I . Some of this material and various parts of this discussion were presented during 1973-74 in addresses to: Case Western Reserve University. Cleveland. Ohio; The Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences. Stanford. California: The Psychology Laboratory. Dorothea Dix Hospital, Raleigh. N. C.; The Harvey Mudd Graduate Center, Claremont. California; Hope College, Holland, Michigan; The New York Academy of Sciences; St. Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri"; The University of California, Berkeley, Californiab; The University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. The Department of Psychology and also the Department of the History and Philosophy of Education; The University of Minnesota. Minneapolis: The University of Pittsburgh; The University of Wisconsin, La Crosse; The University of Wisconsin, Madisonc; West Virginia University. Morgantown; Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio. Appreciation is expressed for the many helpful comments and suggestions received on these and other occasions. Also, the following "stonewalling" is to be noted: "When Jensen was shown xeroxed copies of Hirsch's 'evidence,' he refused to read them and declined to make any comment. 'You can quote me as saying what Calvin Coolidge said: No comment. and you can quote me on that."'b a J. Fargen. "Hirsch Contests 'Jensenism'." Universifv News. St. Louis University. Vol. 53. No. 19 (March I . 1974). A. Thompson. "Psychologist Blasts Jensen," The Daily Californian, University of California. Berkeley. Vol. 5. No. 116 (February 26. 1974). p. 3. S. Kealy. "Hirsch Blasts Jensenism," Daily Cardinal, University of Wisconsin. Madison, Vol. LXXXIV. No. 134 (April 8. 1974). p. 1 . This research was supported by Grant No. U S PH MH 10715-09, awarded by the National Institute of Mental Health, DHEW. 2. At the end of my 1972 Behavior Genetics class at the University of Illinois, a student accused me of "giving us everything to read but Jensen" and he was correct! Accordingly, the next class was required to read the complete HER; each student was assigned a specific portion of its references to read, and those original discussions were to be compared with Jensen's treatment of the same material. This experience proved to have enormous heuristic value. No professor was telling those students what to think or believe. They had seen for themselves and learned from one another. Appreciation is expressed to the following individuals from my autumn 1973 University of Illinois BehaviorGenetic Analysis class and from my 1973-74 American Association for the Advancement of Science Chautauqua courses at Stanford and Claremont, California, for the bibliographic research they contributed: Mary J. Allen, Meredith Behr. Renee Krasnow. Robert MacCallum. Andy Neher. Karen O'Donnell, Maria Santostefano, Merrill E. Sarty, Louise Shvon. Marc Simon. I have examined personally and take full responsibility for everything included in this discussion.


The clinical learning environment encompasses all that surrounds the student nurse, including the clinical setting, the staff, the patient, the nurse mentor and the nurse educator. It is an interactive network of forces within the clinical setting that influence the students' clinical learning outcomes. The study aimed to assess the perception of nursing students on ideal clinical learning environment and to find the association between the perception scores and selected variables. The study was conducted among 81 nursing students in selected teaching hospitals at Udupi district, Karnataka. Data was analysed by using descriptive and inferential statistics. 70.4 percent nurses had excellent perception on ideal clinical learning environment. There was no significant association between the perception scores and selected variables.


A two-phased experimental trial of "Abana" was carried out on male adult rabbits fed a high-fat, high cholesterol diet (HFHC). In the first phase, normal rabbits were divided into two groups. The first group received HFHC for 60 days along with standard laboratory diet (SLD), while the second received HFHC plus Abana. In the second phase, hyperlipidaemia was induced by feeding HFHC for 60 days to other rabbits again divided into two groups. Then the first group was kept only on SLD for another 60 days, while the second received Abana plus SLD for the same period. In both the Abana-treated groups, marked falls in total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, very low density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides, and a rise in highdensity lipoprotein cholesterol, were observed as compared with the control group.


Background: Hypertension is a well known risk factor for atherosclerosis. However, data on the impact of hypertension in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) are inconsistent, and mainly related to studies performed in the thrombolytic era, with very few data on patients undergoing primary angioplasty. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the impact of hypertension on scintigraphic infarct size in STEMI patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Method: Our population is represented by 830 STEMI patients undergoing primary PCI. Infarct size was evaluated at 30 days by technetium-99m-sestamibi. Results: Hypertension was associated with more advanced age (P < 0.001), a larger prevalence of diabetes (P = 0.001), female sex (P < 0.001), but lower prevalence of smoking (P < 0.001) and anterior infarction (P = 0.042). No difference was observed in ischemia time, cardiogenic shock at presentation, in preprocedural thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) flow, and collateral circulation. Hypertension did not affect the rate of postprocedural TIMI 3 flow. Hypertension did not affect infarct size [12.5% (4.1–23.8%) vs. 12.8% (4.3–24.7%), P = 0.38]. Similar results were observed in subanalyses in major high-risk subgroups. No impact of hypertension on infarct size was confirmed when the analysis was conducted according to the percentage of patients with infarct size above the median [adjusted odds ratio (95% CI) = 0.97 (0.72–1.33), P = 0.92]. Conclusion: This study shows that among STEMI patients, undergoing primary PCI hypertension does not affect scintigraphic infarct size.


The present study evaluates the performance of high‐resolution global climate models derived from Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6 HighResMIP), in simulating rainfall characteristics over Madagascar on an annual and seasonal scales for the period 1981–2014. The models and their ensemble mean are assessed based on two observational datasets sourced from Climate Hazards Group Infrared Precipitation with Station data version 2 (CHIRPS v2.0) data and the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) reanalysis fifth generation‐Land dataset (ERA5) as the references throughout the diverse analyses. A Taylor diagram, accompanied by the Taylor skill score (TSS), is used for the annual and seasonal model‐rankings and the overall performance of the models. The best‐performing models are EC‐Earth3P‐HR, ECMWF‐IFS‐HR, ECMWF‐IFS‐LR and HadGEM3‐GC31‐MM. The least‐recommended models with remarkable biases are BCC‐CSM2‐HR, CAMS‐CSM1‐0, FGOALS‐f3‐H, MPI‐ESM1‐2‐HR and MPI‐ESM1‐2‐XR. It is worth mentioning that FGOALS‐f3‐H tends to overestimate rainfall in most analyses, while MPI‐ESM1‐2‐HR and MPI‐ESM1‐2‐XR underestimate it. The findings of this study are of great importance to climatologists and present an opportunity for further investigation of underlying processes responsible for the observed wet/dry biases in order to improve the forecast skills in the models over the study area.


In the late period of the war of liberation,the Communist Party of China has done the preparatory work for the establichment of New China in a tense but orderly manner.The establishment of political power is particularly important at that time.Through initiatives such as land reform and the convening of congress,some rural central power system was gradually abolished.The strengthening of control over rural farmers supported the building of grass-roots political power,which has yielded remarkable achievements of the governments from North China.


Abstract The rheological, mechanical, and thermal properties of glass-filled locally produced polyethylenes have been investigated. Low- and high-density polyethylenes are used with glass beads (GB) or short glass fibers (GF) ranging in concentration from 0 to 25 wt%. Rheometry results proved that the addition of GB to LDPE or HDPE increases the melt shear viscosity. The same effect is observed when GF is added to LDPE, while a decrease in viscosity is found when GF is added to HDPE. The addition of glass fillers to LDPE gave a slight increase in break strength, but as glass content increased, the break elongation was decreased. Besides, the inclusion of glass with HDPE did not improve the tensile properties. The hardness in general showed a small increase with increasing glass content. Vicat softening temperature (VST) values were slightly reduced by addition of GB and GF into LDPE, while an increase in VST values was noticed by testing different HDPE-GF/GB systems.


Educational institutions are pursuing for academic accreditation to assure the confidence of the programs' constituents. Onsite accreditation reviewers would like to see evidences of documented procedures for reviewing the programs performance periodically. Surveying the constituents and reflecting their feedback in the improvement plan is a fundamental step. Companies use sentiment analysis to get a clear understanding of the customer feeling and review on a product or a service. This research presents a novel approach to analyze public response to an educational program in Twitter; the most famous and influential microblogging. Such approach helps to follow and analyze what the program beneficiaries really feel, think and need for the purpose of program improvement. Program chair and quality assurance committee might document the sentiment analysis of the retrieved tweets as an evidence for the accreditation commission reviewer's onsite visit. Sentiment analysis divides the tweets into two groups objective and subjective. Experiments show that subjective tweets with smallest polarity confidence tend to negativity feeling. Hence, subjective tweets may contain critics, feedback, review and/or recommendations.


In this paper, a fin control system for ship roll stabilization with uncertain nonlinearsystem is designed by use of variable structure robust control algorithm. According tocomputer simulation results, it is shown that it makes the designed system guarantee theperformance of robustness with respect to the perturbations out of the system and uncer-tainties in the system.


This paper briefs the study on the dynamic mathematic model of parallels-operating boilers and presents the distributed parameter type model of header' s pressure. On the basis of consulting the electronic-hydraulic power-frequency control system of steam turbines in parallel operation with power grid, a new type control system of header' s pressure is designed and analyzed in virtue of analogue theory.Combining with this system and distributed header' s pressure model,the simulation study on the classical header system' s units (with three boilers and two turbo-generators) is carried out.The results prove the validity of the new control system.


1. The effect sensory deprivation, early in development, has on the adult response properties of identified neurones was studied in the abdominal nervous system of the cricket Acheta domesticus.


During the past decade, a growing body of evidence has demonstrated the impact of principal leadership on student achievement. Building on seminal reviews of leadership, Mid-continent Research for Education and Learning (McREL) identified specific principal leadership responsibilities and practices correlated with student achievement and change leadership2. This research can help leaders distinguish principal leadership responsibilities that are essential from those that are important.


The no-claim bonus problem has given rise to a considerable amount of discussion throughout the whole world. There is quite a difference of opinion among the actuaries and other experts concerned in this field and several exchanges of view have taken place the last few years. The ASTIN section of the Permanent Committee has been well aware of this fact and it has devoted one Colloquium to this subject and discussed it at others. In 1959 the major part of the La Baule meeting was dedicated to this subject and attention was focussed on this problem once again at Rattvik in 1961. Nevertheless controversies on this subject still continue. Almost every conference where the bonus problem is discussed is marked by a widespread difference of opinion. As is well known, the claim frequencies under insurance policies show a considerable heterogeneity, especially in the early years. It is not possible to get homogeneous sub-groups by means of a continuous subdivision; what may be gained in homogeneity, is lost in credibility. It seems therefore that a subsequent adjustment of premiums according to the past claim record may well be a suitable way of obtaining a fair premium. Those who are in favour of a rating procedure granting a bonus at a careful driver will stress that criticism is useless as long as no better solution is available, whereas actuaries who reject such a rating system argue that the unfairness of a flat rate is not at all eliminated by means of a bonus.


A method for the selective cleavage of a benzodioxole (methylenedioxy group) to a methoxyphenol through the of a p-metylthophenoxide ion is described. When the procedure was applied to a lignan derivative such as (−)-austrobailignan-5, the reaction was found to proceed regioselectively, and the intermediate thiacetal could be converted to a catechol, or manipulated to yield either one of the two possible methoxyphenols


A model has been described for the practice of pediatrics using parent-infant groups. In a one year experience, three parent-infant groups met at monthly intervals. A one-hour parent discussion was followed by examination of the infants within the group setting. Among the benefits observed were much more attention to well-baby care and infant development, and the surfacing and alleviation of parental concerns and anxieties.


Nuclear factor-κB(NF-κB)is an important transcription regulation factor.It can be activated by many stimuli in vivo and in vitro,and then migrate into nuclei to regulate transcription of many genes,and is involved in a wide variety of biological effects.The effect of NF-κB in promoting skeletal muscle degradation and suppressing skeletal muscle differentiation in cancer cachexia is controversial.The efficacy of NF-κB inhibitor in the treatment of cancer cachexia is conflict.Thus,further study is warranted on the relationship between NF-κB and skeletal muscle.


Coupled FDTD-SPICE simulations are performed for an active antenna problem. The results are comparable to previously published results using FDTD in conjunction with special integration techniques for the nonlinear elements. Some differences occur, and better agreement with experiment is observed for our newer approach. The main advantages are that all of the SPICE device models are directly available for FDTD modeling and the efficient SPICE integration schemes can be used directly. No user intervention is required for either the device models or the integration schemes.<<ETX>>


Direct Torque Control (DTC) and Predictive Torque Control (PTC) Strategies emerged as popular techniques for speed control of Induction Motor Drives. In this article, an effective PTC strategy is introduced to an Open-End Winding Induction Motor Drive (OEWIMD) to control torque and flux directly. PTC offers all the features of classical DTC and it provides lesser ripple in torque and flux. The limitations of classical PTC are: (i) higher common-mode voltage (ii) variable switching frequency (iii) high computational burden and (iii) selection of weighting factors. To trounce some of these problems PTC of OEWIMD is developed. OEWIMD is operated with dual inverter configuration. In dual inverter configuration, if the inverters are operated with equal DC bus voltages (1:1 ratio), it can deliver '18' space vector locations, out of these space vector locations only six active space vectors and a null vector has been considered. The voltage vectors used to implement the proposed algorithm can maintain less common-mode voltage. The proposed algorithm is verified by comparing the obtained experimental results with simulation results.


Visual trope is one of the important appealing methods of creativity to induce voluntary consumer participation. In many cases, it delivers a message using metaphors. To define the concepts of_metaphor, we investigated methods of expression and significance of metaphor itself and associated forms; in all: metaphor, analogy, catachresis, metonymy, and synecdoche. We also considered the structure of each form to propose a method of metricizing the metaphor. Consequently, we found that the metaphor of a visual trope is a type of operation and development of codes. We suggested models for each form type and concept of metaphor through the evaluation of metaphor significance and case study. Metaphor significance forms mutually close relationships with codes of pragmatics, semantics, and syntax. We suggested a type of metrics or a guideline for an expression method and evaluation of a visual trope appropriate for a metaphor form type. Therefore and importantly, the following study presents unique, but manifold results that are also useful in the field of design.


Abstract : Species differences of same-element atoms in gamma-brass type compounds and solid solutions are analyzed based on X-ray and neutron diffraction patterns. Coordination numbers, mean interatomic distances, and magnetic moments are given for the various copper and zinc atomic species. Displacement of certain metal atom species by other component species with thermal treatment is discussed.


Abstract Metal oxides of titanium, vanadium, manganese and iron were deposited on the native Jordanian diatomaceous clay. The chemical and structural properties of the prepared samples were investigated using SEM, XRF, ICP, XRD and FTIR techniques. The diatomaceous clay supported metal oxides were used in preliminary experiments to explore their interaction with aqueous phenol solution under thermal and photochemical conditions, in the presence and absence of hydrogen peroxide. The results showed that the metal oxides have interacted with the diatomaceous clay and caused some structural changes. These were reflected in the surface area of the samples and their activity in the phenol reactions.


This study considers the impact that some organisational factors can have on a service firm's ability to return dissatisfied customers to a state of satisfaction through service recovery. In other words, it investigates the potential impact organisational variables (modelled as antecedents) can have on the service recovery performance of frontline staff. It also assesses the impact that successful service recovery has on two outcome variables, namely, intentions to resign and job satisfaction. The results show that organisational commitment exerts a strong positive influence on the service recovery performance of frontline staff as does empowerment and rewarding them for service excellence. When frontline staff are performing service recovery effectively, they are less likely to resign and report higher levels of job satisfaction.


Distributed Denial-of-Service (DDoS) attacks prevent users from accessing services on the target network by flooding the target network with a large volume of traffic. In this paper, we propose a "Hardened Network" system, which is based on intelligent routers. This network can be incrementally deployed on the Internet and can be used to detect, stop, and recover from DDoS attacks. This Hardened Network does not require any modification to the endsystems, such as the client and server hosts. It can detect a DDoS attack before it severely slows down the target machine or the network. Then, it can selectively drop packets close to the sources and hence stop the attack at points that are closer to the attack origin, and continue to provide service.


A two-parameter theory of failure is developed for materials for which the uniaxial compressive stress failure magnitude is less than that for uniaxial tension. The theory is compared with data for a closed cell foam material under combined shear and normal stresses. Although the theory shows the correct general behavior, it probably omits certain finer scale features seen in the data. A more refined theory is now being developed, along with further experimental data.


The pseudorapidity distribution function of charged particles in nucleon-nucleon collisions was presented.By using Glauber model,the mean numbers of participants,spectators in collision area,leading particles and binary nucleon-nucleon collisions were calculated.The pseudorapidity distributions of charged particles in nucleus-nucleus collisions are obtained.The theoretical results are consistent with those of the experimental observations in Au-Au collisions at (sNN)~(1/2)=130 GeV made by the PHOBOS collaboration.


Oranic acid anhydrides (OAAs) are important reactive, low-molecular-weight industrial chemicals which induce allergic rhinitis and asthma in exposed subjects. Specific IgE has been demonstrated in a large proportion of OAA-exposed workers. The characteristics of the OAAs make them excellent model compounds for studies of quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR) of allergenicity. In the present work, guinea pigs (GPs) and rats were intradermally immunized with various OAAs, and induced IgE and IgG titers were analyzed by ELISA. GPs gave positive airway responses after sensitization to free OAAs and challenge with the corresponding GP serum albumin conjugates, and the airway responses were closely related to the IgG1 titers. Various OAAs showed a wide range in antibody titers. Ring structure, the position of double bonds, and methyl group substitution affected the immunogenicity of the OAAs. The hapten specificity of the antibodies and the QSAR were proved by in-vitro and in-vivo inhibition tests of cross-reactivity. There was a good agreement between the titers of induced GP IgG1 and rat IgE after sensitization to the various OAAs. Further, the results of the animal models were in good correspondence with findings in OAA-exposed workers. Thus, the models may be used to predict the sensitizing potential of OAAs, and possibly other low-molecular-weight compounds, and may also be valuable tools for the evaluation of QSAR. (Less)


Market competition is becoming fiercer, the number of graduates' employment increases year by year, which brings enormous pressure to graduates' employment.On this social reality, we survey and sum up the employment purposes of some graduates of high vocational education college, so as to cause everybody's attention and promote graduates' employment work of high vocational education further.


Aquaculture has great potential in the Terai region of Nepal due to the suitability of pond resources and government attempts to improve the fisheries sector. The majority of fish farmers in Chitwan belong to indigenous nationalities. Entrepreneurship skills help in uplifting local rural communities but due to the lack of attractiveness and economic production of fish in Chitwan, there is a higher chance of fish enterprise failure. Hence, an immediate need of assessing entrepreneurial behavior was felt and the study was carried out among indigenous fish farmers of Eastern Chitwan. For data collection, a questionnaire survey was conducted among eighty random respondents and a key informant interview was performed with expert farmers and fish scientists using the convergent parallel mixed method. Collected data were analyzed using SPSS version 22 and MS Excel. The entrepreneurial behavioral index (EBI) was calculated for each respondent, and it was assessed with various sociological and production factors. Average EBI was found among respondents. Most of the surveyed entrepreneurs have a low level of innovativeness, farming knowledge, and leadership while a medium level of motivation and decision-making ability. From the t-test, it was found that factors like AKC (Agriculture Knowledge Centre) visit, farming type, and organizational membership are significant but farmers' gender, extension consultation, training, information source, education, and experience are nonsignificant with respondents' entrepreneurship. Farmers who do commercial farming, visit AKC, and are members of social organizations have relatively more entrepreneurial behavioral indexes than other farmers. For the improvement of fish enterprises in the study area, training related to fisheries innovativeness, fish farming knowledge, and leadership is recommended through the collaboration of AKC and social organizations.


A safety course unique in its pedagogy and student composition. Lecture topics: Risk assessment; Federal, state, and local agencies regulating chemicals; lab and personal safety equipment; labeling; fire; chemical storage; hazardous waste disposal; first aid and accident prevention; legal case studies.


Through analyzing three metaphors——the Other,Voice and Motherhood,this thesis has discussed and evaluated Feminism's viewpoints on gender equity in education.Feminism holds that women as the Other is the root of gender inequity in education.So it's required to find and value women's Voice.Meanwhile,Feminism recks that Motherhood should be the source of power to push forward the gender equity in education.Feminism's viewpoints on gender equity in education can provide beneficial reference for driving gender equity in contemporary education.


The settlement of the National Infrastructure for Spatial Data (Infraestrutura Nacional de Dados Espaciais - INDE) is an initiative to help organizing the generation, storage, access, sharing, dissemination and use of geographic data about the Brazilian territory. Now-a-days, there are several initiatives of implementation and management of Spatial Data Infrastructures. However, only a few organizations are really documenting the metadata in their geospatial databases. This is mainly due to the fact that the process of documenting data is time consuming and complex, requiring training on the part of data producers. This paper discusses an alternative process for the extraction and documentation of metadata using free open software to increase efficiency and providing incentive to the generation of metadata for the data produced in Brazil. We performed the customization of the MGB profile using CatMDEdit software for viewing and editing the metadata in this profile. This tool was also used to extract and document metadata from files in shapefile format and to edit metadata fields after extraction. The file generated in XML was imported and converted to an MGB profile contained in the application Geonetwork. Results show that it is possible to extract information contained in the data and easily and quickly generate metadata in MGB profile, if the activity is well planned and supported by model files (templates).


The study explored ESL tutoring sessions in the context of the Elluminate platform, a synchronous language management system (SLMS). The participants were ESL pre-service teachers from Québec who provided tutoring to small groups of secondary 1 ESL students located in Mexico. The study focused on three research questions: (1) the types of scaffolding provided by the tutors, (2) the tutors' perceptions of teaching within this environment, and (3) the learners` perception of their learning experience. Data collection included screen capture of the online sessions and surveys. In addition to the four types of scaffolding previously identified by Pawan (2008) – linguistic, conceptual, social and cultural, a fifth type, particular to the SLMS environment – technical scaffolding, also emerged. Both tutors and ESL students were generally positive about their online experiences.


Objective To investigate the value of CRW stereotactic navigation system and three-dimensional-CT in the radiofrequency thermocoagulation for primary trigeminal neuralgia.Methods One hundred and twenty-four patients with primary trigeminal neuralgia were treated with percutaneous radio-frequency thermocoagulation with the aid of CRW stereotactic system and three-dimensional CT. Results All of 124 patients were punctured successfully without any complications. Eighty-nine patients (71.8%) were punctured successfully at nce,33 patients(26.6%)were punctured successfully at twice. Because of the variation of the skull bottom, 2 patients (1.6%) were punctured successfully at many times. The effective rate of thermocoagulation is 98.4%. Eighty-seven patients (70.2%) appeared facial sensory decline and 1 (0.8%) appeared keratitis after operation; no such complications as diplopia, masticatory atonia and difficulty in opening mouth appeared. Seven patients (5.6%) relapsed after follow-up for 3 months to 2 years. Conclusion A stereotactic and CT reconstruction can greatly improve the accuracy of puncturing on the foramen ovale, reduce the complications and help to adopt an individualized puncture strategy, which can ensure the effectiveness and increase the cure rate.

Key words:
Trigeminal neuralgia; Radio-frequency thermocoagulation; Stereotaxy; Three-dimensional-CT


Background  Excision of large scalp tumours may result in exposed bone devoid of periosteum. The resultant surgical defects may be too large to close by either primary closure or local cutaneous flap. The denuded bone usually precludes the immediate placement of a skin graft.


Estimated total sediment mass in the fluid mud system is about 4.25×10^8 tons per year as river inputs into Yangtze River estuary. The spatial-temporal distribution of suspended sediment concentration (SSC) is concerned by estuarine and coastal researchers. In this work, in situ measurements were carried out in Yangtze River estuary in Sep.2004, Jul. and Aug.2005 and Feb.2006. An experiment in barrel on land as a complementary measurement was conducted in July 2006. All of the spectral signatures observed show three spectrum-peak (at wavelengths 590nm, 690nm and 810nm around) characters more sensitive to SSC variation at bands 500-900nm. Remote sensing reflectance (Rrs) at 590nm around is bigger than that at 690nm around when SSC is about <0.1g/l, but this situation would be opposite when the SSC surpasses about 0.15g/l. The Rrs at 810nm around is lower than that respectively at 590nm and 690nm around, except that SSC increased to one close to or even > 1.0g/l. Here a parameter SRP (Sediment Response Parameter) described a changeable rate of ratios among three spectral peaks was defined, which presented a logarithmic decreasing tendency with the SSC increasing. The preliminary result shows that SRP can reflect SSC variation in the estuary.


The authors report on AC conductance measurements versus temperature (20 K-300 K) at different frequencies performed on p-i-n amorphous silicon solar cells. The presence of two peaks in the conductance curves is observed and explained in the context of a model which includes the temperature and frequency dependence of the AC conductance (and junction capacitance) on the density of states in doped materials and thus related to the n and p layers. This technique shows a high sensitivity to the effects of light soaking and allows one to distinguish between degradation effects arising in the intrinsic and in the doped layers. In the initial stage of degradation, a decrease of the temperature, at which the peak related to the p-doped layer occurs, is observed. For long illumination time, a linear increase of the AC conductance superimposes to the peaks. The authors relate the former phenomenon to a shift of the Fermi level in the p layer due a light induced dopant activation, and the latter to an increase of deep level in the intrinsic layer, which gives rise to a hopping path through the device.<<ETX>>


Millennial-scale climate variability has been increasingly recognized as one of the most prominent features of the Holocene. However, regional responses, especially in terms of moisture conditions, are poorly documented and understood. Here we present lithologic and magnetic evidence from White Lake in northern New Jersey, USA, to show that low lake levels occurred at about 1.3, 3.0, 4.4 and 6.1 ka (1 ka = 1000 cal. yr BP). The low lake levels are indicated by heterogeneous coarse calcareous sediment layers showing strong magnetic intensities. These detrital layers were likely formed during low stands when shallow-water marls were exposed, oxidized, transported and redeposited. This model is supported by laboratory experiments showing that oxidation of marls can enhance magnetic intensities. The dry periods inferred from the low lake levels of White Lake appear to occur concurrently with the cold periods recorded in the North Atlantic sediments. The correlation between millennial-scale dry/wet cycles inferred from lake-level fluctuations of White Lake and cold/warm cycles in North Atlantic sediments suggests sensitive moisture responses to Holocene millennial-scale climate variability. The dry-cold (or wet-warm) association is supported by instrumental records of the last century showing that the Mid-Atlantic region was dominated by wet conditions, while most parts of the conterminous USA experienced droughts, when the North Atlantic Ocean was warm. The consistent moisture responses of the Mid-Atlantic region to temperature changes of the North Atlantic Ocean may have persisted for the past 6000 years.


This article describes the processes of translation, cutting and rearrangement by which Shakespeare ' s Henry V , a play often identified with ' Britishness ' , is adapted for a modern Swiss audience. As a play celebrating a national ' hero ' and a military history largely unknown to the Swiss, Henry V is adapted to an exploration of political power in the abstract, in particular the political power of rhetoric which Shakespeare ' s Henry exemplifies and which can be richly presented using the multiple languages and dialects of Switzerland. Like the adaptation by Swiss writer Friedrich Dürrenmatt of Shakespeare ' s Titus Andronicus , the translation not just of words but also of context occasions a certain black humour by which the subversive aspects of Shakespeare ' s text are foregrounded and accentuated, and any sense of heroism stripped away. In particular, Shakespeare ' s parodic presentation of the French army is pushed to absurdity in order to highlight the rhetorical construction of ' the enemy ' . The essay explores the influence of geography on the use of history in drama, and brings the arguments of other essays in this volume up to the present day, suggesting why the topic of dramatized history continues to be important.


The results of modeling of helminth infection using the example of Azov Roach were investigated. The relationship between the outbreak of ligulosis and the solar activity and the presence of chaotic nature of «host parasite» system are showed


Ensemble prediction systems at the convective scale are often under‐dispersive. In order to alleviate this problem, a time‐lagged ensemble can be created from ensemble forecasts initialized at different production times. While an equal‐weight combination of lagged forecasts generally provides competitive results, this article introduces and discusses the efficiency of an objective weighting. The proposed approach is based on nonlinear Bayesian filtering, and the weights are determined online for each member according to the observation likelihood.


IN MANY CASES, law enforcement is likely to come into contact with individuals who possess a long history of criminal involvement (Kennedy, 1997). Police may express frustration over apprehending criminals only to see them walking the streets a month later, sometimes referred to as the "revolving door" of the justice system. It is no secret that a majority of offenders will be rearrested for new crime after release; roughly one-half to two-thirds will recidivate (i.e., be rearrested) within three years (Langan & Levin, 2002; Pew Center on the States, 2011). In an evaluation of Boston's Operation Ceasefire, researchers found that a small number of youth were responsible for a disproportionate amount of violent crime (Braga, Kennedy, Waring, & Piehl, 2001). Specifically, 1 percent of youth (often gang-affiliated) were responsible for up to 60 percent of all youth homicides. Up to 50 percent of these offenders, as well as many victims, were under probation or parole supervision at the time of the crime (Braga, 2008a). Similar trends have been found in other cities. Researchers of homicide in Lowell, Massachusetts, report that 44 percent of offenders and 18 percent of victims were under probation supervision at the time of the crime (Braga, Pierce, McDevitt, Bond, & Cronin, 2008). Further, 94 percent of homicide offenders had served time in an adult or juvenile correctional institution and 89 percent had served former probation terms. Looking to the West Coast, a study of Stockton, California, described a similar trend (Braga, 2008b). Forty-five percent of homicide offenders had served a prior term of probation, and 40 percent were actively under probation supervision at the time of the offense. Looking at victims, 41 percent had served a prior term of probation, while 24 percent were under community supervision at the time of their death. Though these figures are based on the most violent of crimes (i.e., murder), the larger reality that a small proportion of youth and young adults are responsible for a majority of crime, consistent with the developmental/life-course criminological theories (Laub & Sampson, 2006; Moffitt, 2006), has distinct implications for law enforcement and community corrections. Namely, if a large majority of these former offenders are under community supervision, the fact that their crimes are committed without intervention speaks to a gap in the criminal justice system to detect and intervene accordingly. Over the last two decades, several agencies across the country have moved to address this gap between agencies and initiated various programs (such as Boston's Operation Night Light) to harness the collaborative potential of law enforcement and community corrections agencies (Katz & Bonham, 2009). The primary assumption of these programs is that both entities possess distinct intelligence and resources that if combined should better address, prevent, or intervene in the violence perpetuated by this criminogenic population. Despite the potential, police-probation/parole partnerships continue to be highly individualized and informal. Additionally, many authors have cited various dangers inherent in such partnerships, including stalking horse incidents, organizational lag, mission distortion, and mission creep (Kim, Gerber & Beto, 2010; Murphy & Lutze, 2009; Murphy & Worrall, 2007). This review begins with a summary of the history of partnerships between law enforcement and probation/parole agencies and continues with discussion of the various types of partnerships, their goals, the current climate of research, and notable problems. From this review, recommendations for policy and practice are presented and discussed.


A rapid and effective method is described for electroporation of Brevibacterium sp. R312, a coryneform strain producing nitrile hydratase and amidase. The transformation efficiency of the method is 108 transformants per μg of plasmid under optimal conditions. Parameters optimised included field strength (11.8 kV cm−1), pulse length (2.4 ms), plasmid DNA concentration (0.25 μg ml−1 and cell density (1010 cells ml−1). Surprisingly, the transformation efficiency did not vary with the growth stage, in contrast to results in the literature. A shuttle vector was constructed containing several unique cloning sites down-stream of the SP6 RNA polymerase promoter.


Live video analytics need to adapt the optimal configuration to achieve the requirements for various videos of environments. Prior works for adaptation suffer from the accuracy drop due to the large overhead and incorrect estimation. We present FAST, a Feature-based Adaptation SysTem, for immediate and accurate adaptation in live video analytics. To overcome limitations of prior works, we leverage the intermediate feature of the task. Intermediate features enable fine-grained adaptation and ambiguity distinction, which leads to reducing the frame size to be transmitted and increasing the accuracy. We design end-to-end systems for two representative tasks (object detection and heartrate measurement) to verify the benefits of the intermediate features. Evaluations show FAST achieves up to 6.95 x lower average frame size and 2.69 x higher accuracy compared to state-of-the-art adaptation.


Received on: 07.06.2018 Revised on: 15.09.2018 Accepted on: 17.09.2018 Bee venom is a complex mixture of proteins, peptides and low molecular components. Nowadays its components have been characterized, the therapeutic application of bee-venom has been well investigated against Gramnegative and Gram-positive bacteria. To determine antibacterial activity of bee venom against Multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii locally isolates. Bee venom was assessed for their antibacterial activity against four Multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii bacterial strains by using MIC depends on resazurin stain, well diffusion methods and Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) generation test. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of BV were determined with values (31.25 mg/ml) and bee venom can inhibit the growth of MDR Acinetobacter baumannii and may be one of the killing mechanisms by Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) production which lead to DNA destruction. Bee venom had antibacterial activities against MDR Acinetobacter baumannii which confirms the previous work that suggested that bee venom can inhibit growth and survival of some bacterial strains.


The effect of a nonuniform magnetic field on the rate of production of fermion pairs by a constant electric field is investigated. It is shown that, in quantum electrodynamics, the stimulation of e/sup +/e/sup -/ pair production by a strong magnetic field is an essentially topological effect that is determined by the magnetic-field flux. The effect of a longitudinal magnetic field on the Zener current in the two-band model of tunnel phenomena in semiconductors is examined. The effect of boundaries on the probability of pair production by an electric field is discussed.


We compare momentum sum rules from unpolarized electroproduction and the spin sum rule for g 1 in polarized electroproduction, and their Q 2 evolution in the framework of the operator product expansion. Second order effects in α s are included. We show that in comparing the evolution of the spin sum rule with the momentum sum rule one is not overly sensitive to using first or second order, even when going to the extreme low Q 2 limit in which gluons carry no momentum. Our results show that in that limit there is no need to include any contribution of strange quarks.


The more dancers know their bodies, the more accomplished they can become. "Experiential Anatomy in Dance" "Technique": "Eight Skeletal Explorations "will help instructors develop class material that allows their students to improve their understanding of their bodies--and their ability to make educated choices about their movements while becoming more dynamic and versatile dancers. This DVD offers a basic understanding of human anatomy for instructors and students who have not had any anatomy or kinesiology courses. At the same time, it offers those who have had or do teach anatomy courses an opportunity for a deeper investigation and review of anatomical structures and how those structures affect movement. "Experiential Anatomy in Dance Technique "explores eight body areas: shoulder joint; scapula; hip joint; knee joint; spine; rib cage; tibia and fibula; and ankle, tarsus, and toes. For each area, the DVD features an instructor who - identifies skeletal and anatomical features using a model skeleton, - leads students in locating the anatomical features on themselves or on a partner, - demonstrates movement explorations focusing on that body area, and - choreographs phrases that explore that particular body area. The DVD contains lessons with phrases and exercises for each body area. Instructors can choose any body part and select any part of the lesson plan at any time. The DVD also includes a tutorial on getting the most out of the DVD, alternative camera angles, commentary on how and why the phrases were created to promote greater anatomical understanding, and PDFs with suggested readings to enhance understanding. "Experiential Anatomy in Dance Technique "is a great tool for instructors, dancers, choreographers, and others interested in dance. Its detailed instruction and exploration of the body will help instructors enliven their classes, resulting in students' learning to make intelligent decisions about how to train and move.


The roof of the steel-making workshop is complex.The design difficulties of the hanged pipe storm-water drainage system in steeling works are discussed.It also can be used for reference in the similar engineering.


This
work was supported by the Director, Office of Science, Of-
fice of Basic Energy Sciences, Materials Science Division of
the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No.
DE-AC03-76SF00098. The LLO work was performed at the
UC Berkeley Integrated Materials Laboratory which was
supported in part by the National Science Foundation. C.J.G.
and M.C.R. were supported by the Australian Synchrotron
Research Program, funded by the Commonwealth of Australia
via the Major National Research Facilities Program.
SSRL was supported by the Office of Basic Energy Sciences
of the U.S. Department of Energy.


This paper summarizes the present state of preparing bulk nanostructured materials from SPD, ways in common use and the principle. And it is discussed that three circumstances should be achieved. Based on the above the application and the existent problem of SPD are discussed in this paper.


Wide field single neuron activation on primary neurons was achieved by wavefront shaping-enabled multimode fiber-based optogenetics. The capability through intact skull layer opens a new horizon for noninvasive single neuron optogenetics at depths.


Preventive paediatrics has been the forerunner of all medicine and even of the most ancient forms of healing by witchcraft and theocracy. The main concerns of the parents for their infants, growing from one of the deepest instincts in all animal species-nourishment, protection against heat and cold, warning of dangerconstitute the primitive form of prevention against scourges and threats especially dangerous to young children. And advances that have taken place are due to the handing down from generation to generation of actions and methods found by experience to be the most efficacious. Since the dawn of history, in ancient Eg-yptian medicine, thirty centuries before our time, there are papyrus records of investigations on the quality of the milk for infant feeding. From the beginnnings of humanity the problem of infant rearing has been paramount. The situation has changed only for a small part of the population of the world, and it is amazing that the inhabitants of the wealthy nations have only recently and with surprise recognised the fact that the problems of hunger and nutrition remain to this day the major ones to be solved for the human race, and for children in particular. We do not intend to stress the fact that -_


In one sense. The Great Law of Peace, a document of the Iroquois nations - the Mohawks, the Seneca, the Cayuga, the Oneida, and the Onondaga - appears to be merely a straightforward and uncomplicated text about the relations between nations. The Great Law, which is at least five hundred years old (and possibly much older), is composed of 117 wampum that codify a number of inter-nation (al) matters of the Iroquoian people.1 It therefore parallels many contemporary treaties, conventions, or charters. Wampum 72 through to 92, in particular, codify the principles of international relations and war. "When the War of the Five Nations on a foreign rebellious nation is ended," wampum 87 reads, "peace shall be restored to that nation by a withdrawal of all their weapons of war by the War Chief." Wampum 71 establishes the procedures for emigration: "When a person or family belonging to the Five Nations desires to abandon their Nation and the territory of the Five Nations they shall inform the chiefs of their Nations and the Council of the League of Five Nations shall take notice of it." Wampum 36 through to 41 establish the selection procedures and functions of the war chiefs. Interestingly, when contrasted with the United Nations Charter, with its emphasis on collective security, some of the provisions of the Great Law appear to be harsh. Wampum 85, for example, declares that "[w]henever a war against a foreign nation is pushed until that nation is about exterminated ... all their rights, property, and territory shall become the property of the Five Nations." A more careful perusal of The Great Law of Peace, however, reveals that many essential and fundamental aspects of life are covered in


This editorial is a bittersweet one for me. I am incredibly proud of the six articles in this issue. They are provocative and compelling, and offer new knowledge of performance. Taken together, along with the other articles in this year's volume, they offer us innovative and exciting understandings of how live performance travels and matters, and what it means. This issue also is perhaps one of the most global I have ever edited – the authors look at performance in Africa, Asia, Europe and South America – demonstrating that as a field we are increasingly aware of the limitations of the national study. Each article illustrates the pleasures, risks and rewards when different cultures intersect through the medium of live performance.


We read with interest the results of the prospective study by Hopkins et al. (1) which collected data on quality of life (QOL), including pain and mood disorders, after thoracotomy versus VATS resection. The authors conclude that VATS and thoracotomy patients had similar late QOL outcomes.


Reviews the laying, repair and maintenance of telegraph and cable systems, at one time 86 submarine cables, between Puget Sound and Alaska 1901-60. Failures due to entanglement by whales, bruising and mauling by anchors and fishing trawls and various destructive effects of geologic agents on the sea floor are noted. In straits on the continental shelf and upper continental slope, cable failures are attributed primarily to chafe by bottom currents and, off the mouths of major streams, to turbidity currents and gravitational slides. Cable repair data for 1903-58 are tabulated, showing reported causes. Some cables at depths of 1000-1500 fathoms on the continental margin cross at least 40 major canyons, but have never failed because of turbidity currents; this indicates a lapse of 2000, possibly 5000 yr since such currents occurred in this region.


Characterization of brain infarct lesion in rodent models of stroke is crucial to assess the outcome of stroke therapies and to study the disease pathophysiology. However, so far it has been mostly performed by: 1) histological methods, a time-consuming process that lead to significant flaws and tissue distortion; or 2) via MRI imaging, which is faster, yielding 3D information but at high costs. High-resolution micro-CT imaging became, in the last decade, a simple, fast, and cheaper solution, allowing 3D analysis of samples. Here, we describe that high-resolution micro-CT, either using iodine/OsO4 as contrast agents, can be successfully applied for fine quantification and localization of lesion size and edema volume in preclinical stroke models. We successfully correlated this new approach with the standard histological method TTC. In transient MCAO mouse stroke model, we were able to identify/quantify large lesioned areas (segmented in core and penumbra), up to degenerated finer striatal myelinated fibers in a transient ischemic attack (TIA) mouse model, at different timepoints post-ischemia, through manual and automatic segmentation approaches (deep learning). Furthermore, 3D reconstructions of the whole brain allow for brain atlas co-registration of the specific affected brain areas. Hence, the presented methodology, through iodine/OsO4 micro-CT imaging, constitutes a valuable advance in tools for precise and detailed assessment of stroke outcomes in preclinical animal studies.


In this paper, we examine privacy implications within vehicular ad-hoc networks, specifically looking at DSRC. By looking at different possible applications for VANETs, we get an idea for the consequences of a privacy breach within VANETs. We examined the DSRC protocol stack for potential privacy violations, and found privacy violating messages within those standards. We also address general attacks on privacy such as location tracking and correlating pseudonyms. Finally, we examine proposed schemes for preserving privacy within VANETs.


Nanostructured materials and bulk metallic glasses are relatively new classes of engineering materials that have promise for unique metals applications. However, both these materials suffer from limited room temperature ductility in unconfined loading geometries. In this work, we present three experimental rules that we have observed to be necessary to toughen bulk metallic glasses. We reason that adaptations to these rules may provide the solution for toughening nanostructured composites and other brittle materials.


The section of the Carboniferous in Southeastern Oklahoma was discussed from the base upward and the Ouachita Mountain section was compared with the section in the Arbuckle Mountains and the Ardmore Basin. Overthrusting in the Ouachitas is not believed to be on the grand scale postulated by other workers who have studied the area. Much of the postulated overthrusting is not overthrusting but is the result of recumbent folds. It is believed the overthrusting force came from the southeast and the Clarita uplift with others is used as an illus-tration showing the direction of thrusting. The origin of the Caney boulders is believed to be from eroding highlands adjacent to the depres-sion in which they are now found, such as John's Valley, Ti Valley, etc. The glacial origin of these boulders is scorned. The close check in thick-ness of sediments in the Ouachita Mountains and in the Ardmore Basin was shown on columnar sections and is considered as evidence indicating connecting seaways. The Jackfork is stressed as being in part the equivalent of the Atoka and the two formations are indistinguishable in the outcrop and in the few well samples available in southeastern Oklahoma. One of the chief arguments for long distance thrusting has been the dissimilarity between the Ouachita Mountain rocks and those of the Arbuckle Mountains. It is maintained that actually the same lithology and fossils may be duplicated in certain parts of the two sections.


. The role that trade logistics influence son volume and value of international trade and the extent to which poor quality logistics constitute a barrier to trade are determined. An-alyzed various impacts of logistics quality, infrastructure and customs procedure son transportation costs. This study confirms strong impact of logistics quality on trade according the World Bank's Logistics Performance Index. Improvement the quality of logistics services is as-sociated with trade growth and exports. Building capacity to connect to global logistic networks of firms, suppliers and consumers is a primary issue in development of international trade where predictability and reliability become even more important than costs.


Cities throughout the United States are experiencing a dramatic rise in the number of homeless persons. Who are the homeless? How many homeless persons are there in America? What policies and programs for the homeless have and should be implemented at the federal, state and local levels? This collection of articles, reports and case studies brings together a vari-ety of perspectives to help answer these questions. The materials include discussions on the political ramifications of the issue, the changing mass media images, and the many sources of homelessness. Estimates by the De-partment of Housing and Urban Development and others of the number of homeless persons are presented. Three specific population subgroups--the traditional Skid Row population, the deinstitutionalized mentally ill, and homeless women and children--are examined in detail. Finally, case studies and resource materials about existing and proposed policies and programs are included as models for local and state action. This collection brings together a diverse group of authors including Kim Hopper, Chester Hartman, Donald Bogue, Thomas J. Main, H. Richard Lamb, Patri-cia Cayo Sexton, and other experts from the fields of Anthropology, Plan-ning, Political Science, Psychiatry, Sociology, and Social Work. Not only is the book of vital interest to state and local officials, it is well suited to be a textbook in urban planning, sociology, and policy analysis courses examin-ing current social issues. I. Images of the homeless II. Background and politics III. The importance of numbers IV. Who are the homeless and why? V. Solutions to the problem VI. Resources


From the Publisher:
Build dynamic, database-driven Web sites with Java technologies—step by step!

The first book to cover the entire process of building Java-based Web sites
Focuses on the most powerful open source tools for enterprise Web development
JSP, JDBC, and JavaBeans: practical Java server-side solutions
Covers Apache, Tomcat, and PostgreSQL installation, configuration, and use
Includes comprehensive case study using powerful Java design patterns

Now, there's a start-to-finish guide to using Java and open source technologies to create cost-effective, scalable Web sites. In JSP and Java, Art Taylor presents real-world scenarios and code examples that leverage today's key Java and open source technologies—including JSP, JavaBeans, the Apache HTTP server, Tomcat JSP/servlet server, and the PostgreSQL database.

Taylor begins by introducing Java-based Web sites: their advantages, key components, and architectural attributes. Then, using powerful Java design patterns, he constructs a complete Web site using Java and open source tools—presenting extensive, carefully documented code examples throughout. JSP and Java covers:

Apache Web server and the Jakarta-Tomcat application server: installation, integration, and use
Building JavaServer Pages and deploying them on the Tomcat server
Installing and configuring the Apache Web server, the world's most popular HTTP server
Leveraging the strengths of Apache and Tomcat to maximize application scalability and stability
Working with data stored in PostgreSQL databases—including detinstallation and configuration guidance
Extensive code examples for building and deploying custom JSP tags and a discussion group application

JSP and Java is the first book to cover all the technologies needed to build Java-based Web sites. If you're ready to achieve the full promise of enterprise Web development, this is the book you've been searching for.


Is it worthwhile to criticize comparative psychology because it fails to follow the criteria of ethology? Is it fair to criticize ethology because it is something different from comparative psychology? In recent years the working behaviorists have sustained a chorus of complaints directed at both comparative psychology and ethology. The criticism cannot be dismissed as irrelevant, because it is coming from the ranks of the behaviorists themselves. The credentials of the critics, in a word, are as impeccable as the credentials of those being criticized. Criticism, as Mencken' said, is a fine art, or nothing. Thus we can demand that critics be original, have good taste, possess a flair for expressing ideas, and be well-read in their criticized subjects (the latter above all other desiderata). How shall the contemporary critics of comparative psychology and ethology be rated? Well, they do indeed exhibit exemplary taste. Likewise, they have executed their complaints with flair. But they are not very original; in fact, hardly more so than Conwy Lloyd Morgan when he attacked comparative psychology some 90 years ago.' And they are uninformed on two accounts: first, they don't know much about the history (and therefore the definitions) of the disciplines they criticize; and second, they appear to know little about what today's scholars are doing in the historical analyses of comparative psychology and ethology. Over the past several decades I have been much intrigued by the perspicacious naggings of such outstanding behavioral workers as B e a ~ h , ~ ' ~ Lehrman,' and L o ~ k a r d . ~ ,7 I have often thought I would like to reply to them, but time passed quickly and I hesitated. Perhaps I was afraid to challenge such prominent spokesmen. Perhaps I did not dare to come right out and say that they had made many mistakes and displayed much ignorance in their often-cited papers. I am still not prepared to issue a searching critique, but I believe that the time is near when somebody must; and should I lack the ability or courage to write the critique myself, I can at least suggest some points that should be covered. In the meantime I have a few preliminary remarks, historical in tone, that I would like to make to this audience. I will preface these by saying this: it is not true that the study of behavior in the laboratory was begun by academic psychologists, while the study of behavior under natural conditions was started by zoologists. I believed this once, when I was taking those four lecture courses from Eckhard Hess. But since then I've taken other interesting courses from other interesting teachers, have explored history and the historians, and have written a few things myself. From whatever vantage point this gives me, I can make the following five statements.


Lola (Trochus niloticus) is one of the largest size sea snail that live in coral reef at Indo Pacific region and Indonesia including Saparua Island. In a few recent years, lola population in Saparua Island tends to decline due to its exploitation for industrial need. This work aimed to estimate the density, biomass, and sistribution pattern of lola snail population in Saparua Island, Central Molluccas. Transects strip method was applied to collect the snail samples. Each transect was 100 meters long and two meters wide, which were divided into ten segments (10 m × 2 m), and laid perpendicular to the coast line started from the lowest tide level to the open sea. This study showed that average density of lola snail in Saparua Island is 620 individu/ha, with total biomass is 4.15 ton/ha. In Nolloth, lola snail have the highest density as well as the biomass, whilst in Ullath it shows the lowest density. The further down from the lowest tide level, the larger its shell diameter, and this relation can be expressed by y = –2.118 + 0.053x (r2 = 0.879). Morisita dispersion index revealed that the distribution pattern of lola snail is clumped.


Many Pacific Island economies have found it difficult to achieve sustained economic growth and hence sustained growth in living standards. This is despite very high per capita inflows of external finance, in the form of both overseas aid and remittances. Consequently, many external assessments and a growing minority of internal opinion are critical of this apparently poor performance. Questions have been raised both about the viability of some Pacific economies and about the appropriate policy responses. This chapter 1) assesses how well Pacific economies are performing and identifies two analytical biases in recent assessments relative to other economies of comparative size and characteristics, 2) seeks to better understand Pacific economies, using GIS modelling to help visualise and identify factors contributing to national and regional differences in Pacific economies, and identifying data bias problems in donor and National System Accounts data (missing or under-estimated food production, contributions of citizens overseas), and 3) discusses the implications for future research and donor approaches to supporting Pacific nation economies and the Millennium Development Goals especially of reducing poverty.


Characteristic p multizeta values were initially studied by Thakur, who defined them as analogues of classical multiple zeta values of Euler. In the present paper we establish an effective criterion for Eulerian multizeta values, which characterizes when a multizeta value is a rational multiple of a power of the Carlitz period. The resulting "t-motivic" algorithm can tell whether any given multizeta value is Eulerian or not. We also prove that if zeta_A(s_1,...,s_r) is Eulerian, then zeta_A(s_2,...,s_r) has to be Eulerian. When r=2, this was conjectured (and later on conjectured for arbitrary r) by Lara Rodriguez and Thakur for the zeta-like case from numerical data. Our methods apply equally well to values of Carlitz multiple polylogarithms at algebraic points and zeta-like multizeta values.


To make the management of automotive electronic features more intuitive and provide more theoretical basis for change and development of products,the authors designed an advanced product line based on Matlab Graphical User Interface(GUI) programming.In practice,the management of advanced product line is more intuitive and scientific than traditional management,meanwhile,it is helpful to automotive industry of China.


Abstract This study explores the effects of love deprivation on violent delinquency among juvenile probationers. In the elaboration of this relationship we introduce variables of interest to sociologists (class, race, substance abuse) and variables of interest to psychologists (IQ and family size and intactness). Love deprivation emerged as the most useful predictor of violent delinquency, followed by race, class, and substance abuse. IQ and family size and intactness were not significantly related to violent delinquency in the regression model. However, low IQ children were highly overrepresented in our sample in comparison to the normal distribution of IQ levels.


This paper presents an analysis of the presence and potential of a postphenomenology as a research method in human-computer interaction (HCI). Specifically, we introduce Rosenberger's method of variational cross-examination; an empirical approach that explores technological mediation through a critical comparison of multiple stabilities of a given technological artifact. With this outset, we revisit and analyze two existing HCI projects, a shape-changing bench and digitized sticky notes, and illustrate how a postphenomenological perspective may supplement these projects. Based on this analysis, we highlight the strengths and benefits of a postphenomenological approach to HCI research. Finally, we propose strategies for applying such an approach in future research.


In the framework of a project funded and implemented in 2003 in the Bamba region (Northern Mali) by the "French Scientific Committee on Desertification", I have undertaken a research on the perceptions by various stakeholders of the natural environment dynamics for the past 20 years. This has been done in order to accompany projects on natural resource management in the area. For that purpose I have used two complementary research methods: (i) I asked each surveyed stakeholder to give me the key-words which came to his/her mind, classified by importance, to qualify his/her present and natural environment, the drivers of the changes if any, and the actions to be implemented for a better future; (ii) I then asked them to hand-draw a map representing their present environment. The results are as follow: while the survey outputs seem to be strongly impacted by the main discourse on desertification and climate change and are focused on the deforestation and the silting up of the Niger, the hand-drawn mapping better reveals the environmental concerns of all the stakeholders and particularly of the more marginalized such as the women, Bella or Touareg. However, although better at revealing these concerns, the use of the hand-drawn mapping shows methodological limitations, particularly when used with marginalized social groups. Its usefulness is also questionable when it comes to understand the power relationship and the priority actions for natural resource management to be pursue.


Minimally invasive ultrasonic surgery is the most recent field of application of ultrasound in medicine. Due to the principle of ultrasonic surgery (direct cutting, cavitation, fragmentation and thermal damage), the irreversible changes in tissues and organs are reported. The aim of thies study has been to optimize construction of an endoscopic contact ultrasonic probe (ECUP) with respect to some specific technical, medical and operational/ergonomic requirements. On the basis of the theoretical model, the ECUP was constructed and verified through extensive experiments. The ECUP has been realized as a rod-type resonant vibrating system, consisting of a half-wave lenght transducer of piezoceramic material, and a resonant wave-guide in the form of a specially shaped velocity transformer. Special attention has been paid to the electroacoustical characteristics of the transducer as well as of the specially shaped wave guide. Neurosurgical treatments of brain tumors can result with damage to healthy tissue (because of focussing of high-energy ultrasound). In order to avoid this the 2D and 3D simulation of ultrasound field in the human scull was developed. To check the precision of simulation the measurements on real scull were carried out. The ECUP was tested in clinical applications (more then 40 patients were succefully operated).


The paper presents as background several graphs referred to (delta, D) digraphs including the Hypercube and de Bruijn. It shows the major disadvantages when implementing these topologies on chip interconnection networks. Then, the paper presents the "Small-World Heuristic" (SWH), which aims to find a network topology for a large number of nodes that has a maximum out degree and a small diameter, while maintaining an acceptable level of connectivity. It is proposed that this heuristic can be used to determine a compromise between Hypercube and de Bruijn when implementing networks on FPGA or in VLSI.


Hostile social environments can have detrimental impacts on lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) youth. Considering the profession's commitment to social justice and person-in-environment perspectives, social workers are well positioned to promote not only the internal capacity of LGBTQ youth but also the capacity of their social ecologies to better support them. This article suggests the relevance of a social ecological framework of resilience to social work practice with LGBTQ youth. Findings of the author's grounded theory study, along with other relevant literature, are used to specify elements in applying this framework to working with LGBTQ youth. A youth case will be discussed to inform interventions that can be employed across the micro, mezzo, and macro levels of practice.


Past studies on automatic traffic incident detection have mainly focused on the incidents on freeways, which are controlled-access roads. There are not many works on urban traffic incident detection. In addition, the traffic data used in detecting an incident are still mostly collected from fixed sensors such as loop detectors. With the advances in mobile sensing and vehicular technology, it is foreseeable that mobile sensors will be used increasingly in the near future. In fact, traffic data will be collected directly by vehicles. Detecting traffic incidents in an urban road network with the traffic data collected by mobile sensors poses several challenges. First, the urban roads are uncontrolled-access roads, which are typically full of flow-disruptive entities such as traffic signals, intersections, crossings, bus stops, etc. These entities can disrupt the traffic flow in a similar way that an incident does, making it more difficult to detect an incident. Second, it is still not clear which traffic variables, collected by mobile sensors, can be used in detecting an incident in an urban environment. In this paper, we investigate and identify the traffic variables that are effective in detecting an incident in an urban road network. Particularly, speed, acceleration, lane-change ratio and travel time are studied. The results show that these four traffic variables are generally effective for traffic incident detection. However, among the four variables, the least effective one is the travel time.


Equations are obtained that make it possible to determine the amplitudes of deformations during milling of parts on turning-and-boring machines, which make it possible to control the accuracy and roughness of the processing of parts. Equations were also obtained for determining the root-mean-square values of the vibration velocities and the real part of the deformations of the tool (slider), taking into account the effective loss coefficient of vibrational energy and natural vibration frequencies.


The study aimed to understand welcoming patients practices in a dentistry teaching clinic. It is a holistic single-case study with a qualitative approach. Twenty patients were interviewed following an open-ended script containing problematizing topics trying to connect bioethical principles to subjective devices of care: expanded concept of health and illness, intersubjectivity, co-responsibility, and quality of life. The discursive practices analyzed showed that the bond between students and patients of the teaching clinic is established in a construction mediated by the long training time. Co-responsibility is related with the intersubjective constructions in the care, being the actors of the process both the students and the patients. When claiming to feel free to give an opinion on their treatment, they also express a position of reduced autonomy, as they consider that it is not necessary to give it. As a reflection of the fragmentation of the care in the teaching clinics, much silencing emerges from these relations of power and care. It is believed that that the importance of practices that unlink themselves from strictly technical functions and invest in the speaking and listening processes is clear. In an untiring search for empathy and bond as the most powerful health technologies for the treatment, they reaffirm the autonomy of the people in the construction of their itineraries of care and human dignity as a core value of the practice of health.


Water pollution through loss of topsoil from farmland continues to be a major problem, despite nearly 50 years of providing farmers technical and financial assistance for soil and water conservation. The technology for controlling erosion and water pollution is available, but farmers have been slow in implementing control practices. Past research has shown that farmers tend to be unaware of the seriousness of the erosion problem on their own operations. Using a random sample of farmers from central Iowa, the relationship is examined between awareness of a soil erosion problem and the use of conservation tillage. Results indicate that awareness of a soil erosion problem effects the use of conservation tillage, and that awareness can be enhanced by experiential educational strategies such as the development and implementation of a soil and water conservation plan.


Remote sensing image scene classification is one of the key points in remote sensing image interpretation. The traditional remote sensing image scene classification feature performance is not strong, and the deep learning extraction semantic feature process is complex. This paper proposes a fusion feature remote sensing image scene classification method which is based on artificial features and deep learning semantic features. Firstly, the SURF feature of the remote sensing image is extracted and encoded by the VLAD algorithm. The semantic feature of a remote sensing image is extracted by transfer learning. Then the feature reduction is performed by PCA algorithm and feature fusion is performed. Finally, the scene classifier is trained by using the random forest algorithm. The experimental results show that the classification accuracy and Kappa coefficient of this method are higher and the method is effective.


The main focus of this chapter is to explore the concept "organisational commitment". The discussion includes the following aspects: theoretical background; definition of the concept; adopted model for this study, dimensions of organisational commitment; development of organisational commitment; factors affecting the employees' commitment; the effects of commitment; and the management of organisational commitment.


In spite of great achievements made in the study of ci poetry in the Ming and Qing dynasties,no research has been done on the history of remarks on ci poetry in this period. Also,there are few studies on the compilation of these remarks. Motives for compiling remarks on ci poetry fall into 9categories. Some compilers were motivated by collecting materials for conversations; some by providing documents for future generations; some by promoting a certain theory; some by teaching later generations how to compose ci poems; some by attracting public attention to their friends' works; some by fame and wealth; some by doing academic researches on ci poetry; some by disseminating a certain literary idea; and some by publicizing the local culture of a certain prefecture or city. Different compiling motives give rise to different compiling types. Some compilers record what they have seen and heard or give their own understandings of ci poetry; some collect different kinds of literature on ci poetry; and some make adjustments to existing works on remarks on ci poetry.


A vehicle brake apparatus causes the brake control ECU to shut down control of the slave cylinder and the master cut valve (32, 33) in a failure mode in which the slave cylinder (42) becomes inoperative due to a failure in the power supply (71), thereby allowing a brake fluid pressure generated by a master cylinder through operation of the brake pedal to actuate the wheel cylinder. The brake control ECU shuts down control of the slave cylinder and the master cut valve when the first monitoring device (M1) detects a failure in the power supply and the second monitoring device (M2) detects an interruption of the communication between the brake control ECU and other vehicle control devices (73, 74, 75) that are provided independently of the brake control ECU. Accordingly, the situation that the control of a braking device is unnecessarily stopped due to a contemporary failure of the power supply can be reliably prevented.


The goal of the report was to create an evaluation tool and documentation system to use for worker training program follow-up for the Southwest Minnesota Private Industry Council (PIC). PIC provides occupational skills training for dislocated workers, unemployed people on public assistance, and youth. This project was conceived to provide PIC with data on program effectiveness to make the organization stand out in grant applications and in reports to county commissioners and other stakeholders. The electronic version of the report that can be downloaded from this page as a 'zipped' file includes the report, as well as the evaluation tools and documentation for the follow-up system in the form of MS Excel files.


Given the time lapse images of human Neuro Stem Cells (hNSC) marked by fluorescent proteins, that are obtained from a confocal laser microscope, we present algorithms to identify, segment, track, and estimate statistical parameters of the cells. The structure of these cells are quite complex and irregular, which makes segmentation and tracking even more challenging. We use a novel combination of Difference of Gaussians and a variant of the Watershed algorithm to segment cells accurately. Our tracking algorithm can identify not only the temporal path of the cells but also events like cell divisions and deaths. Our system is robust, efficient, completely automatic, and removes many drawbacks faced by earlier solutions. We also propose the first geometric algorithm that uses Delaunay triangulation, to find the number of the branches of the cells, which is an important biological feature.


AppShipment is a multiplatform application, which aims to provide an alternative to
the process of Shipment. Collaborative economies base this application to offer to
natural people the maximum use of their goods, to provide services to the community
to obtain any economic remuneration. Mobile and web technologies allow to exploit
this alternative given its easy accessibility and portability, which is common in the
real technological context thus, describe a solution as an optimal and innovative way.


Studies involving performance of corrosion inhibitors had been identified as one of the critical research needs for improving the durability of concrete structures. This paper investigates the effect of synergy on the performance of potassium chromate, sodium nitrite and aniline as inhibitors on the corrosion of steel-rebar in concrete in sodium chloride medium. The corrosion monitoring technique of the open circuit potential was employed for specimens of steel-reinforced concrete, with different synergistic admixtures of K2Cr2O7, K2CrO4, NaNO2 and Aniline, partially immersed in the marine simulating environment. Interpretation of the statistical modelling of the experimental results, for each of the synergistic concentrations of inhibitor admixtures studied, was done using ASTM C876. The modelled ranking from these predicted the synergistic combination of 3.0g (0.064 M) K2Cr2O7 + 4.5g (0.145M) K2CrO4 + 3.0g (0.272M) NaNO2 + 4ml (0.274M) Aniline as exhibiting optimal inhibiting quality on the corrosion of steel-reinforced concrete in the chloride medium considered.


Is shown that the fulfillment of long-wavelength approximation does not guarantee correct introduction of the effective constitutive parameters and for one-dimensional heterogeneous system if one tries to take into account effects of spatial dispersion (retardation on an elementary layer). Is shown that though in one-dimensional periodic medium the effective wavenumber tends to the well-known Rytov's value as the sample thickness tends to infinity whereas the effective characteristic impedance does not tend to any limit at all, exhibiting periodical behavior. This results in strong dependence of the effective constitutive parameters on sample thickness. The deviation of the finite sample values from Rytov's values may achieve 100 percent even in the long-wavelength limit.


Increasing growing of electricity demand and environmental issues bring huge incentives to electric vehicles (EVs) market. High penetration of these vehicles leads to some challenges for the future power system. Specifically, utilizing them in an unscheduled manner will result in distribution network technical issues such as reliability issues, congestion and loss enhancement. In this paper, firstly, a probabilistic modeling of EVs' behavior is achieved. Secondly, reliability-constraint optimum allocation of EVs' parking lots is proposed. To achieve this purpose, a composite objective function is defined. This function contains three significant distribution network reliability indices and used to allocate parking lots by means of enhancing reliability. Finally, the proposed method is implemented on a standard distribution system for RBTS bus 2.


The purpose of this report is to describe the use of vanillic diethylamide (Emivan), a central nervous system stimulant, in the rapid restoration of spontaneous breathing in a patient with prolonged apnea due to barbiturate intoxication. Report of a Case A 35-year-old man was admitted to Jackson Memorial Hospital at 8:00 p.m. on Jan. 5, 1960, in a comatose state, approximately three hours after the ingestion of more than 35 1 1/2-grain (100-mg.) pentobarbital (Nembutal) capsules. In the emergency ward, the patient was comatose, cyanotic, and flaccid. The pulse rate was 80 per minute and respirations were described as slow. Blood pressure was 120/80 mm. Hg. Gastric lavage was carried out and 120 cc. of urine was obtained by catheterization. The patient's blood pressure fell to 80/40 mm. Hg, but returned to normal range after administration of 10 mg. of metaraminol bitartrate. An endotracheal tube was inserted and respirations were


Answers on p 805.

A 45 year old housewife presented with bilateral painful feet. The pain was located over …


Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine students' experiences with a case‐enhanced e‐learning environment in a higher‐education institute.Design/methodology/approach – In total, 67 graduate students volunteered to take part in this experiment. The participants were assigned to treatment groups using tutorial with case‐based learning (CBL) module or comparison groups using tutorial only. They completed a background survey, a technological proficiency survey, a pre‐ and post‐knowledge test, and a learner perception survey of the e‐learning environment.Findings – The present study found a significant increase in the level of domain knowledge in both a tutorial‐only group and a tutorial with CBL module group. The tutorial with CBL group scored significantly higher on learners' perceptions of the e‐learning environment in terms of ease of use, satisfaction, and usefulness. In addition, the results of the use of a CBL module based on individual differences such as gender, degree level, and information...


Deciding how to relate to the Soviet past is a key question in the politics of memory for the societies and political elites of the post-Soviet countries. Throughout the post-Soviet decades Armenian political and intellectual elites tried to form a complex attitude to the Soviet past, neither rejecting, nor appropriating the Soviet legacy completely, but assimilating it within the paradigm of national history. Within this paradigm Soviet Armenia is viewed as a stage in the development of Armenian nationhood, as "the second republic", which links the first "attempt" at building a nation-state, "the first republic" of 1918–1920, to the "3rd republic", i.e. the post-Soviet state of Armenia. This paradigm, in which the Soviet past is neither completely rejected, or accepted, but certain elements of it are integrated into the national history narrative, is optimal for post-Soviet Armenia, given both the peculiarity of Armenia's historical experience (particularly the role played by Russia/USSR in the context of Armenian-Turkish relations), as well as the current geopolitical setting, in which Armenia and Russia are formal allies. This attitude, which can be described as "mnemonic ambiguity", allows the assertion of an independent and sovereign Armenian state as legitimate, while at the same time avoiding a confrontation with an ally in the realm of memory politics.


Aim To study the expression of synaptophysin (p38) after middle artery occlusion/reperfusion in rats and the influence of nerve growth factor(NGF) on p38. Methods 72 adult female rats were divided randomly into 4 groups: false-operated group, natural recovering group, ACSF group, NGF group. The rats received left middle cerebral artery occlusion of 2 h. The sections of the brains which were subjected 6 h and 1,3,7,14,21 days of reperfusion, and were processed by immunohistochemistry with antibody against p38. Results p38 immunoreactivity was increased at 3rd day, reached its peak at 7th day, and returned almost to the controlled level at 21th day. The expression of p38 were not increased after NGF treatment. Conclusions It is suggested that there might be neuroplasticity of regeneration and repairment in central nervous system after stroke. The regulative effect of exogenous NGF on p38 need be further studied.


Sand production is a major challenge for many oil and gas industry operators, especially with unconsolidated reservoirs with weak bonding between the sand grains that enter the wellbore. This can eventually lead to damage to production lines and erosion effects to other surface equipment along with well productivity when drawdown exceeds the critical drawdown pressure. Although several techniques are used globally to combat sand production, most are uneconomical when considering the risk versus reward and the overall effectiveness in controlling sand production.
 An aqueous-based resin consolidation technique was evaluated for application in this case after the mechanical properties of the formation and sanding behavior in the field were estimated to be in the acceptable range for this technique to be applied successfully. An injection test followed by the aqueous-based consolidation treatment was bullheaded into the sand-producing zone resulting in minimal rig up and equipment required to operate. Post-treatment, a curing period allowed the resin to consolidate the coated sand grains.
 Compared to conventional resin, which requires large volumes to coat the near-wellbore region, this treatment used only a small volume of active resin. This effectively coated and cured in the near-wellbore region, providing excellent consolidation strength allowing the well to produce without any sand particles under the same drawdown applied to offset wells in the field.
 A case study is presented in this paper illustrating an effective, cost-efficient, and proven sand control solution for the high potential reservoirs of Libya. This solution can help develop fields that previously suffered from impaired well productivity and required expensive formation sand handling and disposal. Such a solution restored oil production without any considerable effects on the relative permeability of the formation to hydrocarbon or water while maintaining sand consolidation without any further sand production problems.


Significance Programmed cell death 5 (PDCD5) plays a pivotal role in cellular apoptosis. Pathological relevance of PDCD5 is mostly found in human cancers; however, the role of PDCD5 in noncancerous diseases is not fully elucidated. Here we show that mice with endothelial PDCD5 deficiency have elevated serum nitric oxide levels and an atheroprotective effect in blood vessels. In addition, PDCD5 disrupts the HDAC3–protein kinase B (PKB/AKT) interaction and inhibits AKT-eNOS signaling and nitric oxide production in vivo and in vitro. Moreover, serum PDCD5 reflects vascular endothelial status, which is significantly correlated with cardiovascular risk. Our results demonstrate a mechanism of endothelial homeostasis and provide a potential therapeutic target for improving endothelial function. Programmed cell death 5 (PDCD5) has been associated with human cancers as a regulator of cell death; however, the role of PDCD5 in the endothelium has not been revealed. Thus, we investigated whether PDCD5 regulates protein kinase B (PKB/AKT)-endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS)–dependent signal transduction in the endothelium and affects atherosclerosis. Endothelial-specific PDCD5 knockout mice showed significantly reduced vascular remodeling compared with wild-type (WT) mice after partial carotid ligation. WT PDCD5 competitively inhibited interaction between histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3) and AKT, but PDCD5L6R, an HDAC3-binding–deficient mutant, did not. Knockdown of PDCD5 accelerated HDAC3–AKT interaction, AKT and eNOS phosphorylation, and nitric oxide (NO) production in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Moreover, we found that serum PDCD5 levels reflect endothelial NO production and are correlated with diabetes mellitus, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and coronary calcium in human samples obtained from the cardiovascular high-risk cohort. Therefore, we conclude that PDCD5 is associated with endothelial dysfunction and may be a novel therapeutic target in atherosclerosis.


The ion mobility, phase transitions (PTs), and conductivity in (NH4)6KZr4F23 (I) and (NH4)6KHf4F23 (II) have been studied by 1H and 19F NMR, DSC, and impedance spectroscopy. Types of ion motion in the fluorides and ammonium sublattices have been determined in the temperature range 150– 480 K, and their activation energies have been evaluated. Compounds I and II undergo phase transitions in the temperature ranges 400–440 and 419–440 K, respectively, to form high temperature modifications. The high ionic conductivity in (NH4)6KZr4F23 and (NH4)6KHf4F23 (>10 –3 S/cm at 473 K) makes it possible to classify these compounds with superionic conductors. DOI: 10.1134/S0036023615050095 PHYSICAL METHODS OF INVESTIGATION


For carrier-based aircraft scheduling on the carrier flight deck,a path planning method applied to an objective with complex shape was described. To realize local path planning through behavior dynamics,considering the characteristics of the aircraft outline,airplane's shape was specified in Line Segment and convex polygon description was given. In addition besides a method of collision detection and distance calculation was presented. For raising the collision avoidance ability of the algorithm proposed,the generalized symbolic threshold function was used and the behavior of moving to goal was improved. This algorithm was more suitable for the multi-task mode if the navigation angle and velocity dynamics were decoupled. Simulation results indicate that,by using the improved behavior dynamics developed,the local minimum problem in path planning is solved,the path planning of the complex shape objective is realized,and the maneuverability of assignments in the scheduling process can be assured.


This paper describes our submission to SemEval-2023 Task 6, Subtask B, a shared task on performing Named Entity Recognition in legal documents for specific legal entity types. Documents are divided into the preamble and judgement texts, and certain entity types should only be tagged in one of the two text sections. To address this challenge, our team proposes a token classification model that is augmented with information about the document type, which achieves greater performance than the non-augmented system.


The recursive estimation of states or parameters of stochastic dynamical systems with partial and imperfect measurements is generally referred to as filtering. The estimator itself is called the filter. In this dissertation optimal filters are derived for three important classes of nonlinear stochastic dynamical systems. The first class of systems, considered in Chapter II, is that governed by stochastic nonlinear hyperbolic and parabolic partial differential equations in which the dynamical disturbances in the system and in the boundary conditions can be both additive and nonadditive. This class of systems is important for it encompasses a large group of systems of practical interest, such as chemical reactors and heat exchangers. The optimal filter obtained can estimate, not only the state, but also constant parameters appearing at the boundary and in the volume of the system. The computational application of this filter is illustrated in an example of the feedback control of a styrene polymerization reactor. Many physical systems contain time delays in one form or another. Often, this kind of delay system is accompanied by some other processes such as dissipation of mass and energy, fluid mixing, and chemical reaction. In Chapter III within a single framework new optimal filters are obtained for the following classes of stochastic systems: 1. Nonlinear lumped parameter systems containing multiple constant and time-varying delays; 2. Mixed nonlinear lumped and hyperbolic distributed parameter systems; and 3. Nonlinear lumped parameter systems with functional time delays. The performance of the filter is illustrated through estimates of the temperatures in a system consisting of a well-stirred chemical reactor and an external heat exchanger. In Chapter IV filtering equations are derived for a completely general class of stochastic systems governed by coupled nonlinear ordinary and partial differential equations of either first order hyperbolic or parabolic type with both volume and boundary random disturbances. Thus, the results of Chapter III can be shown to be a special case of those obtained in Chapter IV. A related important concept to filtering is observability. For deterministic linear lumped parameter systems, observability refers to the ability to recover some prior state of a dynamical system based on partial observations of the state over some period of time. Under certain conditions, observability of the corresponding deterministic system is a sufficient condition for convergence of the optimal linear filter for a linear system with white noise disturbances. In Chapter V the concept of observability and filter convergence is developed for a class of stochastic linear distributed parameter systems whose solutions can be expressed as eigenfunction expansions. Two important questions examined are: (1) the effect of measurement locations on observability, and (2) the optimal location of measurements for state estimation.


The aim of this paper is to examine the influence of urban canyon parameters on its effective albedo. For that purpose the physical urban canyon model was constructed a bricks which enable measurements at horizontal surface, the canyon height (H), width (W) and azimuth changes. Preliminary results show that effective albedo of urban canyon is closely related to the Sun height, the Sun azimuth and ratio between diffuse and direct solar radiation. Effective albedo of the urban canyon with H/W = 1, roof width = 0.5 of W and north – south orientation on sunny days albedo values are about 15 20% lower in comparison with a horizontal surface. The second part of this study contains simulation of effective albedo by Monte Carlo method.