Explorations and excavations had been conducted at Sekta in 1991 and 1994 jointly by the Archaeological Survey of India and the State Department of Archaeology.[i] In-course of the excavations, archaeological remains of the early historical period were found. The discovery of the archaeological remains clearly signified that there was glorious culture in that site. The total excavated area was 0.35 acre which was the burial ground.


PIERRE BOURDIEU'S interest in economic issues is obvious in his first works on Algeria, which are a major contribution to economic anthropology (Bourdieu, 1958, 1977). But from that time onwards, Bourdieu has never stopped using and discussing economic theories or models, especially the rational-choice model (Bourdieu, 1974, 1977, 1979). Neither did he stop contributing to the empirical exploration of various economic realities, especially through his works on education, taste and consumption, credit, personal housing, editors, etc. In this sense, Bourdieu is one of the main authors in what, following the Durkheimians, we call 'economic sociology', and the publication in 2000 of Les Structures sociales de l'economie does not constitute a surprising shift in his work. His various investigations of the economic sphere rest on a coherent view of economy and economics, aiming at integrating the analysis of economic behaviours and institutions into a general vision of social practice, a 'general economy of practice', as he wrote in Le Sens pratique (1979). I will argue here that Bourdieu proposes, especially in his last book Les Structures sociales de l'economie, what I will call a new critique of economic discourse (I mean 'new' in comparison to the Marxist and heterodox – institutionalist, post-Keynesian, etc. – economics), which he develops in three main complementary directions. First, he lays the stress upon the symbolic aspect of economic life, which relates his sociology directly both to the Weberian and the Durkheimian traditions, but he also concentrates on symbolic domination and struggles, which connects him with Marx. Bourdieu secondly


Mucus was aspirated from the cervical os and vaginal fornix in groups of estrous ewes treated with estradiol-17beta from Day 9 until estrus vaginal sponges containing medoxyprogesterone acetate (MAP) IUDs in 1 horn and from an untreated group. Characteristics of the mucus such as percentage of dry matter protein concentration chloride concentration and spinbarkheit were observed. The quantity of mucus secretion during the first 6 hours after detection of estrus was determined by inserting a tampon in the anterior vagina. The percentage of drug matter and chloride concentration was similar for all groups. Protein concentration in the mucus was lowest in controls and MAP-treated ewes it was intermediate in IUD-treated ewes and greatest in estradiol-treated ewes. A negative correlation was exhibited between protein concentration and spinbarkheit within but not between groups. Decreased penetrability of mucus by sperm may be attributed to estrogen treatment. Mucus secretions during 6 hours was greater among MAP-TREATED EWES THAN among other ewes. Mucus in the MAP-treated ewes was similar to that of controls but the quantity secreted was nearly twice as great thus indicating that an established sperm population may be altered by a "flush"-out effect.


In this paper we are molding the phase profile of a Gaussian beam in order to achieve a phase singularity called optical vortex. For this purpose, we apply the beam shaping technique for a 635 nm wavelength radiation using a diffractive optical element with high diffractive efficiency. We use reflective spiral phase plates and fork-like computer generated holograms, fabricated with photolithographic processes and electron beam lithography, respectively. Uniform ring intensity is achieved in the optical vortex configurations and also zero intensity where the phase is undefined. Phase singularities interferences are done using a Michelson interferometer. Beam shaping simulations results based on the Kirchhoff integral are in concordance with experimental results.


A variety of hybrid surface acoustic waves (SAW)-based integrated acousto-optic (AO) Bragg cell device modules including power and interferometric RF spectrum analyzers, space switches, tunable filters, frequency shifters and modulators, analog algebraic processors, programmable correlators, and other multichannel device modules have been realized previously in common LiNbO3 substrate up to 1.0 X 3.7 cm2 in maximum size. The prospects for realization of their counterparts in monolithic integrated format in a common substrate of InGaAsP material system are significantly enhanced recently. In the meantime, the magnetooptic (MO) Bragg interactions between guided optical waves and magnetostatic waves in yttrium iron garnet- gadolinium gallium garnet substrates have resulted in miniaturized MO Bragg cell modulators in analogy with the guided-wave AO Bragg cell modulators. Recently, the performance of such MO Bragg cell modulators has been significantly improved and the modulators have been integrated with ion-milled waveguide lenses to realize hybrid integrated MO device modules. Such MO modulators have been utilized to demonstrate a number of novel applications. In this paper, a review of some of the most recent advances in integrated AO and MO device modules and applications together with some unpublished new results are presented.


Sulfur–rGO composite is prepared by a facile solution method using carbon disulfide solvent as a cathode electrode material for lithium–sulfur batteries to investigate its electrochemical performance. The initial capacity of the sulfur–rGO composite is 1385 mA h g−1 obtained at 0.1 C-rate with an excellent average capacity reduction ratio of 0.37% per cycle (from 10th to 100th cycles).


Autoregressive (AR) model based approximation for highly faded frequency selective time varying multi input multi output (MIMO) channels synthesized as per ITU specifications is investigated and reported in this paper. A semiblind approach is adopted for determining the channel state information (CSI) aided by training sequences and steepest gradient descent based on least mean square (LMS) adaptation. The AR model approximated for a given case is used to predict CSI of subsequent states. AR model order is derived for optimum performance of the system and a tradeoff is obtained between computational complexity and spectral efficiency of the system. Computational complexity for different cases of the channel is also discussed. Finally, signal to noise ratio (SNR) vs. bit error rate (BER) curve for different channel conditions for optimized AR model order is shown and certain conclusions drawn.


Breast cancer is a common cancer type in women and its death rate is second highest among different kind of cancers. Early detection is an efficient way for curing and recovery. Confocal microwave imaging (CMI) using electromagnetic method for detection of breast cancer can avoid ionization caused by mammography. CMI uses the contrast of electrical properties between tumor and normal breast tissue to identify the existence and location of the tumor. However, new research result shows that gland and tumor have similar dielectric constant and electrical conductivity, so it is hard to distinguish gland and tumor. This paper proposes a new method based on elastography for the tumor identification. The high Young's modulus contrast of the two tissues resulting in different level of deformation by compression will provide sufficient features to discriminate whether the reflected signal is belonged to gland or tumor. Finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method was used in simulation. Some examples were presented to validate the identification.


Abstract "May Fourth" has long been considered a turning point for modern China, resulting in continuous heated discussion on the topic since the 1920s. These discussions not only reexamine culture but also have political intent. Many recent scholars have discussed the "ideologization" of May Fourth from the perspective of "memory politics." They argue that "May Fourth discourse" was not only used to understand and recapture the past, but also to help one's own cherished values occupy a core position in modern Chinese history, thus using historical interpretation to create a compass for China's future that conforms to historical tides. From the four great philosophies of modern China, the Nationalists and Communists have incorporated May Fourth into the "Three People's Principles" and "New Democracy," respectively. Liberals held up democracy and science as a need for China's future, and made efforts to propagate and practice democracy in Hong Kong and Taiwan after 1949. As for New Confucians who had continuously criticized May Fourth for being anti-tradition, they supported traditional values but also believed that democracy and science were a "priority and necessity for China's cultural development," and hoped to use the spirit behind this ideal. They along with liberals criticized the Nationalist and Communist autocracy for departing from May Fourth ideals, and especially noted how May Fourth created fertile ground for the rise and expansion of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), "resulting in the growth of the Communist Party," and the Nationalist government's move to Taiwan. After 1949, Chiang Kai-shek (蔣介石) and the Guomindang (GMD) Nationalist Party he led primarily assessed the May Fourth Movement by synthesizing the views of the liberals and New Confucians. They highlighted the slogans of saving the nation, ethics, democracy, and science to promote ethical education and "national spirit education" as top-priority cultural policies. The focus of this article is to examine how liberals and New Confucians used the topic of May Fourth to criticize the CCP and GMD in Hong Kong and Taiwanese political commentary magazines during the 1950s (approximately 1949–1960). It also explores how the GMD synthesized liberal and New Confucian views to lay out their own position. This discourse shows how May Fourth had diverse interpretations under the context of conflict between the liberals and the New Confucians as well as Nationalists and Communists. The criticism of the ideologization of May Fourth in recent years is actually an important turning point in the scholarly study of May Fourth.


With the advent of the information age, the traditional practice teaching model presents many limitations and the popularization of the Internet makes the integration of network resources in the practice teaching of political theory courses begin to attract the attention of scholars. It has become the general trend to realize the integration of network resources in practical teaching. In view of some teachers' lack of scientific research on the goal orientation of resource integration, there are phenomena of blind accumulation of resources, complex resource structure, and aging resource content in the teaching resource integration of the political theory course. Therefore, based on the excellent performance of the collaborative filtering algorithm in similarity, this paper improves the inaccurate and unstable situation of traditional political theory course network resource integration by modifying parameters such as Pearson similarity function and optimizing the algorithm structure. Strengthening the integration and utilization of practical teaching resources is conducive to improving the effectiveness of political theory course teaching and to alleviating the current situation of serious shortage of practical teaching resources in political theory courses.


Nowadays artificial intelligence (AI) has come to the realization through advancement in multidisciplinary research. Big training data and GPU allow us to apply deep learning in industry field. The remarkable progress of machine learning, data mining and information theory algorithm have been showing outstanding results beyond the human ability in some area, such as image recognition, speech recognition. In this study, we present the background and some historical context of artificial intelligence so far. And then we introduce the trend of deep learning and its application. Especially convolutional neural networks (CNN) [1], recurrent neural networks (RNN) [2], generative model and multimodal learning which lead the latest trend are explained in detail. Lastly, we discuss the future direction of deep learning and a breakthrough in third AI winter.


* Abbreviations:
 AAP — : American Academy of Pediatrics
 FSB — : fresh stillbirth
 HBB — : Helping Babies Breathe
 NMR — : neonatal mortality rate
 NRP — : Neonatal Resuscitation Program

Extraordinary progress has been made in reducing infant mortality in the developed world over the past 7 decades, with death rates during the first year of life falling by more than 90% since my own birth in 1941. However, infant mortality rates in the developing world are still nearly 10 times higher than in the United States (Fig 1). Two articles in this month's Pediatrics suggest that help is on the way to narrow this unacceptable gap.1,2

FIGURE 1
Infant mortality. From: United Nations. Department of Economic and Scientific Affairs, Populations Division. 2011. World Population Prospects: The 2010 Revision. CD-ROM Edition.

It has been estimated that early birth asphyxia is responsible for nearly one-third of the neonatal mortality rate (NMR), as well as contributing substantially to neurodevelopmental disability.3 To address this problem in the United States, the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) and American Heart Association developed the Neonatal Resuscitation Program (NRP), which has been highly successful, with >3 million health care providers completing the course in the United States alone. This success has led >130 other countries, from both the developed and developing world, to express interest in adopting the NRP curriculum. But is NRP really an appropriate model for the developing world? At least 1 intervention attempting to do just that produced disappointing results,4,5 perhaps because of differences in the environment, personnel, and equipment associated with …

Address correspondence to John Kattwinkel, MD, University of Virginia, Department of Pediatrics, PO Box 800386, Charlottesville, VA 22908. E-mail: jk3f{at}virginia.edu


This comment on Gallup, Sachs, and Mellinger welcomes their research on economic geography and calls for further work to identify the underlying sources of geographical advantage and disadvantage.


A new era has dawned for nuclear structure and reaction theory. Renewed interest in the physics of nuclei is fueled by experiments at rare isotope beam facilities, which explore new regions of exotic nuclei; by astrophysical observations and simulations, which require controlled extra-polations of the nuclear equation of state; by the use of nuclei in experiments on fundamental symmetries, which rely on robust nuclear structure information; and by nuclear energy and security needs, which include predictions of reaction cross-sections and fission fragment properties. The UNEDF collaboration of nuclear theorists, applied mathematicians, and computer scientists is addressing this broad spectrum of physics through a comprehensive study of all nuclei, based on the most accurate knowledge of the strong nuclear interaction, the most reliable theoretical approaches, the most advanced algorithms, and extensive computational resources.


Most research on the effects of grazing cereal grains has been conducted on hard red winter wheat (triticum aestivum L.) and little information exists concerning the influence of forage harvest on the subsequent grain yield of other cereal crops. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of forage harvest management on subsequent grain yields of triticale (× Triticosecale Wittmack) and wheat to determine the growth stage for cessation of forage harvest to optimize grain and forage production [...]


Mid-rise to tall timber buildings are internationally gaining popularity. Reaching heights greater than 5 to 6 storeys has been made possible by the availability of engineered wood products, such as Laminated Veneer Lumber (LVL), Glued laminated timber (Glulam) and Cross Laminated Timber (CLT). These buildings are referred to as "mass timber buildings". As the height of timber buildings increases, so do their potential risks of progressive collapse. Progressive collapse is characterised by a local failure of a load-bearing structural element which may propagate through the whole building, and ultimately causes its partial or entire collapse. While progressive collapse mechanisms of reinforced concrete and steel buildings have been widely researched, limited studies have been carried out on mass timber buildings. Their ability to resist progressive collapse and their load transfer mechanisms after the loss of a load-bearing element are currently unclear.
First, to gain an initial understanding of the progressive collapse behaviour of post-and-beam mass timber buildings, a series of scaled-down 1×2-bay (2D) timber frame substructures were tested under a middle column removal scenario. The behaviour of the frames and the ability of three types of commercially used beam-to-column connections and a proposed novel connection, to develop catenary action under large deformations was measured. The system capacity in terms of the Uniformly Distributed Pressure (UDP) was also quantified. The test results showed that only the proposed novel connector was able to sustain the design pressure in international design specifications if no dynamic increase factor was considered, and therefore presented a potential solution to improve the robustness of post-and-beam mass timber buildings. Furthermore, progressive collapse of post-and-beam mass timber buildings cannot be resisted by the frame alone using the investigated currently used connections and alternative load paths must be found.
Second to further explore the mechanisms of post-and-beam mass timber buildings against progressive collapse, four scaled-down 2×2-bay (3D) substructures, with CLT panels, were constructed and tested in the laboratory. Three substructures were tested under an edge column removal scenario, with substructures manufactured from two different types of beam-to-column connections. Namely, two tests were performed with a connection type commonly used in Australia, and one test with the proposed novel connection investigated earlier. The last substructure was subjected to two different corner column removal scenarios, with the substructure tested twice under different CLT panels configurations. The substructure was assembled from the commonly used in Australia beam-to-column connection. In all tests, two Uniformly Distributed Pressures (UDP) were applied to the floors in two stages: (i) a constant UDP of 4.8 kPa was first applied to the bays not adjacent to the removed column and (ii) an idealised UDP was then increasingly applied to the remaining bay(s) through a hydraulic jack connected to a six-point loading tree. The load redistribution mechanisms (alternative load paths), the structural response and failure modes were recorded. In general, experimental test results showed that the applied load was principally transferred to the three columns the closest to the removed column and that the CLT panels spanning over two bays were efficient in resisting the load. The layout of the CLT panels plays a critical role in resisting progressive collapse. A simplified analytical model, consistent with the current industry design practice and pre-defined alternative load paths, was used to predict the ultimate resistance capacity of the tested specimens and compared to the experimental capacities. Overall, the simplified methodology was found to be conservative.
Third, finite element (FE) models were developed using the component model and validated against the 2D and 3D experimental results. The properties of the springs to be used in the component model were obtained from additional experimental component tests. CLT panels were simulated using layered shell elements while beam elements were used for the beams and columns. In the 2D numerical model, the ultimate load was accurately predicted and the development of compressive arch and catenary actions were well reproduced. The validated 2D model was then used to build the 3D model. For all tests, the 3D numerical models accurately predicted the overall load-displacement responses, load redistribution mechanisms, failure modes and strain developments in the beams and CLT panels. The validated numerical models were used to conduct a series of parametric studies to further examine the structural responses of the post-and-beam mass timber buildings. The results indicated that the structural capacity would be reduced when only using onebay long CLT panels, compared to using either staggered or all two-bay long CLT panels. Also, beam-to-column connections of the frames connected to the removed column could locally support the CLT panels above, providing an additional alternative load path for the structure in the context of progressive collapse, which is normally neglected in industry design practice.


A k-epsilon model and enhanced wall function method is applied to simulate the convective heat transfer of fluid flow across tube banks.The velocity field and pressure field are coupled and solved by the SIMPLEC algorithm.The second order scheme is employed to discretize the conservation equations.The calculated average Nusselt numbers are in well agreement with those from empirical correlations.


The utility model relates to an outdoor shoe, in particular to an outdoor shoe with light weight. The outdoor shoe with light weight comprises an upper and a sole, wherein the upper comprises a front upper and a rear upper, the sole comprises an inner sole and an outer sole, and the upper and the sole are formed by gluing or compression; the front upper comprises a front upper plate and a front upper cover compressed on the front upper plate in a sewn manner, the rear upper comprises a rear upper plate and an external last top, an internal last top, a reinforced overlay, a heel extracting belt, a heel backing and a reinforced heel that are compressed on the rear upper plate in a sewn manner, a tongue is sewn on the front upper, and a shoe buckle or an eyelet is oppressed or made on the rear upper through rivets; the inner sole comprises an inner middle sole and a compound insole arranged on the inner middle sole, and the outer sole comprises a PU (Poly Urethane) foaming layer and a rubber layer. The main body of the outdoor shoe with light weight is made of various materials processed functionally, and the outdoor shoe with light weight has the characteristics of ventilation, fastness and wearability, and is dried easily after getting wet.


Background:Randomized trials have shown that medical and interventional therapies improve outcomes for acute myocardial infarction (AMI) patients. The extent to which hospital quality improvement translates into better patient outcomes is unclear. Objectives:To determine hospital cardiac management markers associated with improved outcomes. Research Design, Subjects:Population-based longitudinal cohort study of 98,115 adults hospitalized with first episode of AMI during 2000 to 2006 in 77 Ontario hospitals with >50 annual AMI admissions. Measures:Rates of 30-day and 1-year mortality, readmissions for AMI or death, and major cardiac events (readmissions for AMI, angina, heart failure, or death) within 6 months, according to index hospital cardiac management markers, including appropriate initial emergency department (ED) assessment (rate of high acuity triage) high-acuity and intensity of interventional (30-day cardiac catheterization rate) and medical (discharge statin prescribing rate) therapy. Results:Thirty-day risk-adjusted mortality varied 2.3-fold (7.2%–16.9%) and major cardiac events rates varied 2-fold (18.2%–35.6%) across hospitals in 2006. Patients admitted to hospitals with the highest versus lowest rates of combined medical and interventional management had lower rates of 30-day mortality (adjusted relative rate [aRR] = 0.84, 95% CI, 0.78–0.91), 1-year mortality (aRR = 0.86, 0.81–0.91), AMI readmissions or death (aRR = 0.74, 0.69–0.78), and major cardiac event (aRR = 0.65, 0.61–0.68). Patients admitted to EDs with the highest rates of appropriate initial assessment had lower 30-day (aRR = 0.93, 0.88–0.98) and 1-year mortality (aRR = 0.96, 0.93–1.00). Conclusions:Hospitals with higher levels of both medical and interventional management and higher quality initial ED assessment had better outcomes. Readmissions were particularly sensitive to care processes. In the face of the unwarranted variations in outcomes across hospitals, strategies that promote better ED and inpatient management of AMI patients are needed.


Results: Overall, 36.9% of mammograms were rated as showing dense breasts. Across radiologists, this percentage ranged from 6.3% to 84.5% (median, 38.7% [interquartile range, 28.9% to 50.9%]), with multivariable adjustment for patient characteristics having little effect (interquartile range, 29.9% to 50.8%). Examination of patient subgroups revealed that variation in density assessment across radiologists was pervasive in all but the most extreme patient age and BMI combinations. Among women with consecutive mammograms interpreted by different radiologists, 17.2% (5909 of 34 271) had discordant assessments of dense versus nondense status.


Ayurveda is the science of life which explain the principles for the maintenance of health and obliteration of disease. According to Ayurveda,vitiation of dosha is one of the important contributing factor for disease condition. Charaka describes diseases numerable and innumerable. Acharyas had vision of forthcoming new diseases; hence they explained the concept of understanding the new diseases i.e. Anukta Vyaadhi. Anukta vyadhis are not interpreted by their names, but with the cluster of signs and symptoms the underlying pathology can be understood by the basic principles stated in Ayurveda. These are not only helpful in understanding the pathogenesis but also give a direction to think in terms of treatment for the same. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one among anukta vyadhi. ADHD is most common psychosomatic childhood disorder. It is characterized by inattention, increased distractibility, difficulty in sustaining attention, poor impulse control, decreased selfinhibitory capacity, motor over activity and motor restlessness. Children with ADHD have been found to have cognitive deficits, lower IQ, impaired social relationships within the family and with peers, as well as poor study skills and lower academic achievement. At present, modern medications prescribed for treating ADHD have various undesirable side effects and have potential for abuse and addiction. Another disadvantage called rebound effect is also noted. Most of the symptoms described in ADHD resemble to perturbation of Vatadosha more specifically with chala guna of Vata. View of Ayurveda regarding the etiopathogenesis of diseases can provide


Integrated properties, magnitudes and isophotal diameters, of the Local Group galaxies M31 and M33 are used to set upper and lower limits to the extragalactic distance scale in the direction of the Virgo cluster and the Ursa Major cluster. The assumption is made that M31 should not be larger or brighter than the largest, brightest cluster members, so a lower limit to the distance modulus of the cluster can be calculated. This gives an upper limit to Hubble's constant. It is also assumed that M33 should not be smaller or fainter than the smallest, faintest cluster members, so an upper limit to the distance modulus can be calculated. This gives a lower limit to Hubble's constant. Data are collected in three systems with several correction schemes, and cluster membership lists are compared to determine the largest, brightest, smallest, and faintest members. The data are used to justify the assumptions necessary for the calculations. The results depend upon the radial velocities of the clusters, which are in dispute. If the velocity of both clusters is 1100 km/s then the upper limit to Hubble's constant for the Virgo cluster is 90 ± 10 km/(s*Mpc) if NGC 4569 is accepted as the largest, brightest member, or 80 ± 9 if NGC 4321 is accepted. The lower limit depends upon the small, faint galaxy for comparison, but is at least 30±4 km/(s*Mpc) and may be as high as 47±5. The limits are the same for the Ursa Major cluster. The method is applied to groups of galaxies seen in projection behind the Virgo and Ursa Major clusters, and to groups in the direction opposite to the clusters. It is concluded many small groups have a component of motion toward the clusters, relative to a uniform Hubble flow. This is attributed to the gravitational influence of the clusters, which extends to 25 Mpc if H is 100 km/(s*Mpc). LIMITS TO THE EXTRAGALACTIC DISTANCE SCALE FROM INTEGRATED PROPERTIES OF LOCAL GROUP GALAXIES by David John Westpfahl Jr. A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Physics MONTANA STATE UNIVERSITY Bozeman, Montana


Although migration is frequently considered as a matter of domestic jurisdiction, the movement of persons has been internationalized by a complex set of norms. The main sources of international law reveal a relatively dense picture. This chapter reviews the sources of international legal norms that govern migration by examining treaty law, customary law and general principles of law. It concludes by assessing the role of soft law on the traditional sources of international migration law.


By focusing exclusively on consumer benefit, previous studies of the effects of managed care have ignored important hospital efficiency gains. This study uses data from the 1992-1996 US Health Care Cost and Utilization Project, National Inpatient Sample to estimate a stochastic frontier model of hospital technical efficiency. After controlling for hospital and market area variables, the study finds strong evidence that increased managed care insurance in any given market is associated with improved technical efficiency in area hospitals. Using a two-stage estimation technique (Battese and Coelli 1995), the estimates are more efficient than for two-stage methods found in most of the literature.


We introduce the
concept of mobility-based communication in ad hoc networks, meaning
that the packet transport is performed mainly by the nodes'
movement. We outline a model for such networks, util ...


The Schelling Model of Spatial Segregation is a fundamental consumer choice model in the fields of computational and urban economics. In our paper, we unite the research from these two fields to examine if the housing preferences of a heterogeneous population of homeowners lead to Schelling's equilibrium outcomes. The original Schelling model was a market of renters with complete freedom to move to any vacant unit. The United States housing market is best characterized as an owner occupied market. The exchange in an owner occupied market is not complete unless the owner finds a buyer willing to pay the current owner's reservation price for the home and the owner successfully completes a transaction for another home. For a given home, it may take a number of periods for the sale transaction to occur and the neighborhood's racial characteristics may change. The paper applies Schelling's market assumptions to a mechanism that replicates an owner's market. Our primary research interest is to determine how this mechanism influences the equilibrium outcome. Our secondary research interests are to compare differences in the sale prices of homes, the number of completed and retracted transactions and the length of a home's "time on the market".


In recent years the possibility of applying knowledge management to logistics and to logistics planning has been put forward in literature. Despite of these discussions knowledge management has not been implemented in logistics in large scale. To draw a clear picture of the current state-of-implementation and understand the impact knowledge management activities have on a company's logistics performance a comparative study is run with German and Portuguese logistics companies. The paper explains the theoretical background and practical implementation of this study and discusses a strategy to measure the investments in KM, access the needs of KM, and evaluate the impact of KM investments in the logistics sector. Although the study is still in progress, results are expected to be available for presentation at the conference.


Perla and his associates (1) recently reported that administration of desoxycorticosterone acetate would protect experimental animals from histamine shock. They found that previous administration of solutions of sodium chloride and desoxycorticosterone acetate was more effective than the use of the latter alone. They further administered sodium chloride and desoxycorticosterone acetate preoperatively to patients who were to undergo major surgical procedures. Using as criteria the clinical condition of the patient and the impression of the attending surgeon they felt that they had demonstrated that such preoperative treatment effectively prevented the occurrence of postoperative shock. On the basis of these observations Perla and his associates advocated the preoperative administration of desoxycorticosterone acetate in all instances in which surgical shock might be anticipated. Widespread trial of this suggestion apparently has been made, but no convincing confirmation has been forthcoming. Because of the...


An  observation on variousproblems faced by lolflnf   companies In practicing timber harunti"6 in their areas was conducted in seven conceaionaires scattered from Sumatra to Irian Jaya in 1989.It  ia  found that loaf"I   companies are (acing many problems in almost all aspects of timber ha"1estingoperations such as In general iuue, planning. roading, utraction, training, and reaearchand development. The m~n source of the problem ia the condition where loggingcompanies do not adapt their technologies to the current technological develop- ment and ifeld eor ?ffinna. For er,,;,._ lnfllt time all loggingcompanies have sticked to the traditional tractor'loggi111 system without considering its suitability to specific local conditions. Alao almost all regulationsabout timber harvestingare.still the same as thpse in early 1910'•  and there ia no competent'institution  available.,or analyzing various aspects of timber harvating. All of thae  ~ause the use ofatatic technology in the middle of many draaticchanges, technology development and working condition As the result, it ia noticed in the field that the efficiency of loggingoperations ia low. the rate of loaillf  waste ia high,and the environmental diaturbance ia alarming. All of thaee problems need aerious attention both from the govemment and private secto1'8.


The central theme of this chapter is the impact of war on the Greek world in the first half of the fourth century B.C. Thucydides described the Peloponnesian War as the greatest disturbance in Greek history, a war that came to affect almost the whole of the Greek world and part of the non-Greek world as well. His verdict was amply verified by subsequent events. Not every Greek state was affected at once or to the same degree. The central Peloponnese, for example, was largely unscathed, and Elis was in a flourishing condition at the time of the Spartan invasion of c. 402 (Xen. Hell. III.2.21–31). Boeotia as a whole suffered only one abortive Athenian invasion in 424. In the Decelean War the Thebans enriched themselves on the plunder of Attica and acquired many of the runaway Athenian slaves ( Hell. Oxy. XVII (XII). 3–5). The impact of the war on the society and economy of the two protagonists differed strikingly. Sparta's victory, and the role she chose to play in Greek affairs after 404, placed strains on her society which she could not withstand. Whereas the fifth-century Athenian empire had spread prosperity through all classes of Athenian society, and thus helped to cement political and social stability, the Spartan empire aggravated internal tensions and inequalities in Sparta. The gap between Sparta's ambitions, and the resources available to her, seemed dangerously wide. Sparta's decline in the fourth century, within little over a generation after her victory, followed as a long-term consequence of that victory.


A new continuous flow electrophoresis system was fabricated. The principle, the composition and the structure of the prototype were discussed.


This article reports on the insights gained from an embedded librarian program at MacKay Library, Union County College (Cranford, NJ) using the Angel Course Management System (CMS). The program began in order to reach out to students in online classes to market library resources and to offer assistance. Students were surveyed at the end of the semester to assess the value of the program and to suggest future revisions. Course assignments were found to play a major role in whether students reach out to the embedded librarian.


of the as The existing approach to investigate of mineral resources, the manual microscopic observation method and an elemental analysis technics had been used.The major drawback of a manual microscope approach has been used for few number of particles morphology observation. It is not able to described particle shape as significant number. Furthermore an elemental analysis tech-nique such as X-Ray fluorescence and destructive wet chemical analysis can determine the quantity of mineral species present in the ore, however, these chemical analysis methods do not allow the study of the composition of individual particles of different size and shape. The morphologically directed Raman spectroscopic (MDRS) is a novel approach which can resolve this problem. Using this method the Raman spectra of several hundred particles is determined after size and shape classification of each individual particle by automated particle image analysis. Raman spectroscopy can be used to acquire the spectra of any inorganic compounds such as metal oxides and nitrides which are Raman active. Many mineral resources are mined as inorganic compounds. Therefore, Raman spectroscopy can be used for the identification of the chemical composition of mineral ores. Using the a morphologically directed Raman spectroscopic method described herein, it is possible to calculate the particle size distribution and proportion by mass or volume of each chemical component or mineral species based on Raman spectroscopic information. This study will report and discuss the capability MDRS method using a model material. the laser power was less than 5mW and the irradiation time was 5 sec. The particle image measurements were made in diascopic mode with a total magnification 250x. Iron ore dry powder samples were dispersed using the SDU using a short duration pulse of compressed air.Measurements were made automatically using Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) which define the software and hardware settings used. Measurement sample was dispersed on to glass plate as sample carrier which was minimized environmental exposure by the enclosed sample chamber unit. Particle identification by Raman analysis used the spectrum correlation coefficient approach. Carbonaceous material (CM) included in rocks is important material to produce resources of oil and gas. The quality and storage of these resources are evaluated by analyzing the chemical composition, crystal structure, and reflectance of CM. In the oil exploration, vitrinite reflectance is widely used to evaluate the maturity of CM. However, the spatial resolution of vitrinite reflectance measurement is about 10 µ m and more than 100 point measurement is needed for quantitative evaluation. Therefore, the evaluation of maturity of CM is sometimes difficult in low vitrinite content rocks. In the present study, we examined the maturity of CM using the Raman spectroscopy, whose spatial resolution is about 1 µ m. Kouketsu et al. (2014 Island Arc) reported that the values of full width at half maximum (FWHM) of CM Raman spectra correlate with metamorphic temperature and proposed the Raman CM geothermometer. Applicable temperature range is 150 to 400 ℃ and the reflectance of vitrinite included in the calibrated samples is more than 1 %. We focused on the reflectance less than 1 % where the crude oil is started to produce and carried out the measurement of Raman spectroscopic analysis and reflectance for the samples containing vitrinite grains whose reflectance between 0.25 to 2.44 %. In the Raman spectroscopic analysis, we used 514.5 nm Ar + laser and set the laser power around 0.2 mW at sample surface to avoid the damage to CM. Measured spectra were divided into four peaks of D1-, D2-, D3-, and D4-bands within the 1000 to 2000 cm − 1 range. Raman spectra of CM less than 1 % of reflectance show strong fluorescence background. Raman peaks of CM less than 0.4 % of reflectance cannot be detected. The values of FWHM of D1- and D2-bands vary less than 1 % of reflectance range and the correlation becomes unclear. The CM Raman spectra seem to be affected by the background and peaks are not separated properly. This result indicates that the conventional Raman CM geothermometer is difficult to apply to oil source rocks. On the other hand, the slope of Raman baseline becomes smaller with increasing reflectance, and the correlation is approximated by exponential function. The fluorescence related to the baseline of Raman spectra is considered to be caused by the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon that is the main component of oil and gas. Therefore, the baseline slope of CM Raman spectra will be a useful index to evaluate the maturity of oil source rocks. It is thought that the ridge segment structure controls partial melting proceses of upper mantle and supply system of magmas at the mid-ocean ridges (MacDonald et al., 1988), and we may observe these occurrences at the Oman ophiolite. Fizh and Salahi blocks of the northern Oman ophiolite is corresponded to the 2nd order ridge segment (Adachi and Miyashita, 2003; Miyashita et al., 2003), wehrlitic intrusions of the near off-axis magmatism are identified different petrological features. The presence of magmatic hornblende is rare in the segment centre but more abundant of hornblende and orthopyroxene at the segment margin (Adachi and Miyashita, 2003; Kaneko et al., 2014). The forsterite content of olivine and the Mg# of clinopyroxene from the wehrlitic intrusions of the segment margin are more evolved than in rocks from the segment centre. Chlorine contents of magmatic hornblende from the segment centre and margin show high contents. Although Phyton et al. (2007) identified that the seawater penetrates the lower oceanic crust, this study suggests the fluid of seawater implicates magma compositions of near off-axis magmatism. We focus on vertical variations of wehrlitic intrusions, and show the spatial variation of petrographic features and mineral compositions in the along ridge axis, and then perform a three-dimensional study of hydrothermal circulation along the ridge segment structure. It is important to elucidate of the seawater penetrating depth at the oceanic crust formation, we discuss the change in the penetration depth of the seawater along axis, trying to understand of the oceanic crust formation process. The groundmass nanolites are submicron scale minerals having a steeper slope of CSD (crystal size distribution) than microlites, originally described for a rhyolitic dome lava (Ben Lomond rhyolite lava dome; Sharp et al., 1996). The nanolites in explosive eruption products were first reported by Mujin and Nakamura (2014) for the pumices and dense juvenile fragments of the Shinmoedake (Kirishima Volcano) eruption in 2011. They found that the mineral assemblage of the nanolites recorded eruption style transition from sub-Plinian pumice, via Vulcanian pumice to lava cap as follows: pyroxene (pyx), pyx + plagioclase (pl), and pyx + pl + Fe-Ti oxides in a descending order of explosivity. In this study, we report their chemical compositions and crystal space groups. The fine plagioclase microlites in the sub-Plinian pumices have clearly higher An contents (by ca. 5 mol%) than the similarly sized plagioclase (mostly nanolites) in the Vulcanian pumices and lithic fragments. This indicates that the pumices of Sub-Plinian eruption quenched before nanolite nucleation and growth of fine microlite ( < 3 µ m in width). The decrease in An content from the microlites to the nanolites may be explained by considering two factors: 1) crystallization differentiation of the melt, and 2) decompression and possibly cooling during crystallization. The compositions of pyroxene nanolites and small microlites (1 ‒ 6 µ m in width), on the other hand, do not show any systematic difference among the eruption styles, being consistent with the CSD results. They were within the metastable compositional range of pigeonite, sub-calcic augite and augite. In the electron diffraction pattern of TEM, we identified the pyroxenes and Fe-Ti oxide crystals as small of 20 and 10 nm in the dense juvenile fragments, respectively. In the HAADF-STEM images (Fig. 1), the pyroxene and Fe-Ti oxide crystals as small as 3 and 1 nm were discernable. Some Fe-Ti oxide crystals were formed on the pyroxene crystal surfaces, suggesting that some of the crystals nucleated heterogeneously. The crystal systems of pyroxene and Fe-Ti oxide nanolites were determined as C 2/ c and F d -3 m , respectively. This is in contrast to the previously reported pyroxene nanolites in the lava dome sample (Sharp et al., 1996). They were composed of the mixture of orthopyroxene and clinopyroxene, and a complex micro-structure resulting from sub-solidus exsolution from pigeonite ( P 2 1 / c ) to augite ( C 2/ c ) and hypersthene. Sharp et al. (1996) interpreted this complexity of pyroxene phases resulted from moderate cooling rate within the obsidian layer. By contrast, we did not confirm the subsistent of the mixed pyroxenes in dense fragments of the Shinmoedake eruption aproducts, because the scale of the observed pyroxene was 1 ‒ 2 orders of magnitude smaller than that of Sharp et al. (1996). The appearance of a metastable phase of pyroxene nanolites and fine nanolites (1 ‒ 20 nm) in the dense fragments seems to be resulted from the nucleation and growth under large super cooling followed by rapid quenching. The large undercooling may have been produced though rapid magma ascent and succeeding dehydration and liquidus increase, in addition to the cooling and oxidation of the magma near the surface. Early Cretaceous igneous rocks in the Kitakami Mountains consist of volcanic rocks, dike rocks, and plutonic rocks, from older to younger. Plutonic rocks are composed mainly of adakitic granites in central part of zoned plutonic bodies surrounded by adakitic to non-adakitic granites in marginal part. These adakitic plutons is divided into E and W zones based on the ages and geochemist


The eolian origin for Minnelusa sandstones has been stressed in numerous published articles. However, the dolomites that are interbedded with the eolian sandstones have received little attention. Isopach mapping of one of the dolomite units (Dolomite I) reflects a marine embayment system whose individual embayments range from 1/2 to 1 mi in width and trend primarily in a northwest direction. Consistently the embayment dolomites pinch out against the flanks of reworked, low relief, broad, eolian dune ridges. So far, 108 mi/sup 2/ of the Dolomite I marine embayment system have been mapped, but the overall extent of the system is undoubtedly much greater. Dolomite I is rarely cored, but cores from stratigraphically higher embayment dolomites in the upper Minnelusa show that these dolomites display the following, shoaling-upward sequence: (1) subtidal, sparingly fossiliferous dolomite; (2) intertidal, algal-laminated or brecciated or mud-cracked dolomite; and (3) very thin, supratidal, nodular anhydrite. The embayments, therefore, became the sites of marine sabkhas located between eolian dunes. Two main conclusions emerge from this study: (1) the juxtaposition of eolian sandstones and marine dolomites in a tectonically stable area suggests that eustatic sea level changes and a very arid climate were responsible for the marked environmental andmore » lithologic changes observed in the upper Minnelusa, and (2) arid, coastal, evaporitic sabkhas bordered by eolian dunes are known from a number of modern and ancient cases, but marine carbonate embayments and associated evaporitic sabkhas that penetrate deeply into eolian sandstone terrains are rare.« less


In(OH)3 layer was modified on the surface of ZnO particle via chemical precipitation process.The results of powder XRD and TEM tests showed that the size of the In(OH)3 particle was about 10~30 nm.The specific discharge capacity,utilization ratio and charge transfer resistance of ZnO increased with the increasing of In(OH)3 loading,but the charge-discharge voltage decreased.In the first 150 cycles,the average specific discharge capacities of ZnO with 12.5% In(OH)3 loading and the pure ZnO were 552 mAh/g and 286 mAh/g,the utilization ratios of ZnO were 84.2% and 44.7%.The charge transfer resistance was 0.82 Ω and 0.24 Ω,respectively,the average charge-discharge voltages decreased 24 mV and 40 mV,respectively.


In order to save iceland and output two parallel polarized beams,a new type of bireflective parallel beam splitter combined of iceland and glass is designed.The prism is made of ZBaF3 glass,between which is iceland,using bromonaphthalene as the glue.Selecting the suitable structure angles,two polarized beam whose directions of electric vector are orthogonal can escape vertically to the same exit widow after their total reflection on the front cemented surface and the back surface respectively.The experiments indicate that the transmittance of the prism is more than 80%,and the extinction ratio is better than 10-3.Therefore,the prism still has good performance on the premise of saving iceland greatly.


The intramolecular nuclear wave packet dynamics of carboxy-deuterated phthalic acid monomethylester following excitation of the OD stretching vibration in the hydrogen bond is investigated. When one starts from a Cartesian reaction surface Hamiltonian, a nine-dimensional model is identified, which comprises the most strongly coupled degrees of freedom. The anharmonic coupling is demonstrated to lead, in particular, to low-frequency modulations of the OD dynamics. Partial vibrational energy randomization takes place on a time scale of 2 ps, which was not seen in earlier single configuration calculations.


This chapter looks at the assemblage of works that make up a literary culture, including its canon and historical tradition. It describes how comparatists often had an uneasy relation to national literatures due to their ideological opposition to nationalism or impatience with the parochialism of national traditions. It also explains how national literatures remain a major force in a transnational age. The chapter discusses Albert Guérard's article entitled "Comparative Literature?" from 1958, which shows a classic expression of impatience with the very idea of comparing national literatures. It also analyzes Guérard's prediction on the disappearance of comparative literature through an analogy of Europe's impending economic unification.


The Rb values for sediments described by C.W. Welby are recalculated to conform to the recommended (Ahrens and Fleischer, GeoScience Abstracts 2-2378) new Rb values for a standard granite (G-1) and a standard diabase (W-1). A plot of the original and amended Rb values versus K is given.


A colorimetric assay of serum isocitric dehydrogenase has been described in which the α-ketoglutaric acid formed is determined as the hydrazone. A standard unit of lCD activity is defined as millimicromoles KG-A formed per milliliter serum per hour of incubation at 37°.

Analyses of KGA and TPNH as reaction products show that 1.58 moles of KGA are formed for each mole of TPNH under the conditions of this experiment.


An indole conjugated thiophene–pyridyl (ITP) sensor for cyanide has been synthesized and characterized using NMR and mass spectroscopy. The selectivity of ITP has been explored in aqueous solution, and the resulting ratiometric fluorescence response toward CN−, among 11 different anions, was studied. The complexation of ITP–CN has been addressed using HRMS, 1H-NMR, and UV-vis spectroscopy. ITP displays substantial dual changes in both its ratiometric emission and absorption spectra, exclusively in the presence of CN− in aqueous solution. This is due to the nucleophilic attack of the indolium group of ITP by CN−, which induces a ratiometric fluorescence change and consequently a large emission shift. DFT/TDDFT calculations were performed in order to demonstrate the electronic properties of ITP and the ITP–CN adduct. The resultant ITP–CN adduct was used as a secondary sensing chemo-ensemble for the detection of cyanophilic metal ion-containing molecules by removing CN− from ITP–CN and regenerating ITP with switch-on red fluorescence. For the practical application of the sensor, test strips based on ITP were made up, which could act as suitable and proficient kits for CN− testing and cell studies.


Sections from rat tissue were fixed in 10% formalin in 90% alcohol and placed in a 1.0% suspension of sodium bismuthate (NaBiO3) in 40% phosphoric acid for 40 minutes at room temperature. Bismuth phosphate crystals were removed with 2N HCl. The sections were next placed in the Schiff reagent for 20 minutes. By this method the DNA was hydrolyzed by the phosphoric acid and the 1,2-glycols were oxidized by the NaBiO3. In both cases aldehyde groups were released and subsequently stained by the Schiff reagent. A photomicrograph is included demonstrating the nuclei, goblet cells, striated border and basement membrane stained by this combined method.


Before the 1950s,America implemented its policy in Africa focusing on resources since most African countries were under the control of Western European colonial power.With Eurasian cold war pattern's formation and the vigorous development of African national independence movement,American policy-makers began to reassess the role of Africa in its national security policies.And then,the role of African natural resources decreased,while the role of its strategic interests and the political ideology became increasingly important.American policy in Africa broke gradually away from Eurocentric pattern,and turned to a pattern to consider Africa and Europe separately.


The purpose of the study was to examine the relationship between the five personality dimensions; neuroticism, extraversion, openness, agreeableness and conscientiousness, and if they can predict adults alcohol consumption and alcohol-related problems in a Swedish sample. A webbased-survey was sent to a sample of municipality employees in Stockholms county. The results indicate a negative association between openness and the frequency of binge drinking and alcohol-related problems. They further imply a positive association between extraversion and the quantity of alcohol consumption at a typical instance when alcohol is consumed and the frequency of binge drinking.


In promoting diversified education and interdisciplinary learning, the traditional education method has gradually changed from using textbooks to multimedia teaching with videos and pictures. STEAM interdisciplinary education methods are gradually introduced to improve learning outcomes and instructional effectiveness. However, there is a lack of comprehensive auxiliary teaching materials in STEAM education to develop science teaching aids. It is necessary to combine STEAM education with the research and application of robotic teaching aids and integrate them into the teaching field. In this study, students used robotic teaching aids to match the courses in the Taiwan 108 syllabi and learn more about multi-knowledge in one course.


The relationship between human rights law and international humanitarian law has been the subject of extensive discussions over the last 40 years. In particular, the experts on international humanitarian law were quite reluctant to accept the application of human rights law during armed conflicts. They argued that the two systems of rules were assigned to two distinct legal regimes, and close ties did not exist from the outset. Many scholars argue that connections 'between the two branches of the law are not in any sense natural or necessary'.1 This may be true for a historical analysis but after the ICJ 'Advisory Opinion on Nuclear Weapons'2 the viewpoints centre upon the applicability of human rights law in cases of armed conflicts.3 The viewpoints of the ICJ reflect the overcoming of the rift between the two branches of the law, which was, in the first place, a consequence of the appearance of non-international armed conflicts after the end of the Second World War. A precondition for the legal regulation of these conflicts was the applicability of human rights law together with international humanitarian law. Regardless, the whole debate is surprising against the background of the 'openness'4 of international humanitarian law articulated by the Martens Clause. According to the clause, in the absence of specific regulations, populations and belligerents remain under the protection and empire of the principles of international law, as they result from the usages established between civilized nations, from the laws of humanity, and the requirements of public conscience.5 The same approach characterizes Article 72 of Additional Protocol I: 'The provisions of the Section are additional ... to other applicable rules of international law relating to the protection of fundamental human rights during international armed conflicts.' Taking into account the reluctance of the community of States to codify the principle of humanity in detail, the question is posed as to which developments have been made in the abutting bodies of law, and how they influence international humanitarian law.6 Particular attention must be paid to international human rights law, as today human rights are an integral part of international law for the common welfare of humanity and represent common values that no State may revoke, even in times of war.7 While international humanitarian law and human rights law vary in terms of origin and the situations in which they apply, the two bodies of law share the objective of protecting and safeguarding individuals in all circumstances. It seems that the co-existence or even merger of international humanitarian law and human rights law is much more advanced in practical terms than in legal theory. Some scholars still regret that the detailed debate did not succeed in a common conclusion as to how the normative wealth of both branches of the law can combine to serve the protection of human beings.8 Therefore it makes sense to deal with the different dominating theories on the relationship.


Abstract. Several reasons have prompted the National Geographic Institute of Spain (IGN-Spain) to implement an automatic process to generate the National Topographic Map 1:25,000 (MTN) instead trough the traditional manual way, pointing out the growing lack of human resources, in addition to the search for a quick response to the increasing demand of updated geoinformation by the society.This new automated process provides an annual production of all the map sheets composing the MTN25 (4.019 files), what is an unprecedented time record, so that the users can quickly both download them from the Download Centre Website and visualize the maps through the visualization web services WMS and WMTS. This methodology is also applied to the creation of sheets for printed publication, whose final output requires a simplified manual editing process.


VolP technologies that enable Internet voice communication are spreading rapidly, with many telecommunication carriers already providing VolP services based on these technologies. The market for this area is expected to become significantly larger as the number of subscribers continues to increase. VolP technologies must first be enhanced, however, before VolP services can support all the voice services of existing switching systems, including lifeline services such as for emergency calls. This paper introduces Fujitsu's server platform technologies for controlling not only highly scalable but also highly reliable VolP services, as well as our lineup of products in this field, and then discusses future development plans. Lastly, it introduces our session control technology, which represents a key technology used for VolP services in the development of various advanced services.


The question are: Will we ever know if there are objects outside of the detectable universe radiating in wave length longer than CBR? Can we date fundamental particles, or space? We only measure the universe with visual radiations. Doesn't it seem that the size and age of the universe is determined by the size of our telescope?


In this study the extractive capability of Mextral 5640H was investigated for extraction of copper from a heap leach liquor. In this regard, the influence of parameters such as pH (0.2–2.8), extractant concentration in kerosene diluent (5%–15% v/v), temperature (25–70 °C), contact time (0–300 s), stirring speed (100–1200 rpm), phase ratio (O/A) (0.6–1.8) and Cu initial concentration (0.5–2 g/L) in the leach liquor were examined and optimized. The findings demonstrated that the Mextral 5640H extractant had a very high efficiency and selectivity in copper extraction from the leachate. 98.17% Cu, with less than 0.5% of Fe and Mn, were extracted at pH 1.6, 10% (v/v) Mextral 5640H concentration, ambient temperature (25 °C), 400 rpm stirring speed, 2 min contact time and an O/A phase ratio of 1:1. Under equilibrium conditions it was found that one mol of Cu is extracted by 7 mol of Mextral 5640H. Additionally, analysis using a McCabe–Thiele diagram suggests a two-stage extraction to reach the maximum extraction of copper (99.5%) from the leachate at operational condition using industrial mixer-settlers. Furthermore, a thermodynamic study was conducted, and the measured values of ΔH = 15.13 kJ/mol, ΔG = −6.95 kJ/mol and ΔS = 74.10 J/mol/K indicate an endothermic, spontaneous nature and high affinity of copper extraction.


Consumer behaviour in the real world often differs from that predicted by economics and policy. Drawing together evidence from behavioural economics and marketing, this project sought to explore consumer behaviour relating to the purchasing of environmentally-preferable products Contrary to the belief of many economists, consumers very rarely weigh-up the full costs and benefits of their purchasing decisions. Instead, they are strongly influenced by emotional factors, the behaviour of other people, by habits, and by the use of mental short-cuts, which all help to speed up decision-making. Rather than being consistent, consumer preferences have also been shown to be inconsistent, changing over time and according to the situation and the way in which information is presented, the present study tried to map out the consumer behaviour towards durable goods procurement as the nourishment of economy enhance the purchasing power of the people not only in urban areas but periurban and rural areas so the present study would propel to understand the factors influence the consumer behaviour of the towards durable goods consumption, for the purpose of the study 100 samples were selected from kanchipuram district, the study found that socio, economic, cultural factors have strong influence on consumer behaviour towards durable goods procurement.


During development, the mammalian nervous system wires into a precise network of unrivaled complexity. The formation of this network is regulated by an assortment of molecular cues, both secreted molecules and cell-surface proteins. The γ-Protocadherins (γ-Pcdhs) are particularly good candidates for involvement in these processes. This family of adhesion molecules consists of 22 members, each with diverse extracellular adhesive domains and shared cytoplasmic domains. Thus, cellular interactions with varied adhesive partners can trigger common cytoplasmic responses. Here we investigated the functions of the γPcdhs in two processes involved in neural network formation: dendrite arborization and synaptogenesis. We first asked how γ-Pcdhs regulate synaptogenesis in the spinal cord. We found that the γ-Pcdhs are differentially expressed by astrocytes as well as neurons. In astrocytes, the proteins localize to perisynaptic processes where they can mediate contacts between neurons and astrocytes. In an in vitro coculture system in which either only astrocytes or only neurons were null for the γPcdhs, we found that astrocytic γ-Pcdh is required for an early stage of synaptogenesis in a contact-dependent manner, while neuronal γ-Pcdh is sufficient for later stages. Conversely, if neurons lacked the adhesion molecules, very few synaptic contacts formed at all. By deleting the γ-Pcdhs from astrocytes in vivo, we demonstrated that these contacts are required for the normal progression of synaptogenesis. We also investigated the function of the γ-Pcdhs in the cerebral cortex. We found that cortical-restricted loss of the adhesion molecules resulted in a severe reduction in thickness of layer 1. By crossing the mutant mice to a line in which scattered layer 5 neurons express YFP, we saw that this thinning resulted from a reduced complexity in the apical tufts of dendrites from layer 5 neurons. Sholl


Plantation crops, including orchards, are characterized primarily by their perennial nature and the fact that they are normally planted; a derivative characteristic is the relatively wide and regular spacing. These features, despite the variety and wide geographical and climatic distribution of the crops, to some extent define the weed problems and set the stage for a dramatic exploitation of the unusual physical and biological properties of paraquat. The possibilities are intriguing.


Mikhail Gorbachev has defined a clear domestic policy agenda and intends to harness his foreign policy to serve that end. The West no longer has the luxury of inaction.


This paper aims to examine the virtual of simulacra in Don DeLillo"s White Noise. As a writer living in the mass-media and image cultures, DeLillo has been coping with the post-industrial society in a negative way. Nevertheless, the deep concern of man arises along with the hope for the future. Through White Noise, on the one hand, DeLillo reflects the negative aspects of media images, while, on the other hand, he sheds light on the positive sides of media images. In short, what DeLillo strongly claims is that we cannot help living with simulacra. The term, simulacra, is used here as a renewed term in its relationship with the original. Reacting to the old belief since Plato who denied a copy as a perversion, Gilles Deleuze utilizes that concept as a bearing of positive power in the age of media culture. He explores simulacra through the virtual, which is not actual but fully real based on the actual. By repetitions and differences, every actualisation emerges from the virtual. In this sense, simulacra are the practical signs that make peculiarities and differences. What literature should do in this age is to create becoming through differences and repetitions. This may be the ethics of simulacra I attempt to elaborate in my paper.


We demonstrate through numerical simulations that a fiber Bragg grating operated in transmission can support much slower light than previously anticipated. This is accomplished by increasing the grating's index modulation, reducing its loss, optimizing its length, and apodizing its index profile. With current fiber Bragg grating loss and index modulation, we predict that group velocities lower than c/1000 are attainable. We validate this concept with a record measured group index of 130 in a strong apodized grating (index modulation of ~1.1 10-3) with a nearly optimized length of 1.2 cm and an inferred loss coefficient of 1 m-1.


A PREVIOUS report' from this laboratory was concerned with a quantitative measurement of water change in reversible hydrocolloid when stored in various media. The data indicated that the magnitude of the water change was, of course, dependent on the nature of the storage environment and the storage time. However, the fluctuation in water content when the impression was stored in 100 per cent humidity was slight, generally being only 0.1 to 0.2 per cent. The fact that distortion can readily be detected in a hydrocolloid impression when stored in 100 per cent humidity for only a short period of time leads to the speculation that the release of internal stress may actually be of equal importance to water fluctuation2 in dimensional change. Thus, the determination of the individual effect of these two variables, change in water content and release of internal stress, upon the dimensional stability of the impression was the purpose of this investigation. Several other variables, such as water fluctuation in alginate, were also investigated.


The mould of razor′s lid in ingection molding process was designed with Moldflow software and its filling time,injection pressure,volume contraction,air traps,weld lines and warpage deformation were simulately analyzed.The design of the injection mold was optimized according to the analyzing results and the problems of product defects during practical production were solved,thus could improve the product quality and developing period as well as shorten the mold designing and manufacturing cycle.


This paper describes the effect of the cationic chelating agent penta sodium dithylene triamine penta acetate (DTPA) on anaerobic granular biomass. Batch and continuous tests indicated that acidogenic and methanogenic activity were relatively unaffected by short-term exposure to DTPA. However, long-term exposure to high concentrations (> 1800 mg/L) and low concentrations (180 mg/L) in the absence of a sacrificial trivalent cation eventually led to inhibition of hydrogen consuming and acetoclastic methanogens. An anaerobic sludge bed reactor exposed to DTPA which had been complexed to sacrificial Fe3+ was not inhibited. Key words: anaerobic, wastewater, pulp, paper, DTPA, penta sodium diethylene triamine penta acetate, cationic chelator.


This paper presents two general designs for true constant-current stimulators suitable for biomedical applications. Both designs utilize the LM334 3-terminal, adjustable current source. One design applies to pulsed-mode applications and permits the use of monophasic or biphasic pulses with independent adjustment of pulse amplitude, duration, and separation. The second design incorporates an optical isolator so that constant-current analog stimulation may be achieved. These circuits will drive resistive loads characteristic of biological systems.


Purpose:To evaluate the efficacy and safety of local made tosufloxacin tablet in the treatment of bacterial infections. Methods:A total of 208 patients with respiratory tract infections and urinary tract infections were randomly treated with tosufloxacin or ciprofloxacin (106 cases in tosufloxacin group, 102 in ciprofloxacin group)in a randomized comparative study. Another two hundred and thirteen patients with bacterial infections were treated with tosufloxacin simultaneously in an open study. Tosufloxacin was administered orally 450-600 mg per day, ciprofloxacin 1.0-1.5 g per day orally, divided to 2 or 3 times a day. Patients with uncomplicated lower urinary tract infections were treated with tosufloxacin or ciprofloxacin with a daily dosage of 300 mg or 500-750 mg, divided into 2 or 3 times. Results:In the randomized controlled study, the clinical efficacy rate of tosufloxacin and ciprofloxacin was 90.6% (96/106) and 89.2% (91/102),respectively, the bacterial elimination rate being 88.4%(84/95 and 76/86) in both groups. Adverse effects occurred in 7.5%(8/106) and 6.7% (7/102) of patients, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups. The clinical efficacy rate and bacterial elimination rate of tosufloxacin in the open stndy of 213 patients were 89.7% (191/213) and 91.3%(179/196), respectively, the adverse effect rate being 6.6% (14/214). Conclusions:Tosufloxacin is effective and safe in the treatment of bacterial infections, the adverse effects are few and mild. The efficacy and safety of tosufloxacin is similar to ciprofloxacin in the treatment of respiratory tract and urinary tract infections.


CT has been performed in 7 patients with process-pedicular and process-laminar pseudoarthroses present on the radiographs. CT analysis showed pseudo-acetabular area within the lamina protruding into the spinal canal thus producing stenosis. Pseudo-acetabulum within the pedicle decreased the volume of the lateral recess. Both phenomena gain clinical significance in case of primarily narrow spinal canal or combined with secondary stenosis. They were found in 5 patients; in 2 cases the changes were unilateral due to the unequal length of articular processes.


To strengthen the centralization is a leitmotiv in the public regional policy. To some extent, this could be regarded as a justified policy aimed to meet a severe crisis and to conduct market reforms. However, presently a centralized model has completely exhausted its constructive potentialities and transformed into a hindrance to the regional development. Further exercising this model and strengthening the centralization not only fail to give any positive effect in future but also will deteriorate the state of affairs. Liberalization, being the only way to change drastically the regional policies, could provide an opportunity to use new factors of the regional development such as the decentralization of resources and powers, independence in policy-making, competition and strategic marketing which could be regarded as the major features of the new regional policies.


This paper reviews the extent to which contemporary concerns over the recruitment, training and retention of scientists have persisted among science education policy‐makers. Drawing upon key government reports that have been commissioned in order to review the position of science education and training over the last 90 years, we consider the historical context of contemporary "moral panics" about the position of science education in schools. Three themes emerge: the nature and purpose of the school science curriculum, the recruitment of science undergraduates, and the teaching of science in schools. The review suggests that many of the concerns which pre‐occupy us today, such as the perceived "quality" of the science teaching workforce, are the very same that existed when science was first introduced as a school subject. This raises issues about the role of policy in influencing educational change more generally but also questions whether there ever was a "golden age" for science education in the UK.


This report reviews the results of an experiment testing tethered floats in breakwater for fouling. Ten percent of the floats were treated with an anti-fouling paint against the remaining floats that went untreated. The results provided the opportunity to test a theoretical model for the performance alterations caused by bio-fouling.


D iscrepant serologic findings in ABO blood group typing often are the result of ABO gene variants, influencing the ABO transferase activity. The gene responsible for ABO blood group antigen synthesis consists of seven exons; Exons 6 and 7 encode for the catalytic domain of the protein. We describe two novel ABO gene variants based on missense mutations in Exon 7, identified in two Caucasians with aberrant ABO phenotypes.


Enhanced Intra and Inter prediction techniques are the key factors to the success of H.264. There are a total of nine optional prediction modes for each 4 x 4 luma block. H.264 adapts Rate Distortion Optimization (RDO) technique to get high coding rate and visual quality. Because RDO is too much exhaustive, several attempts have been made to explore fast algorithms. The choice of intra prediction mode for each 4 x 4 block must be signaled to the decoder and this could potentially require a large number of bits. However, intra modes for neighbouring 4 x 4 blocks are often correlated. To take advantage of this correlation, predictive coding is used to signal 4 x 4 intra modes. But still large number of bits is required to signal nine intra prediction modes. We adaptively selected only five modes; selection of modes depends on the position of 4 x 4 block in the slice or frame. After experimental results we have come to know that the increase in the number of bits for encoding residual coefficients is approximately same as decrease in the number of bits required to signal intra prediction modes, providing same PSNR (peak signal to noise ratio). By using proposed technique, computational speed increased by ap45% without significant performance degradation.


ABSTRACT The anharmonic interaction and scattering of phonons by a moving dislocation, the photon wind, imparts a drag force on the dislocation. In early studies, the drag coefficient B was computed and experimentally determined only for dislocation velocities v much less than transverse sound speed, . In this paper, we derive analytic expressions for the velocity dependence of B up to in terms of the third-order continuum elastic constants of an isotropic crystal, in the continuum Debye approximation. In so doing we point out that the most general form of the third order elastic potential for such a crystal and the dislocation-phonon interaction requires two additional elastic constants involving asymmetric local rotational strains, which have been neglected previously. We compute the velocity dependence of the transverse phonon wind contribution to B in the range 1–90% for Al, Cu, Fe, and Nb in the isotropic Debye approximation. The drag coefficient for transverse phonons scattering from screw dislocations is finite as , whereas B is divergent for transverse phonons scattering from edge dislocations in the same limit. This divergence indicates the breakdown of the Debye approximation and sensitivity of the drag coefficient at very high velocities to the microscopic crystalline lattice cutoff. We compare our results to experimental results wherever possible and identify ways to validate and further improve the theory of dislocation drag at high velocities with realistic phonon dispersion relations, inclusion of lattice cutoff effects, MD simulation data, and more accurate experimental measurements.


Key techniques on systematic composition,main technological parameters and inertia simulation,setting of resistance and tracking of wind speed etc.of DPC-1 typed motorcycle chassis dynamometer were introduced in detail.The results by processing contrast test for three different kinds of motorcycle chassis dynamometers on the same one motorcycle were presented;it is proved that its designing level and measuring accuracy were not under the level of the same kind products from abroad.


Abstract: The conservation of ecosystems focuses on evaluating individual sites or landscapes based on their component species. To produce a map of conservation values, we developed a method to weight habitat‐suitability maps for individual species by species‐specific extinction risks. The value of a particular site reflects the importance and magnitude of the threats facing the component species of the ecological community. We applied this approach to a set of species from the California Gap Analysis Project. The resulting map of multispecies conservation values identified the areas with the best habitat for the species most vulnerable to extinction. These methods are flexible and can accommodate the quantity and quality of data available for each individual species in both the development of the habitat‐suitability maps and the estimation of the extinction risks. Additionally, the multispecies conservation value can accommodate specific conservation goals, such as preservation of local endemics, making it useful for prioritizing conservation and management actions. This approach provides an estimate of the ecological worth of a site based on habitat characteristics and quantitative models in terms of all the ecological components of a site, rather than a single threatened or endangered species.


the case study of southern punishment is the absence of factors postulated by Foucault and Elias. Neither sophisticated, rational systems of punishment nor civilized sensibilities play significant roles in the transformation of punishment in the South" (p. 264). Examining the "differences in the sensibilities of the elites" in the North and South, the author found that "the moral force of white supremacy combined with the profit motive to shape the southern penal system" (p. 265). At the end of the work, the author discusses the legacy left by 19thcentury punishment systems. These include boot camps, supermaximum security prisons, and chain gangs. The author concludes that Durkheimian and Marxian perspectives appear to offer more than Foucault's or Elias's in understanding contemporary punishment systems and practices. Government at all levels is failing to confront the underlying causes of criminality, as historically has been the case, focusing instead on the "drama of crime and punishment" (p. 273). It is difficult to know where this work fits in an academic setting. The author wrote it to provide material for his courses in the sociology of punishment. Certainly it belongs there, although there may not be many such courses out there.


Tissue Dysfunction Occurs Independently Adipocyte-Specific Abstract Objective— This study examined the phenotypic effects of adipocyte-specific oncostatin M receptor (OSMR) loss in chow-fed mice. Methods— Chow-fed adipocyte-specific OSMR knockout (FKO) mice and littermate OSMR fl/fl controls were studied. Tissue weights, insulin sensitivity, adipokine production, and stromal cell immunophenotypes were assessed in epididymal fat (eWAT); serum adipokine production was also assessed. In vitro, adipocytes were treated with oncostatin M (OSM) and adipokine gene expression assessed. Results— Body weights, fasting blood glucose levels, and eWAT weights did not differ between genotypes. However, the eWAT of OSMR FKO mice was modestly less responsive to insulin stimulation than that of OSMR fl/fl mice. Notably, significant increases in adipokines including C-reactive protein, lipocalin 2, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), and insulin-like growth factor binding protein 6, were observed in the eWAT of OSMR FKO mice. In addition, significant increases in fetuin A and ICAM-1 were detected in OSMR FKO serum. Flow cytometry revealed a significant increase in leukocyte number and modest, but not statistically significant, increases in B and T cells in the eWAT of OSMR FKO mice. Conclusions— mouse exhibits adipose tissue dysfunction and increased pro-inflammatory adipokine production. These results suggest that intact adipocyte OSM-OSMR signaling is necessary for adipose tissue immune cell homeostasis. While we have demonstrated its role in perpetuating inflammation and systemic insulin resistance in the obese condition it remains unclear what potential effects disrupted adipose tissue OSM signaling has in the absence of obesity. With the present study, we examined the function of adipose tissue OSM signaling in the absence of an obesogenic stimulus such as a high-fat diet. Our novel observations demonstrate that, in the absence of obesity, OSMR FKO mice exhibit leukocyte accumulation, increased pro-inflammatory adipokine production, and a modest reduction of adipose tissue insulin responsiveness. These effects occur in the absence of differences in body weight or adiposity. These results corroborate our previous observations that intact adipocyte OSM signaling is necessary for maintenance of adipose tissue homeostasis, and demonstrate that adipose tissue dysfunction precedes systemic metabolic dysfunction in this model.


Introduction: Postoperative hypocalcemia is a champion among the troubles for thyroidectomy, its recurrence will be a more prominent sum as a relatable point following total thyroidectomy over after other a more noteworthy sum preservationist thyroidectomy. Current research aimed to study the incidence and risk factors of hypocalcemia after thyroid surgery. Material and methods: In this study, 30 patients, who had undergone total, near-total thyroidectomy by bilateral exploration were included. Serial serum calcium measurements were recorded as well as details of the operation, patient age and gender, ligation of the inferior thyroid artery or not, pathological report. Results: Most of the patients (62%) had simple multinodular goiter, (15%) had Grave's disease, (11%) had toxic nodular goiter, (7%) had thyroiditis, and (5%) had cancer. Total thyroidectomy was performed for (78%) of patients, near-total thyroidectomy for (22%) of patients. Around 30% of patients developed hypocalcemia postoperatively; in 24% of them it was transient and in 6% was permanent. Conclusion: Post-thyroidectomy hypocalcemia is a relatively common complication but it is transient in the majority of the


Slovenia is a relatively small European country with only one operating nuclear power plant, one operating research reactor and one Central Interim Storage for Radioactive Waste from small producers. There are also a uranium mine and mill at Zirovski vrh, both in the decommissioning stage. The Slovenian Government, its public and neighboring countries are most interested in the managing of radioactive waste in the safest possible way by carefully utilizing best practices and existing human and financial resources. In order to achieve this goal the tight connection with the international community in the area of radioactive waste management is essential. Slovenia was among those countries involved in the process of preparation of the Joint Convention on the Safety of Spent Fuel Management and on the Safety of Radioactive Waste Management (Joint Convention) from the very beginning and was also among first ratifiers. Slovenia had prepared the first report under the Convention and took part in the first Review Meeting in November 2003. The preparation of this report was not regarded only as a fulfillment of obligation toward Joint Convention, but was considered primarily as a kind of self appraisal of the national radioactive management program. Therefore the preparation of the report primarily contributed to the improvements in the field of radioactive waste management and consequently enhanced the safety of our public. For the preparation of the second report for the review meeting in 2006 it was decided to follow the structure of the first report. Only updates were introduced and eventual changes in the area of radioactive waste management were reflected.


High-luminosity fixed target experiments provide impressive sensitivity to new light weakly coupled degrees of freedom. We revisit the minimal case of a scalar singlet $S$ coupled to the Standard Model through the Higgs portal, that decays visibly to leptons for scalar masses below the di-pion threshold. The dataset from the LSND experiment is found to impose the leading constraints within two mass windows between $m_S \sim 100$ and 350 MeV. In the process, we analyze a number of scalar production channels in the target, finding that proton bremsstrahlung provides the dominant channel at LSND beam energies.


The issues that men face in societies everywhere are manifold but due to social stigma and societal shaming, men fear from coming out and sharing the oppression they suffer at the hands of women. Their sufferings by a gender that is considered to be incapable of inflicting harm range from domestic abuse to rape but society still refuses to accept this form of exploitation. In this postmodern era, the society should be open enough to accept male subjugation by women. For a better world to be created, the civilization must accept that men also suffer at the hands of women and more measures need to be created in order to help men not feel alone in their struggles. This paper aims to bring into limelight issues like manipulation, statutory rape and the effects of falsely accusing a man of rape that are extremely serious in nature and act as a medium of destruction of the male gender's life and identity. This discussion and understanding will help in making a better future for all the genders to exist in by accepting that the hegemonic masculinity that accepts in the society is harmful for men and some women take advantage of the same.


This paper presents multiband split ring fractal patch antenna. The proposed geometry is based on square ring in which a slit is inserted on one side and finally the sides are replaced with the Minkowski curve. The proposed geometry is simulated in HFSS using FR4 and RT Duroid as the substrate material. The 0th and 1st iterations of the design are compared minutely in terms of return loss, bandwidth, vswr and gain. The designs are showing multiband performance ranging between 5.4Ghz to 19.2 Ghz. There has been a considerable improvement in Gain by using RT duroid than FR4. In terms of size the patch area has been reduced to 49.78% and 72.52% when compared to simple rectangular patch using FR4 and RT Duroid respectively.


Professor Pike and his colleagues have presented persuasive evidence for an association between prolonged use of high progestogen combination-type oral contraceptives (OCs) before age 25 and risk of breast cancer in women below age 37. In deciding whether this association is causal 2 key points need to be explored. One already raised in Lancet letters on Pikes paper is the pharmacological basis for the classification of progestogen potency. The other is the possibility of confounding benign breast disease (BBD). There is good evidence that OCs suppress BBD and that the magnitude of this effect increases with the progestogen content. It is thus possible that women with symptomatic BBD would be more likely to become longterm users of high progestogen pills either by differential prescribing or by patient preference. There is no evidence however that OC use reduced the breast cancer relative risk of around 2 conferred by a history of BBD. BBD is therefore a potential confounder which could operate in the direction of the reported association. In their earlier paper Pike et al. reported a significant interaction between the relative risks associated with a history of BBD and with OC use before 1st fullterm pregnancy. Analysis of the enlarged data set with stratification by history of BBD would therefore be of great interest. (full text)


Although fluorescent, column-like supramolecular network structures were previously obtained by using 2-naphthalenecarboxylic acid and benzylamine or fluorobenzylamine, the use of chlorobenzylamine or bromobenzylamine results in column-like or 2D-layered network supramolecular structures, indicating that crystal structures can be controlled by altering the type and position of the substituent on the benzylamine component.


Superficial esophageal carcinoma can be safely resected either surgically or endoscopically. We evaluated the indications for an endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) and the optimal treatment modality for superficial carcinoma of the esophagus. From January 1995 to January 2004, 38 patients with superficial cancer of the esophagus underwent EMR (n =38 patients, 44 lesions) utilizing the esophageal EMR-tube method or EMR cap-fitted panendoscope. All 44 superficial esophageal carcinomas were removed. No local recurrence occurred in any of the 17 lesions (38.6%) by a one-piece resection however, recurrence was detected in five of the 27 lesions (61.4%) removed by a multi-piece resection (p=0.162). The five patients demonstrating recurrence underwent a second EMR, radiation therapy or surgery, and no further recurrence was noted in these patients. Seven of the patients who were found to have submucosal cancer also received additional treatment, including a surgical resection, radiotherapy, or chemoradiotherapy. Controllable esophageal bleeding following EMR was apparent in 13.2% of the patients;however, neither stenosis nor perforation was observed. In addition, nine of 38 cases presented multiple primary carcinomas including gastric carcinoma(4 cases), colorectal carcinoma (2 cases), hepatic carcinoma (2 cases) and tongue carcinoma (one case). These results indicate that a local resection with EMR is the preferred treatment for superficial esophageal cancers limited to the lamina propria mucosae. Additional therapy, such as chemoradiotherapy, supports EMR in the treatment of esophageal cancers accompanied by submucosal invasion. Patients with esophageal carcinoma have high risks of developing associated multiple hepatogastroenterological tumors.


Modern force platforms are handy tools for investigating forces during human motion. Earlier they were very expensive and were mostly used in research laboratories. But now even platforms that can measure in two directions are quite affordable. In this work we used the PASCO 2-Axis Force Platform. The analysis of the data can serve as a nice illustration of qualitative or quantitative use of the impulse-momentum theorem p - p0 = ∫t0t Fdt = I. The most common use of force platforms is to study the force from the base during the push-off period of a vertical jump. I think this is an activity of great value, and I would recommend it. The use of force platforms in teaching is well documented in research literature.1–4


Fresh produce (for example leafy vegetables, tomatoes, soft red fruits) is an important part of a healthy diet. Global consumption levels are expected to increase in the future. However, due to recent disease outbreaks and rapid alerts attributed to fresh produce, concerns have emerged with regard to food safety. This was exemplified by the E. coli O1O4 outbreak in Europe in spring 2011. An increasing number of foodborne illnesses from enteric bacteria associated with fresh produce have been notified. Many of the fresh produce outbreaks are related to leafy vegetables. Between 1996 and 2005, global leafy green consumption increased by 9%, while reported outbreaks associated with leafy greens increased by 38.6%. Pathogens such as Escherichia coli O157 and Salmonella spp. have been identified as etiological agents. It is hypothesised that at each stage of the supply chain, natural, human or environmental factors can influence the types of microbial contaminants in fresh produce. New food safety challenges are posed by climate change and globalisation of trade.


A steady-state and dynamical rheological study was performed with dilute solutions (1–4%) of high molecular weight cellulose (Mw = 350,000). The solutions are strongly viscoelastic. The steady-state viscosity and the first normal stress difference have a power law dependence on the shear rate. The power law indices have the same dependence on temperature and concentration. These results as well as the correlation between the steady-state viscosity and the real part of the complex viscosity are in good agreement with the Spriggs model. The 4% concentrated solution shows the beginning of a rubber-like storage modulus plateau, suggesting the existence of an entanglement network.


THE EFFECTIVENESS OF GROUP THERAPY IN THE PREVENTION OF MENTAL ILLNESS IN YOUTHS EXPOSED TO STRESS The present social and political conditions in the black West Rand townships have led to young people being vulnerable to mental illness. The said conditions include violence, unstable family life, grief, losing family members by violence, and unemployment. A combination of these issues predisposes the youth to developing unhealthy ways of coping with stress. This is seen when conditions such as post traumatic stress and other physical and psychological symptoms are present, which could lead to me ital illness. Such issues have made it clear that a support system is needed to assist the youth in coping with the demands of their reality. The aim of the study was to establish whether group therapy was more effective than life skills training in the promotion of mental health and the prevention of mental illness. This was a small preliminary comparative study in genr-ating meaning to the youth regarding the ways in which they handle stressful situations ?r,d to, alert them to the effect these have on them. A black township on the West Rand was targeted for this s» .;dy. A sample was randomly selected from youths residing in Kagiso township. Two groups of equal numbers were formed, i.e. the therapy group and l'fe skill training group.


Jongmyo, inscribed on the World Heritage List in 1995, is
the royal ancestral shrine housing the spirit tablets of the
successive kings and queens of the Joseon(Chosun)
Dynasty, officiating a memorial rite. Jongmyo-Daejae
(Royal Shrine Ritual) refers to the worship performed in
honour of the royal family's ancestors of the Joseon
Dynasty.
During the era of the Joseon Dynasty, Jongmyo-Daejae
was the largest and most important ritual. This ceremony
was originally performed by the nation five times a year.
But the memorial rite was prohibited during the periods
of Japanese occupation. Since 1969, it has been performed
by the Royal family Association once a year in May. This
Memorial Rite and the Music for the Memorial Rite of
Jongmyo were declared World Intangible Heritage in
2001.
The ceremony was the national memorial rite in the era of
the Joseon Dynasty. Being prohibited by the Japanese it
lost the meaning as an iconography of the Joseon
Dynasty. However, descendants of royal family have
preserved and developed the ceremony as their own
memorial rite to their ancestors. And now, Jongmyo-
Daejae is a valuable intangible cultural heritage of Korea,
and Jongmyo, where Jongmyo-Daejae is performed, is
regarded as the iconography of the nation.