Pubic symphysis diastasis is a complication of pregnancy that can lead to prolonged recovery, persistent pain, and functional disability if managed inappropriately. There is a lack of universally accepted clinical guidelines with regards to the timeframe and defect criteria for surgical management, which contributes to delayed care resulting in increased surgical complexity and subsequent impairments in functionality and quality of life. The current standard of care utilizes non-operative measures exclusively for separations measuring less than 2.5 cm correlating to symphyseal ligament sparing. Surgical interventions are typically reserved for severe cases or those resistant to initial non-operative treatment. Non-surgical methods have been attempted for 4–6 weeks, even in severe cases, with patients still requiring eventual surgery. We herein report an uncommon case of pubic symphysis diastasis measuring 5.5 cm and the successful implementation of non-surgical management to demonstrate the need for updated standardized treatment guidelines. The defect in this case was treated with early application of a pelvic binder resulting in anatomic alignment and full resolution of pain within 3 months, and full return to activity within 6 months. In conclusion, the establishment of management guidelines for pubic symphysis is recommended, including the use of non-surgical management early in the patient recovery process and in cases with diastasis greater than 2.5 cm. This treatment strategy may decrease morbidity, recovery time, and complications in affected patients.


Ferroelectric (LTO) thin films were prepared by the modified sol-gel process. Acetylacetone(AcAc) was used as chelating agent, and D.I. water and nitric acid were added to the stock solution to control the amount of hydrolysis and condensation reaction. The solution was spin coated onto Pt/Ti/SiO₂/Si(100) and Pt/ZrO₂/SiO₂/Si(100) substrates. After multiple coating followed by baking treatment, the casst films were heat-treated for decomposition of residual organics, densification and crystallization. The role of acetylacetone to stabilize Ti isopropoxide by partially substituting OP ligand with AcAc was confirmed by FT-NMR spectroscopy analysis. The formation of B site-rich impurity phase in heat-treated LTO thin films were attributable either to the intermediate formation or to the La loss which may occur as the result of possible reaction with substrate. Further study is needed to clarify this point. Dielectric and electrical properties were measured and the results were compared with those for MOD-derived (LTO) thin film study by our group.


The structure of subject and object with the same form refers to subject-predicate phrase whose subjective form is the same as objective form.In its syntactical function,it can serve as subject,predicate,object,attribute,adverbial and complement.In its semantic meaning,we can divide the referent of its subject and object into two categories,namely,the same referent and the different referent.In pragmatic meaning,a pair of the structures always bring about un-expected results.


anticipated challenges identified by NASA engineers and scientists that may have a wearable technology solution. The student teams produce prototypes that seek to address the challenge, and are invited to present their results at the annual Wearable Technology Symposium at the Johnson Space Center. Feedback from students, faculty, and NASA mentors has been overwhelmingly positive throughout the lifetime of the CLUSTER, now in its fourth year. This paper discusses the structure and working rhythm of the CLUSTER, as well as observed benefits of the collaboration for NASA and participating universities. While the Wearable Technology CLUSTER is focused on a unique technical domain, this information is presented as a possible model for other technical and non-technical collaborations.


The idea that auditory factors play a role in phonology besides articulation has gained more and more attention in recent years (cf. Steriade, e.g. 1997, 2001, Flemming, 1995/2002, Boersma 1998, Padgett 2001a, 2001b, Hume and Johnson 2001, and references therein; NiChiosain and Padgett 2001, Ćavar 2003, and many others). The standard assumption for Polish so far has been that the emergence of prepalatal affricates is of articulatory nature and accounts have been offered in terms of articulatory features (e.g. Rubach 1984, Szpyra 1995,Ćavar 1997). I will argue that, though articulatory factors may play here some role, the driving force is of auditory background. Two parameters will be investigated separately, namely, place of articulation, and stridency. Arguments from the typology of consonantal inventories, and from the phonology of standard Polish and Polish dialects will be presented to support this view.


A novel planar magnetic levitation stage was proposed.In the promising structure,the levitation and linear drive parts of the stage were separated and the coupling between them was minimized.A mover was driven by lorentz force generated from the permanent magnetic linear motors,and levitated by magnetized force by electromagnets subsystem.It was made the stage had advantages of greater force output,wider motion area and precise positioning.In order to obtain the influences of saturation,skew angle and longitudinal end effect on airgap magnetic field,FEM was applied to construct the mathematic model of stage.On base of them,the relationships between thrust,normal force and current magnitude,air gap length and skew angle were studied.The analysis results show the forces of the stage have good linearity,so the control strategy can be simplified.


Objective
To assess the application of intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography for occluding the rupture of aortic sinus aneurysm(RASA) by cardiac interventional therapy via mini thoracotomy.

Methods
After anesthesia transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) was performed in patients with RASA to confirm or correct primary diagnosis from transthoracic echocardiography(TTE) and to predict the operative effect. During the operation the guide wire and Sheath pipe were accurately guided into rupture mouth of aortic sinus aneurysm by TEE. After the operation, the position of closure and the function of aortic valve need to check carefully.

Results
Collection of 38 patients with aortic sinus aneurysm rupture, 20 patients who can be received interventional therapy were select by TEE. Sixteen patients accepted interventional treatment successfully, including 8 cases with non-coronary sinus tumor to break into the right atrium, 5 cases with non-coronary sinus tumor to break into the right ventricle, and 3 cases with right coronary sinus tumor to break into the right ventricular outflow tract (3 cases). The patients who received intervention treatment successfully had stable vital signs, and no obvious changes of heart cavity structure and cardiac function in normal. Postoperative multiple reexamination, all patients showed the normal closure position, aortic valve opening and closing movement. And no stenosis and reflux signal, no residual shunt was detected.

Conclusions
TEE can confirm or correct primary diagnosis of TTE before the operation and guide the surgery operator to place the closure correctly during the operation and evaluate the effect of the treatment after the operation.

Key words:
Echocardiography, transesophageal; Aortic sinus aneurysm; Aneurysm, ruptured


Objective Explore our self-made detoxification Shengji cream in combination with gentamycin sulfate treatment of ⅲ-ⅳ stage clinical observation and nursing care of pressure sores.Method Observation of 18 patients with pressure ulcers were divided into observe groups and control group.Observe Group(10 cases): 15-20 minutes after General debridement,disinfection lamp irradiation,wound into an appropriate number of gentamicin,and homemade detoxification shengji ointment external application.The control group(8 patients):wound disinfection lamp irradiation after 15-20 minutes,with homemade detoxification shengji ointment external application.Patients with both psychological and living and nursing measures of diet nursing care and take and comparative assessment.Results Observation of observe Group9 in 10 patients with pressure ulcers wounds heal.1 case had significant improvement,the cure rate was 100%;control groups in 8 patients with pressure ulcers heal in 4 cases,2 become,2 invalid cases,cure rate was 75 per cent.Total efficiency of two groups of treatment and cure time had significant differences.Conclusion Detoxification Shenqji cream in combination with gentamycin sulfate and combined with lamp irradiation in treatment of bedsore easys,satisfied with the effect.It can shorten treatment time,cheap can alleviate patients,suffering and the economic burden,wide adaptability.


New literacies, which encompass a wide range of technologically related skills is not fairly new within the Malaysian context. Technology in education, introduced in 1997 through the Smart School project, has been widely studied over the years in both within Malaysia and other developing countries that place importance on English as a second language. Given the circumstances then, in-service as well as pre-service teachers learned various information and communication technology (ICT) skills to prepare students for their future. Pre-service teachers today are comparatively more skilled in technology as they learnt these ICT skills when they were young. These pre-service teachers, known as the digital natives (Prensky, 2001) are born in the 1980s where technology and computer knowledge began. While there have been many studies done on teachers at large for their technological knowledge and usage in ESL classrooms, there are still limited studies that look specifically on this group of teachers that fit both the criteria investigated, which are to know their cognitive level towards technology and its significance towards their pedagogy in classrooms. This present study aimed to investigate the technological usage and confidence of 46 pre-service English language teachers selected randomly from a university and a teacher training college in Malaysia. As digital natives, these pre-service teachers would provide a glimpse on the applicability and transitions in using technology to carry out an English lesson in the class by future teachers.


Strong electrostatic turbulence in magnetically confined plasmas is characterized by trapping or eddying of particle trajectories produced by the E × B stochastic drift. Trapping is shown to produce strong effects on test particles and on test modes by causing nonstandard trajectory statistics: non-Gaussian distribution, memory effects, and coherence. Trapped trajectories form quasi-coherent structure. Trajectory trapping has strong nonlinear effects on the test modes on turbulent plasmas. We determine the growth rate of drift modes as function of the statistical characteristics of the background turbulence. We show that trapping provides the physical mechanism for the inverse cascade observed in drift turbulence and for the zonal flow generation.


The purposes of research were to maintain the quality of snakehead fillet and to know the effect of low concentration addition salt, sucrose and citric acid and different storage time on the quality of snakehead fillet stored at 40C. The experiment was arramged in a randomized block factorial design with two replications. The first factor was different solvent addition, the second factor was storage time. Observation parameters included physical analysis (WHC), chemical analysis (TVB) and microbiological analysis (TPC). The result showed that the value of WHC, TVB and TPC on A2 factor has lower than the other factors. The value of WHC, TVB and TPC increased during storage. The limit total of microbes was permissible for A0 treatment until day 9th is 5.60 log10 cfu/g (3.9 x 105), A1 until day 9th is 5.46 log10 cfu/g (2.9 x 105), while A2 treatment until day 18th is 5.60 log10 cfu/g (3.9 x 105).


In fact, for a given key technically we can create a codebook of ciphertexts for all possible plaintext blocks. Encryption would then entail only looking up for required plaintext and select the corresponding ciphertext. Thus, the operation is analogous to the assignment of code words in a codebook, and hence gets an official name − Electronic Codebook mode of operation ECB. It is illustrated as follows −


A mean oscillation characterization, valid for all a > 0, of the spaces L' of Bessel potentials of LP functions is given and is used to relate the known characterizations for 0 < a < 2 via Marcinkiewicz integrals, due to E. M. Stein, and via vector-valued means of differences, due to R. S. Strichartz.


Israeli-Diaspora relations were significantly revised during the heady days of Oslo. An agenda that had primarily focused on world Jewry's political and economic support for Israel receded in favor of the seemingly more pressing need for Israel to assist Diaspora Jewry in preserving its own future continuity-an agenda that stood in pronounced contrast to classical Zionist ideology. However, as the Oslo process collapsed, the traditional agenda of Israeli-Diaspora relations reemerged albeit in modified form. Israeli spokespersons in the twenty-first century emphasized a strong North American Jewish community as critical to Israel's security concerns. The famed handshake on the White House lawn between Israeli prime minister Yitzhak Rabin and PLO chairman Yasser Arafat allegedly changed everything-including the course of IsraeliDiaspora relations. Assumptions that peace was at hand permeated Jewish discourse. Even the ads of Israel's Tourism Ministry touted Oslo as heralding a new era. The following winter, the Board of Governors of the American Jewish Committee titled its meeting in Jerusalem "When Peace Comes." Ill-advised as these assumptions actually were, they compelled a rethinking, if not a recalibration, of relations between Israel and world Jewry. The traditional agenda of "Israel in need" of Diaspora support no longer seemed the critical priority. In its place, American Jewish leaders, alarmed by the findings of the 1990 National Jewish Population Study that reported a mixed marriage rate of 52 percent, began to question whether Israel now might come to the rescue of American Jewry from the dangers of assimilation.


The mono and bi-layer TiO2 thin films have been prepared by sol-gel method on glass. X-Ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, spectroscopic ellipsometry and m-lines spectroscopy techniques have been used to characterize the TiO2 films. The mono-layer film is found to be amorphous, while the bi-layer film shows the presence of anatase phase. The bi-layer film exhibits more homogeneous surface with less roughness. The thickness effect on the refractive index, extinction ceofficient, packing density and optical band gap is analysed. The waveguiding measurements of the bi-layer film exhibit single-guided TE0 and TM0 polarized modes from which we can measure the refractive index and the film thickness.


Life history, growth patterns and feeding habits were compared between two common predatory stream stoneflies, Skwala pusilla and Kamimuria tibialis. Both species are univoltine with the larvae appearing in the streams in summer and showing high growth rates in autumn. Skwala pusilla continued growing to the final instar during winter, and then emerged in early spring. In contrast, the growth of K. tibialis stagnated in winter and turned high again in spring when they molted to the final instar. Skwala pusilla consumed a higher proportion of algae than did K. tibialis, and a randomisation test indicated significant difference between the two species in the degree of carnivory. However, S. pusilla did not enhance the degree of carnivory in winter when the growth of K. tibialis stagnated. These results suggest that the relatively low degree of carnivory in S. pusilla is not due to interspecific competition for prey resources.


We prove that the set of homotopy classes of the paths in a topological ring is a ring object (called ring groupoid). Using this concept we show that the ring structure of a topological ring lifts to a simply connected covering space.


The emphasis of this manuscript is on emulsions with gel-like properties based on biotechnically produced hydrophobins. These emulsions are compared to emulsions based on surfactants. Even though the preparation conditions for both emulsion types were the same, the structure and the properties were very different. Homogeneous, gel-like emulsions could be obtained with a protein concentration between 0.02 and 1 wt% and an oil mass fraction of more than 0.65. The gelified state is formed because the protein-covered droplets behave like sticky spheres even when the globules are ionically charged and the long range interaction is repulsive. Conductivity and microscopy measurements showed that the emulsions were of the oil in water (o/w) type. The size of the emulsion droplets depends on the mixing apparatus. With a vortex shaker oil droplets of up to 100 μm diameter were obtained indicating some protein remained in the bulk aqueous phase. With a high pressure homogenizer the emulsion droplets got much smaller and the protein was completely adsorbed at the droplet interface. Interestingly the emulsions aged with time without changing their structure. The aging was a result of the increase of the storage modulus G′. In the case of surfactants no homogeneous stable emulsions could be obtained under the same conditions.


Practical and scalable syntheses were developed that were used to prepare multikilogram batches of GSK1292263A (1) and GSK2041706A (15), two potent G protein-coupled receptor 119 (GPR119) agonists. Both syntheses employed relatively cheap and readily available starting materials, and both took advantage of an SNAr synthetic strategy.


Abstract : The coverage problem in the context of multi-robot teams can be defined as the maximization of the total area covered by the sensors of all robots in the team. Some coverage algorithms cause a robot group to converge to a static configuration, such that every point under the robots' sensor shadow is covered at every instant of time. We term such a coverage task static, since as soon as the desired dispersion is achieved, the system is at equilibrium. For complete static coverage of an environment the robot team should have a certain critical number of robots (depending on environment size, complexity, and robot sensor ranges). Determining the critical number is difficult or impossible if the environment is unknown a priori. In this paper we address the dynamic coverage problem, which requires all areas of free space in the environment to be covered by sensors with as high a frequency as possible, given a fixed number of robots. Our solution to the problem relies on the deployment of beacons (small stationary nodes with radios) into the environment as support infrastructure which the mobile robots use to solve the coverage problem. Robots explore the environment, and based on certain local criteria, drop a beacon into the environment, from time to time. Each beacon is equipped with a small processor and a radio of limited range. The proposed algorithm is decentralized and performs the coverage task successfully using only local sensing and local interactions between the mobile robots and beacons. The mobile robots interact through the environment by deploying the beacons and changing their state when in the communication vicinity of beacons. The fundamental constraint that we impose on the solution is the lack of global information about the environment. We also do not require the robots to be localized. We measure coverage using a frequency coverage metric that measures frequency of every-point coverage over time.


A series of structurally well-defined molecular wires were designed and synthesized. The wires consisted of metalloporphyrins connected by platinum acetylides. Stepwise synthesis afforded stable wi...


Cyanobacteria are important primary producers and, along with eukaryotic algae, are one of the most promising sources of alternative fuels today. Algae exhibit rapid growth rates, can be grown on non-arable land, use poor quality water, and require less input cost since they use sunlight as their energy source. Combustion of algal biofuels is carbon neutral because the algae fix carbon dioxide in order to increase their biomass. Cyanobacteria have been successfully engineered to produce desired types of biofuel such as biodiesel, bio-oil, bio-syngas, bio- hydrogen, bio-ethanol and fatty acid based biofuels. But, algal farmers must also look ahead to other obstacles impeding commercialization of large-scale algal pond farms, including nutrient challenges and crop protection. Instances of outdoor algal pond crashes due to fungal parasites have already been reported. A defining characteristic of fungi is the presence of a chitinous cell wall and is a potential target for antifungal molecules. There has been a cyanobacterial chitosanase reported to have antifungal activity against plant pathogen. This chitosanase along with two homologs in two different cyanobacterial strains as well as an uncharacterized chitinase in another cyanobacterial strain were investigated as possible antifungal molecules for algal crop protection. Though all the proteins were found to have catalytic activity, they did not exhibit antifungal activity against the tested fungi. Additionally, 10 strains of cyanobacteria were screened to look for new antifungal molecules. No antifungal activity was observed from the cyanobacteria against the tested fungi


The paper aims at investigating the use of Neural Networks in classifying the Malay plosives based on their places of articulation. The approach is quite different from the conventional speech recognition methods, where they classify the speech sounds according to their phonemes, syllables or isolated words. A three-layer Multi-layer Perception (MLP) is used to classify six plosive sounds in various phonetic contexts. The MLP is trained with stochastic Back-propagation (BP), where the weights are updated after presentation of each training token. The speech tokens are sampled at 16 kHz with 16-bit resolution. The proposed method can be used in a speech training system to show the tongue placement based on the speech sounds. The method is able to achieve a promising recognition rate of 90% when tested speaker-independently on adult and children speakers.


In the present study, the toxicity of monkey kola (Cola millenii) leaf and stem bark extracts were investigated in laboratory animals. The rats were orally administered with the plant extracts at gradual doses of 10 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg, 1,000 mg/kg, 2,500 mg/kg, 3,500 mg/kg and 5,000 mg/kg b.w. and were closely monitored for 24 h. In sub-acute toxicity, the animals were given 1,000 mg/kg b.w. and 2,500 mg/kg b.w. for 28 days. Thereafter, the effect of the extracts on the weight and haematological parameters of the rats were determined. The rats did not show any symptoms of toxicity throughout the experiment. In the sub-acute toxicity assay, starting from week two, the groups administered with 1,000 mg/kg and 2,500 mg/kg stem bark extract had significant (p ≤ 0.05) lower weight compared with the other groups. In the haematological assay, there were no significant differences (p ≥ 0.05) between the RBC and platelet counts as well as PCV, haemoglobin, urea, cholesterol, creatinine, LDL, HDL and AST level of all the groups given the extract in comparison with the control. Albeit, the level of white blood cells count, was higher in the treated groups compared with the control with concomitant significant (p ≤ 0.05) increase in the ALT and ALP levels of the animals treated with the extracts compared with the control. Results show that Cola millenii leaf and stem bark extracts are safe for oral use, although, at higher doses, stem bark extract may cause liver damage.


We have developed an injectable, biodegradable hydrogel system composed of hyaluronic acid–tyramine conjugates using a peroxide-catalyzed oxidation reaction for drug delivery and tissue engineering. Previous efforts in this area have been unsuccessful at addressing a number of problems, including the conventional use of toxic catalysts and chemicals, which affect the bioactivity of the drugs and cells, causing tissue damage. Also, most of the hydrogels to date require surgical implantation, which often results in tissue irritation and damage.1 Ideally, the reagents must be nontoxic, and the hydrogels formed should be degraded after the disease has been cured and/or tissue regeneration is complete.


High-temperature and high-humidity drying technology was adopted to study the effect of drying conditions on the quality of dried velvetbean,determine the optimal drying conditions,which provided experiment basis to commercial process of dried velvetbean.The results indicated that appropriate humidity could improve the color,shape and rehydration rate of dried vevetbean.The optimal drying conditions with three-stage drying were as follows:earlier stage temperature 80℃,relative humidity 55%,drying time 30min,medium stage temperature 80℃,relative humidity 35%,drying time 30min,last stage temperature 80℃,relative humidity 25%,drying time 155min.The dried velvetbean processed by this method had low browning and contraction percentage(about 48%).The final moisture content of the product was about 7.4%,and the dried velvetbean had bright color,taste crisp and tender after rehydration.


As polarization is an important characteristic of light, polarization image detecting is a new image detecting technology of combining polarimetric and image processing technology. Contrasting traditional image detecting in ray radiation, polarization image detecting could acquire a lot of very important information which traditional image detecting couldn't. Polarization image detecting will be widely used in civilian field and military field. As polarization image detecting could resolve some problem which couldn't be resolved by traditional image detecting, it has been researched widely around the world. The paper introduces polarization image detecting in physical theory at first, then especially introduces image collecting and polarization image process based on CIS (CMOS image sensor) and FPGA. There are two parts including hardware and software for polarization imaging system. The part of hardware include drive module of CMOS image sensor, VGA display module, SRAM access module and the real-time image data collecting system based on FPGA. The circuit diagram and PCB was designed. Stokes vector and polarization angle computing method are analyzed in the part of software. The float multiply of Stokes vector is optimized into just shift and addition operation. The result of the experiment shows that real time image collecting system could collect and display image data from CMOS image sensor in real-time.


The electrochemical reduction of in molten eutectic is shifted to more positive potentials by the addition of or . In the case of added three electrons are consumed per mole of and an insoluble reduction product having the empirical formula is obtained. In the presence of , the reaction product depends on the electrolytic conditions, especially the cathodic potential. The limiting processes appear to be a two‐electron process, favored by low cathodic potential and high cobalt (II) concentration to yield , and a three electron process, favored by high cathodic potential and low cobalt (II) concentration to yield . A mechanism consistent with these observations is proposed.


This paper summarizes the results of animal experiments that are the foundation of our current understanding of the biological behavior or uranium. Topics discussed include: metabolism including biological transport, excretion, deposition and retention in kidney and bone; absorption after parenteral administration, feeding, inhalation, or application to skin or eye; maternal transfer; and clearance of inhaled compounds from the lung. Acute chemical toxicity, including mechanism of action and effects on renal tubules; effects on blood and urine chemistry; acute mortality after parenteral administration or application to skin or eye; and the acute toxicity of $sup 233$U. Chemical toxicity after prolonged exposure, including mortality; kidney function and pathology during chronic ingestion or inhalation; and tolerance to uranium poisoning. Radiation effects, including induction of bone tumors by soluble $sup 232$U or $sup 233$U; subacute mortality from $sup 233$U; pneumonia and fibrosis in lung and induction of lung tumors by inhaled oxides of $sup 235$U or natural U. (auth)


The mammalian peripheral auditory system is an amazingly complex structure comprising external, middle and inner ears. These three components develop within the embryo to produce a functioning unit that must ultimately transduce air-borne sound waves, ranging widely in frequency and amplitude, into electrical responses within the auditory nerve. At the same time, the ear must cope with problems including sound of damagingly high intensities, bone-conducted noise and atmospheric pressure fluctuations. In this Special Issue, leading investigators from both Europe and America discuss the embryological and evolutionary development of this extraordinary biological device, how ear morphology relates to function, and how defects can be surgically treated. The first part of this Special Issue follows the embryological development of the peripheral auditory system. Hannah Thompson and Neal Anthwal discuss the results of recent experiments that have increased our understanding of the cell lineages that create the distinct parts of the middle and external ears. Their paper includes a review of the development of some of the less well-studied auditory structures, including the pinna, tympanic membrane and connective tissue of the middle ear. This is followed by a consideration of the development of the mammalian inner ear by Andy Groves and colleagues, focusing on the induction and patterning of the cochlea from the formation of the otic placode to the differentiation of hair cells. The roles of signalling molecules in the formation of the organ of Corti are described, along with the development of tonotopy. Future directions for cochlear research are outlined. Our third paper on ear development is an analysis of gene profiling in the inner ear, from Thomas Schimmang and Mark Maconochie. The authors show how technical advances have allowed unbiased analysis of gene expression at key points during inner ear development. They consider gene profiles along the tonotopic axis, during aging and as a consequence of damage. Such studies highlight new candidate genes and elucidate gene networks, aiding our understanding of how the ear forms and functions. The evolution of the mammalian middle ear, during which bones of the pre-mammalian jaw-joint developed into the malleus and incus found in all mammals today, is one of the most captivating stories in evolutionary biology. Our understanding of how this unlikely transition happened grew from many years of painstaking work in the fields of comparative anatomy, embryology and palaeontology. In the second part of this Special Issue, Wolfgang Maier and Irina Ruf provide a historical introduction to the field, highlighting the vital roles of scientists including Carl Reichert and Ernst Gaupp. Based on their own expertise in mammalian embryology, Maier and Ruf also throw down the gauntlet to palaeotologists, challenging the identification of an "ossified Meckel's cartilage" in some of the important transitional fossil taxa. The next part of the Special Issue considers the structure and function of the peripheral auditory system in living mammals. The first two papers, by Matthew Mason (a coauthor of this editorial), consider the middle ear. Mason describes and illustrates the extraordinary middle ear structures of some small desert mammals – gerbils, sengis and jerboas – based on original data obtained from micro-CT imaging. The sengi Macroscelides is found to have middle ear cavities so large that, considered together, they exceed the brain in volume! Ear cavity expansion, which augments low-frequency hearing, has occurred convergently in different mammalian groups, but it is not a prerequisite of desert life. Mason's second paper represents an introduction to middle ear function, aimed at biologists with little background in acoustics. Using the same desert mammals as examples, he explains the problems with some of the simpler models of ear function that exist in the zoological literature, and goes on to argue that electrical analogue models represent a better starting-point for those who wish to use middle ear structure to infer auditory function. The anterior process of the malleus varies considerably between mammalian groups and is believed to have an important impact on the frequency response of the middle ear. Our next paper, from Maier and Ruf, is an original research article that examines the development, structure and function of this process in Cetartiodactyla. Considering both embryological and tomographic sections of a wide range of species, Maier and Ruf clear up the mystery surrounding the nature of the "ossiculum accessorium mallei", which they identify as a process of the prearticular. They propose a functional hypothesis to explain why cetartiodactyls have developed this unusual expansion of their anterior process. The last paper in this section is from Eric Ekdale; it focuses on the mammalian inner ear. Using clear illustrations, Ekdale describes the anatomy of the inner ear in mammals in general while noting the structural diversity found among different groups. He introduces the physiological mechanisms of the cochlea and vestibular system, and critically assesses some of the claims that have been made about how the structure of these organs relates to sensory function. Such a specialised and sensitive organ as the mammalian ear is inevitably vulnerable, both in terms of congenital


This paper analyzes the problem of modeling the collisions in a wireless network supporting multi-packet communication by spatial reuse. Typically, in a multi-packet scenario, the result of a transmission attempt is established using two main approaches: one, more idealized but suitable for theoretical analyses, based on the success probability or on the threshold on the number of sustainable communications, and another one, more realistic, relying on the signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) experienced by the receiving node. The two approaches may lead to considerably different results, since the number of allowed communications is often estimated neglecting many physical aspects. This study investigates this issue by presenting a mathematical model, validated by simulations, which relates the number of active communications with the statistic of the SIR. Moving from the developed framework, this paper discusses how some assumptions usually adopted for analyzing multi-packet networks exploiting spatial reuse may be revised in presence of a more detailed characterization of the spatial domain.


The NPS tend to follow social accounting requirements that are based on "Logical and systematic analysis of the organization activities impact on the society and other stakeholders and to show this effect information in the financial statements" Due to the social nature of the NPS' activities. In this sense the accounting recognition is the start point of the comprehensive accounting function. While the accounting measurement is one of the influencing elements of the accounting function, and its importance increased by moving towards the accounting compatibility for this sector organizations. Therefore, the organizations must be in an accountable position, Not only for the owners or shareholders (traditional concept), but to the society for its overall operations and activities. So, the researchers addressed and analyzed in this paper the following. First, the accounting recognition and measurement in the NPS. Second, the accounting presentation and disclosure in the NPS.


Motivation: The many thousands of high‐quality genomes available now‐a‐days imply a shift from single genome to pan‐genomic analyses. A basic algorithmic building brick for such a scenario is online search over a collection of similar texts, a problem with surprisingly few solutions presented so far. Results: We present SOPanG, a simple tool for exact pattern matching over an elastic‐degenerate string, a recently proposed simplified model for the pan‐genome. Thanks to bit‐parallelism, it achieves pattern matching speeds above 400 MB/s, more than an order of magnitude higher than of other software. Availability and implementation: SOPanG is available for free from: https://github.com/MrAlexSee/sopang. Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.


The FAILSAFE project is developing concepts and prototype implementations for software health management in mission-critical real-time embedded systems. The project unites features of the industry standard ARINC 653 Avionics Application Software Standard Interface and JPL's Mission Data System (MDS) technology. The ARINC 653 standard establishes requirements for the services provided by partitioned real-time operating systems. The MDS technology provides a state analysis method, canonical architecture, and software framework that facilitates the design and implementation of software-intensive complex systems. We use the MDS technology to provide the health management function for an ARINC 653 application implementation. In particular, we focus on showing how this combination enables reasoning about and recovering from application software problems. Our prototype application software mimics the Space Shuttle orbiter's abort control sequencer software task, which provides safety-related functions to manage vehicle performance during launch aborts. We turned this task into a goal-based function that, when working in concert with the software health manager, aims to work around software and hardware problems in order to maximize abort performance results. In order to make it a compelling demonstration for current aerospace initiatives, we additionally imposed on our prototype a number of requirements derived from NASA's Constellation Program. Lastly, the ARINC 653 standard imposes a number of requirements on the system integrator for developing the requisite error handler process. Under ARINC 653, the health monitoring (HM) service is invoked by an application calling the application error service or by the operating system or hardware detecting a fault. It is these HM and error process details that we implement with the MDS technology, showing how a state-analytic approach is appropriate for identifying fault determination details, and showing how the framework supports acting upon state estimation and control features in order to achieve safety-related goals. We describe herein the requirements, design, and implementation of our software health manager and the software under control. We provide details of the analysis and design for the Phase II prototype, and describe future directions for the remainder of Phase II and the new topics we plan to address in Phase III.


Advances in telecommunications have lead to modern technologies like conference calls, video calls, audio calls. Thiswidely communicate over hands- free devices, where this type of communication is affected by reverberations, mixing of sources,acoustic echo etc. Goal of this paper is to estimate noise free original sources from mixture of multiple sources, and hence phenomenonknown as Blind Source Separation (BSS).This implementation of source separation and estimation is performed by Independentcomponent analysis (ICA). Aim of ICA is representing data linearly such that components must be statistically independent. De-noisingwas performed using discreet wavelet transform (DWT) by decomposing and thresholding. Effective results were obtained when ICADWTcombinely worked than only ICA. Peak signal to noise ratio for ICA-DWT was more than only ICA.


Background & Study Aim: Exercise testing is a gold standard in physiological assessment of an athletes. Previous research showed that in match physiology may play decisive role in wrestling. However there is no relation between results obtained in laboratory testing and real in match physiology. The objective of the present study was knowledge about the relationship of physiological variables measured during a laboratory exercise testing as a set of predictors of lactate levels during a wrestling match.


Discussion.-All 4 cases presented involved the 15 to 25 age group and all the sinuses occurred on the cheek. Case II is interesting in that sinuses appeared on both cheek and gingiva, possibly due to independent discharge of the two radicular abscesses. From a diagnostic standpoint, it would seem that facial sinuses of dental origin are often mistakenly diagnosed in the early stages, an infected cyst being the commonest initial diagnosis. Anderson stresses the paucity of information in dermatological literature on the dental aspects of facial sinuses and this is undoubtedly one of the main reasons for the frequent delay in diagnosis.


Rio Declaration on Environment and Development approved by The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development in June 1992 has put forward new requirements on environmental management.Chinese Government has absorbed the principles of Rio Declaration and advocated ecological management mode in wetland environmental protection so as to set up a harmonious relationship between man and nature and to improve eco-civilization construction.Under the guidance of the relevant principles of Rio Declaration,Chinese government has perfected its legal system on wetland environmental management,with much progress especially in practice of public participation,community co-management and environmental impact assessment.


Analytical modelling of electromagnetic signatures (EMSs) for testing VLSI integrated circuits (ICs) will be considered. As crosstalk noise induced by IC interconnects is associated with a level or pattern of EMF, we approach the modelling of EM signatures by deriving an accurate analytical correlation between a given cross-talk noise voltage level and its associated EMF pattern variation, and defining a possible EMS for such a cross-talk noise voltage level.


Distributed constraint satisfaction problem (DisCSP) has being become to a new research branch of artificial intelligence. This paper improves the variable selecting strategy in concurrent search. At the same time, a method for dynamic variable ordering which is fit for distributed multi-agent environment is proposed to solve DisCSP, and value support proportion is defined to calculate variable ordering. Experiments on randomly generated DisCSP demonstrate that concurrent backtrack search with the proposed method for dynamic variable ordering performs more efficiently than random variable ordering based concurrent backtrack search, and communication overhead is decreases as well.


PURPOSE: A drain block and a construction method using the same are provided to prevent the inflow of rainwater to the in-situ ground by a water leakage, to reduce the period and cost of construction and to resist high load. CONSTITUTION: A drain block includes plural projections(200) having a groove for guiding rainwater from the top to the bottom surface, plural hooks(220) formed in a wing portion(210) extended to the appointed length from two adjacent corners, and a hook joint formed on the bottom of the projection located on the opposite corner without a wing portion and coupled with the hook.


This wok aims to identify the factors affecting the performance of agricultural research and innovation projects in a public organization (EMBRAPA). By using a sample of 40 projects, the paper shows that heterogeneous teams, partnerships, alliances and networks present a positive impact on the number of technologies generated by the each research project. Results also suggest a trade-off between scientific papers and the number of technologies. The number of papers is correlated to team homogeneity and to the number of researchers involved in the projects.


Lattice models can be successfully used for modelling materials with discrete microor mesostructures, mainly because they can relatively easily incorporate non-localities, complex constitutive laws, and large fibre deformations or reorientations. Typical examples of such materials are 3D-printed structures, woven textiles, paper, foams, or concrete. The accuracy, generality, and simplicity of discrete models come usually at the expense of excessive computational cost. This is due to the multi-scale nature of engineering problems, which require large number of interactions as the application scale is often much larger compared to the size of individual links. The Quasicontinuum (QC) methodology, introduced by Tadmor et al. [1], was developed to overcome this kind of limitation for conservative atomistic systems at the nano-scale. Recently, extensions towards models with dissipative interactions at the meso-scale have been developed, first based on the Coleman-Noll procedure in [2], and later based on the variational theory of energetic rate-independent systems [3]. QC, as a concurrent multiscale method, is especially suitable for modelling of damage, fracture, and crack propagation in discrete materials, mainly due to the fact that the dissipative mechanisms and nonlocalities matter most in a relatively small fracture process zone near the crack tip. Elsewhere, interpolation and coarse-graining can be used. In this presentation, the necessary extensions of variational QC towards an effective modelling of crack propagation in discrete mesoscopic systems are discussed, including the following concepts: (i) definition and geometrical description of cracks, (ii) introduction of partition-of-unity-based concepts and enrichment of the displacement interpolation, (iii) generalization of summation rule to accurately sample the incremental energy of the extended system, (iv) reconstruction of energy quantities upon mesh refinement and coarsening, and (iv) development of effective and robust mesh refinement and coarsening strategy. The efficiency and performance of the method thus obtained is demonstrated on a number of test examples.


The present invention discloses a method for processing a bar-type clear floral quality green tea, which is characterized in that: no pests early spring quality tea leaves a choice early bud development or leaf buds undeveloped, by sequentially picking, spread thin , mild double withering, fixing, cold stalls, rolled, shaped to do static type beginning of drying wind, spread cool, calm wind and other low-temperature re-drying process and appropriately adjust the process parameters, so that high-quality green tea products both heavy and mellow fragrance common features of both floral and sweet aroma of oolong tea, soup Huanglv Ming bright, mellow taste fresh, the bottom soft and bright green run, to prepare clear high-grade quality green tea flower article.


This paper presents a new home classification using a data mining approach and clustering algorithms. It focus in sociological characteristics. Data was obtained from a survey used in the research project "The Dwelling of Older Adults in the Central City" that is part of a larger research project entitled "Habitat and Centrality". This survey has 3,000 registers and 294 columns. From this, we selected 30 columns that were categorized in 4: gender, if at least one child exists, if a partner exists, and if there are one or more elder. Elder were 64 or more, following Mexican guidelines. Classification was performed with 6 clustering algorithms, and evaluated by silhouette and Dunn. The proposed classification is 10 clusters, that more adequately represent the type of families from a sociological point of view.


Aim . To assess the effectivity of autumnal allergic blepharoconjuctivitis complex therapy. Methods . 25 autumnal allergic blepharoconjuctivitis patients (50 eyes) were examined before and after complex treatment that included olopatadine hydrochloride 1 mg / ml (instillations 2 times a day), cetirizine 10 mg (1 tablet a day), and steroid drug (insufflations 2 times a day). Dry eye patients additionally received hyaluronic acid 1 mg / ml (instillations 2 times a day). 10 controls (20 eyes) were prescribed only the above-mentioned treatment. In 15 study group patients (30 eyes), Blepharogel 1 was applied on lid margins. Routine eye examination, clinical symptom assessment, Schirmer's and Norn's tests, xerosis meter and lissamine green staining evaluation, and anterior segment photography with computed morphometry were performed. Results. Compositae allergy was diagnosed in all patients. Dry eye due to tear film instability, lipid deficiency, and mucin deficiency and epitheliopathy were diagnosed in 55 %, 35.5 % and 28.3 %, respectively. In study group, the treatment significantly and rapidly reduced patient-reported symptoms and blepharoconjunctivitis signs as well as significantly improved tear stability, lipid deficiency, mucin deficiency, and epitheliopathy as compared with controls. Conclusion. Blepharogel 1 as a component of complex therapy increases the efficacy of autumnal allergic blepharoconjuctivitis treatment.


studied. Unambiguous assignernents made for the 6+ states, strong assignéments for the 8+ states and tentative assignernents for the 10+ states of the ground state rotational bands in these nuclei.


The article proposes an approach to the development of the original neural network, as well as the implementation of such a network. The approach is to extract the effects that the environment has on any object. Further, the proposed neural network receives an image of the object without any impact. To train the proposed neural network, which eliminates environmental influences and compares objects without impacts, only a few training images for each recognizable class are needed, which will eliminate the lack of convolutional neural networks - the need for a large training set for accurate recognition.


BSTRACT. The hydrologic function has been evaluated for the Greaca area, component of the Lower Danube Wetlands System. The evaluation was comparative for two periods of time (before and after the Danube dam was build). The antropic impact on this area is discussed analyzing the total volume of water retained by this area, for the two periods of time. We used SWAT to evaluate the degree of basin fragmentation and, based on the results obtained, it is discussed the human role in the fragmentation of hydrologic basins.


This research on the Korean National Quality Award (NQA) (KNQA) aims to analyse the causal relationships among seven categories in the KNQA model. The seven categories in the KNQA model were divided into five components: (1) driver (Leadership), (2) direction (Strategic Planning), (3) foundation (Information & Analysis), (4) system (Customer & Market Focus, Human Resource Focus, Process Management), and (5) results (Business Results). In order to derive more specific relationships between the results component (5) and the other components [(1)–(4)], 'Business Results' is subdivided into four major performance criteria in this study, such as (1) Human Resource Results, (2) Product and Service Results, (3) Customer-Focused Results, and (4) Financial and Market Results. Empirical findings of this study suggest that driver (Leadership) plays a critical role in generating positive effects on results through its direct and indirect effects on direction and foundation. Within system categories, two categories, Human Resource Focus and Customer & Market Focus have positive effects on Process Management and all system categories have positive effects on results. Within results categories, Human Resource Results has positive effects on Product & Service Outcomes, Product & Service Outcomes has positive effects on Customer-Focused Results, and Customer-Focused Results has positive effects on Financial and Market Results.


Post Office Telecommunications is part of the infrastructure of Britain. It affects the nation's conduct of its business, industrial, political and social affairs. In this shortened version of his IEE presidential address, James Merriman traces the role of engineering innovation in telecommunication during the past seven decades, and, by highlighting past trends, reviews future prospects for telecommunication in Britain and throughout the rest of the world


Carbon nanotube-based organic composites and carbon nanotube networks are important flexible and lightweight thermoelectric materials. Characterization of the thermoelectric performance of individual carbon nanotubes is of vital importance for exploring the coupling mechanism between carbon nanotubes and organic composites, and proposing further improvement measures. The thermoelectric performance of an individual multiwalled carbon nanotube with a diameter of 66 nm has been comprehensively studied by applying our T-type method from 260 K to 420 K, using the same measurement configuration. The figure of merit increases from 4.84 × 10−8 to 1.32 × 10−6 on increasing the temperature, which is smaller than previous experimental results on carbon nanotube samples. The thermal conductivity increases from 706 W m−1 K−1 at 260 K to 769.3 W m−1 K−1 at 320 K, and then stays nearly constant until 420 K. The phonons dominate the thermal transport. The electrical conductivity exhibits thermally activated carrier gener...


The food crisis in the first semester of 2008 was seen by many experts as an opportunity for major rice-exporting countries, such as Vietnam, in the context of a devaluated rice production industry. Since the sixties, Vietnam has used the development of its rice industry and food self-sufficiency as a way to independence. The Green Revolution enabled the country to feed a growing population and to become the second largest rice exporter in the world. One of the factors of its success is the presence of two complementary deltas: the Red River delta, with its productive and diverse microfarms, and the Mekong delta, which produces mid-quality rice for export and the domestic market. The rise of the price of rice on the world market in April 2008 destabilized the industry due to sharp rise in production in Vietnam and surrounding southern Asian regions, and to the inevitable drop in rates which followed in July 2008. To avoid repercussions within the country, the Vietnamese government imposed quotas and taxes on exports, with perverse results: the farmers of the Mekong delta had difficulty selling their surplus on a market fixed by numerous interme - diaries. Due to its non-conformity to WTO rules, this policy is now being challenged by member states.


The effect of Nitroxoline, antibiotic drug, was tested as a corrosion inhibitor for mild steel (MS) in an acidic environment by chemical method (mass loss measurement) and electrochemical methods such as electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and potentiodynamic polarization. The surface morphology of mild steel was investigated by scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and atomic force microscopy techniques. From the chemical and electrochemical methods, the resistance of corrosion was increased with the addition of Nitroxoline concentration. Tafel curves indicate that the pharmaceutically active compound is a cathodic type inhibitor. An adsorption of Nitroxoline on the surface of mild steel was obeyed by Langmuir isotherm. SEM, EDX, and AFM techniques prove the adsorption process. All the obtained results confirmed that the investigated compound Nitroxoline acts as a good inhibitor for the corrosion of mild steel in an acidic environment.


Abstract: The process of 3 Dimensional (3D) printing is used to create a 3D object with the help of a computer aided design (CAD) model, by successive addition of material layer by layer thus it is also known as additive manufacturing. During 1990's, the technique of 3D printing was only applied for the manufacture of aesthetic or functional prototypes and was suitably named as rapid prototyping. The following descriptive review presents with an overview about contemporary 3D printing technologies and their use in various specialties of dentistry and largely focusing on the applications of this technology in the endodontics.


In this paper, a new three-phase four-wire active power filter (APF) based on a zigzag transformer, three phase voltage source inverter (VSI) and single phase active power filter is proposed for power quality improvement. The proposed hybrid APF is used for the compensation of reactive power, harmonic currents, neutral current and load balancing at the point of common coupling. The zigzag transformer is used for providing a path to the zero-sequence current and compensates utility neutral current up to some extent. The single phase active power filter compensates the rest of the neutral current. The insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) based VSI is supported by the inductor is controlled for the required compensation of the load current. The hybrid APF is tested for power factor correction along with neutral current compensation, harmonic elimination, and balancing of nonlinear loads. The performance characteristics of the three-phase four wire hybrid APF are validated using MATLAB software with its Simulink and power system block set toolboxes.


This chapter considers three patristic witnesses which have been thought to support an aberrant form of the text of Mt. 1.16. The most important of these is the Greek Dialogue of Timothy and Aquila ; the other two are relatively late Syriac and Arabic witnesses. At the beginning of the twentieth century F.O. Conybeare argued on the basis of evidence derived from a newly edited patristic document, the Dialogue of Timothy and Aquila, that the original text of Mt. 1.16 in all probability read, "and Jacob begot Joseph, and Joseph begot Jesus who is called Christ". Another patristic witness that has been thought to support the reading of Mt. 1.16 in the Sinaitic Syriac manuscript is the twelfth century Jacobite ecclesiastic, Dionysius Barsalibi, bishop of Amida. Hermann von Soden. A third witness that has been thought to support the reading of the Sinaitie Syriac is one manuscript of the Arabic Diatessaron. Keywords: Arabic witnesses; Arabie Diatessaron manuscript; Greek Dialogue of Timothy and Aquila ; Jacobite ecclesiastic; Matthew 1.16; Sinaitic Syriac manuscript; Syriac witnesses


The internal circulation of modularized multilevel converter will affect waveform quality and increase system loss. In this paper, the basic principle and topological structure of MMC as well as the causes of the internal circulation are briefly analyzed. A method of harmonic component extraction based on the second-order generalized integrator and the suppression strategy of MMC circulation based on feedforward compensation quasi-proportional resonant control are proposed. The feasibility of this strategy is verified in MATLAB/Simulink, and the simulation results show that the circulation and capacitor voltage fluctuation are controlled within a reasonable range.


A digital Automatic Voltage Regulator(AVR) applied to HVDC power sys tem in aeroplane is presented.Its core CPU is TMS320F240 DSP.By making the most of the event manager module of DSP,the hardware structure of system is simplifi ed.In addition,advanced algorithm can be adopted in digital AVR because of the ability of high speed computa-tion of DSP. The experimental results show that the digital AVR has obtained satisfactory voltage regulating performance.


...................................................................................................................................................... 36 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................. 37 Materials and methods ............................................................................................................................... 37 Evaluation of cases .................................................................................................................................. 37 Immunohistochemistry ........................................................................................................................... 38 Gene Scan Analysis .................................................................................................................................. 40 Statistical analysis .................................................................................................................................... 40 Results ......................................................................................................................................................... 40 Clinico-pathological features of PC+ melanomas .................................................................................... 40 Immunohistochemical features of PC+ melanomas ................................................................................ 45 Molecular analysis of Ig genes expressed by PC+ melanomas ................................................................ 45 Analysis of lymph nodes draining PC+ melanomas ................................................................................. 48 Outcome of patients with PC+ melanomas ............................................................................................. 48 Discussion .................................................................................................................................................... 52 References ................................................................................................................................................... 55 CHAPTER II – ABERRANT HLA-DR EXPRESSION IN MELANOMA TISSUE: HINTS AT A GERMINAL CENTERLIKE INFLAMMATORY MICROENVIRONMENT ........................................................................................ 59 References ................................................................................................................................................... 70


A voltage-fed high-frequency inverter circuit with a parallel compensated load is analysed. The inverter circuit works on the principle of natural commutation. Circuit conditions for reliable operation of the inverter are derived. The design criteria for the choice of circuit components and their effect on steady-state circuit operation are discussed.


The additional installation of line-type surge arrester is an effective means for reducing the accidents of transmission line caused by lightning strike and enhancing the reliability of power system, and lowering the operation cost. This paper introduces the basic requirements of line-type surge arrester, the technical features of various arresters with different structure. Then, a new type of product with maintenance-free function is presented.


A metal doped coupled semiconductor oxide, Ag–ZnO–CdO was fabricated by a simple co-precipitation method and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), elemental mapping, high-resolution scanning electron microscopy (HR-SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area measurement, UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) and photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL). XRD and EDS reveal the presence of CdO and metallic Ag in the catalyst. FESEM shows a mixture of hexagonal nanosheets, nanoclusters and nanoparticles with a large number of cavities. HR-SEM and TEM images of the catalyst show that ZnO particles have pentagonal or hexagonal plate-like structure. Cadmium oxide and silver clusters are formed on the clear smooth surface of ZnO. Ag–ZnO–CdO has increased absorption in the UV and Visible region when compared to ZnO. This three component nanojunction system exhibited enhanced photocatalytic activity for the degradation of acid black 1 (AB 1) and acid violet 7 (AV 7) under sunlight far exceeding those of the single and two component systems. Ag–ZnO–CdO was found to be stable and reusable without appreciable loss of catalytic activity up to five runs. This metal doped coupled oxide shows increased hydrophobicity, when compared to CdO or ZnO. Our results provide new insights of the performance of a solar active photocatalyst with self-cleaning properties.


Data Science is a fairly novel field, and it predominantly deals with analysis and assortment of data. Machine Learning is a field that goes hand in hand in this regard. Various Algorithms, which are trained on a dataset predict results based on their training, and thus the accuracy of a model is determined by the testing dataset. Foreground feature extraction is another interesting application. Using data visualization and processing, we can plot the graphs for the audio frequency and intensity. This proves useful in feature extraction using MFCC (Mel-frequency cepstral coefficients).


The purpose of the study is to test the hypothesis of the priority role of livestock breeding in the development of rural areas on the basis of an analysis of livestock industries and determine the degree of territorial heterogeneity of this phenomenon. The study was carried out on the example of 29 regions of the Non-Black Earth Zone of the Russian Federation. Methods of ranking, correlation and variational analysis were used. A noticeable correlation was established between the indicators of the development of the livestock industry and rural development (p = 0.5; 0.6). For poultry farming, this relationship is moderate (p = 0.3; 0.3), pig breeding - weak negative (p = - 0.1; - 0.1). Concrete calculations confirmed the lack of influence of the development of pig breeding on one of the important indicators of the development of rural areas - the growth of acreage. The features of territorial heterogeneity in the development of cattle breeding and rural areas have been consistently investigated on the basis of the same methodology. Three equal groups of regions with a relatively high, medium and relatively low level of their development were identified. It is shown that the group of regions with a relatively high level of development of cattle breeding in the Non-Black Earth Region accounts for about half of the volume of milk and 56% of the production of cattle for slaughter. Neighboring regions in group I form two, in group II - one, in group III - three areas. When comparing the results obtained for cattle breeding and rural areas, it was found that the composition of the regions in the corresponding groups coincides by 67-78 %. When calculating the correlation coefficient between the final ranks of the regions, established when determining the heterogeneity of the development of livestock breeding and the heterogeneity of the development of rural areas, a high tightness of the correlation was revealed (p = 0.7). The hypothesis being tested was confirmed.


In this article we investigate whether quantifying school performance can have the unintended consequence of increasing the spatial concentration of advantage. Combining research on residential segregation with the sociology of quantification, we argue that ranking school performance may induce affluent parents to sort into areas with higher-ranked schools. We explore this hypothesis by analyzing linked decennial census data from 1981 to 2011 to examine whether the introduction of league tables measuring school performance in the early 1990s in England affected the spatial concentration of advantage. We find that the introduction of league tables was associated with an increase in the geographical concentration of occupational class. Advantaged households containing children became more likely to move to areas with better-performing schools after the introduction of league tables compared to less advantaged households. Quantifying school quality has the unintended consequence of increasing the geographical concentration of advantage, potentially entrenching inequalities.


Poverty and poor settlement problems seem inseparable from the urban living space including in Semarang City. One of the Semarang City Government policy innovations to tackle the poverty problems along with urban settlement improvement has been introduced in "GERBANG HEBAT" Program through the formation of kampung tematik (thematic kampong). In line with city development acceleration, thematic kampong needs a comprehensive planning for ensuring its sustainability. Representing a thematic kampong, Hydroponics Kampung in Tanjung Mas Subdistrict is dealing with high poverty level issue. The chosen hydroponics theme has in fact brought forward development complexity in nature against the existing coastal area characteristics. This study aims to examine the implementation of thematic kampong concept as well as the affecting factors towards its ineffectiveness. The research method applies qualitative descriptive data analysis. The results indicate the implementation process of kampong thematic concept in Hydroponics Kampung failed to encourage community empowerment. Hydroponic cultivation to which community welfare improvement sought for has no longer attractive and sustainable. The failure is caused by several factors such as poor kampong improvement planning, poor technical implementation process, the chosen thematic mismatch to the kampong potentials, and the lack of community knowledge and awareness.


The relationship between free radicals and the staling of beer was studied. Hydrogen peroxide was generated when beer was incubated at 60° C. When examined by electron spin resonance spectroscopic ...


First, we consider the equation $ax^2 - by^2 + c = 0$, with $a,b \in N*$ and $c \in Z*$, which is a generalization of Pell's equation. Here, we show that: if this equation has an integer solution and $ab$ is not a perfect square, then it has infinitely many integer solutions; in this case we find a closed expression for $(x_{n}, y_{n})$, the general positive integer solution, by an original method. More, we generalize it for a Diophantine equation of second degree and with n variables of the form: $\sum_{i=1}^{n} a_{i}x_{i}^{2} = b$.


A high-temperature YBa_2Cu_3O_{7-x} bulk ceramic superconductor with composite structure has revealed weak shielding properties against gravitational force while in a levitating state at temperatures below 70 K. A toroidal disk was prepared using conventional ceramic technology in combination with melt-texture growth. Two solenoids were placed around the disk in order to initiate the current inside it and to rotate the disk about its central axis. Samples placed over the rotating disk initially demonstrated a weight loss of 0.3-0.5%. When the rotation speed was slowly reduced by changing the current in the solenoids, the shielding effect became considerably higher and reached 1.9-2.1% at maximum.


Energy saving becomes critical in modern cloud wireless multimedia and mobile communication systems. In this paper we propose to study a new paradigm named application layer Position-Value diversity for wireless image sharing for cloud-edge communications, which has significant energy saving potentials for modern wireless networking systems. In this new paradigm, saving energy is achieved by looking into application layer imaging traffic, in stead of MAC-PHY protocols at lower layers, and partitioning it into important positions and unimportant values. This paradigm could be integrated to existing wavelet-based tree compression, and truncation of image bit streams could be performed with regards to wireless communication energy budget estimation. Simulation results demonstrated that there are significant potentials of communication energy efficiency gain and Quality of Experience (QoE) enhancement in wireless image communication systems.


Study Design. The biomechanical influence of in situ setting hydroxyapatite cement was examined for use in pedicle screw revision surgery. Pull‐out testing of control and pedicle screws augmented with hydroxyapatite cement was performed in human cadaver vertebrae. Objectives. To determine the immediate effect of using hydroxyapatite cement to augment revision pedicle screws after failure of the primary pedicle screw fixation. Summary of Background Data. The potential problems associated with using polymethylmethacrylate to augment revision pedicular instrumentation have prompted the search for other solutions. The introduction of resorbable hydroxyapatite pastes may have provided new biocompatible solutions for pedicle screw revision. Methods. Ten human cadaver vertebrae were instrumented with 6.0‐mm pedicle screws in each pedicle. The screws were loaded to failure in axial tension (pull‐out). The failed pedicles then were instrumented with 7.0‐mm pedicle screws, either augmented with hydroxyapatite cement or nonaugmented, which also were loaded to failure. Finally, the nonaugmented 7.0‐mm screw hole was reinstrumented with a hydroxyapatite cement‐augmented, 7.0‐mm pedicle screw and loaded to failure. Results. The pull‐out strength of the 7.0‐mm, hydroxyapatite cement‐augmented screws was 325% (P = 2.9 × 10−5) of that of the 6.0‐mm control screws, whereas the strength of the 7.0‐mm nonaugmented screws was only 73% (P = 2.0 × 10−2) of that of the 6.0‐mm control screws. The 7.0‐mm screws augmented with hydroxyapatite cement also were able to salvage 7.0‐mm pull‐out sites to 384% (P = 6.9E‐5) of the pull‐out strength of the 7.0‐mm nonaugmented screws. Conclusions. Hydroxyapatite cement may be a mechanically viable alternative to polymethyl methacrylate for augmenting revision pedicular instrumentation and should be considered for future experimental, animal, and clinical testing.


The present invention discloses an array substrate and a display panel. The array substrate includes data lines, scan lines and data lines and scan lines surrounded pixel structure, comprising the ITO film, and the pixel structure disposed at least one metal layer below the ITO film, wherein, the ITO film is electrically connected via a metal layer with openings , on the ITO film provided with a slit, the slit is provided with the ITO film at the connection opening. By the above-described embodiment, the present invention can reduce the probability of occurrence of disclination line, thereby improving the display quality of the display panel.


The effects of body weight (20, 50 and 100 kg) and breed (Hampshire and Changsa) on expression of porcine longissimus myostatin gene and its correlation with the carcass quality of pigs with a body weight of 100 kg were investigated. The real-time fluorescent quantitative RT-PCR with β-actin mRNA as internal standard was applied to determine the level of myostatin mRNA. The results showed that 1) the expression of longissimus myostatin had an increasing tendency in both breeds of pigs with the increasing of body weight (P0.05); 2) the expression of longissimus myostatin gene of Changsa pig was significantly higher than that of the Hampshire pig with the same body weight (P0.05), and extremely significantly higher when the body weight was 20 kg (P0.01); 3) the expression of myostatin had greatly significant positive correlation with backfat thickness (P0.01)and greatly significant negative correlation with lean percentage (P0.01), but no significant correlation with the drip loss and intramuscular fat (P0.05). The results demonstrated that the expression of longissimus myostatin gene increased with the growth of body weight and was significantly affected by breeds of pigs. The results of the correlativity analysis among myostatin, carcass quality and meat quality indicated that the expression of myostatin had different size correlation coefficients with carcass quality and meat quality.


Build theory model of intensity scintilla characteristics of laser atmospheric transmission. Under the analysis of the model, focus on theory model simulation of effect model simulation of laser transmission characteristics. And simulation results show that: the laser scintilla caused by atmospheric turbulence increased with the transmission distance and turbulence intensity increased; The longer wavelengths of light intensity, the smaller intensity scintilla; The plane waves of laser scintilla is smaller than spherical wave and so on. Finally research of the laser transmission characteristics in the atmosphere is prospected.


The study reported here assessed assistance needed with grocery shopping and food preparation among 369 rural community-dwelling older adults. Needing assistance with grocery shopping and food preparation was reported by 21% and 16% of participants, respectively. Among participants needing assistance with grocery shopping and food preparation; 25% and 33%, respectively, reported they never or rarely received the needed assistance. Approximately two-thirds of participants reported they were most likely to receive assistance from their spouse or children. Education on assistive technology designed to facility independent living could assist with many physical limitations community-dwelling older adults experience with grocery shopping and food preparation.


The coordinated development of urbanization and informationalization is a newly emerged major subject in China's social and economic development. It's also a bright spot, a hot spot and a difficult spot of China's realization of the quick development of the social productive forces in the early half of the 21st century. We should not only make an urgent theoretical research into and attach great importance to the coordinated development of urbanization and informationalization, but also focus on the needs of practice and make it a new driving force to the development of urbanization by quickly grasping the hot spot and effectively dealing with the difficult spot of such a development.


The inherent characteristics of the tourism sector being labour-intensive and providing job opportunities, particularly for women and people with lower-skills, makes it an appealing sector for projects with job creation as a mandate such as the Business Opportunities and Support Services (BOSS) Project.


Tea export competitiveness and the nexus between tea export and economic growth: The cases of Bangladesh, India and Sri Lanka Long since the end of the British India regime, Bangladesh, India, and Sri Lanka have produced a signifi cant volume of tea which continues to bring them invaluable foreign currency earnings through exports. Our paper explores the tea export competitiveness of these countries by employing the Revealed Symmetric Comparative Advantage (RSCA) index, and analyses the nexus between tea export and economic growth over the period from 1980 to 2018 using several dynamic econometric approaches. Results suggest that Bangladesh has lost its tea export competitiveness over the last decade. India posted moderate performance, while Sri Lanka consistently kept its dominant position. Further, the Johansen Cointegration test outcomes report no long-run relationship between tea export and economic growth across all the countries. The Granger Causality outcomes illustrate that only in Sri Lanka is it the case that tea export causes short-run economic growth. Lastly, the impulse response function projects tea export and economic growth, taking into consideration the response of each to a shock from the other. Extrapolation from the results indicate that, in contrast to the cases of Bangladesh and India (where no direct relationship was found), tea export and economic growth are intimately interconnected in Sri Lanka. This article further recommends eff ective policies so that economic growth in these countries can remain steady and that their tea industries can thrive.


This study explores relationships between export performance and international business competencies (international orientation, export market orientation and international entrepreneurial orientation), and interactions between the competencies. Data from on‐site structured interviews with 159 owners and managers of exporting firms from different economic sectors show direct relationships between the competencies and export performance. However, analyses of the effects of interactions between the competencies and export performance show mixed results. The findings suggest developing the identified competencies to increase export performance, but if this would be exclusively based on the direct relationships between the competencies and export performance, results may be suboptimal.


The eumaeine hairstreak species Thecloxurina tegulina Bálint and Boyer, sp. n. from SW Peru, department Apurímac (type locality: Karkatera, NW of Ampay, 3,200 m, 13°34′286″S; 72°58′501″W) is described on the basis of qualitative and quantitative wing pattern, male genital and spectral characters. The spectral reflectance of the closely related genera Penaincisalia and Thecloxurina are investigated and compared. It is demonstrated that the spectral characteristics of the two genera are qualitatively differing, and the taxa investigated representing the two genera (Penaincisalia:Thecloxurina = 3:5) also have characteristic species dependent reflectance peaks measured at normal incidence.


Application of automated fiber placement is limited by defects formed in the prepreg tows during the layup process. An extensive experimental study is performed to investigate the effect of compaction roller on the quality of the layup. Five different compaction rollers with different stiffness and architectures were manufactured and employed to dispense prepreg tows at various process conditions. Layup quality was examined and different defects including tow buckling and blister were identified. In addition to automated fiber placement trials, static testing and finite element simulations were performed to probe the pressure distribution and contact width of each roller. This data was used to support and understand the results of the automated fiber placement trials. Results indicate the solid elastomer rollers that are compliant enough to produce the same level of contact width under similar levels of compaction forces are superior to the perforated rollers in terms of achievable layup quality.


This paper aims to analyze the phenomenon of "significant silence", the third type of "turn silence" in The Age of Innocence, best representative work by Edith Wharton under the theory of relevance put for-ward by Sperber & Wilson and the classification of "turn silence" by Levinson. The analysis involves three parts: cognitive context, information intention and communicative intention, and contextual effect. This paper holds that the attribute of relevance can not enable one party of the dialogue in literary works to understand the true intention of silence of the other party, but from the perspective of the reader, based on the analysis of the "significant silence" of the characters, it can also enable the reader further the understanding of the psychology of them and thus can appreciate the true communicative intention the author wants to convey.


Cerebrovascular autoregulation is critical for neurophysiologic health; however, our understanding of the mechanisms is limited. Recent studies show the importance of noradrenergic (NA) and cholinergic (ACh) pathways, though less so for myogenic (MYO). There have been no attempts to consolidate these effectors of cerebral flow into a comprehensive model. Moreover, most work relies on linear approaches that are limited when applied to this inherently nonlinear function. Therefore, we used our projection pursuit method to explore alterations in the relation between pressure (Finapres) and cerebral flow (Doppler) in unblocked (n=48) and blocked (NA, n=11; ACh, n=9; MYO, n=16) states. Differences in autoregulation caused by blockade were used to derive a predictive model for autoregulation in the unblocked state. Projection pursuit provided gain and range of autoregulation as well as the pressure‐flow relations above and below this range. NA blockade markedly linearized the autoregulatory response whereas ACh blockade primarily increased the autoregulatory range by 50%. In contrast to what has been found with linear assessments, MYO blockade reduced the pressure‐flow relations above and below the autoregulatory region. Thus, the predictive model used the contribution of each individual mechanism to achieve an integrated understanding of cerebral autoregulatory control. Support: NIH HL093113.


Heterozygous mutations in BRCA I or BRCA2 have been found to be associated with enhanced cellular radiosensitivity with impaired proliferative capacity after irradiation and could predispose increased risk of radiation-induced mutagenesis and carcinogenesis (1,2). Deficient repair mechanism exhibited by lymphocytes from breast cancer patients provides associated vulnerability to genotoxicity of ionizing radiation. Other genes may also play a role in terms of clinical radiation hypersensitivity needed in predicting response to radiotherapy. However, relaxation of cell cycle checkpoints, production of micronuclei, and loss of proliferative capacity which have been exhibited by impairment of irradiated cells lacking functional BRCAI and BRCA2, accentuate the notion that heterozygous women may respond differently to radiation. The radioactive protein truncation test (PTT), utilized as screening procedure to detect frameshift mutations, can be employed to clarify radiosensitivity of individuals carrying a mutated BRCAI gene. It can, therefore, be incorporated in the series of clinical assays used in standard screening protocols for prospective nuclear facility workers. INTRODUCTION "show significant positive trends in cancer mortality with cumulative radiation dose" Workers in nuclear facilities typically undergo particularly among older personnel despite that medical screening prior to, and during employment, received radiation exposures were well below the as part of routine personnel monitoring in their limits defined by current standards. Studies indicate respective institutions. Information acquired therein that the magnitude of radiation-cancer risk estimate is used as a contributory source of information on is contentiously 10-folds the estimate from an Athe health effects of radiation to address concerns bomb survivor (6,7,8,9). While a great deal about about adequacy of radiation protection standards. the human health effects of radiation exposure has Existing complete database of nuclear staff, been learned over the last 50 years, there is much including their quantitative radiation dose exposure more that is poorly understood including the large estimates obtained through the substantial work and uncertainties about potential cancer and non-cancer attention given by the health physics staff at these effects, extent of genetic and reproductive effects, facilities, allow researchers to follow them over and the effects of interactions between ionizing time for study purposes geared towards continually radiation and other physicochernical exposures. establishing appropriate radiation exposure limits Increasing susceptibility with age is consistent with for worker protection (3). studies that show declines with age in immune system efficiency and in body's ability to correctly Quantitative evidence from these epidemiological repair DNA damage (10,11,12) but this may be researches provide basis for the current radiation aggravated by certain genetic inadequacies as in the protection standards used by the International case of individuals carrying germline mutations in Commission on Radiation Protection (4,5). radiosensitive tumor suppressor genes. However, there is a progressively growing concern on low-level occupational exposure of nuclear Like its other tumor suppressor gene cousins, facility employees to ionizing radiation provoked BRCA I, interplays in various biochemical pathways by the significant increases in cancer deaths related to prevent proliferation of cancer cells in the to radiation they received on-the-job. Though presence of environmental mutagens and radiation workers tend to be a particularly healthy carcinogens. Certain mutations in these genes may group of people, several studies of nuclear workers impair their significant biological function to *Corresponding author subdue tumor progression. In this paper, we tackle proliferative capacity. Moreover, heterozygous the effect of having a heterozygous BRCAJ BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations led to enhanced mutation on radiosensitivity of an individual and radiosensitivity coupled with impaired proliferative consider its application in screening radiation capacity after irradiation (2). An earlier study noted workers. that hypersensitivity of human cancer cells containing mutated BRCAI can be reversed by the expression of forms of BRCAJ that are not growth RADIOSENSITIVITY AND BRCA]12 suppressing and requires the ring finger of BRCA1 (BARD domain), its transactivation domain, and its The BReast CAncer susceptibility gene, type I BRCT domain. However, unlike BRCA2, BRCA1 (BRCAI) is a large gene of 22 coding exons does not function in the repair of double-stranded spanning more than 70 kb of genomic DNA. It is DNA breaks but instead with transcription-coupled located at chromosome l7q2I and isolated in 1994. DNA repair (TCR). TCR ability correlated with Exon II corresponds to 61% of the total coding radioresistance as cells containing BRCA1 showed sequence of 5592 nucleotides (13,14,15). The increased TCR and radioresistance; whereas, cells corresponding protein (Brcal), composed of 1863 without BRCA1 showed decreased TCR and amino acids having a molecular weight of 220 kDa, radiosensitivity. This finding indicates physiologic is a tumor suppressor that seems to be consistently significance to interaction of BRCAI with the basal observed to have a role in DNA recombination transcription machinery (23). All of these suggest and/or repair as well as in transcriptional regulation that BRCA112 germline mutations could possibly (16,17). predispose to increased risk of radiation-induced mutagenesis and carcinogenesis (I). Like BRCAJ, BReast CAncer susceptibility gene, type 2 (BRCA2) spans more than 70 kb of genomic DNA. Located at chromosome ]3ql2-13 (17,18), PROTEIN TRUNCATION TEST the coding sequence comprises 26 exons (10,254 nucleotides) with exons 10, I 1, and 27 being the 3 Cancer predisposing genes commonly exhibit large ones (18, 19). The corresponding protein mutations that result to truncated protein products. (Brca2) has 3418 amino acid residues (384 kDa) Approximately eighty-six percent (86%) of and is also believed to be a tumor suppressor (I 7). detected BRCA I mutations (24) as well as 20 of the first 21 (95%) reported BRCA2 mutations (I 7,18,25) Linkage studies suggest that mutations in BRCA112 generate a truncated protein. Other recent detected are responsible for -80% of families containing mutations described in the BIC online database multiple cases of early-onset breast cancer and are strengthen this contention (26). associated with increased risk of cancers at other sites including the ovary, prostate, and pancreas Protein truncation test (PTT), also referred as the in (19,20). Other breast cancer-related genes include: vitro synthesized protein assay (IVSP), exploits the HRAS, KRAS, NRAS, P53, ERBB2, CCNDI, principle of in vitro protein synthesis. PTT has been FGFR 1, PTEN, A TM, and E-cadherin (2 1). utilized in at least 25 studies to screen a portion or the entire BRCA I and/or BRCA2 coding sequences. Since Brcal and Brca2 are thought to be The general strategy utilized in these studies entails significantly involved in correctly repairing DNA cDNA to be used as PCR template for the 22 damage, a study assessed the association of smaller exons containing 39% of the coding heterozygous mutations in BRCA112 with cellular sequence, while exon I I is amplified from genomic radiosensitivity through in vitro radiation DNA. clonogenic survival assay on dermal fibroblasts obtained from BRCA heterozygotes and radiationIn PTT, the coding region of a gene is screened for induced chromatic break assay on lymphocytes presence of translation terminating mutations using from BRCA heterozygotes. Results from both de novo protein synthesis from amplified copy. assays suggested that cells having heterozygous This procedure includes three important steps. First mutation in BRCAI or BRCA2 were more step involves isolation of genomic DNA and radiosensitive than controls (1). This corroborates a amplification of the target gene coding sequences former study by the same author suggesting that using PCR, or alternatively, isolation of RNA and radiation-induced chromatid breaks can be used as amplification of the target sequence using RT-PCR. predictor of breast cancer risk (22). The resulting PCR products (Figure 1) are used as template for the in vitro synthesis of RNA, which is Examination of the death pathways of human cells subsequently translated into protein. Final step with various BRCA I and BRCA2 genotypes after involves the SDS-PAGE of the synthesized protein exposure to gamma-rays indicated defective repair (Figure 2). Shorter protein products of mutated of DNA double-strand breaks in irradiated cells alleles are easily distinguished from full length lacking functional BRCAI and BRCA2. This protein products of normal alleles. A schematic impairment resulted in cell cycle checkpoints diagram of PTT is shown in Figure 3 (27). relaxation, micronuclei production, and loss of


The anti-abrasion of heating surface in CFB boiler is sufficiently significant to affect the safe and stable operation of mechanic group,and the anti-abrasion measures are vary to differnet power plant.The anti-abrasion measures for the first china-made 300 MW CFB boiler which is already put in service in Datang Honghe Power Plant are introduced and different criterions are applied for ascertaining liability by ash component.The improvement measures are recommended to solve the problems refer to abrasion in service.There is some reference significance to solute the problem of abrasion in the china-made 300 MW CFB boiler's running.


Boiler emulation system is very important to boiler workers.This paper introduces the principle and method of simulative hot water boiler water level dynamic display that designed with LM3914 display driver.This technique was applied in Shengli oil field and got excellent effect.


e broker's KA. The findings were used to identify methods to improve the effectiveness of knowledge transfer in a large company from the perspective of a knowledge broker.


BACKGROUND:. The lacrimal gland is un-capsulated, multilobulated secretory gland situated in the lacrimal gland fossa, behind the supratemporal orbital rim. Tumor and Lesion of the lacrimal gland contain 5 to 18 % of all orbital mass. Aims and objectives: To study the incidence and prevalence of tumor of lacrimal gland. To study the clinical pattern with regard to age, incidence, gender distribution of the tumor. To highlight the histopathological findings that help in making diagnosis of various tumors of lacrimal gland. Also find out the incidence of various types of tumor in lacrimal gland. To find out the common age of presentation for individual tumor. To provide an updated incidence of epithelial lacrimal gland tumours by histopathological examination. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Total 94 cases of lacrimal gland tumors were studied over a period of 20 Years, From1994 to 2014 at department of pathology, M & J Institute of Ophthalmology, Ahmedabad. A detailed clinical history was obtained and specific attention was given to age, sex, pathological examination including gross and microscopy. For the histopathology haematoxylin and eosin stained section were studied from different areas. Sections were studied for tumors cells type which include size, shape, characters of nucleus, nucleolus, mitosis, cytoplasm & arrangement of cells. Malignant tumors were specifically studied for muscular, perineural, lymphatic, and vascular invasion. RESULT: Out of 94 studied lacrimal gland tumors 62cases(65.95%) were benign tumors, and 32 cases(34.04%) were malignant tumors. Pleomorphic adenoma was the commonest lacrimal gland tumor and accounted for 65.95% of all lacrimal gland neoplasms. Adenoid cystic carcinoma was the commonest Malignant tumor, accounted for 27.65%. Most of the benign neoplasms occurred in 3 to 5 decade, while the malignant neoplasms more common in 5 decade. Females were slightly more commonly affected than Males For all lacrimal gland tumors. In addition to it pain was observed in 25 cases, skin involvement seen in 1 case, palpable cervical lymph nodes in 1 cases in which metastatic deposits were seen. One case of Pleomorphic adenoma shows malignant changes, 4 cases shows recurrent lesion in Pleomorphic adenoma (positive previous history). CONCLUSION: Benign tumors were common than malignant tumors. Pleomorphic adenoma was the commonest lacrimal gland tumor and accounted for 65.95%. Adenoid cystic carcinoma was the commonest malignant tumor, accounted for 27.65%. Most of the benign neoplasms occurred in 3 to 5 decade, while the malignant neoplasms more common in 5 decade. Females were slightly more commonly affected than Males For all lacrimal gland tumors.


The few pages allotted to us have been cast in a mold appropriate for providing evidence for indicating, by empirical means, whether American social science in the past half century has been becoming increasing international or parochial. By three strokes of good fortune-what would be called providential in a more reverential age-the chief &dquo;blue ribbon&dquo; social science agencies in the United States have commissioned the publication of two encyclopedias and a supplementary biography, nicely spaced over the years from 1930 to 1979. American editors in each case chose the