Background For curative treatment of younger patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) double induction with two cycles of intensive cytarabine/ anthracycline based chemotherapy 21 days apart is the current standard of care. In the prospective randomized AML-CG 2008 trial we asked question whether current results could be improved on by a dose-dense regimen (S-HAM – Sequential High-dose cytArabine and Mitoxantrone) in which the interval between cycles was minimized to 3 days. A prior large one-armed study (AML-CG 2004) had demonstrated a high antileukemic efficacy and shortened neutropenia of the S-HAM regimen as compared to a historical control of standard double induction treatment. The first clinical results of the randomized comparison are presented here.

Methods All patients with first diagnosis of a de-novo or secondary AML (excluding APL) that were deemed fit for intensive induction chemotherapy by their treating physician were eligible for this study. Younger patients in the standard arm were treated with one cycle of TAD-9 (standard dose cytarabine and daunorubicine 60mg/m2 for 3 days) and a mandatory second cycle of HAM (high dose cytarabine and mitoxantrone) starting at day 21. Elderly patients were treated with one cycle of HAM followed by a second cycle of HAM only in case of residual leukemia in the day 16 bone marrow aspirate. Patients in the experimental arm all received S-HAM (two sequential cycles of high-dose cytarabine on days 1+2, mitoxantrone days 3+4) with a 3 days interval. Patients in the age cohort 60 – 69 could be allocated to the "younger" or "elderly" cohort according to their biological fitness at the discretion of the treating physician. However high-dose cytarabine dosages were allocated according to chronological age with patients <60 years receiving 3g/m2 cytarabine per dose and patients 60+ years receiving 1g/m2. The primary endpoint was the overall response rate (i.e. CR + CRirate), secondary endpoints were duration of critical neutropenia, overall survival amongst others. Postremission treatment consisted of recommended early allogeneic transplantation in high risk patients and conventional postremission treatment according to the AML-CG standard (one cycle of TAD-9 consolidation followed by up to 3 years of maintenance treatment) in patients with low risk disease.

Results 396 patients were randomized into the study with an age range of 18 to 86 years (median 58). The 387 evaluable patients (184 standard, 203 experimental) were well balanced according to their clinical characteristics, cytogenetics, molecular genetics and overall risk profile. For the primary endpoint a higher ORR of 77% for S-HAM could be found as compared to 72% in the standard arm which was however not significant because a 15% difference had been postulated for the study. Non-hematological toxicities did not show any significant differences. However this was in clear contrast to hematological toxicities: Importantly the duration of critical neutropenia was highly significantly reduced by more than 2 weeks from 45 days (standard) to 29 days (S-HAM) counted from day 1 of treatment. Similarly critical thrombocytopenia was reduced by 13 days from 46 days to 33 days. The early death (ED) rate between both arms was identical between both arms. However a subgroup analysis demonstrated a significantly reduced ED rate in patients receiving 1g/m2 S-HAM as compared to all other treatment groups. The respective ED rates for the various time intervals (always counted from day d1 of treatment) for the 1g/m2S-HAM group were as follows: Interval d1-14 1%, d1-30 3%, d1-60 5%, d1-90 10%. Data for overall survival will be available in November 2013.

Conclusion The dose-dense induction regimen S-HAM was highly feasible in patients up to the 8th age decade. The antileukemic efficacy was high with an ORR of 77% for the whole group of unselected patients. As compared to standard double induction dose-dense S-HAM reduced critical neutropenia by more than two weeks. Moreover the subgroup of patients receiving the 1g/m2 S-HAM regimen experienced the lowest ED rate ever reported in the AML-CG trials. This underlines that in contrast to our general expectations the concept of dose-density is able to combine high antileukemic efficacy with significantly reduced haematological toxicity in AML, characterising this approach as first candidate for the next standard arm for future trials of the study group.

Disclosures: Lengfelder: TEVA/ Cephalon: Research Funding.


In vitro cultures of Argyreia nervosa (Hawaiian Baby Woodrose) was initiated form leaf of the plant on Murashige and Skoog's (MS) medium containing different PGRs. Callus induction was experimented by culturing leaf at different combinations and concentrations of PGRs. Best callus induction and fresh weight were obtained at 5.0 mg/l IAA+ 1.0 mg/l BAP. The callus maintained up to 2-3 months. Maximum callus induction and proliferation was noted at 5.0 mg/l IAA + 1.0 mg/l BAP. 2, 4-D gave less callus growth and smaller diameter than IAA and NAA. The callus tissues specifically obtained from leaf and stem explants dispersed in full strength liquid MS medium fortified with 3% sucrose and plant growth regulator combination of IAA (5 mg/l) and BAP (1.0 mg/l) was found best for establishing suspension culture for secondary metabolite production under in vitro condition. Increased sugar level gave better result in cell production and secondary metabolites production. Callus and cells produced equal or higher yield than original plants.


This dissertation deals with Swedish upper secondary school students' encounter and reception of various fictional texts in and outside of school. The focus of the study is how literary instruction ...


Cosmological parameter measurements from cosmic microwave background (CMB) experiments, such as Planck, ACTPol, SPTPol, and other high-resolution follow-ons, fundamentally rely on the accuracy of the assumed recombination model or one with well-prescribed uncertainties. Deviations from the standard recombination history might suggest new particle physics or modified atomic physics. Here we treat possible perturbative fluctuations in the free electron fraction, Xe(z), by a semi-blind expansion in densely packed modes in redshift. From these we construct parameter eigenmodes, which we rank order so that the lowest modes provide the most power to probe Xe(z) with CMB measurements. Since the eigenmodes are effectively weighed by the fiducial Xe history, they are localized around the differential visibility peak, allowing for an excellent probe of hydrogen recombination but a weaker probe of the higher redshift helium recombination and the lower redshift highly neutral freezeout tail. We use an information-based criterion to truncate the mode hierarchy and show that with even a few modes the method goes a long way from the fiducial recombination model computed with Recfast, Xe, i(z), toward the precise underlying history given by the new and improved recombination calculations of CosmoRec or HyRec, Xe, f(z), in the hydrogen recombination regime, though not well in the helium regime. Without such a correction, the derived cosmic parameters are biased. We discuss an iterative approach for updating the eigenmodes to further hone in on Xe, f(z) if large deviations are indeed found. We also introduce control parameters that downweight the attention on the visibility peak structure, e.g., focusing the eigenmode probes more strongly on the Xe(z) freezeout tail, as would be appropriate when looking for the Xe signature of annihilating or decaying elementary particles.


The effects of eleven ingredients (originating from various ingredient classes: animal proteins, plant proteins, starches, hydrocolloids and fibres) applied in two different concentrations on drip loss, rheological characteristics and hardness were evaluated in a lean meat model system. The high concentration of potato starch, insoluble citrus fibre, rice starch or pea protein significantly (P   0.05). Moreover, the addition of low concentrations of soluble citrus fibre did not significantly affect hardness (4.11 N), whereas its inclusion at high concentrations had a significant effect on the final hardness (7.17 N). Among all the tested ingredients, xanthan presented the lowest drip loss value (0.12% and 0.40% for high and low concentration, respectively). Finally, gelatine did not show any differences in water holding capacity, storage modulus nor hardness compared with the control group.


The invention discloses a polyurethane aryl ether composition. The composition is prepared from 30-80 parts of polyurethane aryl ether resin, 10-50 parts of poly(alkenyl aromatic compound) resin and 5-40 parts of filling reinforcing agent, wherein on the basis the total weight of the polyurethane aryl ether composition, and the weight content of the calcium element is 100-500 ppm. It is surprisingly found through lots of experiments that when the content of the calcium element selected and added to the polyurethane aryl ether composition is 100-500 ppm on the basis of the total weight of the polyurethane aryl ether composition, the fluidity and impact resistance of the polyurethane aryl ether composition can be obviously improved, and the polyurethane aryl ether composition is particularly suitable for occasions with strict requirements for the use environment.


An analysis has been carried out to determine the velocity profile of a fluid on an inclined plane using the Finite Element Method (FEM). The overall results from these finite elements were finally assembled to represent the velocity profile in the entire domain of the inclined plane. The results obtained from the finite element method shows that as the velocity distribution has a parabolic profile with the maximum velocity of 1109.8748m/s at open surface of the inclined plane. The fluid due to the no slip boundary condition has 0m/s at the walls of the inclined plane. Also, it was shown that the higher the angle of inclination and fluid viscosity, the lower the velocity and also the higher the fluid density, the higher the velocity. The result obtained from the FEM when compared with the result obtained from the exact differential equation method shows a strong agreement.


Fiber fractures in metal-matrix composites often initiate damage zones that grow until the composite fails. To better understand the evolution of such damage from a micromechanics point of view, a model Ti-matrix/SiC-fiber composite was studied for the first time. Using high energy X-rays and a small sampling volume, the damage zone around a broken fiber was investigated. The growth of this zone was monitored in situ under applied tensile stress by measuring the responses of the fibers and the matrix. The diffraction data was compared to a modified shear lag model, which considers the elastic response of the matrix and the fibers. A comparison of the model and data shows a correlation on the trend of the data, while the nature of the damage region incurs discrepancies. Results indicate a need for further refinement of the model, revealing the necessity of incorporating such factors as residual stress in the system and plasticity in the matrix.


Nowadays there is a huge interest in developing new approaches for power system related problem solving. Generally, (meta)heuristic search methods are considered a good alternative to conventional ones. This paper aims to elaborate an original mathematical model focused on particle swarm optimization (PSO) applied for optimal power flow computing (OPF). Several practical issues are presented. One test power system is used as case study. Additionally, the algorithm developed is also applied for a real power system. It refers to the Western and South-Western side of the Romanian Power System. Further, it is intended to be used for transmission expansion planning.


Objective To discuss the therapeutic effect of using Mifepristone with Flavored motherwort eight Jane anointed to draw off intrauterine pregnancy residues.Methods 250 abortion or induced labor of patients who were diagnosed intrauterine pregnancy residues by b-ultrasonography from December 2008 to November 2010 were considered for inclusion.All patients were randomly divided into treatment group and control group.130 cases were randomly divided into treatment group.120 cases were randomly divided into control group.Observing the condition about Intrauterine pregnancy residues.Results Intrauterine pregnancy residues in 126 cases in 130 cases of treatment group who used mifepristone with flavored motherwort eight jane anointed are all completely eduction drawed off.The cure rate was 96.92%.Conclusion Using mifepristone with flavored motherwort eight jane anointed to draw off intrauterine pregnancy residues are able to avoid pain of curettage.Especially be appropriate for patients whose vagina bleed long but little daily and who have little intrauterine pregnancy residues.


With silicon solar cells as the research object, this paper takes their nondestructive character and analyzes their quality with noise-based technology. Through the stress aging of samples and the testing of various types of noise, including 1/f noise, microplasma noise, and G-R noise, in the cells in the laboratory, the noise characteristics are analyzed. The research results show that noise is correlated with defects in silicon solar cells. The different types of noise can be used to characterize different parts and types of defects in the cells according to the mechanism of generation of noise and the failure physics of photovoltaic devices, and thereby, the evaluation of the quality and analysis of the reliability of solar cells can be achieved.


Through silicon via (TSV) is a widely used interconnect technology in 3-D integrated circuits. This paper shows that defective TSVs can induce small delay faults in surrounding logic gates. We present simulation results of TSV-induced small delay fault (TSDF) because of mechanical stress or pinhole leakage. A test technique is proposed to detect TSDF using a physical-aware fault extractor and timing-aware automatic test pattern generation. This technique requires no DfT area overhead and no direct TSV probing. Experimental results on benchmark circuits show that test coverage can be improved by 22% and 10% for stress-induced and leakage-induced TSDF, respectively. In our results, the test length overheads of both TSDFs are <; 5%.


Objectives : To evaluate whether a relation between blood lead and zinc proto porphyrin(ZPP) was modified by gender in Korean lead workers. Methods : A cross-sectional study was conducted with 1,304 male and 101 female subjects in 1997. The relation between blood lead and ZPP were evaluated with lin...


In this note we present experimental results that show a strong influence of the sample (cathode) temperature on the electrical properties of the glow discharge in a commercial GDMS (glow discharge mass spectrometry) system. These results have implications for accurate calibration of GDMS systems. The original motivation for this work was to better understand the influence of the sample material on the electrical and analytical behavior of discharges for GDMS so that more control over the quantification/calibration is possible.


Purpose: The purpose of this study was to develop PC-based perfusion software using Microsoft Windows. This software was developed to reformat perfusion maps including CBV (Cerebral Blood Volume), MTT (Mean Transit Time), and CBF (Cerebral Blood Flow) maps and to analyze perfusion quantitatively. Materials and Methods: Windows-based perfusion software was developed using IDL (Interactive Data Language) as the development tool. The perfusion software was written to load the source image from dynamic first-pass cerebral perfusion CT and to reformat perfusion maps. Mean perfusion values in gray matter and white matter were calculated and compared to previously calculated data reported in literature. Results: This software reformatted first pass perfusion maps in a user-friendly PC and calculated CBV, MTT, and CBF values. The values were within the normal range of the mean values when compared to previous studies. Conclusion: CT perfusion maps and perfusion values can be obtained by using the newly developed PC-based perfusion software. Further study is needed to achieve more precise values. However, we believe that in the future, this program may be used in various clinical settings.


The introduction of high-throughput sequencing has resulted in a surge of available bacteriophage genomes, unveiling their tremendous genomic diversity. However, our current understanding of the complex transcriptional mechanisms that dictate their gene expression during infection is limited to a handful of model phages. Here, we applied ONT-cappable-seq to reveal the transcriptional architecture of six different clades of virulent phages infecting Pseudomonas aeruginosa. This long-read microbial transcriptomics approach is tailored to globally map transcription start and termination sites, transcription units and putative RNA-based regulators on dense phage genomes. Specifically, the full-length transcriptomes of LUZ19, LUZ24, 14-1, YuA, PAK_P3 and giant phage phiKZ during early, middle and late infection were collectively charted. Beyond pinpointing traditional promoter and terminator elements and transcription units, these transcriptional profiles provide insights in transcriptional attenuation and splicing events and allow straightforward validation of Group I intron activity. In addition, ONT-cappable-seq data can guide genome-wide discovery of novel regulatory element candidates, including non-coding RNAs and riboswitches. This work substantially expands the number of annotated phage-encoded transcriptional elements identified to date, shedding light on the intricate and diverse gene expression regulation mechanisms in Pseudomonas phages, which can ultimately be sourced as tools for biotechnological applications in phage and bacterial engineering.


Prospects for preparation of functional "Black Si" multi-layered anti-reflective coating (ARC) of the frontal surface by the electrochemical etching were shown. Both creation of geometrical model of the "Black Si" coating with discreet non-uniformity of a refraction coefficient and technological aspects of the "Black Si" type were described.


Submitted for the DFD07 Meeting of The American Physical Society Evaluation of microfluidic Chips for Cell-sorting Applications CAROLYN REN, University of Waterloo, JAY TAYLOR, thinXXS Microtechnology AG, G.D. STUBLEY, University of Waterloo — The design of a miniaturized cell-sorting device must follow strict parameters such as applied voltage, efficiency of cell-separation, repeatability, size, flow control, and cost, among others. Current designs have achieved successful levels of cell-isolation. However, further improvements in the microfluidic chip design are important for incorporation into larger systems. This study evaluates specific design modifications that contribute to reduce required applied potential aiming for portable devices, improved operation reliability by minimizing induced pressure disturbance when electrokinetic pumping is employed and incorporating online filters to reduce channel blockage, and improved flow control by incorporating directing streams achieving dynamic sorting and counting. The chip designs fabricated in glass and polymeric materials include asymmetric channel widths for sample focusing, nonuniform channel depth for minimizing induced pressure disturbance, directing streams to assist particle flow control, and online filters for reducing channel blockage. Fluorescence-based visualization of electrokinetic focusing, flow field phenomena, and dynamic cell-sorting demonstrate the advantages of the chip design. Carolyn Ren University of Waterloo Date submitted: 07 Aug 2007 Electronic form version 1.4


The new ligand NSPP consists of a bis(diphenylphosphanyl)ethane part with coordination ability by the two P donor atoms, and of a second part, the 2-aminobenzenethio unit, which offers the two donor atoms N and S for coordination with metal atoms. Both P atoms are attached to the same C atom of the central ethane skeleton. The other C atom is linked to the S atom of the thio group. PdCl 2 is coordinated via the two P donors to give the complex [Pd(NSPP)Cl 2 ]


A review of the research advances made in the design and development of highly reactive and functional titanium oxide photocatalysts, which can utilize not only UV but also visible or solar light, and a clarification of the active sites as well as the detection of the reaction intermediates at the molecular level have been presented here. The potential for the effective utilization and conversion of solar energy into useful and safe chemical energy by the modification of the electronic properties of such TiO 2 photocatalysts is great when one considers their myriad applications as well as their nonpolluting qualities. Such a modification process by methods such as ion-implantation can be applied not only for semiconducting bulk TiO 2 photocatalysts but also for TiO 2 thin film photocatalysts and titanium oxide photocatalysts highly dispersed within zeolite frameworks. Moreover, the photocatalytic reactivity of semiconducting TiO 2 nano-powders was found to be dramatically enhanced by the loading of small amounts of Pt. This worked to enhance the reduction reaction, resulting in the charge separation of the electrons and holes generated by light irradiation. In addition, highly dispersed titanium oxide species prepared within zeolite frameworks as well as SiO 2 or Al 2 O 3 matrices showed much higher and unique photocatalytic performances as compared to semiconducting bulk TiO 2 photocatalysts. Significantly, a new alternative method to directly prepare such visible light-responsive TiO 2 thin film photocatalysts on various substrates has been successfully developed by applying a RF magnetron sputtering deposition method.


Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is a hopeful technique for attaining high data rates in mobile environment because of its multicarrier modulation. As the sub carriers are orthogonal in OFDM, the spectrum of each carrier has a null at the center frequency of each of the other carriers in the system. But in time varying channel the orthogonality between subcarriers are distorted due to Doppler Spread (DS) which introduces the Inter Carrier Interference (ICI) that diminishes the system performance. To enhance the OFDM system performance over time varying channels, an ICI self-cancellation scheme driven with the transmitter Hamming and Hanning windowing are implemented. The time domain Hamming and Hanning windows immediately after Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) cancel the ICI fractions from adjacent subcarriers significantly. As a result, the frequency domain channel matrix reshaped by the Hamming and Hanning windowing can be closely approximated to a strictly banded matrix. The estimation of the channel matrix is done with the assistance of the pilot tones in the Complex Exponential Basis Expansion Model (CE-BEM). The CE-BEM channel estimation performance is evaluated in terms of bit error rate for proposed system and compared with cyclic prefix OFDM system with time varying channel.


Rabbits injected with concentrated rat peritoneal mast cells emulsified with Freund's adjuvant produced an antiserum, Ra anti-RMC, capable of sensitizing peritoneal mast cells for histamine release by complement in normal serum. An absolute requirement for second component and sixth component of complement was established by demonstrating that serum genetically deficient in these components failed to produce histamine release unless reconstituted with the respective purified component. The cytotoxic nature of the reaction was indicated by the association of histamine release with the uptake of vital dye.
 The specificity of Ra anti-RMC for mast cells was indicated by: the ability of the antiserum to sensitize concentrated mast cells (90% purity) for complement-dependent histamine release, the removal of sensitizing activity by absorbing the antiserum with concentrated mast cells, and the immunofluorescent demonstration that the antiserum interacts with antigen(s) on the surface of the mast cell.
 The capacity of Ra anti-RMC to sensitize rat mast cells for cytotoxic histamine release was demonstrated in vivo in skin and peritoneal cavity.


Objective To explore the value of CT in differential diagnosis of single pancreatic metastasis and pancreatic cancer.Materials and Methods CT features of 13 cases of pancreatic solitary metastasis and 53 cases of pancreatic cancer which have been pathologically and clinically confirmed were retrospectively analyzed.All the patients performed CT plain scan and enhanced scan examinations.Results There was significant difference of the location,shape and margin,vascular involvement,ductal obstruction and atrophy of pancreatic body and tail between single pancreatic metastasis and pancreatic cancer.Conclusion CT is useful in the differential diagnosis of single pancreatic metastasis and pancreatic cancer.


Summary A technique for the direct isolation of mumps virus by inoculation of saliva into the amniotic sac of chick embryos is presented in detail. Employing this technique, mumps virus was isolated from 8 of 9 patients with clinical mumps.


In this article we describe the discussion and conclusions of the "Roundtable on Real-Time Communications Research: 5G and Real-Time Communications — Topics for Research" held at the Illinois Institute of Technology's Real-Time Communications Conference and Expo, co-located with the IPTComm Conference, October 5-8, 2015.


The influence of filtering characteristics of lossy series coupled two-microring resonators was studied.When the coupling coefficients between the two rings were fixed,under the perfect coupling condition,the influence of the loss on transmittance of the main resonance peak,bandwidth,shape factor and peak transmittance of the spurious modes were analyzed.The effects of the loss on these filtering characteristics were demonstrated.Analysis shows that the transmittance of the spurious modes and the main resonance peak decrease with the optical loss,the coupling coefficients between the two rings and the straight waveguides become smaller,and the bandwidth and the shape factor of the main resonance peak change little.The coupling coefficients between the rings and the straight waveguides should not be too big or small.


In this paper, the stability of a class of nonlinearities in repetitive control system which the controlled variables follow periodic reference commands is considered. Synthesis algorithm is presented by coprime factorization over the proper rational functions.


The cytokine interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) is involved in a diverse set of physiological processes. Traditionally, IL‐6 has been thought of in terms of its inflammatory actions during the acute phase response and in chronic conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis and obesity. However, IL‐6 is also an important signaling molecule during exercise, being acutely released from working muscle fibers with increased exercise duration, intensity, and muscle glycogen depletion. In this context, IL‐6 enables muscle‐organ crosstalk, facilitating a coordinated response to help maintain muscle energy homeostasis, while also having anti‐inflammatory actions. The range of actions of IL‐6 can be explained by its dichotomous signaling pathways. Classical signaling involves IL‐6 binding to a cell‐surface receptor (mbIL‐6R; present on only a small number of cell types) and is the predominant signaling mechanism during exercise. Trans‐signaling involves IL‐6 binding to a soluble version of its receptor (sIL‐6R), with the resulting complex having a much greater half‐life and the ability to signal in all cell types. Trans‐signaling drives the inflammatory actions of IL‐6 and is the predominant pathway in disease. A single nucleotide polymorphism (rs2228145) on the IL‐6R gene can modify the classical/trans‐signaling balance through increasing the levels of sIL‐6R. This SNP has clinical significance, having been linked to inflammatory conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis and type 1 diabetes, as well as to the severity of symptoms experienced with COVID‐19. This review will describe how acute exercise, chronic training and the rs2228145 SNP can modify the IL‐6 signaling pathway and the consequent implications for health and athletic performance.


The Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) has released the results of a systematic review on managing menopause-related symptoms. The report evaluates the benefits and harms of common interventions to relieve menopause-related symptoms.


In 21 years as a SAS ® consultant at the Federal Reserve Board, I have seen SAS users make the same mistakes year after year. This paper reviews some common mistakes and shows how to fix them. In the context of reviewing these mistakes, the paper provides details about SAS system processing that can help users employ the SAS system more effectively. Before executing a DATA step, the macro variable MACVAR is assigned the value "oldvalue" in either a prior DATA or PROC step or (as in the code below) in open code (not in a DATA or PROC step). In the DATA step, the macro variable MACVAR is set to "newvalue" with CALL SYMPUT. Then, using a macro variable reference (preceding a macro variable's name with an ampersand), the DATA step variable DATASTEP_VAR1 is set to the value of MACVAR. The value of DATASTEP_VAR1, displayed with a PUT statement, is expected to be "newvalue", but it is "oldvalue". /* Create or update a macro variable before executing a DATA step */ %let macvar=oldvalue ; data _null_ ; /* copy a DATA step variable to a macro variable with CALL SYMPUT */ call symput("macvar","newvalue"); /* use macro variable reference, macro variable value is still "oldvar" */ datastep_var1 = "&macvar"; put 'from macro variable reference: ' datastep_var1= ; run; The PUT statement writes the following text to the SAS log. from macro variable reference: datastep_var1=oldvalue This problem occurs because you cannot assign a value to a macro variable with CALL SYMPUT and use a macro variable reference (preceding a macro variable's name with an ampersand) to retrieve the value of the macro variable in the same step. As explained in the SAS 9.1.3 Macro Language: Reference, CALL SYMPUT assigns the value of a macro variable during program execution, but macro variable references resolve at one of the following times. ! During step compilation ! In a global statement used outside a step ! In a SAS Component Language (SCL) program Thus, if you assign a value to a macro with CALL SYMPUT, you cannot retrieve the value with a macro variable reference until after the DATA step finishes. To use CALL SYMPUT and then retrieve the value of the macro variable in the same step, use the RESOLVE function or CALL SYMGET instead of a macro variable reference. The RESOLVE function and CALL SYMGET are similar, but RESOLVE accepts a wider …


Herein, we report a continuous-flow process for the preparation of triazenes, whereby diazonium salts are generated and converted into their masked or protected triazene derivatives. Key to realizing the process, which is applicable to a wide range of substrates, is the identification of solvent and reagent parameters that avoid fouling and clogging in the tubing used in these studies. The process has also been applied to prepare the antineoplastic agents mitozolomide and dacarbazine. We also report isolation and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis of an anthranilic acid-derived triazene whose related diazonium salt is a contact explosive. The data highlights improved stability but also suggests that an exothermic process does occur with an onset temperature of 118 °C. Finally, an 18-hour continuous operation of the reaction procedure using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) pumps is reported.


If they are to be meaningful, underwater acoustic measurements must be related to common standards of measurement. In this paper, a description is given of the existing standards for the calibration of hydrophones and electroacoustic transducers for underwater acoustics. The description covers how primary standards are currently realized and disseminated, and how they are validated by international comparisons. A report is also given of the status of recent developments in specification standards, for example within the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). The discussion focuses on the revision of standards for transducer calibration, and the inclusion of extended guidance on uncertainty assessment, and on the criteria for determining the locations of the acoustic near-field and far-field. A description is then provided of recent developments using non-traditional techniques such as optical sensing, which may lead to the next generation of standards. A report is also given of the status of recent developments in and of a number of current initiatives to promote best measurement practice.


We studied multinucleon transfer (MNT) processes in the $^{197}$Au + $^{130}$Te at E$_{lab}$=1.07 GeV system coupling the PRISMA magnetic spectrometer to NOSE, an ancillary particle detector. We constructed a mass correlation matrix associating to each light fragment identified in PRISMA the corresponding mass distribution of the heavy partner detected in NOSE and, through the comparison with Monte Carlo simulations, we could infer about the role of neutron evaporation in multinucleon transfer reactions for the population of neutron-rich heavy nuclei.


Introduction The growing interest in the development of accurate waste load and assimilative capacity models, as well as in models for determination of transport and fate of instantaneous pollutant discharges, has increased the need for the accurate characterization of water movement. In the United States, programs such as National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) and Total Maximum Daily Loads have been a significant impetus behind this interest. Water tracing using dye fluorometry is the most common method by which data are collected for these purposes. The extensive use of fluorescent dyes as water tracers began in the early to mid-1960s (Pritchard and Carpenter 1960). Prior to that time, floats, chemical salts, and actual contaminants had been used as tracers. Radioisotopes, i.e., tritium ("heavy hydrogen"), became popular after WWII but their use was limited due to handling problems, training requirements and public misunderstanding (Wilson, et. al. 1986). Dye fluorometry was first applied for measurement of time of travel (TOT) of solutes in streams and, to date, this remains its most used application. Although a number of dyes are available for fluorometric hydrologic studies, Rhodamine WT is recommended because it is easy to use and has many features which are desirable for water tracing (Wilson, et. al. 1986), and because it is the most conservative of dyes available (Kilpatrick and Wilson 1988). Until the advent of in situ Rhodamine WT measurement systems, dye fluorometry hydrologic measurements were performed exclusively by the analysis of multiple samples physically extracted from the water body, at multiple locations, as the dye plume was naturally dispersed. To date, the greatest percentage of these investigations are performed using fluorometers designed for in vitro and pump-through measurements. Although these methods predominate today, and can produce accurate hydrologic data, they are resource-intensive, significantly vulnerable to human error and other natural phenomenon, and necessitate the field deployment of personnel throughout the duration of the study which increases risks to safety. The advent and recent employment of in situ measurement systems has accentuated the limitations of in vitro and pumpthrough methods for performing these studies. As the demand for the quantity and quality of hydrologic data increases, investigators have begun to search for alternatives, and have indicated that in situ, unattended measurement will be the method of choice for future dye fluorometry hydrologic measurements. Applications for Rhodamine WT dye tracing include, but are not be limited to: TOT (surface water and groundwater); reaeration studies; dispersion studies; discharge measurements (by dyedilution methods); waste buildup and flushing in estuaries and bays; wastewater retention and flushing in wetlands; combined and sanitary sewer overflows; tracing circulation and stratification in reservoirs; path tracing in karst (cavernous limestone); determination of welldrilling fluid circulation time; irrigation water uptake by plants; tagging and tracing herbicide, and tracing heated water.


W H HEN A PROBLEM in science is clearly formulated by a scientist but not solved, historians become subject to an understandable temptation: to attribute to the scientist his anticipation, in some sense or another, of the solution that finally turned up. The impression is that once the problem has been specified the form of the subsequent solution must necessarily have followed. This has been the case with Harvey and the problem of the "capillaries." Realizing that he could not see the anatomical connection between the arteries and veins, historians nevertheless write as though he "postulated," "guessed," or "posited" the existence of capillaries and was in fact bound to do so.l The current view is clearly illustrated by the following quotations:


Equations of ship-launched rocket during the semi-constraint period are constructed,and inertia overload is analyzed.Presumable range of initial disturbances of one kind of rocket is simulated by the method of limited range random excitation,and it is useful for studying the initial attitude of the rocket.


As multiprocessor systems become more complex their reliability will need to increase as well In this paper we propose a novel technique which is applicable to a wide variety of distributed real time systems especially those exhibiting data parallelism We assert that for high reliability a combination of system level fault tolerance and application level fault tolerance works best In many systems application level fault tolerance can be used to bridge the gap when system level fault tolerance alone does not provide the required reliability We exemplify this with the RTHT target tracking benchmark


Variable Air Volume (VAV) Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems are common design solutions for large buildings with complex zone arrangements. In designing and analyzing these systems, it was found that where the building has large high occupancy center zones combined with a range of perimeter conditions, it is very easy to build an energy model that meets the ventilation code but that might not be supplying enough outside air to maintain CO2 levels below a reasonable setpoint. This paper explores whether this is leading us to underestimate the energy of these systems and offers a review of analysis methods that may enable more accurate asssessment of performance.


Since it is known that the progress of rock weathering leadto the decrease of its seismic Velocity, the seismic velocities of rock are used to decide the weathered grades of the rocks, and we can determine whether or not a weathered rock can be excavated with ripper.This method is based on a correlation between seismie velocities and rippability, Rippable and nonrippable seismic Velocities are determined for the different types of rock.


The multi-user quantum signature protocol makes the message can be signed by more than one signatory. In this paper, we put forward an enhanced quantum multi-signature scheme based on Bell states and the controlled quantum teleportation. Compared to the previous multi-signature schemes, our protocol can offer higher security guaranteed by the fundamental laws of physics. While ensuring the nice security of the protocol we also pay attention to keeping its efficiency. Moreover, the scheme is more feasible with the present-day technique.


The CdSe nanocrystals (NCs) have been synthesized by hot-injection method to improve the crystallinity of synthesized nanoparticles and reconstruct the surface of nanoparticles. The crystalline structure and optical properties of these NCs are characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), ultraviolet-visible light absorption and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. The CdSe NC grains are roughly spherical, and their average size is ~ 4-5 nm. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) showed that nano- crystals are air-stable and the presence of TOP around the particles is confirmed by infra-red (IR) spectroscopy. The quantum gives the corresponding CdSe NCs at Cd-to-Se molar ratios of 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3 are 2.38, 3.70 and 9.32%, respectively, indicating the strong dependence of the NC size on the precursor concentration in the period immediately following the precursor injection.


The utility model discloses a cold-rolling emulsion steam condensate recovery unit which comprises a box; the box is respectively provided with a condensate inlet pipe and a water outlet pipe; the water outlet pipe is respectively provided with a water pump and a stop valve; the top surface of the box is provided with an air outlet; and one side surface of the box is provided with an visual level gauge. The cold-rolling emulsion steam condensate recovery unit has simple structure, and can effectively recycle the condensate and reduce the waste of water resources.


Meet some of the artists exhibiting at ACCA in Sovereignty and the NGV in Who's Afraid Of Colour? Bindi Cole Chocka, Jenny Crompton, Yhonnie Scarce and Paola Balla with Tom Mosby from the Koorie Heritage Trust (which also has an art show on at the moment).


Few political debates have the effect of uniting Australians. Yet, in one sense, the contest over section 18C of the Racial Discrimination Act did precisely that. There has been an emphatic affirmation of our commitment to racial tolerance.


Purpose:
To provide a summary of the principles, theories and basic components of a recently developed brief integrated motivational intervention (BIMI) for working with individuals experience co-ccurring severe mental health and substance use problems in inpatient settings, including the outcomes of a feasiblity randomised controlled trial (RCT). There are greater financial costs and a negative impact on functioning associated with psychiatric admissions for people who experience co-occurring severe mental heath and substance misuse problems. In addition, their engagement in treatment is often problematic.

Design/methodology/approach:
The BIMI described was evaluated via a feasibility RCT that assessed whether the opportunity to discuss use of substances whilst on an inpatient ward represented an opportunity to engage inpatients in thinking about their use and the impact it has on their mental health.

Findings:
The BIMI is delivered in short burst sessions of 15-30 minutes over a two-week period adopting a simple 3-step approach that can be delivered by routine ward staff. It incorporates an assessment of substance use, mental health and motivation followed by personalised feedback, a focus on increasing awareness of the impact on mental health and development of goals and a change plan. The intervention has been shown to lead to higher levels of engagement in clients exploration of substance use and the impact on mental health. Findings suggest both staff and inpatients found the intervention feasible and acceptable.

Originality/value:
Routine ward staff were trained to deliver a brief intervention to inpatients during an acute hospital admission.


The combined electron mobility due to both lattice and ionized impurity scattering contributions in semiconductors is usually calculated with the help of the mixed-scattering formula of Debye and Conwell. The calculated mobility by this formula has a relative error that in some cases is larger than 30%. A modified mixed-scattering formula is obtained which gives a substantially smaller error.


— In this paper an inset fed rectangular shaped microstrip patch antenna is designed. The designed antenna structure is further simulated using Agilent ADS(Advance Design System) simulation software. The patch is designed with RT Duroid 5880 substrate of having dielectric constant of 2.2 and thickness of 1.6 mm. The simulation result proves the theoretical aspects for ISM Band.


Sparse Ramanujan sequences (SRS) are very recently introduced sparse sequences derived from Ramanujan sums (RS). RS are integer-valued sequences proposed by famous Indian mathematician S. Ramanujan. They have some attractive properties such as orthogonality and periodicity. SRS also possess similar properties and in addition, these sequence elements contain only values from the set {1, 0, -1}. The transforms based on these sequences are also sparse which approximate signal to a fewer number of coefficients. This sparse approximation has many advantages in several signal processing applications like signal denoising and signal compression. SRS transform-based signal denoising is proposed in this paper. The denoising performance of SRS transform is evaluated using performance metrics like mean square error (MSE) and output signal to noise ratio (SNR) and compared with existing transform-based denoising techniques.


The martingale problem is known to be a classical and very powerful technology for the study of Markov processes through the analytical properties of the corresponding generators. This approach permits for instance to easily model Markov processes featuring both diffusion and jump components. The first aim of the thesis is to develop concrete and easy–to–use tools allowing to employ this technology in the context of probability measure-valued jump-diffusions. This is mainly motivated by our second line of research, consisting in the study of the so–called polynomial jump-diffusions, which have found broad applications in mathematical finance. However, we will also show that the same tools can be used in much greater generality. Given a linear operator G playing the role of the generator, the martingale problem asks for a process X := (Xt)t≥0, called jump-diffusion, such that p(Xt)− ∫ t


A novel aspect of strangeness in the baryon structure is discussed. In particular we propose a mechanism by which the strangeness flavor induces the baryon ''size'' (and bag radius) to be larger in hyperons than in nonstrange baryons. We also discuss the implications on the SU(3) chiral bag.


Objective To study the clinical outcomes of treating infected tibial nonunion using bone transport technique.Methods From October 2002 to October 2007,totally 45 patients(27 males,18 females) suffering from infected tibial nonunion were treated by radical debridement,compression and fixation of bone defect and shortening site with Orthofix LRS.Corticotomy was carried out in the tibial metaphysis combined with bone transport.The mean age of the patients was 38 years(range 10~55 years).22 patients were injured in road accidents,15 patients fell from high,and 8 patients were crashed by heavy things.The mean time from the injure to the operation was 14 months(range 6~21 years).Patients were underwent 2 to 7 operations,the average was 4.5.35 patients had bone defect and shortening,the mean shortening was 4.2 cm(range 2~8 cm).38 patients had cutaneous deficiency and bone revealed.Results All 45 patients got primary infection controlled,raw surface of soft tissue deficiency eliminated.One patient was bone nonunion again.One was bone union at the osteoectomy site ahead of achieving the prospective length.4 patients occurred pin track infection.None had the symptoms of the blood vessel and the nerve injury.The mean length of regenerating bone were 6 cm(range 2~9 cm).39 patients almost obtained the same length of the two lower extremities,but 6 still had shortening of 1.5~3 cm.The mean time of fixation period was 8 months(range 6~12 months).All patients got fine newly formed bone at the distraction site to achieve bone union.Conclusion The infected tibial nonunion can be successfully treated using the orthofix LRS external fixtor combined with internal bone transport technique.The infection control,raw surface eliminate and large bone defects can be treated on one operation with no bone grafting.


This chapter will detail the necessity of professional learning for instructors in early learning environments. Training methods will be addressed with emphasis placed on the utilization of technology as a tool for training and the education of young children. An often-overlooked ingredient, the audience found within training environments, will also be discussed. The degree of educational experience and generational impacts will be considered as a key piece of successful collaboration. Finally, preservice teacher education will be addressed pertaining to the impact on future classroom success.


By using Taiwan's human resources data from 1992 to 2002, the paper describes and analyses the unemployed population in the area. Its static analysis concerns the absolute quantity and relative composition of the population, the characteristics and the differences of its sex, age and education level, while the dynamic analysis describes the change in the past 11 years and the development tendency. It holds that alteration of industrial structure has causes the unemployment, and the Taiwan's shift of authority has hindered the economic development and intensified the structural contradiction of the labor market.


During the Master thesis work the switching of a diesel 2-stroke marine engine into a dual fuel one was assessed. As the project was carried on at LAV (Labor fur Aerothermochemie und Verbrennungssysteme), at ETH Zurich, in collaboration with the Winterthur Gas & Diesel AG company, we were required to focus our analytical study above all on the combustion process of one of the RTX-5 engine cylinders: by applying a LES (Large Eddy Simulation) approach, we took advantage of the FGM (Flamelet Generated Manifold) combustion model and went on making a comparison between the results obtained by means of the above mentioned model, which was used at LAV, with the one taken into account by the Winterthur Gas & Diesel AG company, the PV (Progress Variable) model.


In this randomized trial that included 166 adolescent idiopathic scoliosis patients aged between 10 to 21 years old who underwent posterior spinal fusion surgery with a mean duration of 120 minutes by two attending surgeons in a single academic institution, low-dose tranexamic acid (TXA) (10 mg/kg loading dose, 1 mg/kg/h infusion) was as efficacious as high-dose TXA (30 mg/kg loading dose, 10 mg/kg/h infusion) in reducing total surgical blood loss. Study Design. Prospective randomized double-blinded trial Objective. The objective of this study is to determine the efficacy of high-dose versus low-dose tranexamic acid (TXA) in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) corrective surgery. Summary of Background Data. Corrective surgery for AIS is associated with significant blood loss. Evidence on the optimum TXA dose to reduce bleeding in pediatric population is scarce. Methods. A total of 166 AIS patients aged between 10 and 21 years, of American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status I and II, preoperative hemoglobin >10 g/dL, platelet count >150,000 cells/L and Cobb angle of >45° scheduled for elective single-stage posterior spinal fusion (PSF) surgery by two attending surgeons were included between March 2017 and November 2018. Patients were randomized into Group A (High Dose, 30 mg/kg TXA loading dose followed by 10 mg/kg/h infusion) and Group B (Low Dose, 10 mg/kg TXA loading dose followed by 1 mg/kg/h infusion). The primary outcome was total surgical blood loss between both groups. Secondary outcomes were transfusion requirement, perioperative changes in hemoglobin and coagulation profiles, adverse events, and factors that influence total blood loss. Results. The mean total surgical blood loss between the two groups was not significant (Group A: 928.8 ± 406.1 mL [range: 348–1857 mL]; Group B: 918.1 ± 406.2 mL [range: 271–2000 mL], P = 0.865). The median duration of surgery was 120 minutes. One patient in each group received allogenic blood transfusion during the perioperative period. There were no significant changes in hemoglobin and coagulation profile at pre-operation, post-operation 0 hour and 48 hours. Sex, number of vertebral levels fused, and duration of surgery were independently associated with total surgical blood loss. No adverse events were observed perioperatively. Conclusion. Low-dose TXA was as efficacious as high-dose TXA in reducing blood loss and allogenic blood transfusion for AIS patients undergoing PSF surgery. Level of Evidence: 1


Considering the bounded rationality of players in evolutionary games,a decision method based on the particle swarm optimization neural network for evolutionary games is presented.The neural network is introduced into evolutionary games and is trained by the particle swarm optimization algorithm(PSO),thus this method can use neural networks to simulate the learning and strategy-choosing of the player.The hawk-dove game and the iterated prisoner's dilemma are analyzed respectively.Experimental results show that the PSO-neural network can accurately simulate player's dynamic learning and guide players to choose the best strategies,and it provides a good means for evolutionary games.


Modeling of non-linear behavior of a laser diode is carried out in this paper. A combined approach of fuzzy logic and neural network is used. An Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) based model is trained using experimental data. Theoretical analysis of temperature dependent nonlinearity becomes complex as it requires simultaneous consideration of mechanisms like Auger recombination, Inter Valence Band Absorption (IVBA), thermionic carrier emission out of the active region, lateral carrier spreading, passive layer absorption, spontaneous recombination within passive layers and optical gain reductions. An ANFIS based model presented in this paper accounts for this temperature dependent nonlinearity. Once the model is trained it computes the Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) and the power output for various drive currents and operating temperatures. The validation of the model using experimental data yields a Mean Squared Error (MSE) of 2.35x10 -4


To a cold solution of 5-trifluoromethyl-2,4-dihydropyrazol-3-one [1,2] (0.76 g, 5 mmol) in ethanol (25 ml) containing sodium acetate (0.82 g, 10 mol), p-tolyldiazonium chloride [ca. 5 mmol; prepared by adding a solution of sodium nitrite (5 mmol / 2 ml H2O) to an ice cold solution of p-toluidine in 2 ml conc. HCl] was added dropwise with stirring at 0-5°C.[...]


Background: Artificial Intelligence (AI) has proven to be an invaluable asset in the healthcare domain, where massive amounts of data are produced. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a heterogeneous chronic condition with multiscale manifestations and complex interactions that represents an ideal target for AI. Objective: The aim of this review article is to appraise the adoption of AI in COPD research, and more specifically its applications to date along with reported results, potential challenges and future prospects. Methods: We performed a review of the literature from PubMed and DBLP and assembled studies published up to 2020, yielding 156 articles relevant to the scope of this review. Results: The resulting articles were assessed and organized into four basic contextual categories, namely: i) 'COPD diagnosis', ii) 'COPD prognosis', iii) 'Patient classification', iv) 'COPD management', and subsequently presented in an orderly manner based on a set of qualitative and quantitative criteria. Conclusions: We observed considerable acceleration of research activity utilizing AI techniques in COPD research, especially in the last couple of years, nevertheless, the massive production of large and complex data in COPD calls for broader adoption of AI and more advanced techniques.


Objective:To summarize the experience of intervention and thrombectomy for the left iliac vein compression syndromw with low limb deep venous thrombosis(DVT).Methods:The placement of DVT filter and obliterans from femoral vein was performed,and the balloon was also performed.The dilatation and endovascular stent of iliac vein was performed.Results:Stricture and obstruction were found in left iliac vein in different extents.Following up in these patients ranged from 1 month to 36 months.The limb swelling was alleviated completely in 37 patients.More than 2/3 of swelling was alleviated in 5 patients (10.87).More than 1/3 of swelling was alleviated in 3 patients (6.52).The lim swelling was alleviated slightly in one patient (2.17).No perioperative death occurred.Conclusions:The placement of IVC filter and obliterans from femoral vein and balloon dilatation and endovascular stent of iliac vein for treatment of Cockett syndrome are minimally invasive,safe and effective with low reccurence rate.


This paper describes modeling directed toward the development of an innovative energydissipating seismic system for buildings framed from cold-formed steel members. The system consists of shear walls with integrated butterfly-shaped steel links designed to yield under seismic action, thus acting as replaceable energy-dissipating fuses. The shear deformation of the wall under lateral seismic action induces shear and bending in the fuse links. The links yield nearly uniformly along their length due to their butterfly shape. However, the significant slenderness of the fuses, when sized for cold-formed steel structural applications, can make them prone to buckling; and, instability of the fuses is detrimental as it decreases their energydissipation capacity. The effect of buckling on the hysteretic response of the fuses and a coldformed steel framed wall with fuses is investigated, and numerical simulations using a commercial finite-element software are carried out for both single steel links and an entire shear wall system. Parametric studies on single fuse links are performed to investigate their behavior and to estimate the occurrence of buckling. Formulas are provided to allow for selecting the number and size of fuses necessary to achieve a targeted seismic performance in terms of capacity and critical drift. The numerical results obtained by modeling the shear wall system with fuses show that a significantly improved hysteretic behavior, compared to conventional cold-formed steel framing sheathed with wood structural panels, can be achieved if fuse buckling is prevented. This demonstrates the potential feasibility of the new system in the construction industry. The paper also lays the foundations for future work, including dynamic analysis of a full building model with the proposed seismic system, and laboratory testing of shear walls with fuses to further validate the exploratory findings presented here.


Despite the drastic decrease of mortality and morbidity since the introduction of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) in 1996, children with a chronic HIV-infection remain vulnerable to multiple complications that may negatively impact their physical health, cognitive function and psychological wellbeing. The first part of this thesis focuses on HIV-infected children in care in the Netherlands since 1996. The majority of these children are immigrants from sub-Saharan Africa. They had a sustained long-term immunological reconstitution, which was independent of age at cART-initiation. The percentage of treated children with an undetectable HIV viral load rose substantially over time, and mortality rate was low as compared to other industrialized countries. Part 2 addresses various complications of chronic HIV-infection in children. We found that the cognitive performance of HIV-infected children was poorer as compared to a group of age-, gender-, ethnicity- and socioeconomically-matched controls. Neuroimaging showed that the HIV-infected group had a lower cortical and white matter volume, more white matter hyperintensities and poorer white matter integrity. A thinner retinal fovea was found in the HIV-infected children, however visual function was not affected. No decline in health-related quality of life was found. Lastly, we showed that subcutaneous fat loss is still prevalent in children treated for HIV, and is strongly associated with the antiretroviral drug stavudine; which although eliminated from treatment protocols is still often prescribed in developing countries where alternatives are sparse. Future research in HIV-infected children should focus on pathophysiology behind the detected complications, and ultimately lead to their treatment and prevention.


By the calculation on the work about the transversal tension of the dielectric in the parallel capacitor, and the first law of the thermodynamics, we find no increase in the kinetic energy of the dipole, and the diminish of the electric energy is converted into mechanical energy when dielectric is put into capacitor.


We, as a field, are in the midst of a Renaissance of generative approaches to linguistic knowledge, with many theorists taking aim at a new frontier: multilingualism. The diverse nature of multilinguals is a poor fit for the desired, albeit trite, focus on the grammar of 'the ideal speaker–hearer'. As a result, the cognitive nature of multilinguals forces us not only to reappraise the rules and axioms of a system (i.e. adopting a Galilean approach), but also to question the very design of the cognitive architecture underlying the language faculty (i.e. adopting a Turing approach). This multilingual turn in generative linguistics is an opportunity to advance our collective understanding of the multilingual mind. Within the larger domain of multilingualism, generative approaches to language attrition, i.e. the modification or loss of linguistic structure, are starting to take aim at explaining the restricted, and often targeted, nature of the effects of attrition on linguistic representations (for a discussion of general structure properties of Heritage Languages (HLs), see, for example, Polinsky, 2018; Polinsky and Scontras, 2020). In their keynote article, Hicks and Domínguez (2020; henceforth H&D) provide a sketch of a model, Attrition via Acquisition, that builds upon previous work by Lidz and Gagliardi (2015). According to H&D, the structure of their model seeks to address and explain an apparent paradox:


List of Figures Acknowledgements Chapter 1. Processing Disaster and Recovery The Disaster and the Everyday Local Worlds and Recovery Figure and Ground in Disaster Anthropology Transformation and Future Trajectories Book Outline Chapter 2. The Field: Entrance and Emergence Arrival Emergent Fields Mapping Place and People Fieldwork on Foot A Walk around the Village The Lay of the Land Chapter 3. The Dwelling: Homes and Hazards Build Back Better Bereavement and Moving on Homing In Chapter 4. On Forecasting: Wind and Water Weather or Not The Landfall of Disaster Dropping the Anchor Forecasts and Precautions In a Climate of Changing Tides Chapter 5. Responsibility: Agents and Agencies Local Level Humanitarian Support On the Limits of Community Recuperating Subjects Chapter 6. Confusing Hardships: Onslaught and Opportunity In Need of Repair Certifying the Future The Ties That Bind Rallying for Safety Projecting Progress Chapter 7. Materialisations of Loss: Monument and Memory Monumental Memories The Materiality of Loss On New Plots Chapter 8. Everyday Life: Tsunami Time Bibliography Index


In spite of the huge investigations on causative constructions in other languages, this kind of surveys in Azeri Turkishwere just confined to the addition of causative morpheme /-dir/ to the stem of verb;such as/qâçdirmȃq/"cause to run" and /yȃtdirmȃq/"cause to sleep". This paper endeavors to probe into semantic, syntactic and pragmatic characteristics of lexical causatives (root, morphological and helping ones)on the base of Role and Reference Grammar for their significance as a part of universality.The important results of this survey show that lexical causatives which may imply direct causation will have predicate focus in unmarked form but in marked form they may have narrowed and sentence focused forms and verb classes in most cases are accomplishments and achievements types.


The present invention relates to the manufacture and use of the nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds or oxygen-containing heterocyclic compounds having insecticidal activity, which is formed by using a dialdehyde of the formula (A), (B), (C) or (D a compound having a structure represented by), or optical isomers of the above compounds, to provide a geometric isomer or pesticidally acceptable compound. [Of 34] Further, compounds described above, or optical isomers thereof, agricultural compositions containing salts geometric isomers or pesticidally acceptable, the use of the aforementioned agricultural composition, and the above compounds, or their optical isomers, geometric isomers or a method for the preparation of pesticidally acceptable salts. Above compounds and their derivatives have e.g. aphids, planthoppers, whiteflies, leafhoppers, thrips, Watakibaga, cabbage butterfly, diamondback moth, common cutworm, Homoptera such as armyworm, a high insecticidal activity agriculture and forestry pests such as Lepidoptera.


Despite the existence of extensive monitoring studies in rural and urban areas in and outside of the State of Maryland, complete detailed receptor modeling of the data has not been performed and the sources and source strengths in these areas had not been elucidated. The principal objective of this project was to (1) provide improved source-apportionment of air pollutants in Maryland, especially those from power plants, by application of receptor models to large data sets from sites within and near the State. Ancillary objectives include the (2) development of improved chemical mass balance (CMB) source profiles for use in State of Maryland, (3) comparison of atmospheric aerosol data collected with precipitation data developed concurrently by the University of Delaware, to determine if systematic patterns exist that will permit estimation of wet deposition fluxes of scavenged pollutants from airborne pollutant concentrations, and (4) development of an improved, user-friendly, computer program for performing CMB calculations.


This paper presents experimental measurements and computational predictions of surface and endwall heat transfer for a high-pressure (HP) nozzle guide vane (NGV) operating as part of a full HP turbine stage in an annular rotating turbine facility, with and without inlet temperature distortion (hot-streaks). A detailed aerodynamic survey of the vane surface is also presented. The test turbine was the unshrouded MT1 turbine, installed in the Turbine Test Facility (previously called Isentropic Light Piston Facility) at QinetiQ, Farnborough UK. This is a short duration facility, which simulates engine representative M, Re, non-dimensional speed and gas-to-wall temperature ratio at the turbine inlet. The facility has recently been upgraded to incorporate an advanced second-generation combustor simulator, capable of simulating well-defined, aggressive temperature profiles in both the radial and circumferential directions. This work forms part of the pan-European research programme, TATEF II. Measurements of HP vane and endwall heat transfer obtained with inlet temperature distortion are compared with results for uniform inlet conditions. Steady and unsteady CFD predictions have also been conducted on vane and endwall surfaces, using the Rolls-Royce CFD code HYDRA to complement the analysis of experimental results. The heat transfer measurements presented in this paper are the first of their kind in the respect that the temperature distortion is representative of an extreme cycle point measured in the engine situation, and was simulated with good periodicity and with well defined boundary conditions in the test turbine.Copyright © 2010 by Rolls-Royce plc


A compact and low-power current-mode RC oscillator (RCO) with process, voltage, and temperature (PVT) stability has been developed. The circuit employs a current-mode RCO architecture without using a conventional comparator based voltage-mode architecture. The current-mode architecture enables a compact RCO and faster switching speed to be achieved. By designing transistor sizes equally between one in a bias circuit and another in a voltage to current converter, the effect of process variation can be minimized. A prototype chip in a 0.18-μm CMOS process demonstrated that the RCO generates a stable clock frequency of 32.7 kHz with a small area of 0.19 mm2 and low-power dissipation of 54.2 nW at 0.85-V power supply, which achieves a figure of merit (FoM) of 1.66 nW/kHz. The measured temperature coefficient and line regulation were 99.5ppm/°C and 8.9ppm/mV, respectively.


A very high-resistivity value (?4K?~?4300???cm), associated to a strong negative temperature dependence (??=?1/??????/?T?~??10?3?K?1), is measured in pure icosahedral Al63Cu25Fe12 phases (a single grain and polyquasicrystalline samples). Moreover the resistivity of the defective as-quenched Al63Cu25Fe12 samples is much smaller (?4K?~?1300???cm) and increases sharply (up to ~4300???cm) after annealing treatment. We show also that the temperature and magnetic-field dependences of the resistivity and the Hall effect can be analysed through electron-electron interactions and localization theories.


Densely crowded environments such as stadiums and metro stations have shown shortcomings when users request data and services simultaneously. This is due to the excessive amount of requested and generated traffic from the user side. Based on the wide availability of user smart-mobile devices, and noting their technological advancements, devices are not being categorized only as data/service requesters anymore, but are readily being transformed to data/ service providing network-side tools. In essence, to offload some of the workload burden from the cloud, data can be either fully or partially replicated to edge and mobile devices for faster and more efficient data access in such dense environments. Moreover, densely crowded environments provide an opportunity to deliver, in a timely manner, through node collaboration, enriched user-specific services using the replicated data and device-specific capabilities. In this article, we first highlight the challenges that arise in densely crowded environments in terms of data/service management and delivery. Then we show how data replication and service composition are considered promising solutions for data and service management in densely crowded environments. Specifically, we describe how to replicate data from the cloud to the edge, and then to mobile devices to provide faster data access for users. We also discuss how services can be composed in crowded environments using service-specific overlays. We conclude the article with most of the open research areas that remain to be investigated.


The growing impetus to develop greener and more cost-efficient synthetic methods has prompted chemists to look for new ways to activate small organic molecules. In this review, we cover the most recent industrial developments in electrosynthesis.


The viscoNovel viscous polyamic acid(NJXBAPP-DMDC-BPADA/PAA) solution was preparedby polycondensation reaction between 2,2'-bis[4-(4-amino phenoxy) phenyl] propane(NJXBAPP),3,3'-dimethyl-4,4'-diamino dicyclohexyl methane(DMDC) and 2,2'-bis [4-(3,4-dicarboxylic phenoxy) phenyl] propane dianhydride(BPADA) in the polar aprotic organic solvent,and the corresponding polyimide(NJXBAPP-DMDC-BPADA/PI) film was also obtained by thermal imidization of NJXBAPPDMDC-BPADA/PAA thin layer.Then,the properties of the obtained film were characterized by differential scanning calorimeter(DSC),Fourier transfer infrared spectrometer(FT-IR) and UV/visible spectrophotometer.


This paper addresses the evaluation of the photocatalytic properties of concrete containing titanium dioxide (TiO2). Here, the assessment of the air purifying abilities of the hardened concrete regarding the degradation of nitric oxide (NO) is of major interest. A setup for measuring the performance of these photocatalytic active concrete products will be presented. The test setup uses the UV-A induced degradation of NO and is oriented on the draft version of the ISO standard TC 206/SC N [1]. By means of this test setup, the influence of boundary conditions like irradiance, relative humidity, surface texture, flow rate and pollutant concentration on the degradation mechanism is investigated and a suitable measuring procedure is suggested for evaluating the performance of concrete products having photocatalytic activity. The suggested measuring procedure is used for the analysis of own developed mortar mixtures and a comparative analysis of already available concrete products on the European market.


This study is intended to qualify the association between Simonsen's works and the beginning of developmentalism (or desenvolvimentismo), as well as the idea that he eventually anticipated theories related to the field of "development economics". This qualification emerges from the analysis of Simonsen's "initial" writings, published in the 1910s and 1920s, which reflect a logic quite different from the one that prevailed in the broad developmentalist project. We argue that, at this moment, Simonsen was concerned with questions related to the modernization of Brazil, which were quite different from problems treated later, regarding Brazilian industrial evolution and economic planning. At the


This paper employs the structural-change test to predict structural change in the U.S. stock market, associated to the September 11 incident. More than 500 U.S. companies are examined in this study. It provides the first piece of statistical evidence showing that there are insiders who know the attack beforehand and try to profit from the U.S. stock market. Besides, structural change in the stock price level has been detected in only 15 out of those 38 companies with unusual trading activities before the incident, indicating that the impact of the 911 attacks on the American financial system is very limited.


of the Dissertation ............................................................................ii Acknowledgements .................................. .................................................... iv List of Tables ................................................................................................vii List of Figures.................................... . ...............................................................x List of Acronyms ................................... ...........................................................xii


The present study aimed to focus on finding out the Learning Styles and Preferred Learning Modalities and Academic performance of the students in Mathematics in the Modern World. The respondents comprised 830 freshman students enrolled in Mathematics in the Modern World for the First Semester School Year 2021-2022 at Isabela State University-City of Ilagan Campus. The factors were categorized as follows: Profile of the students, Learning Styles, Preferred Learning Modalities, and the Academic Performance of the students in Mathematics in the Modern World. Also, it aimed to determine if there is a significant difference in the academic performance of the students when grouped according to their profile; test if there is a significant difference in the learning styles of the student when grouped according to their profile; test if there is a significant relationship between the learning styles and the academic performance of the students; and to determine if there is a significant relationship between the preferred learning modalities and academic performance of the students in the Mathematics in the Modern World subject. The data gathered were analyzed and interpreted based on the Descriptive Statistics, Analysis of Variance or the F–test and the Chi–square test, and the Micro-Stat Software Program (SPSS) computer output. The descriptive method using the survey and correlational techniques were used in this study. The use of questionnaires and standardized instruments – The VARK Learning Style Inventory by Neil Fleming was used to evaluate the student's learning styles. The academic performance of the students was limited to the grade obtained in Mathematics in the Modern World validated by the Campus Registrar. The results reveal that in terms of profile socio-economic status, the majority of the respondents belong to families whose monthly income is at most P9, 520.00. Moreover, most students used mobile phones as the gadgets available at home for educational purposes. The results also revealed that the students have fairly satisfactory mathematics performance. There is a significant difference in the academic performance of the students in Mathematics in the Modern world in terms of sex, the field of specialization, the mother's source of income, and the family's monthly income. As to profiles of the father's source of income and the gadget available at home used for educational purposes, there is no significant difference in the academic performance of the students. Most students are classified as Auditory Learners, thus, they learn best through interactive listening. The learning styles of the students differ when grouped in terms of field of specialization and family's monthly income. Hence, students' learning styles vary when grouped according to the abovementioned profile. As to the relationship between the learning styles of the students and their academic performance, no statistically significant relationship was found between learning styles and the academic performance of students. Therefore, the earning styles of the students have no influence on their academic performance in Mathematics in the Modern World. Online learning is the preferred learning modality of the students which is 47.40 percent of the total respondents. The study also showed that there is a significant relationship between the preferred learning modality and the academic performance of the students.


Highly dynamic systems such as Micro Multirotor Aerial Vehicles (Micro-MAVs) require control approaches that enable safe operation where extreme limitations in embedded systems, such as energy, processing capability and memory, are present. Nonlinear model predictive control (NMPC) approaches can respect operational constraints in a safe manner. However, they are typically challenging to implement using embedded computers on-board of Micro-MAVs. Implementations of classic NMPC approaches rely on high-performance computers. In this work, we propose a fast nonlinear model predictive control approach that ensures the stabilization and control of Micro Multirotor Aerial Vehicles (Micro-MAVs). This aerial robotic system uses a low processing power board that relies solely on on-board sensors to localize itself, which makes it suitable for experiments in GPS-denied environments. The proposed approach has been verified in numerical simulations using processing capabilities that are available on Micro-MAVs.


Mechanical components such as steam turbine blades may experience heavy damage when subjected to repeated impingement of liquid droplets. In order to evaluate the erosion damage quantitatively, a high-speed erosion test rig utilizing water droplets was used to study the erosion resistance of 12Cr steel, cobalt base alloy and titanium alloy. From the experimental results, it reflects that erosion does not proceed at a constant rate. The characteristic erosion-time curve consists four stages : the incubation period, the acceleration period, the deceleration period, and the steady-state region. In this paper, a universal curve fitting approach is proposed in an attempt to define this erosion process. With optimal values of the five main parameters, it may be possible to more closely correlate the experimental data with the proposed model. Furthermore, the relation-ships among these parameters, impact velocity, droplet diameter and material hardness are discussed, and a prediction method of erosion resistance is presented.


Technology is playing an increasing role in education world-wideand is having a growing impact on the design and delivery ofEnglish language programs. Todays' language teachers areexpected to understand how to integrate technology into theirteaching as well as knowing how to help learners make use ofresources such as media and the internet to improve their learningof all four skills. As such technology offers both new challengesas well as new opportunities for both teachers and learners. Thisarticle surveys the role of technology in language teaching andexplores the opportunities it offers to teachers and learners tosupport new technology-mediated teaching and learning.


Learned representations of dynamical systems reduce dimensionality, potentially supporting downstream reinforcement learning (RL). However, no established methods predict a representation's suitability for control and evaluation is largely done via downstream RL performance, slowing representation design. Towards a principled evaluation of representations for control, we consider the relationship between the true state and the corresponding representations, proposing that ideally each representation corresponds to a unique true state. This motivates two metrics: temporal smoothness and high mutual information between true state/representation. These metrics are related to established representation objectives, and studied on Lagrangian systems where true state, information requirements, and statistical properties of the state can be formalized for a broad class of systems. These metrics are shown to predict reinforcement learning performance in a simulated peg-in-hole task when comparing variants of autoencoder-based representations.


This paper deals with risk analysis in cut and cover road tunnels. The research question explored is whether dividing a long tunnel into shorter sections would affect the safety when dangerous goods are allowed through the tunnel. In order to conclude the OECD/PIARC QRA Model quantitative risk analysis tool was used. Initial findings reveal that there is no evidence of increase in safety from dividing a long urban cut and cover tunnel in smaller parts with open air areas in between. However, the overall safety depends to a great extend on the specific characteristics of each particular case, since there are many factors that influence the overall safety of road tunnels. Therefore it is concluded that risk analysis using systemic approach is crucial for any road tunnel.


Some chains of inequalities of Hua-Wang type are established. These interesting results are the generalizations of some known inequalities. One of the new methods establishing inequalities is based on Sandor's good idea; another is applying the characteristics of nonlinear positive functionals.


Stepped-Frequency waveform (SFW) is a very important type of high range resolution radar signal. A novel processing method for SFW based on genetic algorithm and CLEAN technique is proposed in this paper. The parameters (i.e., position, amplitude and velocity) of a point scatterer can be found by global searching with genetic algorithm. And an iterative CLEAN processing is used to eliminate the extracted point from the received data of one SFW burst. Then the high range resolution profile (HRRP) of the target can be reconstructed with the estimated parameters. Finally the effectiveness of the algorithm is verified by the simulation results.


ALD vanadium oxide and a low-absorbing hole transport material (HTM) enable semi-transparent perovskite solar cells with high photocurrent and thermal stability.


Synthesis gas phase catalytic oxalate continuous process. A carbon monoxide-rich industrial gas as raw material, after purification to remove sulfur, ammonia, hydrogen, oxygen, water and other impurities, with nitrite in the palladium catalyst, the synthesis gas-solid phase oxalate. The reaction of nitric oxide in the exhaust gas contact reaction with oxygen and an alcohol aqueous solution P, recuperation nitrites recycling. Unreacted gas is compressed, condensed, recovered after separation negative nitrite.


If you ally habit such a referred sociocultural theory in second language education an introduction through narratives mm textbooks book that will pay for you worth, acquire the entirely best seller from us currently from several preferred authors. If you want to humorous books, lots of novels, tale, jokes, and more fictions collections are after that launched, from best seller to one of the most current released.


On the basis of a 14‐year statistical dataset of the southwest vortex (SWV), 10 long‐lived and heavy rain–producing SWVs are selected for a series of convection‐permitting composite semi‐idealized simulations. After confirming the simulation has reproduced the common salient features of these selected vortices, the general underlying mechanisms for the formation of this type of SWV are investigated. Results show that the SWV formation is characterized by significant unevenness, as the fundamental characteristics and dominant factors for the cyclonic‐vorticity production vary from place to place. Overall, the eastern/western section of SWV mainly features favorable/unfavorable conditions for the cyclonic‐vorticity enhancement. The vorticity budget indicates the convergence‐related horizontal shrinking and convection‐related tilting contribute to the cyclonic‐vorticity enhancement in the SWV's eastern section, whereas in the western section, the terrain‐related tilting and horizontal transport result in the cyclonic‐vorticity reduction.


We passively Q switched a monolithic Nd:YAG ring laser [monolithic isolated single-mode end-pumped ring laser (MISER)] using an evanescent-wave coupled antiresonant Fabry–Perot saturable absorber. Single-frequency, 0.7-μJ pulses with a pulse width below 100 ns at an ≈1-MHz repetition rate are demonstrated. Pulse width and repetition rate can be varied by changing the distance and thus the coupling strength between the crystal and the absorber.


We consider the joint optimal design of CEOs severance pay and on-the-job pay in a modelin which the CEO has interim private information about the likely success of his strategy. The board faces a tradeoff between reducing the likelihood that the firm forgoes an efficient strategy change and limiting the CEO s informational rents. The optimal truthtelling mech-anism takes a simple form: it consists of fixed severance pay and high-powered, non-linear on-the-job pay, such as a bonus scheme or option grant. Our model makes testable predic-tions linking CEOs severance pay and on-the-job pay to each other as well as to the firm s external business environment, firm size, and corporate governance.


Apocynum venetum (commonly known as luobuma or rafuma) is a shrub that is nature to Eurasia. It is economically important for sand fixation, forage production, honey production, medicine, fiber and fuel. Rapid and uniform seed germination is critical for successful crop establishment and vegetation restoration. The purpose of this study was to determine the germination responses of A. venetum seeds to temperature and water availability using hydrotime, thermal time and hydrothermal model analysis. S eed germination was relatively high for A. venetum from 25 °C to 30 °C. The base (T b ) , optimum (T o ) and ceiling temperatures (T c (50)) of A. venetum seed germination were 16.6, 27.0 and 45.9 °C, respectively. Values of base water potential (Ψ b (g) ) shifted to zero with increasing temperature, which was reflected in the greater effect of low Ψ on germination for temperatures above 30 °C. Hydrotime analysis suggested that T b may not be independent of Ψ, and Ψ b (g) may change as a function of temperature at temperatures below 30 °C. The interaction effects of Ψ and temperature reduced the ability of the hydrothermal time model to predict germination performance across temperature and Ψ conditions.


This paper introduces a new type of flame holder. Flow field is investigated, using PIV measurements in cold flow regime. The experiments on two types of V-shape flame holder: one with smooth edges and the other with wavy edges. The instantaneous velocity fields, Strouhal number, average velocity, vorticity, and recirculation zone length were among the parameters affected by the flame holder geometry. In this work, we examined the influence of these characteristics. Complex structure and unsteadiness of the flow was obtained with high accuracy. The results indicate an increase in length and width of the recirculation zone when using the wavy edges instead of smooth edges. For both geometries, a symmetrical flow structure was observed behind the flame holder. Also, higher static pressure drop was detected behind the flame holder for geometry with wavy edges.


This article discusses the design of an interactive digital narrative the author is developing called Lights Out Warehouse, which is geared toward engineering students in universities. The game explores ethical issues around automated labor and organizing.


This study aimed to investigate the relaxation effects and its underlying mechanisms of Epimedium koreanum Nakai(EK) in phenylephrine(PE) treated isolated rabbit corpus cavernosum smooth muscle. The dose-dependent relaxation responses of phenylephrine(PE, 1×10 M)-precontracted strips to EK at 0.01-3.0 mg/ml were measured and also observed after endothelial denudation using organ bath. To analyze the underlying mechanisms of EK-induced relaxation, Nω-nitro-L-arginine(L-NNA), methylene blue(MB), tetraethylammonium chloride(TEA), indomethacin(IM) were pretreated before EK extract infused into precontracted strips induced by PE. To investigate cytotoxic activity and nitric oxide(NO) concentration of EK extract on EA.hy926 cells, mitochondrial dehydrogenase activity(MTT) assay and nitric oxide detection kit were used. The cavernous strips were significantly relaxed by EK extract at 0.3 mg/ml, 1.0 mg/ml, 3.0 mg/ml and the relaxation responses of PE-precontracted strips denuded endothelium also inhibited in comparison with intact endothelium. The pretreatment of L-NNA, MB, TEA reduced EK extract-induced endothelium-dependent relaxation, but the pretreatment of IM didn't affect EK extract-induced endothelium-dependent relaxation. When EK extract was applicated on EA.hy926 cells, the NO concentration was increased. Our findings have shown that EK extract exerts a relaxing effect on corpus cavernosum in part by suppressing influx of extracellular Ca through activating the NO-cGMP system. 


Current trends place great demands on the flexibility and sustainability of modern production facilities. The optimisation of these Flexible Job Shop Scheduling Problems (FJSSP) under multiple objective variables, such as the makespan or the consumed energy, is a great challenge for today's planning systems due to the constantly changing constraints. In this paper, we present a method for multi-criteria dynamic planning of production facilities under both common and sustainable target variables, based on a Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) procedure. This is experimentally applied to a planning problem in a series of trials and compared with common methods. Finally, the results and further research questions are presented.


Sufficient conditions for a weak relative minimum of a form of the Bolza problem of variational calculus are derived. The variational problem considered includes arbitrary numbers of constraints on the initial and terminal points, but assumes no control constraints or interior point constraints. Testing of the second-order conditions requires the backward integration of fewer matrix elements than in the case of previously published sets of conditions. The derivation, though lengthy, is felt to be simpler in concept than previous derivations. The application of these conditions is demonstrated in the context of a simple geometric problem.


This report describes the preparation of new bimetal carbon nitride (CN)‐based 'core–shell' electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) for application in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells. The 'core' consists of graphitic carbon nanoparticles and the 'shell' of CN electrocatalysts. These latter are based on Pt–Fe and Pt–Ni active sites which, with respect to pure Pt, are devised for their improved ORR performance. This morphology allows to stabilise the active sites of the electrocatalysts by a chemical coordination process with the support as the coordinating agent. The wt% of N is lower than 2% to obtain electrocatalytic 'shells' with a good electron conductivity. The electrocatalysts with a 'core–shell' morphology were extensively characterised from the chemical, thermogravimetric and morphological points of view. Electrochemical measurements carried out by cyclic voltammetry using a thin‐film rotating ring‐disk electrode (CV–TF‐RRDE) method allowed to study the specific surface area of the active sites and to determine the ORR performance and the reaction mechanism. Finally, the materials were mounted at the cathode of single fuel cells and their performance was tested in operative conditions. The Pt mass required to achieve 1 kW was as low as 0.3 g, versus 1.11 g of the reference membrane‐electrode assembly.


Many geological features of scientific and/or economic interest have structural orientations that are neither horizontal or vertical. Being able to recover such dipping structures from geophysical inversions is, therefore, important. Different regularization strategies have been proposed to help recover dipping structures. One notable example is total variation (TV). However, there seems to be a lack of understanding within the geophysical community regarding why TV regularization allows dipping structures to be recovered, whereas norm regularization does not. In this paper, we compare these two regularization strategies from an optimization point of view using two simple block models. We also perform 3D inversions using a synthetic example and a field data example involving gravity gradient data to demonstrate the resolving power of TV in potential field data inversion.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved


Critical Care Medicine www.ccmjournal.org 1959 aspirin within each cohort. A meta-analysis of these propensity score analyses demonstrated that sepsis patients receiving preadmission aspirin experienced a mortality rate between 2% and 12% lower than those not receiving aspirin. Propensity score matching within a meta-analysis is a relatively new statistical tool for evaluating the effect of an intervention on an outcome in pooled observational data. First, available baseline characteristics are used to generate a model predicting each patient's likelihood of receiving the intervention of interest (the propensity score). Second, patients who received the intervention are matched with patients with a similar likelihood of receiving the intervention who, for whatever reason, did not receive it (propensity matching). The goal of this matching is to account for the patient factors that drove providers choice to administer or withhold the therapy of interest, differences which might otherwise make the two groups too dissimilar for fair comparison (indication bias). Third, clinical outcomes are compared between the matched patients who did and did not receive the intervention. Finally, in the step unique to this technique, the comparisons of clinical outcomes between matched patients in each individual cohort study are combined into a traditional meta-analysis, producing greater power than each individual cohort study and estimating the consistency of the results across studies. A meta-analyses of propensity-matched individual patient level data share the basic limitations of both propensity score analyses and meta-analyses. Most notably, propensity score matching remains susceptible to bias from unmeasured confounders and neglects patients who "always" or "never" receive a given intervention (because they cannot be matched with patients in the opposing arm) (7). Despite these limitations, meta-analysis of propensity-matched individual patient level data may prove superior to traditional multivariable analyses in predicting the outcome of randomized controlled trials... and the current study of preadmission aspirin use and sepsis mortality may have the opportunity to serve as the test case. Whether preillness aspirin receipt prevents sepsis or improves sepsis outcomes is the subject of the ongoing AspiriN To Inhibit SEPSIS (ANTISEPSIS) trial (8), a substudy of the Aspirin in Reducing Events in the Elderly (ASPREE) trial (9), a double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of daily low-dose aspirin to extend disability-free longevity in 19,000 healthy elderly adults. The ANTISEPSIS trial will collect additional information on the development and outcome of 17. Davenport EE, Burnham KL, Radhakrishnan J, et al: Genomic landscape of the individual host response and outcomes in sepsis: A prospective cohort study. Lancet Respir Med 2016; 4:259–271 18. Xiao W, Mindrinos MN, Seok J, et al; Inflammation and Host Response to Injury Large-Scale Collaborative Research Program: A genomic storm in critically injured humans. J Exp Med 2011; 208:2581–2590 19. Zimmerman JJ, Sullivan E, Yager TD, et al: Diagnostic accuracy of a host gene expression signature that discriminates clinical severe sepsis syndrome and infection-negative systemic inflammation among critically ill children. Crit Care Med 2017; 45:e418–e425


Certain properties of the atypical serum lipoprotein, referred to as pre‐β1‐lipoprotein, suggested that it might be identical to the lipoprotein carrying the Lp(a) antigen: Lp(a) lipoprotein. Both lipoprotein phenomena are under genetic control and occur in a certain proportion of healthy people. Pre‐β1‐lipoprotein occurs more frequently in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) than in the healthy population.