Experiments have been conducted for turbulent channel flow obstructed with a square rod placed perpendicular to the flow. The streamwise distributions of the similarity parameter 2St/Cf were examined for four different space ratios between the square rod and the channel wall. The dissimilarity between momentum transfer and heat transfer was intensified in the case when the square rod was slightly detached from the channel wall. Simultaneous measurements of velocity and temperature were taken by making use of hot-wire and cold-wire probes in the case when the space ratio, y'=0.7. Wavelet analysis applied to the velocity and temperature signals was found effective for the extraction of periodically changing patterns of flow and thermal fields. Through the analysis, heat transfer enhancement was related to the intensification of cold and hot interactions toward the wall and away from the wall, respectively, which occurs depending on the existence of periodical change of flow structure.


This article is focused on the problem of optimizing linear multiple regression models using the stepwise regression method. Thus, the technique for constructing the computation matrix is initially presented, then, the optimization algorithm is described, and finally, the method for determining the elements that are not contained in the optimal regression model is presented. The last part of this paper contains a case study where the optimization algorithm is applied on a dataset containing authentic territorial statistical data.


A feature of the oxidative polymerisation of aromatic amines is the development of accompanying oxidation of the polymers formed [1]. Here, it is known that the introduction of electron donor substituents into monomeric aromatic amines promotes both an increase in the rate of oxidative polymerisation and an increase in the rate of oxidative degradation. The oxidative degradation of conjugated polyaromatic amines begins with the oxidation of some of the aminobenzene fragments of the chain to quinonediimine fragments, which leads to the additional formation of protons. There then follows the development of acid hydrolysis of imine bonds of the main chain, which entails a loss of molecular weight. As shown in Mezhuev et al. [2], poly-(2-methoxyaniline) undergoes oxidative degradation under relatively mild conditions, which is manifested by a reduction in its yield and in the relative viscosity of solutions in N-methylpyrrolidone. Therefore, the synthesis of poly(2-methoxyaniline) is a suitable method for investigating the competition between processes of oxidative polymerisation of aromatic amines and oxidative degradation of polyaromatic amines.


A class of SEIQR epidemic model with quarantine and having an infectious force in both latent and infected periods for hand,foot and mouth diseases is investigated.Some conditions of local stability for the disease-free equilibrium and the endemic equilibrium are obtained by analyzing the roots of the associated characteristic equation.Constructing the Lyapunov function proves the global stability of the disease-free equilibrium.Some numerical simulations are given in the end.


We associate a fractal in RP n to each vector basis of R n+1 and we study its measure and asymptotic properties. Then we discuss and study numerically in detail the cases n = 1,2,3, evaluating in particular their Hausdorff dimension.


reminded us of SK. Although histopathological findings mimicked reticulated SK to some degree, the presence of squamoid cells, several keratinous cysts and follicular germinative cells indicated more clearly infundibulocystic BCC than reticulated SK. Since the first report by Tozawa and Ackerman, infundibulocystic BCC has been occasionally debated by several dermatopathologists. It is characterized by squamoid cells, infundibular keratinous cysts and follicular germinative cells, as seen in the present case. Ber-EP4 is a monoclonal antibody that recognizes 34-kDa and 39-kDa non-covalently linked glycopolypeptides expressed by most human epithelial cells and carcinomas. It is a useful tool for differentiating BCC from SK. However, the finding of Ber-EP4 in infundibulocystic BCC has not been reported to the best of our knowledge. In the present case, Ber-EP4 was weakly positive even in squamoid cells' foci, whereas it was strongly positive in follicular germinative cells.


Introduction and Aim: Amylase is an important enzyme with vast applications in various industries such as food and therapeutic industries. Aspergillus niger is commercially engaged in the making of alpha-amylase. Acid-stable alpha -amylase is mostly produced with microorganisms such as Bacillus and Aspergillus. The aim of this research was the molecular investigation of the acid-stable alpha-amylase (alpha-sAA) gene in A. niger.

Materials and Methods: Sixty-three A. niger isolates were evaluated in this study.  PCR method was performed for amplification of a 347 bp DNA band of the alpha-sAA gene.  The Hpa II Restriction endonuclease was used for the digestion of PCR fragments.

Results: A 347 bp DNA fragment was recovered from 49 out of 63 (78%) isolates. After cutting the PCR products with the HpalphaII enzyme, 81.6% of isolates showed the expected band and 18.4% presented different restriction endonuclease patterns.

Conclusion: The results demonstrated the PCR-RFLP technique performed in this research was a valuable tool for analysis of the alpha-sAA gene in A. niger isolates.


This descriptive analysis of two teachers' and 32 3 rd Year high school students' perceptions of codeswitching during classroom instruction reports that codeswitching in Chemistry and Geometry is a resource in making knowledge more comprehensible to the students than when only English is used. Through survey questionnaires, interviews, focus group discussion and 220 minutes of class observations, the results show beneficial effects in teaching and learning of highly technical s subjects. However, this study also argues that frequent codeswitching in highly technical subjects can be detrimental to the learners because it can cause confusion in the students' understanding of difficult concepts. Moreover, this study highlights implications for the "English Only" policy for instruction that seems impractical and ineffective in countries where English is the second or foreign language. The findings present strong indications that codeswitching by teachers should not be construed as incompetence in English proficiency because codeswitching is a bilingual speaker's skill, not a disadvantage.


The in quiry-teaching method is a kind of teaching pattern designed based on students' studying patterns. In order to cultivate the inquiry consciousness of the students, develop the indivitualities of the students, promote their qualities all around, we have done some experiments and researches on the inquiry-teaching method in ping-pong ball specialized subject teaching; the students' active participation; the experiment of the forming process of the techniques and movements; as well as the effects on obtaining knowledge, mastering techniques and skills, and structuring the technique characteristics etc.


The local and global matching of NMOS-transistors with dimensions from W/L = 10 μm/1 μm down to W/L = 1 μm/30 nm is analyzed by a large number of measurements. Results are compared to simulations, verifying the law of area (σV W L T ∝ ⋅ 1 / ) even for smallest geometries. Except the transistors with a gatelength of 1 μm all transistors are structured by a depositionand etchback technique giving an excellent homogeneity and reproducibility in linewidth. Finally proceedings to avoid the increasing mismatch with decreasing channel area will be discussed.


AbstractClosed-form equations for the initial thermal postbuckling response of axially restrained elastic columns with six well-known sets of rotational and lateral end restraints are presented. Th...


The complexation of various flavonoids with cyclodextrins and cyclodextrin derivatives was studied using thin layer chromatography on cellulose. The results indicate that the flavonoids examined do not complex readily with α-cyclodextrin or with succinylated α-cyclodextrin. However, most do complex with β-cyclodextrin, succinylated β-cyclodextrin, succinylated γ-cyclodextrin, α-cyclodextrin polymer, β-cyclodextrin polymer and γ-cyclodextrin polymer. With γ-cyclodextrin elongated trails are obtained, suggesting that the kinetics are somewhat slower. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


In order to study the effect of water pumping on some subsurface fluid parameters such as well water level, water temperature (terrestrial heat), radon in air, mercury in air, radon in water and mercury in water, a test was done at the Donggulou village, southeast of Hohhot City, Inner Mongolia. The result shows that the influence of water pumping on well water level is biggest, far to a distance 680m, then the water temperature. It has not obvious influence on the radon and mercury in air, but maybe has some small influence on radon and mercury in water.


Abstract This article is an attempt to understand the relationship between racist regimes and the representational strategies that went into the insertion of black bodies into specified economies of labour in early twentieth century South Africa. I take as my primary focus the cartoon narratives depicting African mine workers in the newspaper Umteteli Wa Bantu in the 1920s. The pictorial narratives constructed by the cartoons are instructive for they indicate an instance in which the transformation of the black body into a moral sign was tied to the larger terrain of the political economy.


This chapter addresses Russian perspectives on the Hague Principles. It analyses choice of law rules applicable to international commercial contracts in Russia. These rules apply to contracts that have a foreign element from a Russian standpoint and they are codified in a variety of sources, including the Civil Code, the Code of Civil Procedure, the Code of Arbitrazh Procedure, the Federal Law on Fundamentals of State Regulation of International Trade, and numerous other statutes on specific issues. International treaties to which Russia is a signatory State also regulate private international law issues, and the provisions of such treaties prevail over Russian domestic law in case of a conflict. Generally, courts in Russia are also not forbidden to refer to other international instruments when such sources are directly incorporated into an agreement between private parties. Russian courts will also enforce terms of customary business practices, where parties to international commercial contract agree to use them. Although there is no ongoing reform relating to the law applicable to cross-border contracts in Russia, the comparison of Russian private international law rules and the Hague Principles shows that the Hague Principles may play a role in improving relevant rules in Russia.


Experimental data on forms and electrical characteristics of jets of water, ethanol, glycerol and castor oil, depending on the applied high voltage, are presented. It is shown that the electric field influence depends on conduction, physical characteristics of the liquids (viscosity, surface tension, etc) and space charge in the air. The investigation results are presented in the form of outflow regime map.


On 13 February 2019 the Federal Court ordered Cryosite Limited to pay $1.05 million in penalties for engaging in 'gun jumping' cartel conduct in its asset sale agreement with Cell Care Australia.…


Existing literature states that standardization and certification are not only crucial for enterprises, but they have a positive impact on productivity, international trade, innovation, and competition as well. This research employs data derived by the European Innovation Union Scoreboard and the International Standardization Organization from 2005 to 2014 to investigate the relation between innovation and certified quality management systems according to ISO 9001. Using suitable panel data analysis, the authors analyse the data gathered form a panel accounting for the different countries and different years. The main result of this study is that we are able to provide evidence to policymakers, academics, and entrepreneurs that there is a statistically significant relationship between innovation and certified quality management systems. The originality of this chapter stems from the fact that up to now, to the authors' knowledge, the impact of ISO 9001 on innovation has not been examined in the European context.


Changes in plant rhizosphere pH which result from an imbalance of ion uptake can be detected in the rhizosphere of several dicotyledonous plants. Acid production provided through legume roots, either directly or indirectly linked to N2 fixation, makes contribution to subsoil acidification in the long term. This study was conducted to evaluate the influence of using high (250 μmol) and low (75 μmol) P supply on proton release, growth, nodulation and N concentration for six common bean recombinant inbred lines inoculated with Rhizobium tropici CIAT 899 in hydroaeroponic culture under glasshouse conditions. Data showed that all studied genotypes had similar shoot dry weight under P sufficiency but differed under P deficiency although root dry weight was independent of P supply. Total proton release generally increased with time regardless of P supplies. Thereafter, P deficiency plants released fewer protons than P sufficiency ones. Nitrogen concentrations in shoots and nodules were affected by high P level while in roots there was a variation among genotypes. There were different correlations between P and N concentrations in nodules of the six genotypes (r= 0.862, 0.78, 0.774, 0.736, 0.649 and 0.524). It is concluded that the nodulated common bean releases a substantial amount of protons into the rhizosphere that is linked to the symbiotic N2 and differ among genotypes that were contrasting in their adaptation to P limitation.


Results of studies in which either a human counselor or a computer was used to solve personal dilemmas are compared. Subjects were 415 undergraduate students. To increase stability of comparisons the counselor groups are aggregated as are the computer groups and the control groups. Comparison tests are then made among the aggregated groups. Two types of comparisons are made, significance tests and comparisons for size of effects. Computer counseling was as effective as standard counseling for dilemma-type problems. Computer counseling was significantly more effective than the control condition as was standard counseling. Comparisons of size of effect indicate that the average person in the computer groups was moved to the 51st percentile of the counselor groups and to the 78th percentile of the control groups. Size of effect for general psychotherapy and counseling indicate movement to the 75th percentile of the control groups. Thus, the effect of computer counseling resembles the over-all effect for general therapy. Future comparison of computer and counselor methods, effectiveness, and reactions is discussed.


ments of referees, and for the extremely useful readings of earlier versions by Robert Mayhew and Ross Kennedy. 1 D. Defoe,'An essay upon projects' in The Trueborn Englishman and Other Writings (London, 1997, orig. 1697), 196. 2 R. West, The Life and Strange Surprising Adventures of Daniel Defoe (London,1997). 3 Pace J. Lindsay, The Monster City: Defoe's London 1688–1730 (St Albans, 1978), 6. 4 Cf. P. Rogers, 'Defoe in the Fleet Prison', Review of English Studies, new series, XXII (1971), 451–5. 5 J. Hoppit, 'Attitudes to credit in Britain, 1680–1790', Historical Journal, XXXIII, 2 (1990), 305–22. Nigel Stirk


The incorporation of relay nodes (RNs) in LTE networks for coverage and capacity enhancement generates some inter-relay interference. To mitigate this inter-relay interference in 4G-LTE-A standard, the effect of scrambling technique is discussed in this paper. This makes the proposed technique unique, in the sense that intra-relay distance becomes immaterial, unlike the existing techniques where it is mandatory to maintain a specific distance between the relay nodes of the same sector. A new analytical model for tri-sectorised hexagonal cellular networks is presented in this paper. The expectation values for signal-to-interference noise ratio (SINR) and through-put capacity for all the positions of access link are derived. Simulations are carried out on Matlab software to validate the theoretical analysis. The cumulative distribution function (CDF) curves for both SINR and through-put capacity of each link depict the performance of the proposed model.


Built at NASA Johnson Space Center (JSC) and Columbia University and tested in JSC's full-scale mockup of the International Space Station (ISS), StowageApp is a prototype for the future of conducting cargo operations in space. StowageApp dynamically guides astronauts as they complete stowage tasks, packing and unpacking cargo.


Student research assistants (RAs) often encounter a game of "Russian roulette" when working with faculty members. Sometimes professors ask students to undertake the brainless job of photocopying; others give substantive research projects to RAs that stretch their skills and understanding But almost always the RA can count on a subordinate working relationship with the faculty member. In this article, we offer a case study of our intentional effort to change the typical power relationship between most RAs and faculty members. We believe this approach, which we call the partnership paradigm, provides an opportunity for effective and mutually enriching experiences for both faculty and students serving as research assistants.


Objective To evaluate the effect of health education application with health education pathway.Method 56 pituitary adenoma patients who were resected pituitary tumor via nose-saucer with microscopy were randomly divided into experimental group and control group with 28 patients for each.experimental group accepted health education pathway,and control group accepted routine daily care.Result Compared with the control group,the care satisfaction of the patients and their families in experimental group have a statistic significant (P0.05),it also has a statistic significant in reaching standard rate of health education in experimental group(P0.01).Conclusion Health education pathway is an ideal style in patients' health education.


To optimize the synthesis technology of furan resin,orthogonal design was used.The important influential factors and optimal synthesis technology were obtained through direct analysis and variance analysis of the test results.Under conditions of reaction time 1 h,reaction temperature 90 ℃ and pH 8.5,the high-tensile strength furan resin was obtained.


The article make tourism experience as the theoretical guide, on the evaluation of national sports traveling resources in Xinjiang, analysis the development of Xinjiang nationality sports tourism product in depth use the ASEB grid analysis method, and puts forward the national culture, sports culture as the theme, experience and satisfaction for to design development of tourism products advice, through the sports culture penetration in the whole course, form the distinctive characteristics of the national sports traveling destination, and design the national sports traveling products pedigree of Xinjiang on this basis.


Identifying frequent itemsets from a given database is a subject of research. A number of algorithms have been proposed for mining frequent itemsets from the given database. Most of these approaches enumerate candidate itemsets, determine their support and prune candidates that fail to reach the user-specified minimum support. This paper proposes the concept of intersecting transactions for finding frequent itemsets. The proposed approach of intersection makes use of closed itemsets to store the values of frequent itemsets. The proposed algorithm makes use of prefix data structure to handle the transactions. The prefix tree has certain problems associated with it i.e. large size of prefix tree. Large prefix trees not only require more memory space but at the same time handling large tree becomes difficult. Thus an attempt has been made to reduce the total number of nodes which lead to the reduced size prefix tree. The results of the proposed algorithm have been compared with the existing algorithms on both synthetic and real datasets. Keywords— frequent itemset, closed frequent itemset, intersection, enumeration, prefix tree


Considering the current business trends in the manufacturing sector, preventative control measures are becoming a strategic tool for productivity in most companies. However, Small Medium, and Macro Enterprises (SMME)s in Durban have been lagging in incorporating such tools into their strategies. Effective preventative controls have been known to be part of the big corporates, especially in the heavy manufacturing industries. Given the need to grow manufacturing SMMEs, businesses would need to adopt preventative control measures that are supportive of organizational productivity. Through this research it has been found that employees in Manufacturing SMMEs believe that preventative control measures negatively affect their performance and hinder productivity. The main concern is to have flexible preventative measures that allow employees to work even if the key members are not around. They also believe that preventative measures can reduce fraud and other costs as fewer people are allowed to sign off or access systems to pass critical transactions. However, this scenario undermines the importance and critical role that manufacturing SMMEs play in the economy in Gauteng province. Their growth and productivity cannot be overlooked. This research study aims to investigate the role of preventive control measures on organizational productivity in manufacturing SMMEs in Durban. This was achieved through identifying the type of preventive control measures used in manufacturing SMEs in Gauteng province; examining the role of preventive control measures on organizational productivity in manufacturing SMEs in Durban and recommending the appropriate application of preventive control measures that leverages organizational productivity in manufacturing SMEs in Durban. This study aims to significantly contribute and expand knowledge regarding preventative control measures in the manufacturing industry. The study used a Quantitative approach to carryout data collection, data analysis, and presentation. Some key findings were manufacturing SMMEs were applying inflexible preventative controls that in some cases slow productivity. The majority of employees lack knowledge of the role of preventative controls and their benefits. It is therefore recommended that manufacturing SMMEs in Durban should institute training programs for their employees and furthermore implement flexible preventative control measure that does not inhibit organizational productivity.


This study aims to describe the needs of teachers and students to the Student Worksheet (LKS) with a realistic mathematics approach. The method in this research is descriptive qualitative. This research was conducted in MTs N 2 Gunungkidul. Subjects in this study were VIII grade students of MTs N 2 Gunungkidul, consisting of 90 students. The instruments of data collection are questionnaires, observation guides, and interview guides. Questionnaires are used to collect data on learning resources, student creativity, and learning facilities. Interview guide to collect information on learning activities . Observation guidelines are used to collect learning resource s data. The results showed that students need LKS based on realistic mathematics education approach, because students need to understand the concept of math by constructing their knowledge that related to their life.


To the Editor:

There is a modest amount of data suggesting hyperhomocysteinemia may be a determinant of vascular diseases such as stroke1 and myocardial infarction.2 However, this finding has not been confirmed in longitudinal studies,3 4 and this has led to the suggestion by Evans et al3 that higher homocysteine levels may be an effect of vascular disease rather than the cause of it. A recent meta-analysis suggests that the MTHFR genotype leads to mild hyperhomocysteinemia but not to vascular disease5 and may be an epiphenomena as the result of an association with other risk factors such as male sex, hypertension, …


Niger plant (Guizotia abyssinica), exhibits phenotypic plasticity in different environments. There is need to assess its genetic diversity since guizotia species has a high number of species which may be confused amongst themselves. To achieve this, inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers were used to estimate genetic diversity among 12 wild populations of Niger plant from Moiben subcounty. Total genomic DNA was extracted as per the cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (Ctab) method and subjected to ISSR analysis using 20 primers. None of the primers produced unique banding patterns. ISSR data were used to calculate a squared-euclidean distance matrix. All the twenty primers (100%) gave polymorphic bands thus they were all considered for further analysis. The allele frequency of all the primers was below 0.95 indicating that they were all polymorphic in character. Gene diversity was high ranging from 0.3550 to 0.7337 with a mean value of 0.6302. The ISSR based upgma clustering produced four clusters. Niger plant within Moiben sub-county was found to be genetically diverse though heterozygosity was not noticed. The study recommends further analysis of Niger plant so as to form a basis for further development of the plant. KeywordsGuizotia, diversity, heterozygosity, phenotypic, DNA.


Our worthy Member, Dr. Jurin, having resided for some time at Newcastle upon Tine, had the Curiousity to travel the Country between that and Carliste, in order to observe what might occur worth notice in the Remains of the Ruins of the famous Picts Wall, built by the Romans to secure themselves, against the incursions of the Natives of that part of Britain they cared not to conquer.


Background: Obesity is still one of the most serious health risks facing today's children and adolescents. Yoga has grown in popularity in the United States, and it appears to be a promising way to help adults with weight loss and management. However, research on yoga programmes aimed at weight loss in children or adolescents is limited. Objectives: The current study provided a systematic review of yoga-based interventions for weight loss in children and adolescents who were overweight or obese. Methods: The authors performed a systematic review of articles obtained from the databases Alt HealthWatch, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus, PubMed, and Web of Science. Inclusion criteria were studies that used yoga as a primary component, targeted overweight or obese children or adolescents, measured body weight or BMI as an outcome, used any type of study design, and were published in English-language peer-reviewed journals. Results: The inclusion criteria were met by nine studies in total. The majority of studies (n = 5) were conducted in the United States and implemented in schools (n = 5). Three of the studies examined were randomized controlled trials, and two had attrition rates approaching 50%.


It is provided a method to quantify secondary amines through the formation of dithiocarbamates of Cu (II) and Ni (II) in mixtures dioxane-water to the 94%. It has been applied to the determination of (α-[buthylamino-methyl-]4- hydroxibenzilmethanol and of (α-[ethylamino-methyl-]3- hydroxibenzilmethanol, both amines of known sympathycomimetic action.


This paper studied the dynamic response of a 3D frame-plate system subjected to wind load. The government equations were established using finite element method. The numerical results were carried out using the Newmark direct integration method. The influence of some parameters on the dynamic response of the system was also investigated and discussed. The numerical results of this work can be useful for calculating, design and examine in practical. Keywords—3D frame-plate, dynamic response, wind load, finite element method.


Osteoporosis (OP) is a diffuse skeletal pathology characterized by major bone fragility that affects one out of 3 women after menopause. In addition to estrogen loss, an increase in oxidative stress is now recognized as a central mechanism in this pathology. Autophagy is an intracellular process allowing the removal and recycling of damaged proteins and organelles. Thanks to the elimination of damaged mitochondria, which are the main sources of reactive oxygen species, autophagy plays a major role in reducing oxidative stress. An age-related autophagy decline, associated with various experimental arguments in animal models, suggests autophagy implication in OP. However, a definitive proof in humans remains to be obtained.Our objective was to show for the first time that there is a defect in autophagy in the bone of osteoporotic patients.We have analyzed autophagy by Western Blot in bone samples from 14 postmenopausal women with OP fracture compared to 30 controls undergoing total hip replacement for osteoarthritis.Our results indicate that the expression level of the autophagosome marker LC3-II is significantly decreased in OP patients compared to the age-matched controls. We also observed a tendency for the accumulation of the SQSTM1/p62 protein, which is an autophagy substrate, thus supporting the previous results. Finally, we also demonstrate a significant decrease in the hormonally up-regulated neu-associated kinase (HUNK) in bone samples from OP patients compared to the control group. This kinase, whose expression is upregulated by female hormones, promotes autophagy by inhibiting the autophagy inhibitor Rubicon through phosphorylation.Taken together, these data demonstrate for the first time that OP patients have a deficit in osteocytes autophagy and suggest the involvement of the HUNK kinase in OP pathogenesis. This study should contribute to better understand the role of autophagy in OP pathophysiology and could lead to the design of new therapeutics targeting autophagy for the management of pathological aging.We thank the French Society of Rheumatology for their funding.None Declared.


Herlyn-Werner-Wunderlich Syndrome (HWWS) is a rare congenital anomaly of Mullerian and mesonephric ducts characterized by uterus didelphys with obstructed hemivagina and ipsilateral renal agenesis. It commonly presents after menarche with symptoms related to obstructive hemivagina. However in patients with significantly normal pubertal and menstrual history, the diagnosis of Mullerian Duct Anomaly (MDA) like HWWS is often missed. Here we report a case of 28 year old primigravida presenting with acute abdomen pain which was followed by spontaneous abortion. This is the first instance of HWWS coexisting with uterine fibroids with/without cystic degeneration based on our literature review. Early and accurate diagnosis for the correct treatment of this entity is also emphasized.


Musicians and nonmusicians were tested in the recognitions of four kinds of dichotically presented music stimuli : recorded tones, chords, rhythms and melodies. Nonmusicians were 18 subjects (A), who worked in fireman's agency in Paris, France, whose ages ranged from 18 to 28 years (average : 20.2 years) and whose years of musical experiences ranged from 0 to 5. Musicians were 8 students in musical college (Conservatoire national superieur de Musique de Paris): 5 right-handed (B) and 3 left-handed persons (C), whose ages ranged from 18 to 25 years (average : 21.8 years), whose years of musical experiences ranged from 10 to 18 (average: 12.8 years).    1) In the tone test, the mean score for right and left ears were nearly the same for both A and B.    2) The chord test revealed a significant left ear superiority for A, and the tendency of the higher score in left ear was seen for B.    3) In the rhythm test, the score for the right ear had a tendency to be higher than the one for the left ear, both in A and B.    4) In the melody test, the score showed a tendency of left ear superiority for A, but the tendency of right ear superiority was seen for B.    Bever and Chiarello (1974) found a right ear reference in the detection of musical stimuli when they used musicians as subjects. Johnson made the dichotic listening task involving violin for musicians and nonmusicians. The musicians demonstrated a right ear superiority, while the nonmusicians performed better with the left ear. He interpreted that musicians mainly used the left hemisphere to process musical stimuli, while nonmusicians used the right hemisphere.    The results of Bever and Chiarello, and Johnson nearly agree with the results of our musical dichotic listening test for nonmusicians and musicians in France as well as the results of our former studies for pupils of chorus club in elementary school, stdents of philharmonic club in senior high school and students in musical college in Japan.


The existing cross-national surveys use various types of scales including 2-point, 3-point, 4-point, and 5-point scales, and the translations of response statements vary depending on responsible organizations even within the same country. This paper examines how differences in response categories of the agreement scale may impact the distribution of responses in cross-national surveys and reports the strategies for designing the agreement scale for the East Asian Social Survey (EASS) project. Among the four EASS countries and region, the response pattern of the Japanese is somewhat different from that of Taiwanese, Korean, and Chinese people; the Japanese prefer to give a mid-point or close-to-the-middle response instead of a definite expression of agreement or disagreement. Social surveys in Japan often handle this tendency by avoiding the use of strong adverbs and excluding mid-point and off-scale options from agreement scales. Based on examinations of existing surveys results and conducting pretests, the following strategies to ensure procedural equivalence as well as interpretive equivalence in the EASS project were contrived: (i) The agreement scale was designed to have a sufficient variability in response distributions for all countries and the region; a 7-point scale with the adverb "strongly" at both ends and a mid-point was adopted. (ii) The translations of response statements as well as questions for all teams were carefully checked and adjusted through several languages.


The prospect of getting through the day without the inconvenience of spectacles or contact lenses would be a utopia for any myope. Concerns of fogged up spectacles or dried out contact lenses in the air-conditioned office would be a thing of the past. But at what price does this pseudo-emmetropic lifestyle come at? The incidence of myopia varies across the world although Asian countries appear to be experiencing an epidemic of the condition. A report from Japan and Taiwan showed a 50% overall incidence and an 84% incidence in people under the age of 16 years respectively whereas the incidence of myopia in Europe and America was 20%-30% and 10%-20% in Africa. Early education being an epidemiological parameter is only one of many predisposing factors that contribute to the development of myopia. Other factors include genetic predisposition, axial length of the eye and corneal curvature, to name a few . We currently live in an era that revolves around seeking comfort in all aspects of life from doing your banking in your lounge to having an all-in-one camera, radio, email and phone. Therefore, it is not surprising that there is so much effort invested in making the management of refractive errors more convenient and thus conventional spectacles and contact lenses will no longer do. In its vastness, modern technology has provided methods that can purge refractive error such as laser refractive surgery. Such methods are not available to everybody and also carry their own risks. Orthokeratology, which was a serendipitous discovery, is another procedure used to manage myopia. Orthokeratology reduces myopia and provides adequate unaided vision for an average of an eight-hour working day, by a process that is still not entirely understood. Essentially, specifically designed rigid gas permeable lenses are used to thin out the central cornea thereby decreasing the refractive error temporarily. This procedure is most effective in patients with low to moderate myopia with low astigmatism. Studies have reflected similar results with reductions in myopia averaging between 1.75 D 3.33 D with many patients achieving good unaided visual acuity. The efforts made to reduce or eliminate myopia date as far back as the 1950's with the development of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) contact lenses. Clinicians noticed that PMMA corneal contact lenses that were fitted flat inadvertently altered corneal shape and refractive error and in some patients, the flat fitting lenses had stopped myopic progression for up to two years. This observation gave rise to the interest in the possibility of designing a contact lens that could flatten the cornea permanently and eradicate myopia. The idealistic goal lead to many clinical investigations starting in the 1960's beginning with the Orthofocus technique , and continuing until current day orthokeratology. Using the basic concept of flattening the cornea to decrease myopia, George Jessen developed the Orthofocus technique. His technique included the use of a plano-powered PMMA contact lens and the degree


A novel method for measuring axial residual stress in optical fibre is presented. It is shown that axial residual stress profiles can be reconstructed from optical retardation data measured for several orientations of a fibre. Using this method, the axial stress profile in polarisation-maintaining fibre has been clarified.


Establishing reliable correspondence for images of the same scene is still challenging work due to repetitive texture and unknown distortion. In this paper, we propose a regionmatching method to simultaneously filter false matches and maximize good correspondence between images, even those with irregular distortion. First, a novel region descriptor, represented by a structure formed by four feature points (4FP-Structure), is presented to simplify matching with severe deformation. Furthermore, an expansion stage based on the special 4FP-Structure is adapted to detect and select as many high location accuracy correspondences as possible under a local affine-transformation constraint. Extensive experiments on both rigid and non-rigid image datasets demonstrate that the proposed algorithm has a very high degree of correctness and significantly outperforms other state-of-the-art methods. Introduction As a basic step for many remote sensing and computer vision applications, such as image registration (Brown and Lowe, 2003), structure from motion (Snavely et al., 2006), and simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) (Montemerlo et al., 2002), automatic image matching has been well studied in recent years. Current feature matching algorithms (Bay et al., 2008; Ke and Sukthankar, 2004; Lourenço et al., 2012; Lowe, 2004; Rublee et al., 2011; Tola et al., 2010) typically consist of three major stages: keypoint detection, keypoint description and keypoint matching. In the first stage, salient and stable interest points are extracted. These keypoints are then described based on their photometric neighborhoods using properties such as local gradients. In the third step, the distances between the descriptor vectors are calculated to recognize reliable correspondences. Among these methods, the most famous is the scale-invariant feature transform (SIFT) (Lowe, 2004) due to its robustness to image scale, rotation, illumination and viewpoint change. For rigid scenes, such a framework can achieve remarkable results. Point correspondences can be produced with high correctness rate. Although there are some false matches because of ambiguities that arise from poor or repetitive texture, a postprocessing step such as RANSAC (Fischler and Bolles, 1981) or graph matching (Conte et al., 2004) can be adopted. The RANSAC algorithm is a robust technique for model fitting with noise and outliers, which has been widely used in computer vision and machine learning. The basic idea of RANSAC is simple but effective: first, randomly select a subset of correspondences to compute the candidate fundamental or homography matrix because perspective images satisfy the epipolar or homography constraint. Then, count the number of correspondences that support this transformation model. If the number is sufficiently large, the transformation matrix can be considered a good solution. The matches that support it will be accepted as inliers; in contrast, others will be discarded as outliers. RANSAC, however, works well only if two prerequisites are satisfied. The first is a sufficiently high inlier rate. Literature (Liu and Marlet, 2012) reports that RANSAC-like (Chum and Matas, 2005b; Chum et al., 2003; Torr and Zisserman, 2000) methods may fail and become very time-consuming when the inlier rate is less than 50 percent. If the inlier rate is very small, the number of required iterations becomes huge. The other is the transformation model. A putative model must be given in advance, and the inlier set should satisfy this model well. Graph matching (Cho and Lee, 2012; Conte et al., 2004; Duchenne et al., 2011) is another powerful and general tool for feature matching. It represents scene images as graphs using feature points, and correct correspondences can be extracted by solving a global optimization function to minimize the structural distortions between graphs (Cho and Lee, 2012). Unlike the RANSAC algorithm which only uses rigid geometric constraints, graph matching can also be applied to non-rigid scenes. However, current methods still assume that the inlier rate is relatively high. The large number of outliers arising from strong distortion may make them impractical. For instance, Duchenne et al. (2011) show that if the outlier rate is more than 70 percent, the performance of graph matching will severely drop. Another problem of graph matching is that it is NP-hard, so the computational costs in time and memory limit the permissible sizes of input graphs. In this paper, we also focus on feature matching for nonrigid scenes, e.g., fisheye images. A fisheye lens has a large field of view (FOV), which is needed for many vision tasks in photogrammetry and computer vision. For instance, five fisheye images are sufficient for 360° panoramic stitching, but nine perspective images are needed; self-driving vehicles (Geiger et al., 2012) need a large FOV to accurately sense the environment to plan their route. However, fisheye images have an inherent drawback: distortion is severe. Because of that, SIFT (Lowe, 2004) usually cannot work well, and the outlier rate may be very high (higher than 50 percent). In addition, a fisheye image no longer satisfies the homography constraint and has its own epipolar geometry, which can be applied only if the calibration information is provided. These issues make feature matching challenging, as the prerequisites of RANSAC and graph matching are not well satisfied. To exactly distinguish inliers from outliers for both rigid and non-rigid images, a region-matching method is proposed. We first define a 4FP-Structure, formed by four neighborhood feature points, to represent the local region. Using local regions instead of feature points for matching has two advantages: (a) The 4FP-Structure is a 4-node graph that has the ability to resist the distortion in a small region, and it contains four feature points that can restrain each other to School of Remote Sensing and Information Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China (firstname.lastname@example.com). Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing Vol. 83, No. 12, December 2017, pp. 813–826. 0099-1112/17/813–826 © 2017 American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing doi: 10.14358/PERS.83.12.813 PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING November 2017 813 Delivered by Ingenta to: ? IP: 126.96.36.199 On: Fri, 22 Dec 2017 12:41:29 Copyright: American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing maintain geometric consistency. These properties ensure that good matches can be separated from false matches. (b) Once the local region has been correctly matched, the local affine transformation of this region can be computed based on the four good correspondences. We use four feature points to construct the structure because of the consideration of redundant observations. Taking advantage of the special 4FP-Structure, we propose an expansion stage. Many good matches are undetected by SIFT because of the strong distortion, and the expansion stage has the ability to find as many of them as possible. In addition, our 4FP-Structure consists of only six connecting lines, so the computational complexity is small. The results on a variety of datasets indicate that our work is robust to outliers and can outperform recent state-of-the-art algorithms. Figure 1 shows the schematic diagram of the main ideas in this paper. Given a pair of images, we first compute a set of initial matches based on feature matching methods, such as SIFT (Lowe, 2004), SURF (Bay et al., 2008), and ORB (Rublee et al., 2011). For each correspondence, we carefully select its three neighbors to construct a local structure called the 4FP-Structure. The 4FP-Structure is then matched based on a region descriptor. The local affine transformation is also established simultaneously by the specially designed structure. Finally, matches inconsistent with the transformation are removed as outliers, and keypoint pairs consistent with the transformation are accepted as inliers. The proposed method is able to eliminate outliers and maximize good correspondences simultaneously. In addition, it is suitable for both rigid and non-rigid image scenes. The rest of the paper is organized as follows: The next section reviews several related works, followed by details of the proposed region matching method. In the next section, we show the experimental results on both rigid and non-rigid image datasets.Finally, we present a conclusion. Related Work Establishing reliable correspondence between a pair of images has been studied extensively. This section briefly reviews several related works, including RANSAC-like methods, graphbased group and other recently presented techniques. As mentioned earlier, RANSAC uses a hypothesize-andverify technique, which alternately computes a putative correspondence set and estimates the geometric transformation. There are several variants of RANSAC, such as MLESAC (Torr and Zisserman, 2000), LO-RANSAC (Chum et al., 2003), and PROSAC (Chum and Matas, 2005a). MLESAC introduces a new robust estimator to maximize the likelihood rather than just the inliers. LO-RANSAC enhances RANSAC with a local optimization step, which improves both the speed and the quality of traditional RANSAC. In PROSAC, the random sampling step is improved. PROSAC draws random samples based on local similarity ordering instead of uniform sampling. Similarly, Li et al. (Li et al., 2017a) propose a normalised barycentric coordinate system (NBCS) to improve the random sampling step. A comparative analysis of the RANSAC family may be found in (Raguram et al., 2008). Unlike the RANSAC family, which assumes rigid geometric constraints, the graph-matching group is also suitable for non-rigid scenes. Progressive graph matching (PGM+MPM) (Cho and Lee, 2012) focuses on the initial construction problem of graphs and presents a move-making approach for graph matching. The progressive framework alternately performs graph probabilistic progression and graph match


The Grid technology can meet the challenges such as high-throughput computing, remote data access and service, distributed heterogeneous environment, collaborative computing etc which the traditional Digital City technologies cannot meet. After discussing the problem which Digital City faces now, integrating grid technology with Digital City technology, a new Digital City grid platform (DCGP), is proposed to solve the related problems, and some of the key functions are described.


he present article participates the reader to a reflect on the existing city of Salamanca in the Mexican Bajio region. The city's sanitary conditions were implemented during its origins and its later territorial growth under the urban health criteria of the royal colonial ordinances, which were modelled on the methods of Vitruvian planning. Despite its benevolent principles in spatial configuration of the city's functional and collective spaces, and the evolution of the settlement and its desire for progress, the city, in the second half of the 20th century, generated a national political-economic solvency, with a consequent need for occupation or use of industrial land. But this expansion was effected by only partially resolving and without a future vision regarding the behavior of emissions from petrochemical processes in the city refinery. Winds trajectories, over land originally destined for residential  services and functions had important consequences for the health of its population; in this present report, statistics obtained from monitoring content of chemical compounds in the last year (2019) along with certain with questionable information were considered; all indicators were used to study the risk confronting the urban layout, and the effects of hybrid land use and flow of industrial emissions, caused by winds flowing across the urban territory under this study.


Thank you very much for reading psychosocial and biomedical interactions in hiv infection. Maybe you have knowledge that, people have look hundreds times for their favorite readings like this psychosocial and biomedical interactions in hiv infection, but end up in infectious downloads. Rather than reading a good book with a cup of coffee in the afternoon, instead they cope with some infectious bugs inside their computer.


The inertia friction welding process of FGH96 alloy is investigated by conducting numerical simulation.The temperature,axial shortening,material flow and flash of weldment are obtained and the effects of welding process parameters on the material flow behavior are analyzed,such as initial rotational speed and axial pressure.The results show that the temperature and the flow velocity of material at friction surface are both low in the welding initial process and the flash doesn't appear.With the increase of welding time,the temperature and the flow velocity of material increases and then decreases.When the welding process reaches the stable state,the material near the two edges of friction surface flows towards the outside of friction surface while the direction of material flow near the middle of friction surface is mainly the same as the rotational direction of weldment.Moreover,with the increase of distance away from the friction surface,the flow velocity of material gradually decreases while the component of velocity along the axial direction increases.From the viewpoint of increasing the material flow velocity,the increase of upset press is better than that of initial rotational speed,which can be explained by the axial shortening of weldment of FGH96 alloy in the inertia friction welding.


The SPAN-I is a distributed, digital signal processing system which can perform real-time operations such as spectral analysis at input data rates up to 40 Mbits/sec. The processor consists of twelve major components connected to a ring bus operating at 64 Mbytes/sec. In addition to the transfer of both instructions and data between units, the bus supports "party lines" which allow data to be sent to multiple destinations. A unique software structure, supported by the bus hardware, achieves the synchronous parallel operation of all units.


Multireference single- and double-excitation configuration interaction (MRD-CI) calculations of transition energies for the Hg atom and spectroscopic constants for the HgH molecule are carried out with the generalized relativistic effective core potential (GRECP) method. A new selection criterium for the reference configurations is discussed. The calculated spectroscopic constants are compared with experimental data and results of calculations of other groups. Improvement of accuracy is mainly observed for bond lengths from the GRECP/MRD-CI calculations (without applying the T = 0 correction) with respect to the results of other groups. Analysis of the quality of the approximations employed is carried out. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2002


One way to detect the presence of the White Spot Syndrome Virus in several organs Vaname shrimp(Litopenaeus vannamei) were infected with the method of Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). WSSV virus isknown to attack various target organs, but it is difficult to detect early on shrimp. Therefore, this study aims todetect the presence of the distribution of White Spot Syndrome Virus in several organs Vaname shrimp(Litopenaeus vannamei) were infected with the Polymerase Chain Reaction method in order to early detectionefforts for the prevention and treatment of diseases caused by the virus. Organ observed that the swimming legs,gills, stomach and antennal gland. Research stages include sample preparation and DNA extraction, DNAamplification and electrophoresis. DNA extraction was performed using the method DTAB and CTAB-DNAamplification is done by using nested PCR. The emergence of DNA bands is an indicator of the presence ofWSSV in shrimp Vaname several organs which are then presented desktriptif. The results showed four WSSVinfected organs were observed. Based on the appearance, the entire sample of the swimming leg and antennalgland positively infected, then successively gills and stomach. The swimming leg can be used to diagnose thedisease early on shrimp WSSV Vaname without turning off the shrimp.


The invention relates to a drink, in particular a high-nutritional-value millet drink suitable to be drunk by all people and a manufacturing method thereof. The millet drink is prepared from the raw materials of millet, milk powder, white sugar, citric acid and water in a ratio by weight portion of 20-40:10-30:20-40:0.5-2.5:120-200. The main material of the millet drink is millet which is sweet inflavor and neutral in nature, has the functions of strengthening the spleen and stomach and is rich in both eight human essential amino acids in a balance ratio and vitamins. Millet congee is a conventional corroborant food and good for valetudinarian Children with insufficiency vital energy and blood and weakness of the spleen and the stomach and can be eaten frequently. Millet congee is also good for people with deficiency-heat of spleen and stomach or regurgitation and emesis and people physically weak after delivery and illness and is a desirable corroborant food for the pregnant, children and the old. The drink is scientific in formulation, simple in manufacturing process, excellent in color, fragrance and flavor and suitable for all people to eat for a long time.


One approach to improve the accuracy and robustness of vision-aided inertial navigation systems (VINS) that employ low-cost inertial sensors, is to obtain scale information from stereoscopic vision. Processing images from two cameras, however, is computationally expensive and increases latency. To address this limitation, in this work, a novel two-camera alternating-stereo VINS is presented. Specifically, the proposed system triggers the left-right cameras in an alternating fashion, estimates the poses corresponding to the left camera only, and introduces a linear interpolation model for processing the alternating right camera measurements. Although not a regular stereo system, the alternating visual observations when employing the proposed interpolation scheme, still provide scale information, as shown by analyzing the observability properties of the vision-only corresponding system. Finally, the performance gain, of the proposed algorithm over its monocular and stereo counterparts is assessed using various datasets.


In this paper, I make the case that User-Centered Design (UCD) principles, specifically those principles that view design through the lens of distributed usability, should be at the center of research into how organizations determine and value writing work. Based in activity theory, my argument for such an approach is that UCD principles, grounded in notions of Distributed Usability, function well as a research method to determine organizational values that may be invisible or ill defined. Activity theory as it currently stands contains but does not foreground what and how an organization values as good writing for a particular situation. By using activity theory and distributed usability to develop what I call a Distributed Value System Matrix, organizations would be able to see how differing documents may be doing the same work within and between different contexts. Such knowledge should be of great value for smaller organizations where members often engage in a variety of writing tasks and for professional writers who move project to project, context to context. I include a brief example of what such a research project looks like in an academic context.


This paper describes a noninvasive method for evaluating regional elasticity in atheroma in which a novel method is applied to measure minute changes in thickness of each of the multiple layers of the arterial wall during one heartbeat. By comparing the pathological findings with the elasticity distribution, statistic parameters for lipid and a mixture of smooth muscle and collagen fiber can be determined. By applying the method to the common carotid arteries (CCAs), thin collagen fiber was clarified and soft inclusion of lipid in plaque was detected. This method offers potential for detection of plaque vulnerability in a clinical setting.


Objective: To explore the role of laparoscopy in the diagnosis and treatment of chronic abdominal pain. Methods: The clinical data of 36 cases with chronic abdominal pain of unknown origin were retrospectively analyzed. Results: 34 patients with abdominal pain were definitely diagnosed and the utility rate is 94%. Among 34 patients with chronic abdominal pain, ankylenterons were found in 15 patients, gynecopathies in 8 patients, chronic appendicitis in 5 patients, tuberculosis of peritoneum in 2 patient and lymphoma of intestine and metastatic carcinoma of peritoneum and ileocecal diverticulum and intussuscepition of intestine in 1 patient respectively. 26 cases received therapeutic laparoscopy and the rate was 72.2%. No seriously complication was found in laparoscopic exploration or treatment. Conclusions: Diagnostic laparoscopy is high accurate in evaluating chronic abdominal pain and therapeutic laparoscopy can be applied in majority of patients. It is valuable for clinical application.


The shower or vehicle washing machine, are placed in or under the floor, the heat exchanger element of thin sheet metal to preheat the inflow of cold water using heat recovered from the spent spray water is provided. The heat exchanger element (15), by having the rectangular waveform section, to provide a larger heat transfer area, and able to withstand heavy vertical load. The vertical portion of the square wave (13), processed recesses (6a, 6b) punching the metal form of vertical reinforcing ribs are advantageously provided.


A CDMA method and apparatus An implement the frequency tracking based on diversity transmitted pilot in communication one or more of the transmitted and received based on the pilot signal instances (i.e., multipath) captures , and track technology. In one aspect, the frequency tracking loop captures multipath, giving to track, to support multiple loop mode (e.g., acquisition mode and a tracking mode). Each loop mode may be related to a set of values for the set of elements of each of the frequency detector and the loop. In another one embodiment, some of the frequency detector, down conversion of the multi-path (for example, from a high frequency to baseband) are given in order to derive an estimate of the frequency error in the. In one design, it estimates that there is the maximum possible frequency error is derived based on the recovered pilot symbols. In other 1 design, the frequency error estimates for the multipath is derived based on each frequency errors estimated relative transmitted signal.


Readers who see only a summary of recent literary historical scholarship in Vincent Carretta's Phillis Wheatley: Biography of a Genius in Bondage will be missing the book's full range of implication. To be sure, Carretta's life of Wheatley creates an empirically rich portrait of the poet and her times—as did his biography of Olaudah Equiano. Unlike earlier work however, Carretta's Wheatley goes beyond a carefully drawn tableau to give us not only a living person but also a sophisticated writer with a distinctive worldview, psychology, and literary sensibility. Carretta's earlier scholarship shied away from making an aesthetic case for the writing of figures such as Ottobah Cuguano and Equiano, although they deployed a full variety of literary conventions, which Carretta carefully details. The significance of this reticence is now clear. This new account of Wheatley shows that Carretta's high bar for literary achievement only further legitimizes his present advocacy for her literary and cultural importance. Wheatley emerges from Carretta's study as a writer whose place in AngloAmerican literary tradition becomes clear. Reading Wheatley's life story in the context of Carretta's account of her life in the colonial and Revolutionary periods in particular shows the imaginative way in which she encountered and absorbed the possibilities of a freewheeling, often inclusive Age of Sensibility or preromanticism. Her poetry achieved a successful engagement with the formative philosophical and literary developments that mark the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Carretta sharpens the outlines, fills in the gaps, and makes connections in an already rich body of acquired knowledge. In doing so, he provides PhilliP M. richards Colgate University


Introduction: Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a progressive vascular remodeling disease characterized by exuberant cell proliferation, apoptosis resistance, and inflammation that contributes to increased pulmonary arterial resistance. Histone deacetylases (HDACs) and histone acetyltransferases shift acetyl groups from histone and non-histone proteins and enhance gene transcription by post-translational modifications. Valproic acid, a class I HDAC inhibitor, is a widely used antiepileptic drug with low toxicity and also shows supportive efficacy in cancer treatment by inhibiting cancer cell proliferation and inflammation. Hypothesis: We assessed the hypothesis that HDAC inhibition may attenuate excessive cell proliferation and inflammation and improve vascular remodeling in a severe PH rat model. Methods: To compare the development of vascular remodeling, we assessed 6 rats that underwent a single monocrotaline injection, chronic hypoxic exposure, or a combination of both treatments. Valproic acid or vehicle was administered in rats with severe PH induced by the combination method to assess whether valproic acid has the ability to prevent severe PH development in the first 3 weeks or to reverse disease progression at 3-5 weeks. Results: The combination method induced PH of greater severity than that induced by any single stimulation in rats after 3 weeks. Compared with the vehicle-treated rats, valproic acid treatment blocked the elevation of right ventricular systolic pressure and right ventricle hypertrophy index (from 57 ± 3 to 49 ± 3 mmHg and from 46 ± 4 to 37 ± 3 %) in both the first 3 weeks and in the late treatment group (from 75 ± 2 to 61 ± 5mmHg and from 61 ± 7 to 48 ± 3 %, respectively; P Conclusions: These data indicate that a selective HDAC inhibitor may be effective in the treatment of PH.


When behavioral disturbances of dementia can no longer be tolerated by family caregivers or become unmanageable in a nursing home, the clinician must consider appropriate methods of treatment. Some behavioral disturbances may respond to changes in the patient's environment or the approach of the caregiver; for others, pharmacologic treatment is necessary.


Kinetic model equations, based on the Waldmann–Snider equation and valid over a wide range of wavelength and frequency, are applied to the study of time dependent correlation functions in a dilute molecular gas. In particular, the density autocorrelation function is calculated and its double Fourier transform compared with the polarized Rayleigh–Brillouin light scattering. Similarly, the tensor polarization autocorrelation function is studied and its spectrum compared to the depolarized Rayleigh light scattering. Thus, both scalar and tensorial phenomena are studied from a unified viewpoint. Furthermore, the asymptotic form of the theory is used to study in detail the behavior of the tensor polarization correlation function in the pressure broadening region.


Impelled by technological revolution and globalization,the structure of industrial cluster increasingly turns to modulization.On the basis of constructing an operating model for the modularization enterprises in cluster,the paper analyzes the interaction of modulization selection and strategy of enterprises in industrial cluster by dynamic game method.Taking "Intel" as an example,it makes an empirical study on the growing path of modulization for enterprises in cluster.


Agro-industry is the fundamental part of a development of the agricultural sector. One form of promising agro-industry to be developed in Indonesia is the development of products from palm sugar commodities. The purpose of this research is to determine how to develop a business strategy and increase the potential of the palm sugar industri in Lombo Village, Sidrap District. This study aims to: 1. determine external and internal factors; 2. formulate and analyze internal and external factors, which include strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats, from the development of palm sugar agribusiness. 3. Determine strategic priorities based on existing potentials, capabilities, and constraints. 4. Define a business model canvas.The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative. This study used an accidental sampling method with a total sample size of 40 palm sugar farmers. Data analysis was performed using SWOT matrix analysis and the Business Model Canvas (BMC). The conclusion from the internal matrix analysis is that the Strategic Factor (IFAS) 5.295 and the External Strategic Factor (EFAS) 4.89. This illustrates that the palm sugar industry in Lombo Village, Sidrap District has strengths that can be developed further. The advice to palm sugar farmers in this area is to maintain product taste, as well as carrying out various innovations in diversifying palm sugar products and making product packaging attractive so that it will increase added value.


Clement uses class analysis to explore the complexities of contemporary Canadian society in this revealing study. He also explores the relationship between class and gender, ethnicity and region, comparing illustrations from Canada with those from countries such as Sweden and the U.S. An extensive review of material on class in Canada is provided.


The sodium alginate (SA) cation layer was modified by copper octocarboxyphthalocyanine or copper phthalocyanine tetrasulfonic acid, and the chitosan (CS) anion layer was modified by copper tetraaminophthalocyanine to prepare the modified SA/CS bipolar membranes (BPMs).The BPMs were characterized using TG, electric universal testing machine, contact angle measurer and J-V investigation.Experimental results showed that the thermal stability, mechanical properties and hydrophilicity of the BPMs were increased.After modification, high charge density area formed in the interlayer.As the catalytic centers of water splitting in the interlayer, metallophthalocyanine derivatives sped up water splitting into hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions, and lowered the IR drop of the BPMs.The metallophthalocyanine derivatives with dissimilar substituents showed different catalytic ability to water splitting in BPMs, which was in connection with the hydrophilicity of the relevant modified membranes.


HIV prevention is an especially salient issue for women, given the ongoing feminization of the epidemic. Female sex workers are especially vulnerable to HIV infection, particularly those who are drug-using and engage in street-based sex exchange. This paper examines risk behaviors and HIV serostatus of 806 drug-using women sex workers in Miami, Florida, and assesses the relative impact of two HIV and hepatitis prevention interventions on changes in risk behavior. Drug-using sex workers were recruited using targeted sampling strategies and were randomly assigned to one of two intervention conditions – the NIDA Standard, or an innovative Sex-Worker Focused (SWF) intervention. Interview data were collected pre-intervention and 3 and 6 months post-intervention, and blood samples were collected for HIV and hepatitis B and C testing. Overall, 21% of the sample tested HIV positive. Outcome analyses indicate that both groups benefited from participation in the intervention trial. However, the SWF intervention was found to be more efficacious with reductions in unprotected oral sex, and sexual violence. These data support the importance of HIV testing and intervention programs for drug-using women sex workers. Among large urban centers in the U.S., Miami remains a high-incidence community for HIV/ AIDS. Miami ranks first in the nation for new cases of HIV with an estimated rate of 48.5 per 100,000 population (CDC 2008), and the impact of HIV/AIDS has been felt most acutely in Miami's African American community (Florida Department of Health 2006). In fact, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has declared HIV/AIDS among Miami's African American women – who represent 76% of all female AIDS cases in the county (MDCHD 2007)-to be at state-of-emergency levels (CDC 2001). The geographically clustered communities characterized by the highest concentrations of HIV/ AIDS in Miami also display high rates of substance abuse (Young 2006) and extremely elevated poverty rates. These neighborhoods also contain numerous illegal drug markets, further exacerbating and sustaining the environment of risk that surrounds residents of these communities (Inciardi 1995). The entrenched HIV epidemic in Miami is linked to high rates of drug abuse in these areas. For almost four decades, Miami has been both a port of entry and corridor community for the trafficking of illegal drugs, and it has been a well-known epicenter for the abuse of cocaine, crack, heroin, and other drugs (Inciardi & Pottieger 1998). Miami's HIV epidemic is also intertwined with South Florida's active commercial sex industry. Sex work …


The synthesis of di(2-ethylhexyl)(-o-)phthalate from phthalic anhydride and 2-ethyl hexanol over rare earth solid superacid SO_4~(2-)/TiO_2/La~(3+) catalyst is studied. The influential factors of reaction are investigated.The results showed that the appropriate conditions were as follows: molar ratio of 2-ethyl hexanol to phthalic anhydride was 2.5∶1,the amount of catalyst was 5% of phthalic anhydride, reaction time was 2.5 h. The yield of esterification can reach 92.7%.


Background: Diabetic nephropathy is a serious life threatening complication of type-2 diabetes mellitus. Apart from severe kidney dysfunction these patients are prone to various cutaneous complications including psoriasis and eczema due to accumulated nitrogenous waste products. Inflammation is the basic cause of cutaneous complications and many inflammatory markers have been shown elevated in chronic kidney dysfunction. Hence a study has been planned to assess the levels of inflammatory markers such has C-reactive protein (CRP) and interlukin-6 (IL-6) as well as to correlate these markers with creatinine levels along with existing cutaneus complications. Methods: The study included 50 diabetic nephropathic patients undergoing regular heamodialysis. A heparanised blood sample was collected and plasma was employed for estimation of glucose, creatinine, CRP and IL-6. A detailed dermatological examination was done to record the cutaneous complications like pruritis, xerosis, hyper pigmentation and half & half nails. Results: The results show a significant raise in CRP and IL-6 levels in proportion to the severity of kidney dysfunction as reflected by creatinine levels. Also a positive relationship was observed between the inflammatory markers and multiplicity of cutaneous complications. Conclusions: It can be concluded from the present study that evaluation of inflammatory markers, CRP and IL-6 along with creatinine is beneficial in controlling cutanious complications in DN patients undergoing regular heamodialysis.


By reinterpreting the familiar tools and ideas of M-theory model building, we show how a G2-manifold locally engineered to give rise to massless matter representations of an SU(5) grand unified model can be smoothly unfolded into a G2-manifold giving rise to SU(3)xSU(2) gauge theory with the corresponding matter representations. These ideas could lead to new insights in string phenomenology because much of the arbitrariness of M-theory model building can be removed by supposing, for example, that the singularities giving rise to Standard Model particles could arise from unfolding a more singular, grand unified geometry.


DXplain, a medical diagnostic decision-support system that can be accessed via modem is now available through AMA/NET, the nationwide computer


The subject of the study is the legal specifics of the recognition of decisions made by foreign justice institutions and their subsequent execution by the nature of the case. The presented aspects are an integral component of effective modern cross-border legal interaction, and also provide practical guarantees for the protection of the rights of its direct participants. In the context of a specific mechanism of legal regulation of the international turnover of variable judicial acts, the most significant point is the establishment of the object of the recognition in question and subsequent execution. Within the framework of our state, the specifics of recognition and enforcement are provided for by the provisions of relevant international treaties, as well as the norms of current domestic federal legislation – in cases where it is a question of recognizing decisions for which there is no need for enforcement. The provisions of the Minsk Convention of the CIS countries, the Kiev Agreement of the CIS countries, the variable bilateral treaties of our state establishing the rules of legal assistance, other international treaties, the norms of which fix the procedure for recognition and subsequent enforcement of decisions taken by foreign justice institutions, the norms of current domestic legislation and current accumulated law enforcement practice. The author focuses on the analysis of current trends in the regulation of these relations, including through the use of relevant materials of the development of the Hague Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Judgments in Civil and Commercial Cases, which indicates the novelty of the study. The main conclusion of the study is to identify the variable directions of determining the range of foreign court decisions that are recognized and enforced, while taking into account the features of judicial acts and relevant proceedings that determine their formation. When analyzing a foreign court decision as a specific object of appropriate recognition and enforcement, several aspects are subject to consideration, first of all, we are talking about the nature of the individual case in connection with which the decision in question was made.


Central nervous system infection is a severe illness in children. Little is known about the long‐term outcome in children with central nervous system infection of various etiologies.


HVDC converter station noise is mainly in medium frequency band, but the thickness of the conventional duct silencers are equivalent to the working wavelength, which makes them difficult to apply in narrow spaces. In this paper, through parallel and serial coupling of imperfect Helmholtz resonators with interpolated neck, a hybrid silencer with broadband perfect absorption is presented, which remain above 10 dB from 568 to 992 Hz with a thickness less than 20mm. In order to reveal the underlying physical properties and acoustic performance, simulations considering the coupling of acoustics and thermodynamics and impedance analysis are performed, showing a good consistency, and it's further verified by experimental result. The results of research can help design effectively, ultra-thin and wide-band duct silencer for HVDC converter station medium frequency band noise control.


The paper introduces the idea,the function process and the key technique of designing courseware on"a history of spectroscopy as illustrated on stamps","a postage stamp history of chemistry" and "a postage stamp history of optics "by professor Miller F A.USA.


Coaxial electrospinning process was used to produce biodegradable membranes made of coreshell fibers of a poly(lactic acid) (PLA) shell and a poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) core. Scanning electron microscopy analyses of these structures showed that the PLA shell can present certain porosity depending on the process condition. FTIR-ATR and contact angle measurements also suggested imprisonment of the PVA core within the PLA shell. This type of structure was also confirmed by means of transmissions electron microscopy. The morphology of these fibers was dependent on the flow rate of both core and shell solutions, and homogeneous and smooth surface was only attained when the flow rate of the external PLA solution was 4 times the flow rate of the internal PVA solution. The increase in the PLA solution flow rate increases the diameter of the core-shell fiber which reaches up to 1.7 μm. Nevertheless, fibers with smaller average diameter could also be produced (200 nm). These core-shell fibers presented improved hydrophilicity as compared with monolithic PLA fibers.


The incorporation of semiconductor quantum dots into different heterostructures for applications in nanoscale lasing and amplification has been an active area of research in recent years. Here, we use ultrafast differential transmission spectroscopy to temporally and spectrally resolve density-dependent carrier dynamics in a quantum dots-in-a-well (DWELL) heterostructure. We observe excitation-dependent shifts of the quantum dot energy levels at low densities, while at high densities we observe an anomalous induced absorption at the quantum dot excited state that is correlated with quantum well population dynamics. These studies reveal unique Coulomb interaction-induced phenomena with important implications for DWELL-based lasers and amplifiers.


A priori reasoning has in the past convinced many chest physicians that the therapeutic approach to pulmonary tuberculosis by the abdominal route with artificial pneumoperitoneum is unscientific, unsound physiologically, and radical. Indeed, to treat thoracic disease by the injection of.air into the peritoneal space seemed at the onset so formldable and ridiculous that some physicians have been reluctant to abandon established methods of collapse therapy. Other physicians unfortunately have attempted to use this form of therapy In a few unselected, far-advanced cases, neither mastering the technique nor really understanding the rationale behind its use. Their results quite naturally, have been disappointing. Other groups of courageous phthisiotherapists have succeeded in demonstrating the favorable therapeutic influence of pneumoperitoneum by extensive and prolonged experience with this technically simple and relatively safe procedure. Their results Jmve been, for the most part, remarkable, indicating that artiflcial pneumoperitoneum is perhaps as effective a collapse measure as artificial pneumothorax and a t the same time, apparently much safer. The advantages of this form of therapy over artificial pneumothorax have been discussed in a previous paper.' The discrepancy between the dangerous antl-pneumoperitoneum reasoning mentloned above and the surprisingly favorable results may be clarified by examining carefully the reasons for the effectiveness of artiflcial pneumoperitoneum. I t is the purpose of this paper to attempt to explain just why artificial pneumoperitoneum benefits pulmonary tuberculosis.


abstract  This article aims to address and remedy the fact that Freud's clinical use of sculpture has received little sustained attention. After a brief review of the collection, Melanie Klein's clinical use of dolls is discussed as an initial basis for comparison. It then makes a detailed examination of primary evidence found in the published writings and private correspondence of the writer and analysand H.D. (Hilda Doolittle). H.D.'s analysis indicates that Freud used sculpture as an analogue for the 'foreign body' of psychical trauma, treating it as a representation of a representation, or Vorstellungreprasentanz. The sculptures also served Freud's archaeological metaphor for the 'otherness' of the unconscious in ways that architectural fragments did not. The author then considers H.D.'s hallucination of Athena Nike and Freud's use of his own damaged sculpture of Athena to raise therapeutic questions about her phallic relation to the signifier in the treatment of her writer's block. This case study is further compared to Klein and to Jung in order to differentiate the use of objects in the clinical setting and to mark some of the limits Freud encountered in H.D.'s second analytic session. The author concludes that purely textual examinations of Freud may have greatly underestimated his clinical use of sculpture in recuperating lost memories as fundamental indices of desire.


In recent decades, many articles have focused on the educational profile of various groups in the economics profession. Lovell (1973), for example, studied the contributors to four economics journals, and Eagly (1974) concentrated on individuals who make presentations at American Economic Association conventions. Sun (1975) and Cleary and Edwards (1960) considered contributors to the American Economic Review. Little study, however, has been undertaken of the textbook writer, a very significant disseminator of economic knowledge, perhaps the most influential at the undergraduate level, and still quite important at the beginning graduate level. In this article, I examine the educational background of writers of hardbound textbooks on international economics published during 1945-74. My primary purposes are to develop an educational profile of the writers and to determine whether there was any institutional domination in their training. A secondary objective is to determine whether educational background contributes to the rather low esteem the economics profession accords to writers of textbooks relative to that it accords to prominent authors of more specialized or more original books and/or articles in leading journals.


Case 1. A 60year old man was admitted with symptoms and signs of a perforated duodenal ulcer. At operation a perforated duodenal ulcer with widespread peritoneal contamination was found. The ulcer was oversewn and covered with an omental patch. A tube drain was placed in the subhepatic space and exteriorized in the right hypochondrium. On the fifth postoperative day he developed cellulitis around the abdominal drain site and gross swelling of his penis and scrotum with gangrene of the right sided scrotal skin. A fistula from the first part of the duodenum to the drain site and a further tract from the drain site, via the subcutaneous tissue, to the scrotum, was demonstrated by upper gastro intestinal contrast studies. Culture of the necrotic scrotal skin revealed infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus faecalis and Escherichia coli.


Light guide sheet of the present invention includes a silicone rubber sheet 1, a plurality of printed mark parts 3a~3d printed on the front surface of the silicone rubber sheet 1, a. The visible light transmittance of the silicone rubber sheet 1 is 99% or less than 80% silicone rubber sheet 1 has a light entrance portion 2a which are capable of entering the light into the interior of the silicone rubber sheet 1 on its end face. Light guiding sheet, the light entering the inside of the silicone rubber sheet 1 from the light incident portion 2a, is irregularly reflected by the printed mark parts 3a to 3d, the printed mark parts 3a to 3d by transmitting printed mark parts 3a to 3d It may cause led to the outside.


From the Publisher:
Over the past two decades, the theory concerning the logical level of database management systems has matured and become an elegant and robust piece of science. Foundations of Databases presents indepth coverage of this theory and surveys several emerging topics. Written by three leading researchers, this advanced text presents a unifying and contemporary perspective on the field. A major effort in writing the book has been to highlight the intuitions behind the theoretical development.


Young audiences frequently combine media use (e.g., television viewing) with other activities (e.g., homework); this is referred to as multitasking. This research uses longitudinal data to examine the moderating role of multitasking by examining the effects of exposure to sexual content in the media on adolescents' sexual behavior. Consistent with the predictions based on the limited capacity approach, there was a significant multitasking by exposure interaction suggesting that multitasking reduces the impact of media. More specifically, the effect of exposure to sexual content in the media on sexual behavior was significantly greater among light multitaskers than among heavy multitaskers.


Isolated papillary muscle calcification is a rare clinical finding seen in radiological imaging such as chest x-ray, chest computed tomography and echocardiography. In herein, we aimed to present a case of isolated papillary muscle calcification in a 60-year-old male to remind for the physicians.


This paper offers the functional model of a class of non-selfadjoint extensions of a Hermitian operator with equal deficiency indices. The explicit form of dilation of a dissipative extension is offered and the symmetric form of Sz.Nagy-Foiaş model as developed by B. Pavlov is constructed. A variant of functional model for a general non-selfadjoint non-dissipative extension is formulated. We illustrate the theory by two examples: singular perturbations of the Laplace operator in L2(R ) by a finite number of point interactions, and the Schrödinger operator on the half axis (0,∞) in the Weyl limit circle case at infinity.


In the 1990s Eugene Podkletnov published results of experiments which in his opinion proved the effect of gravity shielding. The present paper is concerned with the question, what results may be expected from such experiments on the basis of the "Alternative Reflections on Gravitation", (ARG). The results of these considerations are in excellent agreement with those experiments. There, however, appeared no gravity shielding, but the production of additional, highly focused repulsive forces. Such curious results can hardly be explained on the basis of classical gravitational theories, which deal with attractive forces and their strong decrease with distance.


The motor vehicle is an important way of transportation for modern people, and its license plate is just like our identification cards which can be used for effective management of motor vehicles. Hence, the development of a recognition system for license plates can reduce the workload of managing motor vehicles. A license plate recognition system based on computer vision often causes recognition errors due to the plate's angle problem and thus needs to be assisted by manual recognition. In this study, a recovery method for license plate images with large angles is proposed based on perspective projection to increase the recognition accuracy. The experimental results show that applying the angle recovery method to a license plate recognition system can reduce its errors, especially for license plate images with large angles. For the case of small angles, a recognition rate of 89% can be achieved by the angle recovery method, slightly higher than that of the plane rotation method (86%). For the case of a wide range of different angles, the average recognition rate achieved by the angle recovery method is 87.5%, much higher than that of the plane rotation method (57.5%). Thus, the angle recovery method is effective for enhancing the accuracy of license plate recognition systems.


The IPv6 routing protocol for low power and lossy networks (RPL) has some shortcomings, such as high packet loss rate and low network lifetime when used in Internet-of-Things (IoT) environments under heavy traffic. To overcome the RPL limitations, the current research tends to focus on a new paradigm of routing, referred to as Anycast Routing, in which a source node targets a set of destinations rather than a single one. In this article, we present a protocol that exploits the anycast perspective in the routing process since an important aspect of most IoT environments is to forward packets to a gateway, no matter which. Besides, we interconnect various instances of RPL to achieve better routing performance by offering the possibility of cooperation among various simultaneous instances of RPL within the network. Finally, to reach higher performance, we use a rank computation and parent selection mechanism that is different from those of the RPL. The evaluation results, which are obtained through simulation with the Cooja simulator, show that EM-RPL outperforms RPL in reducing the environmental footprint of the network, while it extends the network lifetime, decreases packet loss ratio, and better controls interpacket intervals and parent change overhead.


Sodium and potassium films deposited from a molecular beam on fluorite at liquid air temperature have been found to be transparent in the Schumann region. For λ > 1400 A no transparency has been found in the case of lithium. A technique for producing these films is described. The theoretical bearing of these results is discussed.


Metalloid and the classifications of clusters were elaborated.Differences between the synthesis methods of aluminum cluster complexes with the traditional synthesis of nanometer aluminum powder were also compared.The research progresses of nano aluminum cluster complexes were summarized.The great application perspective in the areas of solid rocket propellant,heat conduction and superconducting materials and energetic materials of nano aluminum cluster complexes was pointed out.


Persons with Disabilities (PWDs) are in every community in Ghana. They are often marginalized in many spheres of life including education, families and access to public places, due to the misconceptions held about their capabilities. Even though policies and documents on the education of PWDs exist, certain considerations such as access, participation, and recognition which are fundamental, are often overlooked. This paper critically examines the nuances of the above factors by identifying some problems PWDs encounter in their quest for education. Data for this study were solicited from policy documents and fieldwork. Content analysis of policies and documents on the education of PWDs in Ghana and their experiences in Educational Institutions were discussed. Interviews and focused group discussions on the experiences of PWDs were the instruments for the study. Participants were sampled based on a simple random technique. Thirteen (13) respondents including 10 students and 3 teachers participated in the study. The study revealed that despite the various policies on the education of PWDs, they are not reflective of the situation in the schools and institutions. Some PWDs are being discriminated against and not given much recognition in their schools. Also, the environment in their institutions is not disability friendly. The paper suggests a standardized implementation plan and much advocacy on the policies for the education of PWDs. Finally, more teachers should be given the training to acquire the requisite skills needed for supporting PWDs' education.  Article visualizations:


A discussion has been done on the limit width of double holes,moment holes,circular ring and disc so that the coefficients of light sources are calculated.The result shows that the limit widths of all these light sources can be expressed with a formula,and that their coefficients are different.


Depression and anxiety are highly prevalent among people with epilepsy (PwE) but often remain unrecognized and treated inadequately. Effective psychosocial treatments such as cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) are rarely available to most PwE, which is one reason electronically delivered CBT (eCBT) is regarded as promising. This study examined an eCBT intervention, termed Emyna, that was tailored to suit the needs of PwE. It includes CBT‐related content on depression, stress and anxiety, seizure triggers and auras, and lifestyle habits. The trial examined the efficacy of Emyna in reducing symptoms of depression (primary outcome) and anxiety as well as improving quality of life.


PURPOSE: A system for gasifying a carbonous raw material into synthetic gas and a gasifying method using the same are provided to simplify the system by continuous reform the raw material into synthetic gas. CONSTITUTION: A system for gasifying a carbonous raw material into synthetic gas includes a storing bat(10), a carbonizing bath(30), a hydrogen reformer(50), and a refining unit(60). A raw material continuous supplying unit(20) supplies overheated vapor to a raw material in order to obtain a moisture containing raw material. The carbonizing bath includes a first carbonizing unit(310) and a second carbonizing unit(320). The hydrogen reformer includes a separate heating unit and applies heat required for a reforming reaction.


(Received July 28, 1995) We examined several wavelength locking methods of laser diodes due to optical feedback using a diffraction-type grating, a distributed Bragg reflector or an optical bandpass filter. It was found that the wavelength locking method with the optical bandpass filter is the most suitable for second harmonic generation (SHG), based on laser diodes, using a domain-inverted LiTaO3 waveguide. The coupling efficiency of a laser diode to the optical waveguide was improved to 85 % by selecting the combination of coupling lenses. A compact SHG blue-light source was fabricated and the obtained blue light of 2.8 mW satisfied the primary specifications for use in an optical disk system.


Inner current and voltage loops are fundamental in achieving good performance of microgrids based on power electronics voltage source inverters. The analysis and design of these loops are essential for the adequate operation of these systems. This paper investigates the effect of state feedback coupling in the design of proportional resonant controllers for these inner loops in voltage source inverters operating in islanded microgrids. It is also shown that the state feedback coupling has an important effect in the performance of the control loops by increasing the steady-state error. A comparison between different types of proportional+resonant controllers is done. Experimental results verify the theoretical assumptions done.


Abstract Over a series of knowledge of results (KR) learning trials of projecting a ball a criterion distance, the hypotheses were tested that withdrawal of visual feedback of the flight of the ball (flight feedback), would produce a decrement in response recognition but not recall. Sixty subjects formed three independent groups which had visual flight feedback withdrawn either early or late, while a control group had no vision throughout the 91 trials. The hypotheses were confirmed. Withdrawal of flight feedback had no effect on response recall, but significantly impaired response recognition both early and late in the KR learning trials.


We have studied by X‐ray absorption spectroscopy the local environment of Mn in highly homogeneous Ga1–xMnxN (0.06 < x < 0.14) thin epilayers grown by molecular beam epitaxy on [0001] SiC substrates. The measurements were performed in fluorescence mode around the Ga and Mn K‐edges. In this report, we focus our attention to the X‐ray absorption near edge spectroscopy (XANES) results. The comparison of the XANES spectra corresponding to the Ga and Mn edges indicates that Mn is substitutional to Ga in all samples studied. The XANES spectra measured at the Mn absorption edge shows in the near‐edge region a double peak and a shoulder below the absorption edge and the main absorption peak after the edge, separated around 15 eV above the pre‐edge structure. We have compared the position of the edge with that of MnO (Mn2+) and Mn2O3 (Mn3+). All samples studied present the same Mn oxidation state, 2+. In order to interprete the near‐edge structure, we have performed ab initio calculations with a 2 × 2 × 1 supercell (∼6% Mn) using the full potential linear augmented plane wave method as implemented in the Wien2k code. The calculations show the appearance of Mn anti‐bonding t2g bands, which are responsible for the pre‐edge absorption. The shoulder and main absorption peaks are due to transitions from the valence band 1s‐states of Mn to the p‐contributions of the conduction bands. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)