tradition nor pure modernity, his "theoretical" framework forces him to conclude that the work is hybrid. But in fact, the play is dealing with much more various and complicated issues. For example, even in terms of tradition itself, there are many different strains of Yoruba, Muslim, and Euro-Christian tradition; there are different attitudes toward tradition; there are different ways in which different traditions may be modernized and yet retain their ethical force or social implications. All this is occluded by such simple—and, in my view, nontheoretical—ideas as "hybridity."


Objective
To improve clinicians' understanding of post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) after renal transplantation, a rare case of this disease was reported and literature was reviewed.

Method
The clinical data and pathological changes of the allograft, immunohistochenmistry (IHC) and in situ hybridization (ISH) were analyzed. In addition, the relevant literature was reviewed. The clinicopathological features and differential diagnoses of PTLD were discussed.

Result
A renal mass (5.6 cm×5.4 cm), which was suggestive of primary renal malignancy, had been detected on the patient after received renal transplantation for a year and a half. Grossly, the mass was 7cm in diameter, with fleshy texture. Microscopically, the renal parenchyma was destructed and infiltrated with massive inflammatory cells, mostly lymphoid cells and occasionally Reed-Sternberg-like cells. IHC showed CD20 and CD79a were predominantly expressed in lymphoid cells. ISH showed diffused Epstein-Barr virus encoded RNAs (EBERs) positivity. The above findings were consistent with PTLD, polymorphic B cell hyperplasia (polymorphic PTLD), with concurrent Epstein-Barr virus infection.

Conclusion
Lymphoid infiltration in a renal allograft needs to be differentiated from T-cell rejection, viral infection, nephropyelitis, as well as PTLD. Early detection and proper management of PTLD may help improve the graft survival rate.

Key words:
Kidney transplantation; Lymphoproliferative disorders; Herpesvirus 4, human


The purpose of this chapter is to explore how experienced teachers learn informally, and more specifically, how they learn through the activities they undertake when teaching classes. Regarding these activities we studied four aspects: behavior, cognition, motivation and emotion. During one year, data was collected through observations of and interviews with four experienced teachers. For the analysis we used Eraut's distinction into three types of learning which differ in the degree of consciousness involved. We found several activities represented each of these types of learning. The findings demonstrate how cognitive, affective, motivational, and behavioral aspects are interrelated in classroom teaching and that learning from classroom teaching occurs at several levels of awareness. Hence, we argue that a theory of teacher learning should account for activities involved in the alignment of behavior to plan and account for the role of motivation and emotion. The findings suggest that improving the quality of teaching requires greater attention be paid to the interactions between teachers' cognition, emotion, motivation and behavior, and to promoting teachers' awareness of their implicit beliefs and behavioral tendencies. 1 This chapter is published as: Hoekstra, A., Beijaard, D., Brekelmans, M., & Korthagen, F. (2007). Experienced teachers' informal learning from classroom teaching. Teachers and Teaching: Theory and Practice, 13, 191-208.


Improvement of the nation is regularly dictated by different sort of exercises, for example, black cash, counterfeit notes and debasements. Exceptionally thick and confounded systems in the advancement frameworks of nation proliferate perplexity in the above exercises so they offers demonetisation framework. It controls black cash proportion of the nation. Representation is a standout amongst the most essential procedures for inspecting such falls of surprising circumstances in the demonetisation framework. This paper proposes envisioning online networking investigation utilizing huge information: web-based social networking information on Twitter. Our framework gives numerous planned perspectives to outwardly, instinctively, and at the same time investigate changes in individuals and situational clarifications from genuine voices of people groups, for example, dissensions, on demonetization from online networking i.e., twitter. We exhibit the potential outcomes and convenience of our novel representation condition utilizing a progression of genuine information.


The exciting development of solids with extremely high Li-ion conductivity, higher than that in traditional liquid electrolytes, in the last decade has forced us to rethink the processes that make cations move in solids. Super-ionic Li conductors typically have very high Li concentration so that their conductivity behavior cannot be explained with simple point defect mechanisms. Instead, ideas of concerted motion or highly correlated motion have been proposed.
 I will discuss our current understanding of the mechanisms that provide high Li-ion conductivity. We find that due to the high screening power of S2- Li mobility in sulfides is mostly determined by local anion coordination and its variation along the migration pathway, making anion topology the main determinant of Li-ion conductivity. As a result, we find that there is little coordinated or concerted motion in sulfides. In contrast, due to the lower screening power of oxides and their lower Li-Li distances, Li-ion conductivity is much more determined by the electrostatic interaction with the other cations, setting the stage for possible concerted motion of multiple ions. I will show how this leads to very specific, but precise rules for selecting structures that may accommodate very fast Li-ion motion.
 While fast motion of divalent cations is much less likely, I will show computational results that indicate that even super-ionic motion of ions such as Mg2+ and Ca2+ may be possible in the right framework.


To some extent, architecture has the moralization function since it is kind of art and contains ethnic element. As a kind of hidden curriculum, campus architecture realizes its educational function through lively main body architecture which embodying campus cultural taste, carefully designed cultural architectural site, user-friendly layout of interspace, and absorbing the best progeny of traditional Chinese architecture.


Questions about the connections of the moral virtues with prudence occupied the attention of such medieval thinkers as Godfrey of Fontaines, Henry of Ghent, and Thomas Aquinas. Duns Scotus was also concerned with these questions, and several recent articles have looked at his views.1 In general, these articles have stressed the notion that the will is a voluntary agent as key to understanding Scotus's views. While it is important to emphasize the voluntary nature of the will, there are other significant aspects of Scotus's views about the virtues that also merit attention. Once these aspects are highlighted the strong influence of Aristotle's views about the virtues in Scotus's thought becomes clearer.


Abstract: This paper tries to study the dynamic relationship between throughput of DCT and economic development of Northeast China with time-v arying parameter state space model. The following three indicators are selected to be the e xplanatory variables: 1) actual GDP; 2) total value of export & import; 3) proportion of second industr y output value to GDP, which represent the overall economic level, degree of economic opening a d industry structure respectively. The conclusions are that the first and second indicator s always have positive impact on the throughput of DCT, and the second indicator's influence has be come more obvious than the first one since 2002. But the third indicator has a negative impact on it , and furthermore this influence has become stronger since 2000. Government should fully consid er the impact of industry structure on the long-term development of DCT in order to avoid wast e of resources.


In the history of trade development between China and Arabian countries,the Tang Dynasty is a key period.Before the Tang Dynasty,the trade between China and Arabian countries was mainly on the Silk Road.However,since mid-Tang Dynasty,sea-route trade developed very rapidly,replaced Silk Road and became the main route of trade between China and Arabian countries.This change was mainly due to the advance of navigation technology,the maturity of sea route and increase of commercial activities and block of land transportation.


Special Edition "2015 UN/Japan Workshop on Space Weather I" 147 Solar and Interplanetary Signatures of a Maunder-like Grand Solar Minimum around the Corner Implications to Near-Earth Space P. Janardhan, Susanta Kumar Bisoi , S. Ananthakrishnan, R. Sridharan, L. Jose 1 Physical Research Laboratory, India. 2 National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sci., Beijing China 3 Department of Electronic Science, University of Pune, India 4 Space & Atmospheric Sciences Division, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, India.


Objective
To explore cost-effective means for early detection of malignant tumors in individuals undergoing health check-up.

Methods
This was a retrospective study involving 280, 477 participants who had undergone health check-up including essential items from 2012 to 2016 at the Health Assessment and Intervention Research Center of Jiangsu Province.The protocol was composed of four steps.First, essential items were decided and conducted for all health examination participants.Second, cases with a high risk of malignant tumors were collected and additional tests were specified.Third, suspected malignant tumor cases were identified and recommendations for referrals and follow-up were made.Finally, physicians in charge of follow-up would urge suspected cases to visit an oncologist, update case files, give regular instructions, and track recall results.

Results
There were 517 microscopically confirmed cases of malignant tumors, representing a detection rate of 184/100, 000(1.84‰)in individuals seeking regular health check-up and of 2, 023/100, 000(20.23‰)in those receiving follow-ups.The five most prevalent malignant tumors were thyroid cancer(140 cases or 0.499‰), lung cancer(120 cases or 0.428‰), breast cancer(35 cases or 0.374‰), kidney cancer(55 cases or 0.196‰)and prostate cancer(33 cases or 0.177‰).

Conclusions
Essential examination items in combination with subsequent special tests, specialist referrals and follow-ups are a cost-effective way for early detection of malignant tumors in people seeking regular health examinations.

Key words:
Health examination; Malignant tumor


In response to Newt Gingrich's tumultuous term as House Speaker in the 1990s, his successor, Dennis Hastert, took a much more consensual leadership style, bringing no bill to the House floor unless supported by a majority of the majority party. This informal arrangement is now known as the 'Hastert Rule'. Joshua Huder and Marian Currinder look at how the strict adherence to this rule by current Speaker John Boehner has led to the two most recent Congresses being the least productive since the Civil War, and is a direct cause of the current deadlock over the government's funding bill and the debt limit. They argue that if Boehner really believes in keeping the government open, he may have to set aside the Hastert Rule for the time being.


Let H be a compact quantum group with faithful Haar measure and bounded counit. If α is an action of H on a C*- algebra A, we show that A is nuclear if and only if the fixed-point subalgebra Aα is nuclear. As a consequence H is a nuclear C*-algebra.


abstract:Freedom of speech in the media has been a means of expressing opinion and a flag-ship of democratic changes in society. Freedom of speech suppression has always had negative consequences for autoritarian regimes. The media have always been severely oppressed by the authorities, the Ukrainian press being one of the drivers of Ukraine's independence. Therefore, the study of the freedom of speech and press evolution in Ukraine is a topical issue. The aim of this article is to research the freedom of speech and press evolution under the conditions of the Austrian constitutional monarchy (from 1848 to the beginning of the First World War). In addition, related censorship restrictions are considered, particularly the characteristics of censorship and noncensorship restrictions on the Ruthenian (Ukrainian) press of Galicia. The article can be of interest to historians, philologists, journalists, and all those interested in the field of freedom of speech and its historical context.


OBJECT OF THE INVENTION A method for the metallization DIRECT FOR PRINTED CIRCUIT IN LAMINAS a service facility PERMANENT AND HORIZONTAL ELECTROLITOS omitting WITHOUT POWER EXTERNAL. It IS DEFINED BY THE APPLICATION LAYER adsorptive SELECTIVE SURFACES ON BLADES dielectric. This layer consists of an oxidizing material or, can adsorb and / or withhold in its pores an oxidizer. SUBMITTED FOR REACTION WITH CERTAIN monomers, which POLYMERS OBTAINED CONDUCTIVE SERVING AS BACKGROUND GALVANICA for metallization.


This cross sectional, observational, non-interventional study has assessed the incidence of sexual dysfunction, and the effect of thyroxine replacement on sexual function in hypothyroid women. Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) questionnaire was administered to 120 women with well-controlled hypothyroidism (serum TSH level 0.51 - 5.00, mean 3.36 ± 2.41 mU/L) and 30 with uncontrolled (serum TSH level 8.26 - 24.26, mean 12.20 ± 4.80 mU/L) hypothyroidism. Control consisted of 120 women with no obvious endocrinopathy. Uncontrolled subjects scored lower than controls in domains of desire (2.40 ± 0.88 vs. 3.80 ± 1.43; p<0.01), arousal (2.50 ±
1.70 vs. 4.07 ± 1.11; p ± 26.56 vs. 76.60 ± 10.10; p<0.05). Well-controlled subjects scored higher than uncontrolled subjects only in lubrication (4.70 ± 0.63 vs. 2.40 ± 2.14; p<0.001), orgasm (4.50 ± 0.87 vs. 2.90 ± 2.32; p<0.05) and total score (58.30 ± 26.56 vs. 30.66 ± 29.34; p<0.05). There was no correlation of FSFI scores with age, duration of hypothyroidism, years of marriage or TSH levels. This study highlights the prevalence of sexual dysfunction in hypothyroid women. This dysfunction, especially orgasm disorder, persists after optimal thyroxine supplementation.


Waste is a cost of doing business. This cost can be considered in terms of the potential adverse health and environmental impacts, or the waste management costs associated with avoiding, minimizing, and controlling those impacts. There is an anticipated increase in the cost of waste management as a result of the increasing requirements for regulatory compliance. To meet the total waste management capacity needs of the organization and the compliance requirements, low-level radioactive, hazardous, and mixed waste management will need demonstrated technologies strategically managed as a technology portfolio. The role of the decision maker is to select the optimum mix of technologies and facilities to provide the waste management capacity needed for the next twenty years. The waste management system resulting from this mix includes multiple small-scale fixed facilities, large-scale centralized facilities, and waste management subcontracts. This study was conducted to examine the theory and evidence of economies of scale in the development of waste management systems as as exploratory research on the economic considerations in the process of technology selection and implementation. 25 refs., 24 figs., 11 tabs.


More sustainable ways to produce and store energy are urgently needed to reduce our dependence on fossil fuels, which are the principal drivers of global warming and pollution. Hydrogen may become ...


There is a substantial amount of research investigating the post-event misinformation (PEM) effect from various perspectives. In a typical PEM experiment, participants first witness an event, then receive misinformation about the original incident and later they are tested for their memory of the original information. For example, Loftus, Miller and Burns (1978) showed participants a series of slides of a traffic accident. In the critical slide, there was a 'Stop sign' on the side of the road. After viewing the slides, the witnesses were presented misinformation indicating that there was a 'Yield sign' on the side. Findings revealed that the witnesses who received PEM ('Yield sign') performed poorly in correctly recalling the original item ('Stop sign') compared to the witnesses who did not receive any misinformation. This procedure is not different in the recent studies (e.g., Stark, Okado, & Loftus, 2010) and they reported similar findings. Such findings encouraged researchers to further explore the underlying processes of the PEM effect. Researchers put forward various explanations to account for the effect. Some argued that the original information is impaired by the misinformation (e.g., Loftus et al., 1978) whereas some argued against the impairment theory and asserted that misinformation has no effect on the original information; it is available but there is an accessibility problem because of recognition test. These studies used different recognition tests and found out no any effect of PEM on original information (e.g., McCloskey & Zaragoza, 1985; Tversky & Tuchin, 1989). After some debates on this incompatible findings for some years, the psychologists tackled the factors playing a part in the effect of PEM on the original information. The impact of age (e.g., Lehman, McKinley, Thompson, Leonard, Liebman, & Rothrock, 2010), low and high confidence levels in the memory (e.g., Bergen, Horselenberg, Merckelbach, Jelicic, & Beckers, 2010), the source of the PEM (e.g., Bodner, Musch, & Azad, 2009) and the memory tests as well as the question types (e.g., Er, Alpar, & Uçar, 2005) are a few examples of the factors that drew interest in the PEM literature. However, we have not found the role of the semantic association between the original information and the misinformation among these factors. On the other hand, according to the Fuzzy Trace Theory (FTT) the semantic relation between the original experience and PEM is important because false memories originate from the semantic encoding (gist) of the original experience (e.g., Brainerd & Reyna, 2004). More specifically, the likelihood of a false memory response is higher when the PEM has a strong semantical association with original information than it has a weak association. (e.g., Seamon, Luo, Schlegel, Grene, & Goldenberg, 2000; Smith, Ward, Tindell, Sifonis, & Wilkenfeld, 2000). Based on the principles of FTT, Brainerd and Reyna (2012) predicted that younger children would be less affected by the PEM compared to older children. This inference relies on the developmental differences with respect to the ability of semantic coding. In other words, children become more skilful in extracting and processing semantic aspects of stimulus as they grow up. That is why young children are less affected by PEM compare to the older ones. The current study aims at testing the effect of semantic association between the original experience and PEM on false memories in adults. Such a testing would provide an external validity for the concept of developmental reversals. Within this framework we predict that; (a) there will be more false recognition when the original information and the misinformation pertain to the same category compared to when they pertain to different categories; and (b) there will be more false recognition when they are strong associates compared to when they are weak associates. In our experimental design three types of misinformation were used: (a) an item that has a strong semantic association to the original information (i.e., the strong associate), (b) an item that has a weak semantic associa-


The first organometallic cadmium hydroxylamide [Cd(MeCd)(4)(ONEt2)(6)] (1) has been prepared by alkane elimination from dimethylcadmium upon treatment with N,N-diethylhydroxylamine and characterized by variable-temperature NMR spectroscopy (H-1, C-13, Cd-113), single-crystal X-ray diffraction, and elemental analysis. In the solid state compound 1 comprises an Cd5N6O6 backbone with a central octahedral coordinate Cd atom, while all 12 donor atoms are attached to the 5 Cd nuclei whereas in solution it is of highly dynamic nature.


Raman spectral changes of the C-H stretching modes of polyethylene during melting at high pressures up to 5000 kg/cm2 were observed in detail and are explained in terms of changes in the intra- and interchain structures. It was found that the peak height ratio r=I(2890)/I(2850) in the molten state increases, and the upward shift of the 2890 cm-1 band upon melting decreases with increasing pressure. Several confirmations of the effects of intra- and interchain disordering on the ratio and the upward shift were obtained from other experimental results. It is suggested from these facts that the degree of intrachain regularity in the molten state increases with increasing pressure, and that this should contribute to the formation of extended-chain crystals under high pressure.


The present paper discuss the technique of large-scale soil mapping using high resolution satellite data 5.8m for planning and development in a granitic terrain. The study area is 163407 ha lies between 23° 13' 12"N to 23° 33' 1" N latitude and 85° 10' 28" E to 85° 54' 16" E longitude having twenty mini-watersheds of Upper Subarnrekha sub-catchment Jharkhand India. IRS P6 LISS-IV satellite data was interpreted using on screen visual interpretation technique in conjunction with Survey of India (SOI) toposheets (1:50000 scale) and subsequent ground data to prepare the physiography-cum photomorphic (PPU) map. The PPU comprises of soil forming factors such as geology, landform, slope and land use characteristics of a given parcel of land. The first letter in the PPU legend indicates parent material, the second letter denotes landform, the third letter denotes slope percentage and the fourth letter indicates the land use characteristics. Soils occurring in different PPU units were examined and a PPU-soil relationship was developed. The PPU- soil relationship is very useful for precise and faster mapping at higher scales. The soil map depicting phases of soil series was prepared using ArcMap software.


 Buyer's reactions with respect to a company or a firm. Marketing strategy has a great impact on the firm's success.  The marketing concept stress or emphasize that a firm should create a Marketing Mix (MM) that satisfies customers, therefore need to analyze the what, where, when and how consumers buy. So the better utility in terms of satisfaction can be given to the customers.  Marketers can better predict how consumers will respond or react to the marketing strategies.


This paper discusses the effectiveness of installing two types of FACTS devices, namely STATCOM and DVR to enhance the fault ride through (FRT) capability of a doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) applied in wind energy conversion systems (WECS). The response of the DFIG to a 3-phase ground fault is investigated with each of these devices. Comparing the stator and rotor voltages, stator and rotor currents, active and reactive power, of the two investigated systems is presented. PI controllers are employed to allow the rotor speed to follow the turbine speed and to adjust the applied rotor voltage magnitude and phase angle according to the wind turbine speed for maximum power tracking. This is achieved by controlling the two PWM converters connected between the rotor circuit and the electrical grid. Results showed a better FRT when using the STATCOM device with the DFIG.


Method factor reduction peak of a signal transmitted in a frequency band comprising a plurality of channels, the signal using a plurality of channels in the band, characterized in that it comprises: • a step of clipping said signal, • a subtracting step of said clipped signal to said signal to obtain a peak signal, • a step of filtering said peak signal using a multi-channel matched filter to each of the channels used by the signal, and • a step subtraction of the peak signal to the filtered signal. Device associated with transmission of a multichannel signal implementing the method of reducing the crest factor.


The heterozygous condition for β‐thalassemia mutation associated with an extra functional α‐globin gene can produce a Thalassemia Intermedia (TI) phenotype. This genotype is the second in frequency in the French Thalassemia Registry NaThalY that prospectively collects laboratory and clinical data.


Objective To observe the efficacy of"Tangluoan Capsule"on diabetic peripheral neuropathy(DPN).Methods Eighty-seven patients with DPN were randomly divided into three groups:31 cases in the treatment group were treated with "Tangluoan Capsule";0.9 g three times a day;and 30 cases in the control group were treated with Mecobalamin Tablets 500 μg,three times a day;the other 26 cases were in the blank group,and were treated with placebo,0.9 g three times a day.The course of treatment was 3 months.Syndrome integral,blood sugar,and nerve conduction velocity(NCV) were observed before and after treatment.Results The total response rate in the treatment group,the control group and the blank group were 71.0%,60.0% and 30.8% respectively.The efficacy in treatment group was significantly higher than that in the blank group(P0.01),and had no obvious difference compared with the control group.The safe indices including liver function,renal function and electrocardiogram had no significant change between before and after treatment.Conclusion "Tangluoan Capsule"is safe and effective for diabetic peripheral neuropathy.


Do you want to develop your outdoor provision, but have limited funds? Settings across the UK are making great use of a versatile resource – and it's free!


In the previous study, abnormal fluorescent substances which appear in the urine of patients of gastrointestinal diseases and their relationship with FAD were investigated by means of paper partition chromatography, and indoxyl sulfate was determined by absorptive phenomenon on Rf. 0.55, kynurenine showed bluish fluorescent spot on Rf. 0.45 under ultraviolet irradiation; and these two substances were observed to decrease after the administration of FAD. Therefore, relationship between FAD and metabolism of indole nucleus was experimentally investigated. Following results were obtained: 1) In the urine of normal rabbits, the excretion of metabolite of tryptophan system showed considerable fluctuation individually and daily. Dietary influences were, however, more marked: it was concluded that vitamins in the food, especially riboflavin, pyridoxine, folic acid and ascorbic acid showed much influences. 2) When tryptophan was given to rabbits, the urinary riboflavin showed increases two days after the cessation of the tryptophan administration. 3) Urinary excretion of indican in the patient with diseases of gastrointestinal system was confirmed to increase more than in normal person, and to decrease by the addition of FAD. 4) When indole was given orally to normal rabbits, excretion of urinary indican and urinary anthranilic acid increased. In case where FAD was given in addition, oxidation of indole to indican was acceralated and this indican was excreted more rapidly. The amount of indican was decreased by the addition of FAD. 5) When indole was given to the rat subcutaneously, indican content in the blood, liver, kidneys and lungs increased. If FAD was added to indole, indican content in them elevated in the early stage and then decreased more rapidly. In the other hand, tryptophan, kynurenine and anthranilic acid in the liver showed some tendency of increase after the administration of indole.


Land incorporation of organic matter is a way to create edafi c conditions to establish plants on spoils exposed by mining and building activities. This work aimed to measure the effi ciency of two municipal organic residues (domestic sewage sludge and composted solid waste) to develop a grassy cover on a red Oxisol C-horizon exposed to surface by construction works. Application rates from 0 to 76 t ha -1 (dry solids) of these residues were plowed into the spoils of experimental blocks and the grassy cover development on them was monitored. Results indicated that sewage sludge was from 1.8 to 6.2 times more effi cient than composted municipal solid waste to develop vegetative cover on the plots' surface, since sewage sludge had a superior performance to raise spoil's CEC and to supply N, P, K, Ca, and Zn to plants.


Abstract In this paper we position gendered affluence as a representational trend in dramatic comedies (e.g., Sex and the City [SATC]) and docusoaps (e.g., The Real Housewives [TRH]) that coalesces around themes like hyper-femininity, nouveau riche values, and conspicuous lifestyle. Through our analysis we suggest that institutional practices (identity politics, cybernetic commodification, and post-feminist technological interactivity) situated in a neoliberal context and a remediated environment enable the systematic reproduction of gendered affluence in the broader landscape of women's television. The process of remediation is used as a lens to examine how the docusoap differs from (the immediacy of mediated self-performance) and resembles (the hypermediacy of mediated irony and post-feminist interactivity) the fictional portrayals of gendered affluence found in dramatic comedies like SATC. Our case analysis of TRH demonstrates the specific way non-fictional portrayals of gendered affluence are transforming genre (via an ethos of affluence and a consumerist ethic) and artfully maintaining the status quo in terms of gendered, raced, and classed intersections. Ultimately we argue that the docusoap is accomplishing this in a remediated environment that promotes a neoliberal agenda via affective engagement grounded in mediated self-performance and rational disengagement grounded in mediated irony.


Abstract In this qualitative study, we interviewed 20 environmental educators from six countries about their perceptions of gender in their work with children in nature. While many agreed that the physical environment seemed to bring fewer gendered cues to learning and allowed for more independent exploration, their responses also reflected limited confidence in drawing conclusions about the presence and influence of gender in nature-based education. Discussions of gendered language in nature, moving beyond the gender binary, and the role of student free choice emerged. Gender roles and restrictive, harmful gendered socialization will continue to manifest outside if environmental educators do not have the awareness and preparedness to identify and intentionally disrupt such experiences. It is essential to ensure that everyone working with children in nature understands the ways gender exists outside, when it is harmful and when it is productive, and how to consciously, intentionally shape student experiences with gender outdoors.


Revised correlation schemes are reported for fluvial and marine terraces in the Latakia area, NW Syria. These schemes indicate that the region has uplifted during the past four hundred thousand years at circa 0.4 mm a−1. The study region, in the Nahr el Kebir, is a rich source of Lower and Middle Palaeolithic artefacts but it is now clear that many of these have been reported from colluvium, not from in situ within the fluvial or marine deposits. However, the revised fluvial terrace scheme suggests the first appearance of Levallois technique in the region in MIS 8, consistent with western Europe.


Vol. No. Pg. Abstract The Ministry of Agriculture and Food Industries Malaysia (MAFI) has launched the National Agrofood Policy (NAP) which is a government transformation initiative that aims to increase productivity and quality of the national food supply with the role of ensuring adequate and safe food supply. However, there are some drawbacks in realising the aim to achieve at least a 74.1% level of self-sustenance in the national food supply by only contributing 2.3% to the Gross National Product (GNP). The importance of this study is to show the increase in paddy and rice agricultural products will drive the country's economy to continue to grow rapidly where the effect can be seen when the transition from heavy industry to agro -based industry that saves national expenditure and at the same time gives good returns to low-income groups. This study intended to analyse the need for a national rice supply plan from an Islamic perspective. The research methodology adopted is the content analysis research design and data were collected and analysed using a combination of descriptive and qualitative approaches. Textual analysis included an analysis of various documents, such as official reports, yearly reports, administrative circulars, departmental reports, financial plans, agency reports, and transcripts. Findings show that agriculture-related fiqh in Islam is intended to increase the quantity and quality of the national rice supply, increase national income, as well as emphasise on Halalan Tayyiba and clean food products holistically and sufficiently. This study suggests that rice production should be increased and prioritised in Malaysia compared to other commodities. The Ministry of Agriculture and Food Industries should pay serious attention and play its role in expanding the ag riculture sector in accordance with Shari'a.


The main purpose of this work is to perform a heuristic optimization to obtain the suspension parameters that minimize the rms vertical acceleration, the road holding capacity and the suspension working space in a vehicle model with a driver's biodynamic model. A model of lumped parameters represents the driver on the seat coupled with a vehicle model to assess the biodynamic response. The particle swarm optimization (PSO) is used in order to obtain the suspension stiffness and damping as design variables and a multi-objective function is formulated to obtain the optimal parameters. An interval analysis using Spiral Optimization Algorithm (SOA) is performed with uncertainties in suspension masses, tire stiffness and road profile to verify the robustness of the optimization process. The results indicate that even if the suspension system uses its optimal parameters, the effects of uncertainties in other system parameters can modify substantially the optimum value of the rms vertical acceleration.


The aim of this paper is to analyze whether parent's decision about owning one's own dwelling may be an important determinant of the future homeownership decisions of their children in Spain. To address this issue, we use data from the Survey of Living Conditions (2011). Our results confirm the intergenerational transmission of homeownership in Spain, in such a way that the probability that the respondent own their home is determined, although not exclusively, by their parent's homeownership decision during their teenage years.


This paper describes two kinds of caisson technology (caisson type structure and pneumatic caisson method) which spread quickly in ports construction, such as a breakwater and a quay, in the Showa prewar term from the second half of Meiji. As the method of research, thinking of an engineer is analyzed by making free use of technical papers and textbooks of those days. And it is going to clarify about the circumstances of adoption of two kinds of caisson technology. However, this paper does not emphasize on discovery of the new fact, and it is establishing the historical review of technical of caisson. And it is another purpose to list the caisson structure which was almost uninterested until now on the civil engineering heritage.


We give a new criterion for asymptotic completeness in Kummerer–Maassen-scattering theory which is more directly in terms of the coupling. To this end we define the semigroup of dual extended transition operators. Asymptotic completeness holds if and only if this semigroup is ergodic. This may also be interpreted in terms of entanglement.


A study was conducted to assess the ground water quality in Uppal Industrial area of Hyderabad, India. The study consists of the determination of physico-chemical properties, trace metals, heavy metals, rare earth elements (REE) and microbiological quality of drinking water. The data showed the variation of the investigated parameters in samples as follows: pH 6.83 to 7.75, EC 1095 to 7290µS/cm and TDS 734 to 4884 ppm. The physico- chemical properties such as EC and TDS in ground water samples of the study area exceed the permissible limits of WHO (2004). The water samples were analyzed for 27 elements (Li, Be, B, Na, Mg, Al, Si, K, Ca, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Co, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Rb, Sr, Mo, Ag, Cd, Sb, Ba and Pb) using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP- MS). The concentrations ranged between for B (0.25 to 0.70 mg/L), Na (105.65 to 845.53 mg/L), Mg (23.24 to 195.16 mg/L), Al (0.06 to 0.18 mg/L), K (5.15 to 66.22 mg/L), Ca (105.68 to 547.49 mg/L), Fe (0.38 to 1.15 mg/L), Cu (0.02 to 0.36 mg/L), Ni (0.05 to 0.42 mg/L), Cr (0.06 to 0.08 mg/L), Mn (0.02 to 2.17 mg/L) and Pb (0.01 to 0.14 mg/L). Overall, decreasing metal concentration order was: Na>Ca>Mg>K>Mn>Fe>Co>B>Ni>Cu>Al>Pb. The concentrations of B, Na, Al, Mg, K, Ca, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, and Pb exceed the permissible limits of the World Health Organization (WHO) for drinking water quality, whereas Li, Be, Ba, Si, V, Co, As, Se, Rb, Sr, Mo, Ag, Cd, and Sb concentrations are within the permissible limits. The microbiological quality of water was tested using Most Probable Number (MPN) and Thermo tolerant Coliform bacteria (TTC) methods. The total numbers of Coliform bacteria in water samples were found to be of order of 9 to 460 MPN index/100 ml. TTC tested positive for coliform bacteria at 44.2°C. The total coliform bacteria in the ground water samples were also found to exceed the permissible limits. From the above results it is clearly evident that the ground water of the study area is contaminated due to the industrial effluents and also from sewage contamination and the overall water quality was found unsatisfactory for drinking purposes.Thus, water quality indicates that pollution of the water is increasing alarmingly and that it has created serious threat to human health. Keyword: Coliform bacteria, Ground water, Trace metals, ICPMS, Uppal Industrial area, Water quality.


【The accuracy of Shape From Focus (SFF) technique depends on the quality of the focus measurements which are computed through a focus measure operator. In this paper, we introduce a new approach to estimate 3D shape of an object based on Gaussian process regression. First, initial depth is estimated by applying a conventional focus measure on image sequence and maximizing it in the optical direction. In second step, input feature vectors consisting of eginvalues are computed from 3D neighborhood around the initial depth. Finally, by utilizing these features, a latent function is developed through Gaussian process regression to estimate accurate depth. The proposed approach takes advantages of the multivariate statistical features and covariance function. The proposed method is tested by using image sequences of various objects. Experimental results demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed scheme.】


Implantation of dental and orthopaedic devices is affected by delayed or weak implant-bone integration and inadequate new bone formation. Innovative approaches have been sought to enhance implant-bone interaction to achieve rapid osseointegration. The aim of this study was to develop biomimetic polypeptide nanocoatings and to evaluate cell adhesion, proliferation, morphology, and biocompatibility of polypeptide nanocoatings on implant surfaces. A recently developed nanotechnology, i.e., electrostatic self-assembly, was applied to build polypeptide nanocoatings on implant models, i.e., stainless steel discs. Our in vitro tests using human osteoblast cells revealed that substantially more (one order magnitude higher) osteoblast cells were attached to polypeptide-coated, stainless steel discs than to uncoated discs within the first few hours of contact. The developed biomimetic nanocoatings may have great potential for dental and orthopaedic applications.


Now-a-days e-commerce becomes more mature and number of reviews about product grows as well with it. So, it is difficult for a customer to browse through large number of reviews for item of interest and make a decision about the product. For manufacturer, it's also difficult to keep track of the product reviews. Using opinion mining the process becomes easier for customers as well as manufacturers to keep track of the product reviews. This paper analyzing the existing methods for opinion mining from online customer reviews, and the analysis and conclusion would be helpful in obtaining a method, that could give better opinion mining results and overcoming the existing limitation.


Athenaeus preserves an intriguing description by the otherwise unknown writerMoschion of a giant grain-ship, the Syracusia, built by Hiero II of Syracuse in thelater third century B.C.1 The account is extremely circumstantial. Besides a fulldescription of the ship's layout, Moschion gives such details as the name of thearchitect (Archias of Corinth), the size of the construction-force (well over 300), the construction time (a year), details of the launching arrangements devised byArchimedes, and even the procedure for judging crimes committed on board.


Abstract— PlanarholographicBraggreflectors(HBRs)arecom-puter-generated slab-waveguide holograms. They operate in twodimensionstoprovidepowerfulfree-space-likespectralandspatialprocessing of optical signals in an integrated optics environment.An HBR typically images an input port to an output port whileapplying a specific spectral filtering function. HBRs are fully con-sistentwithrobustphotolithographicorimprint-basedfabricationand can be flexibly designed to offer a wide range of spatial wave-front control and single and multichannel spectral transfer func-tions.Wereportonlithographicallyfabricated,focusingHBRsim-plemented in the silica-on-silicon format whose spectral and spa-tialperformancesreachfundamentaldevicelimitsset,respectively,by Fourier transform and diffractive constraints. We also demon-strate that HBRs support a unique process-friendly approach toapodization and overlay that uses fixed-depth etching and partialcontour writing to achieve continuous reflective amplitude controlof constitutive diffractive elements.


Verifying adaptive behavior is a critical challenge in the development of context-aware systems due to their complexity and uncertainty. This paper presents our novel model-based approach that provides a modeling framework to (1) specify the structural and behavioral aspects of a context-aware system, (2) define invariants of the system that need to be satisfied regardless of the adaptations, and (3) support formal verification of the system model against the invariants. Underlying this framework is our ROAD4Context model that supports the separation of adaptation concerns in context-aware systems. We show how the behavioral model of ROAD4Context can be translated into Petri nets, and how it can be verified against the system invariants. We demonstrate our approach through the modeling and verification of an adaptive cruise control system.


(A) Working Title Credit rating standards around the world (B) Basic Research Question Do credit rating standards vary in a cross-country setting? If yes, how do country-specific regulation and competition drive this variation? (C) Key paper(s) Alp, Aysun. "Structural shifts in credit rating standards." The Journal of Finance 68.6 (2012): 2435-2470. Opp, Christian C., Marcus M. Opp, and Milton Harris. "Rating agencies in the face of regulation." Journal of Financial Economics 108.1 (2013): 46-61. (D) Motivation/Puzzle While theoretical models on credit ratings such as the one on Opp et al. (2013) explain how different market imperfections lead to rating inflation, empirical evidence on US corporate ratings (Alp,2012; Baghai et al.,2014) suggests that rating standards have actually become more conservative over time. Since these empirical studies use time fixed effects as a proxy for stringency, the results might be driven by omitted variables which are time varying but constant across firms (and therefore can't be included in the fixed effects regression). By using an extended sample of rated firms across different countries, I address this limitation by including relevant country-specific variables. To this end, the empirical analysis will focus specifically on the impact of rating-based regulation and competition, since these factors have important policy implications and their impact on ratings' accuracy is not yet understood. THREE Three core aspects of any empirical research project i.e. the "IDioTs" guide (E) Idea? By exploiting cross-country variation, this paper would be the first to investigate how the interplay between firm-specific and country-specific factors affect rating standards. I test this by employing a novel, two-step approach. In the first part of this empirical exercise, I will follow related literature (Blume et al.,1998; Alp,2012; Baghai et al., 2014) and model firm ratings as a function of several firm-specific variables and year fixed effects .For this stage of my analysis, the variables of interest are year indicators, which can be interpreted as a proxy for rating standards. However, while previous studies estimate this model using only US firms, I will perform this analysis for a large cross-section of countries, obtaining therefore country-specific year indicators. In the second step, I will regress the estimated year indicators against a series of country-specific macroeconomic variables, creditor rights indices, and proxies for competition and ratingbased regulations. To my knowledge, this method hasn't been used so far in the credit ratings' literature, and its main advantage is that it is possible to investigate how much of the variation in rating standards is explained by factors that affect firm creditworthiness, and how much is explained by other "exogenous" factors, such as competition or regulations. Otherwise said, this empirical setting allows me to answer an important research question that has remained unanswered so far: are variations in credit rating standards justified by fundamentals or not? (F) Data? Sample The sample will consist of a panel of listed firms with an S&P rating from US, Europe, South America and Asia. Since time variation of rating standards is one of the focal points of the paper, a longer time period is preferable (for comparison with related research, the start date should be 1985-1986, but this also depends on data availability). The selection of countries will be based on the number of rated companies, and availability of country-specific data and rating regulations. Variables Step 1: For the first part of the analysis, I will collect several firm-specific variables as in e.g. Alp (2012)1 from Orbis and Capital IQ databases, which contain accounting and market data on international firms. Rating data will be collected from Capital IQ and Bloomberg. Step 2: In addition to the more standard macroeconomic data used in sovereign rating prediction (see e.g. Cantor and Packer, 1998) which I have already collected for another paper, I will use a recent index of creditor rights developed by Hart et al(2008)2, the national market shares of other rating agencies as a proxy for


A firm's Corporate Social Responsibility involves adopting an ecological and social approach to management. The International Organization for Standardization is about to issue the new ISO 26000 standard, which will focus on the issue of corporate social responsibility. This article presents the results of the primary questionnaire survey into the attitudes and opinions of leading Norwegian firms as regards corporate social responsibility. The survey is also focused on the demand for the new ISO 26000 standard before it is issued. The results of the survey imply that selected Norwegian firms are aware of the concept of corporate social responsibility and the ISO 26000 standard. Evidently there is no demand for ISO 26000 and they are not really interested in applying it to their own businesses.


The alignment device controller is provided with an imaging unit that picks up multiple images that respectively show multiple regions of a substrate surface using a camera, a region-detecting unit that selects detected regions from the multiple regions based on the multiple images, and an aligning unit that aligns the substrate based on an alignment image that is picked up by said camera and shows marks formed on the detected regions. For this reason, it is not necessary for such an alignment device controller to be provided with a separate mechanism for disposing marks to be used for alignment in the visual field of said camera, thereby reducing the scale and facilitating manufacture and making the detection of regions with alignment marks easier.


Objective: To examine the relationship between the Pediatric Outcomes Data Collection Instrument (PODCI) and functional impairment in Chinese children with developmental delays and between PODCI and their parents' health Methods: This was a cross-sectional study. A total of 49 parents of 35 male and 14 female Chinese children with developmental delays and 49 parents of age- and gender-matched children with normal development were recruited. PODCI was used for health evaluation in children with developmental delays and normal development. Assessment tools for parents' health in children with developmental delays included the World Health Organization-Quality of Life-Brief Version for HRQOL, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale for psychological distress and the Impact on Family Scale for family function. The Pearson correlation test was used to assess the relationship of PODCI with functional impairment (including gross motor, fine motor, speech/language, cognitive, behavioral /psychosocial and global delays) of children with delayed development and their parents' health. Results: Except for domains of pain/comfort and/or happiness, scores of PODCI negatively related to all subtypes of functional impairment in children with developmental delays. Except for the domain of pain/comfort, the higher scores in PODCI, the greater parental HRQOL, lower psychological distress and better family function in parents of children with developmental delays. Conclusions: Except for the psychological component, most domains of PODCI related to the functional impairment in children with developmental delays and their parents' HRQOL, psychological distress and family function. This result supports the application of PODCI for health assessment in Chinese children with developmental delays.


cases reach the surgeon months after the onset of symptoms and sometimes even after years. Many have been treated as benign ulcers or as some form of indigestion without having had the benefit of x-ray or gastroscopic investigation. Such fundamental studies as gastric,analysis or a search for the causes of unexplained anemia or asthenia, or for the source of occult blood in the stool are left undone while the patient and the doctor are lulled by temporary, often empirical measures. The extent of surgical ablation of the stomach and contiguous structures in the treatment of gastric cancer has been stretched to the limit and little more can be expected from technical refinement. It is therefore our duty to continue to press the need of recognizing the disease in its early stage and while it is still susceptible to the only means of cure that we now know-surgical removal. Too frequently, the surgeon, feeling that every patient in whom the diagnosis of cancer of the stomach is made is entitled to operation unless that course is obviously hopeless, is compelled to take heroic measures to overcome advanced disease. Too often he has to decide if he has anything to offer to make easier the final days in a battle that was lost before he entered the field. It is therefore our duty constantly to remind the one who first sees the patient to be eternally suspicious and thorough in his search for gastric cancer in all patients who have mild digestive symptoms.


Eosinophilic granuloma of the jaw is rare and preferably located within the posterior mandible. In this study, we report a case of multiple eosinophilic granuloma of the jaw in a 22-year-old man. This patient consulted to our hospital due to left-posterior maxilla pain that lasted for one year. X-ray and CT scan revealed an osteolytic area in the left-posterior maxilla. Then, the lesion was resected and pathologically diagnosed as an eosinophilic granuloma. Unfortunately, even though systemic radiotherapy and chemotherapy were performed, eosinophilic granuloma recurred; and new lesions developed four times at adjacent sites after one, two, five and eight years. Surgical resection, radiotherapy and chemotherapy were performed according to the patient's status. Based on follow-ups, difficulties on eating and pronunciation caused by teeth loss were major functional problems for this patient. Considering the rarity of recurrent multifocal eosinophilic granuloma of the jaw, literatures from other studies regarding this disease were reviewed.


Abstract:Objective. To assess community health centers' (CHCs) capacity to offer streamlined intrauterine devices (IUDs) services. Methods. Prior to implementing a contraceptive training project, we surveyed health care staff (N=97) from 11 CHC sites that offer IUDs onsite. Twenty interviews with clinicians explored more deeply their challenges offering IUDs in the CHC setting. Results. Most practices required multiple visits for IUD placement, most (66%) clinician survey respondents had placed an IUD and 19% had placed an IUD as emergency contraception. Need for screening tests, scheduling challenges, pressures to meet patient quotas, and lack of priority given to women's health hindered streamlined IUD provision. Conclusions. Although access to IUDs has increased, significant barriers to provision in CHC settings persist. Clinic policies may need to address a variety of system and provider-level barriers to meet the needs of patients.


Core subject To quantify the Hg content of sediment and fish collected along the Purus River (Acre State, Amazon) in order to identify if those samples could be a potential route of Hg exposure to the population of Manoel Urbano (a riverside community). Methods The total mercury (THg) was quantified using the Cold Vapor Atomic Absorption technique. Results We collected 06 samples of sediment and 264 samples of fish. The Hg in sediments ranged between 0.038 and 0.065 µg.g–1.The results indicate that sediment is in agreement with "uncontaminated" Amazonian rivers. The carnivorous species presented the highest level of Hg on muscle (mean 0.927 μg/g–1), followed by piscivorous (mean 0.873 μg.g–1), planktophagus (mean 0.566 μg.g–1), omnivorous (mean 0.533 μg.g–1) and detritivorous (mean 0.176 μg/g–1). Fourty four percent (44%) of the total species collected presented mean levels of THg on muscle, a percentage greater than the threshold recommended by WHO. Conclusion Some species may be a route for Hg exposure. The sediment is within the normality. The authors suggest that other factors, such as culture and society, should be considered for future researches in order to promote the population healths.


(3) G. E. B. Clayton, E. H. Derrick and R. W. Cilento: "The Presence of Leptospirosis of a Mild Type (Seven-Day Fever) In Queensland", THE MEDICAL JOURNAL OF AU/ilTRALIA, May I, 1937, page 647. (0) L. S. P. Davidson, R. M. Campbell, H. J. Rae and J. Smith: "Well's Disease (Leptospirosis)", Tile Britisll Medical Journal, December 22, 1934, page 1137. (0) Salgo Kotorii: "Leptospirosis in Japan", Klinisclle Wocllenscllrijt, August 10, 1935, page 1147 (Special Abstract, THE MEDICAL JOURNAL OF AUSTRALIA, May 1, 1937, page 676). (0) W. A. P. Schi1ffner: "Recent Work on Leptospirosis" Transactions oj tile Royal Society oj Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, Volume XXVIII, June, 1934, page 7.


Earth outer core is composed of iron mainly with some diluent elements, which account for the observed ca. 10% density deficit compared to the pure iron. Among candidates as the light diluents, hydrogen and oxygen were selected, and the thermodynamic stability of the following reaction was calculated; hematite + hydrogen goethite + iron. At ambient conditions, Gibb's free energy of this reaction is 12.62 kJ/mol. On increasing pressure at room temperature, it decreases to zero at 0.068 GPa. This energy decreases at constant rate down to 200 GPa, which shows -208.26 kJ/mol at that pressure. From these results, this chemical reaction prefers the reduction environment forming the iron element and iron oxyhydroxide, so possible presence of iron oxyhydroxide with iron at proto-core can not be ruled out.


AbstractIt is shown that every cyclic split system S de ned on an n-set with#S >2kn 2k+12 for some k n 12 always contains a subset of k+1pairwise incompatible splits provided one has min(k;n (2k+1)) 3.In addition, some related old and new conjectures are also discussed. 1 Introduction In this note, we show that every split system S de ned on an n-set Xcontainsa subset of k+ 1 pairwise incompatible splits provided one has n2k+ 1;#S >2kn  2k+12  , and min(k;n (2k+ 1)) 3.Recall that a split S= fA;Bgof a set Xis a bipartition of Xinto two setsA;B; in particular, we have B= A:= X A. We denote by S(X) the set ofall splits of X; any subset S of S(X) is called a split system (de ned on X).Two splits S;S 0 of a set Xare called compatible if there exist subsets A2Sand A 0 2S with A\A 0 = ;, otherwise Sand S 0 are called incompatible 1 .We call a split system S S(X) k-compatible if it does not contain a subsetof k+ 1 pairwise incompatible splits.At the end of the seventies, due to newly discovered results on multicom-modity ow problems such as those appearing in [6, 7], it became of increasinginterest to determine upper bounds for the cardinality of a k-compatible splitsystem S S(X), de ned on an n-set X. It is well known that every maxi-mal 1-compatible split system contains exactly 2n 3 distinct splits, and itwas observed by M. Lomonosov that#S n+kn2+kn3+ +knbn=2c


The present article aimed to present the clinical case of a patient transferred to a tertiary health care center with complaints of dysphagia, significant weight loss and hoarseness, who was later diagnosed with esophageal cancer. It is, therefore, a descriptive study, of the case report type, which aimed to analyze the main clinical characteristics reported by the patient in question and the therapeutic management, in addition to drawing comparisons with the literature. Esophageal cancer (EC) is a highly malignant dysplasia and occupies the seventh place among the most incident neoplasms and, among these, the one that holds the sixth place in terms of mortality. Symptoms such as hoarseness, odynophagia, retrosternal pain, nausea, vomiting, weight loss, feeling of bloating and dysphagia are observed in certain cases, with loss of appetite, fatigue and malaise being considered the most serious by some studies. Several studies are carried out in order to establish the best treatment for FB. From this perspective, and observing the approach used in this case report, the CROSS study stands out, based on the use of neoadjuvant therapy, followed by surgery for the resection of the neoplasm, which indicated a greater overall survival of patients, in addition to instilling in a lower mortality from EC in the analyzed population. In view of the aggressiveness of the tumor, there are prospects that patient care will be increasingly guided by scientific evidence, bringing potential benefits to the patient's quality of life.


Purpose: To determine the accuracy of a simple radiologic images as a diagnostic tool for intra-articular fractures of the distal radius (IAF). Methods: This study proceeded prospectively from April 2008 to December 2009. We let 25 ERs (emergency residents) interpret the radiologic images of 45 patients who had injuries of their wrists and presented to a hospital. We used surgical findings or multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) to confirm the final diagnosis of enrolled patients. Finally, we evaluated the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of simple radiologic images of IAF. We also compared test performance characteristics between the four grades of the ERs (1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th years) via Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests. We considered differences to be significant, if p<0.05 Results: Of 45 patients, 40 (88.9%) had fractures of the distal radius; of the 40, 25 (62.5%) had IAF. There were no differences in sensitivity, specificity, or accuracy between the four grades of the ERs (p=0.86, 0.76, 0.49). The sensitivity of simple radiologic images for diagnosing IAF was 0.69; specificity was 0.77; accuracy was 0.72. Conclusion: In this study, we found that simple radiologic images as the primary diagnostic tool for intra-articular fractures of the distal radius were not completely adequate. Therefore, ERs should carefully consider using MDCT imaging to diagnose patients who suffer from wrist pain.


This paper investigates the design of optimal precoder for multiple input multiple output (MIMO) channel subjected to channel erasure and additive noise with known covariance. The subchannel erasure process is modeled as an independent Bernoulli process with known loss probabilities. The MIMO channel is known to the transmitter and receiver. But instantaneous erasure states are only known to receiver while transmitter has the statistical information of the erasures. We search for the optimal redundant linear correlating transform coding to combat against channel impairments due to erasure and noise by minimizing mean square error (MSE). While the transmitter is designed to accommodate all the channel scenarios, the minimum MSE (MMSE) receiver reconstructs the source for each channel realization. We propose a method based on linear matrix inequities (LMI) to solve for optimal precoder which can be efficiently computed by well known convex optimization toolbox. Effectiveness of this method is demonstrated by simulation examples.


This study purposed to examine the prospective curative role of lipoxin A4 (LXA4) in induced gastric ulcer in rats and explore the possible involvement of mitochondrial dynamics signaling pathway. Forty‐eight male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: control, indomethacin (IND), IND + omeprazole (IND + Omez), and IND+ LXA4 groups. At the end of the experiment, the gastric pH, gastric fluid volume, total gastric acidity, ulcer index, and curative index were estimated. The gene expression of mitochondrial related protein 1 and mitofusin 2 were determined. In addition, some mitochondrial parameters include mitochondrial transmembrane potential, complex‐I activity and reactive oxygen species were measured. Also, some gastric biochemical parameters, histopathological, and immunohistochemical analyses of the gastric mucosa were determined. We found that IND induced gastric ulcer, as manifested by the biochemical, histopathological, and immunohistochemical analyses. Both Omez and LXA4 treatment for 15 days alleviated the IND‐induced gastric ulcer as explored by ameliorating the biochemical, histopathological, and immunohistochemical findings. We concluded that LXA4 mitigated the IND‐induced gastric ulcer via improving the mitochondrial dynamic imbalance and mitochondrial dysfunction, in addition to its anti‐apoptotic, anti‐inflammatory, and antioxidant properties.


ABSTRACT Our study of 120 partners in dual-earner relationships (sixty couples with data collected from both partners) examined the impact of two independent variables - differentials in support and magnitude of support provision - on quality of life and marital conflict. We also investigated the role of individuals' normative beliefs about career priorities in dual-earner relationships on the support [arrow right] well being relationship. Our results supported our hypotheses that the magnitude of tangible and emotional support provision would be negatively related to marital conflict and positively related to quality of life. We also found that emotional support differentials related to elevated marital conflict, and that tangible support differentials contributed to decreased life quality. Finally, our data indicated that normative beliefs about career priorities moderated relationships between tangible support differentials and marital conflict, and magnitude of emotional support and quality of life. Key words: Normative beliefs, partner support differentials, career priority, marital conflict, quality of life. INTRODUCTION The burgeoning number of dual-earner couples in the workforce (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2006) today has changed organizational and family life (Archer & Llyod, 2002; Bond, Thompson, Galinsky & Prottas, 2002) resulting in increasing research attention on the dynamics of dual-earner relationships (Byron, 2005; Litzky, Becker & Parasuraman, 1 998; Purohit, 2000) especially in terms of partner support (Livingston & Judge, 2008; Neff & Karney, 2005; Walen & Lachman, 2000). Partner support has been examined as a resource assisting individuals in dealing with intense, and often conflicting, work and non-work role demands (Eby, Casper, Lockwood, Bordeaux & Brinley, 2005; Friedman & Greenhaus, 2000; Litzky, Purohit & Weer, 2008). The present study furthers partner support research by examining the impact of support provision differentials and magnitude on individuals' marital conflict and quality of life. This study also contributes to existing research by examining whether individuals' normative beliefs about the career priorities of dual-earner couples influence the relationship between partner support and well being. PARTNER SUPPORT IN DUAL-EARNER RELATIONSHIPS Researchers have examined different aspects of partner support including types of partner support (Bird & Schnurman-Cook, 2005; Parasuraman, Purohit, Godshalk & Beutell, 1996), functions of partner support (Carlson & Perrewe, 1999; Grzywacz & Marks, 2000), sources of support (Beauregard, 2007; Friedman & Greenhaus, 2000; Neff & Karney, 2005), and predictors of partner support (Litzky et al, 2008; Purohit, 2000). Despite what we know, research examining partner support has disproportionately focused on support receivers rather than on support providers (Eby et al., 2005; Granrose, Parasuraman & Greenhaus, 1992; Purohit, 2000). With a unidirectional focus on support recipients, we know almost nothing about support providers' support perceptions (Purohit, 2000; Shumaker & Brownell, 1984). A related research gap stems from the fact that in most partner support research data is typically collected from only one partner despite the fact that partner support is widely acknowledged as a dyadic exchange phenomenon (Crossfield, Kinman, & Jones, 2005; Eby et al, 2005; Granrose et al., 1992; Greenhaus & Parasuraman, 1994). Consequently, researchers have emphasized that to understand truly the interpersonal nature of partner support it is imperative for future research in this area to study both partners in the support process, and to assess support as a continuous exchange progression (Eby et al., 2005; Parasuraman & Greenhaus 1992, 1993; Purohit, 2000). Previous research also indicated that there are systematic differences in the magnitude and types of support partners provide and receive (Cinamon & Rich, 2002; Neff & Karney, 2005; Reevy & Maslach, 200 1). …


This work reports an analysis of the anti-parity-time (APT) symmetry system produced by pure dissipative coupled passive electric oscillators. Through spectral and time-domain measurements, the complex eigenfrequencies of the APT-symmetric system were measured. Interesting physics, such as exceptional points, APT-symmetry breaking transitions, and frequency synchronization with explicitly defined phase differences, were observed. Most importantly, we found that synchronous signals span the equator of the Bloch sphere. Therefore, our methodology functions as an analogon understructure to explore APT-symmetric systems.


Centered on Toni Morrison's Beloved and her process of writing the novel, this thesis links the crossing of a river, the birthing of a child, and the creation of a text. By drawing upon theories of composition, motherhood, and genre theory, this exploration of Beloved balances discussion of writing process, genre, and textual analysis. Buttressed by a complimentary text, Gloria Anzaldúa's Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, the connection between creation of identity and body through the gestation period and birthing of a text is reflected in Morrison's own process. The revolutionary splash Beloved made in the field of literary scholarship—and Morrison's success as a novelist and a scholar—demonstrates the significance and necessity of subverting expectations and crossing when undergoing or performing a birthing/writing process. Dedication or Acknowledgements Through the meandering process of birthing this text, my advisor, Dr. Rebecca Potter, has been vital to its existence. Her guidance, reading suggestions, and constructive criticism provided the support I needed to complete this project. I would also like to recognize the professors and my contemporaries in the classroom within the English Department at the University of Dayton. The atmosphere of exploration and curiosity in the classroom created a space for me to engage in these texts, theories, and ideas. I would also like to thank Dr. Rachel Bloom-Pojar for gifting the text Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza to me as well as for being a major figure in my academic growth. Finally, I would like to acknowledge my roommates, friends, and family for their unwavering support of me throughout this project.


...............................................................................................1 Acknowledgments....................................................................................2 Introduction............................................................................................4 Review of the Literature.............................................................................6 Life-Course Persistent Theory and Recidivism.................................................9 General Theory of Crime and Recidivism...................................................11 Current Focus........................................................................................15 Method................................................................................................16 Instrument........................................................................................17 Sample............................................................................................18 Measures..........................................................................................19 Theoretical Explanations for Additional Independent Variables...............................24 Analytic Strategy....................................................................................29 Results ................................................................................................32 Discussion............................................................................................39 Limitations............................................................................................46 Future Research.....................................................................................48 Conclusion...........................................................................................50 Suggestions for Evidence-Based Practice........................................................53 Appendix A: Prescreen and Full BOT Table......................................................56 Appendix B: Variable Correlation Matrix.........................................................57 References............................................................................................58


Since high dosage of X-irradiation given to the head can directly impair the functions of brain tissues (1), it seems logical to look for some biochemical basis for such functional disturbances. In the literature there are reports on the effects of X-irradiation on the water content of the brain (2, 3). However, these studies were done on the analysis of whole brain. As pointed out in an accompanying paper (4), the chemical compositions of the various parts of the brain are so different that the results of the analysis of whole brain are of questionable significance. Since normal values have been obtained on several brain tissues with very small variances (4), and since deviations in appropriate directions from these normal values can be demonstrated with disturbance of water and electrolyte balance (5), it was decided to use the same techniques to analyze for the chemical composition of brain tissues of dogs subjected to X-irradiation. It was hoped that such information would aid in the understanding of the chemical basis for the functional manifestations seen after X-irradiation.


Abstract. Boreal upland forests are generally considered methane (CH4) sinks due to the predominance of CH4 oxidising bacteria over the methanogenic archaea. However, boreal upland forests can temporarily act as CH4 sources during wet seasons or years. From a landscape perspective and in annual terms, this source can be significant as weather conditions may cause flooding, which can last a considerable proportion of the active season and because often, the forest coverage within a typical boreal catchment is much higher than that of wetlands. Processes and conditions which change mineral soils from acting as a weak sink to a strong source are not well understood. We measured soil CH4 fluxes from 20 different points from regularly irrigated and control plots during two growing seasons. We also estimated potential CH4 production and oxidation rates in different soil layers and performed a laboratory experiment, where soil microcosms were subjected to different moisture levels and glucose addition simulating the fresh labile carbon (C) source from root exudates. The aim was to find the key controlling factors and conditions for boreal upland soil CH4 production. Probably due to long dry periods in both summers, we did not find occasions of CH4 production following the excess irrigation, with one exception in July 2019 with emission of 18200 μg CH4 m−2 h−1. Otherwise, the soil was always a CH4 sink (median CH4 uptake rate of 260–290 and 150–170 μg CH4 m−2 h−1, in control and irrigated plots, respectively). The median soil CH4 uptake rates at the irrigated plot were 88 % and 50 % lower than at the control plot in 2018 and 2019, respectively. Potential CH4 production rates were highest in the organic layer (0.2–0.6 nmol CH4 g−1 d−1), but some production was also observed in the leaching layer, whereas in other soil layers, the rates were negligible. Potential CH4 oxidation rates varied mainly within 10–40 nmol CH4 g−1 d−1, except in deep soil and the organic layer in 2019, where potential oxidation rates were almost zero. The laboratory experiment revealed that high soil moisture alone does not turn upland forest soil into a CH4 source. However, a simple C source, e.g. substrates coming from root exudates with high moisture switched the soil into a CH4 source. Our unique study provides new insights into the processes and controlling factors on CH4 production and oxidation and resulting net efflux, that should be incorporated in process models describing global CH4 cycling.


The sensor chip 200, a sensor chip 200 for measuring the temperature of the blood sample, and has a capillary rib 40 and electrodes 11,12. Capillary rib 40, the blood sample is introduced. Electrodes (11, 12) and has a working electrode and the counter electrode in the blood sample and also temperature measuring reagent layer 20 containing an electrolyte with the presence of the. In addition, it electrodes 11 and 12 is, increase or decrease the predetermined voltage is less affected by the glucose concentration such as is applied when measuring the temperature of the blood sample.


1 Standard patch‐clamp techniques were used to study the interaction of therapeutic concentrations of flecainide and disopyramide with single inwardly‐rectifying potassium channels in cell‐attached membrane patches from rabbit ventricular myocytes. 2 Under drug‐free conditions, the potassium channels had a conductance of 31 ± 2 pS (n = 13), a mean open time of 230 ± 6 ms (n = 11) recorded at the resting cell potential, and an open probability of 0.66 ± 0.20 (n = 39). The resting potential of the cells studied was − 68.5 ± 3.6 mV (n = 32). 3 Disopyramide did not reduce the open probability of the channel when the cell was voltage‐clamped at the resting cell potential. However, disopyramide increased the mean open time of the channel, recorded at the resting cell potential, by 15% at 5 μm and by 29% at 20 μm. The action potential prolonging actions of disopyramide in therapeutic concentrations appear not to be due to blocking the inward rectifier K+ channel. 4 Flecainide (3.0 μm, but not at 0.5 μm) decreased the open probability without changing the conductance of the channel, at 3 μm (51.0 ± 7.2%, n = 6, P = 0.03) at the resting cell potential. Flecainide increased the mean open time of the channel, recorded at the resting cell potential, by 12% at 3.0 μm. 5 We propose that flecainide stabilized the inward rectifier K+ channel in an inactivated state, without plugging the conducting pore. In addition, it appeared to bind to an open conformation of the channel, since some of the reduction in open probability could be accounted for by the lengthening of the mean open time. The changes in open‐state kinetics suggest that this binding may be in the region of the activation gate.


Neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) are vulnerable to nosocomial outbreaks caused by multiresistant Enterobacteriaceae, but no reports of NICU outbreaks of extended‐spectrum β‐lactamase (ESBL) producing Klebsiella pneumoniae have previously been published from countries with a low level of antimicrobial resistance such as the Scandinavian countries. We describe a clonal outbreak of CTX‐M‐15 ‐producing Klebsiella pneumoniae affecting 58 infants in the neonatal intensive care unit at Stavanger University Hospital, Norway, during a period of 4 months, 2008–2009. The clone spread widely and rapidly in the NICU, and extensive interventions were required to terminate the outbreak. In contrast to previous outbreaks, only one infant acquired a systemic infection caused by the outbreak strain, probably due to a favourable epidemic strain lacking the most common virulence factors. A probable index case was identified, due to multiple positive breast milk samples collected from the infant's mother before and after the infant's transfer from another hospital. Breast milk samples from 3/18 (17%) mothers of colonized infants were positive for ESBL‐producing K. pneumoniae. Vertical transmission of ESBL‐producing bacteria has been shown previously,'but the possibility of transmission of ESBL‐producing K. pneumoniae through expressed breast milk is reported here for the first time. The increasing occurrence of ESBL‐producing'Enterobacteriaceae should therefore encourage changes in diagnostic routines for bacterial screening of breast milk.


The valence electron structures and bond energies of Al3Ti, Al3Zr, TiB2 and ZrB2 are studied based on the empirical electron theory of solids and molecules (EET theory), giving theoretical explanation on the different microstructure with different atomic number ratio of Ti, Zr and B in aluminum alloys. It is demonstrated that the formation of TiB2 and ZrB2 have priority for their bond energies are stronger than that of Al3Zr and Al3Ti. In addition, refining effect of Al3Ti and Al3Zr to Al is better.


this paper emphasizes on the interface complexity — one of the most influential factors affecting Web Services invocation performance. Our ultimate goal is to propose a novel and versatile model to measure the interface complexity. First we introduce the term WSDL2Java Cost to measure the overall cost for converting a WSDL file into server-side Java source code. Then we conduct myriads of experiments to respectively figure out the correlations between parameters, operations, their synthetic effects and the WSDL2Java Cost with various SOAP toolkits. We analyze the experimental results, finding an interesting feature called PODU (Parameter-to-Operation Distribution Unrelated), and introduce a model named WSDL Contour to measure the interface complexity. In order to test our model, we ad hoc refer to more than 9,000 WSDL files on the World Wide Web. In the end, based on our experimental results and the WSDL Contour model, we give some advice on Web Services Interface Design Principle, especially on the Web Services Granularity in the aspect of interface complexity.


IN THE light of what is known in 1952 about the deaf, the hard of hearing, and the child with impaired speech, where is the most logical place to undertake programs to train specialists, teachers, and therapists? With a few exceptions, the preparation of the teacher of the deaf has for a long while been considered the responsibility of the residential school for the deaf child. There is no doubt that, in several instances, the residential-school training program has served an important need and has graduated some outstanding teachers of the deaf. The advent of the university and college, other than Gallaudet College, into the preparation of the teacher of the deaf and hard of hearing is of relatively recent origin. The trend, being recent and widespread, is rooted in the nature of the problem itself, the changes in the special education process involved, and in the profession of education.


Introduction: Cystoid Macular Edema (CME), also known as Irvine Gass Syndrome, is characterized by the presence of fluid between the outer plexiform and inner nuclear layers of the macula due to the rupture of the hematorhetin barrier. It is one of the possible causes of decreased visual acuity after cataract surgery. An increased risk of EMC has been evidenced in complicated cataract surgeries with posterior capsule rupture and vitreous loss. Objective: To characterize clinically and epidemiologically the cases of Cystoid Macular Edema in patients with posterior capsule rupture during cataract surgery in the period January 2018 - December 2018. Method: The patient who presents a posterior capsule rupture during cataract surgery will be captured. In the period of one year from January 2018 to December 2018. Data will be collected according to the work variables (macular thickness, visual acuity, type of surgery, mechanical anterior vitrectomy, phakic state, vitreous bands in the anterior chamber, age and sex). Follow-ups with OCT will be carried out in the first, third, sixth and ninth month after surgery, collecting data for the variable visual acuity and macular thickness.


This paper examines the effect of judicial ideology on the selection and outcome of telecommunications regulatory cases. Using a dataset on Federal Communications Commission orders and trials from 1990 to 1995, this paper shows that changes in the make-up of the bench of the D.C. Circuit Court of Appeals affects not only who wins the cases, but also the cases selected for litigation. Firms are more likely to bring cases when the agency decisions are ideologically distant from the bench than when the two actors are ideologically close. Randomly selected judges vote ideologically as the firms' actions predict the will, with Republicans judges overturning Democratic agency decisions and vice versa. The effect of judicial ideology on case selection is larger than the effect of judicial ideology on case outcomes. Finally, the paper provides initial evidence that regulatory uncertainty may lead to more litigation.


In today's world, with the gaining popularity of dental implants among patients, there is an increasing need for understanding the case selection criteria so that dental implants can be placed with high success. Indiscriminate implant placement can lead to major complications during the post-operative or prosthetic phase of treatment, leading to achieving compromised results. There are many complicating and risk factors involved that can dramatically change the treatment modality for teeth replacement. This review paper tries to throw light on some of the issues that should be addressed during the decision making phase of implant therapy.


The microwave Doppler sensor has been developed for monitoring of driver's fatigue level. The sensor utilizes multiple receiver architecture providing electronically steered beam of a receiving antenna. A SSB modulation of the transmitted signal has been applied in order to allow for beam steering at the intermediate frequency. Investigations of the output signal has been carried out in order to detect and measure eye blink duration and eye blink frequency, which allows for driver's fatigue assessment.


Tension stiffening is still a matter of discussion into the scientific community. The study of this phenomenon is also relevant in structural members where the total reinforcement consists of a proper combination of traditional rebars and fibres. This paper aims at investigating tension stiffening by discussing pure-tension tests on reinforced concrete prisms having different sizes, reinforcement ratios and amount of fibres. The influence of fibres in determining a more distributed crack patterns characterized by narrower and more closely cracks will be discussed. It is worth noticing that the expected smaller crack widths in addition to a low concrete porosity (which strictly depends on the water/cement ratio) is of paramount importance for enhancing structural durability.


Objective: To evaluate the antioxidant activity of tropical edible mushrooms namely Pleurotus florida and Calocybe indica . Methods: Antioxidant potential was evaluated by using various antioxidant assays such as DPPH free radical scavenging, hydroxyl radical scavenging, nitric oxide radical scavenging, and superoxide radical scavenging activities as well as lipid peroxidation inhibiting assay, reducing power assay, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), metal chelating activity, phospho-molybdenum reduction assay and anti-haemolytic activity. Results: The results obtained from this antioxidant study strongly suggest that Pleurotus florida and Calocybe indica have significant antioxidant activity. Conclusion: Edible mushrooms Pleurotus florida and Calocybe indica are having significant antioxidant activity, could serve as easily accessible natural food rich in antioxidant which may enhance the immune system against oxidative damage and may be utilized as the potential sources of therapeutic agents. Keywords: Antioxidant, Pleurotus florida , Calocybe indica , Tropical edible mushrooms, Therapeutic agents


This research studied the effect of drying temperature on the kinetic of degradation anthocyanin in roselle extract drying with foam under dehumidified air at temperatures ranging 40-60 oC.  During the drying process, the anthocyanin content in the roselle extract was observed every 20 minutes for 120 minutes. The data was used for estimating the kinetic parameters of anthocyanin degradation namely constant of anthocyanins degradation rate and reaction order. The kinetic parameters were estimated and fitted with experimental data at various drying condition. Result showed that the anthocyanins degradation closed to the second order reaction. Meanwhile, the constant of anthocyanins degradation rate at various drying temperatures followed Arhenius correlation. With the result, retention of anthocyanin during the drying can be well estimated for various drying time and temperature. Copyright © 2019 BCREC Group. All rights reserved


THE USE of pressure chambers to treat a wide variety of conditions is receiving increased attention in the lay press. The late President and Mrs. Kennedy's prematurely born infant was treated for hyaline membrane disease in a . chamber in Boston. A girl was successfully treated for gas gangrene in the same chamber. A man suffering from tetanus, was treated successfully in a hyperbaric chamber in Chicago. If the rapid pace of hyperbaric therapy research continues; ' this new technique will become standard in .hospitals and large industrial plants in a few short years. What is this new hyperbaric therapy all about?


Background and Objectives: Of 200 volunteer blood donors we had screened earlier for hepatitis E virus (HEV) RNA, using reverse–transcription polymerase chain reaction, 3 were positive, raising the possibility of transfusion–associated hepatitis E in areas endemic for this virus. This retrospective study was to reassess the extent of post–transfusion hepatitis E among transfusion recipients, investigated in 1982. Materials and Methods: We re–evaluated 56 recipients followed biweekly for 3 months after transfusion. The controls were 51 normal, healthy persons who gave blood at a 2–month interval, as well as 412 blood donors from whom blood was taken once in 1982. Results: Of the 56 transfusion recipients, 19 were positive for IgG antibodies against HEV (anti–HEV) in the pretransfusion sample. Two of the 37 IgG anti–HEV–negative recipients seroconverted to IgM and IgG anti–HEV 5 and 4 weeks after transfusion, 1 with raised serum alanine aminotransferase levels. None showed symptoms of hepatitis. Attempts to detect HEV RNA in transfused blood, from aliquot units stored at –20°C for over 17 years, were not successful. Of the controls, 17 out of 51 were IgG anti–HEV positive in the initial sample itself. None of the 34 IgG anti–HEV–negative controls seroconverted during the 2–month follow–up. Of the blood donors, 154 out of 412 were IgG anti–HEV positive. None of the 412 donors had circulating IgM anti–HEV antibodies. A significantly higher (p<0.03) proportion of susceptible transfusion recipients were IgM anti–HEV positive as compared with susceptible blood donors. Conclusion: The results suggest that, in countries where HEV is endemic, the transmission of hepatitis E may be associated with blood transfusion.


The advantages of a plastic gear are that it is light and can be used without any lubricant, and its disadvantages are that its strength is low and it has large environmental impact. Therefore, the development of a new gear that maintains the advantages while negating the disadvantages has been proposed. The development of sustainable and reproducible natural materials is particularly desired to address environmental problems. Therefore, in this study, a method was devised to extract high quality and highly precise bamboo fibers using a machining center. Then, the hot press method was used to produce a spur gear, which is a machine element with a complicated shape. The present paper describes the characteristics of the bamboo fiber gears investigated through experiments. The results of tooth root strain measurement showed the relationship between rotation speed and tooth root strain. In addition, we calculated the theoretical value of tooth root strain and compared it with the experimental value. The experimental value was lower than the calculated value. The results of acceleration measurement showed that that tooth root strain is associated with acceleration.


The moving boundary conditions are implemented into the Fourier pseudo-spectral solution of the two-dimensional incompressible Navier–Stokes equations (NSE) in the vorticity-velocity form, using the radial basis functions (RBF). Without explicit definition of an external forcing function, the desired immersed boundary conditions are imposed by direct modification of the convection and diffusion terms. At the beginning of each time-step the solenoidal velocities, satisfying the desired moving boundary conditions, along with a modified vorticity are obtained and used in modification of the convection and diffusion terms of the vorticity evolution equation. Time integration is performed by the explicit fourth-order Runge–Kutta method and the boundary conditions are set at the beginning of each sub-step. The method is applied to a couple of moving boundary problems and more than second-order of accuracy in space is demonstrated for the Reynolds numbers up to Re = 550. Moreover, performance of the method is shown in comparison with the classical Fourier pseudo-spectral method.


In the last few prerevolutionary decades, dachas (summer houses) became an amenity accessible to wide sections of the population of Russia's two main cities. Dachas offered middle-income urbanites unprecedented scope to free themselves from the workplace, cultivate new lifestyles, and create new communities and subcultures. Dachas thus constitute an important element in the history of late imperial leisure, entertainment, consumption, everyday life, and urban development. They also illustrate the complexity and hybridity of urban culture in this period. The dacha public was diverse in its tastes and sociocultural allegiances; it blended the intelligentsia's commitment to the simple country life with a more "petit bourgeois" interest in diversion and domestic comfort. As an isolated bridgehead of urban civilization in an undercivilized rural hinterland, the dacha provides an important focus for discussing the middle strata of Moscow and St. Petersburg. If the tag "middle-class" could be applied to anyone in late imperial Russia, it was to the dachniki.


Clinical reports suggest that cocaine and nicotine are often used concurrently; however, medications to manage this form of polydrug addiction are lacking. Bupropion (Zyban), a dual monoamine (dopamine/norepinephrine) transport inhibitor, is a non‐nicotine‐based pharmacotherapy for smoking cessation that has been approved by the FDA and is currently used medicinally. The present study was conducted to investigate the potential utility of bupropion in managing nicotine + cocaine polydrug addiction by comparing its effectiveness in decreasing intravenous (IV) nicotine, cocaine, and nicotine + cocaine polydrug self‐administration. Adult rhesus monkeys responded under a second order (FR2 (VR16:S)) schedule of reinforcement for food or IV nicotine (0.001–0.0032 mg/kg), cocaine (0.0032–0.01 mg/kg), or nicotine (0.001–0.0032 mg/kg) + cocaine (0.0032–0.01 mg/kg) mixtures during four 1‐hr daily sessions. The effects of chronic treatment (5–10 days) with bupropion (1.0 – 1.8 mg/kg/hr, IV) on food‐ and drug‐maintained responding were then assessed. Consistent with our previous findings, combinations of nicotine (0.001 or 0.0032 mg/kg/inj) + a low dose of cocaine (0.0032 mg/kg/inj) were self‐administered to a greater extent than either drug alone. Results further indicate that consistent or significant alterations in responding for nicotine alone or cocaine alone were not observed during chronic treatment with bupropion; however, averaged data revealed dose‐dependent reductions in responding maintained by each combination of nicotine + cocaine studied. No consistent effects on food‐maintained responding were observed during bupropion treatment regimens. These results suggest that bupropion deserves further consideration for its potential use in the management of nicotine + cocaine polydrug addiction.