Through simulating the distribution of flowing and temperature field by using CFD software,the microcosmic information of flowing and heat transfer in different types of heat exchangers with longitudinal flow of shell-side fluid is concluded.In slick tube,the angle between velocity vector and temperature grads vector is approximately 90 ℃ and the effect of heat transfer is worse.In tube with insert,the angle is less than 90 ℃ and synergism of flowing and temperature field is better,and thus enhanced heat transfer is accomplished.


This paper analyzed the brief principles and structure characteristics of high voltage frequency convertor and inner-feedback speed regulation system. Technical and economic comparisons between them were made. At last,we proposed the selecting principles of speed regulation system in high voltage AC generators.


The complexity of the established relationships in any supply chain needs system of decision more and more interconnected involving the companies to her belonging. The present paper analyzes the integration process of the productive chain of sugar to the network of supplies of processed food, promoted by the deregulation of the sugar sector and globalization of the markets. That process, conditioned by technological and organizational changes, makes emerged an intermediate market for sale of the sugar to the industrial market, being constituted a new industrial network. The currently emerging structure proposes to create a new inter-organizational mode capable of responding jointly and flexibly to the final demand.


For the first time, the morphological and anatomical features of the herbal preparation "Phytofrufol", developed on the basis of medicinal plants growing in the conditions of Uzbekistan, were studied. The results obtained will allow identification of the studied collection, provide the possibility of developing regulatory documents and introducing this herbal collection into medical practice as a new diuretic drug.


We read with great interest the article by Shelburne et al. ([4][1]) describing two different clones of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Acinetobacter baumannii with distinct clinical outcomes. In that report, carried out in a university hospital in Texas, the authors detected the presence of two major


With an energy range from around 300 GeV to more than 100 TeV, the High Altitude Water Cherenkov (HAWC) observatory is currently the most sensitive gamma-ray survey instrument in the TeV energy range. Recent HAWC data show that 2HWC J1825-134 is the brightest source above 56 TeV in the HAWC field of view. The region of J1825 is complex and contains multiple astrophysical sources, e.g. pulsar wind nebulae, supernova remnants, and molecular clouds. The study of VHE galactic sources like 2HWC J1825-134 is crucial to understand the production and acceleration processes of cosmic rays in the Galaxy, and can clarify whether these sources can provide the power needed to sustain the galactic cosmic ray population up to the knee. In this contribution we will present the morphological analysis of 2HWC J1825-134, discussing the possible astrophysical counterparts of this source. We will also present the spectral analysis, comparing different scenarios of particle acceleration (hadronic/leptonic), and will provide an estimate of the associated cosmic-ray flux produced and the maximum acceleration energy.


Most Indonesian learners are bilingual or even polyglot. Not only speaking their mother tongue (which is mostly regional language like Javanese or Sundanese), they are also exposed to foreign languages like Arabic, English and French. However, it does not necessarily means that learning foreign languages is easy for them. According to Chomsky, human beings are equipped with Language Acquisition Device which enables them to acquire any language they are exposed to. It is assumed that the more we are exposed to other languages, the easier it is for us to learn foreign languages. Communicative Approach is used in the learning process at Program Studi Sastra Perancis Universitas Negeri Semarang. This approach focuses on 4 competencies namely: Speaking (La production orale), Writing (La production ecrite), Listening Comprehension (La comprehension orale) and Reading Comprehension (La comprehension ecrite). Since Grammar Course has been abolished from the curriculum for a couple of years, it is in these 4 courses of competence that its teaching is integrated into. Unfortunately, most students are not quite competent in these four courses and also weak in Grammar. It is expected that Language Awareness concept help solve this problem.


Current information concerning the luminescence of divalent manganese is reviewed. Recent experimental and theoretical investigations indicate that the excited state leading to emission has four of the 3d electrons with parallel spins and one anti-parallel, while the ground state has all electrons with parallel spins. Configuration co-ordinate curve calculations from experiment show that there is little lattice relaxation around the manganese ion after optical transitions. This has led to one explanation of the asymmetric emission band characteristic of divalent manganese in terms of transitions to discrete vibrational levels of the ground state. Another widely proposed explanation is that there are various sub-bands in the emission spectrum coming from close-lying electronic states of the ion. Auxiliary experiments have thus far failed to decide between these views. In silicate type phosphors both red and green emission bands arise from divalent manganese. Two explanations have been offered for these bands. One, the "cluster" theory, is that each band corresponds either to a single ion or cluster of ions. The other, the "co-ordination" theory, is that the colour is primarily dependent on the number of ions surrounding the activator. Recent experiments on the concentration dependence and magnetic properties of manganese-activated silicate phosphors tend to support the latter explanation.


The growth of urban tourism requires a reconceptualization of the same. The fi rst part of this essay is oriented to its theorization from various conceptual perspectives: interest in the tourist, their practices, their situation as an acting person, as a producer of the tourism space, are some of the various viewpoints considered. The second part, analyzes the relationship between urban tourism and gentrifi cation; we state that the gentrifi cation of historical downtown neighborhoods in Latin America is more the result of their "turistifi cation" and the urban politics of local governments, than of processes based on the actions of the middle class gentrifi ers. The conclusion confi rms the strong but peculiar relationships between new types of urban tourism and gentrifi cation.


Sparse linear array has been widely used for its good performance of large aperture and low cost. But this kind of array often suffers from its high level side lobes and grating lobes. This paper presents a two-dimension particle swarm optimization (2-D PSO) algorithm for the design of non-uniform sparse linear array to reduce the effect of harmful lobes. Both the positions and beam directions of array elements are considered as the two optimization variates of the proposed algorithm. The patterns and output SINRs are compared between 2-D PSO sparse array and pre-existing array, the simulation results show that 2-D PSO algorithm is more efficient for sparse array optimization. The robustness of the proposed 2-D sparse array is also verified in this paper.


This article presents absolute stability conditions for a particular class of Takagi–Sugeno fuzzy control systems. Initially, a Takagi–Sugeno fuzzy control system is transformed into a multivariable Lur'e type system. A simple algorithm for checking the absolute stability of this system is then proposed. Since the key of the proposed algorithm is to solve algebraic Riccati equations, software packages such as MATLAB provides a simple means to check the conditions. The proposed approach does not limit the methods of fuzzification and defuzzification. This article presents several analytical examples to verify the simplicity and efficiency of the proposed approach.


The evolution of the magnetic and magnetotransport properties and of the crystal structure in the cobaltites La0.45Ba0.55CoO3‐δ and La0.4Ba0.6CoO3‐δ depending on the oxygen content is investigated by various methods. The oxygen content decrease leads to a stabilization of the oxidation state 3+ of the cobalt ions and to a transition from ferromagnetic conducting state into an insulating antiferromagnetic long‐range one. Application of a magnetic field gradually transforms the antiferromagnetic state into a ferromagnetic one. This transition is accompanied by a large magnetoresistance effect. There is no obvious temperature dependence of the average cubic unit cell parameter, however, temperature evolution of diffraction peak profiles suggests a phase separation scenario apparently due to a spin crossover. It is assumed that the ferromagnetic component corresponds to the collective intermediate spin state of cobalt ions while antiferromagnetic phase corresponds to a mixed high/low spin state.


OBJECTIVE To identify Tibetan medicine Morina nepalensis in pharmacognostical methods systematically. METHODS The original plant identification,morphological and histological identification,microscopic identification,thin layer chromatography( TLC) were adopted. RESULTS The characters of original plants,morphology,histology,microscopy and TLC were successfully described. CONCLUSION The method is practical,special and reproducible.


The incorporation of nanoscale particles into oriented polymers offers the potential to enhance the properties of the resultant nanocomposites. Vapour-grown carbon nanofibres (CNF) are particularly favoured due to high particle shape anisotropy (~10-100), high modulus (240GPa), and are readily available. CNF have been incorporated into polypropylene (PP) using a twin-screw extruder, and the nano-filled material has then been oriented by melt-spinning and solid phase drawing, to produce high modulus, highly oriented tapes, that are then formed into thick section homogeneous sheets, using the hot compaction process developed at the University of Leeds. Preliminary static tensile testing results of uniaxially wound hot compacted samples show an increase in the Young's modulus from 6.6GPa to 8.5GPa, at the optimum compaction conditions, over unfilled hot compacted PP. Results of varying the blending and compaction conditions are reported, along with investigation into the length, orientation and dispersion of the CNF in the PP matrix, using a variety of techniques including dynamic light scattering (DLS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).


In this study,a series of polyimide/TiO_2 hybrid membranes supported on TiO_2/kieselguhr-mullite(K-M) were prepared from polyimide with plenty of carboxyl and TiO_2 sol via a sol-gel process.Polyimide was solution imidized employing 4,4'-hexafluoroisopropylidenediphthalic anhydride(6FDA),2,4,6-trimethyl-1,3-phenylenedi-amine(TMPDA) and 3,5-diaminobenzoic acid(DABA).Their morphologies,chemical structures,thermal performances, pore distribution and gas permeability were characterized by methods of TEM,FTIR,TG/DTA,DSC,BET and gas permeability measurement.The results showed that the hybrid membranes possess higher thermal stability and compatibility between the organic and inorganic components.The hybrid membranes possess the space networks with regular pores formed by the connection between the polyimide and TiO_2 sol via the carboxyls along the polyimide chain.The hybrid membranes showed higher separation properties for H_2,CO_2,N_2 and H_2O when compared to the pure polyimide.The separation factors of the polyimide/TiO_2 hybrid membranes with 25wt% TiO_2 contents for H_2/N_2,CO_2/N_2 and H_2O/N_2 are 56.6,31.3 and 55.3,respectively.


The actual urban MV distribution network planning is a combined optimization problem with multi-objective functions, which should satisfy both economy and reliability indexes. Although it is mentioned in some papers, this problem has not been solved successfully. The economy index includes annual investment and operation costs of all equipments in distribution network, and the reliability index is customer outage cost on behalf of reliability benefit. Firstly, the fuzzy technology was used to make the two indexes fuzzy in order that they had the same degrees. Based on this, the multi-objective model of urban MV distribution network planning was designed. Then, the novel multi-objective genetic algorithm was put forward. The hybrid method was applied for the selection operation of the algorithm, which considered the traits of multi-objective optimization problem and included paratactic selection method, elitist preservation strategy and sharing function method. And the TS mutation operation was applied. Finally, the model and algorithm described in the paper are testified to be feasible by analyzing the actual example.


The Diffuse Infrared Background Experiment (DIRBE) is designed to measure the absolute brightness of the entire sky in the 1-300 μm spectral range. It is one of three instruments on NASA's Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE) satellite, to be launched in 1989 on a Delta rocket. The DIRBE will map the entire sky in 10 photometric bands with 1% relative accuracy at a spatial resolution of 0.6 °. Due to the wide dynamic range of signals expected in many bands, this requirement imposes stringent constraints on system linearity, which is particularly difficult to achieve in those spectral channels using photovoltaic or photoconductive detectors. For these detector types, we employ transimpedance amplifiers (TIA) requiring the use of very high impedance feedback elements for low noise operation. Typically, high value resistors used at cryogenic temperatures have quite nonlinear current/voltage relations. We have evaluated several resistor types and found that Victoreen MOX-400 resistors offer good linearity over the relevant signal range, and if procured without epoxy encapsulation, consistently survive repeated cooling to cryogenic temperatures. Approximately 50 flight and flight spare Victoreen MOX-400 resistors were tested for linearity and temperature coefficient of impedance over the 1.5-4.2K temperature range. The devices were found to have small voltage coefficients of impedance, and good uniformity from sample to sample. In this paper, we present a description of the measurement techniques used and show the measured electrical characteristics of the resistors.


Science characteristically pursues general- izations thought to approximate eternal truths. Thus, a science of values would be expected to specify the natural laws that govern human values and their effects on action. But research in psychology suggests that values are often contextually determined, sociohistorical phenomena that can be created or destroyed by the very beings whose be- havior is guided by them. Historical change in human values changes the social institutions that embody these values and help individuals pursue them. When social institutions are transformed in this way, it becomes easy to mistake contingent, cultural truths for eternal, natural ones. Science tends to tell people that what is the case must be the case because it is the result of natural law. Applied to human values, such a message has significant normative consequences, affecting people's conceptions of what is possible and thus their aspirations and plans. The task of a "science" of values should instead be to make the historical contingency of values clear, thus encouraging discussion of what values people ought to have and what social arrangements would best contribute to the devel. opment of those values.


In order to investigate the influence near-fault ground motion (NFGM) on seismic performance of the elastic restraint system (ERS) and the viscous damper system (VDS) of cable-stayed bridge (CSB). A number of NFGMs from different earthquake events were selected as excitations. The nonlinear time history analysis are carried out based on the finite element model of a long span CSB. The seismic analysis studies show NFGMs of the ChiChi earthquake lead to larger seismic response than the Imperial Valley earthquake. The NFGMs with large velocity pulse may enlarge both the internal force and deformation response of the ERS and VDS. The VDS can always get a better performance than the floating system (FS) under NFGMs from different earthquake events. However, the ERS may cause larger internal forces responses when suffered from NFGMs of ChiChi earthquake with or without velocity pulse.


work, which has facilitated resource mobilization from Japan. This region is at the heart of the flyway but has previously lacked conservation capacity. These meetings signal a long-term process of institution building within the East Asian-Australasian Flyway, which is not only facing multiple threats but is embedded within a region of complex geopolitics and socio-economic diversity. Conservation of these migratory species is being championed by policy entrepreneurs who are crafting a way forward through various institutional arrangements. Multilateral efforts are thus well underway to avert waterbird extinctions; the question is whether they can gain traction before is too late. For more information, see caff.is/arctic-migratory-birdsinitiative-ambi, and eaaflyway.net/.


A program for the simulation of two‐dimensional (2‐D) fluid flow at the microstructural level of a saturated anisotropic granular medium is presented. The program provides a numerical solution to the complete set of Navier–Stokes equations without a priori assumptions on the viscous or convection components. This is especially suited for the simulation of the flow of fluids with different density and viscosity values and for a wide range of granular material porosity.


Network load is balanced and energy is in stable and sustainable is the important guarantee for the stability of the network. Traditional clustering algorithm for ad hoc network can effectively achieve a single point of network stability, and there is no efficient algorithm for long-term stability. Improvements have been made in this context traditional network clustering algorithm, based on efficient cluster head node using residual energy and communications networking sensor networks nodes remaining weaknesses in the energy networks and strengthening, improving the overall balance and effectiveness of the network, and ultimately to improve the long-term stability in wireless ad hoc networks sensor networks.


Three-Phase Pulse Width Modulated (PWM) converters are used in a large number of applications, such as motor drives, energy storage systems, and wind turbines, among many others. Usually, the control of this type of converter is achieved by dual-loop control structures (inner-current and outer-voltage) implemented with linear-based compensators. As a consequence, the transient response performance of the closed-loop system is limited by the dynamics of the linear compensators, leading to sluggish transient responses. In this paper, a novel geometric-based control approach for the three-phase PWM rectifier is introduced in order to improve the converter dynamics under large transients. A geometric-large signal model of the converter that describes the average natural trajectories for the operating point under different conditions is derived. Based on the natural trajectories of the converter, a closed-loop geometric based controller that computes the path that the operating point must follow to achieve the target point is developed. As a result, during transients, the operating point is able to follow a well-determined trajectory. The characteristic features of the proposed method are fast, reliable and predictable transient responses, as well as low computational cost and low-bandwidth sensing and signal conditioning stages due to the average nature of the model. Simulation and experimental results of the proposed model and control technique are provided to validate the theoretical analysis and implementation of the geometric-based large-signal controller.


This document seeks to make a brief analysis of the institutional resources aimed to enforce for the participation of communities in the periphery, in the creation of projects of economic growth that will be executed in their territories, focusing on the infrastructure that the current National Plan of Development set to generate/strengthen these processes (or the contrary).


Objective To establish a prognostic model for breast cancer based on immunohistochemisry and bioinformatics.Methods The immunohistochemical parameters of 45 cases of breast cancer(15 cases with poor prognoses and 30 surviving free from cancer) were analyzed by software based on support vector machine(SVM).The optimal immunohistochemical combination for prognoses was screened and the model was established.Results The combination of PR,p53,EGFR,Cathepsin D,PCNA and C-erbB2 presented the optimal prognostic value.The established model demonstrated a high accuracy rate(80.0% for the patients with poor prognosis and 90.0% for the patients surviving free from cancer).Conclusion The bioinformatic model based on immunohistochemical parameters would be beneficial for prognosis of breast cancer.


This paper describes the latest version of an integrated hardware and software framework developed for autonomous operation of rescue robots. The successful operation of an autonomous rugbot -short for "rugged robot -was especially demonstrated during several runs at the RoboCup world championship 2006 in Bremen. The design of the autonomous system is described in detail with an emphasis on extendibility and the specific requirements of a typical unstructured rescue scenario.


A slide fastener teeth planting machine thread feeding means for feeding a metal wire to the zipper teeth planting machine, comprising a base body and a transport mechanism disposed on the base body, the transmission mechanism comprises a rotatably fixed to the base body, two a feed wheel, respectively two pressure wheels and wheel support frame of the conveyor is provided, about which the support frame itself may be pivotally connected to the base body of the support frame should be provided with two pressure wheels pressing member respectively , the pressing member is fixed relative to the support frame, the pressing member are elastically pressed against the two pressure wheels. The tooth implant fastener machine thread feeding apparatus has the advantage that wire feed stability.


A transiting rocky planet 8 parsecs away Most exoplanets have been detected using either the radial velocity (RV) method or the transit method, which provide only limited information on the planet's physical properties. In the rare cases in which both methods detect the same planet, the combination determines the planet's mass, radius, and density. Trifonov et al. identified a planet, Gliese 486 b, using both RV and transit data. The host star is a red dwarf only 8 parsecs away, making this one of the closest exoplanet systems known. A rocky super-Earth, Gliese 486 b has an equilibrium surface temperature of 700 kelvin. The authors say that it is observationally favorable for searches for an atmosphere. Science, this issue p. 1038 A hot rocky super-Earth exoplanet orbits a red dwarf star only 8 parsecs away. Spectroscopy of transiting exoplanets can be used to investigate their atmospheric properties and habitability. Combining radial velocity (RV) and transit data provides additional information on exoplanet physical properties. We detect a transiting rocky planet with an orbital period of 1.467 days around the nearby red dwarf star Gliese 486. The planet Gliese 486 b is 2.81 Earth masses and 1.31 Earth radii, with uncertainties of 5%, as determined from RV data and photometric light curves. The host star is at a distance of ~8.1 parsecs, has a J-band magnitude of ~7.2, and is observable from both hemispheres of Earth. On the basis of these properties and the planet's short orbital period and high equilibrium temperature, we show that this terrestrial planet is suitable for emission and transit spectroscopy.


THIS ARTICLE DEFINES major political and demographic characteristics of an economically underdeveloped region—he Lower Mississippi Delta. It focuses on the relationship of the major Delta port cities, their periphery, and the effects of five major past federal and state intervention efforts in explaining rural underdevelopment in the Delta region. Discussion of recent attempts at regional cooperation in the Lower Mississippi Delta is contrasted to past intervention efforts and cultural-political realities, [regionalism, port cities, underdevelopment, economic growth and development, U.S. federal and state interventions]


Tympanoplasty implies reconstruction of perforated tympanic membrane with or without ossiculoplasty. Local anaesthesia with sedation under Monitored Anaesthesia Care (MAC) is a well-established approach used for tympanoplasty with advantages such as less bleeding and ability to test hearing intraoperatively. A variety of drugs have been used for hypnosis, sedation and analgesia such as benzodiazepines with opioids, in middle ear surgery as adjuncts to enhance the patient and surgical comfort. However, there is increased risk o f h y p o x e m i a , p r o l o n g e d s e d a t i o n a n d a p n e a . Dexmedetomidine is a selective alpha-2 agonist with properties of analgesia and sympatholysis without major respiratory depression and is being increasingly used for procedural sedation and surgeries done under MAC.


The crude extract of Swertia chirayita, an important medicinal plant of Nepal, is locally used for many diseases including type 2 diabetes. In this study, crude aqueous and 12% ethanol solution extracts of S. chirayita collected from nine districts of Nepal were analyzed for anti‐diabetic‐linked anti‐hyperglycemia potential using in vitro biochemical assays. There was moderate‐to‐high positive correlation between antioxidant activity and total phenolic content of both extracts and moderate‐to‐high α‐glucosidase inhibitory activity. Although the anti‐diabetic property of S. chirayita is mainly attributed to the phytochemical swerchirin present in its hexane fraction, we propose that the crude extract of this plant used in local healing also has anti‐hyperglycemia potential. The crude extracts indicated the presence of three main phytochemicals mainly mangiferin, swertiamarin, and amarogentin and their derivatives. Among the standard compounds (mangiferin, swertiamarin, and amarogentin), mangiferin showed α‐glucosidase and 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl radical inhibitory activity indicating anti‐hyperglycemia potential. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Rosacea is an inflamatory and chronic condition which affects adult skin, mainly in the center of the face. The prevalence of this disease varies according to the geographic area and race. Generally rises on elders and women. Usually the diagnostic is clinic and biopsy is not requiered. According to several studies exists a relation between the disease and a higher growth of Demodex folliculorum . This mite is usually found in human skin without symtoms. However higher growths plus predisponent factors could trigger problems. For determinating mite's presence tecnique as punch and shave biopsy are used. For quantifying mite's number the tissue is observed by microscopy tecniques. The aim of this project is to study the relation between rosacea and Demodex folliculorum presence in 16 biopsies from 16 patients with rosacea from Hospital Clinico of Salamanca. This relation is believed positive because in more of the half of the biopsies exits Demodex, moreover several studies support the statement.


1 East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States, Uplift Appalachia, Johnson City, TN, United States, 3 Strong Brain Institute, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States, Center for Integrative Addiction Research (CIAR), Grüner Kreis Society, Vienna, Austria, University Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria, Department of Religious Studies, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria, 7 Institute for


27 Chapter 1: Introduction and study rationalé 31 1.1. Historical perspectives, evolving concepts and definition of cardiomyopathy 31 1.2. Epidemiology of cardiomyopathy in Africa 39 1.3. The pathophysiology, natural history and outcomes of familial dilated cardiomyopathy 41 10 1.4. The phenomenon of familial aggregation in peripartum cardiomyopathy 43 1.5. Risk factors and outcome in peripartum cardiomyopathy 44 1.6. The Groote Schuur Hospital experience on cardiomyopathies 45 1.7. Rationalé for the study 45 1.8. Study hypothesis 46 1.9. Study aims 46 Chapter 2: Methods 47 2.1. Study design 47 2.2. Subject selection 47 2.3. Measurements 48 2.4. Statistical analysis 48 2.5. Ethical considerations 48 Chapter 3: Frequency and clinical genetics of familial dilated cardiomyopathy in Cape Town: implications for the evaluation of patients with unexplained cardiomyopathy 51 3.


A uniformly distributed family of circular topology is analyzed using probabilistic methods to find mean valued radiation characteristics in the near field (Fresnel zone). Linear arrays with circular and spherical distributions of one, two and three dimensional spaces are compared using this analysis to obtain benchmark performance metrics. This novel method also determines the statistical effects of converging pattern behavior at the hyperfocal distance of each topology. Closed form expressions from this method provide ease in statistical analysis. As a result, this work presents a comparison of data for each respective circularly bounded distribution with its respective hyperfocal distance. Results of each dimensional topology also maintain the same aperture size in comparison to each respective distribution range resolution capability.


In this paper,the history fault data of power transformer is processed with fuzzy and scatter method.The processed data is used to structure the fault diagnosis decision-making table which is treated as ("knowledge database").This paper introduced rough sets data mining method to take potential diagnosis rule from the fault diagnosis decision-making table of power transformer.These rules can offer effective fault diagnosis service for power transformer.


The curtain has long risen on a financial war --a harsher war with no smoke while people are hailing the end of the Cold War and the prospect of world lasting peace and common prosperity. In his The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order, Samuel Huntington, the Eaton Professor of the Science of Government and Director of the Center for International Affairs of Harvard University listed fourteen strategic points of Western civilizations in dominating the world.


Chlorine contact tank in water and waste water treatment plant suffer from a lack of efficiency disinfected treated water, which discharge to the rivers and they need a large amount of chlorine for the purpose of disinfection as a result of the presence of dead zones in the basins of chlorine as well as the need to contact a long more than exact standard specifications for the tanks disinfection time. This study deal with optimal performance basin mixing chlorine, which is located at the beginning of Chlorine contact tank of waste water treatment plant in the city of Nasiriyah in Dhi Qar, which is located south of the province of Iraq. In this paper, the use of computational fluid dynamic model in the numerical analysis for the purpose of finding the optimum performance of the chlorine mixing tank with the help of the program FLUENT 6.3.26 and program GAMBIT 2.3.16. Also in this study was used User Defined Function for the purpose of improvements of mixing chlorine. Where the results of the study showed that the ideal rotational speed of the mixer is 140 rpm as well as the results showed Numerical Model that can reduce chlorine dose to 5 mg\liter, which is the optimum concentration of chlorine to be supplied for wastewater disinfect and is identical to the Iraqi specifications water sanitation, which discharge to the Euphrates


Enrichment caused by Trichodesmium phenomenon is manifested in the environment by the appearance of a series of organisms in succession. In April and May, when Trichodesmium bloom is on the decline in Goa waters (Arabian Sea) and the sea conditions are still fairly uniform, a mixed diatom bloom comprising largely of Chaetoceros appears. This is followed by swarms of cladocerans mostly consisting of Evadne. Soon afterwards the c1adocerans are succeeded by dinoflagellates and green algae. At this stage, Noctiluca becomes the most predominant .organism. The dinoflagellates 'are soon followed by swarms of copepods and finally the carnivores (siphonophores and Sagitta) make their appearance in large numbers. Thus, within 2 months, concommittent with the decline of Trichodesmium bloom, rapid changes occur in the population density of planktonic life of the sea when one set of organisms gets replaced by another and each time the community gets reorganized.


The purpose of this study was to offer important information to Korean representative players and instructors by analyzing technique and performance of parallel bars, the most likely game for Korea to win a gold medal in London Olympics in the history of gymnastics, by collecting information and data on international games to see what technique and performance are preferred by the world as scoring regulation has revised in 2009. Performances of 8 Korean players, who participated in the 1st Japan Cup International Gymnastics Contest, have been analyzed based on the revised code, using SPSS/PC 15.0 program, of which results are following. B level difficulty has been figured to perform 2 techniques for 6 times, and C level was figured to display 5 for 15 times. Among A, B, C, D, E, F and G levels, the most favored was D, which displayed 12 techniques for 38 times, while Basket to Handstand(Group Ⅳ, No. 10) power, suspension legs swing technique was the most favored by the players, sharing 21.2% by 8 players. E level was figured to display 6 techniques for 20 times, and F level was figured to display 1 technique for once.


The present work deals with magnetic and structural phase instabilities in Ni-Mn-based Heusler alloys especially Ni-Mn-Al. The temper-annealed Ni50Mn45Al5 Heusler alloy decomposes into the full stoichiometric Ni2MnAl and NiMn phases. The decomposed stoichiometric Heusler forms precipitates in an anti-ferromagnetic NiMn matrix and exhibits shell-ferromagnetic properties when the temper-annealing is performed under magnetic field. The shell-ferromagnetism results from the magnetic proximity effect and is observed as vertically shifted magnetization loops. The presence of this property in Ni50Mn45Al5 adds the possibility of having a ductile material while preserving the shell-ferromagnetic properties.


In the introductory part of this article, the principles of a concrete degradation by organic acids are mentioned, these acids occur, particularly in silage and haylage troughs, biogas stations, on concrete floors and grates in the vicinity of drinking basins with an addition of formic acid and also in fermenters and slurry reservoirs. In the experimental part, the first results of monitoring resistance of a concrete with a sealing admixture on the basis of styrene-acrylate against an effect of a low pH are presented. Additional accompanying tests are stated in the tested concretes.


Objective To investigate the protective effect of trimetazidine(TMZ)on myocardium in patients received 4'epi-dnxorubicin(EPI).Methods 42 patients whose myocardium were damaged because of the administra- tion of EPI were randomly divided into two groups.21 patients in treatment group received TMZ,Lhe other 21 patients were in control group.After 1-month the changes of cardiac troponin I(cTnI),C-reactive protein(CRP)and left ven- tricle ejective fraction(LVEF)were observed and compared between two groups.Results After treatment the levels of cTnI in treatment group and control group were[(0.57±0.07)mg/L vs(1.12±0.08)mg/L],the levels of CRP were [(4.9±1.2)mg/L vs(8.8±4.2)mg/L]respectively,there were significantly decreases in these parameters between two groups(P0.05).At the same time,patients' cardiac systolic function was improved[LVEF,(52±3)% vs (41±2)%],there was significant differences bet ween the two groups(P0.05).Conclusion TMZ can improve cardiac function anti reduce the serum levels of cTnI and CRP in patients received EPI.


We present an event-driven servo controller that is based on an (extremely) low resolution encoder. The control value is updated at each moment that an encoder pulse is detected, yielding zero measurement error. However, as the time between two control updates is varying now, conventional controller design methods do not apply as they normally assume a constant sample time. To deal with this problem, the controller design is performed by transforming the system equations from the time domain to the position (spatial) domain, in which the encoder pulses, and therefore the controller triggering, are equidistant. In this way, the control problem is rewritten as a synchronous problem for a non-linear plant. A gain scheduled controller is designed and analyzed in the spatial domain. This event-driven controller is experimentally validated on a prototype printer where a 1 pulse per revolution encoder is used to accurately control the motion of images through the printer.


This work describes a switched capacitor based PWM circuit for on-chip LCD backlight controllers. In the proposed scheme, the ambient light sensor output is sampled into an RC network which the discharge time is proportional to the output voltage corresponding to the light level. In addition, a novel approach that can overcome the nonlinear relationship between the initial voltage of the RC network and the discharge time is proposed. Furthermore, by using a switched capacitor resistor with variable clock frequency, the RC time constant is programmable and less sensitive to process variations with respect to passive resistors. The proposed PWM generator circuit is designed using CMOS 1.2um technology, and the operation is verified through circuit level simulations.


There had been studied the influence of electromagnetic waves at terahertz frequencies of active cellular metabolites (nitric oxide 150.176-150.664 GHz and 129.0 GHz atmospheric oxygen) on the changed parameters of homeostasis in experimental animals. It is shown that in the 15 minute exposure mode terahertz waves at frequencies of nitric oxide 150.176-150.664 GHz observed partial recovery of the changed parameters of homeostasis in stressed animals, and at 30 minute mode, the impact of these waves there is complete recovery of homeostatic parameters of male rats in a state of acute and prolonged immobilization stress.


I have been asked to speak on the subject of "health in development". I must take on the question -- the very difficult question -- as to how health relates to development.(a) At one level the question admits of a simple answer: surely the enhancement of the health of the people must be accepted more or less universally to be a major objective of the process of development. But this elementary recognition does not, on its own, take us very far. We have to ask many other questions as well. How important is health among the objectives of development? Is health best promoted through the general process of economic growth which involves a rising real national income per capita, or is the advancement of health as a goal to be separated out from the process of economic growth seen on its own? Do all good things go together in the process of development, or are there choices to be made on the priorities to be chosen? How does our concern for equity reflect itself in the field of health and health care? I shall have to go into these issues also. However, to motivate what is perhaps the most basic issue, let me begin with the report of a very old conversation between a husband and a wife on the subject of earning money. It is, of course, not unusual for couples to discuss the possibility of earning more money, but a conversation on this subject from around the eighth century BC is of some special interest. As reported in the Sanskrit text Brihadaranyaka Upanishad, Maitreyee and her husband Yajnavalkya are discussing this very subject. But they proceed rapidly to a bigger issue than the ways and means of becoming more wealthy: How far would wealth go to help them get what they want?(b) Maitreyee wonders whether it could be the case that if "the whole earth, full of wealth" were to belong just to her, she could achieve immortality through it. "No", responds Yajnavalkya, "like the life of rich people will be your life. But there is no hope of immortality by wealth". Maitreyee remarks, "What should I do with that by which I do not become immortal?". Maitreyee's rhetorical question has been cited again and again in Indian religious philosophy to illustrate both the nature of the human predicament and the limitations of the material world. I have too much scepticism of other worldly matters to be led there by Maitreyee's worldly frustration, but there is another aspect of this exchange that is of rather immediate interest to economics and to understanding the nature of development. This concerns the relation between incomes and achievements, between commodities and capabilities, between our economic wealth and our ability to live as we would like. While there is a connection between opulence, on the one hand, and our health, longevity and other achievements, on the other, the linkage may or may not be very strong and may well be extremely contingent on other circumstances. The issue is not the ability to live forever on which Maitreyee -- bless her soul -- happened to concentrate, but the capability to live really long (without being cut off in one's prime) and to have a good life while alive (rather than a life of misery and unfreedom) -- things that would be strongly valued and desired by nearly all of us. The gap between the two perspectives (that is, between an exclusive concentration on economic wealth, and a broader focus on the lives we can lead) is a major issue in the conceptualization of development. As Aristotle noted at the very beginning of the Nicomachean Ethics (resonating well with the conversation between Maitreyee and Yajnavalkya three thousand miles away): "Wealth is evidently not the good we are seeking; for it is merely useful and for the sake of something else".(c) The usefulness of wealth lies in the things that it allows us to do -- the substantive freedoms it helps us to achieve, including the freedom to live long and to live well. But this relation is neither exclusive (since there are significant other influences on our lives other than wealth) nor uniform (since the impact of wealth on our lives varies with other influences). …


As a part of a randomized clinical trial, the potential of patients' education and monitoring by ambulatory therapeutists for improving pharmaceutical prevention and treatment effectiveness in Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM-2) was evaluated. After 12 months, patients' compliance and lipid level control improved significantly, as well as selfrated health and quality of life.


Oil and natural gas make up a significant part of the global economy, and the extraction of these natural resources is an essential industry. Recently, the rate of extraction of natural resources has increased significantly, the accumulated growth in exploration and discoveries of new and previously mothballed deposits, of course, entail the huge costs for restoring the natural environment. Currently, most of the deposits are located in the northern territories, where there are additional risks to the natural environment. In addition to unfavorable climatic factors that complicate the process of extraction and restoration of land, soils of natural areas are also represented by permafrost, which complicates both the extraction process itself and the process of subsequent land restoration. The impact on the atmospheric air has its negative consequences, at present most of the negative emissions and flaring have been significantly reduced. Nevertheless, there are undoubtedly risks for workers and the living environment in mining areas. In this article, we have tried to present and calculate the environmental risks for the deposits of the Leno-Tunguska oil and gas province. The paper presents the main indicators of the impact on the environment: atmospheric air, soil (waste drilling mud and industrial waste), and the impact of harmful factors on the health of workers. Currently, this impact makes the main negative contribution. The damage is given in a specific equivalent, which gives us an equivalent impact, due to the fact that the total cost of the negative impact is divided by the volume of extracted raw materials.


Like all the other components making up the radiographic system, the x-ray tube housing has for many years received the attention of those people and organizations interested in x-ray protection. Occasionally one reads or hears the comment that only in the last few years has any attention been given to the matter of patient protection. While it may be true that patient protection has been emphasized in recent years, that it was ignored earlier is not true. Like all other factors involved in exposure control, the diagnostic tube housing has been subject to changing recommendations which reflected then current technology and philosophy. A review of the history of these recommendations should be of interest to all who are involved in the use of x-rays in medicine or dentistry. In 1901 William Rollins conducted a series of experiments on whole-body exposures of guinea pigs to x rays. He exposed an animal two hours daily to "the x-light," and on the eleventh day it died. Another animal similarly exposed died o...


The problem of the study is the lack of active in an organization and study discipline. This research is aimed to find out whether being active in an organization and study discipline partially and simultaneous to students achievement.
 This research was held in Faculty of Economy State University of Medan Willem Iskandar Street Pasar V Medan Estate. The population in this research is the students of Economy Education Study Program academic year 2011 which total is 91 students. Simple random sampling technique is used to get the sample and 59 students were choosen as the sample. Documentation and inquiry were used as technique of data collection to get the data which are needed to test the hypothesis. Validity test to analyze the inquiry list used Product Moment formula, and the reliability was acquired by using cronbach alpha formula. Data analysis technique whic was used in this research is Multiple Linear Regression and t test and f test were used to prove the hypothesis.
 Based on the data analysis, the multiple linear regression equation is Y = 1,946 + 0,005X1+0.11X2. From the t-test analysis result for being active in an organization variable that tcount value is 2,391 > ttable is 1,6, with significant 0,020 ttable is 1,67, with significant 0,000 Ftable is (3,16), with significant 0,000 < 0,05. The percentage of the effect of being active in an organization and study discipline to students achievement is 0,474 or about 47,4%. Whereas the rest 52,6 % was affected by other factors which are not researched in this research.
 It can be concluded that there is effective positive and significant partially and simultaneous being active in an organization and study discipline to students achievement.


The globalisation of commerce and science means that new structures of governance are required to handle new and novel situations, such as across state and institutional boundaries. Sound governance, including elements that encourage foresight, is an important ingredient of managing global and local crisis situations. These crises are ever more apparent as a result of interdependence between consumer, firms and states across the world, especially with the ever increasing advent of instantaneous and low cost communication. This book examines the role of governance in local and multi-national businesses and in local, national and international political forums and organisations. (Imprint: Nova Press).


Everyday aesthetics offers a way to disclose the complexity of a seemingly routine activity like doing the dishes. In this article, I consider the aesthetic allure of one 15-year-old's letters home from camp preserved in a university's archives. By returning aesthetics to experience, philosophical hermeneutics restores the experience of understanding to its multi-sensuous materialization. When things speak to us and we in turn respond to them, we are both transformed. Betty Kaufman's letters vividly depict her experiences at the Laurel Falls Camp for Girls. How, I wondered, does aesthetics perform its mode of being? What are its topological contours? What might qualitative researchers co-responding with archival materials gain from this form of entanglement with understanding?


A series of Mn-based mixed metal oxide catalysts (Co-Mn-O, Fe-Mn-O, Ni-Mn-O) with high surface areas were prepared via low temperature crystal splitting and exhibited extremely high catalytic activity for the low-temperature selective catalytic reduction of nitrogen oxides with ammonia.


ABCTRACT A serosurveillance of IBR antibodies in Sudanese cattle was carried out using Passive Haemagglutination Test (PHT). The results indicated that IBR antibodies were widely prevalent in Sudanese cattle ranging from 14% in Northern Kordofan to 72% in Western Kordofan with an overall prevalence of 38%. The prevalence rate was not significantly different (P > 0.05) between various age groups being 43%, 45%, 52% and 46% in the age groups less than 1year, 1-2 years, 2 -3 years, and more than 3 years old, respectively. The epidemiological implications of the findings were also discussed.


The detailed mass-spectrometric evidence for our original findings [Magnusson et al. (1974) FEBS Lett. 44, 189-193] of ten gamma-carboxyglutamic acid residues in the N-terminal calcium-binding polypeptide of prothrombin is presented. The identification and sequence location of gamma-carboxyglutamic acid was made by electron-impact and field-desorption studies on acetyl permethyl peptide derivatives, and on the free amino acid. Details of the derivatives formed, and how this new amino acid may be easily recognized and sequenced from the mass spectrum, are given as a basis for future work.


Through the exploration of the mechanism of welding cracks on beam hangers,the reason behind the crack is analyzed.Cracks are created by restrain stress on the steel which is embrittled due to the inducement and enhancement effects by hydrogen after quench hardening of the steel.Thus the contributing factors to welding cracks include quench hardening of steel,hydrogen and restrain stress.The cracks are proved by experiments to be cold welding cracks,and the cracks of casting weld junction are also proved to be a result of insufficient heat treatment of castings.A new process has been brought forward,using E4303 electrodes for backing weld and E5016 for second-layer welding,to eliminate cold crack resulting from insufficient heat treatment of the casting steel.


Acute cholangitis is a life-threatening infection and several features are associated with worse prognosis if prompt treatment is not started.


The company valuation is an embedded practice in the business environment long enough to have raised many debates and studies. One of the debates is how to price a company in a merger or acquisition transaction. For this, various methods have been developed, and among them, the valuation by multiples. The biggest challenge in this method is the choice of the comparable transactions' universe, because each transaction is inserted in a particular context and has variables that together make every transaction unique. Among the many variables that can influence the value of the multiple of a transaction, it is possible to highlight the economic momentum in which the transaction takes place.
Thus, this study aims to examine whether the transaction multiple is subject to the economic momentum, and for that, we control the analysis with other variables that can also impact the multiple of a transaction


Many authors have suggested new forms to describe the surface anchoring energy of the liquid crystal-wall interface, replacing the Rapini-Papoular (RP) formula g s = (1/2) A sin2 theta. If the RP function is considered as the primary approximation, and a lowest order modification is included, then the surface anchoring energy can be represented by g s = (1/2) A sin2 theta(1 + zeta sin2 theta). zeta characterizes the modification to the RP formula and varies for the different energy forms. It is well known that the RP formula predicts a second order Freedericksz transition. This paper points out that the transition can be first order if the modification is taken into account, in which case at the threshold point the tilt angle of the director at the middle layer of the cell, thetam, is finite. The conditions for the existence of the first order transition are obtained; zeta < 0 is required for a first order transition. The approximate expression of the threshold field is also given.


The stress of a vertex is a node centrality index, which has been introduced by Shimbel (1953). The stress of a vertex in a graph is the number of geodesics (shortest paths) passing through it. In this paper, we introduce a new topological index for graphs called square root stress sum index using stresses of vertices. Further, we establish some inequalities, prove some results and compute stress-sum index for some standard graphs.


This paper presents some preliminary results, regarding outsourcing decisions, based on a study, which was conducted using a sample of enterprises operating in Greece. Specifically, the motivations, the risks, and the impact, positive or negative, of outsourcing are described and analyzed. 56 companies, which operate in the trading and manufacturing sectors, participated in this research. Results indicate that cost reduction and acquisition of technology/skills are the most important motivations for outsourcing, whereas contracting-out core activities and loss of control are the most serious risks of outsourcing. Generally, the impact of outsourcing is positive, with cost reduction and increase in flexibility the mostly cited benefits.


Elian No.6 is a new early-middle maturing lotus root cultivar selected from seedlings from the cross combination Elian No.4×8143 by Wuhan Vegetable Research Institute. Its main enlarged rhizome has 6-7 internodes which are more uniform than their parents in size and shape, with short-tubular shape, yellowish white skin color and 2.6 kg weight. The rhizome inserts shallow earth, 25-30 cm in depth generally. The single whole enlarged rhizome weighs 3.8 kg and the yield is about 37 500-45 000 kg/hm2.


The smallest space analysis of proximities (SSA-1) developed by Guttman and Lingoes was applied to the intercorrelation matrix of the CPI scales for males given in the manual, and to a matrix for male medical school applicants in Israel. Each of the matrices could be represented in a two dimensional space. A correlation of .92 between the SSA interpoint distances of the American and the Israeli data was obtained proving cross-cultural invariance of the pattern of the scale intercorrelations. Similarity of order relations among variables is also illustrated by gradients showing invariant simplex patterns of the corresponding submatrices.


The level of development of production, social infrastructure and the degree of development of society as a whole largely depends on how developed the banking sector of the state is. An important role in fulfilling the tasks is assigned to commercial banks, which can provide credit resources to enterprises and organizations, as well as citizens. In addition, an efficient and stable banking sector is a key factor in the growth of the national economy. The purpose of the article is to determine the features of the formation of credit policy and loan portfolio of a commercial bank in modern economic conditions. The article identifies the features of the formation of credit policy and loan portfolio of a commercial bank in modern economic conditions. It is generalized that the main specific features of credit relations are: their emergence at the stage of redistribution of final income; formation on the basis of return and with the payment of interest; impact on the structure and volume of cash flows and features of the bank loan market. It is proved that the study of the bank loan market involves the analysis of the structure of the loan portfolio, its most important areas are the assessment of the structure of the loan portfolio by type of customers, terms of lending, as well as by type of currency and more. It is determined that the credit policy of a banking institution is one of the main elements of banking policy, which is a strategy and tactics of the bank to attract temporarily free funds in the economy and direct them to credit operations. In the process of credit risk management, an important element is the ability of the bank's management to choose correctly: the sphere of management in which it is advisable to concentrate the bank's lending activities at a given time; "Its client", based on its creditworthiness and other factors that are of paramount importance for the bank in deciding on the possibility of granting a loan, etc. The credit policy of the banking institution determines the priorities in the development and improvement of lending activities, development of the credit process and increase its efficiency and ensures the stability, profitability and liquidity of the bank.


The level of criminality in Nigeria is at alarming rate which leads to daily development of various security skills used in identification and verification of offenders. Face Recognition (FR) which is one of the security skills is a biometric system used to identify or verify a person from a digital image. The dimensionality reduction is a most essential duty in the domain of FR. An algorithm that is used most of the times in FR for dimensionality reduction is Principal Component Analysis (PCA). PCA is a technique that can be used for dimensionality reduction but the major challenge of PCA is that it is a time-consuming data mining algorithm. Reducing the execution time of PCA has been a research significant topic in pattern recognition and computer vision. This paper presents a framework for execution time reduction of Principal Component Analysis based Algorithms focusing on CRT form of Residue Number System. Yale database and another new dataset is created containing 120 face images of 40 persons frontal faces with 3 images of each individual for the experiment.The proposed approach would decrease the execution time of PCA algorithm base algorithms.


Abstract This study was conducted to investigate the behaviour, selected physiological indicators and body mass changes in Nigerian indigenous broody hens. The times spent by the hens sitting on eggs and on ingestive behaviours (feeding and drinking) were monitored between 14:00 and 18:00 h twice per week for three weeks. The growth and physiological indicators monitored were body mass, rectal temperature, breast temperature and blood glucose concentration. Data collected were analysed using repeated measures ANOVA of SPSS having week as the repeated factor. The time spent by hens sitting on the eggs (88.09 ± 5.38 – 92.91 ± 2.35 %) and on ingestive behaviours (0.06 ± 0.03 – 0.11 ± 0.07 %) were similar at the 1st, 2nd and 3rd week of brooding. The blood glucose concentration was reduced at the 1st and 2nd but increased at the 3rd week while the breast temperature (BT) increased at the 1st and 2nd but dropped at the 3rd week. The rectal temperature and body mass did not differ significantly (P > 0.05) during the three weeks of the brooding process. In conclusion, natural brooding of embryos by hens under tropical conditions was accompanied by changes in body metabolism required for generation of heat which is transferred through the breast region of the hens to the eggs without necessarily resulting in higher rectal temperature of the hens.


This research aims to (1) Describe and analyze the Behavior of Beginner Voters in the Election of Regent and Deputy Regent of Polewali Mandar in 2019-2024, (2) Describe and analyze the tendency of novice voter behavior in dropping their choices to certain candidates or candidates in the election of Regent and Deputy Regent Polewali Mandar. This type of research is a qualitative descriptive study. The results showed that novice voters in Campalagian Subdistrict in the election of the Regent and Deputy Regent in 2019 in Polewali Mandar Regency, namely: (1) Rational voters almost the majority of the community considered the vision and mission offered by the candidate pair, (2) Factors affecting voters are influenced by three aspects namely the sociological, psychological and rational approaches, namely the figure/idol of the candidate pair, the vision and mission offered, the supporting party, the candidate's background, the candidate's education, and the supporting party.


The scattering from a thin wire of halflength H is described by a simple ray theory. The diffraction coefficients are determined by comparing the expression obtained by the ray approach with a simplified formula derived by one of the classical field approaches. An unusual property of the diffraction coefficients derived is that they depend on a nonlocal property of the diffracting object, namely on the length of the wire.


In this paper we introduce a wearable device combining cardiological monitoring and person's position assessment. An accelerometer is used as a multi-functional sensor for both body position and heart mechanical performance measurements, known as mechanocardiography (MCG). Cardio biopotential is also simultaneously captured at body surface as electrocardiogram (ECG), for heart electric output analysis. Body positions, such as standing, sitting, lying in the directions of left, supine, right, and prone, are detected, with an accuracy rate of 97.71%. Detecting body position in synchronization with heart activity allows more in-depth monitoring of a subject's potential health conditions and hence, well-being. We introduce an integrated multi-sensor device as a possible wireless wearable system for health monitoring applications.


Introduction There have been few cases reported of myopathy in dogs that were attributable to vitamin E deficiency (2, 4). However, recent experimental work has shown that vitamin E/selenium deficient diets can produce degeneration of the skeletal musculature and myocardium of growing dogs (5). This report deals with a recurring incidence of multiple acute deaths in a kennel due to acute myocardial degeneration. No further losses occurred after treatment with vitamin E and selenium preparation was instituted.


The development and discovery of new drugs is a long, costly and risky endeavour with low rate of success. It is a well-known practice to identify new uses for already existing drugs or known active compounds, referred to as "drug repositioning'' or "drug repurposing This case study uses NLP techniques and open data sources to explore their potential in identifying drugs for glioblastoma therapy beyond the obvious choices documented in established databases like DrugBank.


[Objective] To observe exercise training for unpredictable chronic mild stress on rat's serum β-endorphin and behavioral changes.[Methods] Twenty-four Wister rats were randomly divided into 3 groups,depression model group,exercise training group,and control group,(n =8).Depression model group,exercise training group and control group were adopted unpredictability of chronic mild stress-induced depression.Exercise training group was on the base of the model of chronic stress on depression.Open field experiments to study the impact of training of movement behavior of rats.Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay serum β-endorphin content.[Results] Open field rats in each group scored:Depression model group,exercise training group and the control group compared with the total number of activities after the modeling(17.25±4.03),(99.25±5.98);(42.13±3.01),(90.00±6.04);(92.75±6.94),(93.13±7.44);Mild chronic unpredictable stimulation made the serum β-endorphin increased in depression model group,exercise training made the serum β-endorphin declined.The serum β-endorphin in depression group was higher than that in control group(P 0.01).The serum β-endorphin in exercise training was lower than the depression group(P 0.01).[Conclusion] Mild chronic unpredictable stimulation made the serum β-endorphin increase,Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis hyperthyroidism,depression-like behavior,and exercise training made the serum β-endorphin of depression model group decline.The rat hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis of excitatory improves the performance of depression in rats with depression.


We describe our magneto-optic domain-wall-oscillation spectrum analyzer and its application to quantitative studies of forced vibrations of various walls in garnet thin films including periodic bubble lattices, periodic stripe patterns, and charged walls with and without an attached bubble. Linear oscillator analysis of the main Bloch wall resonance ν 0 yields the effective wall mass and viscous damping coefficients. A higher-frequency mode ν 2 of wall flexure having two nodes is also observed and discussed. Nonlinear phenomena at high drive include saturation of amplitude consistent with Bloch-line nucleation in one range of frequencies including ν 0 and with the Walker-deLeeuw mechanism in another including ν 2 . At moderate drives standing wall-vibration waves are excited both directly and parametrically. Waves observed in the space of wave vector, amplitude and frequency using spatial Fourier transform (Fraunhofer) magnetooptics, are discussed in terms of dispersion calculations for the parallel stripe pattern. Oscillations of charged walls and Neel walls were also detected for the first time in thin garnet layers (< 1μm). The large wall width inferred from charged wall mobility may explain an observed absence of velocity saturation up to 280 m/s.


ABSTRACT The construction – and deconstruction – of Europe is a spatial democratic process, and public opinion is central to it. One part of public opinion is fuelled by pragmatic – either economic (the search for prosperity) or strategic (the need for security) – arguments. Another is fired by political, moral and religious ideologies and identities (and utopian views of Europe in particular). Attitudes concerning Europe were never identical in the Western or Eastern halves of the continent, or in Britain. They evolved in connection with processes of economic change (from the second to the third phase of the Industrial Revolution), and latterly in relation to globalization and its geographic impact. Euroscepticism demands a deep adjustment of Europe to its current political-intellectual scene and geographic organization.


N. SETYOWATMNDARTO,1987.The effect of dipping in Ethrel solution on ripening rate and quality of pisang Ambon (Musa paradisiaca LINN) fruits. Suppl.Berita Biologi 3 : 20 - 25.The solution of ethrel for dipping were 750 pprn, 1000 ppm and it were dipped for 2, 4, 8 minutes and control (untreated).The results showed that the treatment accelerated the ripening of pisang Ambon faster 9-1 1 days than control.These werehighly significant difference according to Duncan's multiple range test, P = 1%.The observation indicated that the colour changes,firmness and vitamin C contents did not significanly difference compared to control on every stage of the ripening So that to accelerate ripening of pisang Ambon was recommended to use 750 ppm ethrel solution for 2 minutes.


The second gap in this sentence, denoted with pg, is what is called a ,epG." This comes from the fact that this gap cannot appear without the existence of the first gap, a trace created by the movement of the wh-phrase which article, which I refer to as a ;'real gap" (cf. Engdahl (1983». In the literature, PGs have been exposed to questions of how they are derived and licensed. ChOlnsky (1986) argues that PGs are produced by Inovement of null operators and licensed via chain composition. This proceeds along the line below:


The high-voltage discharging filter was designed for the purification of exhaust gases in automobile. The filter was located on the exhaust line after the three-way catalyst and the front of muffler. The electric power of 160 W was applied with the voltage of 16 and 20 KV and the current of 10 and 8 mA, respectively. The experimental measurement on smoke density was performed by the implementation of the automobile named, "galloper", a product of Hyundai Motor Co. at the engine speed of 2000 rpm and brake on. The smoke opacity in optical absorption measurement was reduced from 1.5 to 0.6-1.0% by the operation of the discharge filter.


Pig domestication has long been an issue of interest in archaeology and genetics.As the real-time carrier of the genetic information for historical or extinct animals,ancient DNA may provide continuous molecular evidence for tracing the history of domestication.We collected 30 wild boar fossils of Late Pleistocene from three caves in Guangxi,Southwest China.Through the use of the fragmented ancient DNA sequences from southern China and homologous sequences of both domestic and wild boars across Asia and Europe,we reconstructed the Network phylogeny of the pig family.The results agree with the multiple-origin-center-theory for pig domestication.Moreover,we found that the wild boar individual from Guangxi clustered into the European haplotype instead of the Asian one.It seems that there is no genetic contribution from the wild boar to the domesticated pig in Guangxi.We suggest that the previous opinion of independent pig domestication event has occurred in this area need reconsideration and further investigation.


Renin-angiotensin system(RAS) is an important endocrine system in the body.Classical,well-defined actions of RAS in the body is the regulation of blood pressure and the balance of water aml electrolyte.However, RAS has additionally been implicated in some cognitive functions, such as Learning and memory.Furthermore, RAS plays an important role in the pathogenesis of diabetic eneephalupathy.For exampie, Ang Ⅱ inhibits acetylcholine release and long-term potentiation(LTP), impairs insulin signaLing,activates oxidative stress and reduces cerebral blood flow; Ang Ⅳ can enhance LTP and acetylcholine release;Ang-(1-7) enhances LTP and increases the blood flow of brain.These findings bring us new hope for the prevention and treatment of diabetic encephalopalhy.

Key words:
Renin-angiotensin system;  Diabetic encephalopathy ;  Angiotensin


A nanorobotic system enables researchers to better handle nano-objects.To facilitate the nanomanipulation and improve efficiency, an AFM-based nanorobotic system was developed. The objective of this system is to provide operator real-time visual and force feed-back during manipulation.


A sulfur-annealing treatment was investigated to control the sulfur content of epitaxial CuInS2 films grown on GaAs substrate by PLD. The sulfur-annealing treatment improved the surface roughness and film crystallinity. Photoluminescence measurements obtained using the confocal microspectroscopy demonstrated that the annealed films show band-edge emissions over a very large area. Electron-probe microanalysis measurements indicated that the sulfur content of the annealed films was about 50 at.%, and the content of the emission area was more than 50 at.%. Therefore, the sulfur content of epitaxial CuInS2 films was successfully controlled by the sulfur-annealing treatment.


Inflammation and renin–angiotensin system activity in the brain contribute to hypertension through effects on fluid intake, vasopressin release, and sympathetic nerve activity. We recently reported that activation of brain peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor (PPAR)-&ggr; in heart failure rats reduced inflammation and renin–angiotensin system activity in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus and ameliorated the peripheral manifestations of heart failure. We hypothesized that the activation of brain PPAR-&ggr; might have beneficial effects in angiotensin II–induced hypertension. Sprague–Dawley rats received a 2-week subcutaneous infusion of angiotensin II (120 ng/kg per minute) combined with a continuous intracerebroventricular infusion of vehicle, the PPAR-&ggr; agonist pioglitazone (3 nmol/h) or the PPAR-&ggr; antagonist GW9662 (7 nmol/h). Angiotensin II+vehicle rats had increased mean blood pressure, increased sympathetic drive as indicated by the mean blood pressure response to ganglionic blockade, and increased water consumption. PPAR-&ggr; mRNA in subfornical organ and hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus was unchanged, but PPAR-&ggr; DNA-binding activity was reduced. mRNA for interleukin-1&bgr;, tumor necrosis factor-&agr;, cyclooxygenase-2, and angiotensin II type 1 receptor was augmented in both nuclei, and hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus neuronal activity was increased. The plasma vasopressin response to a 6-hour water restriction also increased. These responses to angiotensin II were exacerbated by GW9662 and ameliorated by pioglitazone, which increased PPAR-&ggr; mRNA and PPAR-&ggr; DNA-binding activity in subfornical organ and hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus. Pioglitazone and GW9662 had no effects on control rats. The results suggest that activating brain PPAR-&ggr; to reduce central inflammation and brain renin–angiotensin system activity may be a useful adjunct in the treatment of angiotensin II–dependent hypertension.


We consider an impulsive stochastic host-macroparasite equation on
time scales. By use of the Banach fixed point theorem and Gronwall-Bellman's
inequality technique on time scales, we obtain the existence and exponential stability
of mean-square almost periodic solutions for the host-macroparasite equation on time
scales. Finally, we give an example to illustrate the feasibility of our results.


In forensic toxicology it is often necessary to determine cyanide levels in biological materials. Reviews on methods for determining cyanide levels include those of Guatelli [10] and Bark and Higson [11].


The definition and measurement of risk propensity has long been a topic of debate among researchers, reflecting the perceived theoretical and practical importance of the construct.Recent work by Weber and collaborators suggests that such apparent domain differences in risk taking might have more to do with situational, domain-related differences in the perception of risk than with attitudes toward risk (Weber and Milliman, 1997; Weber, 2001).The bunjeejumpers may well dislike risk in both his recreational and social decisions (i.e., be consistently risk-averse across both domains) but perceive the risk of fall from a bridge to be very low (perhaps because it feels controllable) and the risk in social situations to be high.This study analyzes differences in risk behavior and risk propensity between different domains like entrepreneurs and people employed in public administration. We used a translated and validated version of the original Domain-Specific Risk-Taking (DOSPERT) scale developed by Weber, Blais, and Betz in Italian language. This scale is for use in measuring, for several risky activities/behaviors, an individual's behavioral likelihood, risk perception, and perception of expected benefit. The scale contains 40 items, evenly distributed across five general domains: financial decisions, health/safety, recreational, ethical, and social decisions. We investigated if entrepreneurs are more risk-taking in financial domain than people employed in public administration.


The impact of international harmonisation pressures on accounting policy choice is investigated in this study by examining the extent to which firms make policy choices that align with US GAAP or use International Accounting Standards (IAS) options that are not acceptable under US GAAP. Five policy areas (tangible assets, available-for-sale marketable securities, identifiable intangible assets, research and development expenditure and goodwill amortisation period) are considered. The firms are domiciled in the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Japan and Australia. In a composite measure of alignment, and in individual policies, there is more use of US GAAP-consistent policies, and little use of options allowed under IAS. US GAAP alignment is greatest among firms domiciled in Germany, France and Japan. There is some use of IAS options in the United Kingdom, and most use in Australia. Foreign listing and leverage are significant factors for policy choice. Foreign firms traded in the United States (US) are more likely to align with US GAAP than other firms. The listing effect is observed in the regulated and less-regulated US markets, indicating voluntary alignment of policy choices with US GAAP and demonstrating that the US regulator's requirements influence not only the use of non-national standards and the provision of additional information, but also the choices made within a firm's accounting policies.


The body of literature on brand extensions has extensively focused on consumers' evaluation and perceived fit of brand extensions. Yet little attention has been given to the internal and external strategic factors of foreign firms that affect brand extensions in a foreign host market. Drawing from international business and marketing literature, in this conceptual study we propose an integrative, conceptual framework to study these factors at three different levels: consumer-specific, industry-specific, and firm-specific factors in a host market. Specifically, we examine the impact of uncertainty avoidance, consumer innovativeness, market concentration, firms' heterogeneous resources (i.e., international experience and local market knowledge), and firms' strategic posture of standardization/adaptation. We also discuss implications and directions for future research.


About 1000 plant and animal species are considered threatened in New Zealand (Department of Conservation (DoC) and Ministry for the Environment (MfE) 2000). New Zealand's Environment 201 0 Strategy (Ministry for the Environment 1995) identifies "...protecting indigenous habitats and biological diversity.. ." first in a listing of environmental priorities for action. The priority objectives for biodiversity action in New Zealand incorporate specific mention of the urban environment, i.e., DoC and MfE (2000: 42) state under Objective 1.2, Sympathetic management Integrate and use measures in the sustainable management of production lands and urban environments that are sympathetic to indigenous biodiversity. Action (b) under this objective is to:


The NOAA Doppler lidar trailer was transported from Boulder, Colorado, to the 3.231km level of Hawaii's Mauna Loa volcano (lat. 19.55°N, long. 155.56°W) in No-vember 1988 to participate in the NASA-sponsored Mauna Loa Backscatter Intercomparison Experiment (MABIE) for 1988. Our purpose was multifold. Among the aerosol studies our goals were to gather a statistically meaningful set of vertical backscatter pro-files at two wavelengths in the clean Pacific environment, to compare data from several microphysical sensors located at the GMCC observatory 3 km away, to assess the representativeness of the ground-based GMCC samplers with respect to the air mass over-head, and to understand the depth of the upslope and downslope flows that have historically affected the GMCC samplers. We were highly successful on all counts, having gathered 243 vertical profiles at 10.59 gm, 49 profiles at 9.25 vim, 278 GMCC intercom-parisons, and 404 wind profiles and cross sections. Our data-gathering period extended over 24 days through December 11. We calibrated the system on seven different days, usually at both wavelengths, to insure accuracy in our results. We also acquired data close in time to nearby SAGE 11. sampling, and twice took data simultaneously with GMCC's ruby lidar.


Atmospheric pressure organometallic vapor phase epitaxy has been used for the growth of single InP/GaInAs/InP quantum wells with atomically abrupt interfaces. This has allowed wells as thin as 10 A to be grown which give sharp photoluminescence (PL) spectra at 10 K. PL and thermally modulated PL have been used to distinguish band‐to‐band and exciton luminescence transitions allowing an estimation of the exciton binding energy. For the first time, the qualitative trend of an increase in exciton binding energy with decreasing well width for thick wells followed by a distinct maximum and a sharp decrease in binding energy with decreasing well width for very thin wells has been observed. The maximum binding energy of approximately 17 meV is found to occur for a nominal well width of approximately 13 A.


The construction of public problems has a lasting influence on implementation in a given policy subsystem. National and sociopolitical contexts influence issue definition differently across nations. However, the degree to which nation-specific issue definition takes place has been insufficiently explored. In recent years, the growing incidence of autism has led to a quest for causal factors. One hypothesis posits that the use of mercury in vaccines may be a culprit. This paper examines the definition of the mercury and autism issue in Australia, Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Insights into the comparative elements of issue definition are suggested by the case. These insights are of particular importance to administrators, as agencies are deeply involved as objects and actors in the process of issue definition and are often responsible for implementing new and redefined policies.


To effectively reject the gyroscopic effects and moving-gimbal effects of the double gimbal magnetically suspended control moment gyroscope (DGMSCMG) and to avoid high control effort, this paper proposes a novel control method based on modal decoupling strategy. Modal controller is employed to realize the modal separation of the translation and rotation modes of the magnetically suspended rotor (MSR). Then the dynamic coupling among the two rotation modes of the MSR system and the two rotational motions of the gimbal servo systems have been decoupled by using differential geometry theory. Dynamic compensation filters have been designed to improve the decoupling performance and the system stability without large control resource. Compared with the existing channel decoupling method, the presented one can not only realize the separate control of stiffness and damping of the MSR but also simplify the control system design significantly. The simulation results verify the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed method.


Effort estimation is one of the important factors affecting the success of software projects. In order to support this, many effort estimation methods have been developed from past to present. The reliability of the effort estimation of a project depends on the choice of the most appropriate method for the project characteristics and the estimation context. Even if a good performing method is used, the estimation results may remain to be inaccurate if an appropriate estimation method is not selected as appropriate to the project context. In this study, we proposed an approach for selecting the most suitable estimation method for a software project by considering the project characteristics and the stakeholder needs. An expert-opinion survey was prepared based on the key features of the commonly used estimation methods that have been frequently referred to in literature. The expert-opinion survey was answered by experts who carried out scientific studies in the field of software effort estimation, and a decision matrix was created in the light of their opinions. Then, a questionnaire was built for eliciting information about project characteristics from an estimator who wants to carry out effort estimation for his/her project. With the decision matrix, the estimator can select the most suitable method for his/her estimation by answering the questionnaire. A sample study was conducted and the questionnaire was answered using the ISBSG data set. At the end, the appropriateness of the proposed approach was discussed.


Mixtures of three bismuth molybdate phases α, β and γ have been prepared by mechanical mixing or impregnation procedures and studied by u.v.-vis, i.r. and Raman spectroscopies. A quantitative determination of the composition of such mixtures has ben established for the three techniques starting from mixtures of known composition. By extension the technique was used for unknown mixtures prepared either by impregnation and calcination or by solid state reaction with MoO3 at 550 °C. The technique holds true for binary but not ternary mixtures as the samples are calcined in air at 480 °C prior to the analysis in order to avoid such side effects as ageing in air or partial reduction under catalytic reaction conditions. The detection limit was determined experimentally to equal ca. 3 % for α and β in the γ phase, for both i.r. and Raman spectroscopies. For impregnated γ phase samples at low additional Mo content the presence of some amount of β phase was postulated from u.v.-vis and i.r. data.


The aggressive expansion of retail transnational corporations is changing the face of much of emerging Asia's urban environment and prompting policy-makers to consider responses. Using cross-sectional survey data from 30 districts in Bangkok, this paper explores two issues: the impact of transnational, large-format retail on small, independent merchants; and, the ways in which the latter are attempting to cope with the stress associated with the arrival of the former, based on self-reported subjective measures of immediate marketing responses, sustained marketing efforts and organisational performance. The findings suggest that surviving incumbent merchants compete in different and mostly unfavourable environments compared with the status quo ante, with the overwhelming majority of these incumbents reporting negative impacts. In addition, the various responses of many of the incumbent independent merchants suggest that the latter may be unable to reverse the impact of the large retailers' arrival.


One of the most significant facts in respect to the development of our American colleges and universities, as also in respect to the progress of Bible study in this country, is the increasing number of colleges that are offering regular courses of instruction in the Bible, and the number of college students who are pursuing these courses. Parallel with this increase in biblical instruction in the colleges and under the instruction of the faculties, there has been an even more marlied development of Bible study under the direction of volunteer organizations, such as the Young WIen's Christian Association, the Young Women's Christian Association, and the like. Believing that the readers of the Biblical World would be interested to know the facts in respect to this matter somewhat accurately, the editors recently addressed to the presidents of all the colleges of the United States a letter asking for the statistics upon the following four points: (I) the number of students in college; (2) the number of students doing biblical work in regular college classes; (3) the number of college students in classes conducted under Y. M. C. A., Y. W. C. A., "B;ble Chairs," etc.; (4) an estimate of the number of college students in regular attendance on other Bible classes, as in adjacent churches, etc. It was requested that the figures should in each case cover college students only, excluding students in preparatory schools as well as graduate and professional students. The reason for these exclusioms was not that it is a matter of no interest to lenow how many students are pursuing biblical studies in preparatory schools, and in graduate and professional schools, but that, for the purpose of comparison between different colleges, it was deemed best to limit the present effort to the obtaining of statistics referring to students in college classes only. Of the five hundred colleges addressed information was obtained from 27I, those not replying being almost without exception among the smaller colleges of the country, or technological scho-ols. ThE


Based on the statistics results and data analysis of public buildings' energy consumption in Tangshan City,this paper studies the use of coal and water in public buildings and therefore grasps the status quo of the use of public buildings.A summary is made about the structure characteristics of energy use in public buildings so as to find out the main factors influencing public building energy consumption.In this way,feasible countermeasures of public building energy saving management and advice are put forward to save the building energy consumption.


Duchene's muscular dystrophy (DMD) is an inherited disorder in an X-linked recessive manner. Lack of dystrophin causes progressive muscle degeneration. Dystrophin structurally connects to actin filaments at the N-terminus while the C-terminus interacts with an integral domain of the dystroglycan complex. Among the associated molecules, dystrobrevin acts as a modulator protein exerting dystrophin's function for strengthening the cell stability. Previous data has reported the delayed muscle degeneration following an overexpression of the dystrobrevin (dyb) gene in the DMD-phenotype C. elegans, whose dystrophin (dys) gene was missing. This finding indicates the role of a modulator protein, rather than dystrophin, to maintain the cell integrity. The present study aims to investigate the phenotypes of C. elegans, due to dybor dys-deficiency. When compared with the wild-type, the dyb-deficient worms exhibited uncoordinated locomotion and lysis of the muscular layer in the body wall and internal organs as well as those observed in the dys-deficient worms. The ultrastructure of both mutant worms appeared severe muscle degeneration, decrease of the mitochondria, and replacement of fibrotic tissue, particularly the dys-mutant which was even more severe. Additionally, a shorter lifespan was observed with a 17 % reduction (p < 0.05) in dyb-deficient worms and 27 % reduction (p < 0.05) in dys-deficient worms when compared to wild-type. It is speculated that dystrobrevin may stabilize the cell through interaction with other protein complexes at the plasma membrane while it also binds to dystrophin. Therefore, the loss of dystrobrevin is also sufficient to disrupt the signaling pathway and causes muscle degeneration.


Multi-quantum well laser diodes and their components were irradiated by gamma-ray up to the total ionization dose of 5.5×104 Gy(Si).The investigated multi-quantum well laser diodes are quite resistive to gamma-ray irradiation because their P-I characteristics,I-V characteristics and central wavelength have little changes.For laser diode component in which optical window,coupled lens and optical fiber and so on are included,its optical performance is degraded by gamma-ray irradiation.The output optical power of laser diode component decreases with total ionization dose;however,the slope efficiency increases gradually with natural annealing at room temperature without biasing after ceasing irradiation.


influences on planning exerted by the Nazi regime, the Allied occupiers, the Federal Republic, and municipal authorities. The ideas of the professional planners could be translated into the language of each sovereign, but were guaranteed acceptance in none. A central theme of the book is the difficulty planners had in coming to terms with democracy and a market economy. The author notes that what might be seen as Nazi tendencies in postwar planning in fact reflects the authoritarian element, inherent in planning activity. One might fault the author, though, for failing to link that observation to his recognition that the origins of planning lay at the turn of the century in a regime very different from either the Third Reich or the Federal Republic. Emphasizing the complexities of the careers of those planners who are the focus of his research, the author is unsympathetic to those who would condemn or dismiss their efforts on ideological grounds. In this sense, the book is a corrective to oversimplified characterizations of urban form and the forces that shape it. On the other hand, some may find it too uncritical of the planners' own conception of their work as nonideological. Though the author points out that "debates about reconstructing the old inner cities were as much about historical symbols and values as about architectural elements or the technical dimensions of modern planning" (p. 67), he does not systematically examine the symbolism in planners' discourse. Urban form is certainly overdetermined, and Diefendorf's research should enrich, but by no means curtail, debate about the symbolic and cultural as well as economic and political meaning of postwar reconstruction.


The issue of counter-terrorism is considered to be a priority in ensuring the national security of the state and is one of the priority tasks of the Security Service of Ukraine, the reform of which involves the introduction of innovative technologies. Proactive and risk-oriented approach involves the presence of scientifically sound theories, building theoretical models based on them, defining and analyzing the real state of risks and dangers, building predictive models of their development in time and space to develop recommendations to the government to neutralize them.
Terrorism monitoring is a specific information technology, the implementation of which involves the development of innovative techniques and procedures, mostly heuristic, as the search for optimal algorithms to prevent social conflicts or prevent terrorist activities.
The Security Service of Ukraine as an element of the system of protection of national statehood should play the role of organizer of feedback, focusing on its work in addition to detecting and destroying terrorist groups – this is a regular task of special forces to monitor the state of the entire national security system. threats, the adequacy of the level of self-assessment of the country's readiness to ensure anti-terrorist security, primarily through the implementation of preventive measures to protect national statehood and combat terrorism, including by forecasting, identifying and timely neutralization of new types of threats and aggressions.


Iron-based industries are one of the main contributors to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Partial substitution of fossil carbon with renewable biocarbon (biomass) into the blast furnace (BF) process can be a sustainable approach to mitigating GHG emissions from the ironmaking process. However, the main barriers of using biomass for this purpose are the inherent high alkaline and phosphorous contents in ash, resulting in fouling, slagging, and scaling on the BF surface. Furthermore, the carbon content of the biomass is considerably lower than coal. To address these barriers, this research proposed an innovative approach of combining two thermochemical conversion methods, namely hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) and slow pyrolysis, for converting biomass into suitable biocarbon for the ironmaking process. Miscanthus, which is one of the most abundant herbaceous biomass sources, was first treated by HTC to obtain the lowest possible ash content mainly due to reduction in alkali matter and phosphorous contents, and then subjected to slow pyrolysis to increase the carbon content. Design expert 11 was used to plan the number of the required experiments and to find the optimal condition for HTC and pyrolysis steps. It was found that the biocarbon obtained from HTC at 199 °C for 28 min and consecutively pyrolyzed at 400 °C for 30 min showed similar properties to pulverized coal injection (PCI) which is currently used in BFs due to its low ash content (0.19%) and high carbon content (79.67%).


The 21st Century is an era of knowledge because knowledge becomes the main foundation of all aspects of life. Knowledge era is an era with the demands of a more complex and challenging, where this era of enormous influence on education. Therefore, education is faced with the challenge to produce quality human resources in meeting the challenges and demands of a competitive nature. For that skills such as acting and thinking critically, creatively, work collaboratively, cross-cultural understanding, communication, computer controlled, career and learning to accept required on this knowledge era. Entering the era of knowledge, education in Indonesia is preparing for the educational system in order to prepare skilled and skilled labor needed in the process of industrialization, and foster and develop a mastery of the various branches of science and technology expertise. Another thing that needs to be prepared are the educators are flexible in the profession


Corrosion inhibition of carbon steel by metal salts in 12.5mol/dm3 LiBr solution, which is used as a practical absorbent in an absorption refrigeration system at the highest temperature of 433 K, was studied. Among salts of iron, cobalt, nickel, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, platinum and copper examined, ruthenium salt was the most effective inhibitor on carbon steel in the presence of LiOH. The best inhibition effect of ruthenium salt and LiOH was obtained at respective concentration of 8x10_4 and 0.15 mol/dm3. In this case, conversion of Fe (II) to magnetite was accelerated by the inhibitor and a dense protective film was formed on carbon steel.