The aim of the present research was to assess the relative importance of systemic induced resistance in the suppression of Fusarium wilt of tomato by non-pathogenic Fusarium oxysporum (Avr5). Effects of one isolate of nonpathogenic F. oxysporum (Avr5) were tested in vitro and in vivo for their efficacy in controlling Fusarium wilt of tomato. Two methods were applied including root-dip-inoculation and soil's infestation method with the F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (FOL). Isolate of nonpathogenic F. oxysporum in vitro did not inhibit radial growth of FOL and had no significant effect on reduction growth of pathogen. At the same time in vivo nonpathogenic F. oxysporum (Avr5) with concentration of 0.1 ml conidial suspensions of 10 conidial/ml per gram soil (100 ml conidia per pot) significantly reduced incidence and severity of Fusarium wilt (62% reduction) compared to the control pathogen. F. oxysporum (Avr5) only colonized the epidermis of tomato's root but was not found in vessels of stems, while the FOL colonized inside of root cells and stems of inoculated plants. Plants inoculated with FOL showed disease symptoms after 3 weeks, whereas plants inoculated with F. oxysporum (Avr5) or a mixture of both fungi remained symptomless for 60 days. In order to induce systemic resistance in tomato plant, three ∗ Corresponding author: firstname.lastname@example.com J. amini and Dzhalilov F. S: Induction of systemic resistance in tomato plants to ... 16 bioassays including split-root, benomyl and cutting systems were used. Results of three bioassays indicated that F. oxysporum (Avr5) is able to induce resistance in tomato plants against FOL. Non-pathogenic F. oxysporum (Avr5) remained spatially separated from the pathogen in plants in the split root bioassay, but in the cutting and benomyl systems F. oxysporum (Avr5) and FOL were separated in time, suggesting that these effects were systemic in nature. It has been concluded that application of nonpathogenic F. oxysporum (Avr5) can be considered as a potential biocontrol agent in next studies.


Angiogenesis is the sprouting of new blood vessels from pre-existing ones. It is an important process during the development of the embryo and the wound healing. The cells at the inner surface of the blood vessels, named endothelial cells (ECs), enter in division phase and create the new blood vessel. This process is induced by growth factors such as the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and the epidermal growth factor (EGF). They are realized in response to different types of stress (hypoxia, cut and other). These growth factors bind to tyrosine kinase receptor like vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) or epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). This bounding activate cascades of signals which then activate angiogenesis. The angiogenesis plays also a key role in some diseases like cancer. In order to grow, tumors need oxygen and nutriments to feed the cancer cells. Such feeding can be done only by blood vessel. Consequently, in this, as well as in other diseases involving angiogenesis, the division of the endothelial cells is upregulated so as to create new blood vessel to feed the cancer cells. This is the driving force behind thousands of studies which took place up to now with the aim to find a solution to downregulate this mechanism of anarchic, uncontrolled and incessant cell proliferation. From this perspective, the objective of this thesis was to study 22 novel anillinoquinazoline compounds. They were chosen because they are tyrosine kinase receptor inhibitors and it has already been proved that they present an inhibiting effect on EGFR. It will be interesting to verify this inhibition for VEGFR, as well. The study was performed by using an in vitro model involving endothelial cells (EA.hy 926) and their proliferation was studied by using an MTT assay. From the 22 compounds tested, it was found that four compounds present a promising impact to the inhibition of cell proliferation. Based on this result, it can also be expected that they present an inhibition action on angiogenesis.


The article estimates the impacts of H R M (human resource management) practices on performance in Oil and Gas Industry in Iran. Confirmatory Factor analysis (CFA) was applied to recognize Human Resource Management (HRM) practices. Questionnaire survey was carried out between January-July 2011. Primary data was collected from a sample of 20 randomly selected companies operating in Oil and Gas Industry in Iran. The companies were chosen from the directory of Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Resource, Government of Iran. Two hundred questionnaires were dispatched to these companies. A total of 175 filled questionnaires were received with a response rate of 87.5%. The respondents were managers in these companies. A total of 175 managers of 20 randomly selected firms from Oil and Gas Industry responded to self-reported questionnaire that measured five HRM practices and subjective measures of financial performance. Regression analysis indicated a positive and statistically significant association of these practices with performance. The study provides insight to management to use these practices as strategic tool for superior performance, and add to the limited empirical knowledge that exists in Iran context. It is hoped that this paper can provide an academic source for both academicians and managers due to investigate the relationship between Human Resource Management Practices and financial Performance in a systematic manner to increase successful rate of Human Resource Management.


The Upper Devonian Antrim Shale is an organic-rich marine shale that provides significant unconventional US. gas reserves. Gas production in June, 1994, reached 315 MMCFD from approximately 3,700 wells. The pmductive trend, which covers 700 square miles, occurs near the formation's northern subcrop in the Michigan Basin. The reservoir is a fractured, algalrich, highly siliceous, pyritic shale with minor interparticle porosity. The productive trend dips basinward at a rate usually less than two degrees. Three primary factors contribute to the un-


Abstract : STUDY OBJECTIVE: Address the Marine Corps capability to provide bulk fuel and water transportation support for Marine Air Ground Task Force (MAGTF) operations: (1) Examine the capability of current equipment and processes to transport bulk fuel and water; (2) Examine the capability of other equipment and processes, not currently employed by the Marine Corps, to transport bulk fuel and water. This brief will focus on the fuel transportation piece of the study.


The quality of water used in both the food industry and for domestic consumption must meet basic requirements for it to be deemed fit for consumption and use. According to Decree No.2, 914 of December 12, 2011of the Ministry of Health, the levels of total and fecal coliforms should be absent from the smoothed samples. The water used for preparing food or even cleaning of equipment can act as via contamination of food with pathogenic microorganisms. In the present study, we found water quality through laboratory analysis for the identification of Total and Fecal coliforms as indicators of fecal contamination of the water used in food production. The analyzes were performed according to standard protocols under Methodological Standard Methods for the examination of water &wastewater, 22thedition,2012.The opinions were based on reference standards according toOrdinanceNo.2,914, of December 12, 2011, the Ministry of Health of 10 samplesanalyzed07areunfit for use, of which07were contaminated by totalcoliformsand03forthermotolerantcoliforms.


(57) Abstract: method of fabricating an organic light emitting device is provided. The method comprises forming a substrate (2) first electrode (4) for the device on at least one polymer layer (6, 8) by self-assembly on the first electrode (4) formed, the device at least a layer of one organic light emitting material (10) on at least one polymer layer (6,8) formed by non-self-assembly, over at least one layer of organic light-emitting material (10) at least a layer of at least one organic light-emitting material second electrode (12) or forms, or on the first electrode for forming other than by self-assembly, on at least one layer of organic light-emitting material one polymer layer was formed by self-assembly, comprising the step of forming a second electrode for the device on at least one polymer layer. The organic light emitting device obtained by the method of the invention is provided.


U.S. CHINA trade relations have been on a fast track since the two countries signed a historic trade agreement in November 1999. That accord culminated nearly 15 years of difficult negotiations and helped pave the way for U.S. congressional approval of permanent normal trade relations with Beijing in 2000. Last year, further agreements in such sensitive sectors as agriculture, retail, and insurance were hammered out, facilitating the deal of all deals: China's entry into the World Trade Organization (WTO). Notwithstanding this success at the bargaining table, the heavy lifting of U.S. trade negotiations will not do much to dent the outsized U.S. trade deficit with China, which topped $8o billion in 2001. While the negotiators were talking, the ground beneath U.S.-China commercial relations was shifting. Over the past decade, shallow links based on trade have been transformed into a more complex relationship shaped by rising U.S. foreign direct investment (FDI) and sales by U.S. foreign affiliates in China. Mirroring the global norm, sales by these affiliates, rather than U.S. exports, have become the preferred way to deliver American products to the Chinese market. As a result, U.S. export figures-which do not count these affiliate sales-understate the true level of commercial engagement between the two countries. Meanwhile, more U.S. multinational corporations are using China as an export platform in the face of unrelenting global competition. An increasing percentage of the products these affiliates export from China is destined for the U.S. market. These goods count as Chinese exports to the United States-even though they are shipped by


Many biological materials, like bone or wood, are hierarchically organized and optimized at all levels for their specific mechanical function. At the lowest level, these materials are fiber composites, where the fiber direction as well as the size of the individual components varies considerably with position inside a given specimen. For bone or wood, some of these parameters can be readily obtained by small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) in a position-resolved way. A scanning-SAXS system based on a pinhole camera with rotating anode and area detector is presented, and first applications to the study of bone and wood are reported.


Diabetes mellitus is a relatively common illness that can complicate pregnancy and result in an increased incidence of congenital malformations. Offspring of diabetic mothers suffering from type IDDM have a fivefold incidence of congenital malformations compared to pregnancies in the general healthy population. Specifically, the pattern of congenital heart disease (CHD) encountered among this group, with an emphasis on abnormalities of laterality, looping and conotruncal septation, suggesting that the maternal metabolic state affects cardiogenesis at a very early stage of the developmental period, prior to 7 weeks of gestation. Although many have been written on the effect of diabetes in pregnant women, less is known for the effects of type II DM and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and its role in provoking CHD.
Aim of this paper is to review the literature regarding the types of CHD seen in offspring of mothers suffering from different types of diabetes mellitus, maternal types 1 and 2 and gestational and to comment on the incidences and any differences found in the types of detected CHD.


The assembly comprises a body (30) having tabs (26) that are each connected to the body (30) by a bendable hinge (32). The body (30) may be either secured to a structural member or trim piece or may be formed integrally from part of a structural component making up part of the vehicle. The impact absorbing assembly (12) may be disposed behind a covering layer (38). A method of making the assembly involves partially severing the tabs from a sheet of material and then bending the tabs outwardly. The tabs (26) may extend either side of the body (30), may form bridge-type pieces connected at opposite ends to the body (Figs 15,16 not shown), be ribbed, curved or L-shape, or comprise circular arrays optionally connected at their outer ends (Figs 19,20 not shown).


Diastereomeric salts of (S,S)-Sertraline, (Srt), with L- and D-tartaric acids have been prepared and their physical-chemical properties have been analyzed. Single-crystals of these salts have been grown and characterized by...


harps; this is why all mouths should give praise to the one who removed slanderous speech from them," begins St. Ephrem's Homily on Our Lord.1 The greatest teacher of the Syriac Christian tradition, Ephrem meditates in this beautiful prose work upon how the goodness of the Lord's humble speech wins over enemies to praise.2 This victory through humble speech is not simply an isolated aspect of Ephrem's understanding of Christ in this particular text, but characterizes something of Ephrem's entire theological project. Ephrem understands that the all-powerful and infinitely majestic Lord seeks human conversion through revelation in divine humility. The Syriac doctor deftly applies this understanding, moreover, to his hearers so that they may repent and imitate the Lord's lowliness when they speak. Ephrem's emphasis on the Lord's humble speech has much to offer today, especially to those Christians who teach or preach. This study begins with a brief overview of Ephrem and his significance for teaching and preaching in humility today. It then moves to conTHE HUMBLE SPEECH OF THE LORD: REVELATION AND CONVERSION ACCORDING TO ST. EPHREM


The rationale for the use of LASER, radiofrequency and focused ultrasound in Female Urology is based on the application of concentrated and controlled amount of energy to the subepithelial vaginal tissues, with the objective of triggering an inflammatory response that leads to collagen deposition and angiogenesis. It is theorized that these phenomena would determine the recovery of normal vaginal physiology. Although theoretically consistent, the real effectiveness of LASER, radiofrequency and focused ultrasound has not yet been adequately proven. However, in recent years, there has been a large proliferation of their indications, both in the medical and physical therapy field, for various conditions. The present review was published by a panel of experts and followed the ICS White Paper about Standard Operating Procedures. According to the authors, the majority of studies available so far have not been randomized, were composed of small series, had short follow-ups and lacked control groups. The authors also noted that until now, studies on LASERS have been funded by industry and have not been compared with conventional treatments, so that the level of evidence is low to allow any recommendation for clinical use. In fact, most references from the review were categorized as level of evidence C or D, regardless the type of clinical indication. According to the authors, although tissue alterations have been described in some publications, they mostly consist of reparative tissue alterations after a thermal injury such that it is Vol. 46 (3): 469-470, May June, 2020


We numerically investigate strong light-matter interaction and normal mode coupling/splitting in a system composed of a single two-level atom and the localized mode of a small mode volume photonic crystal nanocavity.


Issues relevant for the design of gene expression experiments using spotted cDNA microarrays and gene chip microarrays are overviewed. Emphasis is placed on the uses of replication, and on the importance of identifying major sources of variation.


A guide for students in Professor Duncan's West Campus US Government class on researching historical presidential campaigns. How to research the lives of presidential candidates throughout history.


We have resolved the controversy in the literature concerning the dominant excitation mechanism of the cw mercury ion laser by obtaining the first direct experimental proof that thermal energy charge transfer is the dominant formation process for the excited 7p2P terms of Hg II which support cw laser oscillation of 6150 and 7944 A. Using a floating double probe we have monitored directly the helium ion density versus time and confirmed its one‐to‐one correspondence with the measured decay of spontaneous emission from the Hg II 7p2P levels. The measured value of the cross section, σ (He+‐Hg), is 1.3×10−14 cm2, amongst the largest ever observed in atomic physics, and confirms earlier work by Dyson.


The utility model discloses an automatic cleaning device of a tobacco carton conveying chain plate. The device comprises a high-pressure air cleaning device control module and a high-pressure air cleaning device arranged below the tobacco carton conveying chain plate, wherein the air inlet end of the high-pressure air cleaning device is connected with a high-pressure air source through an electromagnetic valve; and the high-pressure air cleaning device control module controls the electromagnetic valve and is connected with the electromagnetic valve and a chain plate drag motor control module. According to the automatic cleaning device of the tobacco carton conveying chain plate, the high-pressure air cleaning device control module is adopted to control the electromagnetic valve, the tobacco carton conveying chain plate is automatically cleaned at regular time by the high-pressure air cleaning device arranged below the tobacco carton conveying chain plate, so that the work efficiency is high, the safety hazard produced by manual cleaning at present is avoided, the labor intensity of a cleaning worker is reduced, the structure is simple, and the implementation is easy.


1 The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of various antagonists, selective for the tachykinin NK1 or NK2 receptor, on the atropine‐resistant ascending excitatory reflex (AER) to the circular muscle of the guinea‐pig ileum elicited by radial stretch (balloon distension) or electrical field stimulation. 2 Submaximal and maximal atropine‐ (1 μm) resistant AER elicited by balloon distension averaged about 40–50% and 70–90% of maximal circular spasm to 80 mm KCl, respectively. The NK1 receptor antagonist, (±)‐CP 96,345 (1 μm) inhibited both maximal and submaximal AER. FK 888 (1–3 μm) inhibited submaximal AER only. RP 67,580 (1 μm) was ineffective. The NK2 receptor antagonist, GR 94,800, inhibited both maximal and submaximal AER at all concentrations tested (0.1–3.0 μm), while SR 48,968 was effective only at 1.0 μm. The NK2 receptor antagonists, MEN 10,376 and MEN 10,573 inhibited both submaximal and maximal AER at 10 and 1.0 μm, respectively. 3 In other experiments, an NK1 receptor antagonist, (±)‐CP 96,345 or FK 888 (1.0 μm in each case) was administered first and the effect of GR 94,800 (1.0 μm) on the residual AER response was determined; or GR 94,800 was administered first and the effect of (±)‐CP 96,345 or FK 888 was determined. The results of these experiments indicated an additive effect produced by the combined treatment with NK1 and NK2 receptor antagonists. 4 Electrical field stimulation (10 Hz for 0.5 s, 10–20 V, 0.15–0.3 ms pulse width) with electrodes placed at 1.4–1.8 cm anal to the recording site, produced ascending contractions which were almost abolished by 10 μm hexamethonium (electrically‐evoked AER). In the presence of apamin (0.1 μm) and NG‐nitro‐l‐arginine (30 μm) these contractions were reproducible over 10 consecutive stimulation cycles. GR 94,800 (1 μm) and FK 888 (1 μm) both produced a partial inhibition of the electrically‐evoked AER and their combined administration produced an inhibitory effect which was larger than that induced by each antagonist alone. 5 FK 888 (1–3 μm), GR 94,800 (1–3 μm), MEN 10,573 (1 μm) and MEN 10,376 (10 μm) did not significantly affect the atropine‐sensitive twitch contractions produced by electrical field stimulation of the guinea‐pig ileum longitudinal muscle‐myenteric plexus preparation, which were abolished by 10–30 μm procaine, 1 μm tetrodotoxin or 1 μm atropine. (±)‐CP 96,345 (1 μm) and SR 48,968 (1 μm) produced 12% and 27% inhibition of cholinergic twitches in the longitudinal muscle of the ileum, respectively. 6 We conclude that both NK1 and NK2 receptors mediate the atropine‐resistant AER to the circular muscle of the ileum. NK2 receptor activation plays a more important role than NK1 receptor activation in the AER evoked by radial stretch. Since a consistent fraction of the distension‐ and electrically‐evoked atropine‐resistant AER persists in the presence of combined NK1 and NK2 receptor blockade, the existence of a third excitatory transmitter to the circular muscle of the ileum, in addition to acetylcholine and tachykinins, is suggested.


From the positioning adjustment of Hoover Institution,the article discussed the transformation of Hoover Institution from the library to think tank,and then expounds the new positioning of the local academy of social science library,form the literature collection,intelligence achievement preservation,think thank project research,evaluation of the outcome.


The prospect of the UK leaving the European Union poses significant challenges for UK environmental law. Fundamentally, this is because environmental issues, both legal and physical, cannot be hermetically sealed within a single jurisdiction. Environmental law is an inherently multi-jurisdictional and transnational enterprise, making the EU a highly competent regulatory actor in pursuing many environmental objectives. Initially, Brexit appears to pose mainly technical challenges for UK environmental law, but these challenges reflect more fundamental normative and institutional issues. There is a complex legal task ahead in translating and disaggregating an extensive and intricate EU environmental acquis into 'sovereign' UK environmental law.


We have investigated exciton states in wurtzite GaN/AlN and ZnO quantum dots. A strong piezoelectric field in GaN/AlN quantum dots is found to tilt conduction and valence bands, thus pushing the electron to the top and the hole to the bottom of the GaN/AlN quantum dot. As a result, the exciton ground state energy in GaN/AlN quantum dots with heights larger than 3 nm exhibits a red shift with respect to bulk GaN energy gap. It is shown that the radiative decay time in GaN/AlN quantum dots is large and increases from 0.3 ns for quantum dots with height 1.5 nm to 1.1×10 ns for the quantum dots with height 4.5 nm. On the contrary, the electron and the hole are not separated in ZnO quantum dots. Moreover, a relatively thick "dead layer" is formed near the surface of ZnO quantum dots. As a result, the radiative decay time in ZnO quantum dots is small and decreases from 73 ps for quantum dots with diameter 1.5 nm to 29 ps for the quantum dots with diameter 6 nm.


Provided is a colorful and water-saving fish tank. The colorful and water-saving fish tank is characterized in that left and right fish tanks (2) are arranged on a support frame (1), and a transparent inverted U-shaped pipe (3) is arranged on the inner sides of the two fish tanks. The bottoms of the fish tanks are of a slope shape (4), and a water treatment box (7) is arranged between the two fish tanks. A filter (8) is arranged at the bottom of the water treatment box, and perlite (9) is placed on the filter. The colorful and water-saving fish tank solves problems that an existing fish tank wastes water and is monotonous in color and has the advantages of being simple in structure, low in production cost, remarkable in water-saving effect and capable of killing two birds with one stone with sewage in the fish tanks as flower and plant fertilizer, enabling fish to swim about inside the U-shaped pipe which is higher than the water surface, adding joy to life and the like.


Ten Albino rats were each infected intraperitoneally with 0.5 million Trypanosoma strain 8/18 organisms. Cerebral lesions were absent in all rats and mice injected with brain tissue and choroid plexus homogenates from group A rats were aparasitaemic over anobservation period of 30 days. However, infected rats developed intermittent (parasitaemia, lost weight progressively and became anaemic with death intervening in one case. We conclude that T. bricci strain 8/18 infection in rats produces moderate to severe disease which may lead to death; but the organism is is not pushed across the blood-brainbarrier by berenil treatment in the acute stage.


If one is interested in cosmological models with inflation occurring at or near the Planck energy then the effects of quantum gravity have to be taken into account. We may still hope to use an approximation with the Einstein action as a starting point but the semiclassical approach breaks down, forcing us to use the superspace construction for the wave function of the Universe. Using a recently proposed formulation of the ground state of the Universe, we obtain a unique quantum cosmology for a given inflationary model. Besides recovering the semiclassical inflationary picture, the wave function has other consequences, such as the following: (1) The wave function is suppressed for small values of the scale factor and can therefore be interpreted as corresponding to the nucleation of a bubble universe. (2) The parameters of the wave function become uncorrelated at small values of the scale factor which means that the concept of time breaks down. (3) The wave function at later times possesses structure on scales smaller than the Planck scale which leads to a spacetime-foam picture of the Universe. We may therefore view the existence of the Universe itself as a consequence of inflation.


The author analyzed the key requirements of nutrition section development in this new round of military hospital accreditation,and discussed the main problems in the overall construction of the nutrition section.


Shellfish seasonality studies are summarized in this article, which presents the results of analysis at 94 sites in nine southeastern states. All but six of the sites are middens or shell lenses composed of marine or brackish water species (M. mercenaria, R. cuneata, D. variabilis). Shells in those sites along the Atlantic coast were collected from fall to early spring, while shells in sites on the Gulf coast were collected during early spring to summer. Freshwater shellfish middens in four states have been investigated and consistently indicated collection during warm weather. The uniformity of the results indicates that the variation in species used, techniques used, sample sizes, or geography have no noticeable negative impact on the usefulness of the results. It is argued that shellfish were a staple in the diet of many prehistoric horticultural peoples in spite of the fact that they are a dietary supplement for modern hunters and collectors.


: Susceptibility charts are an important subsidy for preliminary studies and pre-projects in Geotechnical Engineering. In this respect, this work aims to elaborate erosive and dispersive soil susceptibility charts of the Federal District (DF) based on the pedological classes characteristics extracted from the DF Soil Recognition Map and Technical Bulletin n. º 53, elaborated by Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa). To elaborate the susceptibility charts, each pedological unit was compared with the particularities of the geotechnical problems in order to classify the susceptibility. The units' susceptibility degree, as well as the associations susceptibility degree, was hierarchized in three levels: high, medium, or low. Thus, by QGIS 2.8.2 program susceptibility charts were elaborated and then validated. It was verified that 34.6% and 0.1% of DF soils present high susceptibility to erosion and dispersion respectively


Abstract: The objectives of research are to find out, in mathematics learning for two-variable linear equation system subject matter: (1) which one providing better achievement, the CTL learning model with STAD, that with NHT or the direct learning model, (2) which one providing better achievement, high, medium or low self-confidence, and (3) in high, medium or low self-confidence, which one providing better achievement, CTL approach with STAD or NHT type or direct learning model.The population of research was the students of Junior High Schools throughout Madiun Regency in the first semester of VIII grade in the school year of 2011/2012. The sampling technique used was stratified cluster random sampling with the students of SMP Negeri 2 Dolopo, SMP Negeri 2 Kebonsari and SMP Negeri 2 Geger as the sample. The instruments used to collect the data included test to obtain the data of mathematic learning achievement and questionnaire for the on of student's self-confidence. Technique of analyzing data used was 3x3 two-way variance analysis. From the result of analysis, it could be concluded that: (1) The mathematics learning achievement of students using STAD type of cooperative learning model with CTL approach was better than that using NHT type, that using STAD type with CTL approach was better than that using direct learning model, and that using NHT type with CTL approach was better than that using direct learning model. (2) The mathematics learning achievement with high self-confidence was better than that with medium one; that with high self-confidence was better than that with low one; and that with medium self-confidence was better than that with low one. (3) Viewed from self-confidence level, the mathematics learning achievement of the students using STAD type of cooperative learning with CTL approach was better than that using NHT type, that using STAD type of cooperative learning with CTL approach was better than that using direct learning model, and that using NHT type of cooperative learning with CTL approach was better than that using direct learning model. Keywords: Learning model, CTL approach STAD, NHT, , direct learning, self confidence.


As part of the traditional Chinese folk culture,the Qiang People's love songs have their own way of seeking beauty.This paper discusses the colloquial,local,and national features of the Qiang People's love songs,which are the embodiment,the tool,and the heritage of the Qiang People's pursuit for beauty.It is hoped that this discussion will contribute to a better understanding and further studies of the Qiang People's love songs,which is of great significance in the conservation and promotion of the Qiang culture.


Recent publicity has been given to reports of high correlations between IQ and "inspection time", a measure derived from simple discrimination which is assumed to provide an estimate of the time taken by a basic component of the decision process. However, this publicity has not recognised that the inclusion of mentally retarded participants in the experiments concerned may have led to inflated correlations, because of the marked extent to which the performance of retarded subjects is inferior to that of nonretarded subjects. Evidence from the performance of nonretarded subjects in three studies suggests that although speed of decision is related to IQ, the degree of association is smaller than recent publicity has suggested. Inspection time does not appear at present to hold promise as an index from which a "culture-fair" measure of intelligence might be derived.


: The present paper deals with a monocot palm fruit reported from the Deccan Intertrappean Series of Maraipatan of Chandrapur District (M.S.). It is a sessile, circular to oval, unilocular, drupe with single seed in a locule. It Measures 5.5mm in diameter. Fruit wall differ into three zones. Seed is oval, bitegmic, endospermous with central cavity. It show close resemblance with living fruit of Livistona of family Palmae but not in Toto. Hence it is kept in the same form genus Palmocarpon (Miquel, 1853) and a new species is created to accommodate this fruit as Palmocarpon patnii sp. nov.


In this work, we develop a new and efficient iterative method for di-agonalization of the Frobenius companion matrix. The method can beused for approximating all of the eigenvalues and corresponding eigen-vectors. It can also be used for simultaneous inclusion of all simplezeros of the corresponding characteristic polynomial. Local conver-gence analysis of the method is included. We prove that it is locallyquadratically convergent. Some numerical examples demonstrating ef-fectiveness of the proposed iterative method are also included


The degree distance (DD), which is a weight version of the Wiener index,
 defined for a connected graph G as vertex-degree-weighted sum of the
 distances, that is, DD(G) = Σ{u,v}V(G)[dG(u)+dG(v)]d[u,v|G), where dG(u)
 denotes the degree of a vertex u in G and d(u,v|G) denotes the distance
 between two vertices u and v in G: In this paper, we establish two upper
 bounds for the degree distances of four sums of two graphs in terms of other
 indices of two individual graphs.


Cognitive hierarchy models have been developed to explain systematic deviations from the equilibrium behavior in certain classes of games. This paper introduces an endogenous cognitive hierarchy model, which better explains the behavioral heterogeneity of the strategies in games for which the standard cognitive hierarchy model provides an unreasonable prediction. As in the previous models, each player in the endogenous cognitive hierarchy model is assumed to best-reply to the other players holding a belief induced by the cognitive hierarchy. Contrary to the previous models, however, players are allowed to consider the presence of opponents at their own level of cognitive hierarchy. This extension is shown to eradicate the incompatibility of cognitive hierarchy models in the classes of games. We employ the model to explain voting behavior in information aggregation problems of the Condorcet Jury Theorem. Behavioral assumption of the strategic thinking turns out to be a crucial factor in whether the asymptotic efficiency is obtained or not. We conducted laboratory experiments which show that the endogenous cognitive hierarchy model provides significant improvements upon symmetric Bayesian Nash equilibrium and the previous cognitive hierarchy models in explaining the observed behavior of voters.


Detecting corneal cells metabolic alterations may prove a valuable tool in the early diagnosis of corneal diseases. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) are autofluorescent metabolic co-factors that allow the assessment of metabolic changes through non-invasive optical methods. These co-factors exhibit double-exponential fluorescence decays, with well-separated short and lifetime components, which are related to their protein-bound and free-states. Corneal metabolism can be assessed by measuring the relative contributions of these two components. For that purpose, we have developed a wide-field time-gated fluorescence lifetime microscope based on structured illumination and one-photon excitation to record FAD lifetime images from corneas. NADH imaging was not considered as its UV excitation peak is regarded as not safe for in vivo measurements. The microscope relies on a pulsed blue diode laser (λ=443 nm) as excitation source, an ultra-high speed gated image intensifier coupled to a CCD camera to acquire fluorescence signals and a Digital Micromirror Device (DMD) to implement the Structured Illumination technique. The system has a lateral resolution better than 2.4 μm, a field of view of 160 per 120 μm and an optical sectioning of 6.91 +/- 0.45 μm when used with a 40x, 0.75 NA, Water Immersion Objective. With this setup we were able to measure FAD contributions from ex-vivo chicken corneas collected from a local slaughterhouse..


Based on geologic and seismic interpretation, the seismic geological model was designed. The seismic attributes of reflected wave amplitude and frequency in the situation of loss, denudation, pinch-out, and merging of coal seams was simulated. The sensitivity of such attributes to the thickness of different coal seams was discussed. The result shows that 1) when the thickness of coal seam is 0-8 m, there is a monotone nonlinear relation between amplitude or frequency and thickness; 2) when thickness is 8-13 m, only the frequency band can be used to predict thickness; and 3) if the thickness is more than 13m, the thickness is determined by calculating the velocity and the travel time of both roof and floor.


The main purpose of this paper is to explore the principle components of Shanghai stock exchange 50 index by means of functional principal component analysis (FPCA). Functional data analysis (FDA) deals with random variables (or process) with realizations in the smooth functional space. One of the most popular FDA techniques is functional principal component analysis, which was introduced for the statistical analysis of a set of financial time series from an explorative point of view. FPCA is the functional analogue of the well-known dimension reduction technique in the multivariate statistical analysis, searching for linear transformations of the random vector with the maximal variance. In this paper, we studied the monthly return volatility of Shanghai stock exchange 50 index (SSE50). Using FPCA to reduce dimension to a finite level, we extracted the most significant components of the data and some relevant statistical features of such related datasets. The calculated results show that regarding the samples as random functions is rational. Compared with the ordinary principle component analysis, FPCA can solve the problem of different dimensions in the samples. And FPCA is a convenient approach to extract the main variance factors.


This work interprets the quantum terms in a Lagrangian, and consequently of the wave equation and momentum tensor, in terms of a modified spacetime metric. Part I interprets the quantum terms in the Lagrangian of a Klein–Gordon field as scalar curvature of conformal dilation covector nm that is proportional to ħ times the gradient of wave amplitude R. Part II replaces conformal dilation with a conformal factor ρ that defines a modified spacetime metric g ' = exp(ρ) g , where g is the gravitational metric. Quantum terms appear only in metric g ' and its metric connection coefficients. Metric g ' preserves lengths and angles in classical physics and in the domain of the quantum field itself. g ' combines concepts of quantum theory and spacetime geometry in one structure. The conformal factor can be interpreted as the limit of a distribution of inclusions and voids in a lattice that cause the metric to bulge or contract. All components of all free quantum fields satisfy the Klein-Gordon equation, so this interpretation extends to all quantum fields. Measurement operations, and elements of quantum field theory are not considered.


An advanced medicine box monitoring, analysis and control system is proposed in this paper. The latter design is based on a smart and safe medical box that assists patients in taking their pills treatment on time. Two main functionalities characterize this system: safety which assures the wellbeing of the patient and the good functioning of the system by duplicating the electrical components and the security that helps keeping the medication out of the reach of the children by automatically looking the medical box whenever the patient takes his pills. This system can also be monitored by the patient parents as it will be linked to a phone application. This application will be used to configure the medical box by calculating the weight of each pill, setting the schedule of medical intake, alarming the user of the number of remaining pills, generating alarms whenever the patient does not take the required number of pills or doesn't take them at all, and so on… This system was implemented and tested by more than 50 patients who were taking several medication types (each one of them takes one medication only) and were using different mobile phone. The overall results were very acceptable with a faulty alarm generation below 3%.


I never have fully understood the wisdom in the adage, "If it ain't broke, don't fix it." After all, if everyone took the adage literally, then how would new approaches, new directions, and new knowledge ever be developed? At best, obedience to adages, homilies, and biblical directives may serve the function of encouraging thoughtful consideration before instituting changes; at worst, blind resistance to change simply because things appear to be working adequately stifles creativity and advancement. Certainly change for its own sake is not a compelling goal, but neither is complacency even in the face of success. Science advances not only because researchers try to fix that which is "broke," but also because scientific alternatives arise, risks are taken, and change is implemented.

With the lofty goals of furthering our science, broadening our impact and influence, creating new insights into our understanding of individual behavior, and expanding our audience, I am excited and privileged to announce three major changes—advances, I hope—in the Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior.


Objective To investigate the efficacy of low molecular heparin in the treatment of fetal growth restriction(FGR).Methods Fifty-two pregnant women diagnosed with FGR were randomly divided into 2 groups with 26 cases each,who were given conventioal therapy.The patients of group A were treated with additional low molecular heparin,while those of group B were treated with additional dextran40 and salvia miltiorrhiza co.The fetal development,S/D ratio,blood coagulation and placental weight were monitored.Results The increase in fundus height and abdominal circumference were significantly higher in group A than those in group B [(0.8±0.5) cm vs.(0.5±0.6) cm and(2.5±1.8) cm vs.(1.1±0.8) cm](P0.05).So did the biparietal diameter,femur length,head circumference and abdomen circumference(P0.05).The S/D ratio,PI and RI of group A were significantly lower than those of group B(P0.05).The gestational age,body weight and placental weight of newborn babies of group A were significantly higher than those of group B(P0.05).The platelet counting,prothrombin time,hemoglobin and activated partial thromboplastin time of 2 groups before were not significantly changed after treatment(P0.05).Conclusion Low molecular heparin is effective and safe in the treatment of FGR.


Premature sexual activity among American adolescents poses a major health problem for the United States. Adolescents have the highest rate of sexually transmitted infections. According to data provided by the CDC, approximately 3,000,000 cases of STI are diagnosed annually (CDC, 2003.) The purpose of this scholarly project was to evaluate the effectiveness of a sexual and reproductive health education booklet designed to be used by primary care practitioners, primarily Advanced Practice Nurses, in clinical settings. The purpose of the booklet was to enhance self-care agency of the adolescent population by providing comprehensive, understandable sexual and reproductive health education, thus decreasing self-care demand. The effectiveness of the booklet was evaluated through the use of a quasi-experimental design utilizing a 10-question, pre-test/post-test format. The booklet was effective in enhancing knowledge levels of the adolescent population, as evidenced by an increase in the majority of the post-test scores. Maintaining Sexual and Reproductive Health A Guide for Adolescents Growth and Development Facts 1. The period of time when males and females become physically able to reproduce is puberty. 2. Puberty often occurs during adolescence. 3. Adolescence is the stage between childhood and adulthood. 4. Puberty occurs because of a release of hormones. 5. The male sex hormone is testosterone. 6. The female sex hormones are estrogen and progesterone. 7. A male reproductive cell is a sperm cell. 8. A female reproductive cell is an ovum. 9. The process of releasing one mature ovum per month is termed ovulation.


This paper presents a non-volatile mechanical memory bit that uses a bistable beam that buckles into one of two stable positions. The beam buckles because of compressive stress that is applied by oxidizing the silicon beam. In order to process a wafer with a released, buckled beam, it was necessary to use a stencil mask for the last steps to minimize damage to the device. The stencil mask is used to the etch contact openings in the thermal oxide and to deposit metal for electrical connection. Parallel electrodes located close to the bistable beam are used to electrostatically write the bit value, and asymmetric piezoresistors located at each anchor point of the bistable beam are used to read the bit value. The design was optimized using simulations, and the relationship between the readout signal, beam length, and piezoresistor length were found. The measurements demonstrate that the memory bit is promising for non-volatile memory applications where its inherent radiation hardness is required.


The aim of the managers in SMEs is to have a competitive enterprise on the market, to develop and achieve some positive results. The successful strategic management has to adapt to the external environment, analyse emerging issues in time and react quickly and flexibly to changes. With the increasing amounts of business entities, strategic analysis and strategy as such acquire their importance. The basic data for the creation of strategy includes information about the external environment, i.e. about the market and its surroundings and internal business environment. Those managers, who can use the advantages of their enterprise and market opportunities and reduce the effect of weaknesses and threats, may ensure their enterprise prosperity and increase their growth rate. However, they must choose a competitive strategy, with which it is possible to succeed on the market. Such strategy provides SMEs the possibility of differentiation, setting a higher level of services offered to enhance customer satisfaction which is the most important. The paper deals with finding whether the strategic management of SME influences the growth rate of an enterprise. Data were gathered as questionnaires and interviews from 183 enterprises operating in the Czech Republic. The research was made in the period of 2014-15.


Summary A procedure for evaluating personality is described. Conventional and transposed factor analyses are made from Q sort data describing the important people in the subject's life in terms of his own constructs (a la Kelly) as variables. The scoring procedure produces construct-factors and people-factors. Sorts from a subject illustrate the method. Cross-cultural applications are possible since the translation of personal constructs is not essential. Simulation of relationships to others, SORTO, combines Kelly's (1955) personal constructs with Stephenson's (1953) Q sort procedure. A large amount of personal data is factor analyzed by the computer to reveal the main idiosyncratic features of a subject's perceptions of his relationships to others. Maximum output from the analysis occurs when the nature of personal constructs employed is supplied as input to the analysis.


Diseases of the Colon & ReCtum Volume 56: 12 (2013) Pelvic organ prolapse (PoP) is widely prevalent among women and is commonly associated with continence difficulties, both urinary and fecal. obstructed defecation syndrome is often described in association with rectocele and rectal intussusception as part of a global pelvic floor injury. in this issue of Diseases of the Colon & Rectum, Gosselink and colleagues from oxford remind readers of how often internal rectal intussusception can be identified in patients with PoP and obstructed defecation who also have fecal incontinence. Conceptually, it is easy to accept that soiling and fecal leakage might accompany full-thickness rectal prolapse, but it is more difficult to understand how rectal intussusception per se might overcome otherwise seemingly intact mechanisms of continence. intussusception is frequently present to a greater or lesser degree in asymptomatic individuals; indeed, in the present article, proctography was nondiagnostic in 28 of patients studied. farouk and Duthie found that rectal intussusception triggers relaxation of the internal anal sphincter through the rectoanal inhibitory reflex and by this mechanism can precipitate incontinence. it is, however, difficult to exclude the trapping of stool in an associated rectocele as a major contributing factor. many techniques have been described for the treatment of internal intussusception, the majority of which are variations on procedures for full-thickness rectal prolapse. overall, although the anatomical correction of prolapse is usually successful, the symptomatic outcomes have been modest. nicholls and simson were the first to consider the importance of supporting of the anterior rectal wall by use of a ventral synthetic mesh with the aim of impeding the intussusception. more recently, D'hoore et al from leuven, Belgium adapted the orr-loygue technique into a minimally invasive, laparoscopic operation for rectal prolapse that combines the concept of rectopexy and colposuspension in a procedure that avoids rectal denervation and achieves support of the middle pelvic compartment. laparoscopic ventral rectopexy is a technically demanding operation, because it requires advanced laparoscopic skills to dissect in the rectovaginal septum and to suture mesh to the perineum, posterior vaginal wall, and rectum. Great care is required to avoid either rectal or vaginal perforation, and suture placement is difficult. there is no consensus on mesh configuration; some use a narrow rectangular strip of polypropylene mesh, whereas others use an inverted "t" or "l" configuration. Biological mesh has been used, but it is more expensive and more difficult to suture. the use of surgical tacking devices facilitates attachment to the sacral promontory; however, great care must be used when applying surgical staples to the rectovaginal septum or paracolpium. Recently, the group from nantes, france published their experience using the DaVinci Robot to perform ventral rectopexy, and they made a persuasive case for the facility to suture deep in the pelvis. the leuven group recently published their experience with over 400 laparoscopic ventral rectopexy operations. forty-six percent were preformed for internal intussusceptions with an overall symptomatic improvement of 70% compared with 86% when the operation was performed for overt rectal prolapse. the complication rates were low; however, late complications included 5 cases of mesh erosion into the vagina. the results from the oxford group are not dissimilar; there was a 56% improvement in continence, and 1 of 72 patients developed a mesh erosion. the issue of mesh erosion is important because of increasing concerns related to the long-term safety of mesh use in the treatment of PoP and urinary stress incontinence. surgical mesh has been used by gynecologists to treat PoP since the 1970s. over time, a number of products specifically designed for use in the pelvic floor have become available. in 2002, the us food and Drug administration approved mesh products for transvaginal repair, but an increasing number of adverse outcomes, particularly relating to mesh erosion, led to a Public health notification in 2008 and a full update on the safety and effectiveness of transvaginal placement of mesh for PoP in 2011. the national institute for Clinical excellence in the united Kingdom has also issued guidance for the use of transvaginal mesh and has warned that the procedures must only be used with special arrangements for clinical governance, consent, and audit. in the context of these regulatory concerns, there Rectopexy for Incontinence: New Solutions or More Questions?


In parallel to WTO dispute settlement, a number of dispute settlement mechanisms have evolved as part of preferential trade agreements—sometimes also called 'free' or 'regional' trade agreements. These mechanisms are destined to settle disputes arising out of these particular trade agreements. Settling disputes within a preferential trade agreement may look promising, as it can build on a more close relationship between parties. However, in reality, there has been quite some overlap between WTO dispute settlement and settlement within these agreements. A number of pertinent cases are discussed alongside with a stocktaking of the academic discussion, which mainly addressed these incidents of a troublesome proceeding in parallel from the point of view of established doctrines of procedural law. As is explained here, these conflicting adjudications have to be seen from the point of view of an overlap in substantial law. Such overlap results from the fact that preferential trade agreements contain additional obligations and rules, while WTO rules are still applicable between the parties. Quite often, rules under the agreements in substance may overlap with WTO rules. As is shown, WTO dispute settlement can hardly be foreclosed to the advantage of dispute settlement in preferential agreements, where an overlap exists in substantial perspective. Also, WTO dispute settlement has a role to play in case that third parties have reason to complain about their WTO rights being nullified or impaired as a consequence of the conclusion or implementation of a preferential trade agreement.


Lithium amides are useful reagents in syntheses (Lappert et al., 1980). The structural studies of these compounds could provide important insights in the prediction of properties and reactivities of the corresponding amido ligands. They have a high tendency to associate in the absence of neutral donor. Those with a low degree of aggregation can only be prepared in the presence of sterically very demanding substituents or strong donor molecules. The N-silylated class of anilides can be synthesized to have the desired steric and electronic properties, as exemplified by tetranuclear [LiN(SiMe3)(C6H5)]4, (I) (Antolini et al., 2000; Bezombes et al., 2001). Its terminal Li atom makes an 6 contact with the phenyl ring (2.12 Å between Li and the centroid of the phenyl substituent); this distance is close to the length of the Li—N bond itself (2.0 Å). The analogous compound [LiN(SiMe3)(2,6-iPr2C6H3)]2, (II), was the first dimeric solvent-free lithium amide (Kennepohl et al., 1991), whose isopropyl substituents stabilize the dimeric structure of the compound. Following such studies on d–p interaction between Si and N atoms, we have incorporated an amino –NR2 (R = Me) pendant group, in the expectation that the pendant unit will bind to the Li. The title lithium anilide, [LiN(SiMe2NMe2)(2,6-Me2C6H3)]2, (III), is another example of a solvent-free dinuclear compound (Fig. 1).


'Is systems theory relevant for the study of English literature?' I would like to begin a possible answer by rephrasing the question in the following manner: fi rst, what is the relevance of systems theory? Second, in what way can literary studies be relevant for systems theory? The key to the question of the relevance of a theory lies in a recognition of the dialectic that exists between the structures of knowledge and the structures of the world: epistemology (i.e. the framework of our understanding of the world) cannot be separated from ontology (i.e. from the framework of what the world is). The world such as we inhabit it and the world such as we understand it are deeply implicated with each other. The recognition of the convergence of these two perspectives lies at the heart of any attempt at sketching the practical implications and ethical consequences of the paradigmatic shift of which systems-theoretical endeavours form a part. It was in this spirit that Gregory Bateson posed the question as to the necessary 'Steps Towards an Ecology of the Mind', understanding 'Mind' to be something beyond the distinction between a subjective, conscious, inner self and an objective, material, outer world. In a declaration issued in the name of the University of Hawaii Committee on Ecology and Man in March 1970 he stated unequivocally:


Electroclinic liquid crystals (ELCs) with their high speed, large contrast, gray scale response and large tilt angles at low operating voltages are highly attractive for use in AMLCDs featuring high frame rate, high resolution, and time sequential color. However, ELC response time usually rises significantly as the applied field is reduced, and has been found to increase as the cell gap is reduced for low operating voltage, high viewing angle devices. We investigate these effects using three alignment layers [polyimide, polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) and a photo-dimerized monolayer (PDML)] at several cell gaps and temperatures with a specific ELC. In the case of PBT we find that switching is faster than in the standard polyimide case. Furthermore, thin PBT cells switch faster than thick PBT cells. We also explore a novel single-sided PBT alignment layer scheme, made possible by the in-plane alignment and switching of ELCs. In such a cell, the response time levels off to a constant value at low applied fields, while alignment quality remains high. We conclude that the slowing of the ELC response with decreasing cell gap and decreasing applied field can be reduced substantially by the choice and number of alignment layers.


Objective To investigate the changes in intestinal barrier function induced by intestinal venous congestion produced by portal vein clamping.Methods Eight healthy pigs (6 months old) weighing about 25 kg were used in this study. Anesthesia was induced with intramuscular ketamine 300 mg·kg-1 and scopolamine 0.3 mg and maintained with ketamine infusion supplemented with intermittent iv boluses of fentanyl, midazolam and vecuronium. The animals were tracheotomized and mechanically ventilated. Right external jugular vein was cannulated for CVP monitoring, fluid infusion and blood sampling. Carotid artery was cannulated for continuous direct BP monitoring and blood sampling. Abdomen was opened. Portal vein and retrohepatic vena cava were cross-clamped for 50 min and then released, 50 min later the animals were sacrificed. BP, HR and CVP were monitored during the surgery. Arterial blood samples were taken before, 50 min after cross-clamping and 50 min after unclamping for blood gas analysis. Blood samples were taken from portal vein and jugular vein before, 30 min and 50 min after cross-clamping and 15 min,50 min after unclamping for determination of plasma endotoxin level. A small segment of distal ileum was removed before, 50 min after cross-clamping and 50 min after declamping for determination of intestinal malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and microscopic (light and electronic) examination. Results After portal vein clamping the gut turned dark blue and became edematous. Light microscopic examination showed significant injury to intestinal villi and glands 50 min after unclamping. Electron microscopic examination showed mild ultrastructural changes which were not uniformly distributed. There were no significant differences in intestinal tissue MDA level and plasma endotoxin level before and after portal vein cross-clamping. Conclusion Intestinal venous congestion induced by portal vein and retrohepatic vena cava cross-clamping can cause injury to gut barrier in healthy pigs, and intestinal congestion lasting less than 50 min dose not induce endotoxin translocation.


International Organization — European Coal and Steel Community — Officials of — Period of Probation — Competence of Official — Evaluation of, by Administration — Control by the Court.


This book chapter, which appears in John C. Dernbach, ed., AGENDA FOR A SUSTAINABLE AMERICA (Environmental Law Institute, 2009), assays the ways in which U.S. domestic laws that pertain to hazardous waste have or have not conformed to norms of sustainable development in the years since 2002. After defining sustainability as it pertains to hazardous waste, and after exploring some critical features of current U.S. law and policy respecting the remediation and management of such waste, the chapter argues that, notwithstanding past progress, significant legal changes are need to move the U.S. toward sustainable development in this critical area. Specifically, the chapter contends that new legislation is needed to mandate phased decreases in the volume of hazardous waste generated at industrial facilities. Needed reforms must also encompass replenishment of the Superfund trust fund through renewal of the Superfund petroleum tax and modification of the statute's secured creditor exemption. The chapter also advocates U.S. ratification of the Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movement of Hazardous Waste, along with the enactment of new amendments to the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act to clarify that Act's definition of hazardous waste, and to expand its regulatory coverage to include both hazardous waste-bearing domestic sewage and irrigation return flows.


In this paper we consider simple methods for the numerical solution of Cauchy singular integral equations with conjugation based on quadratures. They use collocation at a set of nodes which is graded toward the endpoints, to accomodate for the presence of the singularity. Our numerical experience reveals that the theoretical stability findings are indeed of practical applicability, as the empirical condition number is seen very often to reach a plateau, whose asymptotic value is indeed very low.


The usual bases for reconstructions of Leonardo's Battle of Anghiari have been preliminary sketches of the Battle for the Standard and various drawings. Other sources that should be emphasized are contemporary dispatches from the field of battle; Leonardo's personal knowledge of the terrain; two cassone panels portraying the same subject; and the description of the battle in the Codex Atlanticus. A reflection of the mural's components and composition may exist in a marble battle relief on the tomb of Louis XII of France. The scene parallels events in the Codex narrative and relates stylistically to some of Leonardo's studies.


Regulating language use is not the sole domain of countries or states. Large private companies can also be involved in making language policy. One way they do this is through formal or informal gui ...


(57) Abstract: providing analyzer whole blood sample. The apparatus includes a conventional blood analyzer integrated with fluorescence cytometry analyzer. Controls analyzer of the 2 groups, collect data from the analytical unit of the 2 groups, use, are controller provided to report quantitative analysis. Way analysis of whole blood sample is also provided. One such method is carried out analysis of impedance associated with the blood sample by the analyzer 1 group, analysis of light scattering associated with the blood sample, the analysis of the fluorescence associated with the blood sample. It collected data using, to report the results of the analysis.


The effects of music education on cognitive abilities have raised great interest among scholars of education and learning. According to literature, the use of music in pedagogical practices enhances learning processes with positive impact on the intellectual and social development of students. The main objective of this study was to explore the personal experience with music of teachers-in-training while participating in a musical intervention. The intervention, included both theoretical and practical modules, was delivered during a Digital Storytelling (DST) course. Specifically, our main aim was to investigate possible relationships between the personality openness dimension of teachers-in-training, the role of music in their personal life, and rewards they perceived associated with music. 818 teachers-in-training attending the DST class in an online specialisation course at the University of Foggia were enrolled. After their informed consent was obtained, they completed an online survey including three self-report questionnaires: The Big Five Inventory (BFI; John et al., 1991), The Brief Music Experience Questionnaire (Brief-MEQ; Werner et al., 2006 and the Barcelona Music Reward Questionnaire (BMRQ; Mas-Herrero et al., 2013). The research study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the University of Foggia. In order to test the associations among the studied variables, correlations (Pearson's r) and a CFA analysis were conducted using the SPSS software. Results showed that teachers who reported to positively use music daily (r = .67), especially enjoy in sharing music with other people, and teachers who reported to use music as a reward in terms of special connection with it (r = .64), also reported higher levels of openness (originality, curiosity, reflective thinking, imagination, invention, giving values to artistic and aesthetic experiences). Our results highlight the importance of including music in learning processes as a possible mediator able to enhance teachers and students' socio-emotional and cognitive skills.


The Prime Minister of India in various episodes of his Mann Ki Baat (MKB) addresses, recognised the entrepreneurial spirit of the SHG members, their commitment to the community and the innovations they made. Movement of SHG women groups from thrift to microenterprise provides them access to capital, shared resources, and pooled knowledge. In this research study an attempt is made to arrive at factors behind successful entrepreneurial activities of six SHGs which found mention in the Prime Minister's MKB address. SWOT analysis of these SHG enterprises is presented. Also, the paper examines the impact of MKB in strengthening micro-enterprises. Cross-case comparison is done to bring out the commonalities, variations and success factors of the SHG micro-enterprises that were studied. From this study, it is found that cluster-based SHG enterprises with multiple groups are more successful than individual enterprises. These enterprises have often organized their activities around a cluster of products, some of which are developed from traditional skill, as distinct from single products. Most SHG enterprises have to carry on end-to-end operations on their own and derive little support from aggregators. Those SHG enterprises which could plug into established marketing platforms could do well. Capacities are a key ingredient of success. It is better if capacities are based on traditional professions, and if such capacities are not available, other unique production capacities need to be acquired. The case studies found an increase in the level of motivation among SHG members after the MKB address. The social recognition and support base of the SHG members increased substantially. The SHG members experienced financial strengthening individually and in the group after the Mann Ki Baat address. This has led to a multiplier effect in the activities of some SHGs especially those which were functioning in a cluster, thus helping in reaching the unreached.


The kinetics of ring formation in the process of irreversible linear polycondensation is studied with the numerical solution of the system of kinetic equations. The influence of the relative rate constants on the character of molecular-mass distribution of ring products is analyzed. In almost all cases, the molecular mass distribution is considerably wider than the equilibrium distribution


The WTO has multiinfluence and requirement onChina's judicial review system, including its institutions, scope and standard,and so on. We must seize the opportunity of China's entry into the WTO, perfect China's judicial review system, honour our commitment to the entry, and improve rule by law in China.


In this work, a YSZ mixed-potential sensor was fabricated utilising square-surface nanostructured tungsten oxide (WO3)as an NO2 gas sensing-electrode. YSZ (ZrO2+8% mol Y2O3) was used as the high temperature electrolyte layer of the sensor. The square-surface nanostructured WO3 wassynthesised by a hydrothermal treatment and used to fabricate the NO2 gas sensing-electrode. The sensor with a configuration of Pt/YSZ/(Pt-WO3) was investigated at operating temperatures ranging from 320 to 600oC to monitor sensing performance to NO2, NO, CO, CH4, and CO2 gases. The Pt/YSZ/(Pt-WO3) sensor presented a high selectivity to NO2 gas. This behaviour is suggested to occur due to the specific high catalytic activity of the square-surface nanostructured WO3 to NO2 gas. The highest gas-sensing response (∆Uemf) of the sensor was about 40.9 mV for 50 ppm NO2at 450oC. The sensor also had a short response time and recovery time (τ90) of approximately 15 and 39 s, respectively, for 50 ppm NO2 at 450oC.


The main directions of optimization of educational process on clinical chair of medical institution of higher education due to federal state educational standard of the 3rd generation are observed in the article: development and deployment of new educational programs, creation of educational and methodical complex of discipline; application in educational process of active and interactive methods of training; integration with practical health care, improvement of personnel potential and material base of chair. The attention to ability and readiness for realization of professional knowledge, abilities, and skills within the presented work program of discipline (educational practice) in professional activity of future specialist is focused during pedagogical process.


Objective:To investigate the changes of cell ultrastructure in colic mucosa in post infectious irritable bowel syndrome(IBS) through light microscopy and electron microscopy,and to elucidate their possible roles and clinical significance in intestinal mucosal barrier dysfunction. Methods:In 10 normal controls and 30 patients with post-infective IBS,biopsies were taken from the sigmoid colon.The ultrastructure of cells in colic mucosa and the changes of the mast cells in the paraffin-embedded sections were studied through transmission electron microscopy and analyzed by pathological image software. Results:The colic mucosa showed the integrity of epithelial cell membrane,normal cell shape,the regular distribution of microvilli of different length,developed rough endoplasmic reticulum.Many pieces of microvilli had broken.The aperture between cells were remarkably spacious.A large number of secretory granules,vacuoles were seen in the cytoplasm of goblet cells,mast cells and neuroendocrine cells. Conclusions:There were obvious changes on ultrastructure of cells in colic mucosa,which means IBS may be a gastrointestinal organic disease with ultrastrure alterations in colonic mucosa.The changes play a very important role in intestinal mucosal barrier dysfunction.


1. If the eggs of Cumingia are subjected to heat immediately after fertilization, they do not form polar bodies. The chromosomes of the first polar spindle divide and two resting nuclei are formed. These nuclei fuse with each other and with the male pronucleus, giving rise to a cleavage nucleus which contains a triploid amount of chromatin.2. The equatorial plates of these eggs show forty-five to sixty chromosomes. About the same number has been found in the cleavage of parthenogenetic (diploid) eggs; but there the individual bodies are smaller than they are in the triploid eggs.3. If fertilized eggs are heated after they have formed polar bodies, the equatorial plates of their first cleavage contain fifty-five to sixty-five chromosomes. These are equal in size to those of a triploid egg.4. Study of later stages (resting nuclei and equatorial plates) shows that the chromatin of the polar nucleus is active, and approximately equivalent to that of a male pronucleus.5. The size and number of the chromosomes ...


The addition of carbon fibers is the main alternative used for the manufacturing of conductive cements since, at a relative low price, provides a good combination of structural and functional properties. There are many different applications for this type of system, such as the manufacturing of heating elements or anodes for the cathode protection methodology. Most of the studies in this area are focused to the improvement of the dispersion of carbon fibers in the cement matrix. This objective is validated by measures of resistivity. According to this objective, there is no a universal method to verify these measures, but many alternatives can be found on the literature: measures with two or four electrodes, direct or alternating current testing…, impeding comparative analyses.
This research offers the impedance methodology, already used for the characterization of common cement pastes without any reinforcements, as an option for the analysis of conductive cements. In this study, different variables are included, such as the type and quantity of dispersants to create a homogeneous mixture. The adjustment of the obtained results, following an equivalent electric model for this kind of systems, allowed us to determine the values of conductivity of different mixtures. With the use of this technique, it is possible to identify the polarization phenomena associated to the carbon fibers, being of interest in order to validate the dispersion of the fibers.


ABSTRACTThere is an active interest in the prosocial behaviors that help provide the social glue in organizations. This article proposes the ARC Model of Prosocial Attitudes which extends from the concepts of altruism and reciprocity through to cynicism. This conceptual article offers this ARC model as a way to help explain the prosocial attitudes that underlie behaviors found in Organ 's Organizational Citizenship Behaviors (OCBs). This paper also offers the ARC model as a fresh way to understand the progression from lower to higher order needs in Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs. The attitude range from Altruism to Cynicism can be seen to correlate with Maslow 's progressions and with the behaviors associated with OCBs. Each variable in the ARC model is discussed and ideas for future research are included.INTRODUCTIONManagers and researchers alike have a strong desire to understand what enables and predicts behaviors that provide the necessary mortar between employees that improves both the work and the workplace. There have been attempts to develop a taxonomy of behaviors which can be considered a parsimonious description of the elements comprising the construct of "prosocial" within an organization (see Smith, Organ and Near, 1983; Organ, 1988; George and Brief, 1992). A metaanalysis of the construct of prosocial behaviors called Organizational Citizenship Behaviors (OCBs) shows that the five elements of altruism, conscientiousness, civic virtue, courtesy, and good sport ("sportsmanship") have stimulated a considerable amount of attention and research (Organ and Ryan, 1995). A prosocial construct that is based less upon behaviors and more upon attitudes needs to be identified. The thoughts that precede prosocial behaviors and predispositions which might predict such social behaviors also needs clarification. This paper presents a construct based upon attitude called the ARC Model of Prosocial Attitudes.Management academics, consultants, and practitioners maintain a strong interest in prosocial cooperative behaviors from employees. However, research, and practical experience show that many employees respond to many management and Human Resource programs with cynicism. This cynicism can result in a refusal by employees to buy into the program. (Kanter & Mirvis, 1989, Fleming 2005). Researchers have often examined the role of reciprocity in OCB's (Korsgard, Meglino, Lesser & Jeong, 2010) and cooperation in organizations (Koster & Sanders, 2006). Others have explored the role of cynicism in how employees relate to others in the organization (Rego, Ribeiro, & Cunha, 2010). Still others view cynicism as a possible human trait (Hochwarter, James, Johnson & Ferris, 2004). Cynicism and reciprocity also have face value in helping to explain employee participation, perceptions, and behaviors.A good deal of research has explored the role of social attitudes at work (Coyle-Shapiro, 2002) since Organ's articulation of OCBs as a social construct. One view of attitudes defines them as the general affective, cognitive and intentional responses toward objects, other people, themselves or social issues (Petty and Cacioppo, 1981). This definition includes the commonly cited "ABC" components of an attitude: affect, behavioral intentions, and cognition (Rosenberg and Hovland, 1960). Whereas the OCB conceptualization is focused upon behaviors, the three prosocial attitudes explored in this paper focus more broadly upon the affect, behavioral intentions, and cognitions which specifically support prosocial workplace activity. We argue that there are three fundamental attitudes that exist which facilitate social organization and organizations: Altruism, Reciprocity, and Cynicism (ARC).The ARC Model of Prosocial AttitudesAltruism has been defined as where one seeks to maximize the outcomes of another without regard for one's own outcomes (Ballinger and Rockmann, 2010). Altruism is a prosocial attitude thought of as a predisposition to unselfishly help and focus upon others, associated with the affect of compassion, and resulting in acts of cooperation, caring, giving assistance, and other selfless acts. …


Introduction: A clear understanding of subsurface stratigraphy is crucial to interpreting the geologic history of Mars. Detailed mapping of surface exposures has established a general framework of Martian near-surface geology [e.g., 1,2]. Analysis of wrinkle ridges can supplement these findings by providing interpretations of subsurface mechanical stratigraphy. Wrinkle ridges are surface expressions of folds that have developed around arrays of primary and secondary thrust faults [3,4]. Orientations of secondary thrusts are largely controlled by the mechanical stratigraphy of the surrounding rock mass. Antithetic secondary faults are distinct to a heterogeneous mechanical stratigraphy and possess a fold asymmetry discernable from the fold surrounding the primary fault [5]. MOLA-based topography has facilitated studies of wrinkle ridges [3,6,7] at greater detail than was possible in pre-MGS analyses [8,9]. In this abstract we show that MOLA topography permits determination of fault orientations within wrinkle ridges and facilitates regional analyses of mechanical stratigraphy.


The article considers the stages in the procedure of notarization of transactions. The question of the legality of identity notary public in transactions involving the legal entity with a large area of competence.


A classical criterion states that a (real) Lie algebra g is the Lie algebra of a compact Lie group G if and only if there exists an inner product on g which is invariant under the adjoint action of g on itself. Our aim in this work was to investigate if this result could be extended to Lie algebroids, giving an analogous criterion characterizing when is a Lie algebroid A the Lie algebroid of a proper Lie groupoid G. First, a working conjecture was formulated stating that the existence of an inner product onA satisfying a certain invariance property should be a necessary and sufficient condition for A to integrate to a proper Lie groupoid. Our work then consisted in deciding if the conjecture held and, if not, why and how it failed. In one direction, we proved that the existence of a proper Lie groupoid integrating A and satisfying some mild conditions implies the existence of an inner product on A as in our conjecture. We then studied whether our condition on an integrable Lie algebroid A implied the existence of a proper Lie groupoid integrating A. For a transitive Lie algebroid we proved that this is indeed the case. For a general Lie algebroid, however, we show that this is false. We present three counter examples of distinct natures that suggest that integrability by proper groupoids must require conditions of a different nature.


【Objective】 To explore the changes of serum total immunoglobulin E(IgE),interleukin-4(IL-4) before and after inhaled glucocorticoid in children with asthma and its significance. 【Methods】 105 asthmatic children were selected from our hospital during Oct.2005 and Oct.2007.The diagnosis had been carried out following the nationwide cooperation standard of childhood asthma.The patients were categorized into the inhaled glucocorticoid(ICS) treated group(n=65) and the conventional treatment group stochastically(conventional group)(n=40).Within the ICS group,fluticasone aerosol contained in metered dose inhaler(MDI) was used via a spacer by the patients.The conventional group were given the ketotifen to treat and use judgment to apply salbutanol for the fragrance,does not apply the sugar cortical hormone.The patients of the 2 groups were followed up for 3 months to compare the total IgE levels before and after treatment.However,the ICS group continued being treatment and were observed up to 1 year.In addition normal children used in control group(n=30). 【Results】 Before and after 3 months treatment,the serum total IgE of conventional group were(392.77±44.95)ng/L,(377.63±50.83)ng/L,and(120.55±20.57)ng/L,(114.69±17.68)ng/L.As to the ICS group before treatment,after 3 months treatment,and after 1 year treatment,the serum total IgE,IL-4 were(403.61±51.18)ng/L,(280.38±23.46)ng/L,(272.79±24.65)ng/L and(128.31±21.62)ng/L,(87.56±20.87)ng/L,(81.17 ±19.97)ng/L,respectively.There were significant difference of total IgE,IL-4 after treatment 1 year was compared with that before treatment(t=17.647,10.934,P0.01),and were no significant difference of total IgE,IL-4 compared with that of 3 months treatment (t=1.798,1.796,P0.05).Before the treatment,the ICS group and conventional group IgE,IL-4 were higher than the control group,there was a significant difference(P0.05). 【Conclusions】 When treating childhood asthma,the medium dosage of fluticasone propionate can decrease serum total IgE,IL-4,the detection of which favors the observation of patients' internal allergic status in the course of treatment.


Blended learning is a blend of two learning models, namely face-to-face learning and online learning / e-learning. The purpose of blended learning is to stimulate and foster students learning motivation. This article discusses blended learning studies that are applied in appreciation literary classes. There are 3 learning models focused in this study. The first is Persenolized online learning, small group discussions and project online presentations. The 7th semester students become research subjects. They are 18 students. from the results of the 3 methods applied during the 5 months of learning, it is obtained that the combination of the three models is very suitable to be used as a method in teaching literary appreciation. It can be concluded that the instructional model is appropriately determined by the suitability of educational model, technique and method of learning, and also facilities and infrastructure readines.


In this paper the relations between major seismic events (M#7) in all the world and the sector structure of the interplanetary magnetic fields are investigated. The relationships between the seismic events and the photospheric magnetic fields are discussed. It is suggested that the sector structure of the photospheric magnetic fields may be thought to be a basical source of Solar-Terrestrial activities.


Yeast cell wall polysaccharide contains some groups that can combine metal ions for executing bioactive functions such as immunity.Yeast polysaccharide-Zn complex was prepared in this study to explore the absorption performance of urea and to extend the application of yeast polysaccharide.Yeast polysaccharide-Zn complex is composed of yeast polysaccharide and zinc sulfate.The influential factors of complex preparation such as reaction time,zinc addition amount,reaction temperature and reaction pH were investigated.The optimal conditions of zinc complex preparation were explored by orthogonal tests using urea adsorption as the evaluation index.The results indicated that the optimal preparation conditions of yeast polysaccharide-Zn complex required reaction temperature of 55 ℃,reaction time of 2 h,addition of 10% of 0.1 mol/L zinc sulfate,and reaction pH of 6.5.Under the optimal reaction conditions,the binding rate was up to 98.97%.The optimal adsorption conditions of yeast polysaccharide-Zn complex for urea were reaction temperature of 30 ℃,reaction pH of 6.0,reaction time of 135 min and initial urea concentration of 2.25 mg/mL.Under these optimal conditions,the adsorption rate was up to 97.27%.The higher binding rate between yeast polysaccharide and zinc ion can provide the better adsorption for urea.


The invention discloses a feed additive for plant oligosaccharide and a preparation method thereof, and relates to the technical field of feed additives. The feed additive comprises the following raw materials in percentage by weight: 5-5.5% of dry Chinese hawthorn leaves, 3-3.5% of dry cordate houttuynia, 1-1.5% of oligosaccharide, 0.1-0.15% of dry yeast, and the balance of water. The preparation method comprises the following steps: immersing the dry Chinese hawthorn leaves and the dry cordate houttuynia in boiling water for 2~3 hours; filtering the residua and the impurities of the Chinese hawthorn leaves and the cordate houttuynia; and standing filtrate and putting the filtrate in the dry yeast and brown sugar for fermenting for more than 30 days, forming sourness, and obtaining the feed additive. The soak liquid of the two plants is fermented to obtain a fermentation liquid as the feed additive for the plant oligosaccharide, the feed additive has the advantages that poultry growth is promoted, daily gain is increased, feeding time is shortened and pollution is not generated.


Ordered Binary Decision Diagrams (OBDDs) are a widely used data structure for Boolean function manipulation. In particular, OBDDs are commonly used in CAD for the synthesis and verification of integrated circuits. The purpose of this paper is to design an error resilient version of this data structure, i.e., self-repairing OBDDs.We describe some strategies that make reduced OBDDs resilient to errors in the indexes, that are associated to the input variables, or in the edges. The solutions we propose allow to efficiently restore via software the corrupt OBDD without changing the data structure, but rather exploiting its inherent redundancy, as well as the redundancy introduced by its efficient implementations.


ABSTRACT Projects that help rural producers to use sustainable production practices are essential for the preservation of biomes. The ABC Cerrado Project, for example, aimed to promote the sustainable land use, as well as to improve the forest management, in the Cerrado (Brazilian Savanna) biome, from 2014 to 2019. The Project's goals included assessing the impact resulting from training a group of farmers in sustainable technologies for agricultural production and offering them technical assistance for managing rural properties. In this study, the impact of this Project was evaluated. The perception of impact adopted here has three dimensions: technical efficiency; probability of the activity being a carbon sink; and reduction of carbon emissions. In general, there was an improvement in the environmental performance of farms assisted by the Project. This reflects the efforts of the farmers to adjust their production processes and incorporate the good agricultural practices disseminated by the technology transfer process proposed by the Project.


In this paper, we present a discussion of the design and implementation of a cluster of workstations and PCs as an Internet server. Our design features desirable characteristics in terms of system scalability, performance, reliability, and security. Issues like how to effectively perform dynamic load balancing, and how seamless scalability is achieved are discussed. Specially, we propose a new scheme called dynamic port forwarding to allow proper sharing of cluster workload among all cluster members.


Several fundamental laws on the flow of life information(its heredity, transmission, regulation and expression)are tentatively proposed and investigated.The first law is the universal growing of coding information quantity in a genome in the molecular evolution. The second law is the coding sequence diversity of a genome approaching to the maximum value under various functional constraints. The third is the decoding error in information transmission of the life system decreasing with the increase of information transmission of the life system decreasing with the increase of information redundancy and the possibility of precise transmission by using large enough redundancy and simultaneously satifying transmission rate near the channel capacity. The fourth is the scale free, the modularity and the error-tolerance of the biological network. The fifth is the thermodynamical orderness of the information system maintained by output of entropy to the environment. The latter three are three approaches designed for the precision and robustness of life system. It is suggested that the molecular biology should be re-expressed, partly at least, following these ( and other) fundamental laws in the spirit of the integration of experimentalism and rationalism.


A large number of quantitative studies have been made of the Gibbs energy of transfer (the solvent medium effect) for cations transferring from water into mixed aqueous−organic solvent systems, mainly at 25 °C. Nevertheless, no systematic effort appears to have been made to compile and analyze these data, particularly for multivalent cations. A critical review of this information and its presentation in a manner that permits comparison of different cations in a given solvent mixture and of a given cation transferring into different mixtures is therefore of value.


Recent work have shown that moving least squares (MLS) surfaces can be used effectively to reconstruct surfaces from possibly noisy point cloud data. Several variants of MLS surfaces have been suggested, some of which have been analyzed theoretically for guarantees. These analyses, so far, have assumed uniform sampling density. We propose a new variant of the MLS surface that, for the first time, incorporates local feature sizes in its formulation, and we analyze it for reconstruction guarantees using a non-uniform sampling density. The proposed variant of the MLS surface has several computational advantages over existing MLS methods.


For most of people, e-mail is the preferable medium for official communication. E-mail service providers face an endless challenge called spamming. Spammingis the exploitation of e-mail systems to send a bulk of unsolicited messages to a large number of recipients. Noisy image spamming is one of the new techniques to evade text analysis based and Optical Character Recognition (OCR) based spams filtering. In the present paper, Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) based on different color models was considered to address image spam problem. The proposed method was evaluated over a public image spam dataset. The results showed that the performance of the proposed CNN was affected by the color model used. The results also showed that XYZ model yields the best accuracy rate among all considered color models.


In this paper, the design and performance analysis of dual circular stacked microstrip patch antenna for S-band applications has been proposed. In the proposed antenna design, the substrate of material FR 4 having dielectric constant 4.4 have been used. The ground, patch and feedline are of copper material. The proposed antenna has two circular stackings on the patch and the antenna has impedance bandwidth of 110 MHz with operating frequency ranging from 3.34 GHz to 3.45 GHz. In the proposed antenna design, the stacking has been employed to enhance the directivity and return loss. The proposed antenna design has been fed by microstrip feedline having impedance of 49.36 Ω. The performance of antenna has been analyzed in terms of return loss (dB), impedance bandwidth (MHz), directivity (dBi), gain (dB), VSWR and impedance (ohms). The proposed antenna design resonates at 3.40 GHz frequency with minimum return loss of −41.55 dB, gain of 4.45 dB and directivity of 6.47 dBi. The proposed antenna can be used for S-band (2GHz–4 GHz) applications. The proposed antenna has been designed and simulated using CST Microwave Studio 2014. The proposed antenna has been successfully fabricated and tested using E5071C network analyzer and anechoic chamber. It has been observed that the CST simulated antenna results closely match with the practically fabricated results of the proposed antenna.


The HARMONIE system, that is jointly developed by the ALADIN and the HIRLAM consortium, is specifically targetted at the convection permitting scales and can be run with two physics packages, leading to the so-called AROME and ALARO model configurations. The two packages are based on different choices in the physics parameterizations but use a common code for the dynamical core. In this presentation I will give a brief description of the two model configurations and their underlying scientific basis. Future research is targetted along the following main lines. We aim to increase of resolution aiming to go to one km scale and below. We start to investigate the suitability of the numerics of the spectral dynamical core for the future evolution of the high-performance computing machines. The development of a high-resolution EPS systems to be run at the convection permitting scales has been started. In data assimilation great emphasis is currently being put on the assimilation of radar data since it has been shown that it improves the forecasts at resolutions of about 1 to 2 km. The HARMONIE system is used across the national meteorological services (NMSs) of the 26 countries participating in the ALADIN an HIRLAM consortia, in many cases with a 3Dvar data assimilation. And it is also used in several mesoscale LAMEPS systems, the most notable ones being GLAMEPS and LAEF. It has been demonstrated that these EPS systems add forecast skill on top of the EPS of the ECMWF.


In writing news on a website, we often make a mistake in writing a sentence or few sentences.
The authors are usually not aware to that mistakes made would be fatal; due to its writing will
cause a double meaning or ambiguityity. Actually, the authors fully understand what are
sentence structures must be, for example, Subject-Predicate/ Subject-Predicate- (Object)/
Subject-Predicate- (Object) - (Adverb). However, they often make mistakes in terms of the
syntactic grammar and the like. Syntaxx refers to the ways in which we order specific words to
create logical, meaningful sentences. While the parts of speech are all the different types of
words that we can use, syntax is the set of rules, patterns, or processes by which we can put
them together. From this simple explanation, common mistakes made are the relationship
between words to words or words to other larger units, sentence structure and its parts,
ambiguity, pleonasm, as well as grammatical errors that used. After analysing and researching
those mistakes based on the theory of linguistics (syntax and morphology) by using a qualitative
approach, it will be obtained an error rate that most often made, the solution to fix the error by
using the syntactic approach, and the role of editor in correcting these mistakes for displayed
news on the website, so it will be more organized in terms of sentence structure and grammar in
the future. The goal is, it can be easily understood by readers without causing doubts and
ambiguous.


1Assistant Professor Department of Computer Science and Engineering Jeppiaar SRR Engineering College, Padur Chennai, Tamil Nadu, INDIA 2B.E Department of Computer Science and Engineering Jeppiaar SRR Engineering College, Padur Chennai, Tamil Nadu, INDIA 3B.E Department of Computer Science and Engineering Jeppiaar SRR Engineering College, Padur Chennai, Tamil Nadu, INDIA ---------------------------------------------------------------------***---------------------------------------------------------------------Abstract The project presents leaf characteristics analysis using image processing techniques for automated vision system used at agricultural field. In agriculture research of automatic leaf characteristics detection is essential one in monitoring large fields of crops, and thus automatically detects symptoms of leaf characteristics as soon as they appear on plant leaves. The proposed decision making system utilizes image content characterization and supervised Classifier type of neural network. Image processing techniques for this kind of decision analysis involves preprocessing, feature extraction and classification stage. At Processing, an input image will be resized and region of interest selection performed if needed. Here, color and texture features are extracted from an input for network training and classification. Color features like mean, standard deviation of HSV color space and texture features like energy, contrast, homogeneity and correlation. The system will be used to classify the test images automatically to decide leaf characteristics. For this approach, automatic classifier NN be used for classification based on learning with some training samples of that some category. This network uses tangent sigmoid function as kernel function. Finally, the simulated result shows that used network classifier provides minimum error during training and better accuracy in classification.