The simulation of weathering, solute distribution or acidification at the catchment scale is predominantly done with either a mass balance or process level model. The former redistributes total elemental concentrations between known points with measured total concentration, but does not explicitly include catchment hydrology. The latter includes compartmental hydrological models and detailed descriptions of spatially averaged chemical reactions. Interestingly, the model applications tend towards hydrologically different watershed structures: mass balance modelling favours bare rock watersheds similar to the Apache Leap Research Site, whereas process level models are applied most often to forested watersheds, among which the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest is an example. Although constrained either by mineral or water compositions on the one hand, or calibrated against stream or lake water chemistry on the other, both approaches basically fit parameters to the geochemical circumstances of the specific watershed of interest. Limited success is attained if the hydrological conditions remain within the circumstances of the parameter fitting. The principal differences in model formulation and approach to mass balance modelling are discussed. Without advancements in model calibration and rigorous model testing, and the development of methods for optimizing the important reactions and pathways, the transportability of models between watersheds or the simulation of extreme events will continue to be inadequate. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


This paper describes a freeway traffic simulator that is designed to be part of a real-time traffic control system. The context and modeling of the simulator and the intended role of formal specification in its development are described. The simulation is performed in a time-stepped manner in which at every simulation step the traffic situation is completely recomputed.


The motion of picking up and placing an object in 3D space is full of subtle detail. Typically these motions are formed from the same constraints, optimizing for swiftness, energy efficiency, as well as physiological limits. Yet, even for identical goals, the motion realized is always subject to natural variation. To capture these aspects computationally, we suggest a deep generative model for human reach-and-place action, conditioned on a start and end position.We have captured a dataset of 600 such human 3D actions, to sample the 2x3-D space of 3D source and targets. While temporal variation is often modeled with complex learning machinery like recurrent neural networks or networks with memory or attention, we here demonstrate a much simpler approach that is convolutional in time and makes use of(periodic) temporal encoding. Provided a latent code and conditioned on start and end position, the model generates a complete 3D character motion in linear time as a sequence of convolutions. Our evaluation includes several ablations, analysis of generative diversity and applications.


The whole nucleotide sequence of Escherichia coli gene appA, which encodes periplasmic phosphoanhydride phosphohydrolase (optimum pH, 2.5), and its flanking regions was determined. The AppA protein is significantly homologous to the product of the nearby gene agp, acid glucose-1-phosphatase. Because identical amino acids are distributed over the whole lengths of the proteins, it is likely that appA and agp originate from the same ancestor gene.


According to Winnicott, the capacity of taking care is connected with the capacity of being involved with and responsible for, which in turn is accomplished in individual maturation. Bringing Gilligan and Winnicott closer allows me to show that the psychoanalyst sees the constitution of these capacities as a universal condition, common to both men and women, and the achievement of concern is the base of these capacities.


In firefighting situations, firefighters will encounter multiple flame exposures during go through the fireground several times. In this study, the effects of multiple flame exposures on thermal shrinkage and thermal protective performance of three fabrics used in firefighting clothing were investigated. The fabric surface morphology after flame exposure was obtained by a handy scanner, and further processed in ArcGis software. The thermal shrinkage of fabrics was characterized by ten shrinkage parameters and then quantified by using principal component analysis. The results showed that flame exposure frequency had influence on the thermal shrinkage of fabrics. As compared to several short-duration exposures, a long-duration continuous exposure resulted greater thermal shrinkage. The correlation analysis showed that there was no significant correlation between thermal shrinkage of the fabric and its thermal protective performance. The findings in this study indicated that the effects of multiple flame exposures on thermal shrinkage and thermal protective performance of firefighters clothing should be considered during clothing design and performance prediction.


The structure and characteristics of a connected network are analyzed, and a special kind of sub-network, which can optimize the iteration processes, is discovered. Then, the sufficient and necessary conditions for obtaining the maximum independent set are deduced. It is found that the neighborhood of this sub-network possesses the similar characters, but both can never be allowed incorporated together. Particularly, it is identified that the network can be divided into two parts by a certain style, and then both of them can be transformed into a pair sets network, where the special sub-networks and their neighborhoods appear alternately distributed throughout the entire pair sets network. By use of this characteristic, the network decomposed enough without losing any solutions is obtained. All of these above will be able to make well ready for developing a much better algorithm with polynomial time bound for an odd network in the the application research part of this subject.


The simulation of surface resolved particles is a valuable tool to gain more insights in the behaviour of particulate flows in engineering processes. In this work the homogenized lattice Boltzmann method as one approach for such direct numerical simulations is revisited and validated for different scenarios. Those include a 3D case of a settling sphere for various Reynolds numbers. On the basis of this dynamic case, different algorithms for the calculation of the momentum exchange between fluid and particle are evaluated along with different forcing schemes. The result is an updated version of the method, which is in good agreement with the benchmark values based on simulations and experiments. The method is then applied for the investigation of the tubular pinch effect discovered by Segré and Silberberg and the simulation of hindered settling. For the latter, the computational domain is equipped with periodic boundaries for both fluid and particles. The results are compared to the model by Richardson and Zaki and are found to be in good agreement. As no explicit contact treatment is applied, this leads to the assumption of sufficient momentum transfer between particles via the surrounding fluid. The implementations are based on the open-source C++ lattice Boltzmann library OpenLB.


The present research aimed to explore the relationship between posttraumatic growth and perceived social support from different support sources of those women who experienced miscarriage as a trauma. A sample of 96 women (Age range: 17-49 years; M = 27.93, SD = 5.4) who experienced at least one miscarriage after their marriage or since last child was selected through mixed sampling technique (both Purposive sampling and Snow-ball sampling). A specially devised demographic sheet, short form of Post-Traumatic Growth Inventory (Calhoun et al., 2010) which was translated by Aziz (2012), Impact of Events Scale (Horowitz, Wilner & Alvarez, 1979) which was translated by Aslam (2007), and Perceived Social Support Scale developed by Rifai (as cited in Kousar, 2002) were used in the research. Results showed that perceived social support was a positive predictor of posttraumatic growth. Further analysis including Pearson Product Moment Correlation, ANOVA, Stepwise linear multiple regression were done to study the variables statistically in detail. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis was used to evaluate the role of time since last miscarriage, perceived social support and subjective distress of trauma in predicting PTG. Implications in the field of mental health of women, trauma counseling, trauma research, and positive psychology research have been discussed. The limitations of the study and suggestions for future researches have also been discussed.


The invention discloses a rubber belt turning method of an any-angle turning device of a belt conveyer. The rubber belt turning method comprises the following steps that a rubber belt bypasses a turning rotary drum at any angle alpha (smaller than or equal to 45 degrees), the turning rotary drum break rubber belt motion up into radial rotation around the turning rotary drum and axial translation along the turning rotary drum, accordingly 2alpha-angle turning of the rubber belt can be achieved, and motion direction is kept constant. The radial rotation around the turning rotary drum of the rubber belt is achieved through free rotation around a fixed mandrel of a rotation drum body. The axial translation along the turning rotary drum of the rubber belt is achieved through rotation of a small carrier roller, wherein the small carrier roller is arranged on the outer circumference surface of the rotation drum body, and the axis of the small carrier roller is perpendicular to the fixed mandrel. The rubber belt turning method has the advantages that any-angle turning of the rubber belt can be achieved when the rubber belt turning method of the any-angle turning device of the belt conveyer is applied to the turning device of the belt conveyer.


The title compound, C 9 H 10 N + .Cl - , contains two symmetry-independent formula units in the unit cell. The independent organic cations have similar conformations and coordination geometries, whereas the chloride ions have very different coordination spheres. All six independent alkyne groups form C≡C-H… Cl - hydrogen bonds, with C… Cl - separations in the narrow range 3.46-3.63 A.


Consider that the origin is a fix point of
a discrete dynamical system $x^{(n+1)}=F(x^{(n)})$, defined in the whole $\mathbb R^m.$ LaSalle, in his book of 1976, [13], proposes to study
several conditions which might imply global attraction. One of his suggestions
is to write $F(x)=A(x)x$, where $A(x)$ is a real $m\times m$ matrix, and to assume
that all the eigenvalues of eigenvalues of $A(x)$, for all $x\in \mathbb R^m$,
have modulus smaller than one. In the paper [4], Cima et al.
show that, when $m\ge2$, such hypothesis does not guarantee that the origin is
a global attractor, even for polynomial maps $F$. From the observation that the
decomposition of $F(x)$ as $A(x)x$ is not unique, in this paper we wonder
whether LaSalle condition, for a special and canonical choice of $A,$ forces
the origin to be a global attractor. This canonical choice is given by
$A_c(x)=\int_0^1 DF(sx) ds,$ where the integration of the matrix $DF(x)$ is made term by term.
In fact, we prove that LaSalle condition for $A_c(x)$ is a sufficient condition
to get the global attraction of the origin when $m=1,$ or when $m=2$ and $F$ is
polynomial. We also show that this is no more true for $m=2$ when $F$ is a
rational map or when $m\ge3.$ Finally we consider the equivalent question for
ordinary differential equations.


Science and technology of ancient China was advanced in the world. Why did it fall behind in the modem times? Mr. Needham offered the puzzle at first and up until today, academic circles haven't resolved it. According to the research of predecessor, the author analyzes the peculiar social structure and national habits and psychology of ancient China in order to disclose the historic necessity of its falling behind in the modem times.


Correctness, transparency and effectiveness are the principal attributes of knowledge derived from databases. In current data mining research there is a focus on efficiency improvement of algorithms for knowledge discovery. However important limitations of data mining can only be dissolved by the integration of knowledge of experts in the field, encoded in some accessible way, with knowledge derived form patterns in the database. In this paper we will in particular discuss methods for combining expert knowledge and knowledge derived from transaction databases.The framework proposed is applicable to wide variety of risk management problems. We will illustrate the method in a case study on fraud discovery in an insurance company.


Changed vibration threshold and loss of nerve movement in patients with repetitive strain injury; the peripheral neuropathology of RSI Repetitive strain injury (RSI) is a chronic pain condition affecting the upper limbs. It has been associated with tasks that require repetitive and intensive hand activities, particularly when these are carried out in constrained postures. Patients present with significant symptoms, but when examined, lack signs of specific inflammatory conditions or single peripheral nerve disorder. In consequence there have been considerable problems in the diagnosis of RSI and in designing effective treatment. Partial injury to peripheral nerves can produce significant symptoms and allodynic changes in the presence of normal nerve conduction studies. It therefore seemed possible that minor neuropathy might be an important contributor to RSI. To test this, vibration threshold was measured in patients with RSI and in a group of "at risk" office workers. Significantly raised thresholds were found, particularly affecting the median nerve, in both the patients and office workers. Following five minutes of keyboard use the patients showed a further rise in vibration threshold. Patients also showed reduced tolerance to non noxious suprathreshold vibration. These sensory changes are consistent with the changes observed in patients with diagnosed neuropathy. In further studies we imaged the median nerve at the carpal tunnel using MRI and high frequency ultrasound. The dynamics of the median nerve were studied during 30 degrees of wrist flexion and extension. A significant quantitative reduction of nerve movement was seen in patients. A correlation was found between nerve movement measured objectively and a clinical test of median nerve dynamics. How loss of normal nerve dynamics could contribute to the symptoms experienced by these patients is discussed. It is concluded that minor nerve injury forms part of the pathology of RSI and that testing vibration threshold and examining nerve movement could contribute to diagnosis and prove useful in evaluating treatment outcomes. TABLE OF CONTENTS Title Abstract Table of


Acanthamoeba castellanii is an amoeba host that was used to isolate a novel strain named pacmanvirus S19. This isolate is the second strain reported and belongs to the extended Asfarviridae family. Pacmanvirus S19 harbors a 419,588-bp genome, with a GC content of 33.20%, which encodes 444 predicted proteins and a single Ile-tRNA. ABSTRACT Acanthamoeba castellanii is an amoeba host that was used to isolate a novel strain named pacmanvirus S19. This isolate is the second strain reported and belongs to the extended Asfarviridae family. Pacmanvirus S19 harbors a 418,588-bp genome, with a GC content of 33.20%, which encodes 444 predicted proteins and a single Ile-tRNA.


Abstract 13C Solid-state NMR experiments were performed to investigate the structure of beeswax in the native state (crude beeswax) for the first time. From quantitative direct polarization 13C MAS NMR spectrum, it was found that the fraction of internal-chain methylene (int-(CH2)) component compared to other components of crude beeswax was over 95%. The line shape of the int-(CH2) carbon resonance region was comprehensively analyzed in terms of NMR chemical shift. The 13C broad peak component covering from 31 to 35ppm corresponds to int-(CH2) carbons with trans conformation in crystalline domains, whereas the sharp signal at 30.3 ppm corresponds to gauche conformation in the non-crystalline domain. From peak deconvolution of the aliphatic region, it was found that over 85% of the int-(CH2) has a crystal structure and several kinds of molecular packing for int-(CH2), at least three, exist in the crystalline domain. NMR nuclear magnetic resonance int-(CH2) internal-chain methylene CP cross-polarization MAS magic angle spinning


This paper introduces the power line communications channel estimation method based on sparse Bayesian regression, it is through the use of Bayesian learning framework that provides a sparse model in the presence of noise accurate channel estimation model. Improved channel estimation using the power line for the system to consider the frequency domain equalization (FREQ) transmitter and receiver, the bit error rate and comparing the two methods for generating various channel estimation techniques, and (BER) performance curves simulation the results show that the performance of the method is better than the previous method of least squares technique.


The prevalence of metabolic syndrome has increased dramatically in the United Arab Emirates. We examined the effects of a carbohydrate restricted diet (CRD) in 39 overweight/obese Emirati subjects (15 male/ 24 female) 18 to 50 y classified with the metabolic syndrome (MetS). All subjects were prescribed a CRD for 6 wk (energy distribution: 23% CHO: 24% protein: 52% fat). During this period all subjects experienced significant decreases in weight (P< 0.0001), body mass index (BMI) (P < 0.0001), waist circumference (WC) (P < 0.0001), plasma triglycerides (TG) (P< 0.0001), glucose (P < 0.0001) and blood pressure (P < 0.001). However, there were no changes in HDL or LDL cholesterol (LDL‐C). In addition, all subjects had increases in adiponectin (P < 0.01) and decreases in insulin (P < 0.01). Following the initial 6 wk, 20 subjects were randomly assigned to continue with the CRD and 19 were switched to the ADA diet (30%fat: 55%CHO 15% protein) for additional 6 wk. Comparisons between groups indicated that subjects consuming the CRD had lower TG (P < 0.01), lower BMI (P < 0.01), lower WC and plasma insulin (P < 0.01) at wk 12 compared to those in the ADA group. All subjects had a decrease in LDL‐C at wk 12 and no changes in HDL‐C. These results confirm the unique benefits of a CRD on markers of MetS in Emirati subjects. The improvement in MetS parameters was greater in subjects who continued a CRD compared to those who switched to a conventional diet emphasizing fat restriction.


At high load, Francis Turbines may experience self-sustained pressure surge leading to significant power swing and pressure fluctuations along the waterway. The physical mechanism initiating this instability phenomenon has been the subject of much research. The development of the axisymmetric cavitating vortex rope at the runner outlet modifies the hydroacoustic properties of the draft tube waterway. Very low wave speed due to high cavitation volume combined with a high swirling number initiates the unstable axial pulsations of the cavitating vortex rope which frequency corresponds to a penstock's eigenfrequency. The 15 MW power plant of Monceaux-la-Virole in France, composed of two units fed by a single penstock, experiences such full-load surge. On-site tests have been carried out to analyze the envelope of pressure fluctuations along the penstock once instability occurs. Combined with a 1D SIMSEN model of the power plant, these measurements have allowed to enhance the understanding of this instability phenomenon. To achieve this, an advanced draft tube modelling taking into account distributed wave speed, convective terms and divergent geometry is used and frequency analysis is carried out. Unstable draft tube eigenmodes and stable penstock eigenmodes are predicted. The key draft tube model parameters such as wave speed and second viscosity are calibrated to set the draft tube eigenmode frequency to the unstable measured frequency for different operating points. This frequency analysis concludes that high load instability occurs when a matching between the draft tube and the penstock eigenfrequencies is experienced. Moreover, it is shown that the unstable draft tube eigenmode is able to interact with different order penstock eigenmodes as function of the operating point of the unit.


OBJECTIVE
To find out the mechanism of Tongxinluo Capsule on anti-apoptosis of cardiac myocyte due to ischemia/reperfusion.

METHODS
Mouse myocardium of ischemia/reperfusion model was observed for evaluating the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), the level of malondialdehyde (MDA), the apoptotic index of cardial myocyte and the expression of apoptosis correlation protein bcl-2 and bax.

RESULTS
Tongxinluo Capsule could raise the activity of SOD and decrease the level of MDA. And it could depress cardial myocyte apoptosis caused by ischemia/reperfusion through up-regulating bcl-2 expression and down-regulating bax expression.

CONCLUSION
Tongxinluo Capsule could protect cardial myocyte well to avoid injury due to ischemia and reperfusion.


The Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems (CCSDS) recommends the use of a two-stage strategy for lossless data compression in space. At the core of the second stage is the Rice coding method. The Rice compression ratio rapidly decreases in the presence of noise and outliers, since this coder is specially conceived for noiseless data following geometric distributions. This, in turn, makes the CCSDS recommendation too sensitive in front of outliers in the data, leading to non-optimal ratios in realistic scenarios. In this paper we propose to substitute the Rice coder of the CCSDS recommendation by a subexponential coder. We show that this solution offers high compression ratios even when large amounts of noise are present in the data. This is done by testing both compressors with synthetic and real data. The performance is actually similar to that obtained with the FAPEC coder, although with slightly higher processing requirements. Therefore, this solution appears as a simple improvement that can be done to the current CCSDS standard with an excellent return.


A B STRACT . The paper presents the analysis of some two-degree-of-freedom nonlinear systems under random excitation using Local Mean Square Error Criterion which is an extension of Gaussian Equivalent Linearization. The results obtained shows that the new technique can be very efficiently used not only for simple-degree-of-freedom systems as presented in the previous papers, but also for multi-degree-of-freedom ones. The solution's accuracy obtained by the proposed technique is much more improved than that using the traditional linearization. The conclusions in the paper point up the significance of this technique.


Estimation of the moderator temperature coefficient (MTC) of reactivity of pressurized water reactors by noise analysis is investigated, both theoretically and through numerical simulations. It is found that using local neutron signals, all estimators of MTC will underestimate the actual MTC value, as indeed is observed in all measurements reported in the literature. However, the relative deviation from the actual MTC value remains practically constant over a wide range ofMTC values. This suggests that it is possible to calibrate the estimate at the beginning of the fuel cycle and then use this calibration until the end of the fuel cycle. A new estimator is proposed based on integral (point model) concepts. This estimator is found capable of providing the actual value of MTC, provided that coolant velocity fluctuations are at least as trong as coolant inlet temperature fluctuations in inducing neutron and coolant temperature fluctuations.


Methods of the data gridding and precision of volume calculation based on surfer from the theory were studied.And precision of gridding data and volume calculation by checkpoint method,residuals RMS and relative mean error were quantitatively analyzed.Experiments show that modified Shepard's method and radial basis function are suit to grid sparse fountainhead and have higher precision.The volume is simultaneously calculated by three methods: extended trapezoidal rule,extended Simpson's rule,and extended Simpson's 3/8 rule.Interval of the data gridding is optimum when three kind of computed results are very close,and precision of volume calculation is higher.Finally this new method is used in the earthwork calculation.The result is compared with traditional methods refering to national criteria.Experiments have proved that the method of volume calculation is reliable in precision.


The memoirs which follow, resulted from three extensive interviews (on 22 and 23 May 2004 in Nimes, France, and on 23 July 2004 in London); the transcripts were then edited and submitted to Mr Cohan for amendment and approval. The text that follows is a full encapsulation of what was said, apart from a lengthy excursus on orientalism in Miss Graham's work and a shorter one on improvisation in dance. This is a personal account, not a connected history of Mr Cohan's activities: many episodes from a long and varied life in dance were not encompassed in the interviews, notably the dance company Robert Cohan formed after he left the Graham Company for the first time and the work in Broadway musicals that he also undertook at this stage of his performing career. The commentary on the Graham repertory and that of London Contemporary Dance Theatre (LCDT) is also indicative rather than exhaustive. Robert Cohan is aware of major episodes from the Graham years – such as the first Asian Tour – that form no part of th...


Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), nonatherosclerotic enlargement and hypertrophy of large conduit arteries, and occlusive atherosclerotic lesions of mediumsized and small conduit arteries are frequently observed in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients (1–4). These alterations are determined by integrated signaling of multiple stimuli, among which the hemodynamic load imposed on the heart and vessels plays a major role.


Optimal control of any variable speed wind turbine needs maximum power point tracking (MPPT) coupled to doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) for better power generation. This paper offers a novel direct power servo-speed control of wind turbine. This latter is based on DFIG optimal hysteresis MPPT inverter current control combined with space voltage modulation (SVM) inverter voltage technique, thus providing a stable and continuous energy flow to power grid. In this design, the asynchronous machine stator is directly connected to the grid. Bidirectional power converter, acting as frequency converter, is rotor circuit located. Rectifier supplies rotor windings with voltages and reference frequency resulting from control procedure of the power exchange between the stator and grid. Inverter is directly controlled by means of SVM technique to maintain direct current (DC) bus voltage constant. Simulation results show that the proposed configuration improves power converters efficiency due that rotor circuit needs less power than stator circuit which is injected into the grid.


Introduction: A normal sexual desire plays an important role in marital stability; therefore, it is essential to identify factors affecting it. Aim: The present study aimed to predict sexual desire based on emotional self-regulation, experiential avoidance, and depressive symptoms in female teachers in Bafq, Iran. Method: In this descriptive-correlational study, the statistical population consisted of 225 female teachers, who taught the second grade of high school in Bafq, Iran, during the academic year 2021-2022. Finally, 130 samples were selected from the statistical population via convenience sampling. The data collection tools included the Halbert Index of Sexual Desire (1991), Emotion Regulation Questionnaire by John and Gross (2003), Multidimensional Experiential Avoidance Questionnaire (2011), and Beck's Depression Inventory (1961). Data analysis was performed using Pearson's correlation coefficient test and multiple regression analysis in SPSS Version 26. Results: The results showed a significant positive relationship between cognitive reappraisal and sexual desire. On the other hand, sexual desire had a significant negative relationship with procrastination, suppression/denial, distress tolerance, experiential avoidance, and depression (P<0.01). Moreover, the results of regression analysis revealed that depression, cognitive reappraisal, and procrastination could predict sexual desire (coefficients: 0.25, 0.26, and 0.24, respectively). Conclusion: The present results showed that emotional self-regulation, experiential avoidance, and depression were influential factors in sexual desire. Therefore, appropriate methods should be implemented to improve the teachers emotional self-regulation, experiential avoidance, and depressive symptoms in order to increase their sexual drive.


He was born on July 7th, 1847 in Kcynia (Exin, located around 100 km to north-east from Poznan). Wicherkiewicz studied medicine in Berlin at the "Kaiser-Wilhelm-Akademie". His studies were interrupted by the German-French war in 1870/71, in which he participated in the medical services in several battles and at the siege of Paris. After the war he terminated his medical studies in Berlin. In 1872, he graduated at the University of Berlin. The theme of the thesis was:"On sarcomas and their occurrence in the mediastinum". Then, he removed to Breslau and worked as assistent in a hospital at the Pediatric-Surgical Department in Breslau; later he specialized in ophthalmology at the Eye Clinic in Breslau as assistent (Director: Richard Foerster), and afterwards, at the Eye Clinic in Wiesbaden (Director: Alexander Pagenstecher). In 1877 he made an informative trip to London, Paris, Heidelberg, Leipzig, and Halle. Being well educated in ophthalmological proceedings, he went home to Poznan and founded a private clinic and an ophthalmological hospital for poor people, there. Soon this hospital with 80 beds became the biggest ophthalmic department on Polish lands at this time1,2. His most important colleague in Poznan was Emil von Behring who was awarded with the Nobel prize in 19013.


The present article makes a comparison between Goa and Singapore with reference to the situation of child abuse and the protection measures undertaken against it in terms of strengths and gaps, and similarities and differences, and draws recommendations for child protection measures for both. The article is based on a larger exploratory comparative study of child protection situations and measures that was carried out between a progressive state of India, namely Goa, and Singapore. The two were found to be comparable as they are similar with reference to the Asian cultural context and comparable historical, economic and demographic profiles. The sources of information for the project were a literature review and visits to institutions and meetings with the key personnel.


Polynomials orthogonal on the unit circle with random recurrence coefficients and finite band spectrum are investigated. It is shown that the coefficients are in fact quasiperiodic. The measures associated with these quasi-periodic coefficients are exhibited and necessary and sufficient conditions relating quasi-periodicity and spectral measures of this type are given. Analogs for polynomials orthogonal on subsets of the real line are also presented.


Extrusion experiments on thirteen polymers in our laboratory and extrusion and forging studies on nine polymers in other laboratories reveal that solid-state extrusion and malleability occur in semi-crystalline polymers that have a crystalline relaxation, αc at the temperature Tαc, and do not occur in semicrystalline polymers devoid of αc. The solid-state extrusion takes place in the temperature range of Tαc ≤ T < Tm with Tm being the melting point. In this temperature, range, the polymeric crystals show a measure of disorder, observed by several techniques and by small heats and entropies of fusion. A survey of the literature indicates that, in general, polymers which have a αc and are solid-state extrudable have shallow and broad bottoms to the energy-wells describing their most stable crystalline conformations, and polymers showing no αc have steep-walled energy-wells for the same conformations.


Law often appears to be in a limbo between the Social Sciences and the Humanities. Movements within legal scholarship itself, the law and economics movement and the law and literature movement, represent efforts to portray law as a social science or as a humanity. But if one looks at what lawyers do, one finds that law is more like engineering–lawyers make social devices and structures for their clients just as engineers make physical devices and structures. Just as engineers can usefully draw on scientific knowledge, lawyers can usefully draw on the Social Sciences and the Humanities in making their devices, but lawyers, like engineers, also have their own autonomous concerns about design and effectiveness. Legal education, however, tends to stress only one element in legal design, the validity of legal rules. The position of judges and academic lawyers has a special feature that, unlike practising lawyers, their client is the whole of society or the whole of humanity. This presents academic lawyers and judges with special ethical problems beyond those faced by ordinary professionals. It also brings them close to the practical and normative humanities, such as ethics and political philosophy.


Wind is a significant renewable energy source in Patagonia, which could generate a very large amount of electrical energy. However, it is not possible to put such a large amount of energy on to the grid due to instability issues. Electrolysis could facilitate the storage of such energy in the form of hydrogen, which could be used for peak power production or for vehicles. However, hydrogen storage and distribution are still very expensive. On the other hand, South Patagonia has reserves of coal which exploitation is not easy. One solution could be underground coal gasification. Unfortunately, using coal results in high emissions of carbon dioxide. Hydrogen from wind energy could be the solution to convert coal to methane and to eventually generate electrical power. In this way, a large amount of renewable energy could be introduced to the energy system with a reduction in the emissions of carbon dioxide.


With 20 keV nitrogen ion injected in rifamycin strain,we can screen a strain whose capability of production is 20.41% greater than the original one,defined as "zrnm2164".After the eight generation examinations,the strain is still stable.The fermentation conditions have been improved,including the components of medium(such as carbon and nitrogen source) and fermentation temperature.Finally,we have determined the sugar solution of cornstarch as carbon source,the protein powder as nitrogen source and the most appropriate temperature of 28 ℃.


Stem cell maintenance is an essential process that is needed to preserve a delicate balance between self-renewal and differentiation. Excess amounts of self-renewal can lead to tumorigenesis, while too little can lead to stem cell depletion. In the male Drosophila gonad, local activation of the JAK/STAT pathway by the ligand unpaired (Upd) is needed to maintain this stem cell self-renewal. Here it is shown that selective ectopic expression of Upd in certain germline cells is sufficient to induce over- proliferation of both early germline and somatic cells. This over-proliferation can be induced through activation of JAK/STAT signaling in germ cells as late as partially differentiated spermatogonia, suggesting that these cells may possess the ability to de-differentiate. Over- expression of the Upd homologue Upd2 also appears to be sufficient to induce over-proliferation, and may actually have a more pronounced effect on somatic cells and disrupt the transition from spermatogonial cysts to spermatocytes. The response of these cells to ectopic JAK/STAT activation can help further our understanding of how stem cell self- renewal is organized, and the ways in which the surrounding somatic cells support this process


In accordance with human nature has an instinct and desire to maintain or off spring generation. In this case, something makes it happen is do weddings or marriage. Marriage is the only way to form a family, because marriage is absolutely necessary as a requirement of establishment a family also according to any religion. Therefore, the authors formulate the issues in the following questions: (1) what forms of marriage Agreement in the Book of the Law and the Civil Law No.1 of 1974AboutMarriage? (2). How legal consequences arising from the implementation of the Agreement in the Book of Marriage of Law and the Civil Law Act No.1 of 1974? The research method used in this paper is the normative law research methods that the research done by examining library material so secondary data consisting of primary legal materials, law materials and secondary law materials tertiary. The problems marital agreement forms and legal consequences in the Civil Code and Marriage Act No. 1 of 1974: (a) In the Article 29 of the Marriage Law No.1 of 1974 is simpler and stronger because it must be made in writing not to say like what is prescribed in Islamic law. Where the marriage agreement made by both sides in writing can also be made in the form of certificates and approved by the Registrar of Marriage Employees are held. In Article 29 paragraph (1) of the Marriage Law No.1 of 1974 has been determined that the agreement must be in writing form. (b) The legal consequences arising under Law no.1In 1974, the sides must also be prepared with the legal consequences that would arise if the violation of the marriage agreement. Morally and psychologically marriage agreement would lead to a feeling of distrust towards his life partner. He will be shadowed by the fear if their partner violated the agreement. This anxiety will lead to unhappiness in running the household. In sociological and cultural marriage agreement caused the existence culture shock


YA32-315 as four-column type hydraulic press was changed from relay control to the programmable logic controller(PLC)control.Original control system of the hydraulic oil system of liftout cylinder was transformed.The oil pressure was controlled by the high accuracy proportional spillover valve and the analog I/O model of the PLC.With the deep drawing process of sheet metal the variable blank-holder force control was realized on the single-action hydraulic machine.The forming force,the black-holder force and the punch stroke were monitored and controlled in real time in the sheet metal forming process by the programmable Terminal(PT).


The environmental sustainability of logistics facilities is widely acknowledged as an important issue, but a comprehensive standardised methodology for assessing their environmental impact is lacking. This study proposes a structured model for quantifying both consumptions and generated GHG emissions, adopting a three-phase methodology that combines multiple methods. A literature-based conceptual framework was leveraged to design an analytical model, and in-depth interviews with 11 logistics and warehouse managers contributed to both the framing and validation research stages. The study offers a replicable methodology that considers heterogeneous sources of consumption and the related end-use types, further splitting consumptions and emissions by warehouses' functional areas. Also, it offers a set of Environmental Performance Indicators (EPIs) that could bolster a clearer understanding of the warehouses performance. A robust tool is offered to managers to support their decision-making processes, allowing for both internal assessments and benchmarking with competitors or other players along the supply chain.


Since 1983, the City of Morelia, State of Michoacan, Mexico, has undergone problems from SubsidenceCreep-Fault (PSCF), caused by a combination of the following factors: overexploitation of the aquifers, creeping of the lacustrine and fluvio-lacustrine sediments on the rock basement, and the presence of old geologic faults driving the deposit of such sediments. The thickness of sediments susceptible to deformation was measured, as was the abatement of the phreatic levels, comparing the sinking that had already occurred with a theoretical model relating potential sinking to soil compressibility. The existing differential sinking obtained by the model allowed us to know the theoretical displacement between the blocks of the main faulting-assemblages identified in the city. When this was compared with the actual measured displacement, a good correlation was found. Next the probable total sinking was calculated for each block of the faultingassemblages with the same model. Finally, we calculated the further probable sinking for each block if the aquifer overexploitation continues.


The purpose of the work is identify the parameters that characterizes the curve of oxygen absorption rate of a person during controlled physical activity. The exercise load is constant and its intensity is classified as heavy or severe. The values of the oxygen absorption rate were measured experimentally through the process of pulmonary ventilation.
The oxygen absorption rate is modeled by sequential exponential functions. Each exponential is identified as a distinct physiological stage and represents the body's response to increased energy metabolism. The dynamic response of pulmonary gas exchange reflects the integrated response of the ventilator, cardiovascular, and neuromuscular systems to the exercise challenge.
The characterization of the curve for each patient requires the identification of number of phases developed during the exercise and identification of the instants when the change of phases occurs. The parameter identification takes into account the uncertainties of the process. The identification is made by the nonlinear least squares method of Levenberg-Marquardt and stochastic descent. The curve of oxygen absorption rate can have three phases each one modeled by an exponential. The process is continuous and an robust optimization problem is solved to determine the instants of phase change.


Family physicians must commit to responsible prescribing of opioid medications. The decision to initiate opioid therapy should be a careful and deliberate one, especially in patients who are at risk of addiction.


This chapter reports the growth in ownership of the private sector of British industry by institutional shareholders, summarises the impact of such growth on management and the stock market, and briefly assesses its implications for the future.


Summary . An increase of energy carriers' prices has a substantial influence on the production cost. The application of cheaper gaseous fuel is one of the ways of cutting the cost of the energy resources. The analysis of the possibility of using the fuel in agribusiness is given in the paper. It is shown that natural gas is an economically effective type of fuel and manure gas is a prospective one.


Objective: We examined the effect of standard formula and glutamine or glycine supplemented enteral formula on intestinal permeability and weight gain in children with malnutrition. Methods: 80 children aged 2 to 60 months with a weight-for-age z-score less than −2 were studied. From December 1996 to April 1999, 27 study patients received nonsupplemented formula. From June 2001 to June 2002 an additional 53 patients were randomly assigned to receive formula supplemented with glutamine or glycine (isosmolar concentrations) for 10 days. Lactulose/mannitol excretion ratio was used as a measure of intestinal permeability and was performed before and after 10 days of nutritional rehabilitation. Weight was measured before and after treatment. Results: Patients were similar on admission with regard to age, sex, nutritional status and lactulose/mannitol ratio. The lactulose/mannitol ratio significantly improved (decreased) in children receiving formula supplemented with glutamine for 10 days but not in those receiving glycine or nonsupplemented formula. Weight gain occurred during therapy in all groups and was not statistically different among groups. Conclusion: Formula supplemented with glutamine improves intestinal barrier function compared with nonsupplemented formula but does not augment weight gain.


All Liaison Committee on Medical Education (LCME) accredited medical schools were surveyed to evaluate 12 aspects of selfstudies employed in medical education; we obtained a 71% response rate. The survey instrument offered responses from a list of alternatives, ratings on Likert-like scales, and openended comments. The majority of schools are engaged in self-study to meet accreditation needs or administrative mandate. Fewer than half of the respondents had performed evaluation of departments or courses during the two years preceding this survey. Few respondents identified a model or process of evaluation practice that guides their work, and there was little evidence that they have taken advantage of recent developments in evaluation theory and practice. Externally developed methodology and external expert review were used much less frequently than internally developed instruments or LCME guidelines. Only half of the respondents reported that results of self-studies were discussed with the school leadership. Schools of medicine may benefit by redirecting resources committed to institutional self-study to developing more appropriate evaluation practices for medical education.


The analysis in this paper is focused on identifying the impact of individual factors on profit rate's elements. The primary aim of this paper is to overview methodological solutions for understanding the full content of profit rate as a determinant of economic quality as well as a final indicator of reproduction results. The model of analysing profit rate factors was applied in a Serbian enterprise that manufactures construction materials from baked clay. The application is aimed at testing the range in determining elements and factors of economic success of the enterprise, and quantifying assumed changes. The results are useful guideline for taking organizational measures in order to increase economic success of the enterprise. This implies elimination of negative, and emphasis of positive impact of objective and organization-caused factors for making higher economic success. Based on empirical research, it could be concluded that the proposed quantitative models of analyzing the dynamics of enterprise business quality could be applied in practice.


E rrors by clinicians in medical practice will occur and unfortunately may result in harm to patients; however, what matters is the ability to learn from one's errors and to recognize or anticipate these errors in order to avoid or prevent their reoccurrence. Judah Folkman, during a Harvard Medical School class address, stated, "Once we recognize that all our efforts to relieve suffering may on occasion cause suffering, we are in a position to learn from our mistakes and appreciate the debt we owe to our patients for our education." This matter of suffering as a result of clinician error is a serious issue in medical care, with individual and community wide implications including ethical, social and legal consequences. Note the striking differences when an error is made by instructors or trainee pilots in the military, where the error will result in injury or destruction to either the instructor, student or both; in contrast, in the case of the instructor and student physicians the errors will impact others. In this review, factors contributing to medical error and basic steps to avoid them will be discussed. The authors, clinical cardiologists and most of them physician-scientists, working for decades in major university hospitals on both sides of the Atlantic, draw on their experience for this review.


Website is a complex system, which can be divided to several dimensions. This research is a part of research aimed to create Destination Management/Marketing Organization (DMO) tourism websites success evaluation instrument. External variables are cognitive and psychological factors, e. g. knowledge and interest towards destination, destination's popularity and perceived credibility of website. These variables affect individual's attitudes and beliefs and are influencing behavioral intention to visit a destination. Aim of this research is to explore the structure of the external variables and reduce quantity of variables for usage in subsequent research. Exploratory factor analysis discovered different structure from initially proposed basing on theory review. Four new factors were extracted, total quantity of variables were reduced. Factors were not found to be strongly reliable, and fourth factor found to be least reliable.


Sapphire is known as the most commonly used substrate,and is widely used as the substrate for the growth of GaN and ZnO.The substrates were investigated by means of polarizing microscope,AFM and X-ray double-crystal diffraction.The influences of surface treatments by mechanically polished, chemicomechanically polished and chemically etched on the surfaces properties of sapphire substrates were studied.The results show that the surface properties of it with CMP,and then chemically etching are best.


In France, bovine respiratory disease (BRD) complex is a frequent problem among feedlot cattle.
 Vaccination against BRD is not fully effective, and the administration of antibiotics to whole batches
 of animals is a common practice. A definition of metaphylaxis is provided and key prescription criteria
 are described, both clinical (including disease progression, choice of antibiotics and complementary
 examinations) and zootechnical (i.e. animal characteristics, farm characteristics, efficiency of the breeder,
 climatic condition the health management program and economic criteria).


This book was prepared for publication while the author was still living, but was published two years after his death. All the articles in the book were written between 1969 and 1981, with the exception of short selections that are printed here for the first time.


To the Editor One limitation of the study by OhyamaTamagake et al. (1) is that heteroplasmy rates were not provided. Knowing the heteroplasmy rates is crucial for assessing the prognosis and outcome of the conditions and for genetic counselling. We disagree with the notion that the absence of clinical manifestations is an argument for not investigating firstdegree relatives. Because 75% of mtDNA variants are inherited via the maternal line (2), it is crucial that the mother of the index patient be clinically and genetically assessed. Carriers of an mtDNA variant may manifest subclinically or mildly but nonetheless be disease carriers. To assess the risk of the patient's mother transmitting the disease to her offspring, it is essential that she be tested for the mutation. The absence of the variant in the mother would suggest spontaneous occurrence and strongly influence genetic counselling. We also disagree with the notion that panel H in Figure shows the resolution of the brainstem lesion, as the symmetric hyperintensity is even more intense than that in panel C (1). Resolution of the brainstem lesion would argue in favour of reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome (RCVS) as its cause (1). A further limitation is that the index patient was not tested for severe acute respiratory disease coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), and whether or not she had received an anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccination shortly before occurrence of the RCVS. Because RCVS has been reported as a complication of SARS-CoV-2 infection (3) as well as its vaccination (4), this information is crucial for confirming the presence of a causal relation between RCVS and Leigh syndrome. A further argument against a causal relationship is that RCVS has not been previously reported in Leigh syndrome patients. Another limitation of the study is that cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) lactate levels were not measured. To assess the severity of CNS involvement, it is crucial that CSF lactic acidosis shown on magnetic resonance spectroscopy be confirmed by direct measurement of lactate in the CSF. The cause of the repeatedly increased heart rate is also unclear. Whether or not hyperthyroidism, anemia, pulmonary dysfunction, pulmonary embolism, heart failure, acidosis, or hypoxigenation due to a genetic defect were ruled out as causes of tachycardia should be clarified. The findings of a blood gas analysis as well as the D-dimer, troponin, and pro-brain natriuretic peptide values are also missing. Because the patient had hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, whether or not it was also present in the mother or any other firstdegree relative of the index patient should be clarified. We disagree with the notion that Leigh syndrome is exclusively a pediatric disease (1). While most cases are reported in children, there is a proportion of patients with an adult onset (5).


The popular and official description of the Gaeltacht as Irish-speaking rather than bilingual areas reflects the historically dominant discourse on language ideology in Ireland. While there is little evidence that the Gaeltacht people want to learn English at the expense of their Irish, as may have been the case throughout Ireland in the past, there is no doubt that all do want their children to be highly skilled, literate bilinguals. There is uncertainty in the language community as to which language or combination of languages to use when raising children to achieve this aim. This paper focuses on two aspects of public policy that encourage Gaeltacht Irish speakers to use only Irish with their children: Scéim Labhairt na Gaeilge and the principle of Irish-medium only schooling in the Gaeltacht for all pupils. Fieldwork carried out among Irish speakers in the West Cork Gaeltacht region of Múscraí revealed significant divergence of opinion on how much Irish should be used with children at home and at school to achieve Irish-English bilingualism, and also exposed how many in the community believe that they may have made an error in language choice with the benefit of hindsight.


This article takes issue with interpretations of Foucault's thought that understand power and resistance as forces working in opposition to one another to fix and dissolve or construct and deconstruct social identities. Starting from the theme of dispersion presented in The Archaeology of Knowledge, it maintains that, for Foucault, power works only in a dispersive manner and that identities are not so much substantialities produced by power as simulacra that appear on the surface of a very different dynamic. Resistance, in turn, is not a force opposed to power but rather a consequence of the disjunctive nature of power relations themselves. Using this reconceived dynamic of power and resistance, the article revisits Foucault's understanding of disciplinary society and the micropolitics of the care of the self, and argues that, although Foucault has been deployed in political theory to show that identities are both necessary and problematic, his work in fact points to a politics and ethics that strives to dispense with this necessity altogether.


Forages production is an important part of the dairy production chain,and is basic guarantee of dairy industry for continuance and healthy development.Results showed optimization models of intercrop corn and alfalfa are 2 rows of corn with 12 rows of alfalfa and 4 rows of corn and 8 rows of alfalfa.


Uma M. Reddy, MD, MPH T field of prenatal screening has undergone recent advances resulting in improved performance and earlier evaluation. In January 2007, the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists reaffirmed their recommendation that all pregnant women, regardless of age, should be informed about prenatal screening.1 Presently there are a number of screening options available, each with its own advantages. Ball and colleagues2 report in this issue of Obstetrics & Gynecology (see p. 10) the use of a decision analysis model to evaluate the difference in costs and outcomes of seven Down syndrome screening strategies, based on data from 38,033 women in the First and Second Trimester Evaluation of Risk (FASTER) trial. The seven screening strategies and their associated Down syndrome detection rates are displayed in Table 1. These detection rates are reported at false positive rates between 4.3% and 5%. The false-positive rate represents the proportion of unaffected pregnancies that will be reported as having an elevated Down syndrome risk. Ball and colleagues2 conclude that if contingent sequential screening was universally applied in the FASTER population, it would be associated with lower costs and better outcomes. Contingent sequential testing begins with the performance of first-trimester risk assessment (nuchal translucency, pregnancy-associated plasma protein A, -hCG). Based on the results, women are grouped into one of three Down syndrome risk categories: high, moderate, and low risk. Presently, no standardized group cutoffs exist for this approach, resulting in variations in performance measures. In the Ball analysis, the highest-risk group (greater than 1 in 30 risk) is offered chorionic villus sampling (CVS). The lowest risk group (less than 1 in 1,500 risk) is reassured and does not undergo further testing. The moderate risk group (risk between 1 in 30 and 1 in 1,500) is offered second-trimester evaluation using the quad screen, with the final risk estimated using all seven markers. Patients are considered to be screen positive when the risk is more than 1:270. For contingent sequential risk assessment to be successful, careful determination of risk cutoffs is required. The first-trimester cutoff must be low enough to identify a significant proportion of Down syndrome pregnancies yet high enough to minimize the false-positive rate. Similarly, the group having no further testing should contain few affected pregnancies but should be large enough to minimize the number of patients requiring second-trimester risk assessment. The intermediate cutoff should identify the majority of the remaining Down syndrome pregnancies after second-trimester risk assessment but with a limited number of patients being offered amniocentesis. It is important to realize that these results are based on implementation of contingent screening in the entire population. The benefit is only realized when screening is uniformly implemented in this fashion, not on an individual patient basis. As the authors point out, although contingent screening seems to be the most cost-effective from a societal standpoint, there may be individuals who have specific preferences that differ. Some See related article on page 10.


Heat alters biology from molecular to ecological levels, but may also have unknown indirect effects. This includes the novel concept that animals exposed to abiotic stress can induce stress in naive receivers. Here, we provide a comprehensive picture of the molecular signatures of this process, by integrating multi-omic and phenotypic data. In individual zebrafish embryos, repeated heat peaks elicited both a molecular response and a burst of accelerated growth followed by a growth slow-down in concert with reduced responses to novel stimuli. Metabolomes of the media of heat treated vs. untreated embryos revealed candidate stress metabolites including sulphur-containing compounds and lipids. These stress metabolites elicited transcriptomic changes in naive receivers related to immune response, extracellular signalling, glycosaminoglycan/keratan sulphate, and lipid metabolism. Consequently, non heat-exposed receivers (exposed to stress metabolites only) experienced accelerated catch-up growth in concert with reduced swimming performance. The combination of heat and stress metabolites accelerated development the most, mediated by apelin signalling. Our results prove the concept of indirect heat-induced stress propagation towards naive receivers, inducing phenotypes comparable to those resulting from direct heat exposure, but utilising distinct molecular pathways. Group-exposing a non-laboratory zebrafish line, we independently confirm that the glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis-related gene chs1, and the mucus glycoprotein gene prg4a, functionally connected to the candidate stress metabolite classes sugars and phosphocholine, are differentially expressed in receivers. This hints at production of Schreckstoff-like cues in receivers, leading to further stress propagation within groups, which may have ecological and animal welfare implications for aquatic populations in a changing climate. Significance Statement Aquatic animals utilise chemicals to mediate adaptive behaviours. For instance, predated fish release chemical cues that elicit antipredatory responses in naive receivers. But whether abiotic factors such as heat likewise alter chemical communication has received little focus. Here, we uncover a novel dimension of chemical communication — heat-stressed donors can induce stress in naive receivers. We show that heat activates molecular stress responses, leading to the release of distinct stress metabolite classes into the environment. These stress metabolites alter the transcriptome of receivers, resulting in faster development and hypoactivity. Heat combined with stress metabolites had the largest effect, highlighting that abiotic stress, experienced both directly and indirectly, can alter chemical communication and affect embryonic development. Graphical Abstract Highlights We elucidate the mechanism for a novel dimension of the heat stress response — chemical communication from heat-stressed donors that induces stress in naive receivers — constituting a positive feedback loop Repeated heat stress induces a cellular and cortisol stress response and alters the phenotype of zebrafish embryos Heat-stressed embryos release stress metabolites enriched in lipids and sulphur-containing organo-oxygen compounds In combination, heat and stress metabolites induced 47% distinct differentially expressed genes, with many related to organ development These stress metabolites alter the transcriptome and induce both faster development and hypoactivity in naive receivers, a similar response to that of heat stress itself


chicken ileum Article 38 (5), 361–366 Acute toxicity testing of surfactants with zebrafish embryos Article 38 (3), 231–182 Aerosol medicine PADDOCC in vitro system Article 38 (4), 285–295 Alternative methods improved BALB/c 3T3 cell transformation assay Article 38 (1), 11–27 HET-CAM method for routine testing of chemicals Article 38 (1), 39–52 potential for adoption of alternatives in China Article 38 (1), 53–69 prevalidation of rat CFU-GM assay for in vitro toxicology Article 38 (2), 105–117 mutagenicity/genotoxicity testing alternatives workshop report IIVS News & Views 38 (4), 267–268 comparison of in vitro skin sensitisation tests Article 38 (4), 275–284 combined in vitro tests for eye irritation testing Article 38 (4), 303–314 current alternative methods for Botulinum potency testing Article 38 (4), 315–330 draft 2010 EU report on alternative methods for cosmetics testing Comment 38 (5), 345–353 alternatives to the mouse bioassay for shellfish toxicity testing Article 38 (5), 419–426 development of in vitro alternative assays Article 38 (6), 457–469 Indian International Symposium on Alternate Models News & Views 38 (6), 443–448 2010 In Vitro Alternatives Forum IIVS News & Views 38 (6), 449–450 Alzheimer's disease drug trial data made available News & Views 38 (4), 261–264 human volunteers for the study of News & Views 38 (6), 443–448 Amphibians in vitro models of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis infections Article 38 (6), 519–528 Animal experimentation estimation of extent in Brazil Article 38 (1), 29–37 current status of laboratory animal science in China Article 38 (1), 53–69 publication bias toward studies with positive outcomes News & Views 38 (2), 93–96 a standard publication checklist to improve the standard of Article 38 (2), 167–182 in Korean veterinary medical schools Article 38 (3), 221–230 the 1st Brazilian regulation on Article 38 (3), 239–244 a matrix for the assessment of animal welfare and suffering Article 38 (3), 205–212 a mouse grimace scale developed to assess pain News & Views 38 (3), 199–203 introduction of ethics in the Near East Article 38 (4), 331–336 EU update of animal use laws News & Views 38 (5), 355–358 mouse bioassay for shellfish toxicity testing Article 38 (5), 419–426 slight decrease in European animal use statistics Comment 38 (6), 529–532 Animal models of human disease pet dogs aid cancer research News & Views 38 (2), 93–96 fruit fly as a human neurological model News & Views 38 (5), 355–358 zebrafish as a human immune system model News & Views 38 (5), 355–358 Animal welfare a matrix for the assessment of suffering and Article 38 (3), 205–212 introduction of ethics in the Near East Article 38 (4), 331–336 effects of housing and handling on the laboratory mouse News & Views 38 (5), 355–358 EU update of animal use laws News & Views 38 (5), 355–358 Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986 FRAME's role in drafting FRAME Annual Lecture 38 (4), 269–274 ASCCT (American Society for Cellular and Computational Toxicology) launch of IIVS News & Views 38 (6), 449–450 ATLA a truly international journal Editorial 38 (4), 259–260 ATLA 38, 547–554, 2010 547


We assessed our patient by using a set of behaviour scales and a self-report self-esteem measure. The central assessment tool was the Adaptive Behaviour Scale


The purpose of the Differential Microwave Radiometer (DMR) experiment on the Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE) satellite is to make whole-sky maps, at frequencies of 31.5, 53, and 90 GHz, of any departures of the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) from its mean value of 2.735 K. An elaborate software system is necessary to calibrate and invert the differential measurements, so as to make sky maps free from large scale systematic errors to levels less than a millionth of the CMB.


In this paper, we focus on the evolution of the optimum currency area (OCA) properties between Canada and the United States. To this end, we specifically investigate the relationship between the intra-industry trade dynamics of Canadian provinces with the United States and the increasing level of integration between the two countries from 1980 to 1998. Our findings lead us to support the view that integration (real and monetary) improves the conditions under which a monetary union can yield net gains in the long run for the integrating countries. We also find that exchange rate developments exert asymmetric effects on the Canadian provinces.


We present an ab initio theoretical study of different magnetic
configurations of selected Fe-Pd and Fe-Pt ordered
intemermetallics with the following stoichiometries – FeX,
FeX3, FeX7 and FeX15.


ABSTRACT The sensitivity and performance of energetic materials strongly depend on their microstructure. Different solvation and desolvation methods were applied to prepare high explosive HNS with modified porous structure. Vacuum pyrolysis and a novel anti-solvent extraction method have been applied on the desolvation of the HNS∙DIO (HNS = 2,2ʹ,4,4ʹ,6,6ʹ-hexanitrostilbene; DIO = 1,4-dioxane) solvate to obtain porous HNS, while in the solvation process, the porous HNS was exposed to the solvent vapor generated by low vacuum or heating to form porous HNS∙DIO solvates. After the desolvation of the porous HNS∙DIO solvates, HNS with modified porous structure was achieved. This porous HNS and modified porous HNS reveal a reduced impact and friction sensitivity, compared to the raw HNS. The microstructures of HNS tuned by these different supramolecular assembly and disassembly methods were described and the feature of the methods was also discussed. These results highlight a new, simple, effective and controllable crystal engineering strategy for the design and optimization of the microstructure of energetic materials.


The date, the palm tree (Phoenix dactylifera L.) is an important component of arid and semi-arid Mediterranean ecosystems, particularly in Morocco where it plays a considerable socio-economic and ecological role. This species is largely affected by desertification, global warming, and anthropic pressure. Salinity is a very worrying problem that negatively affects the growth and the physiological and biochemical activities of the date palm. In these arid zones, the main challenge is to develop new environmentally friendly technologies that improve crop tolerance to abiotic restraints including salinity. In this sense, Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) have received much attention due to their capability in promoting plant growth and tolerance to abiotic and biotic stresses. It is thus fitting that the current research work was undertaken to evaluate and compare the effects of native AMF on the development of the growth and tolerance of date palm to salt stress along with testing their role as biofertilizers. To achieve this goal, two complexes and two monospecific isolates of native and non-native AMF were used to inoculate date palm seedlings under saline stress (0 g·L−1 Na Cl, 10 g·L−1, and 20 g·L−1 Na Cl). The obtained results showed that salinity drastically affected the physiological parameters and growth of date palm seedlings, whilst the application of selected AMF significantly improved growth parameters and promoted the activities of antioxidant enzymes as a protective strategy. Inoculation with non-native AMF complex and monospecific isolates showed higher responses for all analyzed parameters when compared with the native complex and isolate. It therefore becomes necessary to glamorize the fungal communities associated with date palm for their use in the inoculation of Phoenix dactylifera L. seedlings.


Based on the technological industries input-output data of nation,Sichuan,Yunnan,Guizhou and other four provinces,combined with the endogenous growth theory,this paper uses the DEA-Malmquist model calculated the Malmquist distance and TFP( total factor productivity). Results show that: among all the indexes which constitute TFP,the scale efficiency changes best meet the real level of technology innovation efficiency of the seven provinces; six main innovation industries of Sichuan are high concentrated,industrial clustering effect and radiation effect is obvious,the advantages of technology innovation lies in the improvement of RD labor force number and the proportion it takes. At the meantime,the problems of inequality layout of technology innovation industries and slow growth of cutting-edge research personnel combined with other issues are the elemental factors that impede the growth of Sichuan technology innovation. Through the aggregation level of Sichuan high technology industries,it can be expected the value of output of high-tech enterprises growth stabilize at 20% level.


Study Objectives. To evaluate the pharmacodynamic antibacterial activity of ticarcillin‐clavulanic acid (T‐C) and ampicillin‐sulbactam (A‐S) combinations against reference bacterial strains in patients with end‐stage renal disease maintained on long‐term hemodialysis.


Chinese Abstract: 最近一段时间存在着一种由居委会来领导监督业委会,甚至代替业委会的观点。本文采用新制度经济学的理论和方法来分析业委会所代表的城市制度结构。我们的主要观点是居委会不能代替业委会。分析的出发点是城市土地利用的两个空间事实,即不动产的消费和地方公共品的消费是捆绑在一起的,以及不动产所有者的事后流动性会大大降低。这两个事实会导致城市土地利用中的胁迫问题。整合不动产所有者和地方集体品提供者可以有效地解决胁迫问题。除了讨论整合的几种可能形式以外,我们还提出了居委会在未来代替业委会的基本条件。English Abstract: In recent years in China there is an argument that the neighborhood committee should not only guide and monitor the homeowners association (HOA) but also replace it. Our objective is to analyze the urban institutional structure that is represented by HOA and our approach is based on New Institutional Economics. Our main argument is that the neighborhood committee cannot replace the HOA. The building block for our analysis is two spatial facts in urban land use, i.e., the consumption of real estate and that of local collective goods are bundled together and homeowners' ex post mobility is greatly reduced. These two spatial facts lead to the hold-up problem, which manifests in NIMBY and regulatory takings. An efficient solution to the hold-up problem is to integrate the homeowners and the collective goods provider. We discussed some basic conditions for the neighborhood committee to replace the HOA in addition to several possible forms of integration.


Objective To assess the four imaging examinations (EUS, CT, US, ERCP) in the diagnosis of pancreatic carcinoma. Methods One hundred and eighty cases of pancreatic carcinoma were detected with endoscopic ultrosonography (EUS). Among which, sixty cases underwent the US,CT and ERCP additionally, and were confirmed in operations and pathological examinations. The accuracy of the four imaging methods in the diagnosis of pancreatic carcinoma was compared. Results EUS in the diagnosis of pancreatic carcinoma was more accurate than the other three methods, the sensitivity of it was 90% and the specitivity was 85%; The possibility of EUS in the evaluation of TNM stage of pancreatic carcinoma was higher than that of the other three methods, T1T2=50%,T3=62%,T4=90% respectively; The accuracy of EUS in assessing N factors was also higher than that of the other examinations. Conclusion EUS combined with US, CT and ERCP may play an important role in the early diagnosis and TNM stage of pancreatic carcinoma. [


Food-based approaches that focus on dietary diversification are effective strategies for reducing microand macro-nutrient deficiencies in malnourished populations. These approaches such as Helen Keller International's (HKI) homestead food production (HFP) model seek to improve the micronutrient intake of individuals, increase household food security, and advance women's empowerment. The standard intervention includes gardening, poultry production, group marketing, and nutrition behavior change communication. However, this model has not yet been fully adapted to improve the lives of those who live in land constrained households.


Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors, FBGSs, are very promising for Structural Health Monitoring, SHM, of aerospace vehicles due to their capacity to measure strain and temperature, their lightweight harnesses, their multiplexing capacities and their immunity to electromagnetic interferences, within others. They can be embedded in composite materials that are increasingly forming an important part of aerospace structures. The use of embedded FBGSs for SHM purposes is advantageous, but their response under all operative environmental conditions of an aerospace structure must be well understood for the necessary flight certification of these sensors. This paper describes the first steps ahead for a possible in future flight certification of FBGSs embedded in carbon fiber reinforced plastics, CFRP. The investigation work was focused on the validation of the dependence of the FBGS's strain sensitivity in tensile and compression load, in dry and humid condition and in a temperature range from -150°C to 120°C. The test conditions try to simulate the in service temperature and humidity range and static load condition of military aircraft. FBGSs with acrylic and with polyimide coating have been tested. The FBGSs are embedded in both, unidirectional and quasi isotropic carbon/epoxy composite material namely M21/T800 and also MTM-45-1/IM7. Conventional extensometers and strain gages have been used as reference strain sensors. The performed tests show an influence of the testing temperatures, the dry or wet specimen condition, the load direction and the coating material on the sensor strain sensitivity that should be taken into account when using these sensors.


This paper conducts a comprehensive empirical test of 20 prominent anomalies using the data from 32 countries/regions during the period 1999 to 2017. My results show that most of the anomalies become weaker or even diminish using data in recent years, both in the US and in other markets. This paper also compares five different information aggregation approaches to evaluate their performance of anomaly returns. The results show that although different aggregation methods may perform better in a specific country, on average the latent variable based approach and the Fama-MacBeth regression based approach outperform other approaches in capturing the return-related information. Moreover, results based on equal-weighted returns provide much more significant anomalies than those based on value-weighted returns.


Within the Born approximation, a cumulant expansion is used for the formulation of X-ray or neutron reflectivity. Odd- (third-) order cumulants indicate asymmetric profiles; they may only be detected in layer systems via a Qz dependence of the oscillation period of Kiessig fringes. Fourth-order cumulants are also visible in the larger Qz regime for single interface systems. As an example of an asymmetric surface, a triangular height distribution function is discussed.


Abstract : This monograph explains the linkage of contemporary criminal street gangs (that is, the gang phenomenon or third generation gangs) to insurgency in terms of the instability it wreaks upon governments and the concomitant challenge to state sovereignty. Although differences between gangs and insurgents regarding motives and modes of operations exist, this linkage infers that gang phenomena are mutated forms of urban insurgency. In these terms, these new nonstate actors must eventually seize political power to guarantee the freedom of action and the commercial environment they want. The common denominator that can link the gang phenomenon to insurgency is that some third generation gangs and insurgents ultimate objective is to depose or control the governments of targeted countries. In describing the gang phenomenon as a simple mutation of a violent act we label as insurgency, we mischaracterize the activities of nonstate organizations that are attempting to take control of the state. We traditionally think of insurgency as primarily a military activity, and we think of gangs as a simple law-enforcement problem. Yet, insurgents and third generation gangs are engaged in a highly complex political act political war. Under these conditions, police and military forces would provide personal and collective security and stability, while they and other governmental institutions combat the root causes of instability and political war injustice, repression, inequity, and corruption. The intent would be to generate the political-economic-social development that will define the processes of national reform, regeneration, and wellbeing. The challenge, then, is to come to terms with the fact that contemporary security and stability, at whatever level, is at base a holistic political-diplomatic, socio-economic, psychological-moral, and military police effort.


Abstract The Wigner–Ville distribution has been recognized as a useful method for time-frequency analysis of non-stationary signals. For mechanical signatures such as vibration and acoustic signals it has demonstrated a very good ability to reveal what actually happens, which is not the case if the signals are processed by conventional methods such as spectrum analysis and amplitude-time analysis. Because of these promising figures for the Wigner–Ville interpretation of mechanical signatures, the possible errors associated with estimation, which are mainly due to the finite record length, have not been analysed. In this paper, the error due to the time window which changes with respect to time, and the error associated with the smoothing process have been analysed theoretically. The error produced by employing a time window has been found to be proportional to the frequency of curvature of the Wigner–Ville distribution and that associated with smoothing has turned out to be proportional to even numbers of derivatives with respect to time and frequency.


Objective: High-density lipoprotein (HDL) has multiple actions which may benefit post-ischemic heart function. We examined the effects of reconstituted HDL (rHDL, CSL-111), delivered immediately fo...


Speakers tend to engage in adaptive behavior, known as entrainment, when they become similar to their interlocutor in various aspects of speaking. We present an unsupervised deep learning framework that derives meaningful representation from textual features for developing semantic entrainment. We investigate the model's performance by extracting features using different variations of the BERT model (DistilBERT and XLM-RoBERTa) and Google's universal sentence encoder (USE) embeddings on two human-human (HH) corpora (The Fisher Corpus English Part 1, Columbia games corpus) and one human-machine (HM) corpus (Voice Assistant Conversation Corpus (VACC)). In addition to semantic features we also trained DNN-based models utilizing two auditory embeddings (TRIpLet Loss network (TRILL) vectors, Low-level descriptors (LLD) features) and two units of analysis (Inter pausal unit and Turn). The results show that semantic entrainment can be assessed with our model, that models can distinguish between HH and HM interactions and that the two units of analysis for extracting acoustic features provide comparable findings.


The analysis of some bile acids [lithocholic acid (LC), cholic acid (C), chenodeoxycholic acid (CDC), hyodeoxycholic acid (HDC), ursodeoxycholic acid (UDC), β-muricholic acid (β-MC)] by Raman and infrared spectroscopy reveals that hydrophobic bile acids (LC, CDC, C) have their 3α OH bonded by strong intermolecular interactions. Furthermore, the most hydrophobic bile acid (LC), which is practically insoluble in water at room temperature, may be directly related to a polymeric association of its molecules. The hydrophilic bile acids (HDC, UDC, β-MC) possess some free OH bonds. Generally, however, the carboxylic group is implied in a dimeric association. Infrared spectra of diluted bile acids in chloroform give further confirmation because intermolecular bonded line vanishes for the hydrophilic bile acids and remains for hydrophobic ones. Thus, Raman and infrared spectroscopy provide new tools for establishing a rational hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity scale of bile acids. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biospectroscopy 3: 393–401, 1997


Cashew seeds soaked in water for 24 h and sown at 4cm depth gave better germination and growth than cracked seeds or those sown at 8 or 12 cm. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd


To reduce tensile residual stress in a welded region, we developed a new welding method that applies a water-shower behind the welding torch. When this method is applied to welding of austenitic stainless-steel plates, the water-shower cooling conditions mainly determine how much the residual stress can be reduced. To determine the conditions for reducing tensile residual stress, we first used FEM to evaluate the effects of interpass temperature on residual stress. To verify the validity of the FEM-obtained conditions, specimens welded in the case of with or without water-shower cooling were manufactured. Residual stresses in the specimens were then experimentally measured. These measurements showed that tensile residual stresses were generated on the surface of the welds and could be reduced by applying the water-shower cooling. These measurement results agree well with the results of FEM analyses. It can therefore be concluded from these analytical and experimental results that applying water-shower cooling during welding effectively reduces tensile residual stress generated by welding of austenitic stainless steel.


The role of interpersonal touch has been studied in communication fields, demonstrating a handshake or other form of appropriate interpersonal touch (AIT) has rendered favorable results in rapport building with an audience as well as developing audience comfort and receptivity to messaging. This study aimed to determine if the use of a handshake prior to interpretive programming would increase the positivity of perception of a visitor toward interpreters and/or the message shared by interpreters. Four interpreters gave both control and test interpretive programs, with 404 participants completing surveys at the site for a period of about one month. The interpreters were then asked to reflect on their practice at the end of the study. The research also discusses viewpoints of professionals in the field of interpretation about the current use and perception of touch. Trough three angles, the research demonstrated that AIT positively affects a visitor's perception of the interpreter and the message shared. The research also highlights and discusses boundaries in the use of touch and next steps toward researching AIT's role in the field of interpretation.


Video surveillance is an active research topic in computer vision. Recent research in video surveillance system has shown an increasing focus on creating reliable systems utilizing non-computationally expensive technique for detecting and observing humans' appearance, movements and activities. In this paper, we present a human identification technique suitable for video surveillance. The technique we propose includes background subtraction, foreground segmentation, feature extraction and classification. First of all, we extract all foreground objects from the background. Then, we perform a morphological reconstruction algorithm to recover the distorted foreground objects. The feature extraction is done using affine moment invariants of full body and head-shoulder of the extracted foreground objects and these were used to identify human. When the partial occlusion occurs, although feature of full body cannot be extracted, still the features of head shoulder can be extracted. Thus, it has a better classification on solving the issue of the loss of property arising from human occluded easily in practical applications. The experiment results show that this method is effective, and it has strong robustness.


1. INTRODUCTIONIt is assumed that the climate will change in the forthcoming decades. The question stands whateffect the climate change will have on crop production. This contribution gives some results obtained inrecent studies made by the authors. These studies were focused on assessing the impacts of the climatechange on three crops (maize, winter wheat and spring barley) u sing the crop growth models andweather generator. Preliminary results were already presented in the last ECAC conference (Dubrovskyet al., 1998). Detailed analysis of impacts on maize is addressed in Dubrovsky et al. (2000) and Zaludand Dubrovsky (submitted), analysis of impacts on barley is given in Zalud et al. (2000).2. METHODS AND DATAThe impacts of climate change related to doubled atmospheric CO


The clinical features of two patients with hairy cell leukemia involving the mediastinum are described. Both patients presented with acute chest pain 2‐3 months prior to diagnosis being made. In one patient mediastinal disease was recorded only by computerized tomography of the thorax. There was good response of mediastinal disease to alpha‐interferon in both patients, in spite of persisting bone marrow involvement with hairy cell leukemia.


An Electromagnetic Tomography (EMT) prototype system based on integrated impedance analyzer is proposed and developed in this paper. In the prototype system the excitation signal generation and measurement signal demodulation are both realized by using an integrated impedance analyzer IC controlled by an embedded microcontroller. The sensor is constructed with a parallel excitation layer, which is realized with flexible circuit strips as current sources, and coil detector array. The sensor simulation and image reconstruction experimental results of the prototype EMT system are also introduced. The experimental image reconstructions show that the prototype system can locate the distributions of test objects. This work provides a solution that the EMT system can be developed as an embedded instrument to meet the requirement of industrial environment.


In this article, a dual‐band narrow bandpass filter using U‐shaped stepped‐impedance resonator (SIR) for 2.4/5.2 GHz wireless local area network (WLAN) application is proposed. The filter is composed of a simple U‐shaped SIR and novel feedlines with two open stubs. Furthermore, this article relatively used the first and second resonances to achieve the dual‐band performance. To validate the design and analysis, a prototype filter has been fabricated with two passbands are centered at 2.4 and 5.2 GHz with the fractional bandwidth of 4.9 and 3.5%, respectively. Its excellent selectivity is suitable for WLAN application. The measurement performances show good agreements with the simulated ones. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 57:1143–1146, 2015


In this experiment we fed mice by different dose of lactobacillus MG2-1 and L.casei.zhang at 51015 202530 day to examine the content of IgG in the blood and SIgA in the gut. It was showed that different dose of lactobacillus MG2-1and L.casei.zhang all can significant improve the content of IgG and SIgA. Low and normal dose was effective than high dose in improve the content of IgG, according to time went on. At the 25day,normal dose was higher than high dose of MG2-1 to improve the content of IgG, Low dose was higher than normal and high dose of L.casei.zhang to improve the content of IgG. However, high dose was higher than normal and low dose of MG2-1 and L.casei.zhang to improve the content of SIgA.


The general objective of the study was to assess the effect of transformational leadership on the organizational performance of steel manufacturing companies in coast region. The study was guided by the following objectives; to establish the effect of idealized influence, inspirational motivation, individualized consideration and intellectual stimulation on the organizational performance of steel manufacturing companies. This study adopted a descriptive study design. Target population primary data was collected using semi-structured questionnaire based on the objectives of the study. The target population for this study was therefore six fully automated and eleven semi-automated steel manufacturing companies. The unit of observation was the 59 senior level managers. Purposive sampling was used to arrive at this sample. The data was edited, coded for processing using the statistical package for social sciences (SPSS v.24) and presented in tables. Descriptive and inferential statistics was used to analyze information generated from respondents. First, in regard to idealized influence, the regression coefficients of the study showed that it had a significant influence on organizational performance of steel manufacturing companies in coast region. The results indicated that there was a positive relationship between idealized influence and organizational performance of steel manufacturing companies in coast region. In addition, the researcher found the relationship to be statistically significant at 5% level. Correlation and regression results indicated that individualized consideration had a significant effect on organizational performance of steel manufacturing companies. Finally Most of the statements showed that the respondents agreed with the statement that intellectual stimulation had an effect on organizational performance of steel manufacturing companies in coast region. Regression results also showed intellectual Stimulation had a significant effect on organizational performance of steel manufacturing companies in coast region. This study recommends the leaders in corporation to go for leadership seminars to fully understand the full effect leaders have on their subjects. Key terms: Organizational Performance, Transformative Leadership, Individualized Consideration, Intellectual Stimulation, Inspirational Motivation , Idealized Influence


X-rays from cool stars are a manifestation of magnetic fields generated by the internal dynamos. This by now classical view has not changed despite the discovery of new X-ray phenomenology and the development of new theoretical concepts with which to explain the production of X-rays around stars (e.g., accretion, outflows, fluorescence, etc). However, with increasing detector sensitivities and the advent of high-resolution spectroscopy, "stellar environmental issues" have become of central interest in the area of pre-main sequence stars. The interplay between accretion disks and stellar magnetic fields leads to disk instabilities, ionization and heating of circumstellar material, chemical reactions in cool molecular gas, accretion flows from the disk to the star, outflows, and jets, in all of which X-rays either play a key role or at least provide important diagnostic access. Limitations of present-day instrumentation are, however, evident. The following sections summarize selected topics of X-rays from cool stars that have been addressed in recent years using high-resolution spectroscopy from XMMNewton and Chandra.


ABSTRACT Stochastic differential equations (SDEs) are used as statistical models in many disciplines. However, intractable likelihood functions for SDEs make inference challenging, and we need to resort to simulation-based techniques to estimate and maximize the likelihood function. While importance sampling methods have allowed for the accurate evaluation of likelihoods at fixed parameter values, there is still a question of how to find the maximum likelihood estimate. In this article, we propose an efficient Gaussian-process-based method for exploring the parameter space using estimates of the likelihood from an importance sampler. Our technique accounts for the inherent Monte Carlo variability of the estimated likelihood, and does not require knowledge of gradients. The procedure adds potential parameter values by maximizing the so-called expected improvement, leveraging the fact that the likelihood function is assumed to be smooth. Our simulations demonstrate that our method has significant computational and efficiency gains over existing grid- and gradient-based techniques. Our method is applied to the estimation of ocean circulation from Lagrangian drift data in the South Atlantic ocean.


This paper describes the thyristor tandem type high voltage soft starter asynchronous motor strategy in detail.The corecontroller of mine fan motor soft starter with TMS 320F2812 is designed.It carries out some features of simulation undel laboratory condition and actual work.It applies to a high voltage mine fan motor soft starter construotion succesfully.


Increasing competency of librarians in Kemendikbud is essential to support the vision and mission of there. Special libraries must be there professional, semi-professional, and non-professional personnel according to the National Standard of Special Library. This study examines the composition of librarians in Kemendikbud, both from the composition of position, age, and education with qualitative descriptive method. Collecting data by purposive technique. Of the respondents who manage the special library Kemendikbud as many as 136 people, only 21 people (15,44%) who occupy functional positions librarian. While the composition of expert librarians, skill librarians and administrative personal in Kemendikbud is 18:3:115. Composition of librarian age 46-50 years (28,57%), 51-55 as many as 4 people (19,05%), 56 -60 as many as 4 people (19,05%), 36-40 as many as 3 people (14,29%), 25-30 as many as 2 people (9,52%), and 41-45 as many as 2 people (9,52%). Librarians in Kemendikbud scope mostly have S1 degree as much as 15 (71,42%), S2, and D3 respectively amounted to 3 people (14,29%). Most of the librarians have educational background of the library (61,90%), education (19,05%), literature (14,29%), and state administration (4,76%).


Background: Isfahan province is one of the common foci of the cutaneous leishmaniasis in Iran, particularly the wet or rural zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ZCL). Several factors other than the location of the disease are implicated in the epidemiology of cutaneous leishmaniasis, such as the presence of sandflies as vectors and the role of rodents as reservoirs. These factors that contribute to the transmission of the disease include agricultural projects, migration of the non-immune individuals to the endemic areas, rapid and unplanned urbanization, environmental changes (such as irrigation, dam construction, and desertification). Objectives: Due to the lack of information about the epidemiology and prevalence of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Isfahan province, Iran, this study was designed to investigate the aforementioned factors. Patients and Methods: Data were collected from the recorded data of patients with leishmaniasis referred to Isfahan Province Health Care Center, Isfahan, Iran. The patients were diagnosed by direct microscopic examination of the samples in Leishmaniasis and Skin Diseases Research Center and other health care centers. Data concerning demographic features, the number and location of lesions, duration of disease, area of residence, work location, the history of travel within the past two months, address, and telephone number of the patients was collected. The epidemiological status of leishmaniasis was determined from the recorded data. Results: In total, data of 28315 patients with leishmaniasis during 2001 to 2011 were studied .Among them, 10809 (38.2%) patients were female and 17491 (61.8%) patients were male. The mean age of the patients was 22.40 ± 16.52 years (range, 1-100 years). The incidence of lesions in different body parts was as follows: face, 12.1%; hands and legs, 12.3%; face and hands, 4.5%; legs, 24.1%; hands prevalence, 32.3%; and the other parts of body, 11.5%. The number of the lesions on the trunk ranged from one to three. In this study, 12163 (43%) patients had one, 6330 (22.4%) had two, 503 (8.1%) had three, and 8008 (28.3%) had more than three lesions. Overall, 17883 (63.2%) patients lived in urban areas and 8241 (29.1%) in rural areas and most of the cases were seen among those who lived in cities and urban areas. Conclusions: Considering the high prevalence of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the Isfahan province, eliminating the leishmaniasis vector and its reservoirs in this endemic area seems to be necessary. During the years, it has been showed that leishmaniasis is endemic in Isfahan province hence, a more extensive epidemiologic study is recommended.