Article history: Received: October 26, 2019 Received in revised format: November 21 2019 Accepted: November 25, 2019 Available online: November 25, 2019 Even though the investment sector generally governs economic growth in developed countries. Indonesia's economic growth so far has been dominated by the consumption sector. On the other hand, one of the significant contributors to the investment sector is the entrepreneurs' role in any country. Therefore, the challenge for Indonesia is to make the entrepreneurs reach substantial contributions. This study investigates on three variables; namely entrepreneurial orientation, cooperatives, and entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurial orientation is the exogeneous variable, cooperative is the mediator variable and, the entrepreneur is the endogenous variable. These three variables are formed into three sub-models and one complete model. Each sub-model is to find out whether the dimensions contribute to each variable, and the entire model is to find out a significant relationship among the variables. The method used is the structural equation model (SEM), with computer software LISREL. This research will produce a breakthrough in how cooperative can mediate from entrepreneurial orientation to entrepreneurs. Besides, the study will deliver how cooperative stakeholders to get some understanding of entrepreneurial orientation so that cooperatives as an institution can persuade members of organizations to become entrepreneurs to be ready to contribute to economic growth. Moreover, the results provide the science of sustainable management on how to apply creativity and innovation to the cooperative organization. © 2020 by the authors; licensee Growing Science, Canada


Objective To understand prevalence of community health service manpower in Qingdaocity and to supply basis of rationally disposing health manpowers.Methods Random sampling was carried out in a survey for 161 community health service manpower by questionnaire.Results The average age of community health service manpower was 43.57,11.2% manpower were record of graduate;40.4% were record of junior college,and 28.6% were record of technical secondary school.13.2% staff were high professional title;43.4% were middle professional title and 33.3% were primary professional title.The proportion of manpower who was formerly engaged in medicine was 97.5%,57.1% of them had taken part in the training of general practice.The average training time was 22.74 weeks.Conclusion The professional knowledge of health personnel was not well,and health personnel in community health service were low in record of formal school and the professional title.Those problems should be resolved at once.


In this paper,the problem is researched and practised positively of the pattern of training men,the construction andcontent system of courses,the reform in teaching contents and methods,the construction of practically teaching bases in the highvocational education of mechanical category.


In the current investigation, the kinetics of Mx transcripts expression in the blood of Labeo catla (Hamilton 1822) inoculated with poly I: C, was studied for 14 days. The level of Mx transcript in the blood cells increased as compared to control fish inoculated with phosphate buffered saline. The level of Mx transcript was quantified along with semi-quantitative expression for β-actin. The level of Mx transcript was maximum on day 2 and 3 (β-actin: Mx ratio of about 0.8) which reduced after day 4 and the response disappeared on day 7. Western blots of the blood showed an immune-reactive band of 72 kDa, which is typical for L. catla Mx protein. Results suggest an increase in levels of Mx transcript after poly I: C injection which can stimulate an antiviral phase and the appropriateness of Mx expression investigation as an indicator to assess protective action. Keywords: Immuno-histochemistry, Myxovirus resistance, Poly I: C, Reverse transcriptase, Western blotting


Background: Interleukin‐27 (IL‐27) modulates CD4+ T‐cell differentiation and function. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect and molecular mechanisms of IL‐27 on the development of asthma.


We have shown that the distribution of rupture forces between individual αIIbβ3 and fibrinogen molecules displays at least two components that differ in kinetics, loading rate dependence, and susceptibility to activation and inhibition of the integrin. This suggests that the binding and unbinding of αIIbβ3 and fibrinogen is a complex multistep process that depends on the conformational state of both αIIbβ3 and fibrinogen, the duration of their interaction, and environmental factors such as externally-applied shear force. To directly test these possibilities, we quantified the lifetime of bonds stabilizing individual αIIbβ3-fibrinogen complexes with a novel nanoscale laser tweezers-based system that uses an optical trap to apply a constant unbinding force to single-molecule protein-protein interactions. When a ligand-coated bead is brought into repeated contact with a receptor-coated silica pedestal using an optical trap, the signal parameters that are measured correspond to both compressive and rupture forces. To measure bond lifetimes, the amplitude of the generated tensile force signal must remain constant throughout the lifetime of the bond. This can be accomplished by incorporating an analog feedback circuit within the optical system. The system also enables us to control the time of contact between interacting surfaces, the magnitude of compressive force during contact, the magnitude of the tensile force, and the time of protein-protein separation when binding occurs. To quantify the forced unbinding of fibrinogen molecules covalently bound to latex beads and αIIbβ3 molecules covalently attached to silica microspheres, we measured the distribution of bond lifetimes obtained under constant tensile force, mimicking the effect of hydrodynamic blood flow on an adherent platelet. We found that the separation times of the αIIbβ3- and fibrinogen-coated surfaces varied, indicating that the interactions occurring at the interface had heterogeneous kinetic and thermodynamic properties. Discrimination of specific αIIbβ3-fibrinogen binding events versus non-specific interactions was based on comparison of bond lifetime distributions in the absence and presence of abciximab or eptifibatide, specific inhibitors of fibrinogen binding to activated αIIbβ3. We found that the separation times of the αIIbβ3- and fibrinogen-coated surfaces were bimodal, with specific integrin-fibrinogen interactions lasting more than 2s under a constant tensile force of 50 pN. Varying the time of contact between αIIbβ3 and fibrinogen from 0.1s to 2.0s at the same unbinding force revealed that the bond lifetimes increased as the duration of contact between that interacting surfaces increased, suggesting that stability of αIIbβ3-fibrinogen interactions is time-dependent. Because these measurements mimic the binding/unbinding parameters and the time course of the αIIbβ3-fibrinogen interactions under conditions of shear, they are relevant to physiological processes of fibrinogen-mediated platelet adhesion and platelet aggregation. Taken together, our data suggest a model for fibrinogen binding to αIIbβ3 in which the initial interaction is followed by reorganization of the binding interface, thereby enhancing the strength and stability of fibrinogen binding.


Within the last ten years the Sumatran rhino population has dropped 50%, and only 200–300 individuals exist, with five in captivity. Their native habitat is dense tropical forest and they are solitary, therefore much of their behavior remains unknown. Sumatrans are the smallest living rhino, standing 0.9–1.5 m tall, and are covered in coarse, reddish‐brown hair. The first Sumatran rhinoceros born in captivity in 112 years, and the first calf ever recorded, is 17 months old and weighs 448 kg. At the Cincinnati Zoo this male calf was recorded from 1–3 m, using two Statham radio microphones, and one TCD‐D8 Sony DAT recorder (9 Hz–22 kHz). Analysis, including power spectrums, spectrographic functions, and cross correlations were performed using National Instrument's Polynesia. Preliminary analysis indicates that the calf's vocalizations are similar in structure to adult Sumatran vocalizations, although there are some distinctions. ''Eeps'' and ''whales'' that are found in adult repertoires are produced by the...


The situation of low total early-stage-entrepreneurial activity (TEA) and high business discontinuance rates can be concerning for any country. This unfavorable situation may be traced to the business environment and the entrepreneurial disposition of small firms.  In response to this concern, this study investigates the relationships between environmental hostility (EH) and the individual components of entrepreneurial orientation (EO) buoyed by the reality that research that focuses on the antecedents of EO is limited. Moreover, EO is often conceptualised as a consolidated construct, hence this study elects to examine its distinct components. Through a quantitative methodological approach, the study analyses data obtained from a survey of small firms operating in South Africa, that were randomly selected. Using exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and partial-least-square structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM), the study found that only four components of EO were statistically recognisable in this sample, contrary to the five components identified in literature. Positive associations were also revealed between environmental hostility and each of the components of EO to varying extents. The findings underline the need for entrepreneurial action along the lines of risk-taking, proactive-innovativeness, competitive aggressiveness and autonomy among small businesses in South Africa, given the environmental hostility that attends the small business sector.


A new integration technique based on use of Quasi Monte Carlo Integration (QMCI) technique is proposed for Method of Moments (MoM) solution of Integral equation for capacitance computation. The integral equation for unknown charge distribution over the capacitors is formulated. The solutions are obtained by MoM using the QMCI technique. It is observed that the proposed method is not only capable of dealing with the problem of singularity encountered in the Integral Equation e-ciently but also provides accurate computation of the capacitances of parallel plate, cylindrical and spherical capacitors.


The electroreduction of dichloromethylphenylsilane was carried out in the presence of the disilane additives such as 1,1,1‐trimethyl‐2,2,2‐triphenyldisilane under constant current conditions by using Mg electrodes to give the corresponding polysilanes in 24–88% yield. The disilane additives were found to promote the electroreductive polymerization of dichloromethylphenylsilane and control the molecular weight distribution of the resulting polysilanes. The number average molecular weights of the resulting polysilanes were determined by GPC to be 2100–3800, and the molecular weight distributions, 1.05–1.25. The resulting polymers synthesized in the presence of the disilanes showed narrower molecular weight distributions than that synthesized without the additives. In particular, the resulting polymer prepared using an equal amount of the disilane additive to the dichlorosilane monomer, the number average molecular weight was 3200, the molecular weight distribution was 1.25, and the yield was found to be remarkably increased (88%). The mechanism of the electroreductive polymerization of dichloromethylphenylsilane in the presence of 1,1,1‐trimethyl‐2,2,2‐triphenyldisilane was discussed.


It has been suggested that the accelerated expansion of the Universe is due to backreaction of small scale density perturbations on the large scale spacetime geometry. While evidence against this suggestion has accumulated, it has not yet been definitively ruled out. Many investigations of this issue have focused on the Buchert formalism, which computes spatial averages of quantities in synchronous comoving gauge. We argue that, for the deceleration parameter of this formalism to agree with observations, the spatial average of the three dimensional Ricci scalar (spatial curvature) must be large today, with an $\Omega_k$ in the range of $1 \le \Omega_k \le 1.3$. We argue that this constraint is difficult to reconcile with observations of the location of the first Doppler peak of the CMBR. We illustrate the argument with a simple toy model for the effect of backreaction, which we show is generically incompatible with observations.


An improved structure of a lower jaw support of a traction device for treating cervical vertebra pathological changes comprises a lower jaw support, shoulder supports and push rod components, and is characterized in that: the lower jaw support comprises a lower jaw support main body and a back support which fixes the lower jaw support main body, wherein the number of the shoulder supports is two, each shoulder support respectively comprises a cambered shoulder support body which is laterally leaned against and matched with the upper surface of the corresponding shoulder of the human body and a vertical support plate which is arranged at the inner side of the cambered shoulder support body, the lower jaw support main body is in a bending arc shape, the upper edges of the two sides of the lower jaw support main body are matched with the lower jaws at the two sides of the human body, and the two push rod components are respectively connected with the two sides of the lower jaw support and are positioned between the vertical support plates of the two shoulder supports at the two sides of the lower jaw support. Compared with the prior art, the structure has the advantages that: the traction force is uniform, and the shoulder supports can be better leaned against the shoulders of a user.


This issue contains several papers dedicated to the seventyfifth anniversary of Rolf Dieter Grigorieff. Rolf Dieter Grigorieff is not only a remarkable scientist who significantly contributed to numerical mathematics during the past decades, but also an outstanding scholar whom the authors of these notes owe a lot due to his encouraging and stimulating scientific guidance. Rolf Dieter Grigorieff was born on October 7, 1938 in Berlin. He studied physics at the University of Technology in Berlin where he received his diploma in 1965. He continued to study mathematics at the Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University in Frankfurt/Main under the guidance of Friedrich Stummel and achieved his PhD in 1967 with a dissertation on the coercivity of linear elliptic difference operators under general boundary conditions. His academic ancestry can be traced back to David Hilbert. Indeed, he is an academic grandson of Franz Rellich who is the academic son of Richard Courant whose academic father is David Hilbert. After his graduation, he spent five years as a research and teaching assistant at the Chair of Applied and Instrumental Mathematics at the Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University. In 1970, he achieved his habilitation with a thesis entitled "Verallgemeinerte approximativ kompakte Operatoren und Anwendungen" ("Generalized approximatively compact operators and applications"). After his habilitation, Rolf Dieter Grigorieff spent several months as Assistance Professor at the Institute of Mathematics at the Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, before he accepted a position as Associate Professor at the University of Technology in Darmstadt. Only a year later, he became a Full Professor at the University of Technology in Berlin. During the first years in Berlin, Rolf Dieter Grigorieff continued to work on the theory and applications of discrete convergence in discrete limit spaces, a field that he had initiated together with his academic advisor Friedrich Stummel and which provides an elegant abstract framework for the investigation of approximation schemes for almost any kind of operator equations. One particular focus was on eigenvalue problems, later also on minimization problems, see, e.g., [8–11,13,14,21].


Faced with the myriad suggestions offered them on career development, engineers might well question the effectiveness of the various alternatives. Suggested courses of action have run the gamut from earning a higher degree and obtaining better job assignments to improving one's social skills and developing a ¿bail-out¿ option. But with the current scarcity of hard data on how such courses of action affect long-term career development, how can one confidently pursue any approach?


Background Although history taking is primary method in the diagnosis of bee venom allergy, serum specific IgE detection is critical to identify causative bee and assess the effect of immunotherapy. Component-resolved diagnosis (CRD) in allergy has been used for its high sensitivity and specificity in many allergy diseases caused by food, cat, birch, and grass pollens. The purposes of this study are to evaluate diagnostic value of serum specific IgE to 3 bee venom component allergens and observe the changes of allergen specific IgE during bee venom immunotherapy. Methods Fifty-six bee venom anaphylaxis patients receiving bee venom immunotherapy were recruited from Ajou University Hospital. Clinical manifestations and serum specific IgE levels to bee venoms and component allergen (rApi m1 of Apidae, rVes v5 and rPol d5 of Vespidae) measured by using ImmunoCAP (Phadia, Sweden) were analyzed retrospectively. Results Thirty-five (62.5%) patients were male and 33 (73.3%) were atopics. Their mean age was 44.9 ± 13.8 years ranged from 11 to 73 years. Local reactions were found in 13 (23.2%) patients, while systemic reactions, in 43 (76.8%) patients. The most frequent manifestation was anaphylaxis which were severe (37.5%) and moderate (39.3%) manifestations followed by urticaria and angioedema. Yellow Jacket (80.8%) was the most prevalent bee followed by yellow hornet, white faced hornet, honey bee and paper wasp at the time of diagnosis with concurrent sensitization in both Apidae and Vespidae at 70.9% patients. The positive predictive value (PPV) of serum specific IgE levels to rVes v5 and rPol d5 were 85.7 and 87.5%, and they significantly correlated with conventional serum specific IgE level (r = 0.762 and r = 0.757, respectively), however, PPV of rApi m1 was only 34.8% at the time of initial diagnosis. After 3 years of bee venom immunotherapy, all kinds of bee venom specific IgE levels tended to decline compared to those collected before allergen immunotherapy, especially in component specific IgE to Vespidae. Conclusions Yellow jacket sting and male gender may be risk factors for bee venom allergy in Korea. Component allergen specific IgE to Vespidae, not Apidae had a diagnostic and monitoring value comparable to conventional specific IgE in bee venom allergy.


The key objective of this paper is to propose a conceptual framework, which is hoped will examine relationship between barriers to participation and treatment-seeking among vesicovaginal fistula (VVF) women in three selected areas (Kebbi, Sokoto & Zamfara) in north-west, Nigeria. Based on reviewed literature, this paper proposes five main constructs in the proposed model that would examine why not so many women with VVF are participating in treatment-seeking. The constructs are inequality in decision-making, attitude of health personnel, poor social support and Transportation.


· Label elements · GHS label elements Exempt from requirements product regulated as a medical device or an in vitro diagnostic medical device. The product is classified and labeled according to the Globally Harmonized System (GHS). · Hazard pictograms Void · Signal word Warning · Hazard statements Causes eye irritation. · Precautionary statements Wash thoroughly after handling. IF IN EYES: Rinse cautiously with water for several minutes. Remove contact lenses, if present and easy to do. Continue rinsing. If eye irritation persists: Get medical advice/attention.


Yang-Mills quantum field theories are now used extensively in high energy physics to describe the interactions of fundamental particles. These theories contain unphysical degrees of freedom which do not contribute to physical processes. However, they are present in all intermediate steps of calculations in perturbation theory. The number of degrees of freedom and the nature of their contributions in a calculation depend on the way the theory is formulated. Choosing a gauge amounts to fix the formulation of the theory. The archetype of such a theory is quant urn electrodynamics (QED) which is based on local invariance with respect to the abelian Lie group U(1). This theory is very well understood. Choosing a gauge fixes the expression of the photon propagator. In a relativistic gauge, four degrees of freedom are present. Two c>f them are unphysical. One may also choose nonrela,tivistic gauges i.e, gauges which are not stable against Lorentz transformations. The so-called aw'ai gauge is one of them. Its interestlies in the fact that unphysical degrees of freedom decouple when one is computing Feynman diagrams. In QED there even exists a particular nonrelativistic gauge : the Coulomb gauge in which the unphysical degrees of freedom do not appear anymore inside the photon propagator. During those last twenty years, more general Y.M. field theories have been constructed, They are based on local invariance with respect to the non-abelian I,ie groups SU(n). The archetype of such a theory is quan-


Using tree berries as raw material, tree berries fruit vinegar with a particular flavor was produced by alcohol fermentation, acetic acid fermentation, ageing, and clarification.


A one-dimensional lattice gas with repulsive potential u 1 >0 between nearest neighbors and attractive potential u 2 <0 between second neighbors is discussed. In the limit of u 1 , | u 2 |→∞ while keeping u 1 + u 2 =finite<0, a phase transition is expected. However, in the case when both u 1 and | u 2 | are finite but large, a diffuse phase transition is obtained. This model is regarded as a lattice gas version of the helix-coil transition in polypeptides. The distribution of the zeroes of the grand partition function is also discussed through computer calculation.


Introduction It is desirable to develop quantitative relationships between properties of interest for any given system as a function of the independent variables. This knowledge of the relationships can enhance our understanding and enable optimisation of the properties of interest. In developing a model one needs experimental data. For confidence in the model the number of data should be considerably more than the fitted parameters. Typically, however, particularly for optimisation, one is confronted with many variables but practically one can collect only limited data.


Sanz-Serna derived a condition for a Runge-Kutta method to give a symplectic mapping when applied to an arbitrary Hamiltonian system. The methods with the condition have a very interesting property even if the system to be integrated is not Hamiltonian.

This paper discusses numerical reproduction of the phase portrait of a linear systemwhen using a Runge-Kutta method which satisfies one condition in addition to that of Sanz-Serna. Not only is such a method Astable, but its absolute stability region also coincides completely with the left half plane of a complex plane, and, accordingly, either convergence or divergence of atrue solution is reproduced numerically whatever the value of astepsize.

Furthermore, it is shown that every elliptic closed orbit is drawn accurately by the numerical method as long as the calculation error is ignored. An explicit Runge-Kutta method, which usually is employed, does not have these properties. Finally, a four-dimensional linear system is designated which admits all elliptic orbits, and convergent and divergent solutions. It is illustrated that its phase portrait is reproduced well by using the implicit midpoint method—one of the methods with the forementioned conditions.


Recent studies have implicated T helper type 1 CYTs (TH1) including IFNg, TNFa & IL2 in imparting deleterious effect on the conceptus by promoting cell mediated immune response. The purpose of this study is to test the hypothesis that the placenta(PL) in early preg.(EP) protects itself by producing counteracting TH2 type CYTs including IL4, IL6 & IL 10 which down regulate harmful THl CYTs. We used enzyme immunoassay to study CYT production from PL culture, stimulated maternal peripheral blood mononuclear cells PBMCs, from both EP (8-12 wks) and late preg.(LP) before onset of labor(38-40 wks) and from stimulated PMBCs of healthy, non-preg women as a control group. Results are expressed as concentration (pg/ml) of CYTs from the supernatant culture media and presented as Mean±SE. (· EP vs non-preg * LP vs non-preg) Table


During previous research [1-7] and development several hexapod walking robots and its simulation model were built by the authors. The latest model called Szabad(ka)-II is a complex, servo motor driven, multiprocessor device. In parallel with the building of this hexapod robot, a simulation model was also built in order to help optimize the robot's structure, walking and driving [5]. The results of modeling and parameter optimizations can be used as a guideline during the design of a new and improved robot. The Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) method was chosen because its simplicity and effectiveness [1, 2]. It has produced better and faster results compared to previously used Genetic Algorithm (GA) [3]. However, neither selected method is able to provide the global optimum in the case of one-time run. Using an optimization benchmark disclose the differences and help to get the best parameterized optimization method for a given problem.


Abstract Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) is attracting attention all over the world. NAS (Sodium and sulfur) battery is one of the most promising BESSs, and it has been widely used by various customers in Japan. Although the conventional incentive to install NAS battery was load leveling, the recent users' interests are not unique. Renewable energy expansion by reducing greenhouse gases such as CO2 against global warming is another strong incentive. In this paper, the economic advantage in introducing BESS is investigated as a new way of achieving of best mix. BESS can reduce both of the construction cost and the operation cost of generators. The reduction of CO2-emission, which is a worldwide obligation, can be performed by introducing BESS. In this paper, a numerical analysis of the optimal amount of BESS by evaluations of CO2-reduction and cost benefits is demonstrated.


Scaffolding instruction is considered as an innovation to the traditional teaching model due to its emphasis on the interaction between teaching and learning.Its application in translation teaching can make up forthe weaknesses of the traditional teacher-centered teaching and enhance the students' interests in learning translation.


In a 2012 lecture on the importance of local history Dr. Jonathan Healey quipped, "I don't think it is too much to say that—up to a point—when you put the word 'local' in the title of something, it gives it a bad name. It conjures up images of parochialism, obscurity, and irrelevance. A 'local celebrity' is inevitably viewed as somewhat laughable; local news always less interesting than national." If local history may once have been viewed as a hobby of parochialists, times have certainly changed. Indeed, Healey himself lectures on social and local history at the prestigious Oxford University, indicative of the academic acceptance of local history as a field of study. There is today a belief that localized studies can provide important context to broader studies, both national and transnational. In an Irish context the growing acceptance of local history as an academic endeavor has been well detailed by Kevin C. Kearns, author of several groundbreaking oral histories of Dublin working-class life. To Kearns the founding of such institutions as the Dublin Urban Folklore Project in September 1979, and the publication of a large number of oral histories in the 1980s by mainstream publishers which achieved considerable commercial success, "illuminated the potential of applying oral historical methodology in the urban environment." In other words, it was clear that there existed both a popular audience and an academic justification for local history studies of so-called "ordinary" people. It is now clear that historians have benefited enormously from the digital age, when the emergence of online communities and blogs has made it possible to crowd-source historical content and memories. As


A method for video classification based on support vector machine(SVM) and center distance ratio is proposed. It converts low-level feature into high-level semantic feature of video by extracting color and motion feature from video shot with SVM , using center distance ratio for SVM pre-extracting before SVM training algorithm . The experiment result shows it does well to class video.


Cultivating the teaching quality of college teachers is one of the key factors affecting the quality of higher education. This paper analyzes and discusses the implication, the structure and the cultivation of teaching quality in higher education.


The study investigated perceived occupational stress in a sample of 582 academic staff members working in institutions of higher education in the UK. Data was collected using the Maslach Burnout Inventory (Maslach and Jackson 1986), The Job Diagnostic Survey (Hackman and Oldham 1974) and the Faculty Stress Index (Gmelch et al. 1986). The results indicate that women academics perceive the structure and content of their jobs similarly to men. However, women generally experience higher overall levels of stress in their jobs and results indicate that they may cope better with the demands placed upon them than their male counterparts. There is some evidence of the presence of a 'glass ceiling' in the institutions studied, with women holding more junior positions, and remaining in them longer, than men. A difference in effect size was found between those women who do achieve senior positions and men in similar posts. Higher grades predict greater job strain for women but not for men. The results from this study suggest fruitful avenues for future research.


This chapter discussed the practical aspects of receiver synchronization are provided. Receiver synchronization in a covert communication system employing a noise-like digital phase encoding scheme is discussed and a scheme that enables sample timing and symbol synchronization is proposed. Simulation of a carrier-based covert digital communication scheme using differential phase modulation, demonstrating timing synchronization, is reported.


The Australian silver gull is one of a number of marine bird species which show a bimodal nesting regime along the Western Australian coast. The author had previously established that in captivity the same individuals bred in the autumn and in the spring of the same year (i.e. were double-brooded). Il he present paper, confirms that, at a nesting island off Fremantle in 1972, a similar nesting regime operated under natural conditions. No other species of gull is known to be double-brooded, and among silver gulls in the wild the phenomenon is known only in Western Australia. It may occur in South Africa, but apparently not in eastern Australian or New Zealand populations.


To understand the relationship between abutment pressure and the damage of front coal-rock,the dynamic evolution of abutment pressure distribution and the range of the plastic zone are simulated using the software ANSYS.In addition,the variation of coal-rock's stress caused by mining is analyzed theoretically.The numerical simulations show that the abutment pressure is normally distributed in a shape of asymmetrical mountain peak.The advancing distance of working face is positively correlated with the degree of abutment pressure's concentration.The plastic zones' range in front of working face becomes bigger as advancing distance increases.The analysis of yield criterion demonstrates that although the damage of coal-rock increases with the increase of abutment pressure,the damage of coal-rock is not purely determined by the abutment pressure,but by the combined horizontal and abutment stresses.The damage zone measured by coal-rock's abutment pressure is usually larger than the actual range.The result in this study is very useful for mine disaster prevention.


Few comparative studies between L2 listening and reading comprehension have been carried out,and influential factors of L2 listening and reading comprehension have been explored respectively.Taking English majors as the subjects,this study investigates the roles of short-term memory,working memory and lexical knowledge in L2 listening and reading comprehension.The results show that(1) among the measurements,vocabulary size,productive lexical knowledge and short-term memory of letters significantly account for the variance in L2 listening comprehension,while vocabulary size and verbal working memory significantly account for the variance in L2 reading comprehension;(2) short-term memory,working memory and lexical knowledge could explain the variance in L2 listening and reading comprehension.


PG Student, Dept. of Dual Degree Computer Applications, Sree Narayana Guru Institute of science and Technology N.Paravur, Kerala,India ---------------------------------------------------------------------***---------------------------------------------------------------------Abstract – The overall performance of peer-to-peer (P2P) file sharing lies on the efficiency of file query. To enhance the efficiency of file query in a structured peer-to-peer system, clustering technique can be used. Clustering peers by their common interests and by their physical proximity can improve file query performance. In the clustering technique the physically-close nodes are formed into a cluster and further physically-close and common-interest nodes are grouped into a sub-cluster based on a hierarchical topology. In the search mechanism, the file query will move to the nearest proximity cluster and to the corresponding interest cluster within that proximity cluster. In this paper, we propose a method, called the statistical matrix form (SMF), which improves the searching mechanism in the structured peer-to-peer system by selecting neighbors according to their capabilities. SMF measures the number of shared files, the content quality, the query service and the transmission distance between neighbor nodes. Based on these measurements, appropriate nodes can be selected by finding the rank of each nodes in the cluster, thereby reducing the traffic overhead significantly and enhance the file sharing efficiency in the structured P2P system.


Analyzes the need for the parallel crawling on the Web and discusses its advantages and problems. Then, the essay researches into the modes and the relative strategies of the parallel crawling.


Numerical analysis technique for three dimensional sound fields including perforated plates vibrated by sound pressure and mechanical force is proposed. The technique is an acoust - structural coupled analysis technique which is based on boundary element method for sound fields and finite element method for perforated plates. To verify validity of the numerical analysis method, the sound field in the acoustic tube with thin aluminum perforated plate was predicted, and the computed result was compared with experiment. The sound absorption coefficient and the vibration distribution of the perforated plate computed by the present method proved to be good agreement with experimental results. We found that the accuracy of the proposed method is enough and the method is useful for designing sound absorption structure using perforated plates.


The geographical area between the Spanish Central System and the part of the Tagus passing through Extremadura served as the boundary of the al-Andalus from the 8th to the 12th century. The boundary had different phases that fluctuated according to the influence exercised by the northern Christians or southern Muslims. This allowed these territories to have relative autonomy during its Andalusian history and turned them into zones where people from different social and religious background converged. The aim of this paper is to analyse the territorial and social dynamics of this area until the end of the 11th century, when the Christians conquered the most important Islamic towns of the borderland.


This paper show how the complexity of NMPC for switched nonlinear systems can be reduced by means of partially explicit feedback precompensation. The approach is applied to the stabilization of wave oscillation appearing in a fluid mechanics.


Planetary scientists probing the martian atmosphere through the Mars Express orbiter report that both methane and water tend to be concentrated over the same three equatorial regions of Mars, regions covered by water-enriched soils.


The time-periodic modulation of the self-interaction of a Bose\char21{}Einstein condensate or a nonlinear optics system has been recognized as an exciting tool to explore interesting physics that was previously unavailable. This tool is exploited here to examine the exotic dynamics of a nonlinear system described by the Gross\char21{}Pitaevskii equation. We observe three remarkable and closely related dynamical phenomena, exponentially localized profile of wave functions in momentum space with localization length exponentially increasing in time, exponential wave-packet spreading, and exponential sensitivity to initial conditions. A hybrid quantum-classical theory is developed to partly explain these findings. Time-periodic self-interaction modulation is seen to be a robust method to achieve superfast spreading and induce genuine chaos even in the absence of any external potential.


Everyone knows that first impressions are vitally important, but they're just as important online as they are in the real world - in some ways, even moreso than . Everyone in business also knows that a well trained and talented sales staff is a cornerstone...


The results of a theoretical and empirical study of psychological defenses and coping strategies of behaviour among employees of social service institutions are presented. The following methods were used in diagnostic procedures: "Life style Index" (R. Plutchik, G. Kellerman) and "Methods of coping behavior" (R. Lazarus and S. Folkman). As a result of the study, the respondents revealed the intensity of psychological defenses of the type "intellectualization", "reactive education", "denial" and coping strategies "problem solving planning", "positive reassessment" and "search for social support". The correlations of psychological defenses and coping strategies of respondents are interpreted. The specific differences of protective-coping behaviour among employees with different professional experience are shown: employees with up to ten years of experience are more inclined to compensated behaviour, and employees with ten years of experience or more – to self-control, a rational approach to solving difficulties, a responsible attitude to what is happening. The results of the study may be useful in the placement of personnel, in career counseling, in the framework of discourses on professional psychology. And further study of psychological defenses and coping strategies will help to understand the specifics of the professional identity of employees of a socionomic profile.


The Thermosphere, Ionosphere, Mesosphere, Energetics and Dynamics (TIMED) spacecraft is a NASA spacecraft designed, built and operated by The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory. The spacecraft was launched on December 7, 2001 for a two year mission. TIMED has been a very successful scientific program. The TIMED instruments provide continuous global coverage of the Mesosphere and Lower Thermosphere Ionosphere (MLTI) region of the atmosphere (60 km to 180 km). The TIMED mission is observing the effects of the sun on the MLTI region over a full solar cycle. TIMED is a low earth orbiting spacecraft with an altitude of 625 km and an inclination of 74.1°. The instruments' fields of view, pointing accuracy, jitter requirements, anti-sun pointing of one spacecraft side, and sun angle variation during the year impose special demands on the power system design. The power subsystem is a peak power tracking system with a single 50 AHr 22-cell individual pressure vessel NiH2 battery. The two driven solar array wings are populated with 140-micron single junction GaAs/Ge cells. The power system has been performing as designed with expected degradations to the solar array and battery over the last ten years in low earth orbit.


Abstract A key challenge for governments faced with increasingly limited financial resources lies in finding new ways of partnering with the not-for-profit sector to deliver innovative solutions to intractable social problems. This allows government to tap into previously inaccessible resources contained in local communities, and to harness them to produce social goods. However, it also requires that government take on a new role as a facilitator of social innovation rather than a direct actor, which poses a challenge for both theorists and practitioners. This paper is based on a qualitative investigation of the Big Green Challenge, a competition designed to stimulate community groups to generate programs to tackle climate change in their localities. It examines the role that similar challenge grants and competitions might play in stimulating social innovation and asks questions about how government can help innovations to scale up and out.


There is currently no accurate method to measure airway dimensions on multidetector row computed tomography (multi-slice CT). We developed CT image analysis software to measure airway lumenal area (Ai) and airway wall area (Aaw) and compared these with quantitative morphology of excised human lungs as the gold standard. Airways identified on the CT images (1.25 mm collimation) were matched to airways identified on the lung's cut surface and Ai and Aaw were measured using custom software. The measured morphological airway lumen ranged from 1.0 to 6.4 mm in diameter. Airway dimensions obtained from CT data correlated with morphologic measurements (r = 0.96 for Ai and r = 0.91 for Aaw). However the CT systematically underestimated Ai and overestimated Aaw; average error (100 x (CT-morphology) / morphology) was -55% for Ai and +90% for Aaw. We used the morphology data to correct the CT measurements and reduced the average error to +23% for Ai and +7% for Aaw. This algorithm can be used to assess the structure and function of human airways.


A resin composition having a high thermal conductivity comprises 40 vol% or more of a matrix resin, 10 to 55% by volume of a thermally conductive filler dispersed in the matrix resin, and the rest of an alloy with a low melting point, the thermally conductive filler material to one another and has a melting point which is not higher than 500 ° C, wherein the ratio of the volume fraction of the alloy with a low melting point to the thermally conductive filler in a range from 1/30 to 3/1.


The levels of cadmium (Cd) in soil and commonly consumed tomato (Lycopersicon csculentum Miller) fruits grown around the industrial areas of Dhaka and Narsingdi districts of Bangladesh were quantified and compared the levels with FAO/WHO (2003)safety limits. According to the findings, the order of Cd concentration in soils and tomato fruits was found around the Textile > Pharmaceutical > Tannary industry. The concentration (mg/l) of Cd in soil and tomato ranged from 0.24 to 0.91 and 0.15 to 0.74, respectively. Except Tannery industry levels of Cd in soil and tomato were exceeded the premise limit proposed by joint FAO/WHO. In all sites, the bioconcentration factor (BCF) for this heavy metal in tomatoes was found to be below 1, a sign of low uptake of heavy metals in the tomatoes from the soil. Results suggest that consumption of these tomatoes might cause health risk the consumers.
Bangladesh J. Bot. 51(4): 729-736, 2022 (December)


Intermittent superheated steam drying of ethanol draff was studied with superheated steam drying compartment self-built in the laboratory.The original moisture mass fraction of ethanol grain was 66.7% in the test.The effects of different experimental conditions on drying rate were researched.The results show that when other conditions are the same,the drying rate increases obviously with the increasing of superheated steam temperature,and the drying time decreases as the mass of material drops.With the decreasing of the grain particles diameter,the drying rate keeps at the same level in the constant rate period,while the drying rate increases obviously in the falling rate period.The drying rate increases as the steam mass flow rate rises.So the experiment indicates that the drying rate increases with the increasing of superheated steam temperature and mass flow rate,but decreases with the increasing of grain feeding mass and particle diameter.


Diagnostic ultrasound imaging has significantly extended the ability to diagnose fetal abnormalities prenatally. During recent years, in utero manipulations of fetal malformations have become possible with continuous ultrasound guidance.'-'' Much of the in utero intervention experience thus far has involved drainage of the distended genito-urinary or the ventricles of the hydrocephalic The case reported here involves multiple percutaneous evacuations of a fluid collection in the fetal thorax, first started at 19 weeks. No other congenital abnormalities were noted by ultrasound. The clinical decision to perform the procedure was made to enhance optimal lung development and to avoid the development of fetal hydrops and ascites. To our knowledge, there has been only one other reported case of in utero drainage of a fetal pleural effusion, which was discovered at 36 weeks and fetal thoracentesis was done mainly to allow lung expansion at the time of delivery. Our case represents the first report of in utero intervention for treatment of a pleural effusion in the second trimester.


Analysis of incidence of side effects in users of anabolic steroids from the city of Bauru The objective of the present study was to define a profile of users of anabolic steroids at gyms from the city of Bauru (Sao Paulo, Brazil), investigating the incidence of side effects, the reasons that caused the use of those drugs, and other questions. The research was done through a questionnaire composed of several questions related to the use of anabolic steroids. The questionnaire was applied to 40 men, users of anabolic steroids and practitioners of bodybuilding, in four gyms of Bauru, considered of middle class. Only 22.5% of the interviewed people reported no side effects. Among people who mentioned some side effects, the most cited was: acne (52.5%), aggressiveness (32.5%), and decrease of libido after the cycle (30%). When analyzing the different answers found in this study, the conclusion is that there is a big probability of the concurrency of side effects when using anabolic steroids.


An apparatus for measuring a blood volume, includes: a first calculator which calculates a first blood volume by using information on a cardiac output of a subject; and a second calculator which calculates a second blood volume by using information on oxygen metabolism of the subject. The reliability of the result is evaluated.


Synthesizing method of dimethyl fumarate from methane alcohol and maleic anhydride by silicotungstic acid was studied.The optimun conditions are as follows:The molar ratio of maleic anhydride to methane alcohol is 1∶6,the mass of silicotungstic acid is 8% of maleic anhydride,the reaction time is 6h.The yield of product can reach 94.4%.


Many centers continue to hospitalize infants for rebound bilirubin levels and this prolongs hospital stay. We evaluated rebound bilirubin level, measured within 12 h after termination of phototherapy, in infants with different attributes and tried to find the parameters that affect this level. A total of 375 newborns, 305 (81.3 per cent) term and 70 (18.7 per cent) preterm, were enrolled. The mean levels for start, stop, and rebound total serum bilirubin (TSB) levels were 15.41 ± 0.38, 10.86 ± 0.14, and 10.84 ± 0.14 mg/dl, respectively. The majority of patients did not have any blood incompatibility as the cause. ABO incompatibility was the leading cause with 34.9 per cent among hemolytic blood disorders. The general phototherapy repeat rate was 19/375 (5.1 per cent); 16 term and three preterm infants (p > 0.05). Five patients had a weight <2500 g (p > 0.05). Only five of the 19 patients had blood incompatibility and all were ABO. Two of 62 (3.2 per cent) patients with positive direct Coombs' test result had repeat phototherapy (p > 0.05). The rate of repeat phototherapy for patients ≤48 h old was 5.9 per cent, and this rate included 16 requiring recurrent phototherapy. When rebound TSB measurements were compared with stop bilirubin measurements, 49.1 per cent (187) of infants had lower levels. Del Vecchio, et al. reported only one in 48 newborns with rebound bilirubinemia reaching a level at which phototherapy was restarted. Maisels divided neonates with hyperbilirubinemia into two groups, before discharge newborns and readmission newborns. Repeat phototherapy rates for these groups were 8.2 and 0.7 per cent, respectively. Maisels' study agrees with our study in giving attention to the first 2 days of life, regardless of statistical significance. Yetman, et al. found that the TSB rebound level for ≥1800 g group, either with positive or negative Coombs' test results, was lower than the level at discontinuation of the therapy. Although the rebound TSB levels were higher in those groups with lower weights, there were no statistically significant differences among these infants, regardless of Coombs' test results. Al-Saedi evaluated 301 termneonates and reported that mean TSB at follow-up was lower than mean TSB level at termination of phototherapy, either with positive or negative Coombs' test results. This was in agreement with our study because the delta TSB level was calculated as low as 0.02 ± 0.1 mg/dl, and in almost half of the newborns there was a reduction in rebound TSB levels. Routine measurement of bilirubin level after termination of phototherapy in infants, regardless of low weight, prematurity, and positive direct Coombs' test result, is not required, adds unjustified expenses, and prolongs hospital stay for infants who are otherwise ready for discharge.


Decades after the establishment in the mid-twentieth- century of ultraviolet-free illumination for colour grading a diamond, an examination of diamond trade and laboratory grading practices fi nds nearly everyone employing some type of fl uorescent tube lighting containing signifi cant ultraviolet. This paper demonstrates and quantifi es the over-grading of blue-fl uorescent diamonds that often can result. Simple methods are proposed that, by themselves or in combination, provide inexpensive and workable solutions to resolve this problem.


In order to improve operation safety quality of passenger cars,eliminate the hidden trouble of fire in electric appliances on passenger cars,the troubles found in operation and depot repair of the cage spring holding amphenol connectors are analyzed,and measures for improvement are put forward.


Flexibility in working time arrangements may lead to heterogeneity of working-time patterns. Drawing on the societal perspective, we consider three interrelated spheres of: professional relations, organizational, and domestic space. Greek mythology assists us to contrast chrono management and Horai management. Case analyses of France, the UK, and the Netherlands are presented within the context of EU Directives. By introducing Horai management we try to find an expression for the dialectical interplay between the temporalities of the home and the workplace, while including developments in the wider societal context. Horai management helps us reach beyond the logic of time-economy to improve the coordination of multiple temporalities.


Recent studies on the osmotic responses of marine invertebrates to dilution of the external medium have tended to emphasize the osmotic and ionic regulation at the intracellular level rather than at blood/body fluid level. Even in those invertebrates, principally euryhaline crustaceans, possessing osmoregulatory mechanisms which enable them to maintain concentrations of the blood above those of dilute media, the regulation is not perfect, and there is some lowering of the blood concentration below the level exhibited in full-strength sea water (Lockwood, 1962). This requires the establishment of a new osmotic equilibrium between the intracellular solutes and those of the blood. The nature of the intracellular osmotic constituents is, however, strikingly different from those of the blood, even in those invertebrates which are stenohaline and purely marine in their distribution (Robertson, 1961). The osmotic pressure of the blood is due almost entirely to the same inorganic electrolytes as are present in sea water, although the percentage contribution of the various ions may differ. On the other hand these inorganic ions account for only about one third to one half of the intracellular osmotic pressure. The remainder is accounted for by organic solutes, most particularly free amino acids.


ABSTRACT: A study was conducted in the Red River Valley to evaluate the benefits of laser land grading for drainage. Graded fields were compared with ungraded fields to measure changes in crop yields due to better drainage on the graded fields. Cut-and-fill areas were studied in graded fields to evaluate the effect of grading on nutrient levels and crop uniformity. Potential cut-and-fill areas on an ungraded field were also studied for yield uniformity and nutrient levels and compared with the graded field. Crop maturity and yield were more uniform on graded fields (0.05 level of significance) than on ungraded fields. Aerial photographs indicated graded fields had more uniform drainage and, consequently, more uniform crop maturity at harvest. A method is presented for determining the economic feasibility of land grading based upon the percentage of land lost to drown out, the value of the crop, and the cost of grading. The economic analysis indicates that land grading on the areas studied resulted in an 8-year payback and a positive investment return for a longer period of time.


The Turbostar reactor concept efficiently converts fusion energy into kinetic energy, which is then directly converted to electricity using turbine generators. In this concept, a liquid-lithium (or lithium-lead) falling blanket is placed as close as possible to the central axis of the reactor. If looked at in cross section just before a fusion pulse, the blanket forms an annulus, unlike the cross section in the HYLIFE design (a previous inertial confinement fusion reactor concept), which forms a series of discrete jets. Turbostar is a novel concept because it retains the advantages of the HYLIFE and Sunburst designs while improving on their limitations. Turbostar is expected to have a 50% higher conversion efficiency than HYLIFE, and it does not require magnetic fields around the chamber, as the Sunburst reactor does.


fluctuations were found in serial samples taken over a short period of time. This made it difficult to obtain significant differences between patients unless their degree of sedation varied greatly. It is noteworthy that in the paper by James & Fisher the scoring system was much more sensitive than the change in plasma cortisol levels. Finally, it is interesting to note the authors' impression that the larger dose of nitrazepam was associated with an increase in post-operative emetic sequelae. W. Norris Royal Infirmary, Glasgow *See correction on p592. Editor.


This study emphasises an electrical characterization of sixteen different InGaAsNIGaAs triple quantum well heterostructures, prepared with various nitrogen and indium concentrations (nitrogen content varied in range of 0 % to 1.2 % and indium concentration from 0 % up to 16 %) by capacitance methods. Parameters of many deep energy levels were gathered and assessed by Deep Level Transient Fourier Spectroscopy measurements. Eight of these were with high probability caused by charge carrier thermal emissions from quantum wells. Authors focused their attention on conditions for prediction of the presence of the charge carrier emission from quantum wells and the one from structural defects in InGaAsNIGaAs structures with various nitrogen and indium concentrations.


From the point of view in the US constitutional culture and the ancient China's legal culture,the thesis expounds that how the justice and the harmony underlie the basis of the constitutional value.The realization of the constitutional values relies on the establishing of the complete concept of justice and the great concept of harmony in the stage of enactment of the constitution,aiming at realizing the justice,and forcefully giving impetus to the harmony between the political state and the civil society,and the international harmony,and the harmony between the man and the nature in the course of execution and administration of the constitution.The substance of the constitutional modernity is the accomplishment of the constitutional rationalism and moralism,which is based on the dialectical denial to the legal culture both of the East and of the West,and on the concolidation of the two values of the justice and the harmony.


The structures and nonlinear optical (NLO) properties of a series of superalkali compounds, Al_7X^(0/-)(X=F, Cl, Br, I) were investigated by the means of density functional theory(DFT) calculations. The results indicate that the halogens have little influence on the geometry of the compounds. The present results indicate that Al_7X and Al_7X^- can be considered as superalkali duo to that the calculated vertical ionization energies (VIEs) are all lower than the ionization potential of Cs atom (IP=3.90 eV). In addition, three functional (CAM-B3LYP, M06-2X and PBE0) were employed to calculate the NLO properties of these species. The results show that these compounds own large first hyperpolarizabilities (β_0 ), with the largest β_0 values of 21679 a. u. for Al_7I^-, which is 1.9 times of that of BLi_6F (11459 a. u.). Furthermore, it is worth noting that the values of β_0 are increased with the decrease of the electronegativity of the halogens for this type of compounds (Al_7^(F0/-) <Al_7Cl^(0/-) <Al_7Br^(0/-) <Al_7I^(0/-)), which exhibit the same variations as the vertical ionization energies.


Objective: To detect the prevalence of rubella and cytomegalovirus antibodies in the nursing students. Methodology: A total of 89 volunteer students in the age range of 18-20 years participated in the study. IgM and IgG antibodies were measured using the Enzyme Linked Fluorescent Assay VIDAS® system kit and apparatus. Results: In CMV serology, while anti-CMV IgG was positive in 85.4 % and anti-CMV IgM was positive in 9.0 % of the patients, the common positivity of anti-CMV IgG and anti-CMV IgM antibodies was determined as 2.2%. In the rubella serology, while rubella IgG positivity was 83.1%, rubella IgM positivity was not detected. Conclusions: It was found that higher rate of the students had experienced rubella and CMV in one period of their life. This is highly important for both their health and the health of the society they provide their services to.


The utility model relates to the technical field of heat transfer tubes and discloses an inner threaded copper tube structure. The inner threaded copper tube structure comprises a copper tube body, wherein two groups of spirally-distributed toothed ribs are arranged on the inner wall of the copper tube body; the two groups of toothed ribs comprise toothed ribs I and toothed ribs II; the sections of the toothed ribs I are rectangular structures; the sections of the toothed ribs II are triangular; the cambered surface on which the toothed ribs I are located and the cambered surface on which the toothed ribs II are located account half of a circumference respectively on any section of the copper tube body; an included angle beta between the toothed ribs I, the toothed ribs II and the axis of the copper tube body is 10-45 degrees. Consequently, the inner threaded copper tube structure has the advantages that the refrigerant circulation resistance is effectively reduced, and the heat exchange rate between refrigerants in different parts of the copper tube body is increased, thereby improving the internal and external heat exchange performance of the copper tube body.


Pre-training Principle : People learn more deeply from a multimedia message when they know the names and characteristics of the main concepts . Example : A no pre-training version consists of a multimedia lesson such as a narrated animation explaining how a car's braking system works. A pre-training version consists of a multimedia lesson preceded by training on the names and characteristics of the key parts, such as a narrated animation on how a car's braking system works preceded by training that shows the location of the piston in the master cylinder, the brake tube, the wheel cylinders, and so on, as well as the states that each part can be in . Theoretical Rationale : In viewing a fast-paced narrated animation that explains the steps in a process, learners have to mentally construct a causal model of the system (i.e., a model of how the system works) as well as component models for each key part in the system (i.e., a model of the key states that each part can be in). Pre-training can help manage these two demands for essential processing by distributing some processing to a pre-training episode that occurs before the main lesson . Empirical Rationale : In five out of five tests, people performed better on problem-solving transfer tests when a multimedia lesson was preceded by pre-training in the names and characteristics of each key component. The median effect size was d = 0.85 .


The aqueous decomposition of trichloroethylene (TCE) oxide is shown to involve both pH-independent and hydronium ion-dependent regions. C−C bond scission is a major reaction at all pH values. Disappearance of TCE oxide is the rate-determining step for the formation of CO under the conditions studied. The product distribution of CO and three carboxylic acids (HCO2H, Cl2CHCO2H, and glyoxylic acid) did not change considerably over the pH range of −1.5−14, in general, even though the hydrolysis mechanism changes from hydronium ion-dependent to pH-independent. Mechanisms for the hydronium ion-dependent and pH-independent hydrolysis of TCE oxide were elucidated on the basis of the results of H218O and H incorporation and identification of products of the reaction of TCE oxide with lysine in both H216O and H218O. In the pH-independent hydrolysis, a zwitterionic intermediate could be formed and undergo an intramolecular rearrangement (Cl- shift) to generate dichloroacetyl chloride, which would subsequently decomp...


BACKGROUND Malnutrition in cirrhotic patients is correlated with mortality and a better response to liver transplantation. However, recovery of the nutritional status in these patients is a challenge due to the difficulty in establishing a reliable nutritional diagnosis. The bioelectrical impedance vector analysis (BIVA) method appears as a feasible tool in clinical practice to define the physiological state of cirrhotic patients by assessing hydration and body cellularity. AIM To evaluate body composition in cirrhotic patients using BIVA. METHODS This retrospective cross-sectional study was carried out by following cirrhotic outpatients at a hospital in Porto Alegre, Brazil. A tetrapolar bioelectrical impedance analysis device was used to evaluate cellularity and hydration and to perform the BIVA. The BIVA graphic was elaborated by software and for statistical analysis a significance level of 5% (P ≤ 0.05) was considered. RESULTS One hundred and ninety patients, 61.1% males, with a mean age of 56.6 ± 11.0 years, were evaluated. Of these, 56.3% had Child-Turcotte-Pugh (CTP) A score, and the prevalent etiology was hepatitis C virus (47.4%). The patients were classified according to cellularity and hydration by the quadrants and ellipses of the BIVA method, quadrant 1 (47.9%); quadrant 2 (18.9%); quadrant 3 (14.2%); and quadrant 4 (18.9%). Those classified in quadrant 1 and 2 had a higher phase angle compared to those in quadrants 3 and 4 (P < 0.001). Quadrant 2 patients had a lower average age than the other groups. The association with CTP score showed that patients in quadrant 2 had a higher proportion of CTP A, and those in quadrant 4 had a higher proportion of CTP C (P < 0.052). CONCLUSION The BIVA method allows identification of the cellularity and hydration status of cirrhotic patients, and its association with clinical factors determines the disease severity, age and prognostic index.


Increases in fuel costs and environmental concerns have in recent years heightened the importance of fuel efficiency as a design consideration in vehicles, especially aircraft. For this reason, a greater understanding of the energy consumption of vehicles is needed, both for design and operational decisions. Exergy, a measure of available work in an imbalance of state, allows systems to be compared on an equal basis with losses and waste being equated to fuel costs. Vehicles and especially aircraft do not operate in steady state as do industrial plants, the traditional subject of exergy analysis. While some analysis of aircraft has been performed in the literature, time-variance has not been addressed, leading to a lack of detail and only very broad conclusions. It is proposed that in order to fully understand aircraft energy use, a fully time-variant analysis must be performed. It is the aim of this paper to discuss the first challenges encountered in designing a methodology to permit this and to describe the methods used to address these issues.


T he "Woodlake" program to which Professor Rabow refers is a pseudonym for a community program which, for the first three years of its existence, was run under my direction as the Silverlake Experiment. Since I have some acquaintance with the program, and since the experimental years were heavily studied, perhaps the best way to add to Professor Rabow's paper is to comment on some of the major issues he raises.


the history of homosexuality. Hall's trial represents much the same in the history of lesbian sexuality. And in both cases, the prosecution was determined to show that the lives they led, as much as the words they wrote, represented a threat to the morality of impressionable lives. But perhaps the most striking similarity is the way in which the texts of law and those of art strove to define homosexual and lesbian sexuality differently. There is, however, something critically different which Wan is keen to draw out. Against the kind of theatricality which Wilde embraced, Hall was determined to present lesbianism, in her novel, as something more authentic. London, Hall urges at one point in her novel, is full of people who live as her protagonists live. Wilde never claimed that London was full of people who lived their lives as he lived his; quite the reverse. Hall, in comparison to Wilde, was not inclined to strike poses. A review can only provide a glimpse of a book. AndMasculinity and the Trials of Modern Literature is a rich book, providing a series of fascinating and provocative insights which range easily back and forth across disciplines and intellectual perspectives. The structure, based on the five particular trials, is entirely effective, the narrative progression, from Flaubert to Hall, from the later eighteenth to the early nineteenth century, from Paris to London, is compelling. Selections of essays sometimes stand on their own feet as nothing other. Sometimes, however, a collection can add up to rather more than the sum of its parts. Masculinity and the Trials of Modern Literature does the latter. The individual studies of the trials craft a rather larger narrative which guides the reader through a critical and defining period in the shaping of modern sexuality. And it is of course a shaping which continues today, and is vital not least because it remains so contested. It is perhaps appropriate to close with Wan's opening supposition: that his text should be read didactically. It is, as noted earlier, a defining aspiration of so much law and literature scholarship. There is an enormous amount to be learned from reading his book.


The workspace of parallel robots is often limited by structural interference, and Hooke joints are important sources of such interference. To solve the problem of structural interference of Hooke joints in certain postures of parallel robots, a Hooke joint mounting vector optimization algorithm is proposed, which can be used to calculate the best mounting direction according to the tilt range of the Hooke joints. Based on the inverse kinematics of the parallel robot, the tilt range of the driven motor axis fixed on the Hooke joint is analyzed. The minimum envelope circular cone of driven axis vectors is calculated by the optimization algorithm and the cone axis is chosen as the Hooke joint mounting vector. Using this method, the maximum tilt angle of the parallel robot's Hooke joint with respect to the mounting vector is decreased from 42.9° to 28.1°. The algorithm reduces the possibility of structural interference without changing the dimensional parameters of the robot and can be used to guide structural design of other parallel robots with Hooke joints.


This paper describes tuning methods for robust decentralized PI controllers. Four of these methods involve minimizing a /spl mu/-synthesis criterion. For two of them, a constraint on the variations of the controller outputs is added to the performance criterion. The above methods and a fifth one, which is not based on the robust performance, are applied and compared for a two input-two output grinding circuit model. The paring is selected with the linearized generalized relative dynamic gains plotted on 3D graphics. For the desired closed-loop bandwidths, this method can be used to select the pairing that minimizes the interaction between the loops. Results of the simulations are presented using the generalized step response (GSR). The GSR gives a 3D graphic representing the system response as function of the input direction.


This research presents the results of an exploratory empirical study that assessed perceived organizational preparedness for coping with a major crisis or disaster. A scale was developed and tested to measure perceptions of organizational preparedness. Hypotheses were tested to examine variations in perception of crisis preparedness. Potential for occurrence of crises was also examined and demographics collected. Findings indicate that top-level and middle-level managers have a higher level of perceived preparedness than employees, no differences in perceived preparedness based on size of the city where organizations operate, government organizations expressed a higher perception of crisis preparedness than for-profit organizations, and the highest perception of preparedness was exhibited by organizations employing more than 500 employees.


Few studies have evaluated cigarette use specifically in dancers, but those that exist suggest that there is a high prevalence of smoking. The purpose of this study was to evaluate cigarette smoking behaviors and attitudes in dancers of different ages and levels of training. Between June 2011 and September 2012 questionnaires were distributed to dancers at three different sites: a performing arts high school, a college-level conservatory, and a professional ballet company. One hundred and thirty-eight dancers (114 females and 24 males) between 12 to 31 years of age were surveyed. At the time of data collection, 8.7% of these dancers were current smokers and 9.4% were former smokers. The percentage of male dancers who smoked was almost 5 times that of female dancers who smoked. Over 40% of smokers expressed a desire to quit. Close to 80% of dancers had had teachers or choreographers who smoked. Over half of participants overestimated


Plasmonic crescent nanogap arrays (CNGAs) integrated by nanoscale gaps and nanotips exhibit strong capability of light confinement and thus lead to extremely electric field enhancement. The CNGAs with tunable gap‐width are fabricated via a low‐cost and simple process combining colloidal lithography and nanoskiving techniques. Incident light is captured in the nanogaps and at the two tips of nanocrescent, where extremely strong electric fields are excited. The strong electric fields lead to greatly enhanced surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) performance with typical enhancement factor of 8 and 360 times in comparison with the crescent gold nanoparticles and linear gold nanowire, and the SERS enhancement factor at CNGAs with G = 1 nm is up to about 6.04 × 108. The CNGAs with strong electric fields and remarkable SERS signals are promising to advance the applications of optical filters, surface‐enhancement spectroscopies, nonlinear optics, single‐molecule analysis, and nanolasing.


The Eastern Glades project in Houston has added a new artificial lake and other amenities to the city's Memorial Park. As a highlight of the park's 10-year master plan, the multifunction Hines Lake provides the local community with stormwater treatment, flood control protection, aquatic wildlife habitats, recreational facilities, and other benefits.


This study was about to comparison of Stress level between the Electrical Engering students and Professional students of Physical Education. This study was based on current level of students that's why in this study descriptive research method was used. Data was collected from the two departments of the university by the questionnaire. The study was based on 25 students from Electrical Engering Department and 25 professional Student from the Department of Physical education of SBBS University. T-test was used to compare the groups at the significance level of 0.05 On the basis of the result of present study it was concluded that Engineering students and students from the Department of Physical Education felt equal stress.


For many human rights activists, the implementation of the United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973 - in favour of a no-fly zone in Libya - was an indication that The Responsibility to Protect as a project, endorsed by the international community in 2005, was coming closer to being solidified as an 'actionable norm.' However, soon after the initial stage of implementing UNSC Resolution 1973 in March 2011, the South African government appealed to international actors to respect the unity and territorial integrity of Libya. They also rejected any foreign military intervention in Libya. Likewise, the African Union (AU) stated that they also strongly opposed any foreign military intervention in Libya, and that the country's sovereignty should be respected by the international community, especially Western countries. This article aims to critically examine and explore the official South African stance and the AU's role on the African continent shortly after the first aerial attacks were launched on targets in Libya, until the killing of Muammar Gaddafi by Libyan rebels in October 2011.


Objective: To observe the effect and meshanism of Kaixin Capsule in treatment of patients with angina pectoris and Qi stagnancy and blood stasis type. M ethods: Eighty patients with angina pectoris and Qi stagnancy and blood stasis type were randomly divided into two groups: Kaixin Ccapsule in treatment group, isosorbide - 5 - nitrate in control group for 4 weeks. The clinical symptoms, ECG, NO and ET - 1 were recorded. Results: There was no statistical difference in clinical symptoms and electrocardiogram, and the treatment group was superior to control group in relieving symptoms of eructation, insomnia, dizziness and headache, and the treatment group was superior to control group in decreasing serum ET - 1 level . Conclusion: Kaixin Capsule has the definite therapeutic effect on the patients with angina pectoris and Qi stagnancy and blood stasis type and the mechanism was correlated with endothelial dysfuntion.


Adults involved with the health, education, and general welfare of children continue to face numerous challenges associated with the loneliness and social isolation of those in their charge. Many youngsters are under the direction of multiple grown-ups in a variety of settings during the week, including teachers, child care givers, before-and after-school program employees, parents, aunts, grandparents or other relatives, and foster parents. Each of these individuals can impact the overall friendship development of a child through verbal instructions, personal actions, body language, modeling, and other methods. Caring adults may have a variety of opportunities to assist young children as they become comfortable with themselves and with others as they move from environment to environment. At the same time, they also seek companions, friends, and playmates.


We consider a physical layer approach to enhance wireless security by using the unique wireless channel state information (CSI) of a legitimate user to authenticate subsequent transmissions from this user, thereby denying access to any spoofer whose CSI would significantly differ from that of the legitimate user by virtue of a different spatial location. Past approaches have explicitly utilized underlying CSI estimated from data: is the CSI of the current transmission (packet) the same as that of the previous transmission? In this paper we formulate this problem as one of comparing two random signal realizations to ascertain whether they have identical power spectral densities. A binary hypothesis testing approach is formulated and illustrated via simulations.


Digital culture is a complex phenomenon that pervades contemporary digital society. Digital culture can be interpreted through any activity in the digital sphere such as work, communication, creation, recreation, or just entertainment. Modern students are highly connected to and highly dependent on digital culture. For the purposes of this paper, the aim of the conducted research was to investigate whether students are at all familiar with the concept and meaning of digital culture, if they are aware of their participation in digital culture, the impact it has on them, whether they use the content of the digital environment in a targeted and rational manner, and if they feel a connection with it and what feelings it evokes in them in general. The research was conducted with a self-assessment questionnaire that contained questions on emotional, behavioral, and cognitive levels of a sample of students from VERN' University and Algebra University College in the winter semester of the academic year 2022/2023.


Transplantation of engineering cartilage is a better choice for the treatment of articular cartilage lesions.Constructing engineering cartilage needs seeded cells and scaffold materials.The property of scaffold materials has a great influence on the biomechanical features of engineering cartilage.A variety of materials can be used for constructing engineering cartilaginous framework.Exploring the research development of scaffold materials and comparing the effects of their clinical applications is of great significance for further improvement of biomechanical characteristics of the engineering cartilage.

Key words:
Engineering cartilage;  Scaffold material;  Cartilage repair;  Cartilage lesion


The underlying principle behind rural-to-migration in China can be summarized by the inequality of social welfare distribution like health care and education resources amongst different cities and provinces, and China's huge population base makes the population flow and crowd behavior even more convoluted. This paper provides theoretical and empirical evidence on the effect health care can have on population net flow for a given city (positive net flow denotes population net inflow and vice versa). The panel data we use was collected from the annual statistic yearbook of 19 different Chinese cities on a timespan of 13 years from 2005 to 2017. Cities of different development levels are selected to make an unbiased sample for net population flow. Our theory suggests that the effect of social economic development (in this case we take health care development as proxy variable) varies between different development phases and hence a three-point economic development theory on population flow has been proposed through induction. Through pooled panel OLS and Fixed Effect regression analysis, we prove that our model on the relationship between city development and population net flow is correct. For cities with either early or late development stages, our analysis suggests that social effect through internet plays an important role upon individual migration decisions in China.


allows no liquid penetration does, however, have the lowest dissolution. The results also show that rapid liquid penetration does not ensure good dissolution characteristics, further illustrated in Fig. 2a and b, where the presence of wetting agent readily promotes liquid penetration but does not assist dissolution. The liquid penetration test can help in the screening of wetting agents, but we consider that its extension to the prediction of drug release from capsules may not be possible.


Single beam thermo-optical tweezers has been used for rotating particles continuously by 360o in pitch sense. The particle is rotated by placing it in a sample chamber with a thin layer of gold coated coverslip in an optical tweezers setup. The combined effects of convection current generated from heating of water and the optical trap rotate the particle in pitch sense near the hot spot present at the gold layer. This method works effectively until a water vapor bubble is formed due to continuous heating of the gold layer. We have tried to delay the onset of bubble formation by using viscoelastic medium instead of water. Viscoelastic medium is prepared by mixing polyacrylamide in water. Pitch rotation of hexagonal shaped particle has been observed for media having different concentrations of polyacrylamide. The frequency of rotation is measured at various concentrations. A suitable mathematical function is determined empirically which can describe the change in frequency while varying the concentration.


We study the properties of wave-packet states with vortex structure. In particular we present the characteristics of a two-mode radiation field characterized by a configuration-space wave function Ψ v =(x-iy) m e- (x 2 +y 2 ) /2σ 2 . We show the generation of such states by the interaction of Λ systems with squeezed radiation in a two-mode cavity. The two modes are correlated due to entanglement, which also produces the mixed state of each mode even though the state of the two-mode field is a pure state.


G . F i l s h i e : I would l i k e t o g i v e a summary of o u r r e s u l t s u s i n g a n i . v . i n f u s i o n of PGE2 f o r t h e r a p e u t i c t e r m i n a t i o n o f pregnancy. The p a t i e n t s were mainly i n t h e second trimes te r , and t h e r e s u l t s are summarized i n Tab le 1. One hundred thirty-nine(l39)patients w e r e i n f u s e d , a b o r t i o n o c c u r r e d i n 130 p a t i e n t s and was complete i n 105 p a t i e n t s .


Fibrosarcoma is a mesenchymal cell origin tumor composed of malignant fibroblast. This condition affects primarily to long bones, and rarely occurs in cranium about, with the maxilla being the most rarest cranial site. This paper describes a rare case of 9 year old baby girl who presented with swelling on the left side of face diagnosed as soft tissue fibrosarcoma of the intraoral region. The histopathologicaly confirmed the diagnosis by the presence of spindle-shaped cells arranged in fascicles with mitotic figures and cellular proliferation reproducing fibroblasts. © 2020 Published by Innovative Publication. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/)


Rifandi Ananto Aji, 2018, NIT : 50134823.N, "The carelessness Effect on Watch
Keeping Duty at Port on Containers Safety on MV. GUENTHER
SCHULTE", final project of Nautical program, Diploma IV, Merchant
Marine Polytechnic of Semarang, First Advisor: Capt. H. Suherman,
M.Mar. Second Advisor: Henny Wahyu W., M.Pd
Watch keeping at port is one of important thing according to the purpose
of vessel to load and carry goods from one port to another safely, efficiently, and
fast. Being responsible for cargo safety is a must for watch keeping officer so it
requires the performance based on international rules or ones published by
company. It takes consideration on duties and responsibilities of each officer to
carry loading-unloading procedures accurately when the ship anchors at port. The
fact was, when the writer was having sea project at MV. GUENTHER
SCHULTE, many problems were found because of human error causing the
inappropriateness on stowage plan, mistakes on handling reefer container,
inappropriateness on lashing, and damage on containers and ship's properties.The
purpose of this study is to find the effect of the carelessnes on watch keeping of
loading-unloading containers at port and to find the duties and responsibilities that
should be applied on MV. GUENTHER SCHULTE when loading-unloading
containers.
Considering the importance of responsibilities during watch keeping at
port, the officer should carry the proper procedures based on rules and procedures
issued. In this qualitative method study, writer used observation as data collection
technique along with direct interview on the crew of MV. GUENTHER
SCHULTE, literature study, documentation, and other data supporting observed
object.
The result of this study shows that the effect of carelessness on loadingunloading
containers at port caused less carefulness on the watch of containers
loaded on ship, so the damage ones could come into hold of ship before the
damage report was made, the damage on ship properties was caused by stevedore
mistakes without any stevedore damage report made, the delay on either plugin
reefer or the handling of broken plugin reefer, the less carefulness on lashing
causing mistakes on lashing equipment installation. Watch keeping system that
should be applied on MV. GUENTHER SCHULTE when loading-unloading at
port is by obeying the rules stated in standing order, STCW, and contingency plan
on board also lashing installment based on cargo securing manual. All crew,
officers and rating crew, must perform good coordination on carrying watch
keeping duty.
Keywords: carelessness, responsibility, watch keeping


Lung cancer is currently the leading cause of cancer deaths. Among various subtypes, the number of patients diagnosed with stage I non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), particularly adenocarcinoma, has been increasing. It is estimated that 30 - 40\% of stage I patients will relapse, and 10 - 30\% will die due to recurrence, clearly suggesting the presence of a subgroup that could be benefited by additional therapy. We hypothesize that current attempts to identify stage I NSCLC subgroup failed due to covariate effects, such as the age at diagnosis and differentiation, which may be masking the results. In this context, to stratify stage I NSCLC, we propose CEM-Co, a model-based clustering algorithm that removes/minimizes the effects of undesirable covariates during the clustering process. We applied CEM-Co on a gene expression data set composed of 129 subjects diagnosed with stage I NSCLC and successfully identified a subgroup with a significantly different phenotype (poor prognosis), while standard clustering algorithms failed.


For the building or upgrading of intersections such as roundabouts it is necessary to provide accurate traffic simulations. One micro simulation program that can be used for the modelling of intersections is Vissim developed by PTV Group which provides two different methods to model the right of way: priority rules and conflict areas. It also provides default values for parameters describing the interaction of vehicles. This behaviour can however vary in reality depending on the characteristics of the facility. For more accurate traffic simulations it is therefore important to adjust the parameters depending on the given situation. The aim of the study is to evaluate the correlation between observed data and simulation with default parameters for different types of roundabouts. Furthermore, recommendations for calibrated parameters shall be provided in order to achieve more accurate simulations. For the comparison of reality and simulation results, suitable existing roundabouts with different characteristics were observed in the area of Gothenburg. For each roundabout two simulations with default parameters were performed first, one with priority rules and one with conflict areas. Secondly, stepwise tests were performed by altering the parameters. To give recommendations, a calibration of the parameters was performed. When applying the default values, better results are achieved with priority rules than with conflict area. The latter leads to an underestimation of the capacity. During the testing process the most significant changes could be seen when adjusting the parameters minimum gap time for priority rules and safety distance factor as well as anticipate route for conflict areas. The general recommendation based on this study is to apply conflict area with adjusted parameters for simple roundabouts with one circulating lane (1/1). It leads to equally good results as priority rules and there is less risk of mistakes during the modelling process. The recommendation for complex roundabout with two circulating lanes is to use priority rules. For those with one ingoing lane (1/2) default values can be applied. For roundabouts with two ingoing lanes (2/2) it requires adjusted parameters.


The obtained result of the research is the investors who like risk with the proportion (50%:50%) at the 4th portfolio with the profit level is as much as 0.1110 and the risk level is as much as 0.3634. While the proportion of (60%:40%) at the 4th portfolio with the profit level is as much as 0.1193 and the risk level is as much as 0.3746. for the investors who are neutral to the risk with the proportion of (50%:50%) at the 1st portfolio with the profit level is as much as 0.0905 and the risk level is as much as 0.2868. While the proportion of (60%:40%) at the 1st portfolio with the profit level is as much as 0.1028 and risk level is as much as 0.3143. for the investors who dislike risk with the proportion (50%:50%) at the 2nd portfolio with the profit level is as much as 0.0788 and the risk is as much as 0.2653. While the proportion (60%:40%) at the 2nd portfolio with the profit level is as much as 0.0935 and the risk level is as much as 0.3028 keywords: stock return, stock risk, efficient stock risk.


The present invention provides a user interface switching method and an electronic device and storage medium using the method. First, a plurality of sets of user interface, and display the user interface on a touch screen of portable electronic device. Further displays icons representing row and column in the fast key touch screen including a user interface corresponding to the respective icons and shortcuts on behalf of the current corresponding to the user interface display. When users touch screen detects a touch signal falls in the representative icon is moved within the row and column of a representative icon, the representative icon display column relative movement, and a touch signal corresponding to the termination where the representative icon to switch the displayed interface and shortcuts.


Abstract Introduction The COVID-19 pandemic forced rapid adaptations to healthcare provision. The COvid-19 Vascular sERvice (COVER) Study aimed to contemporaneously report changes to practice and subsequent outcomes of vascular patients managed during the pandemic. Methods COVER is a three-tiered international multi-centre observational cohort study aiming to quantify the specific impact of the pandemic on the provision of vascular and endovascular surgery and the adjustments made to standard vascular practice during this time. The primary outcome of Tier 3 was to identify how the management of all referred urgent vascular cases changed throughout the COVID-19 pandemic. Secondary outcomes included longitudinal data to identify condition-specific outcomes for these patients at 3, 6 months and 1 year. Over a minimum four-week period, contributing vascular centers contemporaneously collected prospective data on the management of all urgent referrals received during this time. Results Data from over 1693 patients worldwide has been obtained and is currently undergoing analysis. Provisional results suggest that approximately 18% of patients had significant changes to their care during the pandemic. Full descriptive results of management changes during the pandemic itself will be reported at the NRCM meeting. Conclusions It is anticipated that this work will highlight significant deviation in the management of urgent vascular referrals when compared to pre-pandemic best practice guidelines. It will be crucial to identify and monitor the ongoing impact this has on patient care.


Artiicial life models of the evolution of communication have usually assumed either cooperative or competitive contexts. This paper presents a general model that covers signalling with and without connicts of interest between signallers and receivers. Krebs & Dawkins (1984) argued that a connict of interests will lead to an evolutionary arms race between ma-nipulative signallers and sceptical receivers, resulting in ever more costly signals; whereas common interests will lead to cheap signals or \conspiratorial whis-pers". Simple game-theoretic and evolutionary simulation models suggest that signalling will evolve only if it is in the interests of both parties. In a model where signallers may inform receivers as to the value of a binary random variable, if signalling is favoured at all, then signallers will always use the cheapest and the second-cheapest signal available. Costly signalling arms races do not get started. A more complex evolutionary simulation was constructed, featuring continuously variable signal strengths and reception thresholds. As the congruence of interests between the parties became more clear-cut, the evolution of successively cheaper signals was observed. The ndings are taken to support a modiied version of Krebs & Dawkins's argument. Artiicial life (AL) models of the evolution of communication are often constructed such that honest signalling is in the interests of both signallers and receivers|any communication systems that evolve can therefore be described as cooperative. For example, Werner & Dyer (1991) postulated blind, mobile males and sighted, immobile females: the evolution of a signalling system was in the interests of both parties as it allowed mating to take place at better-than-chance frequencies. In MacLennan & Burghardt's (1994) model, signallers and receivers were rewarded if and only if they engaged in successful communicative interactions. Other AL models (Ackley & Littman 1994; Oliphant 1996) have looked at the special case where communication would beneet receivers, but the potential sig-nallers are indiierent. Oliphant argues that this is a good way to model the evolution of alarm calls, for example: if one bird in a ock spots an approaching hawk, it is clear that its conspeciics would beneet from an alarm call. However, why should the bird in question , considered as a product of its sellsh genes, give the call? The models suggest that signalling will not evolve in these cases unless a mechanism such as reciprocal altruism or (spatially induced) kin selection is in place. Note that such mechanisms have no mystical eeect: they simply …


The course of college Chinese plays an important role in cultivating students' quality of humanities.At present,there exist some problems in the establishment of teaching materials,teaching method,and the establishment of teachers' ranks.We should improve our understanding and solve these problems to strengthen the teaching of the course.


The Institution of Engineers Australia has developed a system of awards for recognising its members' achievements. The Opal Award for achievement in Civil Engineering is the W.H. Warren Award, initially established in memory of the Institution's first President, Professor William Henry Warren. The history of this award has been recorded, commencing with the establishment of the Warren Memorial Fund aid continuing with the institution of the Warren Memorial Prize and its replacement by the W.H. Warren Award. Various matters associated with the administration of these awards are discussed. A complete listing of recipients of the Warren Prize/Award, details of the papers for which the award was made and sources of biographical information for recipients are given in the appendices to this paper.


The Oliver–Pharr method has extensively been adopted for measuring hardness and elastic modulus by indentation techniques. However, the method assumes that the contact periphery sinks in, which limits the applicability to the materials pile-up [1]. This study proposes an improved methodology to calculate the real mechanical characteristics of individual phases in various steels with significant pile-up. Pile-up correction of mechanical characteristics is based on ratio of pile-up height and contact depth. Pile-up height was measured by atomic force microscopy (AFM). The effect of grain boundaries on the shape and size of the pile-up lobes was also discussed.


Dammann gratings are binary phase gratings that are used to produce a one- or two-dimensional array of equal-intensity light spots. Recently, Dammann gratings have become of interest for their ability to provide the optical power supply to an array of optical logic devices from a single laser source. We present here a feasibility study of Dammann gratings, in which we consider several parameters that are important for the computation and fabrication of the gratings. As a result of this investigation we conclude that Dammann gratings are useful for array sizes up to about 40 x 40 spots. Above that size, problems with the computation of the gratings and with the resolution become dominant.