIR emission for live-cell imaging is demonstrated. The large Stokes-shifted NIR emission is due to confined nanospace-induced aggregation offered by the polymer matrix. Later, folic acid functionalised PNP (PNP-FA) is successfully employed to differentiate folate receptor positive and negative cancer cells.

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Among the negative consequences of this global era, is the spiritual values of religion is not only practiced, but a scourge in life. Religious values separate from life. Religion is only for the afterlife, and world affairs not related to religion. With the advancement of science and technology, making some people move away from religion. Even had freed mankind from God completely. Globalization piggybacking liberalism, hedonism and secularism. Hedonic live culture has become people's behavior. Hedonist lifestyle issues is what caused the Moral decadence, promiscuity (free sex), especially among young teens who carry HIV / AIDS, the destruction of the family institution and the proliferation of illicit drug abuse (narcotics). Developments in this modern age makes us get up in the fields of industry and modern technologies. But since due to advances in the field of material that then we run into problems of spiritual paralysis. Basically, every human being has the ethical values that are essential in him, which is the spiritual soul. Therefore, the real men are spiritual beings. But sometimes the spiritual dimension is overlooked to the spirituality that exists within him naturally (nature) is less able to provide the function of anything against him. The loss or neglect of the spiritual dimension of man's cause less significant (meaning) of his life at the same time less able to control the entire action. Thus the spiritual dimension must be maintained and more developed. To be able to do this, hence the need for spiritual education for man that his soul alive and not barren. Spiritual education can deliver humans to be individual character. Sufficient spiritual strength that will make people able to make changes. Worship consciously or unconsciously will develop an attitude of life, nature will, behavior and finer and reduce the despicable character. Without the light of faith (spiritual) one will not be able to recognize themselves, to know the depth of his true identity, the purpose of the universe, or even know what is going on behind all that appears in front of him.


Objective To construct a lentiviral expression vector of human Med19 and identify its expression in 293T cells.Methods Human Med19 sequence was amplified,purified,ligated with lentiviral vector plasmid and verified by sequencing.The verified plasmids were transfected into 293T cells by Lipofectamine 2000. Transfection efficiency was assayed by both immunofluorescence microscopy and western blot.Medl9 lentiviral vector plasmid from the selected constructs was propagated and harvested with a virus packaging system,and the virus titers were determined.Results The Medl9 gene was successfully constructed into pGC-FU-Med19 express lentiviral vector.Medl9 expression was observed using fluorescence microscope after the transfection.Western blotting also showed Medl9 expression in the transfected 293T cells.The Med19 gene sequence of the vector was successfully verified by sequencing.The concentrated titer of virus suspension was 2×10~9 Tu/mL.Conclusion The human Medl9 lentiviral expression vector was successfully constructed.This facilitates further studying Medl9 biological function.


We previously reported that the lack of serglycin proteoglycan affects secretory granule morphology and granzyme B (GrB) storage in in vitro generated CTLs. In this study, the role of serglycin during viral infection was studied by infecting wild-type (wt) mice and serglycin-deficient (SG ؊/؊) mice with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV). Wt and SG ؊/؊ mice cleared 10 3 PFU of highly invasive LCMV with the same kinetics, and the CD8 ؉ T lymphocytes from wt and SG ؊/؊ animals did not differ in GrB, perforin, IFN-␥, or TNF-␣ content. However, when a less invasive LCMV strain was used, SG ؊/؊ GrB ؉ CD8 ؉ T cells contained ϳ30% less GrB than wt GrB ؉ CD8 ؉ T cells. Interestingly, the contraction of the antiviral CD8 ؉ T cell response to highly invasive LCMV was markedly delayed in SG ؊/؊ mice, and a delayed contraction of the virus-specific CD8 ؉ T cell response was also seen after infection with vesicular stomatitis virus. BrdU labeling of cells in vivo revealed that the delayed contraction was associated with sustained proliferation of Ag-specific CD8 ؉ T cells in SG ؊/؊ mice. Moreover, wt LCMV-specific CD8 ؉ T cells from TCR318 transgenic mice expanded much more extensively in virus-infected SG ؊/؊ mice than in matched wt mice, indicating that the delayed contraction represents a T cell extrinsic phenomenon. In summary, the present report points to a novel, previously unrecognized role for serglycin proteoglycan in regulating the kinetics of antiviral CD8 ؉ T cell responses. N atural killer cells and CD8 ϩ CTLs are major effectors in the battle against virus-infected and transformed cells. Through the TCR, CTL precursors recognize and bind a complex formed of antigenic peptide and MHC class I molecules on, e.g., virus-infected cells. Upon several such interactions, the CTLs become activated, resulting in redistribution of signaling and adhesion molecules at the contact area, followed by formation of additional contacts (1–3). As a consequence the primed cells will undergo substantial clonal expansion and, given the right additional signals (4), eventually differentiate into effector cells. Following the generation of effector CD8 ϩ T cells, renewed triggering through the TCR complex induces the mobilization and exocytosis of preformed cytotoxic granules, and as a result, the APC, e.g., a virus-infected target cell, undergoes apoptotic cell death (reviewed in Refs. 5, 6). The major components of the cytotoxic granules are lytic molecules such as granzymes and perforin. …


Abstract An improved procedure for precise measurement of chlorine isotope ratios in geological samples based on Cs2Cl+ ion by thermal ionization mass spectrometry is reported. Using this procedure the 37Cl/35Cl ratio of NIST SRM 975 is determined to be 0.318929±0.000028(1[sgrave]) with a precision of 0.009%(1 [sgrave]). The procedure has been successfully applied to study the variation of chlorine isotopic compositions in seawater and to determine atomic weight of chlorine.


A "state of the art" review of ICP-OES is given in which the author attempts to give an impartial account of the technique with respect to detection limits, precision, interferences and the low power-high power controversy.


In this paper, we qualitatively address how high-level parallel languages improve productivity and performance. Using ZPL as a case study, we discuss advantages that stem from a language having both a global (rather than a perprocessor) view of the computation and an underlying performance model that statically identifies communication in code. We also candidly discuss several disadvantages to ZPL.


Objective
To investigate the effect of laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass(LYGB) on body fat distribution, and relationship between the changes of body fat distribution and improvement of insulin resistance.

Methods
A total of 65 patients with type 2 diabetes who underwent LYGB were selected for a retrospective analysis.Metabolic parameters, anthropometric measurements, body composition and fat distribution measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry(DEXA) were collected separately before and 6 months post LYGB. All data of pre- and postoperation were compared with pair t test, Pearson correlation analysis was used to evaluate correlation of two variables.

Results
Weight, body mass index, waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, triglyceride, fasting plasma glucose, fasting insulin and homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were significantly decreased in 6 months after surgery (P<0.05). Total fat mass, body fat mass of trunk, upper and lower limbs decreased significantly (P<0.05). Percent fat mass at the whole body, Android region, upper and lower limbs decreased significantly (P<0.05). After 6 months postoperatively, abdominal obesity indices waist circumfernce decreased from (98.10±13.03) cm to (91.60±7.68) cm (P<0.01) and percent fat mass at the Android region decreased from (35.71±10.24)% to (29.44±12.11) % (P<0.05), HOMA-IR decreased from 3.62±5.18 to 1.79±1.52 (P<0.05). The improvement of postoperative insulin resistance is positively correlated with the changes in waist circumference (P<0.01) and percent fat mass of Android region (P<0.05).

Conclusions
The body fat distribution changes after LYGB, change of abdominal fat distribution is positively correlated to the improvement of insulin resistance.

Key words:
Gastric bypass; Diabetes mellitus, type 2; Body fat distribution; Insulin resistance


ABSTACT The objective of the study was to analyze the influence of DAU, DAK, PAD, DBH, and BKP on IPM partially and simultaneously. Besides that, the research analyzed the influence of DAU, DAK, PAD, DBH, and BKP on IPM with BPD as moderating variable. The data were analyzed quantitatively by using generalized linear regression analysis, pooled data panel fixed effect method, and classic assumption test before the best research model was obtained. Independent variables were DAU, DAK, PAD, DBH, and BKP, while BPD was moderating variable and IPM was dependent variable. The samples consisted of 30 District/Town Administrations in the period of 2009-2012. The result of the research showed that, simultaneously, the variables of DAU, DAK, PAD, DBH, and BKP influenced IPM; partially, DAK and BKP did not have any influence on IPM. This was in line with the result of the research conducted by Setyowati and Suparwati (2012) which pointed out that DAU, DAK, and PAD had positive influence on IPM through PABM (Allocation of Capital Expenditures). It was also concluded that BPD played its role as moderating variable in strengthening and weakening the correlation of DAU, DAK, PAD, DBH, and BKP with IPM. Keywords: DAU (Block Grant), DAK (Special Grant), PAD (Regional Generated Revenues), DBH (Profit Sharing Fund), BKP (Provincial Financing Aid), IPM (Human Development Index), BPD (Basic Service Expenditures).


An 81-year-old chronic smoker with known chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) presented with a 2-day history of dyspnoea and dry cough in January 2012. His oxygen saturation was normal, but physical examination revealed occasional expiratory wheezing and decreased air entry over the right lower zone. The complete blood picture showed no leukocytoses. The patient was initially managed as an infective COPD exacerbation. The chest X-ray (CXR) yielded presence of bowel gas and bowel shadow over the right lower hemithorax, with preservation of the right costophrenic angle in the frontal projection and the posterior costophrenic sulcus in the lateral projection (Fig 1). Without blunting of costophrenic angles and the posterior costophrenic sulci, presence of pleural effusion was unlikely. A right decubitus CXR confirmed no significant pleural fluid was present. A CXR taken 7 years earlier also revealed similar changes but was interpreted as a right-sided pleural effusion. Computed tomography of the thorax with contrast showed the presence of stomach and transverse colon within the right hemithorax (Fig 2) and emphysema. The patient could recall no previous history of major trauma to the abdomen. Based on the history and radiological finding, a right Bochdalek hernia was diagnosed. Owing to his advanced age and poor lung function, the patient declined surgical repair.


Background: Resistance training (RT) is considered as an effective method to increase muscle strength and physical performance in elderly people. Methods: A search from the earliest record up to and including June 2019 was carried out using the following electronic databases: PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science. The search strategy employed combined the terms related to the population (e.g. 'sarcopenia', 'frailty') with terms for the intervention (e.g. 'resistance training', 'strength training'). Results: 11 studies including 2691 subjects were included in our meta-analysis (aged 64-98). Training duration ranged from 8 to 48 weeks and intensity up to 80% of 1-RM. According to the meta-analyses, RT had statistically significant effect on all the measures except handgrip strength. In handgrip strength Effect size (ES) was 0.58 (95 % CI: - 0.10 to 1.26) p = 0.076 with the moderate heterogeneity (I 2 = 58.6%). ES in legs strength was 0.52 (95 % CI 0.11 to 0.92) p = 0.022, I 2 = 42.0 %. The biggest ES was in TUG test where ES was 0.90 (95 % CI 0.19 to 1.60) p = 0.022, however, there was a high heterogeneity I 2 = 89.6. The high ES was found also in FFM 0.69 (95 % CI 0.17 to 1.20) p = 0.025, and gait speed 0.41 (95 % CI 0.11 to 0.72) p = 0.017. In both cases, there was small heterogeneity I 2 = 13.2 % respective 38.3 %. The overall ES was estimated 0.67 (95 % CI 0.40 to 0.93) p <0.001. Nevertheless, the heterogeneity was high I 2 = 78.1 %.Conclusion: RT interventions in pre-frail, frail, pre-sarcopenic and sarcopenic older adults, provided evidence that RT has positive effects on most of the outcome measurements included in the current revision except handgrip strength.


IN The American Cyclopaedia of 1883 we read: 'The Dark Ages is a term applied in its widest sense to that period of intellectual depression in the history of Europe from the establishment of the barbarian supremacy in the fifth century to the revival of learning about the beginning of the fifteenth, thus nearly corresponding in extent with the Middle Ages'.' This statement from a popular work is merely a reflection of opinions held at that time by quite a few students of the Middle Ages, a fact proved, for instance, by the very title of Samuel R. Maitland's book, The Dark Ages. In this work, which appeared for the first ime in 1889, the author published a number of essays illustrating 'the state of religion and literature in the ninth, tenth, eleventh and twelfth centuries,' thus characterizing as 'dark' centuries like the eleventh and the twelfth which, from the present point of view, represent the climax of the mediaeval period. In the scholarly world this usage of the term 'Dark Ages' was either to be abandoned completely or at least to be restricted increasingly in its application. When in 1904 William Paton Ker published his work The Dark Ages in the collection Periods of European Literature, he stated: 'The Dark Ages and the Middle Ages ... used to be the same; two names for the same period. But they have come to be distinguished, and the Dark Ages are now no more than the first part of the Middle Age, while the term mediaeval is often restricted to the later centuries, about 1100 to 1500.'2 This restricted conception of the term found expression in a newer encyclopaedia, The Americana, in the 1909 edition of which the phrase 'The Dark Ages' is defined as 'a period supposed to extend from the fall of the Roman Empire, 475 A.D., to the revival of literature on the discovery of the Pandects at Amalfi n 1137.'" In a similar manner the eleventh edition of the Encyclopaedia Britannica (1911) states that the period from the fifth to the tenth centuries is called 'the dark Age,' and affirms that 'the dark Age was a reality.'4 It is important o note, however, that in the latest (the fourteenth) edition of the Encyclopaedia Britannica the term 'Dark Ages' is no longer used. On the contrary, it is explicitly stated that 'the contrast, once so fashionable, between the ages of darkness and the ages of light has no more truth in it than have the idealistic fancies which underlie attempts at mediaeval revivalism.'" Therefore, if we use the popular encyclopaedia as a means of ascertaining the nature of opinions commonly held, and the changes in such common opinions, it would seem that the notion of the mediaeval period as the 'Dark Ages' is now


Primary neoplasms of the central nervous system (CNS) have a prevalence of between 15,000 and 17,000 new cases annually in the United States and are estimated to cause the deaths of 13,000 patients. Gliomas are the leading cause of primary CNS tumors, accounting for 40–50% of cases and 2–3% of all cancers4. Despite new treatment techniques, patients' survival still remains very low, varying between 16 and 53 weeks. It is generally accepted that conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) tends to underestimate the extent of the tumor, which can in turn lead to a suboptimal treatment. New functional magnetic resonance imaging sequences, such as diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), have been widely used to evaluate such tumors.


AbstractThe lower Kootenai River, Idaho, was sampled during the summers of 2012 and 2013 to evaluate its fish assemblage structure at seven sites within main- and side-channel habitats where large-scale habitat rehabilitation was undertaken. Understanding the current patterns of fish assemblage structure and their relationships with habitat is important for evaluating the effects of past and future rehabilitation projects on the river. Species-specific habitat associations were modeled, and the variables that best explained the occurrence and relative abundance of fish were identified in order to guide future habitat rehabilitation so that it benefits native species. The results indicated that the side-channel habitats supported higher species richness than the main-channel habitats and that nonnative fishes were closely associated with newly rehabilitated habitats. This research provides valuable insight on the current fish assemblages in the Kootenai River and the assemblage-level responses that may occ...


The Domain Name System (DNS) is an essential building block or component infrastructure of the Internet. Nearly every network applications depend on it to operate properly and the role of DNS. The purpose of this research project is to alleviate the network issue at Universiti Kuala Lumpur, Malaysian Institute of Information Technology (UniKL MIIT) student residences. A preliminary study of the network performance are indicative of unbalanced traffic, which lead to sub-optimal network performance. In principal, an enhanced network design is proposed, which accounts for network load balancing method. Such technique may alleviate network stress on a particular link i.e. Wide Area Network (WAN) interface. In the existing network, the system forwarded each traffic packet to the "best" WAN interface link and route to the DNS with standalone server on a particular WAN interface link. Such mechanism results in suboptimal network performance. The improved performance is measured using DNSPerf tool operated on linux platform, i.e. Ubuntu 16.04.2 LTS Operating System (OS). The tool is capable for benchmarking the authoritative servers to gather the result and measure the performance of DNS by emitting a configured number of queries. The research project fine-tune the MikroTik, used as a load balancer mechanism. Upon completion of the experiments, the results are analysed. The outcome of the study is twofold. Firstly an improved design of load-balanced network is proposed, which alleviates the network congestion. Data is analysed based on the real-time traffic that is continuously collected for a period of 1 month. Second, the improved network performance increases the quality of experience for network users in the residential area.


The invention is directed to a security module deployed in a host device, which provides a secondary agent that operates in coordination with the host agent in the host device, but operates independent of the host operating system of the host device to independently access an existing communication network interface in the host device or a separate dedicated network interface, if available. In one aspect, the present invention enables robust theft recovery and asset tracking services. The system comprises a monitoring center; one or more monitored devices; a security module in the monitored devices; and one or more active communications networks. Monitored devices may be stand alone devices, such as computers (e.g., portable or desktop computers), or a device or a subsystem included in a system. A monitored device comprises a security module, a host agent and software to support the host agent that runs in the monitored device's OS.


Optical encoders are commonly used in modern positioning systems. The accuracy and resolution of the optical encoders are always restricted by generated sinusoidal signals and the assembly technique. In this study, an electronic signal subdividing system is developed. This system is based on FPGA in combination with A/D and D/A converting circuits. Subdividing algorithm improves the segmenting signal amplitude method. Furthermore, we also construct a laser encoder for measuring straightness error and displacement of a linear stage simultaneously. The laser encoder consisting of the stainless steel bar and the sensor are developed for two-axis (X- and Z-axis) position measurement. The two dimensional sinusoidal array on the stainless steel bar are machined by ultrasonic elliptical vibration cutting system. The stainless steel bar has a three dimensional micro-structured surface, which is a superposition of periodic sinusoidal waves in the X- and Z-directions with spatial wavelengths of 350 µm and amplitudes of 0.5 µm. The laser-based two-axis position sensor is used to detect local slope profiles of the grid surface, and the displacement and straightness error could be extracted from the X- and Z-axis sensing signal. The sensing signal is processed by FPGA subdividing system. In addition, the proposed subdividing method is verified by the performances and effects of measuring results.


The rising demand of high-capacity wireless services on-board has driven the research interest on radio communications in public transportation systems. In this experimental study, the authors focus on the intra-car communication links in a high-speed train (HST), which have been rarely reported in the literatures. Specifically, the authors have carefully measured and modelled the radio propagation characteristics for intra-train link. Measurements at both 2.4 and 5.8 GHz have shown that propagation losses inside the train car are much lower than free space, where path-loss exponent increases as the receiver moves away from the transmitter. Otherwise, the shielding loss and frequency dependent penetration losses caused by the train car body shell are parameterised. In addition, the small-scale fading is also evaluated to formulate a complete propagation model for intra-car communications. This work aims to support the Internet access for passengers,for onboard sensor networks and broadband moving-relay solutions.


Students with disabilities in Pre-Kindergarten exhibit disruptive behaviors during whole group lessons and potentially lose opportunities to learn academic content and social interactions due to a lack in self-regulatory skills. The purpose of this study is to examine the effectiveness of teaching self-regulatory skills on disruptive behavior and academic learning. Statement of the Problem All six students in my Pre-Kindergarten class for students with disabilities have developmental delays and social emotional behavioral issues. As a result, they are missing valuable speech therapy time, learning opportunities, becoming distracted by disruptive behaviors, and possibly learning maladaptive skills. They lack social, self-regulatory and communication skills and have difficulty attending during whole group instruction. The goal for improvement is to teach students self-regulatory skills to participate successfully in whole group story time. In order to help students during this difficult time, the teacher will teach self-regulatory skills three times a day, on every school day. Bailey's (2011) five step selfregulation model will be the method used as it incorporates many of the evidence-based components found in recent research articles reviewed. Bailey (2011) described a five step selfregulation process which not only addresses teaching self-regulatory skills to students, but also teaches adults how to use the process themselves prior to teaching it to children. The five steps are: I am, I calm, I feel, I choose, I solve. The strategy utilizes mindfulness strategies for both adults and children to use in learning how to calm themselves. It uses context and practice to teach these skills and helps foster independence and internalization of skills. Self-regulation fosters strong relationships between children, their peers, and their teachers (Williford, Whittaker, Vitiello, & Downer, 2013). Disruptive behaviors will be analyzed using anecdotal records, time-sampled observations, interviews, and teacher research journal. Purpose and Research Question The purpose of this study is to examine the effectiveness of teaching self-regulatory skills on disruptive behavior and academic learning using Bailey's five-steps to self-regulation (2011). The following research question will be investigated: How effective is teaching self-regulatory skills to Pre-K ESE students in helping students to participate in story time as a whole group with total extinction or significant reduction of disruptive behaviors?


The contemporary construction of ancient literary theory has been confusing Chinese academic cirle for a long time.It is urgent to reflect historically on the ancient literary theory resources and interpret them in a poetic way in the new century.Based on these worries,the Poetic Space of the Ancient Literary Theory show us the contemporary scholars' breadth of vision.The article expresses the idea that only under poetic construction can man and himself,man and object,man and the world be a whole,not separate.It is the ancient scholars' nearly mysterious poetic thoughts that make the world,the life and literature benefit from one another and bring man and the world into harmonious unity and the origin.So only by reconstructing the poetic space of the ancient literary theory,can the spiritual home of the modern people be restored in an effective way.


This work is focused on determining the response of a multi-cracked structure in the presence of different types of cracks vibrated due to a transit mass. The open transverse and inclined edge cracks of random crack depth are present at various locations of the cracked structure. The mass is moving on the beam at the different critical speeds of the structure. Runge-Kutta fourth order method is employed to evaluate the response of the structure numerically. The significance of different factors like the magnitude of the moving mass, moving speed, crack depth, crack inclination angle and their effects on the response of the deteriorated structure are investigated. Numerical analyses with numerous examples are carried out and validated the results with finite element analysis (FEA) and experimental investigations.


The development of proper system specifications provides a foundation for the entire software development process. The effectiveness of the overall system is influenced greatly by the quality of the specifications produced during this phase of the life cycle. Furthermore, this phase acts as a "bridge" between the user and the software development team.
A tool is presented for improving the environment in which specifications are constructed. The bridge between the user and software team is enhanced, improving the interaction between these two groups. By enhancing the user's role within the specification processes, the overall quality of the requirements specifications documents can be improved.


Polyaspartic acid have utility as scale inhibitors.It's biodegradability makes it particularly valuable from the viewof environmental acceptability.This paper summarized the different methods on the synthesis of polyaspartic acid,its scale inhibition and prospect.


State-of-the-art technologies in glycoanalysis include mass spectrometry, protein microarray formats, techniques in cytometry and more recently, glyco-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (Glyco-qPCR). Most of these techniques are restricted to performing functional glycoprofiling at large cell populations while others are unable to handle multiple lectin-probes and are thus limited in terms of exhaustive glycoprofiling of individual live cells. Here, a novel approach of single live cell glycoprofiling leveraged by the microfluidic "Lab-in-a-Trench" (LiaT) platform [1] for performing efficient capture, retention and shear-free reagent exposure for the analysis of the Human Burkitt's lymphoma cells is demonstrated. The most intriguing part of this study is the demonstration of consecutive profiling of glycans on a single cell by sequential elution of the previous lectin using their specific free sugars GlcNAc (N-acetyl-D-glucosamine), GalNAc (N-acetylgalactosamine), galactose and mannose.


Abstract. Energetic oxygen ions O+ (> 1 keV) observed by the Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) satellites at the dusk flank magnetopause during the phase 1a and 1b are investigated. There are 31 dusk flank magnetopause crossing events during intense substorms (AE > 500 nT) are identified. These 31 events of energetic O+ at the dusk flank magnetopause include 9 events during the expansion phase and 22 events during the recovery phase of intense substorms. It is noted that 9 events of energetic O+ ion at the dusk flank magnetopause during intense substorms expansion phase are all under the southward IMF conditions. The number density of energetic O+ at the dusk flank magnetopause ranges from 0.01 cm−3 to 0.2 cm−3. The maximum number density ratio of O+/H+ is ~ 0.055 during intense substorm recovery phase with AE index about 610 nT and under the northward interplanetary magnetic field (IMF). The number density ratio of O+/H+ also shows an exponential increase with the IMF By. While IMF Bz seems play a minor role in O+ abundance at the dusk flank magnetopause during intense substrom. Our observations suggest that energetic oxygen ions play a key role in the mass and energy transferring from the tail to the dayside in the magnetosphere during intense substorms.


Nitrogen (N) deposition and land‐use practice (e.g. mowing) could have profound effects on soil respiration. However, the changes in other ecosystem components, such as plant functional groups (PFGs), may control soil carbon (C) efflux response to long term global change. A 10‐year (2005–2014) field experiment was conducted with both N addition (10 g N m⁻² year⁻¹) and mowing (once a year) in a northern Chinese temperate grassland. We collected continuous data on soil respiration over 10 years accompanied with data on abiotic and biotic factors, and attempted to determine (i) the temporal variation in soil respiration and its responses to N addition and mowing, (ii) the regulation of soil respiration by PFGs and the underlying long‐term mechanisms of control. Soil respiration varied significantly among years. This was mainly caused by changes in precipitation pattern (e.g. frequency and distribution) during the growing‐season rather than total rainfall. N addition significantly suppressed soil respiration by 10.4% whereas mowing stimulated it by 8.4% over the 10 years. The interaction of N addition with mowing had little effect on soil respiration. However, the significant effects of both N addition and mowing appeared only in the third year and thereafter, indicating the differences between long‐ and short‐term responses. These long‐term effects of N addition and mowing were mainly caused by changes in the PFGs of covers (e.g. grasses and forbs) and in soil pH rather than in soil microclimate. Forb‐dominant patches had greater soil respiration than grass patches owing to their higher litter quality and photosynthetic capacity. Our results highlight that shifts in above‐ground plant community could play an important role in regulating soil respiration responses to N addition and mowing in the long‐term. This is potentially important for improving our understanding of the link between above‐ and below‐ground ecological processes. A plain language summary is available for this article.


The PDP system plays an essential role in the next generation television industry. The pixel, which inherently behaves like a lamp fabricated in the microcell, is the basic unit to compose the large PDP system. Nonlinear lighting phenomenon is exhibited. Meanwhile, high frequency switching in the MOSFET switch array is unavoidable in the PDP driver. This paper will propose new gray-level representation to enhance the electrical efficiency instead of frequency modulation. Also, efficiency enhancement will be measured to show the validity of the proposed method in this paper. It is shown that such a topology and modulation scheme will decrease the power loss obviously with respective to the traditional one.


D a m a g e to t he i n t r a c a v e r n o u s s egmen t of the in te rna l ca ro t id a r t e r y m a y be caused b y penet r a t i n g objects , 4 or t h e vessel wal l m a y be t o rn indi rec t ly b y bas i l a r skul l f rac tures . A c o m m o n consequence of t h e a r t e r i a l i n j u r y is t he immedia te or de layed d e v e l o p m e n t of a ca ro t id -cavernous fistula. B leed ing i n to t he a i r -conta in ing sphenoid sinus occurs less f r e q u e n t l y b u t th is mass ive epis taxis is a n i m m e d i a t e t h r e a t to life in con t r a s t to t h e more b e n i g n b e h a v i o r of ca ro t id -cave rnous f is tulae. ~ T h e purpose of th is p a p e r is to r e p o r t t h e occur rence of a t r a u m a t i c ca ro t id -cave rnous f i s tu la w i t h mass ive epistaxis, a coincidence r e p o r t e d in on ly one prev ious case)


Lead poisoning remains the most common metal poisoning encountered today. Lead is obtained from mining and scrap. Lead is absorbed through the lungs and gastrointestinal tract. Lead has affinity for sulfhydril groups and is toxic to zinc – dependent enzyme systems. The clinical presentation is characterized by multisystemic signs and symptoms: fatigue, malaise, irritability, nausea, crampy abdominal pain, headache, anemia, weight loss, motor weakness, gingival margin and others. Laboratory finding are anemia, basophilic stippling, uric acid elevated, etc. Useful clue to the dianosis are sorce of lead exposure, cinical and elevated whole blood lead and zinc protoporphyrin. The management are removal from exposure to lead and chelation therapy if elevated blood lead > 60 m/dL in workers.


Objectives The purpose of this study was to investigate the degree to which students' reading comprehension is disrupted when spacing is removed from text.
Methods To this end, 200 high school students were perform an inferential reading comprehension in which texts with different spacing were evenly distributed. Based on the performance of the reading task, the degree to which students' reading comprehension is disrupted when spacing is removed from text was analyzed through effect size.
Results First, the average score of reading comprehension in the text with maintained spacing (hereafter Condition 1) was higher than that of the text with removed spacing (hereafter Condition 2). Second, the average score of reading comprehension in Condition 1 was higher than that in Condition 2 for both explanatory and narrative texts, but the difference was greater in the explanatory text. Third, the difference between high-level and low-level students was significant in both Condition 1 and Condition 2, and the average score of reading comprehension in Condition 1 was higher than that in Condition 2 for both high-level and low-level students. Fourth, the average score of reading comprehension for female students was higher than that for male students in both Condition 1 and Condition 2.
Conclusions Considering this, the impact of cognitive interference factors such as spacing differs depending on the type of text. Therefore, it is necessary to explore instructional approaches that can compensate for the gap in reading comprehension caused by differences in difficulty and preference depending on the type of text.


Forty-two obsidian artifacts from the Chantuto Zone, Chiapas, Mexico, have been analyzed by neutron activation analysis, and fifteen artifacts were reanalyzed using X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. These artifacts date to the Chantuto phase (3000-2000 B.C.), late in the Archaic period, and to a later period or periods. These analyses have made it possible to compare the two methods of analysis and also have made it possible to assign an obsidian source to each artifact. It has been shown that the majority of the obsidian originated from Tajumulco, with smaller amounts coming from El Chayal during the Chantuto phase and from El Chayal, San Martin Jilotepeque, and Pachuca during the late period.


This manual provides a number of low cost road designs which can be used with low volume traffic that is typically found on rural roads. The manual focuses on rural infrastructure improvement, specifically targeting improvement of pavements and surface courses. The manual uses an environmentally optimized design (EOD) approach, which incorporates a road design that is suitable for a varied number of environmental and materials factors.


Objective To study the effect quartz-alveolar macrophage culture supernatant combined with oxymatrine on proliferation signal of lung fibroblast in vitro.Methods SD neonatal rats'lung fibroblasts were cultured and passed up to 4~5 generations.The lung fibroblasts were administrated by cell cultured supernatant of quartz combined with the oxymatrine to stimulate macrophage.The hydroxyproline level in its supernatants,the expression of Gq,and the concentration of intracellular free Ca2+ were observed by means of FCM in different time points.Results Compared with the control group,the level of hydroxyproline was obviously higher in the supernatant(P0.05);Gq as well as the relative value of the expression of intracellular free Ca2+ fluorescence intensity(F)value was significantly higher(P0.05).As the action time prolonged,the trend showed a gradual increase.Supernatant after the joint OM,compared with the supernatant alone,the role of hydroxyproline content decreased,the difference was statistically significant(P0.05).Conclusions Quartz-macrophage culture supernatants can promote the proliferation of lung fibroblasts.This effect may be related to fibroblast membrane Gq protein-mediated signal pathway.Medicine OM may inhibit fibrosis fibroblast membrane Gq protein-mediated Ca-IP3 pathways.


ObjectiveTo survey the effect of lidocaine with liquid paraffin used for male urinary cathetherization.Methods90 conscious patients were at random divided into 2 groups, 48 in the experimental group and 42 in the control. In the former, lidocaine with liquid paraffin was injected into urethra before catheterization and in the latter, the catheterization was conducted conventionally. The judging standards were set by the patients' complaints about pain and the blockage at catheterization.ResultsPain and blockage at catheterization were both significantly different by χ 2 test ( P0.05,χ 2 = 8.62, χ 2 = 5.59).ConclusionLidocaine with liquid paraffin is able to lessen the pain at male urinary catheterization and it markedly increase the success rate of catheterization.


The invention relates to a selenium-rich oral solution. The selenium-rich oral solution contains selenium, sodium sulfite and passion fruit juice in a weight ratio of 0.9-1.3:0.8-1:8-23, and the selenium, the sodium sulfite and the passion fruit juice are subjected to ultra-high static pressure treatment at the temperature of 60-130 DEG C for 5-12 minutes. The selenium-rich oral solution comprises, by weight, 40-55% of purified water, 3.5-10% of white granulated sugar, 30-55% of the selenium, the sodium sulfite and the passion fruit juice which are subjected to ultra-high static pressure treatment, 1.0-3.5% of honey, 0.01-0.04% of carboxymethylcellulose, 0.03-0.06% of sucrose ester and 0.01-0.06% of gelatin. The selenium-rich oral solution is short in preparation cycle and contains active ingredients, and most importantly, absorptivity of the selenium-rich oral solution is increased by more than about 8%.


Here, we describe an integrated NGS workflow that meets these requirements for carrier screening. The workflow combines automated, optimized molecular inversion probe target capture with molecular barcoding to maximize the sample throughput of an NGS machine and employs a novel read assembly–based alignment method that enables accurate Purpose: Carrier screening for recessive Mendelian disorders traditionally employs focused genotyping to interrogate limited sets of mutations most prevalent in specific ethnic groups. We sought to develop a next-generation DNA sequencing–based workflow to enable analysis of a more comprehensive set of disease-causing mutations. Methods: We utilized molecular inversion probes to capture the protein-coding regions of 15 genes from genomic DNA isolated from whole blood and sequenced those regions using the Illumina HiSeq 2000 (Illumina, San Diego, CA). To assess the quality of the resulting data, we measured both the fraction of the targeted region yielding high-quality genotype calls, and the sensitivity and specific- ity of those calls by comparison with conventional Sanger sequencing across hundreds of samples. Finally, to improve the overall accu- racy for detecting insertions and deletions, we introduce a novel assembly-based approach that substantially increases sensitivity without reducing specificity. results: We generated high-quality sequence for at least 99.8% of targeted base pairs in samples derived from blood and achieved high concordance with Sanger sequencing (sensitivity >99.9%, specificity >99.999%). Our novel algorithm is capable of detecting insertions and deletions inaccessible by current methods. conclusion: Our next-generation DNA sequencing–based approach yields the accuracy and completeness necessary for a car- rier screening test.


This paper reviews the existing user behavior analysis systematically and summarizes the latest progress of user behavior analysis. It introduces the user behavior analysis from multiple perspectives such as concept, data mining algorithm, application of different fields. It analyses deeply the advantages and disadvantages in different use environment. What's more, this paper particularly introduces the wide use of user behavior analysis in the field of telecommunication and Internet, and emphasizes the necessity of the user behavior analysis in the field of radio and television. Introduction User behavior analysis builds user information view and finds the rules of user behavior from massive user behavior data. It helps enterprises better understand the users' preferences, developing the value of users and ultimately bringing more benefits to enterprises[1]. The development of computer and cloud computing technology have promoted the production of big data. The annual national viewing data volume reaches 3.2 PB. Some enterprises through the full use of the data and digging in the battle to win. The reason which Amazon can win in the book industry is that it deeply mines and analyses the vast information of user behavior. User behavior analysis help Amazon learn more about the user's preference and provide more targeted services. With the development of the technology of data, the multidimensional mass data acquisition and storage technology has become maturing, the structured and unstructured user behavior data has a large increase, making user behavior theory and application research especially important. Based on it, this paper reviews the existing user behavior analysis systematically and focuses on analyzing the theory and application in the fields of telecommunication, Internet, radio and television. Model and Data Source A. Model Data mining is more and more widely used in the user behavior analysis.The current algorithm model of user behavior analysis has decision tree, clustering, association rules algorithm, sequential pattern mining, network model based on radio basis function and factor analysis. The reference [2] describes the ID3 algorithm in the application of user behavior analysis in detail. First it generated the decision tree and training model through learning the existing data and pruning constantly. Then it made the prediction according to the training model. The characteristics of models are shown in TABLEI. International Conference on Advances in Mechanical Engineering and Industrial Informatics (AMEII 2015) © 2015. The authors Published by Atlantis Press 99 TABLE I Comparison of user behavior analysis model Model Core Algorithm Model features Classification algorithm model Decision Tree Easy to understand and implement; Classification results with strong interpretability; Does not need complex data preprocessing Clustering algorithm model K-means Scalability; Efficiency; Object within the class is close but dissimilarity between class object Association rule model Association rules algorithm It can find the potential connection between two objects[3] Sequential pattern mining Time series analysis It can find the potential connection in the sequence with certain order Neural network model Network Model based on RBF The network structure is simple; Learning speed is fast; Factor analysis model Principal component analysis/Factor analysis Reduced the index dimension; But it can represent the 85% of the information of original index B. Data Source There are two kinds of data for user behavior analysis, one is structured data and the other is unstructured data. Structured data can be represented with a flat structure, such as number and symbol. Unstructured data can't be represented with unified structure, such as text, image and sound. Most of data mining is structured data. Text information in unstructured data will be involved in text semantic analysis. The types and characteristics of data are shown in TABLEII. TABLE II Types and Characteristics of data Data Type Data Characteristics Structured Data Basic attributes: user name, gender, age, education, income, etc; User behavior attributes: viewing behavior data, call log data, and web browsing behavior data, etc Unstructured Data The text reviews data, video image data, etc Application of User Behavior Analysis User behavior analysis is widely applied in many areas of industry, it's represented by telecommunication, Internet and radio and television. A. Telecommunication User Behavior Analysis User behavior analysis system in the field of telecommunication includes data mining analysis function layer, data mining process, model management layer and user behavior analysis function layer. Data mining analysis function layer provides the basic data mining analysis, including data preprocessing, classification and prediction, cluster analysis, social network analysis, association mining, sequence mining and figure mining. Data mining process and model management layer make the process of data mining analysis, and memorize the analysis model. User behavior analysis function layer invokes the results of the data mining process and model management layer for each application directly. These applications include user lifetime analysis, customer segmentation, customer churn analysis, cross/improve sales, customer complaint analysis, users owe cost forecast, fraud detection, customer credit rating model, competitor analysis and customer consumption behavior analysis. The applications of user behavior analysis in the field of telecommunication are


Streptomycin partially inhibited the menadione-mediated NADH2 : triphenyltetrazolium chloride oxidoreductase (menadione reductase) of Escherichia coli at concentrations as low as 10−5 M. One molecu...


Botnets have evolved to become one of the most serious threats to the Internet and there is substantial research on both botnets and botnet detection techniques. This survey reviewed the history of botnets and botnet detection techniques. The survey showed traditional botnet detection techniques rely on passive techniques, primarily honeypots, and that honeypots are not effective at detecting peer-to-peer and other decentralized botnets. Furthermore, the detection techniques aimed at decentralized and peer-to-peer botnets focus on detecting communications between the infected bots. Recent research has shown hierarchical clustering of flow data and machine learning are effective techniques for detecting botnet peer-to-peer traffic.


Nanofibre mats have been mainly used in relation to human health sciences. The application of this material in plant tissue culture was still rare. In this research, using different types and patterns of nanofibre mats, the microshoots (size 2-3 mm) of three basils were cultured in vitro. There were 3 types of materials for fabrication of a nanofibre mat in this study: cellulose (C), polyvinylidene fluoride (F) and polylactic acid (L) and 2 patterns of nanofibre mats: nonwoven (called pattern 1) and a mixture of nonwoven and aligned nanofibres (called pattern 4). Microshoot explants were obtained from aseptic grown holy basil, lemon basil and sweet basil seedlings. These explants were cultured on nanofibre mats that were floated on liquid basal MS medium. The results revealed that holy basil microshoots exhibited the greatest shoot height and number of root formed when cultured on the nonwoven cellulose-based nanofibre mat (C1). The nonwoven nanofibre mats electrospun from polylactic acid (L1), however, supported the greatest shoot height of both lemon basil and sweet basil microshoot explants. In addition, both lemon basil and sweet basil microshoots formed the greatest number of roots when cultured on the nonwoven nanofibre mats electrospun from polyvinylidene fluoride (F1). Thus, the basil microshoot cultures exhibited various responses when cultured on the different types and patterns of nanofibre mats. This innovation of culturing basil microshoots on electrospun nanofibre mats only requires 0.5 ml liquid medium and should also assist plant tissue culturists to save on using the relative expensive agar.


Any economist will tell you that the past attitude of the South Korean government with regard to foreigntrade was anything but non-protectionist with high tariffs imposed on imports while pushing to export awide range of products to as many countries as possible. In effect, the Korean government wasexercising a lopsided trading policy. Nonetheless, the attitudes of both leading parties in South Koreahave drastically changed over the last couple of years, wowing to eliminate protectionism since theyrealized that it is counterproductive to their global ambitions.


Early in 1928, shortly after receiving my PhD at the University of Bologna, I was offered the position of assistant at the Physics Institute of the University of Florence. The Institute rose among olive trees, on the hill of Arcetri, a short distance from the villa where Galileo had spent the last years of his life as a political exile. The chair of physics was held by Professor Antonio Garbasso who, in earlier years, had done some creditable scientific work. But the first world war and subsequent events had diverted his interests toward politics. He was now a senator and the mayor of Florence. However, he still went to Arcetri three times a week to deliver his lectures, and he still had a strong desire to see the Institute, which he had built, become an important center of research.


history of involvement, as her various autobiographies indicate, including her life in Ghana and encounters with Malcolm X and other civil rights/Black Power leaders. Perhaps the domesticating or mainstreaming into the demands of U. S. politics, or the demises of leaders with whom she intersected, has created this new persona. But it also indicates a side of Angelou that was shaped by her involvement in the performative arts. The conclusion of this work with the figure of Angelou, however, ends up being somewhat anticlimactic, perhaps because Higashida does not also look at other possibilities for black internationalist feminism in a subsequent generation. This ending also suggests, ironically, that the black left activism of an earlier generation has acquired a kind of media popularity, rather than formed a legacy of political organizing. The growing library of this scholarship is what nonetheless energizes those who are working in this area as, with each contribution, one is able to advance the understanding of the dynamism of the black left. Almost obliterated in the last century but having remained alive in its literary works, its intellectual and critical contributions, and its interventions, the black left remains dedicated to the full liberation of African-descended people and their friends and allies worldwide.


The role of human papilloma virus in cancerogenesis has been discovered in the '80s. Since this time many researches confirmed it also in HNSCC cancerogenesis. The most important distinction between types of the virus is high risk HPV which leads to malignant transformation and low risk HPV. Because of different biology and clinical course HPV(+) HNSCC the knowledge of the presence of HPV DNA may help to predict the tumor's behavior. Many studies contradict each other in terms of prognosis HPV(+) and HPV(-) HNSCC, but there are quite strong evidences that in some localisations (especially tonsillar carcinoma) prognosis is generally better in HPV(+) tumors. © 2013 Polish Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery Society. Published by Elsevier Urban & Partner Sp. z o.o. All rights reserved.


Kernel-based machine learning regression algorithms (MLRAs) are potentially powerful methods for being implemented into operational biophysical variable retrieval schemes. However, they face difficulties in coping with large training data sets. With the increasing amount of optical remote sensing data made available for analysis and the possibility of using a large amount of simulated data from radiative transfer models (RTMs) to train kernel MLRAs, efficient data reduction techniques will need to be implemented. Active learning (AL) methods enable to select the most informative samples in a data set. This letter introduces six AL methods for achieving optimized biophysical variable estimation with a manageable training data set, and their implementation into a Matlab-based MLRA toolbox for semiautomatic use. The AL methods were analyzed on their efficiency of improving the estimation accuracy of the leaf area index and chlorophyll content based on PROSAIL simulations. Each of the implemented methods outperformed random sampling, improving retrieval accuracy with lower sampling rates. Practically, AL methods open opportunities to feed advanced MLRAs with RTM-generated training data for the development of operational retrieval models.


N ot far from Jory's town there was a long stretch of flat fields at the base of a range of low hills, and Mr. Usher paid the farmer who owned these fields a handsome sum indeed for the privilege of launching and landing his rockets on his land. There was, of course, always danger of a rocket going out of control and hitting some home or setting fire to some innocent neighbor's property or crops. The farmer who made the deal with the Ushers was told he was a true patriot, serving his country nobly by helping boys learn about the science that would put the U.S.A. on the moon first.


Tetrahedron-based perovskite PbVO3 (PVO) is an intriguing polar magnetic material because its strong tetragonal distortion allows VO5 square-pyramidal structure rather than VO6 octahedron. Bulk PVO is known to show the unique features of 2-dimensional antiferromagnetic ordering and large pyroelectric polarization. In a single-crystal bulk, the ground state of magnetic ordering of PVO is degenerated by Cand G-type configurations [1] and its transition temperature is reported as TN=47 K [2]. In this study, we fabricated epitaxial PVO thin films on LaAlO3 (LAO) (001) and SrTiO3 (STO) (001) substrates by pulsed laser deposition with off-stoichiometric condition [3]. Structural properties of the epitaxial PVO thin films with respect to mechanical strain induced by lattice mismatch with substrates were investigated by X-ray diffraction, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, Raman scattering spectroscopy. As a result, abnormal lattice elongation of the PVO thin films along c-axis and consequent octahedral distortion were observed. Our magnetic measurement exhibits a clue for this exotic phase at low temperature, which is a direct evidence for change of the exchange interaction between two adjacent dxy electrons of the V ions. The phenomenon is attributed to the elongation of the c-axis lattice parameter of the PVO thin-films. In addition, the experimental characterizations of linear and nonlinear optical properties for the PVO thin films were performed through spectroscopic ellipsometry and second harmonic generation (SHG), respectively. Symmetry breaking along c-axis in PVO thin films were demonstrated by using SHG signal with nonlinear susceptibility and Fresnel's formula fitting.


Tetraepoxy[22]annulene(220.127.116.11): a Tetraepoxy-Bridged Neutral Aromatic [22]Annulene of a New Type

We describe the synthesis of tetraepoxy[22]annulene(22.214.171.124) 4, the first aromatic annulene of type B by a cyclizing twofold Wittig reaction of 2,2′-bifuran-5,5′-dicarbaldehyde (5) and the bis[phosphonium] salt 8. The configuration of 4, mainly determined by NMR spectroscopy is (Z,E,Z). According to the UV/VIS spectrum and the 1H-NMR data, the electronic situation in 4 is quite different from that of tetraepoxy[22]annulene(18.104.22.168) 2 and tetraepoxy[22]annulene(126.96.36.199) 3. According to variable-temperature 1H-NMR spectroscopy, 4 is a highly dynamic system, where the (E)-double bond rotates around the adjacent σ-bonds. At ca. −130°, this dynamic process is frozen, and 4 appears as a diatropic aromatic system; the free activation energy of the rotation ΔG≠ is ca. 8.75 kcal/mol.


We study the temperature dependence in the photoemission spectra of A 3 C 60 . To this end, we employ a model which takes account of both the electron–electron and electron–phonon interactions and calculate the photoemission spectra of a C 60 3- molecule in a particle bath at finite temperature. We find that the change of the statistical weights of C 60 2- , C 60 3- , and C 60 4- strongly affect the photoemission spectra. Our result is in agreement with the observed temperature dependence of the photoemission spectra of A 3 C 60 .


The inference of Markov models from data on stochastic dynamical trajectories over the timewindow T is revisited via the large deviations at Level 2.5 for the time-empirical density and the timeempirical flows in order to obtain the large deviations properties of the inferred Markov parameters for large T . The explicit rate functions are given for several settings, namely discrete-time Markov chains, continuous-time Markov jump processes, and diffusion processes in dimension d. Applications to various models of random walks in random media are described, where the goal is to infer the quenched random variables defining a given disordered sample.


Historically, the Rocky Flats Environmental Technology Site (RFETS) operated extensive monitoring programs that grew over the years as new requirements were added to cover surface water, ground water, air and various ecological systems. In the face of severe budget cuts in FY `95, the Site was forced to significantly down size each of these efforts. Having accomplished this down sizing, and with additional cuts likely, a decision was made to undertake a structured, comprehensive, reevaluation of all environmental monitoring programs. The objective of this effort was to utilize the Data Quality Objectives (DQO) process, to take a decision-based approach to developing specifications for monitoring. RFETS wanted a bottom-up, comprehensive, assessment of what constitutes a sound environmental monitoring program in support of environmental decision making. These stakeholders, through the facilitated DQO process, reached consensus on an integrated monitoring program. The program included ecological monitoring requirements to support habitat management efforts in addition to regulatory compliance requirements. The program also incorporated new regulatory requirements associated with the Rocky Flats Cleanup Agreement (RFCA), which was finalized during the course of this effort (July 19, 1996).


Chapter 1 Introduction: Positioning Diasporic Literary Cultures Chapter 2 "Not Belonging, but Longing": Shifts of Emphasis in Contemporary Diasporic Writing in Canada Chapter 3 Canadian New Diasporic Writing and Transnational/Borderland Literary Identities Chapter 4 The Diaspora Writes Back: Cultural Memory and Michael Ondaatje's Anil's Ghost Chapter 5 Translational Identities and the Emigre Experience Chapter 6 Between the Island and the City: Cultural Brokerage in Caribbean Canadian Short Fiction Chapter 7 The Child of New Norcia: Alf Taylor's Poetry Chapter 8 The Englishness of Maori Writing Chapter 9 The Afrosporic Migration of Genital Alterations to the New Europe: Trauma, the Law, and the Internet Chapter 10 Diaspora in the Family: Father and Mother Figures in Canadian Theatre Chapter 11 NirpalSingh Dhalival's Tourism: How to Exploid Diaspora and Live Happily Ever After


OBJECTIVE Noninvasive determination of pancreatic β-cell mass in vivo has been hampered by the lack of suitable β-cell–specific imaging agents. This report outlines an approach for the development of novel ligands homing selectively to islet cells in vivo. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS To generate agents specifically binding to pancreatic islets, a phage library was screened for single-chain antibodies (SCAs) on rat islets using two different approaches. 1) The library was injected into rats in vivo, and islets were isolated after a circulation time of 5 min. 2) Pancreatic islets were directly isolated, and the library was panned in the islets in vitro. Subsequently, the identified SCAs were extensively characterized in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS We report the generation of SCAs that bind highly selective to either β- or α-cells. These SCAs are internalized by target cells, disappear rapidly from the vasculature, and exert no toxicity in vivo. Specific binding to β- or α-cells was detected in cell lines in vitro, in rats in vivo, and in human tissue in situ. Electron microscopy demonstrated binding of SCAs to the endoplasmatic reticulum and the secretory granules. Finally, in a biodistribution study the labeling intensity derived from [125I]-labeled SCAs after intravenous administration in rats strongly predicted the β-cell mass and was inversely related to the glucose excursions during an intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test. CONCLUSIONS Our data provide strong evidence that the presented SCAs are highly specific for pancreatic β-cells and enable imaging and quantification in vivo.


The chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) is defined as alteration on the venous flow, caused by malfunction of the venous valves, obstruction of vases and weakness of the sural triceps muscle. The physical exercise is being studied as a form of treatment of this disease to be considered of low cost and easy access. Objective: The aim was to analyze the effects of different types of physical exercise in the venous hemodynamics, muscular function and in the quality of life of individuals with CVI ulcerated and non-ulcerated. Method: The articles were obtained by a research on six data bases. were included articles in which the exercise was a form of intervention in patients with CVI. Results: Were founded 2.297 clinical trials randomized and non-randomized, nine were included. These studies applied different protocols of exercise, that were an association of mobility, strength, force, and aerobic exercises. This association showed improvement in the different clinical conditions of the CVI, and a positive impact their quality of life. Conclusion: The physical exercise is benefic to patients with CVI, being able to reduce symptoms, increase quality of life and prevent the progression of the diseases, could reduce the cost to the health systems.


The paper by Cada et al . published in Haematologica uses data from the Canadian Inherited Marrow Failure Registry to examine the prognostic value of the category, cytopathology and cytogenetics (CCC) classification for pediatric myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS).[1][1] We have previously expressed


Progress towards a next generation of photovoltaics.- Present state of multijunction research, development and industrialization.- Industrialization of concentrators for MJC and other high efficiency approaches: Isfoc.- Structure and tracking for concentration photovoltaics.- The interest and potential of the ultra high concentration.- Ultra-high efficiency solar cell modules.- Multiple exciton generation solar cells.- Non-coherent up-conversion in multicomponet organic systems.- Progress in intermediate band solar cell research.- Quantum dot technology.- Thin film technology for intermediate band solar cells.- GaInN technology for intermediate band solar cells.- Ion implantation technology for intermediate band solar cells.- Photon management in solar cells.- Surface plasmon polaritons in metallic nanostructures: fundamentals and their application to solar cells.- Modeling of QD for IB cells.


This article explores women's fear of urban violence from a spatial perspective. It is based on qualitative data collected in Finland. It shows first that women do not have to be fearful. Boldness is associated with freedom, equality, and a sense of control over, and possession of space. Secondly, the article considers how and why fear of violence undermines some women's confidence, restricting their access to, and activity within, public space. Fear of violence is a sensitive indicator of gendered but complex power relations which constitute society and space. Women's fear is generally regarded as 'normal' and their boldness thought to be risky: the conceptualisation of women as victims is unintentionally reproduced. However, a more critical view might regard fear as socially constructed and see how it is actually possible for women to be confident and take possession of space.


We appreciate the letter by Bosiljcic and colleagues raising questions about our studies published in Cancer Research , in which we showed that Gr-1+CD11b+ cells alter the premetastatic lung in an inflammatory and proliferative environment, diminish immune protection, and induce aberrant vasculature


When using the traditional SEIR infectious disease model to predict the trend of novel coronavirus pneumonia epidemic, numerous initial parameters need to be tuned, and the parameters cannot change over time during the prediction process, which reduces the accuracy of the model. Firstly, thesis used a logistic model to preprocess the SEIR model parameters and proposed a SEIR model based on time series recovery rate optimization with a new parameter of effective immunity rate. Secondly, the model was trained with epidemic data from domestic and foreign provinces and cities, and the usability of the model was demonstrated experimentally, and the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) and goodness of fit (R2) were used to compare with other models, which proved the superiority of the model prediction and indicated further research directions.


Objective: Using multiple statistical methods, we aimed at assessing the impact of siponimod on disability progression in non-relapsing SPMS patients and at uncoupling the treatment effect on disability progression from the effect of relapses. Background: Siponimod reduced confirmed disability progression (CDP) in patients with SPMS (21%, p=0.013 risk for 3-month [3m] and 26%, p=0.006 for 6-month [6m] CDP). Because siponimod reduces the frequency of relapses, the impact of siponimod on disability progression independent of relapse reduction cannot be readily accounted for by standard analytic methods. Design/Methods We applied several approaches to assess the impact of siponimod on disability progression independent of relapse activity: (a) subgroup analysis using Cox model on time to 3m/6m-CDP in subgroups of patients with (rSPMS, n=596)/without (nrSPMS, n=1055) relapses 2 years prior to study; (b) principal stratum analysis to estimate effect in patients who would not have relapsed on-study by m12, m18 and m24, regardless of treatment; (c) Cox model on time to 3m/6m-CDP in overall population, censoring at time of first relapse; (d) simulation from empirical distribution to assess effect in overall population removing the reduction on relapse rate. Results: Risk reductions of 13% and 18% in nrSPMS-subgroup were observed for 3m- and 6m-CDP [HR 0.87, (CI 0.68; 1.11); 0.82 (0.62; 1.08)], and 33%–37% in rSPMS-subgroup. In the principal stratum estimate, siponimod reduced disability in nrSPMS patients by 14–20% for 3m-CDP and 29–33% for 6m-CDP, suggesting that non-relapsing patients can achieve a large portion of the effect on the overall population. Cox model censoring at relapses (HR 0.77 [0.62; 0.96]) and simulation from empirical distribution (0.77 [0.63; 0.96]) consistently depicted more pronounced effects for 6m- than for 3m-CDP in nrSPMS patients. Conclusions: Siponimod treatment reduces the risk for CDP in both relapsing and non-relapsing SPMS patients. Our analyses suggest that siponimod's effect on disability is largely independent from the effect on relapses. Study Supported by: Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland. Disclosure: Dr. Cree has received personal compensation for consulting, serving on a scientific advisory board, speaking, or other activities with Abbvie, Biogen, EMD Serono, GeNEuro, Novartis, Sanofi Genzyme. Dr. Cree has received research support from Acorda, Hoffman La Roche, MedImmune, Novartis, Receptos and Teva. Dr. Fox has received personal compensation for consulting, serving on a scientific advisory board, speaking, or other activities with Received compensation for serving as consultant or speaker from Allozyne, Avanir, Biogen Idec, Novartis, Questcor, and Teva Pharmaceutical Industries. Dr. Fox has received research support from Biogen (clinical trial contracts) and Novartis (research study support).. Dr. Giovannoni has received personal compensation for consulting, serving on a scientific advisory board, speaking, or other activities with Received compensation for participating on Advisory Boards in relation to clinical trial design, trial steering committees and data and safety monitoring committees from: Abbvie, Almirall, Atara Bio, Biogen, Sanofi-Genzyme, Genentech, GSK, Merck, Novartis. Dr. Giovannoni has received personal compensation in an editorial capacity for Elsevier as Editor of MSARDs. Dr. Giovannoni has received research support from Takeda. Dr. Vermersch has received personal compensation for consulting, serving on a scientific advisory board, speaking, or other activities with Almirall, Biogen, Celgene, Merck, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi, Servier, and Teva. Dr. Vermersch has received research support from Almirall, Biogen, Celgene, Merck, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi, Servier, and Teva. Dr. Bar-Or has nothing to disclose. Dr. Gold has received personal compensation for consulting, serving on a scientific advisory board, speaking, or other activities with Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd., Biogen Idec, Bayer Schering Pharma, and Novartis. Dr. Gold has received personal compensation in an editorial capacity for Therapeutic Advances in Neurological Diseases, Experimental Neurology and the Journal of Neuroimmunology. Dr. Gold has received research support from Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd., Biogen Idec, Bayer Schering Pharma, Genzyme, Merck Serono, and Novartis. Dr. Magnusson has received personal compensation for consulting, serving on a scientific advisory board, speaking, or other activities with Employee of Novartis. Dr. Rouyrre has received personal compensation for consulting, serving on a scientific advisory board, speaking, or other activities with Employee of Novartis. Dr. Piani Meier has received personal compensation for consulting, serving on a scientific advisory board, speaking, or other activities with Employee of Novartis Pharma AG. Dr. Tomic has received personal compensation for consulting, serving on a scientific advisory board, speaking, or other activities with Employee of Novartis Pharma AG. Dr. Karlsson has received personal compensation for consulting, serving on a scientific advisory board, speaking, or other activities with Employee of Novartis. Dr. Dahlke has received personal compensation for consulting, serving on a scientific advisory board, speaking, or other activities with Employee of Novartis. Dr. Kappos has received research support from Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals, Biogen, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd and Genentech,Novartis, Research grants from: the European Union, Roche Research Foundation, Swiss Multiple Sclerosis Society and Swiss National Research Foundation.


The induction of polyarthritis and polyarthralgia is a hallmark of arthritogenic alphavirus infections, with an exceptionally higher morbidity observed with chikungunya virus (CHIKV). While the mechanisms underlying these incapacitating acute symptoms remain partially understood, the progression to chronic conditions in some cases remains unanswered. The highly pro‐inflammatory nature of alphavirus disease has suggested the involvement of virus‐specific, joint‐infiltrating Th1 cells as one of the main pathogenic mediators of CHIKV‐induced joint pathologies. This review summarizes the role of cell‐mediated immune responses in CHIKV pathogenesis, with a specific focus on pro‐inflammatory Th1 responses in the development of CHIKV joint inflammation. Furthermore, due to the explosive nature of arthritogenic alphavirus outbreaks and their recent expansion across the world, co‐infections with other highly prevalent pathogens such as malaria are likely to occur but the pathological outcomes of such interactions in humans are unknown. This review will also discuss the potential impact of malaria co‐infections on CHIKV pathogenesis and their relevance in alphavirus control programs in endemic areas.


There is great interest in hybrid organic-inorganic materials such as metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). The compounds [C(NH$_{2}$)$_{3}$]M(HCOO)$_{3}$, where M=Cu$^{2+}$ or Cr$^{2+}$ are Jahn-Teller (JT) active ions, are MOF with perovskite topology which crystallizes in polar space group Pna2$_{1}$. In inorganic compounds, octahedral tilting and Jahn-Teller structural distortions are usually non-polar distortions. However, in this MOF cooperative interactions between the antiferro-distortive distortions of the framework and the C(NH2)$_{3}$ organic cation via hydrogen bonding breaks the inversion symmetry and induces a ferroelectric polarization.[Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 50, 5847, 2011] Our ab-initio study supports the picture of an orbital-order-induced ferroelectricity, a rare example of dipolar ordering caused by electronic degrees of freedom. The switching of polarization direction implies the reversal of the weak ferromagnetic component. The microscopic mechanism in this JT-based MOF with ABX$_{3}$ perovskite structure displays a Hybrid Improper Ferroelectric (HIF) state, arising from a trilinear coupling between different structural deformations that comprise tilting, rotations and Jahn-Teller distortions of both the BX$_{3}$ framework and the organic cation at the A sites. Since these distortion modes in perovskite-inorganic compounds usually freeze-in at elevated temperatures, the trilinear coupling in MOF compounds may provide an interesting route towards high-temperature multiferroicity. These results offer an important starting point for tailoring multiferroic properties in this emerging class of materials for various technological applications. In particular, the high tunability of the ferroelectric polarization by means of the modification of the organic A cation has been recently shown[J. Am. Chem. Soc. 135 18126 (2013)]


A systematic experimental study of annular aluminum-wire z-pinches on the Saturn accelerator shows that, for the first time, the measured spatial characteristics and x-ray powers can approach those of two-dimensional, radiation-magneto-hydrodynamic simulations when large numbers of wires are used. Calculations show that the implosion begins to transition from that of individual plasma wires to that of a continuous plasma shell, when the circumferential gap between wires in the array is reduced below 1.4+1.3/-0.7 mm. This calculated gap coincides with the measured transition of 1.4 {+-}0.4 mm between the observed regimes of slow and rapid improvement in power output with decreasing gap. In the plasma shell regime, x-ray powers in excess of a factor of three over that generated in the plasma-wire region are measured.


Five lily varieties belonging to asiatic hybrids,oriental hybrids,and longiflorum hybrids were chosen respectively as parents for the hybridization between different hybrid lines by vitro pollinated in order to gain new lily species with the parents virtus.The results showed that the cutting-ovary pollination method could obviously improve the swelling of the capsules.The compatibility of the parents and the post-fertilization barriers play important roles in interspecific cross.


Pervasive computing has been used widely in civilian areas. In the field of aerospace, researchers also have paid more attention to pervasive computing and made scientific researches on it. According to the idea of pervasive computing, an overall program of aerocraft design is introduced in this paper. Subsequently a functional schematic of radar information processor embedded in aerocraft is presented. The hardware and software design and algorithms of radar information processor are introduced exhaustively. The preliminary exploration research of pervasive computing is accomplished in the aerospace electronic systems by means of this research and design.