We study the 3-dimensional combinatorial Yamabe flow in hyperbolic background geometry. For a triangulation of a 3-manifold, we prove that if the number of tetrahedra incident to each vertex is at least 23, then there exist real or virtual ball packings with vanishing (extended) combinatorial scalar curvature, i.e., the total (extended) solid angle at each vertex is equal to

 4
 π

 4\pi

. In this case, if such a ball packing is real, then the (extended) combinatorial Yamabe flow converges exponentially fast to that ball packing. Moreover, we prove that there is no real or virtual ball packing with vanishing (extended) combinatorial scalar curvature if the number of tetrahedra incident to each vertex is at most 22.


P29 Figure 1DiscussionBronchoscopy procedures declined during the COVID-19 pandemic However, our service maintained 4 lists per week during the peak with reinstatement of six lists during the COVID-endemic period Bronchoscopy training was maintained with all lists having an assigned trainee AGP-related air exchange protocols limited the number of procedures per list and elective procedures were postponed early in the pandemic Our centre had a proactive approach to running the service, introducing mandatory pre-procedure COVID swabbing early together with telephone screening pre-BTS guidance Staff safety was prioritised via universal use of powered air-purifying respiratory (PAPR) use which eliminated the need for mask-fit testing and seeking FFP3 mask availability It is feasible to maintain a safe and efficient bronchoscopy service in the midst of a pandemic with the implementation of appropriate pathways and provision of adequate personal protective equipment


We investigate the dynamics of thermally activated shear localization in power law viscoelastic materials. A two-dimensional (2D) thermomechanical numerical model is applied that uses experimentally derived flow laws for rock. We consider viscous and viscoelastic rheologies and show that the numerical solutions for shear bands are mesh insensitive and energetically conservative. Deformation under long-term tectonic strain rates () yields to shear localization on the scale of kilometres. Although viscous and viscoelastic models exhibit comparable shear zone thickness, the timing of shear localization and stress magnitudes are affected by viscoelasticity. Large values of shear modulus ( Pa) promotes fast stress loading (within strain) and localization ( strain), whereas lower values ( Pa) delays localization ( strain) and reduces the maximum effective stress by a factor two. High stress exponents (up to ) focuses the deformation into narrow shear zones ( m) while maintaining a relatively high average stress level in the material outside the shear zone (stress drop of ). Conversely, Newtonian materials produce broad shear zones ( larger than for ) and exhibit a stronger thermal weakening (stress drops of ). Finally, we evaluate the thickness of shear zones for a wide range of strain rates (from to ) using both numerical models and an analytical scaling law. Our results suggest that thermally activated shear localization may occur from the scale of kilometre down to the nanometre.


We describe the strong coupling limit (g → ∞) for the Yang–Mills type matrix models. In this limit the dynamics of the model is reduced to one of the diagonal components which is characterized by the linear confining potential. In the case of the pure Yang–Mills model in more then one dimensions the resulting potential is of higher order and the diagonal mode dynamics is not semi-classical.


abstract:Script size has long been used as one of the factors to distinguish the early Irish legal tracts from their accompanying glosses and commentary. This article examines the role of script size used in Irish legal manuscripts and argues that it is an unreliable guide. Heptads 64 and 65 will be used as a case study to argue this point.


: The research is focusing on design and implementation of PCB using CNC machine. Sometimes, designing a PCB, we required path image which is to be designed using some software on PC and drilling process which is a part of time delay. Therefore, to reduce the human effort and reduce the time we are changing the process of PCB designing by means of simply using CNC machine. Due to the rapid growth in the technologies and usage, the utility of CNC machine has been increased in Industries. Using CNC machine technology, one can avoid most of the procedures related to previously known technology and can also better the product quality. This paper basically focuses on the designing and implementation of automatic PCB designing using CNC machine. For programming and for 2-axis movement of CNC machine, we are using the ARDUINO board.


Compared to traditional optical fibers, which are designed to transmit light from one end to the other, a multi-point side firing optical fiber can be useful in several applications such as phototherapy, optogenetics brain stimulation and remote sensing. We present the fabrication and characterization of an optical fiber capable of launching light from virtually any point along its circumferential surface by laser micro-ablation. Continuous wave (CW) laser radiation was employed to form a conical-shaped cavity (side window) in the fiber core. Because of the total internal reflection, when the laser beam reached the side window-outside medium interface, the beam was reflected to the side of the optical fiber. A single side window on 730 μm fiber can deliver more than 8% of the total coupled light. Light-firing output can be increased to more than 19% by using femtosecond (fs) laser ablation on smaller optical fiber (65 µm). In addition, the fiber also exhibited 3-dimensional light emission by placing side-windows of various orientations on its axis. We envision the 65 um-OD multi-point side-firing optical fiber to be employed in optogenetics brain neuron stimulation in vivo. To test the feasibility of this approach, ablated fibers were investigated in agar-based tissue mimicking material (0.5% w/v in water). Successful multi-point side-firing capability has been demonstrated in the tissue phantom with similar refractive index. Furthermore, this experiment was also used to test the side-firing fiber's mechanical strength in order to optimize the window's depth.


A quantitative evaluation method for the road transportation network efficiency was proposed to grasp the effects of the traffic demand,the sectional traffic flow,and the travel side-effect,etc.,on the network efficiency. Based on this method,a method for evaluating the importance level of the network components was developed to distinguish the important modes and links in the network. The method has been vesified by a practical example and is characterized by the simplicity of calculation and the agreement of the calculated results with the practical data. It was found that the network efficiency the network component importance level are related to the traffic flow in the network.


Transmission spectra of ZnTe‐ZnSe strained‐layer superlattices grown on GaAs (001) have been measured for the first time and step‐like optical‐absorption spectra between conduction and valence subbands have been observed. The GaAs substrates with a narrower band gap than the superlattices were partially removed by a chemical etching method. For the ZnTe‐ZnSe superlattices with a type II band structure, the transmission spectra provide a powerful tool for determining the effective band gap and band offset, because the spatial indirect transition of separately confined electrons and holes is very weak and therefore difficult to observe in photoluminescence measurements. The absorption thresholds observed in the transmission spectra agree very well with the exciton emissions that appeared in photoluminescence data.


This paper illustrates a step-by-step process on how to use "The Manual for Verification, Validation, and Reporting of Indoor Environment CFD analyses" developed by ASHRAE. The details of the manual are further explained through an example of indoor environment modeling (an office with mechanical displacement ventilation). The verification, validation, and reporting do not have to be documented in a uniform format, but do have a very similar procedure. The emphasis of the verification and validation is problem dependent. The computational fluid dynamics (CFD) user plays an important role in the verification and validation. An accurate and successful simulation is a combined effort of the CFD code and the CFD user.


The purpose of the article is issues related consideration to the features of
optimizing project management and obtaining economically justified results through
the use of specialized software.
The methodological basis of the research are carrying out an assessment of
the effectiveness of project management approaches introduction in economic activity various types, which will allow optimizing the use of resources in the process
of creating innovative products.
The scientific novelty of received results is study of project management advanced concepts essence and the peculiarities of their use by modern companies.
The main functions of project management as an effective tool for the development
of modern products are presented. The main methodologies of project management
are given, which allow to optimize the stages of their implementation in accordance
with the specifics of the projects.
Conclusion. The introduction of innovations leads to the transformation of project management and the introduction of advanced approaches to managing teams and
creating products with qualitatively new characteristics. Competition in the software
market for project management needs promotes the transformation of existing methodologies and the emergence of qualitatively new approaches to establishing effective
interaction between all project participants and optimal use of available resources.
Keywords: Project Management, PMBok, methodologies, optimization, product,
software.


Segmentation of the spinal column from CT images is a pre-processing step for a range of image guided interventions. Current techniques focus on identification and separate segmentation of each vertebra. Recently, statistical multi-object shape models have been introduced to extract common statistical characteristics between several anatomies. These models are also used for segmentation purposes and are shown to be robust, accurate, and computationally tractable. In this paper, we reconstruct a statistical multi-vertebrae shape+pose model and propose a novel technique to register such a model to CT images. We validate our technique in terms of accuracy of the multi-vertebrae segmentation of CT images acquired from 16 subjects. The mean distance error achieved for all vertebrae is 1.17 mm with standard deviation of 0.38 mm.


In recent years,art training market has been rapidly developed in community,which plays a vital role in promoting people's quality in arts.However,influenced by the bad conduct of pursuing the short-term profit,the quality of art training is uneven and the composition of faculty is in chaos.That could be principally attributed to the absence of the regular certification system for art training teachers in community.Considering the integration of existing regulations of teacher qualification and the features of art training,this paper presents some primary ideas of the standardized certification of teachers in art training in six aspects.


Today's demand for social insurance is supported by economic reasoning showing that private insurance markets do not provide efficient coverage for medical insurance, for inter-generational risk sharing and for income instability. It is unfashionable to say but government intervention in these areas is the solution and Conservative economic ideology is the problem. Hence, policy in the 21th century will focus on publically managed social insurance. In studying the problem of Social Security, I show it arises from changing demography which generated a deficit. Study of proposed solutions lead me to four conclusiones: (i) Privatization of Social Security is infeasible since system has a «Legacy Debt» of $11.6 trillion. (ii) Proposals to privatize Social Security are ideologically motivated and offer no real solution. (iii) Privatization is undesirable since it is not optimal to rely entirely on the markets to determine retirees' incomes. Volatility of financial markets will result in unacceptable inter-generational income inequality.


ABSTRACT The influence of differing soil management practices on changes seen in soil organic carbon (SOC) content of loamy Haplic Luvisol was evaluated. The field experiment included two types of soil tillage: 1. conventional tillage (CT) and 2. reduced tillage (RT) and two treatments of fertilization: 1. crop residues with nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK) fertilizers (PR+NPK) and 2. NPK fertilizers (NPK). The results of SOC fluctuated from 9.8 to 14.5 g kg−1 and the tillage systems employed and fertilization status did not have a statistically significant influence on SOC. The SOC content was higher in RT (12.4 ± 0.86 g kg−1) than in CT (12.2 ± 0.90 g kg−1). On average, there was a smaller higher value of SOC in PR+NPK (12.4 ± 1.02 g kg−1) than in NPK (12.3 ± 0.88 g kg−1). During a period of 18 years, reduced tillage and application of NPK fertilizers together with crop residues build up a SOC at an average speed of 7 and 16 mg kg−1 year−1, respectively, however conventional tillage and NPK fertilizer applications caused a SOC decline at an average speed of 104 and 40 mg kg−1 year−1, respectively.


Lumped-element TRAPATT oscillator circuits have been developed. The miniature circuits afforded peak power levels of 300-400 W at efficiencies of 30%-40% which were consistently generated in the UHF range.


With the rapid growth of web services, users select the available services according to not only functional requirements, but also non-functional QoS characteristics. Therefore, research on how to find suitable and trustworthy service becomes increasingly important and challenging. In this paper, we propose an efficient Trustworthy Services Selection model named TSSelector by employing state-of-the-art machine learning techniques to improve services' semantic representation and predict services' QoS characteristics. Compared with the existing approaches, the TSSelector has at least two advantages. First, it imports WordNet and Latent Semantic Index to extend web services' semantic and represent it as the low-dimensional compact feature vectors. Second, it employs matrix completion technique to predict and correct the missing and corrupted QoS values. Preliminary experimental results performed on the real-world data set demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed approaches.


At the present stage,cooperation development of real estate exists in large quantity.But there are also many problems in this area and in reality,legal disputes over it occur unceasingly.This paper analyses the legal issues in it,and raises some items which need to be paid higher attention in drawing up the contract of real estate joint development,and puts forward proposals on joint development of the real estate in future.


Suppose a regularised functional integral depends holomorphically on a parameter that receives only a finite renormalization. Can one expect the correlation functions to retain the analyticity in the parameter after removal of the cutoff(s)? We examine the issue in the Sinh-Gordon theory by computing the intrinsic 4-point coupling as a function of the Lagrangian coupling β. Drawing on the conjectured triviality of the model in its functional integral formulation for β > 8π, and the weak-strong coupling duality in the bootstrap formulation on the other hand, we conclude that the operations: "Removal of the cutoff(s)" and "analytic continuation in β" do not commute.


The paper is devoted to discussion of current guides destruction effects in different accelerators: thermal‐electric and electro‐magnetic rail accelerator at macrobodies acceleration value of 108–109 m/s2.Experimental results with thermal‐electric accelerators powering from megajoule capacitor battery and helical magneto‐cumulative generator MCG‐100 at currents up to 3.5 MA are analyzed.The process of rails destruction at railgun at pressure magnetic field excess over the limit of metal fluidity is presented. Methods of efficiency coefficient increase of capacitive storage energy transmission to kinetic energy of accelerating body are discussed.


Abstract Access to submarine slopes is usually limited and it is often difficult to rely on deep cores or in situ measurements to determine the geotechnical characteristics of the sediments involved in a slide when carrying out back-analyses of submarine mass movements and their consequences. The approach presented here uses geomorphology and basic geomechanical concepts to reduce uncertainties in slope stability and mobility analyses. It shows how geomorphology can be used to select the geomechanical input parameters required in failure and post-failure analyses. Typical parameters derived from such analyses are related to the strength of the material, the pore water pressure at the time of failure, and the rheological properties of post-failure debris or mud flows.


We use structural equations to model Barling, Kelloway, and Bremermann's (1991) mediation model of family socialization in a unionized manufacturing setting. Contrary to expectations, our results indicate the relationship between parents' participation in union activities and their children's general union attitude is only partially mediated by parents' general union attitude. In addition, parents' union participation is found to exert a direct influence on their children's union commitment. Implications for labor unions include the restructuring of union activities to include children in order to lay a solid foundation for a future of committed union members.


A lattice path inside the $m\times n$ table $T$ is a sequence $\nu_1,\ldots,\nu_k$ of cells such that $\nu_{j+1}-\nu_j\in\{(1,-1),(1,0),(1,1)\}$ for all $j=1,\ldots,k-1$. The number of lattice paths in $T$ from the first column to the $(x,y)$-cell is written into that cell. We present a precise description of the minimal linear recurrences among rows, columns, and columns sums. As a result, we obtain several formulas for the number of all lattice paths from the first column to the last column of $T$, that is, the $n^{th}$ column sum. Our methods are based on three classes of operators, which will also be studied independently.


The discrete symmetry breaking and possible restoration at finite temperature are analyzed in 2D Gross-Neveu model by the real-time thermal field theory in the fermion bubble approximation. The dynamical fermion mass m is proven to, be scale-independent and this fact indicates the equivalence between the fermion bubble diagram approximation and the meanfield approximation used in the auxiliary scalar field approach. Reproducing of the nonzero critical temperature is the dynamical fermion mass at , shows the equivalence between the real-time and the imaginary-time thermal. field theories in this problem. However, in the real-time formalism, more results including absence of scalar bound state, the equation of criticality curve of chemical potential-temperature and the behavior of at can be easily obtained. The last one indicates the second-order phase transition feature of the symmetry restoration.


The component of "gentleness" in the nursing of expert nurses working in a muscular dystrophy ward was determined. The subjects were four nurses. Using an interview guide, the answers of the study nurses were recorded. The recorded information was coded and analyzed. The total number of cords was 130, and, as a core category, the following six items were obtained. 1) Feelings control and effort to build a relationship of mutual trust with patients. 2) Tangle, grope and patience in offering good nursing experienced by the patients. 3) Tolerance based on motherly love. 4) The sense of duty in the nurses towards the patients dying for death. 5) Developing gentleness to be required of a nurse. 6) An effort to understand the character in consideration of the special growth environment of muscular dystrophy patients.


Background and aims. Dental implant education is inevitable in dental educational programs of dental schools. The aim of the present study was to determine and evaluate the curricula and teaching methods for dental implants in specialty courses of periodontics, maxillofacial surgery and prosthodontics in Iran. Materials and methods. In the present study, 6 dental faculties were evaluated. Data was collected through discussions in small groups with authorities, academic staff and post-graduate students. A special questionnaire was used for quantitative variables. Descriptive statistical methods (means, medians, and ranges) were used when necessary. Results. All the dental faculties had dental implant educational programs in their curricula. However, the details were unspecified and the programs were presented differently in different faculties. A total of 82.3% of the academic staff of the departments involved participated in the programs. Lack of funds and facilities were reported as the most important factors limiting implant educational programs. Forty-five articles by the academic staff of dental faculties in Iran have been cited in Pubmed.


The idea of "marginal contribution" is best captured in the game theoretic concept of value. The relation between it and the usual economic equilibrium can be stated as the following Value Principle: in a perfectly competitive economy, every value allocation is competitive, and the two sets of allocations are identical if the economy is sufficiently differentiate. However, when modelling perfect competition by a nonatomic space of agents, the (asymptotic) value may fail to exist in the general (nondifferentiable) case. The purpose of this paper is to extend its existence, by adding a suitable requirement—namely, that it be "consistent" with the given "population measure." Furthermore, the competitive price corresponding to the value allocation—for which we get an explicit formula—has interesting economic interpretations, as an "expected equilibrium price," or as an "average best price," both corresponding to a random sample (coalition) of agents.


Carboxyhemoglobin levels may be elevated by the inspiration of environmental carbon monoxide or as a result of its endogenous production by inducible heme oxygenase, which is a stress protein that breaks down heme. Heme breakdown products, including carbon monoxide, have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cytoprotective effects. Increased exhaled carbon monoxide has been measured in active smokers, sepsis, and in a number of inflammatory pulmonary diseases including cystic fibrosis (CF). Carboxyhemoglobin can now be measured noninvasively by pulse CO-oximetry (SpCO) within a range of±2% by the Rainbow-SET Rad-57 Pulse CO-Oximeter (Masimo Inc., Irvine, CA). To become familiar with this device, staff measured SpCO during routine outpatient visits at a Pediatric Pulmonary and Cystic Fibrosis Center. Among the outpatients were 48 patients with CF, who had an average SpCO of 7.1%±5 [SD] (range 0–20). When SpCO was compared to the forced expiratory volume in 1 sec at the same visit, there was a moderate positi...


In the article, the essence of the concept of a banking institution "capitalization" is revealed. The current state of capitalization level of domestic banks is investigated. The directions of strengthening the capitalization are offered, which will increase the competitiveness of domestic banking institutions in the world financial market and will ensure the national economy stability on the way toward integration into the world economy. It is proved that the prospects for the development of any bank are largely determined by its capitalization level. Lack of proper development inhibits both individual banks and the banking sector as a whole. In the context of the recent financial crisis, the provision of sufficient capital for banks has been one of the key issues, because the lack of capital was the greatest threat to the banking system stability. With this in mind, the issue of the banking system capitalization is particularly topical. Today, the development of the Ukrainian banking system under economic instability has faced the increase in competitiveness of domestic banks compared with foreign ones, in order to preserve the national priorities of the banking system in general under conditions of foreign capital movement. The processes of concentration in the banking system of Ukraine are analyzed using Herfindahl-Hirschman index in terms of assets and equity, allowing to estimate the level of monopolization and, therefore, the impact on economic development. To consider the increase in the level of capitalization and reliability of the banking institutions of Ukraine, it would be advisable, first of all, for banks to improve the quality of capital and to ensure a sufficient level of coverage of risks taken by banks. Mark Myronenko (Ukraine), Olena Polova (Ukraine), Olha Khaietska (Ukraine), Natalia Koval (Ukraine) BUSINESS PERSPECTIVES LLC "СPС "Business Perspectives" Hryhorii Skovoroda lane, 10, Sumy, 40022, Ukraine www.businessperspectives.org Capitalization of banks: theory, practice and directions of ensuring Received on: 29th of March, 2018 Accepted on: 23rd of April, 2018


get ca& Welfare State, has risen again to assert his rights. Why do some smokers t?Co ^e.r and others not, why do only a minority of children who have had a strep31?^ Section get rheumatic fever or acute glomerular nephritis, why do some equall '.gluttonous business executives have coronary artery disease while others c?ron:f ?ln^0^ent and gluttonous do not? Peering at Aschoff nodes, or thrombosed


Teachers support from the curriculum support officers (CSOs) on implementation of Early Childhood Development and Education (ECDE) seemed to be inadequate. This may have had an influence on the inadequacy of quality and sustainable pre-school education. Effective curriculum support centres role is to provide and build quality sustainable ECDE education through classroom teacher support to be able to raise the quality of classroom teaching and learning. Even if changes seems to have been made in the supervision of ECDE division of the Ministry of Education, little has nevertheless been done to establish how or in which way the role and influence of CSOs contribute to effectiveness of curriculum delivery in public pre-schools. The introduction of ECDE management under County Government has impacted negatively to the role of CSOs in relations to sustainability of quality education in ECDE centres. The ECDE teachers need a lot of support from CSOs so as to be able to fulfill the dream of every child and parent. It is the dream of every parent for his or her child to receive quality education as a foundation for future life endeavours. Children are central to any discussion on sustainable development. The early years of a child's life are crucial to the anchoring of a sound foundation for a child's growth and development for the rest of the child's life. Events in the early years of a child's first few years of life are formative and play an important role in shaping of social, learning, emotional, health and in the building of human capital. These aspects promote economic productivity in a child's future in life. It is the wish of every parent to see his or her child attend a pre-school and acquire quality and sustainable education. CSOs supporting role of classroom observation, preparation of teaching materials, supervision and in-service training for teachers would improve ECDE curriculum implementations for quality and sustainable education. Children who are transiting from pre-schools to primary schools in Mombasa seemed to have not received holistic quality education that they ought to have received. The purpose of this study was to assess the influence of curriculum support officers on sustainability of ECDE in Mvita Sub-County. Article visualizations:


In the foreground of the 4.0 Revolution, today's children live in an environment surrounded by technology devices: televisions, phones, computers, Ipads. The explosion and development f technology have strongly and multi-dimensionally affected all aspects of social life, including preschool education. Accordingly, the need for preschool children to access and use technology is increasing. In particular, the COVID-19 pandemic has shown the game of technology in improving the quality of nurturing, equipment, and preschool education, helping children access ducational equity. In this article, the authors highlight the trend of educating children to be familiar with technology right from the preschool level in some countries around the world (England, the US, Singapore, Australia, and Sweden) and educational orientation for preschool children. Children get acquainted with technology in the new preschool education program in the direction of a safe, proper, and responsible approach, helping children develop their hidden potential and form and develop their potential-the future global population.


We propose the modified two‐state approximation to investigate the nonlinear regime of stochastic resonance phenomenon. The new model corresponds to some non‐trivial cumulant truncation scheme. A comparison between the results of ordinary cumulant truncation schemes (Gaussian and excess approximations) and obtained in the framework of new method for the power amplification factor is performed.


A system by which the process of dynamic tension of yarn can be measured is studied.This system includes a force sensor with double holes beam structure and an electronic circuit for measuring .With the help of the system,the dynamic tension process of yarn can be measured and recorded during winding.


Background: Latent autoimmune diabetes of adults (LADA) is a slowly progressive form of autoimmune diabetes initially managed with diet and oral hypoglycemic agents before becoming insulin requiring. GADA are used for differential diagnosis between LADA and type 2 diabetes. Objectives: To assess the prevalence of LADA among type 2 diabetic patients using glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) antibodies. Methods: Cross sectional study conducted on 100 patients with primary diagnosis of T2DM, 52 female and 48 male, aged 30-70 years. The GADA test is used for diagnosis of LADA patients. Results: Out of 100 patients with primary diagnosis of T2DM , 14 patients (14%) were positive for GADA. Conclusions: LADA patients accounts for 14% of T2DM using GADA assay. Age, sex, and BMI had no significant effect on the prevalence of LADA patients among T2DM.


Firstly,the theory of empirical mode decomposition(EMD) is introduced,and the reconstructing and filtering algorithm of intrinsic mode functions(IMF) from EMD is given in this paper.Secondly,some kinds of typical interfere signals are decomposed and filtered,abnormity picked-up by using of EMD technique in deformation data.By contrasting and analyzing,we think that the result is fairly effective.Lastly,it has shown that EMD may be a new effective processing method in analyzing of deformation observation.


It is the modern Communists' honored mission and historical responsibility to hold firmly to and develop Marxism. "The Thought of Three Representations" is a new generalization of the CPC's advancement character and a scientific summary of historical experiences. It reveals the harmony among the advancement character, the class character and the mass character. It is a response to the requirements of our era and the guiding principle of CPC's construction in this new century.


. We study a Cauchy problem for a degenerate higher order integro-differential equation in Banach spaces. The operator kernel of the integral part of the equation is a linear combination of the operator coefficients of its differential part, which corresponds to the physical meaning of some technological processes. The solution is constructed in the space of generalized functions (distributions) in Banach spaces using the methods of the theory of fundamental operands. The convolutional representation of the original equation leads to a further active use of the convolutional technique and its properties. For the considered equations, the corresponding fundamental operator functions are constructed. By means of this operator, a unique generalized solution to the original Cauchy problem in the class of distributions with a left-bounded support is recovered. The analysis of the re-sulting generalized solution allows us to study the solvability problem in the classical sense. The fundamental operator function is constructed in terms of the theory of semigroups of operators with kernels. Abstract results are illustrated by examples of initial-boundary value problems from visco-elasticity theory.


This paper explores the contribution of virtual tools to student learning within fulltime management programmes. More specifically, the paper focuses on asynchronous courseware, considering the scope it offers for group-based collaborative learning outside the classroom. We report on the effectiveness of this approach for an economics course on International Money and Finance, which was delivered to two classes, following international MBA and MSc programmes respectively at Nyenrode University. Using questionnaire and interview data, we compare the learning experiences of both classes. Our analysis focuses on student reception of the virtual tools and the learner-centred approach. Based on these findings, we propose a framework of pedagogical actions that may help to maximise the potential of elearning within hybrid course designs, particularly for novice users. The hybrid or "mixed-mode" approach is based on the combination of virtual and class-based study methods within an integrated course design.


Given the fact that modern political societies assume the necessity of economic growth, solutions must then be found for the resulting problem of scarcity. In the view of the technological optimist, scarcity is a "normal" reaction which results from faulty social policy and inadequate RD its social and political impact would be extensive and must be assessed.


EDITOR,—I am worried by the article by John Dearlove and Su Illingworth. The topic is interesting for community paediatricians when many believe the routine checks of the child health surveillance (CHS) programme need justification if they are to continue. Good research to answer the question of whether parental concern is as good as regular professional contact in identifying abnormalities is urgently needed. This study sample of 538 babies is small. Babies were randomised by practice, making this a cluster randomised trial. The sample size needed to give enough power to detect true diVerences between the groups runs into several thousands. In addition, 234 mothers (43% of the initial sample) were lost by the end of the first year. The numbers randomised to each group at the outset are not given. It is clear however that the study intervention was implemented in only 45 cases, 8% of the original sample. Neither mothers nor health visitors were keen on mothers making their own appointments. Those mothers who did not comply with the intervention said they found routine appointments more convenient. Anecdotal evidence suggests that health visitors undermined the intervention. It would have been prudent to seek health visitors' views formally as part of the study. A small study in Northampton (unpublished data) suggests that the CHS programme leads to identification of complex developmental problems in two ways. In a third of cases, the professional alone identifies the abnormality. In another third, the parent identifies it. In half those cases parents used the routine CHS check to raise their concern. In the other half, they raised concern outside the routine programme. This paper's conclusion is not proven because of small sample size and failure to implement the study intervention. Mothers and health visitors appear to value routine professional contact within a CHS programme. Our local evidence supports that view. More research is needed.


This New Voices panel features rising academics all studying the global system of international justice and the framing and inputs necessary to enable this system to function fairly and effectively. Hassan Ahmad presents a novel and provocative proposal that would unmoor the International Criminal Court's Prosecutor and Pre-Trial Chamber from the Rome Statute's jurisdictional limitations when gravity is being adjudicated at the preliminary examination or investigative stages. His approach would enhance accountability in situations involving transnational violence implicating the territory and nationals of both ICC states parties and non-party states. Rebecca Hamilton presents her proposal for better prosecuting what she describes as State-Enabled Crimes in order to overcome the current bifurcated approach that pursues individual criminal responsibility and state responsibility in acoustic isolation. She argues that melding these two approaches in a single proceeding will be fairer to defendants, be more satisfying for victims, offer a more accurate portrait of how violence unfolded, and better effectuate the goals of our system of international justice. Finally, Shiri Krebs explores important epistemological questions around international fact-finding efforts and presents counterintuitive but crucial observations from recent empirical research aimed at understanding how people receive, and process, information about the commission of abuses by their compatriots. Her research calls into question many core assumptions undergirding the creation and operation of modern commissions of inquiry.


This paper analyzes the potential of hybrid (blended) learning to enhance learners experiences by effective instructional design and also by use of various internet based e-learning technologies and communication tools. A case study is presented with an evaluation of a hybrid university course that combines traditional face-to-face teaching with the use of e-learning to develop competence in online communication. Another evaluation is presented of the elements of the design of an e-learning course entitled "Online communication" that was developed as one component of the hybrid university course. Conclusions are drawn regarding the potential to combine various e-learning technologies in relation to instructional design goals of university courses.


However it might please the pundits who overwhelmingly support unfettered free trade, for Obama to drink the "free trade" Kool-Aid would be toxic and could cripple his presidential bid. Unfettered "free trade" is immensely unpopular with the American electorate (see below for a summary of polling data) and represents a ruinous economic policy that has decimated working families and industrial communities by gutting the nation's manufacturing base.


The paper reviews some recent developments in the area of non-linear eddy-viscosity modelling and investigates the performance of several model variants when these are applied to flows with complex strain. The formulation of this type of model has been motivated by the desire to combine the advantageous numerical properties and economy of linear Boussinesq-viscosity models with the superior predictive performance of second-moment closure which is mathematically complex and numerically challenging. The rationale, fundamental principles and inherent properties of non-linear stress-strain relationships are considered first in general terms, with particular emphasis being placed on the mechanisms by which normal-stress anisotropy and sensitivity to curvature strain are represented. This is followed by a review of several particular model forms and the principal elements of their derivation. The models are then applied to four two-dimensional flows featuring, inter alia, strong curvature, irrotational strainin...


The major bottleneck to the success of an SPI initiative is the lack of business orientation in the way the program is run. The post-assessment phase or how to translate assessment results into adequate improvement actions is being overdocumented compared to the assessment phase. In this article experiences and lessons learnt from two industry sources in the defense and telecommunication areas are covered. Improvement strategies based on ensuring a continuous link between the program and the business goals of the organization is advocated (e.g. the ami® approach). Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons Ltd


network structure and the analysis of literature on strategic management and related sciences. The main research method was the qualitative one. The key conclusions focus on the following issues: a) technology b) marketing and c) cluster management.


1541Background: The peak onset age of breast cancer in China is about 10 years ahead of Europe and the United States. Early-onset breast cancer has more aggressive clinicopathological characteristi...


The Nagaoka pilot site is located in the onshore area of Nagaoka oil field in the Niigata plane of central Honshu on the Japan sea side of central Japan. The onshore deep saline aquifer utilized for the CO2 storage project is located near the city of Nagaoka. The pilot site and the target formations were selected based on the geological information. The selected formation was the early Pleistocene Haizume Formation, around 60m thick and 1100m below the ground surface. Cores of the Haizume Formation at Nagaoka from well IW-1 show realistic reservoir characterization with litho-stratigraphic architecture. To geological modeling and assess CO2 distribution, 3D seismic schemes were applied in the Nagaoka site, which included 4D seismic monitoring. Seismic attributes analysis is a popular and important method to predict the distributions of reservoir rock properties such as lithofacies, porosity, density, and thickness. Although 3D seismic survey has been executed, the distribution of lithofacies and the heterogeneity in reservoir layers remain unclear across the Nagaoka site because there are only few wells drilled. Therefore, we described the geomodeling framework and simulation studies that were applied to micro and macro scale reservoir modeling with realistic litho-stratigraphic architecture at the Nagaoka site. Lithofacies relations and much of the heterogeneity in Nagaoka aquifer reservoirs are related to the stacking of depositional sequences. To investigate the challenges of the spreading CO2, a detailed reservoir heterogeneity model was set up based on analysis of 45 cores. The Haizume Formation consists


Katsura tree (Cercidiphyllum japonicum Sieb. Et Zucc) bark was collected, air-dried and extracted with 70% aqueous acetone, then concentrated and sequentially fractionated using n-hexane, methylene chloride (CH2Cl2), ethylacetate (EtOAc), and H2O. The H2O fraction was chromatographed on a Sephadex LH-20 column with various aqueous MeOH eluting solvents to isolate an ellagitannin. The isolate was elucidated as macabarterin, a polyoxygenated ellagitannin by NMR analysis, including HSQC, HMBC, Q-TOF MS, and with the comparison of authentic literature data. The compound was an ellagitannin which was isolated, for the first time, from the extracts of Katsura tree bark, and has never been reported before in domestic tree or plant sources.


Among many attributes of literature we can find in its gift of prophecy, or pre-set realities still missing some of its most relevant features. Many were the writers whose ability to glimpse, reading the landscape of their time allowed them a writing toward the present world and the hereafter. At the dawn of the twentieth century we see an emerging writer endowed with a literary art marked by the beginnings of a dark time that was presently to appear on the global map of humanity: Franz Kafka. With the ability to narrate the absurd in a precise tone, cold and formal as the course integrates the daily nightmare, Kafka enter his name in the panorama of the letters not only because of his famous narrative truncated and exacting, but also by writing a fantastic privilege, where characters and beings move in a strangely real world. Therefore, we intend to examine by this work how the narrative of this Jewish writer realizes in the novel's metamorphosis not only a prophetic writings, but also by through what procedures his literature will worth to tell this new world that has seen the emergence of Kafka. Thus, we try 1 Mestrando do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Letras /Estudos Literários da Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV). Professor de Literatura do Colégio Santa MarcelinaMuriaé/MG. E-mail: email@example.com ou email@example.com.


The narrative of the Libro del Cortegiano involves at once subdued drama and slightly risky play. It begins with a game whose purpose is to propose a second game which will occupy the company at Urbino for the rest of the evening. This elaborately two-tiered pastime suggests immediately the centrality and formality of play for this group, and throws the dramatic focus on the question of a given proposal's suitability. The reader doesn't know what criteria will determine the excellence of the winning invention, but he is allowed to participate in the consideration of each. Thus in this preliminary contest, Gasparo Pallavicino makes a proposal, and then Cesare Gonzaga another; then the buffoon Fra Serafino and the poet, the Unico Aretino, each makes a kind of non-proposal in bad faith, which has to be dealt with by the arbitress, Emilia Pia.


Using a multi-antenna system to realize multi-satellite simultaneous TT& C (telemetry, tracking, and command) is the main method to solve the contradiction between the increasing number of spacecrafts in LEO and the limited TT& C resources. The key to the normal operation of the multi-antenna system is multi-antenna signal synthesis. As a generalized array antenna, the DOA (Direct of Arrival) estimation method in array signal processing can be used to align the delay difference for multi-antenna in multi-satellite TT& C scene, to make signal synthesis possible. Multiple signal classification is a widely concerned DOA estimation method, which is based on accurate source number estimation. In this paper, based on the classical Gerschgorin's Disk Estimation (GDE), an array manifold Exchanged GDE (EGDE) method for nonuniform array source number estimation is proposed. In addition, a Modified Gerschgorin's Disk Estimation method is improved to enhance the estimation accuracy under low snapshot number. Simulation results verify the correctness and effectiveness of the method.


1. An acetone extract of the livers of rats dosed with OO-diethyl O-p-nitrophenyl thiophosphate (parathion) has been made, and by paper chromatography the existence of a labile derivative of pnitrophenol which strongly inhibits cholinesterase in vitro has been detected. 2. This extract has been purified by chromatography on a cellulose powder column, and the identity of the inhibitor with diethyl p-nitrophenyl phosphate (paraoxon) has been suggested by a comparison of their migration on filter paper, their absorption spectra, their hydrolysis constants and their anticholinesterase activities.


e13592Background: Diabetes and breast cancer are common diseases in women. Studies of the association have been heterogeneous. The objective of this study was to compare the risks of breast cancer in women treated with insulin glargine and NPH using claims data. We set out to provide more information regarding this potential association from real world studies. Methods: The MarketScan and Clinformatics databases were used to identify patients prescribed glargine or NPH in the study periods of January 2007 to March 2016 and July 2005 to June 2016, respectively. The risks of breast cancer in patients prescribed glargine relative to NPH were compared using three approaches: (1) on-treatment, (2) intent-to-treat and (3) time-dependent analysis. The overall and follow-up period stratified adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) for breast cancer for glargine compared to NPH were obtained using Cox proportional hazards modelling controlling for potential confounders. Results: In the MarketScan database, 75,422 glargine a...


Stochastic differential equation has a significant role in a range of biological areas including molecular motor like kinesin motor. Mean-reverting square root (MRSR) stochastic differential equation is commonly used in economics and finance areas. In this study, we use the MRSR stochastic differential equation to model neck linker motion of kinesin motor by considering the possibilities of rightward direction and occasionally in the leftward direction of kinesin movements. This neck linker docking model of kinesin motor incorporates the conformational change in the chemical kinetics and the tethered diffusion of the free head of kinesin motor. Here, we demonstrate this model by using Hookean spring method which referred to the stiffness model of neck linker. The motion of kinesin motor seems to be well described to move in unidirectional way with volatile behavior based on MRSR rather than common stochastic differential equation [DOI 10.1007/s11538-011-9697-6].


We report electroluminescence (EL) of colloidal CdSe/CdS, CdSe/ZnS, and CdSe/CdS/CdZnS/ZnS core/shell quantum dots (QDs) in multilayer light-emitting diodes (LEDs) fabricated by spin coating a near monolayer of the core/shell QDs on cross-linkable hole transporting layers. It is found that CdSe/CdS QD-LEDs exhibit a faster decrease in EL quantum efficiency (∼2% at a brightness of 100 cd/m2) with increasing current density and lower maximum brightness than those of CdSe/ZnS QD-LEDs. A more significant redshift and spectral broadening of the EL observed in CdSe core/shell QDs with a CdS or CdS/CdZnS/ZnS shell than with a ZnS shell indicate that the electron wave function can penetrate into the shell under electric field. The difference in device performance and EL spectra results from conduction band offsets between the CdSe cores and CdS or ZnS shells, suggesting the existence of the exciton ionization in the QD-LEDs.


We present a method for speeding up numerical calculations of a light curve for a stellar occultation by a planetary atmosphere with an arbitrary atmospheric model that has spherical symmetry. This improved speed makes least-squares fitting for model parameters practical. Our method takes as input several sets of values for the first two radial derivatives of the refractivity at different values of model parameters, and interpolates to obtain the light curve at intermediate values of one or more model parameters. It was developed for small occulting bodies such as Pluto and Triton, but is applicable to planets of all sizes. We also present the results of a series of tests showing that our method calculates light curves that are correct to an accuracy of 10 -4 of the unocculted stellar flux. The test benchmarks are (i) an atmosphere with a l/r dependence of temperature, which yields an analytic solution for the light curve, (ii) an atmosphere that produces an exponential refraction angle, and (iii) a small-planet isothermal model. With our method, least-squares fits to noiseless data also converge to values of parameters with fractional errors of no more than 10 -4 , with the largest errors occurring in small planets. These errors are well below the precision of the best stellar occultation data available. Fits to noisy data had formal errors consistent with the level of synthetic noise added to the light curve. We conclude: (i) one should interpolate refractivity derivatives and then form light curves from the interpolated values, rather than interpolating the light curves themselves; (ii) for the most accuracy, one must specify the atmospheric model for radii many scale heights above half light; and (iii) for atmospheres with smoothly varying refractivity with altitude, light curves can be sampled as coarsely as two points per scale height.


Objective To study the advances of minimally invasive surgery for breast cancer. Methods The latest references on the minimally invasive surgery of breast cancer were reviewed. Results Electrochemotherapy,endoscopy, percutaneous microwave coagulation therapy, high intensity focused ultrasound, and targeting therapy were widely applied to treat breast cancer with the characteristics of minimal wound, little hemorrhage and fast rehabilitation. Conclusion The minimally invasive surgery for breast cancer will be extensively carried out in the future.


The Hippo signaling pathway was discovered to control organ size in Drosophila 4 through regulating cell proliferation and apoptosis (Yu et al., 2015). Arising studies 5 over the past two decades have defined the core components and regulation 6 mechanisms of the pathway in both Drosophila and mammals. The core components 7 and fundamental function of the Hippo pathway are highly conserved in mammals. 8 Active Ste20-like kinases 1/2 (MST1/2) phosphorylates adaptor protein Sav family 9 WW domain-containing protein 1 (SAV1) and MOB1A/B, and phosphorylated 10 MOB1A/B could recruit large tumour suppressor 1/2 (LATS1/2) for phosphorylation 11 by MST1/2 at the hydrophobic motif (HM), followed by LATS1/2 12 autophosphorylation at the activation loop (AL) and full activation (Meng et al., 2016). 13 Activated LATS1/2 then phosphorylates Yes-associated protein (YAP)/PDZ-binding 14 motif (TAZ) and sequesters them in the cytoplasm for further phosphorylation and 15 degradation (Zhao et al., 2007; Zhao et al., 2010). Unphosphorylated YAP/TAZ 16 translocates into the nucleus and associates with the TEAD family transcription 17 factors to activate target genes expression (Zhao et al., 2008). 18 Numerous studies have shown that the hippo pathway plays an important role in 19 tumorigenesis. Overexpression of Yap or deletion of core components of the pathway 20 (Nf2, Mst1/2, Sav1, and Mob1a/b) in liver can cause liver overgrowth and liver 21 cancer (Camargo et al., 2007; Zhou et al., 2009; Yu et al., 2015). Increased YAP 22 expression and activity were found in squamous cell carcinoma and other tumors 23 (Muramatsu et al., 2011; Yu et al., 2014). Considering the important roles of the 24 25 26 27 28 © The Author (2018). Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Journal of Molecular Cell Biology, IBCB, SIBS, CAS. All rights reserved.


Dytiscidae has high food value,and also has good health care and medical value.Dytiscidae will be a new area of breeding industry.The main difficulty of artificial breeding is rare researches on the biological habits of Yellow-margined Dytiscidae.Using wild yellow-margined Dytiscidae as experimental materials,the auther observed the biological habits of Yellow-margined Dytiscidae through breeding them.It could provide useful reference for the rapid development of aquaculture Dytiscidae.


Information about the Rhythm and Vines music festival, held every summer in Gisborne at the Waiohika Estate. Includes photos of past festivals.


Aim. To evaluate the feasibility of implanting 3D-printed brain aneurysm model in human cadavers and to assess their utility in neurosurgical research, complex case management/planning, and operative training. Methods. Two 3D-printed aneurysm models, basilar apex and middle cerebral artery, were generated and implanted in four cadaveric specimens. The aneurysms were implanted at the same anatomical region as the modeled patient. Pterional and orbitozygomatic approaches were done on each specimen. The aneurysm implant, manipulation capabilities, and surgical clipping were evaluated. Results. The 3D aneurysm models were successfully implanted to the cadaveric specimens' arterial circulation in all cases. The features of the neck in terms of flexibility and its relationship with other arterial branches allowed for the practice of surgical maneuvering characteristic to aneurysm clipping. Furthermore, the relationship of the aneurysm dome with the surrounding structures allowed for better understanding of the aneurysmal local mass effect. Noticeably, all of these observations were done in a realistic environment provided by our customized embalming model for neurosurgical simulation. Conclusion. 3D aneurysms models implanted in cadaveric specimens may represent an untapped training method for replicating clip technique; for practicing certain approaches to aneurysms specific to a particular patient; and for improving neurosurgical research.


The structure andd ynamics of a submontane alluvial forest, with structural attributes of old-growth, in the Sudety Mts, Central Europe were examined. Stand structure was measured in circular sam- pling plots, and the distribution of gaps in belt transects. Past dynamic was reconstructed on the basis of anal- ysis of events of release from suppression by inspection of growth pattern. The age distribution of canopy trees was also surveyed. The stand was dominated by ashes (Fraxinus excelsior) aged77-151 years, which cre- ated the upper layer, whereas the lower layer was dominated by dense hazel (Corylus avellana) shrubs. The analysedstandwas developedin site which was usedas a grasslandin first quarter of XIX century, but its his - tory include several fine-scale disturbances when canopy trees were established. Recent dynamic was related to low intensity gap formation. The light conditions at the forest floor were good, and the average percentage of PPFD was 13%. Seedlings of ash and sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus) were abundant throughout the stand. However, continuous browsing by game prevented growth of seedlings; in the sapling layer sycamore had dis- appeared and the number of ash saplings was strongly reduced. Regeneration was dominated by hazel of veg- etative origin both in gaps and under the canopy.


Many statistical agencies use the sum of hours worked when measuring labour services. This implies that all workers provide work of equal quality. Various indices for adjusting for labour quality have been employed in a large body of literature. However, this literature has not yet addressed the issue of how to quality‐adjust the impact of workers entering and exiting the labour market. We outline a theoretical framework for dealing with quality adjustment of labour services caused by workers entering and exiting employment. To illustrate the theoretical framework, we use the case of Norway in the period 1997–2013. The impact on labour services due to our quality adjustment of net entry is found to be cyclical. While the adjustment for the quality of net entry amounts to about −0.3 percentage points annually during expansions, it is offset by about the same magnitude during contractions.


Original / British English Per and Nina are on holiday in the country. They find a strange Viking cup in a dark forest. The cup is very old and interesting. But now there is a strange man at the hotel and Per is afraid.


The circulating endothelial cell population characterized by Damani et al. might be contaminated by endothelium damage after femoral catheterization. The circulating endothelial cell population characterized by Damani et al. might be contaminated by endothelium damage after femoral catheterization. The circulating endothelial cell population characterized by Damani et al. might be contaminated by endothelium damage after femoral catheterization.


Browse plants are under-utilized in the dry season because of the insufficient knowledgeabout the drying process that best helps to prevent degradation of nutrients available toruminant. The experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of drying methods (airdrying, oven drying and sun drying) on the chemical composition, in vitro digestibility ofleaves and leaves + twigs from (Albizia lebbeck, Albizia saman, Daniella oliveri,Enterolobium cyclocarpum, Gliricidia sepium, Leucaena leucocephala, Milletia griffonianaand Pterocarpus santalinoides). The leaves and twigs were dried under the three dryingmethods until constant weight and milled for in vitro digestibility. Gas production wasrecorded at 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, 42, and 48 hours of the incubation period with 8x3x2factorial design using Duncan Multiple Ranged test. When the browse species werecompared, there were significant differences in the incubation hours while there were alsosignificant (P>0.05) differences for the plant parts in the incubation hours except at 3 hours.The value of short chain fatty acid (SCFA) μmol, ranged from 0.22 to 0.57, metabolizableenergy (ME) MJkgDM ranged from 2.72 to 3.25, while organic matter digestibility (OMD) %ranged from 38.44 to 50.48 respectively. Albizia lebbeck was highest (P<0.05) for SCFA,ME, OMD. It is concluded that drying methods had no effect on the forages considered.However, the leaves of these browse plants are highly digestible and their inherent nutrientsare higher than the range recommended for the maintenance in ruminant production.


The utility model discloses a centrifugal pump impeller and wear ring sealing device, which consists of an impeller and a wear ring. The utility model is characterized in that a mechanical seal movable ring is arranged at the outer edge of the water inlet of the impeller; a mechanical seal static ring is arranged in the wear ring; the mechanical seal movable ring is inserted into the wear ring and contacts the mechanical seal static ring. The utility model has the advantages that the prior clearance fit of the impeller and the wear ring is changed into abrasion fit without gap after being assembled, thus increasing the pumping height of the water pump, improving the self-pumping performance, reducing the refluence of the high-pressure water, and greatly improving the working efficiency of the water pump; the water pump can be started without bearing any load, and it is unnecessary to fill water into the pump, thus saving the power for starting up the pump.


Satellite altimetry has revolutionized the study of the global oceans for the past two decades. Precision altimetry missions like TOPEX/Poseidon, Jason-1, and OSTM/Jason 2, complemented by other missions like ERS 1 and 2, ENVISAT, and GFO, have provided unprecedented observations of the ocean surface topography at scales larger than about 200 km and made significant advances in our understanding of global ocean circulation and sea level change. However, the measurement errors have prevented resolving scales shorter than 100 km, the submesoscales that are important for understanding the dynamics of the ocean kinetic energy and the vertical transfer processes in the ocean. These processes are critical to the understanding of the role of the ocean in regulating global climate change. Altimetry measurements have also been applied to the study of the water levels of rivers and lakes, but the coarse resolution of the data has severely limited its ability in addressing key hydrological questions on the storage of water on land and its discharge. These are important questions on the distribution of fresh water on land that is being seriously affected by global climate change. A new space mission called Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) is being developed jointly by a collaborative effort of the international oceanographic and hydrological communities for making high-resolution measurement of the water elevation of both the ocean and land surface water to answer the questions about the oceanic submesoscale processes and the storage and discharge of land surface water. The key instrument payload is a Ka-band radar interferometer capable of making highresolution wide-swath altimetry measurement. The development of the mission has been proceeding as a joint effort of NASA and CNES, following the long-lasting tradition in collaboration in radar altimetry over the past 25 years. This paper describes the science objectives and requirements as well as the measurement approach of SWOT, which is anticipated to be launched in 2016. SWOT will demonstrate this new approach to advancing both oceanography and land hydrology and set a standard for future altimetry missions.


Here, a high-performance and low SWaP-C octave-spanning frequency comb laser system operating in the visible and near-infrared spectral regions is reported. A highly-compact diode-pumped Kerr-lens mode-locked Ti:sapphire laser producing 37 fs pulses with an average power of 820 mW and a pulse repetition rate of 0.5 GHz was used as a pump source for supercontinuum generation. Octave-spanning supercontinuum (∼ 550-1100 nm) was produced with an average power up to 300 mW from an 8-cm long nonlinear photonic crystal fiber. The broadband nature of supercontinuum, its high power, and overall compactness of the set-up make the whole system to be viable for further development of self-referenced optical frequency combs for various portable optical clock applications.


In medical practices, the detection of diseases highly depends on different medical tests. Electrocardiogram (ECG) technique is commonly used for heart disease diagnosis. Doctors can measure pulse and other heart boundaries with the aid of it. Fast and precise detection of forms of arrhythmia is critical while identifying heart disease. In this work, we proposed an intelligent ECG device (called iKardo) with the built-in automatic capability to classify into critical and non-critical data from an imbalanced ECG dataset for the smart IoT or Internet of Things based smart healthcare device. Particular emphasis is given to the reduction of data misclassification by converting imbalanced data into a balanced dataset using necessary techniques. This proposed iKardo helps in the accurate detection of critical ECG beats with an accuracy of 99.58% and result in a smart healthcare monitoring device that would make the disease detection fast and precise.


Liberal values are increasingly under dispute. What role does civil society (CS) take within this broader development? By analyzing accounts on civil society in Austrian public media during an authoritarian shift, this paper investigates whether the legitimacy of liberal vs. conservative segments of CS changes. About 900,000 articles from ideologically diverse newspapers and the most influential television channel are evaluated using corpus linguistics methods. First analyses corroborate the presence of a conservative shift and an increasingly morally charged public discourse in Austria, however, unlike in Eastern European countries, this shift does not appear to be promoted from within CS.


OBJECTIVE To explore the correlation between the different anesthesia methods and the lower respiratory tract infections in elderly patients after surgery.METHODS A retrospective analysis of 227 patients who underwent general anesthesia for endotracheal intubation and 265 patients who underwent nerve block anesthesia was performed.RESULTS Of 227 patients who underwent general anesthesia,lower respiratory tract infections occurred in 20 patients with the infection rate of 8.8%;of 265 patients who underwent nerve block anesthesia,lower respiratory tract infections occurred in 2 cases with the infection rate of 0.8%,the difference in the infection rate between the two groups was statistically significant(P0.05).CONCLUSION The anesthesia method is correlated with the lower respiratory tract infections in the elderly patients.


Abstract Caulerpa, a coenocytic marine macroalgae, is a genus characterized by having a prostrate indeterminate axis (stolon) with rhizoids and vertical axes that are potentially independent units as Caulerpa can withstand fragmentation and regenerate after a lamina or stolon are cut. This is similar to clonal growth described for vascular plants. A morphometric study was conducted comparing two morphologically distinct populations of Caulerpa prolifera growing in contrasting light environments of a coral reef lagoon. Morphometric measurements and dry weight partitioning were analyzed. Results of this study show that significant morphological differences exist. In a shaded environment C. prolifera had a higher dry weight (mg/cm2) than in sunny areas, distance between ramets was longer in shade areas, resulting in an open growth similar to the 'Guerrilla' growth form compared to the 'Phalanx' growth form of sunny sites. In shaded areas the population had fewer lamina per ramet and longer stipes. Morphological differences were analyzed in relation to light intensity. Compact growth, highly branched and thick, small laminas are morphological traits associated with plants in bright habitats. In contrast, thin and longer laminas are more efficient in the capture of light and typify shaded populations. Differences were found at all three levels: clonal fragment, ramets and modules. This suggests that C. prolifera has a clonal plant morphology and behavior.


Resources and environmental issues are increasingly becoming the focus of global, global economy is moving from the "industrial and agricultural economy" to the tertiary industry" service economy". Modern services include consumer services and producer services. Modern logistics industry is one of the major producer services, its development must depend on the appropriate logistics professionals, so building logistics professionals adaptation producing services is imperative. Under the trend of producing services in the global economy, we need to review, modify, enrich and perfect the logistics management professional training scheme and teaching course system. This article first expounds the concept of producing services and the relationship between logistics and producer services, then, discusses the construction of teachers team construction and practical teaching system, from the perspective of the curriculum system, and thereby builds logistics management subject construction scheme for the private colleges under modern service industry development trend.


. Current scientific knowledge on the future response of the climate system to human-induced perturbations is comprehensively captured by various model intercomparison efforts. In the preparation of the Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), intercomparisons were organized for atmosphere-ocean general circulation models (AOGCMs) and carbon cycle models, named "CMIP3" and "C 4 MIP", respectively. Despite their tremendous value for the scientific community and policy makers alike, there are some dif-ficulties in interpreting the results. For example, radiative forcings were not standardized across the various AOGCM integrations and carbon cycle runs, and, in some models, key forcings were omitted. Furthermore, the AOGCM analysis of plausible emissions pathways was restricted to only three SRES scenarios. This study attempts to address these issues. We present an updated version of MAGICC, the simple carbon cycle-climate model used in past IPCC Assessment Reports with enhanced representation of time-varying climate sensitivities, carbon cycle feedbacks, aerosol forcings and ocean heat uptake characteristics. This new version, MAGICC6, is successfully calibrated against the higher complexity AOGCMs and carbon cycle models. Parameterizations of MAGICC6 are provided. The mean of the emulations presented here using MAGICC6 deviates from the mean AOGCM responses by only 2.2% on average for the SRES scenarios. This enhanced emulation skill in comparison to previous


The paper explores,through a contrastive study,the deep driving force between the divergence of Eastern and Western cultures,by analyzing low-context culture and high-context culture,extraversion culture and introversion culture,high-involvement culture and high-considerness culture,mono-chronic time/M-time system(culture) and poly-chronic time/P-time system(culture),active and resolute culture,passive and subdued culture,non-contact/non-touch culture and contact/touch culture,apartness culture and togetherness culture,individualistic culture(individualism) and collectivist culture(collectivism).For the divergence of Eastern and Western cultures,individualism and collectivism constitute the "matrix",individuality being the "engine".


The present study examines the Saekgyeong (Classic of Husbandry; 1676), an agricultural manual dating from the Joseon Dynasty (1392-1910), and the agricultural thought of its author by Park Se-dang (pen name: Seogye; 1629-1703), a scholar. Its purpose lies in exploring the value of contemporary urban agriculture based on an examination of the attitudes toward agriculture, the values pursued through agriculture, and the ways of dealing with and using land as evinced by the classic and its author. Confirmed through an examination of Park's agricultural philosophy and the Saekgyeong, the results of the present study are as follow. First, there is the socioeconomic value of pursuing the stability of and promoting the economic independence of indigent petty peasants through productivity improvement. Second, there is the experiential value of exploration through experience and agricultural field practice for study. Third, there is the environmental value of endeavoring to overcome an infertile natural environment through agricultural methods that sought to accommodate the land by reading the flow and phenomena of nature. Fourth, there is the practical value of compiling the Saekgyeong and seeking to broaden its use as a guidebook containing agricultural methods appropriate to the land and the wisdom for life. 8) When examined in terms of contemporary urban agriculture, the significance of the four values above is as follows: the socioeconomic effect of encouraging urban agricultural activities as a means of welfare for socially alienated classes and promoting the creation of jobs; the enhancement of the significance of study through hands-on activities from an educational perspective; the recycling and recovery of resources and the enhancement of environmental consciousness for the recovery of urban ecology; and a practical spirit that seeks to contribute directly to society through academic research that contributes to practical life and approaches familiar to the populace. The present study sought to find the value of urban agriculture, under discussion in diverse ways in recent years, in the thoughts of our ancestors, who pondered on agriculture. Despite differences in the periodic background, the significance of the present study lies in its in-depth reexamination of the fundamental significance of diverse agricultural values that are being pursued today.


The two component room temperature thermoluminescence (RTL) from γ-irradiated crystals is attributed to such electrons as get stuck up at varying distances from holes, some within, and others outside the Onsager radius. The former recombine with holes fast, following first order kinetics, while the electrons lying farther away do so more slowly, following a pseudo-first order rate law. Side by side, the conduction-valence band gap is continually lowered to about 4 eV in the defect region by the clustering of interstitials around F centres. Resulting recombination TL is in the continuum, consistent with this model. Repeated regeneration of thermoluminescence (RRTL) induced by F light is due to the release of electrons from F centres. Once the F centres are completely bleached RRTL would cease.


Combining with the fact of the regional economic new rural construction,the paper introduces the application of the new mapping technique including total station,RS,GIS,GPS,and illustrates the economic benefits of the new mapping technique and the practice teaching results,so as to extend the application of the technique in rural construction.


The aim of this paper is to provide a survey of network processors (NPs), which are a new type of special microprocessors intended for networking equipment, mainly switches and routers. We will describe many aspects in the network processor area. First, we introduce network processors together with their functionalities and requirements. Subsequently, we describe the basic definitions and concepts involved in the network processing area. Second, we describe the architectural specification and implementation of NPs and present comparison between different commercial NPs. Third, we describe network processors software tools including network processor simulators, benchmarks, and other related tools. Fourth, we highlight several challenges and trends in network processing area.


The reduction with 2-propanol as a hydrogen source over hydrous tin(IV) oxide has proved to be successful. Hydrous tin(IV) oxide was prepared from stannic(IV) chloride by precipitation with aqueous...


omerset v. Stewart, decided by Lord Chief Justice Mansfield four years before the American Declaration of Independence, was long S interpreted as outlawing slavery in England.' Not only did Somerset have a profound impact in Britain where, many believe, it led to the subsequent abolition of the slave trade (1807) and the eventual emancipation of all slaves in the British colonies (1834), but it also 'became part of a newly developing American common law [and] . . . was widely discussed in America both before and after the revolution'.2 The American courts, following the revolution, adopted the great bulk of English common law and most interpreted Somerset to stand for the proposition that, in the absence of specific legislation or constitutional provisions authorizing it, slavery was contrary to natural law, 'odious' and thus prohibited under common law tradition. Consequently, northern courts, particularly, interpreted the 1772 English decision as outlawing slavery in the absence of any specific legislative mandate to the contrary. If, as some now suggest, Somerset did not abolish slavery, then American courts erroneously incorporated it into common law following the revolution. If the common law at the time of the American revolution sanctioned slavery, then the courts in Massachusetts and other northern states should have held that slavery was permitted in their states unless specifically outlawed by state


The article considers the essence of creative self realization of future primary school teachers, which is defined as a characteristic of the integrity of the individual and the level of his social activity which is showed in pedagogical skills, creativity, professional, pedagogical culture. The structure, functions and main criteria of professional self realization of a teacher are defined, which reflect the peculiarities of cognition and disclosure of professional and pedagogical potential in different types of pedagogical activity.


Introduction Inderjeet Parmar and Michael Cox 1. The Future of Soft Power in US Foreign Policy Joseph Nye Jr. 2. From Hegemony to Soft Power Geraldo Zahran and Leonardo Ramos 3. Soft Power and Strategy:Developing a 'Strategic' Concept of Power Edward Lock 4. The Unbearable Lightness of Soft Power Christopher Layne 5. The Power Game, Soft Power and the International Historian Till Geiger 6. Challenging Elite Anti-Americanism in the Cold War Inderjeet Parmar 7. Technological Leadership and American Soft Power John Krige 8. The Military Use of Soft Power - Information Campaigns: The Challenge of Application, Their Audiences and Effects Angus Taverner 9. Public Diplomacy and the Information War on Terror Philip Taylor 10. Soft Power in an Era of US Decline Giles Scott-Smith 11. Cheques and Balances: the EU's Soft Power Strategey Christopher Hill 12. The Myth and Reality of China's Soft Power Shogo Suzuki 13. Responding to my Critics and Concluding Thoughts Joseph Nye


Access to affordable and quality healthcare has been a public outcry in recent years across the globe. The situation is worse in some poverty-stricken developing countries. With technological advancements, such as telemedicine, some hopes and lights in darkness has begun to emerge. Many are looking into telemedicine as a promising technology for taking healthcare services to remote areas. However, there challenges, specifically lack of users' interest has been a major setup for successful diffusion of this technology in developing countries. Existing technology-adoption literature provides little understanding of technology adoption factors in developing countries' social structure context. This study tries to fill this void by proposing a theoretical model with factors derived from multiple theories in Information Systems discipline. We empirically tested our model using a survey study of 274 participants. We identified several promoting and impeding factors for individuals' intention to use telemedicine services in the context of developing countries.


The ambident anions derived from a number of imines have been alkylated using a variety of solvents and alkylating agents. Under reactive conditions enamines (N-alkylation) are formed as the main products instead of the usually observed homologous imines (C-alkylation). The influence of the type of imine, solvent and alkylating agent on the mode of alkylation is discussed.


Abstract: Antisera raised to the 68,000, 145,000 and 200,000 molecular weight subunits of rat neurofilaments were used for immunochemical staining of polypeptides separated by one‐ and two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis. It was found that each antiserum reacts intensely with its corresponding neurofilament subunit and weakly with the other two subunits. All the antisera also react with a polypeptide of molecular weight 57,000 present in neurofilament‐rich preparations from both rat spinal cord and peripheral nerve. This polypeptide is different from either tubulin or vimentin and may represent a neurofilament breakdown product, since it varied in amount from preparation to preparation. The three antisera also reacted with the polypeptide subunits of chicken and goldfish neurofilament despite the considerable difference in molecular weight between these subunits and those of mammalian neurofilament. Key Words: Neurofilaments–Antibodies–Immunochemical. Autilio‐Gambetti L. et al. Immunochemical characterization of antisera to rat neurofilament subunits. J. Neurochem. 37, 1260‐1265(1981).


Introduction. In linear traction drives of high speed vehicles moving with velocities about 350 – 450 km/h it is expedient to use synchronous motors with stator winding located on track structure and constant magnetic field sources (permanent magnets, superconducting windings or bulk superconductors) located on the vehicle. Such high speed traction system does not require the moving contact for its power supply and it means a considerable advantage of system. Lack of a moving contact on the vehicle involves also the use of contactless system for auxiliary power supply. Purpose. The purpose of the paper is to analyze the versions of contactless auxiliary energy consumers power supply of high speed maglev vehicles with synchronous traction motors. Method. Weight, size and energy parameters of maglev vehicles power supply sources for auxiliary consumers are discussed and their areas of use are analyzed. Results. For contactless power supply of auxiliary energy consumers of maglev vehicles with electrodynamic suspension it is expedient to use linear induction generators and rechargeable batteries. For maglev vehicles with electromagnetic suspension it is expedient to use linear generators, linear transformers and rechargeable batteries. Practical significance. Results may be used for creation of national commercial high speed maglev transport. Conclusion. The choice of combination of power supply sources for auxiliary consumers is determined by vehicle magnetic suspension type. For vehicles with electromagnetic suspension it is expedient to use linear transformers, linear induction generators and rechargeable batteries. For vehicles with electrodynamic suspension use superconducting magnetic systems it is expedient to use linear generators and rechargeable batteries.


In Hungary the spring time sowing of maize and sunflower is very critical, as the optimal time window is short. The soil moisture decreases rapidly, and the unstable weather conditions create even more difficult conditions for the farmers, but the sowing quality and the plant density have strong effects on the yield. In our experiments we explored the possibility of speeding up the process of sowing, as a solution to this problem, and found that compared to the baseline, the increased speed caused perceptible quality problems, and density loss. These problems may lead to serious yield and economical loss, so the increased sowing speed is not an advisable option.


Optical nanoscopy has emerged as an important tool for live cell imaging at nanoscale resolution in the field of life sciences. The 2014 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for this invention proves its importance in multidisciplinary areas of science. Several optical nanoscopic methods have been introduced in the past decade to achieve diffraction-unlimited resolution by implementing new optical set-ups or utilization of unique photoswitchable fluorophores, or both. In this review we extensively discuss the biological importance of nanoscopy, and the latest advancements and types of fluorophores needed for imaging. This review will be a starter-kit for biologists working in the field of bioimaging.


Apathy is a core symptom in patients with behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD). It is defined by the observable reduction in goal-directed behavior, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. According to decision theory, engagement in goal-directed behavior depends on a cost-benefit optimization trading off the estimated effort (related to the behavior) against the expected reward (related to the goal). In this framework, apathy would thus result from either a decreased appetence for reward, or from an increased aversion to effort. Here, we phenotyped the motivational state of 21 bvFTD patients and 40 matched healthy controls, using computational analyses of behavioral responses in a comprehensive series of behavioral tasks, involving both expression of preference (comparing reward value and effort cost) and optimization of performance (adjusting effort production to the reward at stake). The primary finding was an elevated aversion to effort, consistent across preference and performance tasks, in bvFTD patients compared to controls. Within the bvFTD group, effort avoidance was correlated to cortical atrophy in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex and to apathy score measured on a clinical scale. Thus, our results highlight elevated effort aversion (not reduced reward appetence) as a core dysfunction that might generate apathy in bvFTD patients. More broadly, they provide novel behavioral tests and computational tools to identify the dysfunctional mechanisms producing motivation deficits in patients with brain damage.


Aim: Periodontitis is a chronic disease of dental tissue caused by a bacterial infection, for instance, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans is caused by dominant bacteria. Currently, there are many cases regarding bacterial resistance to some antibiotics, so an alternative search for new antibiotics from herbal plants is needed. Turmeric (Curcuma longa Linn.) is a plant that is known to contain bioactive compounds that can function as antimicrobials. So far, research on turmeric extract in the form of a gel formula used as a herbal medicine for periodontitis in Indonesia has not been reported. The aim of this research was to study the oral gel formula of the indigenous turmeric extract from Aceh, Indonesia and to evaluate its antimicrobial efficacy against A. actinomycetemcomitans. Materials and Methods: This research was designed to test the effectiveness of C. longa gel in vitro in inhibiting the growth of A. actinomycetemcomitan. Turmeric rhizome was extracted using the maceration method with 96% ethanol; then, the extract was formulated into a gel with concentrations of 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%. The curcuma gel was then tested for antimicrobials against A. actinomycetemcomitans bacteria. Results: The in vitro antimicrobial test showed that a 50% concentration of turmeric rhizome extracts gel was effective in inhibiting the growth of A. actinomycetemcomitans with an inhibition zone of 10.8 mm, which is classified as a strong inhibition zone. Conclusion: The efficacy of the oral gel formula containing C. longa extracts as a natural antimicrobial agent has been confirmed, and the possibility of applying it as periodontitis herbal medicine has been suggested.


Information theory provides a quantitative measure of the information content, or entropy deficiency, of different classes of experiments (and computer simulations), e.g., molecular beam scattering and infrared chemiluminescence. Using histogrammic representations of beam‐ or computationally derived polar (velocity‐angle) flux contour maps, the entropy deficiency associated with the product translational recoil and angular distribution is readily calculated. This is compared with that from resolved distributions of product vibrational and rotational states (e.g., from ir chemiluminescence experiments). It appears that the gain in information associated with the knowledge of products' angular distribution (even with the additional ''mutual information'' from the angle–recoil velocity correlation) is often outweighed by the substantial loss of information on the separate vibrational and rotational distributions. This so‐called ''equivocation'' or VR→T loss can be an appreciable fraction of the total informa...


Thermal cycles experienced by a superduplex stainless steel SAF 2507 when is welded, can promote the precipitation of secondary phases which decrease the mechanical properties as well as the corrosion resistance. Due to the application of the duplex alloys in the petrochemical industry, the study of these alloys has become very important in order to predict its service behavior. The aim of this work is to study the microstructural changes in the superduplex stainless steel weld joint after applying the GTAW process under three interpass temperatures after the deposition of every single pass. The results showed that slow cooling rates promoted by the deposition of the subsecuent passes and the higher interpass temperature, promote the precipitation of sigma phase in the HAZ while rapid cooling rates promoted by the lower interpass temperature do not promote the sigma phase precipitation.


A number of years ago, a physician wrote an article for the widely circulated newspaper supplement, "American Weekly." In it he said this: If a man is good in his heart, then he is an ethical member of any group in society. If he is bad in his heart, he is an unethical member. To me, the ethics of medical practice are as simple as that. That is a beautiful and uncomplicated explantation of a complex subject, and I am sure thousands of readers must have nodded their heads in total agreement and understanding as they read it. It is my opinion, however, that the statement is not valid. It greatly oversimplifies a matter that has been a major concern of the medical profession for hundreds of generations. If it were true, men who are good in their hearts —and I think most of them are, in spite of noisy


Double‐mutant mice (APPswe/PS1dE9; 2xTg‐AD) represent a model of Alzheimer's disease (AD). 2xTg‐AD mice develop progressive accumulation of amyloid plaques and cognitive impairment (CI) with age in >12 months old animals. The aim of the present study was to investigate the associations of CI and cardiovascular function in 2xTg‐AD mice.


WHEN, within the space of a single day, one can ride in a taxi driven by a woman, directed by traffic signals designed by a woman, to the office of a woman engineer, there to look out of the window and observe a woman steeplejack at her trade, or contemplate the task of the woman blacksmith whose forge was passed on the way, there can seem to remain few odd and unusual fields which women have not already entered and conquered for their own. Ten years ago a woman in Wall Street was an oddity; today women in Wall Street are almost as frequently met as on Fifth Avenue. The first woman realtor caused quite a flurry less than a decade ago, but today it is indeed a small and unprogressive town which cannot boast at least one member of the sex engaged in this work.


Can nurses prepared in noncampus-based programs be educated and resocialized to function at the professional level? Can these same nurses be "professionalized" through a self-directed, external degree program? A five-year study of Regents College external degree graduates suggests that they can.


The GLUE specification is an information model for Grid entities described using the natural language and UML Class Diagrams. As a conceptual model, it is designed to be independent from the concrete data models adopted for its implementation. Rendering to concrete data models such XML Schema, LDAP Schema and SQL are provided in a separate document.


The reductino of a variety of functional groups with new dimethoxyborane-transition metal boride systems was investigated. These systems reduced olefin, aldehyde, ketone and nitrile functionalities to afford the corresponding reduction products under mild conditions. In particular, olefins bearing ketone, carboxylic acid and nitrile functionalities were selectively reduced with the dimethoxyborane-nickel boride system using 1/5mol eq of nickel boride.


Objectives:

The personality trait of sensation seeking (SeSe) is associated with high-risk sports. However, the relationship between SeSe and energy expenditure (EE) has not been examined in detail using objective measures. Methods:

Twenty-two female and 21 male healthy participants were assessed for SeSe on the Arnett Inventory of Sensation Seeking (AISS), examining total score and intensity and novelty subscale scores. Total energy expenditure (TEE) per day was calculated using a SenseWear ® armband. Results:

Significant positive correlations were found between AISS total and TEE (r = 0.35, p p Conclusions:

Self-reported sensation seeking was associated with high total energy expenditure. The pattern of preferred activity in high sensation seekers favors intensity rather than novelty.


Maturity models are significant tools to ensure continuous improvement of systems and activities. They allow selfassessment and provide a means benchmark of these activities in relation to best practices. This article proposes the MMDePSI process for the development of new models of maturity in information systems. It begins by presenting the existing methods and approaches. Then he describes the MMDePSI process and the corresponding meta-model. Before concluding and presenting prospects of this work, it evaluates the proposed process.


Research into augmented reality makes up a forward-looking part in the field of HCI. This study aims to assess the usefulness of vision enhancing augmented reality for performing everyday tasks. Using virtual reality technologies we simulated an augmented reality situation. Twenty test subjects were divided into two experimental and a control group. They were told to solve tasks using enhanced vision for heat, darkness and sound. We then observed how they performed in terms of vision switches and time needed. Participants took questionnaires before and after the simulation to assess simulator sickness, frustration levels, demographic and qualitative data. Our study shows participants solved given tasks significantly faster using simulated augmented perception technologies. Participants embraced enhanced vision for solving everyday tasks in our virtualisation. This merits further research in implementing enhanced visions on augmented reality technology.


After providing a short history of "private public interest" environmental law, this article groups environmental law practice outside the government into three categories (business, nonprofit public interest, and private public interest). It argues that students entering business environmental law should not expect to do much, if any, public interest work on a "pro bono" basis because business clients will not tolerate their lawyers doing such work on the side. Finally, it offers suggestions from public interest lawyers on how to find or create a job. This article has led to a strong criticism by Santa Clara Law School Professor Kenneth Manaster, which is being published by Pace Environmental Law Review in December 2010, along with a rejoinder by Professor Bonine.


To the Editor: We report an incident of an allergic reaction to a small dose of intraarterial nonionic contrast material that was administered during cerebral angiography in a patient premedicated with steroids and antihistamines.

A 23-year-old man with epilepsy was referred for cerebral


Wells et al. consider errors in pattern scaling for different emission scenarios. They decompose the error into timeseries and pattern errors to better understand their sources. This is highly relevant due to the emergence of climate emulators used to estimate local impacts of emissions often for scenarios the emulators were not originally trained on. Overall the manuscript is well written and clear. However, there are some points I would like the authors to clarify.


Background: Cleft lip and palate is the most common major congenital craniofacial abnormality noted, which is 1 in 700 births. Although inheritance may play a role, cleft lip and palate is considered to be of multifactorial etiology, including chemical exposures, radiation, maternal hypoxia, teratogenic drugs, nutritional deficiencies, especially folic acid and cervical vertebral anomalies. Objective: To assess an association between cleft lip and palate and cervical vertebral anomalies. Methodology: The lateral cephalographs of 74 cleft lip and palate patients aged 6- 20yr were traced for cervical spine from C1- C4 on an acetate paper. Cervical vertebral anomalies were recorded and categorized into posterior arch deficiencies and fusion or both. Results: 12.16% of cleft lip and palate patients had cervical vertebral anomalies. Conclusion: The association between cleft lip and palate and cervical vertebral anomalies indicates that cervical vertebral anomalies may be implicated in the etiology of cleft lip and palate. Cervical vertebral anomalies can predispose to further disorders and identification of such anomalies mandates referral to the concerned specialist for appropriate management.