A streamline interference numerical well test interpretation model is established,and it is solved by streamline method. Using the model can stimulate the complicated reservoir and its flowing phases which cannot be expressed by analytic solution,and the change of formation parameters such as permeability,the heterogeneity and anisotropy of oil reservoir are considered in the model. Through the analysis of the influences of well spacing,wellbore storage coefficient,skin factor and the outer boundary of the reservoir to the bottomhole pressure response of observation well,it is held that the skin factor of excitation well and the wellbore storage coefficient of the observation well can be neglected in establishing the model; the greater the wellbore storage coefficient of excitation well and the skin factor of observation well,the later the observation well receives the signal from the excitation well,but the influence will decrease with increase of the distance between the observation well and the excitation well; whether the outer boundary of the reservoir is closed, constant pressure or infinite,the pressure derivative curves of the excitation well and the observation well will coincide after enough long time,according to which,the interference signal of different wells can be distinguished. An application case shows the correction and the practicability of the model.


When distributed data is classified by traditional and single BP algorithm,training speed is low and the local optimum is immersed readily.To solve the problem,in the present research,it presents hybrid classification algorithm based upon GEP-BP(HCA-GB).In the HCA-GB,range of GEP population is adjusted dynamically by means of self-adaptive coefficient.On the basis of HCA-GB,this paper proposes classification of distributed GEP-BP on grid service(CDGB-GS),which combines grid service and HCA-GB to resolve classification of distributed data.By simulated experiment,it is showed that the average number of convergence of HCA-GB is improved about two times by means of adjusting self-adaptive coefficient.For very large and complex data sets,average consumptive time of CDGB-GS is less than traditional algorithms,and classification accuracy of CDGB-GS is improved by about 32.06% at most in proportion with traditional algorithms.


The article highlights the peculiarities of geography textbooks, which will be focused on the formation of competitive ability and demand in the future. Also, features described sampling and structuring geographic information that can be used in the classroom. Modern education creates people – zasvoyuvachiv «ready knowledge» and learning process aimed at accumulating a certain amount of knowledge. Many people get used to this model, because education today brings mainly people-externalities that are not able to work or creative, either on their own, especially when knowledge need quick updates. Thus, considering the above said – a textbook is an important element of the educational process in geography class, so you need to review and update not only the methods of working with him, but the approaches and principles of the model in general, will be aimed at developing students' abilities which will be relevant in the future. So geography textbook – an educational book that is both educational means and methods, reports adapted generations of experience of the industry and geography in shaping students' competitive ability and need in the future. These capabilities include: non-standard, creativity, kohnityvnist, adaptability, etc., which can be formed by creating heohinformatsiynoyi base and versatile, its wide use in the classroom for geography lessons.


This paper outlines a strategy for conversational analysis that utilizes multiple levels of information flow in order to characterize the conceptual content of a conversation. The role of predictive knowledge structures and contextual information is illustrated in an analysis of a sample conversation, along with a partial outline of conversational rules specific to particular levels of conversational analysis.


Often the law is viewed as a static set of rules, providing a clear blueprint, stating exactly how all activities should be regulated, and detailing the penalties for failure to comply. When it comes to examining the law as it affects sport and recreation, this view is narrow and unrealistic. In this area, as in others, the legal environment is a dynamic one, reecting the changing social, economic and political pressures which inuence all organizations. The impact of legislation on the role of managers of sport and recreation facilities is complicated by ambiguities surrounding the relative power and positions of participants, spectators, professional associations and governing bodies. This text endeavours to address many of these issues, exploring not just the implications of legal regulation of sport for practitioners, but also the 'socio-cultural context of contemporary sport' (page XI). It examines the reasons why legal decisions are made and the inuence of the external environment in which organizations and individuals work. As a textbook, it goes beyond merely detailing those legal principles which have most signiŽcance for sport, although the authors' claim that this is the 'Žrst rigorous academic analysis of the role that law has had in sport in Britain' (page XII) rather unfairly ignores the previous useful contribution made by E. Grayson's text Sport and the Law (2nd edn 1994). As the authors of this book comment, the subject of sports law as an area of academic study in the UK is of growing interest. While there are still only a few dedicated sports/ leisure law degree courses, the law relating to sport and leisure activities is increasingly appearing on the curricula of sport and leisure management courses around the country. For those lecturing in this Želd, and for sports practitioners, one of the major challenges is to keep themselves informed of new developments. While there has been a growth in the number of vocational law texts produced in the related areas of hospitality and tourism management, sport, and particularly leisure, law have been somewhat neglected. This publication is therefore a timely one, providing a useful resource for those teaching this subject. This text is a product of collaborative work by contributors associated with the Anglia Sports Law Research Centre. The authors are all involved in lecturing and/or researching in the area of sports law in the UK and thus this text adopts a 'student-friendly' approach. It provides clear explanations of legal principles with minimal use of jargon and plenty of relevant examples to illustrate the issues discussed. The authors are all keen sports fans, but their bias towards football is clearly evident. The book does refer to other sports, but those who are not football devotees might wish that these had been further discussed. The text aims to tackle the dominant issues in sport in a way which will appeal to both academics and practitioners alike – not always an easy task. It actually accomplishes much of what it sets out to do, but does cover a broad range of legal issues. The Žrst two Managing Leisure 5, 42–50 (2000)


Extrasynaptic GABAA receptors that are tonically activated by ambient GABA are important for controlling neuronal excitability. In hippocampal pyramidal neurons, the subunit composition of these extrasynaptic receptors may include α5βγ and/or α4βδ subunits. Our present studies reveal that a component of the tonic current in the hippocampus is highly sensitive to inhibition by Zn2+. This component is probably not mediated by either α5βγ or α4βδ receptors, but might be explained by the presence of αβ isoforms. Using patch‐clamp recording from pyramidal neurons, a small tonic current measured in the absence of exogenous GABA exhibited both high and low sensitivity to Zn2+ inhibition (IC50 values, 1.89 and 223 μm, respectively). Using low nanomolar and micromolar GABA concentrations to replicate tonic currents, we identified two components that are mediated by benzodiazepine‐sensitive and ‐insensitive receptors. The latter indicated that extrasynaptic GABAA receptors exist that are devoid of γ2 subunits. To distinguish whether the benzodiazepine‐insensitive receptors were αβ or αβδ isoforms, we used single‐channel recording. Expressing recombinant α1β3γ2, α5β3γ2, α4β3δ and α1β3 receptors in human embryonic kidney (HEK) or mouse fibroblast (Ltk) cells, revealed similar openings with high main conductances (∼25–28 pS) for γ2 or δ subunit‐containing receptors whereas αβ receptors were characterized by a lower main conductance state (∼11 pS). Recording from pyramidal cell somata revealed a similar range of channel conductances, indicative of a mixture of GABAA receptors in the extrasynaptic membrane. The lowest conductance state (∼11 pS) was the most sensitive to Zn2+ inhibition in accord with the presence of αβ receptors. This receptor type is estimated to account for up to 10% of all extrasynaptic GABAA receptors on hippocampal pyramidal neurons.


This paper analyzes how trade liberalization influences the unemployment rate of workers with different abilities. We refine the Melitz (2003) framework to account for trade unions and heterogeneous workers, who differ with respect to their abilities. Our main ?findings are: (i) high ability workers profit from trade liberalization in terms of higher wages and higher employment; (ii) the least efficient workers loose their job and switch to long-term unemployment (worker-selection effect); (iii) if a country is endowed with a large fraction of low-skilled workers, trade liberalization leads to a rise in aggregate unemployment. In this case, trade liberalization may harm a countrys welfare.


Investigation on cold damage of 1981'IRRDB wild Hevea accessions was carried out at Xinhua Outpost Station in April,2011.Of 120 tested accessions,42 have performed much better than control in cold resistance ability.It shows there are some chilling tolerance gene among the wild germplasm of which mostly came from Rodonia,it could be a valuable for cold resistance.These materials will greatly enlarge the gene resource for cold resistance in China and it also provide certain valuable materials for breeding of cold resistant and high yielding clone of Hevea brasiliensis.


Cyclic tests were conducted to study the secant shear modulus, Gs, of two reconstituted sands and three laboratory-made clays at small cyclic shear-strain amplitudes γc≈ 0.0006%–0.02%. A recently developed direct simple shear device for small-strain testing was employed. The effects of cyclic strain amplitude (γc), type of soil and plasticity index (PI), vertical effective consolidation stress (σvc′), and overconsolidation ratio (OCR) were investigated. The results show that the ordinates of the normalized shear modulus reduction curve, Gs/Gmax−γc, generally increase as σvc′ and OCR increase. However, these effects of σvc′ and OCR become smaller and may eventually disappear as the PI of the soil increases.


One of the most fundamental changes in post-World War II congressional elections has been the rise of candidate-centered campaigns. This phenomenon has given rise to considerable theoretical and empirical literature demonstrating the strategic behavior of congressional candidates. Yet very few scholars have assessed the effect or existence of strategic candidate behavior for the pre-World War II era. We seek to fill part of this void by exploring the extent to which experienced or quality candidates played a role in influencing the electoral fortunes of incumbent House members in elections spanning the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Our findings suggest that in terms of strategic emergence and electoral performance, congressional candidates exhibited patterns of behavior which are strikingly similar to those seen in modern-day campaigns, suggesting that individual ambition is the best explanation for candidate behavior in both eras.


This article is about Russia and American management system. How it`s possible and necessary to introduction of management experience in the U.S. Russia's system of governance. The article includes analysis of the works devoted to the study of this problem. Before writing this article were delivered some tasks that we tried to solve, as well as concluded filed problem.


: The experiment was conducted in Woreta, Pawe, Metema, Assosa, Mytsebri, Bako, Bonga and Jimmafrom 2012-2014 main cropping seasons with the major objectives of medium maturing, high yielding and pest resistance rice varieties for the upland rice production system in Ethiopia. A total of 20 upland genotypes including one check were used in the study. The trial was laid out in randomized complete block design with three replications with plot size of 6.0 m 2 . The combined analysis of variance revealed significant difference on days to maturity, panicle length, plant height, fertile tiller per plant and grain yield (P≤0.01). G7 (IR 83384-B-B-102-3) was the highest yielding genotype followed by G3 (IR 78937-B-20-B-B-4) and G5 (IR 83750-B-B-131-1) with grain yield of 4223.4, 3849.7 and 3776.3 kgha -1 , respectively. The GGE bi-plot graphic analysis revealed that the two principal components explained 76.42 % of the total GEI variance. GGE bi-plot analysis showed that G7 performed best in almost all environments except in E3 and E11. Grain yield performance and stability analysis revealed that G7 was the highest yielding and relatively stable. Therefore G7 was identified as candidate variety and it was verified along with the check on farmer's field and on station.


The report will present a new class of control systems - cellular automata with locators. The difference between cellular automata with locators and cellular automata is that cellular automata with locators can send signals on the air and receive total signals from the air. This feature allows the communication of machines, which can be arbitrarily far apart. It will be shown how such automata can be implemented as physical devices. A number of problems will be presented that can be solved fundamentally faster in a new class of control systems.


Question answering systems are currently regarded as one of the key technologies to empower lay users to access the Web of Data. Nevertheless, they still pose hard and yet unsolved research challenges. Additionally, developing and evaluating question answering systems to address those challenges is a very complex task. We present openQA, a modular open-source platform that allows developing and evaluating question answering systems. We show the different interfaces implemented by openQA as well as the different processing steps from a question to the corresponding answer. We demonstrate how openQA can be used to implement, integrate, evaluate and instantiate question answering systems easily by combining two state-of-the-art question answering approaches.


We developed a mathematical model to derive time scales and the presence of BS stars. The model is based on the variation of mass through a circle into the cluster defined by a radius, and at a time; this mass cross is translated into a differential equation that it can be integrated for a given radius (r) and a determined time (t). From this equation we can derive the different time scales that allows us to reach conclusions like: clusters not containing blue strugglers (BS) stars disappear younger than those clusters containing BS. In clusters containing BS stars, the volume which takes up half of the cluster mass is bigger than the one corresponding to clusters without BS stars but the time to catch it up is shorter. We also studied, by means of this equation, the core collapse of stars of the cluster and the region where this concentration is stopped/retained; this region is identified by means of the relation c/ch, being c=log(rt/rc) and ch=log(rc/rh). Where rt and rc are the tidal and the core radius respectively, and rh is the radius where half of the cluster mass is concentrated. The model also drove us to the conclusion that the number of the blue straggler stars in a cluster follows a distribution function whose components are the ratio between relaxation time and the age, labelled as ƒ, and a factor, named ϖ, which is an indicator of the origin of the BS; ϖ increases as the number of BS increase but it is limited to ~5.0. The mentioned distribution function is expressed as . The validity of this function was carried out by means of matching the number of observed blue straggler (BS) stars to the number of predicted ones in the available sample of OC.


ABSTRACT: DETERMINANTS FACTORS RELATED TO THE INTERESTS OF MEN AGE FERTILE COUPLE FAMILY PLAN MOP NOT USE IN PUBLIC HEALTH CENTER OF PURWOJATI. MOP was a minor operative contraception method for a man which save, simple and effective,  need a short time for operation and do not need a general anesthesia. The factors that influenced low participate of man for doing the KB among limited socialization and promotion of man KB, high price to pay for MOP, lowing knowledge of man about KB, wife does not support them for KB, politic condition, social and community culture, and government commitment that has still not been optimal for supporting man KB. To found out the factors related to enthusiasm of man PUS does not use MOP contraception in the work area of Purwojati Public Health Center year 2014. The type of this research was analytical survey with cross sectional approach, The sample used purposive sampling technique with the number of samples amount 99 acceptors. The analysis used correlation Kendall Tau test. The result from correlation Kendall Tau test obtained P-value amount 0,000 indicated there was a relationship between knowledge with enthusiasm of man PUS does not use MOP contraception, p-value amount 0,000 indicated there was a relationship between motivation with enthusiasm of man PUS does not use MOP contraception, p-value amount 0,003 indicated there was a relationship between wife's support with enthusiasm of man PUS does not use MOP contraception, and p-value amount 0,024 indicated there was a relationship between culture social with enthusiasm of man PUS does not use MOP contraception in the work area of Purwojati Public Health Center year 2014. There was a relationship between knowledge, motivation, and wife's support with enthusiasm of man PUS does not use MOP contraception in the work area of Purwojati Public Health Center year 2014.  Keyword: Knowledge, Motivation, Wife's  Support


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In recent years, have you recommended mattress and pillow covers to parents of young patients with asthma or allergic rhinitis to reduce their exposure to dust mite allergens? If so, you were wrong!

Or have you recommended tympanostomy tubes for your patients with persistent


Abstract : The Crustal Studies Group investigated new seismic equipment for long-range seismic refraction profiling, shot-point to recorder communications, and timing. INSTRUMENTATION: The seismic refraction system features a reel-to-reel magnetic tape recorder and a photographic oscillograph for recording seismic waves. The 8 seismic-amplifier outputs are displayed on the oscillograph at 2 levels of amplification separated by 15 db. The communications system consists of 3 HF allocations in the 3- to 8-mc range, for radiotelephone and shot-instant signaling when propagation conditions are good, and LF (180 kc) for transmitting shot-time instants. SEISMIC FIELD OPERATIONS: The adaptability of the seismic refraction system was shown in recording long-offset shots. GRAVITY STUDIES: Studies are under way in the Southern Rocky Mountains, Colo., Sierra Valley, Calif. , Snake River Plain, Idaho, and Yellowstone Plateau. THEORETICAL STUDIES: A digital computer is being used to calculate the frequency content of seismic waves. Studies were started into surface wave dispersion for Love and Rayleigh waves by using a digital computer program for calculating dispersion curves for reasonable models of crust mantle systems, where crust is defined as including all layers, from the surface down, lying above the layer having compressional wave velocity of about 8.1 km per sec.


The utility model discloses an orthopedic spring for enlarging penis prepuce opening, belonging to a medical instrument. The spring comprises at least three elastic arms, the elastic arms are mutually connected at one end, the other ends are provided with end short sections, and the elastic arms form claw shapes. The end short sections of the orthopedic spring are inserted into the penis prepuce opening, and the prepuce opening is stretched by the elasticity of the elastic arms. After the orthopedic spring is used for a long term, the prepuce gradually grows under the support action of the elastic arms, and the prepuce opening which is big enough does not wrap the penis any longer. The orthopedic spring can cure phimosis without doing operation and avoid operation risks. The prepuce is corrected by the orthopedic spring in the natural growth process of the penis, so the prepuce corrected can not shrink.


The author describes a time-recursive method for motion estimation that utilizes dynamical models for object motion to predict the positions and motion parameters of all objects at future times. The predicted positions and motion vectors are used to reduce the search space of a segment matching step, which serves to measure the object displacements by comparing object positions in consecutive frames. The predicted positions and motion vectors are corrected by the use of the measured displacements during a measurement update step, in which corrected positions and motion vectors are computed. The method has been applied to several tracking problems (traffic monitoring and intrusion protection) and yielded excellent results during simulations on a general-purpose computer.<<ETX>>


SIGGRAPH '83 took place on July 25-29, 1983, in Detroit, Michigan. The world's biggest Computer Graphics event attracted more than 14OOO persons. The Cob0 Hall and Arena congress site provided excellent space and facilities for the conference, exhibition and shows. The arena can seat 12000 people, so that even in the most attractive sessicns it never looked crowded. In spite of the size of the event and the number of people involved, everything remained manageable for the attendees. The near-perfect organisation contributed to this impression.


The present article aims to introduce some ideas and principles on the fuzziness with distinguishing major hazard installations and the ways of their graded management. As is known, it is the first step to prevent major industrial accidents and the related human casualties and material losses to learn to distinguish the likely major hazard installations. And then, necessary measures are taken to control and manage such installations with their latent disasters-causing matters and energy resources. To achieve this purpose, it is natural to define the standards to he used for discerning the major hazard installations and resources in a clear-cut and unequivocal manner with no uncertainty and fussiness. But, in reality, such ambiguity and fussiness can hardly be avoided due to the controversy and complication involved with the conceptions of critical quantity of hazardous materials and the laden power-strength in addition to fussy category or classification criteria. What is more, the division line, the difference in judgment and reasoning also lead to difference and fussiness of such classification and gradation. Complicated as the cases may be, the authors of this article believe that there may exist a transitional outcome or effect between the divergences of different hazards and risks in view of the clear connotation and denotation in quality, and the clear boundary in quantity. In short, as such fortuitous accidents resulting from out-of-control in the industrial activities are most likely to crop up due to the excessive units, the over-quantities or beyond the critical boundary of storing or installation. The authors believe that in close conformity with the factual situations in our country, it is imperative to define and prepare some criteria for distinguishing, controlling and managing such major hazard installations in a graded system, to which the authors have come up with a series of principles, ideas and suggestions.


Results are reported from seven finite temperature ensembles in the temperature range T = 139− 195 MeV with 2+ 1 flavors of domain wall fermions and the DSDR gauge action, which all lie on a line of constant physics with a pion mass of 200 MeV and a lattice volume of 323 × 8. We compare preliminary results for the chiral susceptibility and other observables with a previous study at smaller volume and discuss the effects of finite volume. Low-lying eigenvalues of the Dirac operator are computed and related to the breaking of the chiral and anomalous U(1)A symmetries in the region of the QCD phase transition.


Several studies have demonstrated that NF-κB is substantially involved in the progression of cardiac remodeling; however, it remains uncertain whether the continuous inhibition of NF-κB is effectiv...


During exploration of plant species in Nandurbar, district Jalgaon the species has been rarely found and it was identified as Tropaeolum  majus  L. It has been found that, in the floristic studies of Maharashtra, this species has not been considered from the recently. Therefore, this species is an addition record to North Maharashtra. The present paper deals with update citation, detail description, flowering and fruiting season, locality and field of the species.
 Keywords: Tropaeolaceae, Nandurbar, Jalgaon, addition, North Maharashtra


Based on the results of observations, the learning method used in SMP Negeri 35 Semarang is in the form of lectures, discussions, questions and answers using book media. The learning methods that have been applied so far have not had enough impact on the level of students' understanding of the material taught by the teacher. The method used was less successful due to lack of visualization so students felt bored and bored. This research offers a solution to the use of multimedia with demonstration methods through interesting learning media where media through computers can display images, text, audio and video so that folklore can be more visualized and attract students as well as the learning process can be fun. This study uses the Research and Development (R n D) product development method using 6 of the 10 research stages. The results of the study show that from the media expert validation test, material validation test and user validation test results, the product can be said to be effective and feasible to use.


Human resources services (HRS) are kinds of services concerning human resources acquisition, development, and allocation provided to employers and workers. The services promote the efficiency and effectiveness of the human resources market. Recently, the services have been regarded as crucial for the sustainable development of the national economy, attracting policymakers in transforming economies to promote the expansions of the services. This paper presents a systematic study of factors that affect the development of the services. In this text, the fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) method was used to explore the configurations of the factors that drive the growth of the services. The data was from province governments' statistics and influential research reports in China, and each province observation was considered as a case (in fsQCA terms). In this article, the marketization of human resources (MOHR) referring to allocating human resources through the labor market rather than government bureaucracy, is a possible necessary condition for the boom of the HRS. Moreover, we identified seven paths to explain both the high and low development level of HRS. Among the paths, the configuration of general development of regional economy, social legitimacy of the services, and marketization of human resources are the basic conditions that lead to a high growth rate of the HRS. These research findings enriched our understanding of the valid strategies for cultivating the services industry in China and other transforming countries. To cultivate and upgrade the services, we suggested that transforming economies should pay more attention to economic internationalization and speed up the marketization of human resources.


Uncertainty stemming from the sparse information available to model a reservoir and from the lack of complete knowledge about the flow processes in the reservoir is an inescapable aspect of reservoir modelling. Methodologies for assessing and incorporating that uncertainty in exploration and development decisions are crucial for successful management of assets. This paper presents a reservoir modelling case study demonstrating typical steps in the exploration of a reservoir and aspects of uncertainty assessment using geostatistical techniques. The viability of using simple, easy-to-use connectivity measures for assessing the productivity of candidate well locations prior to actually drilling the well is explored. A Bayesian method for incorporating seismic data in reservoir models is presented.


This paper studies the influence of lateral and local rail deformation on the train–track interaction dynamics in high-speed railways. While the traditional method ignores the curvature of a laterally and locally deformed rail and treats it as a straight rail with an additional displacement, this paper considers the laterally and locally deformed rail as a curved rail and models the train–track interaction with lateral and local rail deformation using a reduced beam model with necessary changes to fit the curved rail. Thus, the presented model is more realistic and can accurately and efficiently analyses the influence of lateral and local rail deformation on the train–track interaction dynamics. After calculation of dynamic responses of train–track interaction with lateral and local rail deformation with and without rail irregularities, the influence of the amplitude of lateral and local rail deformation and vehicle velocity on transient derailment criteria is analysed, and the derailment boundary is finally obtained. It is found that the traditional method underestimates dynamic responses of train–track interaction with lateral and local rail deformation and overestimates the derailment boundary of the vehicle, and the risk of derailment and rail damage increases with the increasing amplitude of the lateral and local rail deformation.


P reeclampsia remains a major cause of maternal death and perinatal mortality [1]. Globally it is estimated that 40 000 women die each year from this condition, mostly from uncontrollable seizures, pulmonary oedema or intracerebral haemorrhage. That many of these deaths are eminently preventable, is evidenced by a recent Confidential Enquiry into Maternal Deaths in the UK [2], which reported that only two women (less than one in every million deliveries) died of this condition in the UK in 2012–2014. Factors contributing to this dramatic improvement include prophylactic use of low-dose aspirin from early gestation in high-risk individuals, anticonvulsant therapy including magnesium sulfate, appropriate use of antihypertensive therapy and protocol-driven antenatal and general obstetric care, including planned delivery. Preeclampsia is also a major contributor to perinatal morbidity and mortality, including an estimated annual global incidence of 2.6 million stillbirths [3]. Much of the burden of morbidity and mortality from preeclampsia falls upon resource-poor populations, where access to obstetric care is very limited. Admittedly, interventional treatments for various manifestations of preeclampsia may have relatively greater impact on maternal than foetal outcomes. Nevertheless, efforts to identify, by relatively inexpensive means, those patients at greatest risk and meriting greatest antenatal attention, deserve our interest. Preeclampsia is a multisystem disease characterized by derangements in cardiovascular, renal, hepatic, cerebral, placental and haematological systems. Endothelial dysfunction may be a common denominator. Hypertension is a key element, not only as a manifestation of the underlying vascular abnormality but also as a driver of maternal and placental complications. Although the cause(s) are not fully understood, it would appear that the process has its origins very early in pregnancy, whereby a faulty


Background: The acidic loops of E2 enzymes are important for their Lys-48-ubiquitylation activity. Results: The presence of Tyr residues modulates the ubiquitin binding property of the acidic loop. Conclusion: A proper interaction of the acidic loop with the attached donor ubiquitin is important for Lys-48-ubiquitylation activity. Significance: One of molecular bases to study the mechanism of Lys-48-ubiquitylation is provided. The ubiquitin E2 enzymes, Ube2g1 and Ube2r1, are able to synthesize Lys-48-linked polyubiquitins without an E3 ligase but how that is accomplished has been unclear. Although both E2s contain essential acidic loops, only Ube2r1 requires an additional C-terminal extension (184–196) for efficient Lys-48-ubiquitylation activity. The presence of Tyr-102 and Tyr-104 in the Ube2g1 acidic loop enhanced both ubiquitin binding and Lys-48-ubiquitylation and distinguished Ube2g1 from the otherwise similar truncated Ube2r11–183 (Ube2r1C). Replacement of Gln-105–Ser-106–Gly-107 in the acidic loop of Ube2r1C (Ube2r1CYGY) by the corresponding residues from Ube2g1 (Tyr-102–Gly-103–Tyr-104) increased Lys-48-ubiquitylation activity and ubiquitin binding. Two E2∼UB thioester mimics (oxyester and disulfide) were prepared to characterize the ubiquitin binding activity of the acidic loop. The oxyester but not the disulfide derivative was found to be a functional equivalent of the E2∼UB thioester. The ubiquitin moiety of the Ube2r1CC93S-[15N]UBK48R oxyester displayed two-state conformational exchange, whereas the Ube2r1CC93S/YGY-[15N]UBK48R oxyester showed predominantly one state. Together with NMR studies that compared UBK48R oxyesters of the wild-type and the acidic loop mutant (Y102G/Y104G) forms of Ube2g1, in vitro ubiquitylation assays with various mutation forms of the E2s revealed how the intramolecular interaction between the acidic loop and the attached donor ubiquitin regulates Lys-48-ubiquitylation activity.


Purpose
The current paper aims to address the management dynamics of civil society organisations (CSOs) in volatile contexts. Along with analysing CSOs' management dynamics at a general level, it also offers specific insights into their management strategies in response to COVID-19 pandemic.

Design/methodology/approach
This study uses a qualitative research design, where in-depth case studies are undertaken with four CSOs operating in post-conflict volatile Sub-Saharan African economies of Liberia and Sierra Leone.

Findings
Findings revealed that multiple stakeholder management plays an important role in social value creation by CSOs. The findings further state that, in volatile contexts, CSOs appear to have more legitimacy than state functionaries due to their capabilities in dealing with political pressures and conflict sensitivities. The findings also revealed that case CSOs operating in Liberia and Sierra Leone were quick to respond to the COVID-19 pandemic by adjusting their working routines accordingly by switching to online working where possible and repurposing their management strategies. This repurposing of management strategies focussed on minimising economic disruptions caused by COVID-19 and continuing to create social value by helping youth and farmers particularly.

Originality/value
This paper contributes to the extant literature by being one of the first studies, highlighting the specificities of CSO management in volatile (especially Sub-Saharan African post-conflict) contexts and contributes to the literature streams on multiple stakeholder management and social value creation. To the best of the authors' knowledge, the current paper is also one the first study to address the management strategies of case CSOs in response to the ongoing Covid-19 pandemic in Liberia and Sierra Leone.


In this study, we compare the differences between double and single ring model. Moreover, we investigate chaos propagation and how to propagate chaos by increasing the coupling strength. These modeles are coupled chaotic circuits when one circuit is set to generate chaotic attractor and the other circuits are set to generate three-periodic attractors.


In this paper we present an algorithm for the compound method of designing generators as pseudorandom stream sources. Compound method relies on a technique of combining two or more inversive congruential generators. Experiments on congruential methods showed that even if all tested generators have maximum period not all produced binary sequences have the linear complexity of the same value. We gathered prime exceptions which were moduli of inversive functions and the analysis of this fact was performed. To avoid non stable behavior of binary streams authors proposed an algorithm which can help to prepare a proper set of parameters to design compound inversive generators. They have very valuable advantages which justify expensive application for practical use. Inversive generators may be successively applied in computer local area networks.


Soper summarizes the mission and activities of the Pan American Sanitary Bureau, focusing on disease eradication. It is an
 excellent summary of his own public health approach, as he approaches the end of his career. It also provides a good overview
 of the Pan American Health Organization's scope.


This paper presents architecture design and performance evaluation of a back end system used to store, index, manage and visualize water quality measurements collected by sensor networks deployed in rivers, lakes and coastal regions. The embedded communications systems in each sensor node enable ad hoc network operation to relay the measurements to the back end system in charge of managing, processing and providing data to end users and large communities through web interfaces. The focus is on the back end system architecture description and on the evaluation of its performance.


The briquette binder was prepared by drying sludge using microwave drying, mixed with the pulverized coal to suppress. Inspect the effect of briquetting pressure, moisture and proportion of drying sludge on the compressive strength of briquette by orthogonal test method. The results show that compressive strength of drying sludge briquettes is better than clay briquettes; briquetting pressure, moisture and proportion of drying sludge are major factors in the compressive strength of briquette, the range of content are that briquetting pressure is 25~30 MPa, moisture of drying sludge is 40%, proportion of drying sludge is 20%~30%.


To investigate whether high quality firms, which strategically wait longer in IPO market than low quality firms do (Colak & Gunay, 2011), also differ in speed of adjustment (SOA) toward target debt ratios and in debt leverage levels, this paper uses dynamic panel data with a system GMM estimator, and dynamic panel data with fractional dependent variable (DPF) estimator, on 122,454 firm-year data from year 1965 to 2013, and find that the firms waited more patiently during IPO process have about 25% relatively higher SOA, but have no significant difference in terms of leverage levels.


Due to the increasing complexity of aeronautical systems, it became more and more important to detect accurately failures that may occur, avoiding costs with maintenance and time out of operation. With the aid of modeling techniques and computational software, it became possible to analyze systems behaviors under normal and failures conditions, helping to prevent these problems. In this work, an aircraft anti-skid brake system is considered as a study case. Therefore, the aircraft dynamics and the main elements of the hydraulic brake system, such as servo valve, hydraulic line and brake actuator, are modeled and simulated using the software Simulink®. The integration of the hydraulic brake system model with the aircraft braking dynamics is made, being possible to simulate the aircraft anti-skid control system. In the hydraulic brake system model, some common faults are introduced in order to observe its impacts on the aircraft braking performance. A fault detection and isolation (FDI) method based on analytical redundancy relations (ARRs) is proposed. The ARRs are equations relating the system constraints, receiving as inputs the system behavior model parameters, sources and measurements (sensors readings as sources). The numerical evaluation of these equations generates the residuals. The residual value indicates the systems deviation level from its normal operation. The coupling of the Simulink® system behavior model with the ARRs is presented, permitting the residual analyses for each failure mode introduced in the hydraulic brake system model.


Background: The use of palliative surgery for irresectable pancreatic cancer has been challenged by the advent of non-operative stenting, but it may still be appropriate for selected patients. Methods: Single-loop biliary and gastric bypass was carried out in 56 patients (mean age 60 years) with carcinomas of the pancreatic head that were irresectable because of vascular invasion or distant spread. In 42 patients without a preoperative tissue diagnosis, ductal carcinoma was confirmed by biopsy of the primary (n = 20) or secondary (n = 22) tumour. Preoperative biliary decompression in 31 patients led to positive bile cultures in 22 of 24 patients sampled. Results: There were no deaths in hospital or within 30 days. Complications in 20 patients (35%) included three biliary leaks, two of which required temporary percutaneous stents. The median postoperative hospital stay was 14 days. No re-operations were required before death, though 2 patients required percutaneous stenting of the biliary anastomosis for recurrent jaundice, 1 of whom had a radiation-induced stricture. The median survival was 6 (range 2–21) months. Conclusion: Combined biliary and gastric bypass can be carried out with reasonable safety and remains a useful option for patients with potentially resectable tumours and an anticipated life expectancy of at least 6 months.


Cardiomyopathy is the most common type of heart disease in cats, and an international breeding program exist that aim to identify individuals affected with the two most common forms of cardiomyopathy; hypertrophic (HCM) and restrictive (RCM) cardiomyopathy. The diagnosis of HCM or RCM can be established by an echocardiographic examination. The screening reports are sent and registered in a publicly available data base (PawPeds).

The aim of this study was to explore the potential influence of a HCM or RCM diagnosis at a certain point in life on to the cats future, regarding to development and treatment of the heart disease or/and other extra cardiac disease processes and regarding to survival and cause of death. This was performed throughout an electronic survey sent to owners to cats that have been screened within the health program between the start of the program in 2004-01-01 to 2015-1231. The overall response rate was 10 % (1 133) of the 14 000 cats that had been screened during this period. In the total study population, the morbidity regarding HCM or RCM was 6 % (62 cats), and HCM was the predominant (94 %) cardiomyopathy diagnosis. The mortality for the total study population was 17 % and in the group of cats classified with HCM/RCM 53 % was deceased.

The group of cats that had been diagnosed with HCM/RCM at breed screening had an age at diagnosis ranging between 1 and 11 years, with an average age of 3,8 years (median 4 years). Although cardiomyopathy has previously been shown to have a highly variable onset, this is a younger age than reported in other studies. However, the PawPeds program focuses on cats for breeding, which also include comparably young animals. Many of these cats were in a preclinical stage of disease. In 27 % of cats diagnosed with HCM or RCM, at least one normal screening had been conducted before they were diagnosed with cardiomyopathy. Therefore, there is a risk that cats with cardiomyopathy are missed if the examination is not repeated. The prevalence of cardiomyopathy (3-4 % according to PawPeds) could in fact be much lower than in reality if cats are only screened at the age of one year, and never again in the cats' lifetime. Most part (60 %) of the cats was claimed as being free from signs of heart disease, which confirms that many cats were in a preclinical stage. Medical treatment was given to 35 % but, for the most part the owners to these cats experienced none or only a slight improvement of the treatment. The survival after diagnoses in this study varied between 0 to 6 years, and the mean survival time was 3 years (median 3 years) for cats with HCM and 1,5 years (median 1,5 years) for cats with RCM. Of cats diagnosed with HCM/RCM, 54 % had relatives with the same diagnoses. The majorities (68 %) of the cats diagnosed with cardiomyopathy were male and 61 % of the deceased cats with HCM/RCM were male. 58 % of the deceased cats had died had a heart related death. Even if many cats diagnosed with HCM/RCM died of heart related causes, other causes of death were also common, such as kidney disease/other diseases in the urinary tracts. Of the deceased cats; 9 % were described to have developed signs of congestive heart failure.

This study shows that the diagnosis of cardiomyopathy influences the cats' future life, both with regards to medical treatment and cause of death. The study shows, furthermore, that cats may develop cardiomyopathy after having been diagnosed as normal at an initial breed screen, which underscores the importance of screening cats also at higher age.


Iron Deficiency Anemia (IDA) in pregnancy has continued to be a global problem associated with increased maternal morbidity and mortality particularly in developing countries. IDA in pregnancy is defined as hemoglobin value less than 110g/L (McLean, Cogswell, Egli, Wojdyla, & De Benoist, 2009) in any trimester during pregnancy and when serum ferritin levels was less than 20μg/L (American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists [ACOG], 2008). A high proportion of women in both industrialized and developing countries become anaemic during pregnancy. Estimates from the World Health Organization ([WHO], 2008) report that from 35% to 75% (56% on average) of pregnant women in developing countries, and 18% of women from industrialized countries are anaemic. In 2011, the global prevalence of anemia for pregnant women was 38.2% and for all women of reproductive age was 29.4%. These prevalence translate to 32.4 million pregnant women out of which 0.8 million pregnant women had severe anemia. The African Regions had the lowest mean blood haemoglobin concentrations and the highest prevalence of anemia across population groups. Severe anemia accounted for about 38.9% to 48.7% for pregnant women in these regions. The prevalence rate in some of the countries ranged from 50.2% in Togo, 66.7% in Nigeria, 68.3% in Burkina Faso, 72.7% in Benin and 75.1% in The Abstract: Studies have indicated that iron deficiency anaemia in pregnancy is a risk factor for preterm delivery, low birth weight and poor neonatal health. Women of reproductive age with severe anaemia are eight times more likely to die than those with higher haemoglobin levels. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to examine the effects of iron deficiency anaemia on pregnancy and its birth outcome based on a review of the literature, and share The Gambian experience. In The Gambia, the effect of Iron Deficiency Anaemia (IDA) in pregnancy and its outcome is not well documented. Despite the fact that all pregnant women upon registration at all health facilities are given iron/folate tablets until 6 weeks postpartum and antimalaria prophylaxis, IDA in pregnancy is one of the most prevalent micronutrient malnutrition of public health importance in this country. About 68% of pregnant women are found to be anaemic which is more prevalent in the rural than in the urban areas and 19.9% of babies weight at birth had low birth weight (<2.5kg). The maternal mortality ratio of The Gambia though declining albeit slowly, is unacceptability high. Hemorrhage which is one of the five leading causes of maternal death accounting for 25% of all cases in this country which may be exacerbated by pre-existing maternal anemia. However, the high prevalence of anaemia among reproductive age women in The Gambia, has been associated with under-nutrition due to poverty, food deficit, poor dietary habits and low status of women. Therefore, addressing maternal nutrition is key to improving birth outcomes and reducing maternal deaths associated with anaemia. Studies targeting the effect of IDA on pregnancy and birth outcome is highly needed in the Gambia.


High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) offers many advantages over older types of chromatography such as a higher potency of resolution, a higher degree of reproducibility, and the possibility of full automation. Therefore, it has been considered a powerful tool also for separation and measurement of steroids, and it has been used to identify and analyze different hormones such as corticosteroids, glucocorticoids, estrogens, and a variety of "nonclassic" or socalled "minor" steroids and steroid conjugates in several conditions in plasma, urine, and various tissue samples. However, HPLC detectors are still not sensitive enough to quantify many adrenal steroid hormones in both human plasma and urine. To improve this low sensitivity, HPLC and radioimmunoassay can be c ~ m b i n e d . ~ . ~ We have set up an HPLC system with "online" spectrophotometric (UV) and "offline" radioimmunoassay (RIA) detectors to simultaneously measure deoxycorticosterone (DOC), 18-OH-DOC, corticosterone (B), 18-OH-B, aldosterone, 17-OH-progesterone, 1 I-deoxycortisols, and cortisol (F) in human plasma.


The identification of the metabolic profile in animal production acts as a method for the evaluation of herds with different production and reproductive index as well as an important tool in clinical diagnosis of metabolic diseases that can affect the productive performance of animals. The aim of this study was to conduct a survey of information on energy, protein and mineral metabolic profile of pregnant sheep, assess what has been studied about the topic and highlighting what still needs to be further investigated. Among the metabolites used to assess the nutritional status in ruminants, glucose, beta- hydroxybutyrate (BHB), free fatty acids (FFA) and cholesterol are evaluated to measure the energy state; urea, albumin and total protein are used for evaluation of protein and calcium, phosphorus and magnesium to measure mineral condition. This review covers the influence of the metabolic profile in the growth performance of pregnant ewes, and related studies. However there are few studies on the effect of gestational metabolic alterations on the structure of muscle fiber development, growth and meat quality of lambs. Therefore, more research is required in order to clarify the issues related to this topic.


ERS-2 was piloted in yaw-steering mode using three gyroscopes since the beginning of the mission until February 2000, when a new yaw-steering mode using only one gyroscope was implemented. The ERS-2 gyroscopes have experienced several problems during the mission and the new mono-gyro mode (1GP) was intended to ensure the mission continuity even in case of additional failures. In January 2001 a new test piloting mode using no gyroscopes, the Extra- Backup Mode (EBM), was implemented as a first stage of a gyro-less piloting mode. The aim of this challenging mode was to maintain the remaining gyroscopes performance only for those activities absolutely requiring them, such as some orbit manoeuvres. A more accurate version of this yaw- steering zero-gyro mode (ZGM) was operationally used since June 2001 and the performance was further improved with the implementation of the Yaw Control Monitoring mode (YCM) at the beginning of 2002. The evolution from the nominal and extremely stable three-gyro piloting mode (3GP) to the YCM has allowed to successfully continuing the ERS-2 operations despite of the gyroscopes failures. Nevertheless, this evolution has significantly affected the stability of the satellite attitude and the SAR Doppler Centroid frequency. The scope of this paper is to provide an overview of the different ERS-2 piloting modes and to assess their impact on the platform attitude, the SAR Doppler stability, the product quality and the applications performance, particularly for interferometry.


Black farms dwellers, living on farms that are still almost exclusively white owned, remain amongst the poorest and most vulnerable people in the South African society at the beginning of the twenty first century. This title presents the findings of a national survey of evictions from farms that has for the first time established how many farm dwellers have been evicted and the impact this has had on livelihoods of the families affected. The survey used an innovative methodology and involved carrying out over 8000 household interviews to establish credible data on this important, but under researched topic. This title deals with evictions from farms that occurred from 1984 to the end of 2004, a period of drastic changes in South Africa. During this time the first non-racial democratic elections were held and a constitutional democracy based on respect for the human rights and dignity of all has been established, yet for millions of farm dwellers little seems to have changed.


Existing IC reliability models assume a uniform, typically worst-case, operating temperature, but temporal and spatial temperature variations affect expected device lifetime. This paper presents a model that accounts for temperature gradients, dramatically improving interconnect and gate-oxide lifetime prediction accuracy. By modeling expected lifetime as a resource that is consumed over time at a temperature-dependent rate, substantial design margin can be reclaimed and/or less expensive cooling systems may be used. This report is superseded by TR CS-2004-08. Keywords—reliability, electromigration, gate oxide breakdown, thermal management, gradient


Cardiovascular disease is one of the major causes of mortality and morbidity in the UK. Prevention of cardiovascular disease has been a prominent feature on the healthcare agenda in recent decades. Investment in both prevention strategies and primary care initiatives has aimed to lower the rates of morbidity and mortality. Cardiovascular disease incorporates stroke, coronary heart disease, and peripheral arterial disease. It is linked to other co-morbid conditions including dementia, heart failure, chronic kidney disease, and diabetes mellitus. These conditions share a pathology causing atheroma and thrombosis in arteries and reducing blood flow. This article aims to help improve understanding of cardiovascular disease and promote measures to reduce prevalence.


In Malaysia, septic tank effluents were discharged into rivers. However, knowledge on quantity of household wastewater pollutants was incomplete. Therefore, water constmlption, wastewater flow and pollutants concentrations and loadings were investigated The residential areas studied were the high income area of De Summit Condominium (DS), medium income areas of Tabuan-Jaya (IJ) and Taman Satria-Jaya (TSJ) and low income areas of RPR Batu-Kawa (RPR) and Taman Malihah (TM). Results indicated that wastewater flows ranged from 95-122 L/c/d which were 33-67% of the water consumption rates. DO and BOD ranged from 0.7-4.4 mgtl and 67-135 mg/L respectively. Nitrate-nitrogen was the highest at DS (0.19 mg/L). Reactive phosphorus ranged from 4.4-12.7 mg/L. In all areas, E. coli ranged from 10-10 cfu/100mL. Mean loadings of BODs, reactive-phosphorus, nitrate-nitrogen and E. coli were found to be 8-14 glc/d, 0.6-1.0 g/c/d, 4.3-9.6 mg/cld and 3.3-7.2x109 CFU/c/d respectively. Reactive phosphorus loading was 1.6 times higher in the low income areas (RPR and TM) when compared to the other areas. With the area population of 44,515, 10x10 L/d of water was consumed, 5x10 L/d of wastewater produced contributing to 511 kg/d of BOD, 31 kg/d of reactive phosphorus, 1.8x10 E. coli/d to surface water around Kuching.


In a receiver in a wireless communication system, a plurality of radio frequency signal propagation characteristics associated with a signal transmitted from a transmitter within the coverage area it is measured periodically. Next, a radio frequency signal propagation characteristics measured by the plurality of the periodic processing of extracting a characteristic feature of the directed electric wave radio frequency signal carried out time-averaged RF Signature is generated. Then, the time the RF Signature averaged and compared with the spatial RF Signature averaged, the figure of merit is produced in response to the comparison. Processing the characteristic radio frequency signal propagation measurement of a plurality of periodically has to disassemble the structure matrix, which contains a vector representation of the characteristic radio frequency signal propagation measurement of a plurality of periodic signals transmitted from the transmitter within the coverage area of the wireless communication system It will comprise the steps of extracting the subspace indicating the dominant characteristics of the radio frequency signal propagation characteristics.


The present invention relates to a low dielectric constant and a manufacturing method of CCL. Belonging to CCL technology. The present invention provides a low dielectric constant and the alkali method to obtain cristobalite, and to improve the composition of the resin mixture CCL CCL obtain a low dielectric constant. The present invention solves a method of a low dielectric constant has been obtained by using a low dielectric constant resin or resin by modification, and the use of more economical, convenient to add a low dielectric constant inorganic filler, particularly the use of prepared ore vein Shi Ying cristobalite powder as an inorganic filler composition CCL method for reducing the dielectric constant.


Objective To investigate the effect of external application of Chinese herb package with pillow pad,back musle exercise on the thoracic and lumbar compression fracture rehabilitation.Methods A total of 80 patients with compressive fractare of thoracic and lumbar vertebrae were performed to applicate shuangbaimi associated with back and abdominal muscles exercises.The fracture healing,pain and functional recovery time were evaluated.Results Excellent results were achieved in cases 39(48.8%),good in cases 37(46.2%),and poor in cases 4(5.0%).The excellent and good results were 95.0%.Conclusion The experimental group will enable the fracture healing,shorten the time of pain,restore the function of patients as soon as possible and shorten the course of treatment.It is worthy of promotion.


The world largest manufacturers of commercial airplanes are currently focussing on research of advanced composite materials, which offer attractive potential for reducing the structural weight of the aircraft. The main challenge for the composite application is to make the lightweight concept work without any concern about the highly required reliability for commercial airplanes. It is achievable partly by leaning on promising future technologies and partly by using even more lightweight composite materials. Therefore, a great deal of interest for the utilization of laminated composite structural systems in the aeronautical and aerospace industries has emerged in recent years. Since the structural properties can be varied in different applications, it is very important to determine the optimized composite and component designs for specific operations in a well defined environment. Because of the complexity of fiber orientation patterns and fiber length distribution, the structural analyses of the composites are usually appropriate only for certain loading conditions. The derivation and validation of mechanical behavior of composite torque tube in a particular application, for instance, driving the components in a high lift system of a commercial airplane will be discussed in this paper.


Real time dealing system is an application system based on client/server pattern. Along with the requirement for the expansibility and performance of the real time dealing system,two levels' client/server pattern is difficult to meet the need of the system.New power has been added to the pattern by the emergence and development of the technology of the intermediate serving program.


Objective: To apply a colorimetric analysis in the quantitative determination of total saponins and to offer the evidence for the quality control of Dioscorea zingiberensis C.H.Wright.Method: To use perchloric acid as chromogenic agent to determine total saponins,the heating temperature is 70℃,the time is 15 min,and detect at the wavelength of the maximum absorption 407 nm.Results: Dioscin showed a good linear relationship at a range of 5022~41.76μg/ml.RSD of the precision and recoveries were 1.9% and 1.4% respectively.All the indexes of the methodological investigation met the requirement.Conclusion: The method is simple and accurate.It has excellent stability and repeatability.


Whistle blowing can be considered a key tool for fighting corruption, encouraging good governance, accountability and transparency in the public sector. Our main research objective was to gain a better sense of variables influencing employees' intentions to blow the whistle within South African local government A survey document was sent to South African local governments. Respondents were required to indicate their opinions on a five point lickert scale. Principal component Factor analysis was applied to the data. The findings are consistent with previous research into whistle blowing. The need to blow the whistle is reduced if an organization's control system is seen to have integrity and is perceived as a deterrent against maleficent behaviours. Introduction First coined in the 1970's (Near and Miceli, 1985) whistle blowing became an accepted term over the years (Dworkin and Near, 1997; Near and Miceli 1985, 1996). Whistle blowing is generally defined as "The confession by organisational members (exor current) of immoral, illegal or illegitimate practices under the control of their employers to persons and organisations that may be able to effect action" (Near and Miceli, 1985, p. 4). Whistle blowing can therefore be considered a key tool for fighting corruption, encouraging good governance, accountability and transparency in the public sector. Whistleblowers are often regarded as "traitors" by those engaged in corrupt behaviour, however, undertaking a "principled disclosure of wrong doing" is Page 2 of 25 ANZAM 2011


The article examines the development of the regional elite in the Soviet historical era using the example of the supreme state administration authority of a one particular autonomous republic. Several transformation stages in the elite of functionaries that was in power in Mordovia from the 1930s to 1991:

1) early 1930s – mid-1937 The national elite, formed during the Mordovian statehood formation, consisted, first, of autonomy supporters who were active in the 1920s; secondly, of people who came to the system of power as a result of Soviet «localization policy» applied to the control organs. They held leading positions until mass political repressions of 1937–1938.;

2) the end of the 1930s – the first half of the 1950s. There was an advancement of representatives of the so-called Stalinist control organs. Soviet «localization policy» was curtailed, and the number of the Moravians in the Soviet authorities decreased; the majority in the Council of People's Commissars of the Mordovian ASSR was relatively young managers aged 30–40 years. Despite a frequent change of personnel, already in the second half of the 1940s there was a tendency of relative stabilization in the government composition;

3) mid-1950s – late 1960s. A core of experienced leaders who were working in their positions for quite a long time formed in the Council of Ministers. Its chairman I.P. Astaykin, who held this position for more than 15 years, had a great influence on the government;

4) the 1970s – late 1980s. After the change in the Republican party leadership, representatives of a new generation came to power. However, renewal of personnel was subsequently replaced by «stagnant» phenomena: a long stay in power of individual managers, gradual aging of the Council of Ministers members, the growth of the total number of managers;

5) late 1980s – 1991 As a result of the union center's initiatives, as well as attainment of the maximum age by many regional leaders, there was some renewal in the composition of the Council of Ministers. But the old party and economic nomenclature continued to maintain its position in the republic until the very end of the Soviet system.


The note examines the decision of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) in the breach of the Genocide Convention in which eight thousand Bosnian Muslim men were killed from a substantive point of view and attempts to throw new understanding on the decision. The Court's decision, instead of reconciling the different nations in the region has brought even greater turmoil and sadness to the troublesome region.


Introduction: Uncemented total hip arthroplasty (THA) is gaining in popularity. Modern stem designs function well also in the long term perspective. However, on the acetabular side, results have been more discouraging, with excessive wear and focal osteolysis being two major problems, which, though often asymptomatic, are common reasons for revision. The quality of the polyethylene liner, geometry and locking mechanism are often discussed as possible causes. Since 1990, an uncemented titanium screw-in cup with the same outer design, but with two different types of polyethylene liners, has been used at our department. The aim of this study is to detect any differences between the two types of liners in terms of wear behaviour, focal osteolysis and revisions. We present results after a minimum 10 years of follow-up. Patients and Methods: All patients undergoing a primary uncemented THA at our institution since 1990, who received a Romanus screw-in cup with a hydroxyapatite and porous coated titanium alloy shell were included in the study. Between 1990 and 1994 a cylindrical Hexlocliner with a snap-fit locking mechanism was used (125 patients, 160 hips) and a hemispherical Ringloc-liner was used between 1995 and 1997 (94 patients, 114 hips). All liners articulated with a 28 mm Cobolt-Chrome head on a uncemented Bi-Metric femoral stem. Ein-Bild-Roentgen-Analyse (EBRA) was used to measure the linear wear rate at the 5 and 10 year postoperative follow-up. Osteolysis was assessed on plain radiographs and verified with computed tomography. Results: Nine patients were lost to follow-up. There were 17 dislocations (8 Hexloc, 9 Ringloc), of which 5 required revision due to dislocation (2 Hexloc, 3 Ringloc). No sign of aseptic loosening in any of the cups or stems was seen. The 10-year survival rate, with revision for excessive wear and/or osteolysis as endpoint, was 88% for the Hexloc group and 98% for the Ringloc group. Patients undergoing cup revision were significantly younger (p=0.029). The mean linear wear rate was 0.21 mm/year in the Hexloc group and 0.10 mm/year in the Ringloc group (p=0.01). After 10 years, the frequency of osteolysis was significantly higher in the Hexloc group (p Discussion: As has been shown in other studies, the Hexloc liner performed poorly with a high percentage of focal osteolysis, a high wear rate and a low 10-year survival. The Ringloc liner performed better in all these aspects. Possible explanations for this could be the better quality of the polyethylene and the hemispherical geometry of the Ringloc-liner. A more rigid attachment to the shell and thereby less fluid pressure changes may also minimize bone resorption.


Excerpt INTRODUCTION Drugs and procedures for the treatment of essential hypertension of necessity must be nonspecific in nature, since the etiology of this disease is unknown. Undoubtedly, this fa...


The effect of copper nutrition of fatty acid composition in different varieties of soybean (Glycine max. L. Merrill) oil was studied. The saturated fatty acid decreased while unsaturated fatty acids increased and unsaturated/saturated ratio increased in soybean oil with different copper application upto 10 kg Cu/ha. Variety PK 416 and Bragg contained more saturated fatty acids while PK 262 and PK 1042 accumulated more unsaturated fatty acids.


Abstract Moriori agroforestry practices led to the creation of forests dominated by an introduced tree, kōpi (Corynocarpus laevigatus). Kōpi trees produce an edible drupe which was essential to the successful settlement of Rēkohu (Chatham Island). It is also only on kōpi trees that Moriori created a unique art form, called rākau momori, marking the trees with anthropogenic, animal and abstract images. The remaining stands of old growth forest which include kōpi trees and rākau momori are in varying states of decline and until recently were not identified as a cultural landscape. The acknowledgement of the forests as cultural landscapes has resulted in changes to the conservation and management practices of these spaces. The current management practices have been designed following paleo-ethnobotanical research (palynology and anthracology), ethnography and archaeological excavations which suggest Moriori planted and managed the forests until they were abandoned following an invasion in 1835.


Ice accretion on stay cables is a critical problem for cable‐stayed bridges in a cold climate. Timely and reliable ice detection is a primary and necessary measure for all types of de‐icing solutions. In the study, electromechanical impedance (EMI) method is first proposed to detect ice accretion on the stay cables. This method is extremely sensitive to the small changes in local mass, local stiffness, and temperature, and all of the aforementioned are involved in the icing process on stay cables. With respect to ice detection by using the EMI method, the changes in structural stiffness and mass due to the ice covered are considered as primary characteristics, whereas the change in temperature corresponds to the disturbing factor. Thus, temperature compensation should be implemented during the post processing of experimental data. The proposed method is demonstrated by experiments on a segment of a full‐scale stay cable and with necessary signal processing. The icing process is simulated by spraying water in a low temperature laboratory. The root mean square deviation, relative root mean square deviation, and the characteristic bandwidth are used to quantitatively evaluate the ice accretion. Subsequently, more accurate ice thickness identification is implemented through a trained artificial neural network model. Results indicate that the proposed EMI method with temperature compensation is rapid and feasible for the ice detection of stay cables.


It was the end of summer break. The first author, an elementary school counselor, was making schedules and handbooks and planning meetings with parents and students. However, this year, her school's site-based decision-making council faced a budget crunch. Some tough choices had to be made. Which school programs would be cut? Who would be affected? One of the council's considerations was the school counselor's position. Since the district considered school counselors to be administrative support staff, the elementary counseling position could not be eliminated. Fortunately for the program, the superintendent and principal believed in school counseling. However, the site-based council and the scheduling committee thought they could use the professional school counselor's time to compensate for the positions that were eliminated. The site-based council and scheduling committee primarily thought of the elementary counselor's role as classroom guidance instructor. Their plan was to increase classroom guidance time to more than the existing 50 percent. The purpose of this increase was to give more planning time to teachers because budget cuts in other areas had reduced collaborative planning time. The increase in classroom guidance time would hurt the total school counseling program by taking valuable time from students, parents, and teachers who needed the benefits of counseling, consultation, and coordination. An effective strategy was needed to explain the school counselor's various roles and the value of a total school counseling program to the sitebased council (Murray, 1995). The elementary counselor began to compile data from the past year. She wondered how it should be organized and presented in an effective manner. What would she hope to gain with the information? Her 5 years as a counselor had been spent more with the human side of the job than the clerical side. Her record-keeping, organizational, and accountability procedures were somewhat lacking. The purpose of this article is to provide school counselors with a procedure to record data, organize information according to published professional standards, and provide accountability for school counseling programs. Promoting and presenting one's program through accountability may enhance the program and prevent cuts. Accountability data can also provide the counselor with information to make a strong presentation for a comprehensive counseling program (Davis, 1997). The Preparation Process for the Presentation In order to make the best possible presentation, the elementary school counselor consulted a Kentucky School Counselor Association colleague, who was also a counselor educator. The professor, the second author, collaborated with the school counselor to quickly gather and present data in a format that would inform the site-based council about the function of a comprehensive elementary school counseling program and the role of the school counselor. From consulting, the counselor learned that cuts in school counseling services were increasing in her state (Nims, James, & Hughey, 1998). She experienced stress as other counselors do, when they need to quickly prepare a presentation to protect the scope and value of counseling services (Snyder & Daly, 1993). The counselor educator had collected a file of research on school counselor and school counseling program accountability (e.g., Fairchild, 1993, 1994; Fairchild & Seeley, 1994, 1995; Fairchild & Zins, 1986; Hughey, Gysbers, & Starr, 1993; Murray, 1995; Nims et al., 1998; Partin, 1993; Snyder & Daly, 1993; Wilson, 1997) for teaching and publishing purposes. Once the school counselor reviewed the accountability information, she had to decide the most effective way to present it to the site-based council. She chose Partin's (1993) approach because the nine divisions best represented her school counseling program; its pie-chart approach assisted the council members in understanding and comparing the results of a national study on counselor use of time with the school counselor's use of time. …


Entry into public service in Ecuador is established under the Organic Law of Public Service (LOSEP). This serves to determine the best people, professionalism, knowledge and ethics to provide their services. The objective of this research is to analyze a project to reform the LOSEP for the applicability of the re-entry of employees removed from their position in a public institution, elected by popular vote. The methodology has an explanatory investigation, using theoretical-practical methods, with which the results contribute to elucidate the re-entry to the institution that was elected by popular vote and from which he was dismissed.


This research was supported by the program "Development of Simplified and Monitored Advanced Reactor Technology" of Ministry of Education, Science and Technology. We acknowledged the favor of KAERI for helping use MARS 3.1.


Inlet pressure signals were analyzed in time and frequency domain and the relationship between the inlet pressure signals and the states of valve train were discussed Inlet pressure signals were decomposed with dyadic wavelet Maximum amplitudes of various frequency bands of the signal on scale 1 were computed,from which the diagnosis characteristic was extracted to recognize the state of the valve train The results show that this method is effective and feasible


In spite of the fact that the possible homologies of the mammalian vomer have been under review for over fifty years, there still remain two strongly conflicting opinions. The original view that the paired " prevomers" of the reptile fused to form the single vomer of the mammal has been repeatedly attacked, and few writers maintain this homology to-day. Instead, it is usually believed that the mammalian vomer is a derivative of the reptilian parasphenoid, and that the reptilian " prevomers" are represented in the mammal only by the palatine processes of the premaxillae. But during the last few years doubts have been expressed about the validity of some of the evidence used, and it has been claimed that there is now good reason to return to the original homology. Whether the mammalian vomer evolved from the parasphenoid or from the " prevomers" is not, in itself, a very important matter. But the current parasphenoidvomer hypothesis is founded mostly on embryology, while the doubts of its validity have arisen from a consideration of recent palaeontological evidence, and the importance of the problem lies in the necessity of finding an explanation which satisfies both lines of evidence. To do this it has been necessary to re-examine both the facts and the lines of reasoning. The value of such an analysis lies in its promise to expose unreliable evidence and misleading methods.


Abstract. Increasing demand for food in East Africa has created a shift to utilize wetlands for food production. Lack of spatial information hampers sustainable use of the Kilombero Valley floodplain. We take advantage of multispectral data from RapidEye, Landsat-8, and Sentinel-2 to derive high temporal resolution maps along three hydrological zones of the Kilombero Valley, assess seasonal land cover dynamics, and relate these dynamics to groundwater measurements. The depth of groundwater increases from June and declines from December, consistent with the end and the beginning of the rainy season, respectively. Bare land cover over the study area was 45% to 57% and increases to 62% to 69% as the season shifts from rainy to dry seasons while vegetation coverage, which was 34% to 47%, decreased to 25% to 27%. During the dry season, 68% to 81% of the total vegetation is within the riparian zone indicating the hydrological conditions favor plant growth. Vegetation growth in the fringe and middle zones mainly relies on precipitation whereas that in the riparian zone relies on saturation from the river. Our findings exemplify the relationship between seasonal land cover change and hydrological conditions and contribute to improved understanding of the spatial–temporal land cover dynamic in the Kilombero floodplain, required for planning sustained use of the wetland.


Theoretical Consideration: Then, I propose here the conditions required for emergence of the first life on the primitive Earth, in order of protein, genetic code and gene. 1. Condition for formation of the first protein Catalytic activity out of many functions of protein is the most essential for life. Therefore, even the first protein must be folded into water-soluble globular structure to exhibit catalytic function in the absence of any genetic function. This means that the first protein must be produced by random joining of amino acids in a protein 0-order structure or a specific amino acid composition, in which water-soluble globular protein with more flexible structure than extant mature protein can be synthesized by random joining of amino acids at a high probability. 2. Condition for formation of the first genetic code Genetic code is always used for bridging over between genetic function and protein synthesis. Therefore, the first genetic code must encode a protein 0-order structure, so that polypeptide chain synthesized under the genetic code can be folded into water-soluble globular structure. 3. Condition for formation of the first gene Genetic information or base sequence for protein synthesis cannot be designed previously. Therefore, the first gene must be created by random joining of nucleotides under the first genetic code. This means that formation of the first gene would meet with a large difficulty. On the other hand, even the first life could not live with only one gene encoding one protein. This indicates that many homologous genes and entirely new genes must be produced from sense and antisense sequences of the first double-stranded gene, respectively. Discussion: Water-soluble globular [GADV]-protein, actually aggregate of [GADV]peptides, can be produced by random joining of [GADV]-amino acids at a high probability, because [GADV]-amino acid composition is one of protein 0-order structures, which satisfies four conditions (hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity, -helix, -sheet and turn/coil formabilities) for formation of water-soluble globular protein [2]. We have previously proposed GNC code encoding [GADV]-amino acids as the first genetic code and (GNC)n sequence as the first gene [2]. Therefore, polypeptide chain synthesized under the genetic code could be folded into water-soluble globular structure, and various homologous and entirely new genes can be produced from sense and antisense sequences of the first double-stranded (GNC)n gene after gene duplication, respectively. Based on the above consideration, it is assumed that the first life emerged on the primitive Earth, according to [GADV]-protein world hypothesis or GADV hypothesis [1, 3].


Competence-oriented approach for educational reforms, including national curriculum (NC) development, has been recommended both by the OECD and the European Commission  since the beginning of the 21st century. International assessment, especially PISA studies from 2003 onwards have also been using selected competences for comparing academic achievement of the 15-year- olds. The influence of the mentioned recommendations for NC development in Estonia has been analysed and the role of different types of knowledge has been highlighted.


The experiment teaching quality of structure in civil engineering should be improved by strengthening theory teaching and experiment teaching with more pilot projects of awareness,comprehensiveness and innovation,using various ways and tools of teaching,such as experimental instruction of rich content,multimedia,and second classroom.


The interrelations of units and their boundaries among sequence stratigraphy, chronostratigraphy and lithostratigraphy are discussed, based on detailed studies and some typical examples of Lower Paleozoic sequence stratigraphy on the Tarim, Yangtze and North China Platforms. It is emphasized that the first flooding surface(FFS) is used as a standard or useful marker in optimizing chronostratigraphic and lithostratigraphic boundaries. It is suggested that the position of the Global Stratotype Section and Point(GSSP) is defined at FFS from the opinions of integrated stratigraphy and nature stratigraphic boundary,although the marks established GSSP are based on biotic evolution and biostratigraphy, so that GSSP have theoretic and practical significance. In this paper the primary relationship between the structure of third-order sequence and biotic macroevolution is discussed. It is presented that the key surfaces(SB, FFS, TS, MFS) of sequence stratigraphy are regarded as an useful marker for improving lithostratigraphic units and their boundaries.


The structural pollution has become one of the major features in our environmental pollution in recent years,which greatly affects the quality of economic development.Structural pollution bears upon various structural factors which are interrelated within the entire economic system and cause the direct or indirect influences for the emergence of the pollution.The article probes into the relationship among different structural factors within the economic system and points out that the irrational industrial structure is the prime factor for the structural pollution.Therefore, the adjustment of industrial structure is to be an effective access to resolve the structural pollution in China.


By the cultivation of Salmonella typhi in broth containing antiserum derived from the specific phase of Salmonella muenchen, Kauffmann 1 was able to isolate a variant which possessed altered flagellar antigens and which was no longer agglutinable in S. muenchen antiserum. The variant was obtained from only one culture and was not reversible. It was designated as a beta phase of the theretofore supposedly monophasic typhoid bacillus. Through cultivation in immune serums, beta phases were also obtained by Kauffmann and Tesdal 2 from Salmonella schleissheim and by Gard 3 from Salmonella abortus-canis. None of these induced phases were reverted to the naturally occurring phases of the bacilli and it is questionable whether they represented phase-variation as it is observed in naturally diphasic species, or whether they were mutants produced by exposure to antiserums. It was found by Bruner and Edwards 4 that the technic of Wassén 5 was very effective in the isolation of suppressed specific phases in the so-called monophasic nonspecific Salmonella types. Therefore 7 cultures of S. typhi in our possession were examined by this method. The organisms were cultivated in agglutination-tubes containing semi-solid agar to which had been added sufficient S. muenchen antiserum to confine the growth of the normal, or alpha, phase of the bacilli to the line of inoculation. The medium was inoculated by stabbing at one side of the tube. Outgrowths from this line represented variation in the flagellar antigens of the bacilli. By this method beta phases similar to the one described by Kauffmann 1 were obtained from all the cultures on the first trial. Subsequently, the experiment was twice repeated with the same results. The variants were transferred several times in semi-solid agar containing S. muenchen antiserum to free them of the alpha phase.


The errors and their origin in determining 4 characteristics of injection water quality according to the trade Standard SY/T 5239 1994 in Turpan Hami oil fields and some improvements are presented. Sometimes no suspended solids are detected and this originates from fairly little suspended solids content in water samples close to weighing error and from dissolve out of the filter membrane used; the suggestions are: to enlarge the volume of water samples taken if possible; to select membranes of low dissolve out loss or to use inert membranes; to insert 2 layers of membranes to cancel out the error owing to dissolve out loss. The median value of particle size does not express the water quality properly and related characteristics must be estabilished on the basis of physical and geological data of the reservoir to be water flooded, as an example it is stated that the number of particles of diameter 2 μm should not exceed 2.0×10 4 per 1 mL of fresh water for flooding low permeable reservoirs in Turpan Hami. No oil is detected in the water which contains oily substances notably and this is orginated from the solvent and detecting method used and it is suggested that CCl 4 be used as solvent/extractant, a mixture of cetane, isooctane, and others - as standard oil and the extracted oil in solution be detected at 3.14 μm of infra red region. To overcome the difficulty connected with determining corrosion rate at sites a corrosion rate measuring device installed on wellhead of injection wells is recommended.


Epidemic typhus and murine typhus vaccines prepared from infected yolk-sacs by ether-extraction process give nonspecific reactions in complement-fixation tests with Wassermann-positive human syphilitic sera if the technic of fixation for 18 hours at icebox temperature is used.
 Purified and concentrated soluble antigens were prepared from epidemic typhus, murine typhus and Rocky Mountain spotted fever vaccines by further treating the ether-extracted preparations with benzene followed by precipitation with sodium sulfate.
 The purified soluble antigens gave little or no reaction with human syphilitic sera using complement-fixation at icebox temperature.
 Complement-fixation tests with the purified and concentrated soluble antigens clearly differentiate cases of epidemic and murine typhus from Rocky Mountain spotted fever and will often, but not always, distinguish between epidemic and murine typhus cases.


The addition of HCN to 4-alkylcyclohexanones 1 to give cyanohydrins 2 is strongly catalyzed by hydroxy-ni trile lyases (HNLs). With PaHNL, from bitter almond, trans-addition occurs almost exclusively, yielding trans-2. With MeHNL, from cassava, cis-addition is preferred to give cis-2. cis-Selectivity is nearly quantitative, especially for cyclohexanones with larger 4-substituents. Comparable results with respect to the stereoselectivity were observed in the HNL-catalyzed addition of HCN to 4-alkoxycyclohexanones 3a–g. In contrast, the stereoselectivity in the HNL-catalyzed addition to 4-alkanoyloxycyclohexanones 3h–k is very poor. The transformation of cis-4-propylcyclohexanone cyanohydrin (2c) into the corresponding cis-spirotetronic acid 7 occurs without any isomerization.Key words: enzyme, hydroxynitrile lyase, cyclohexanones, cyanohydrins, cis/trans-stereoselectivity.


Deliberation often leads to changes in preferences and beliefs of an agent, influenced by the opinions of others, depending on how reliable these agents are according to the agent under consideration. Sometimes, it also leads to changes in the opposite direction, that is, reliability over agents gets updated depending on their preferences and/or beliefs. There are various formal studies of preference and belief change based on reliability and/or trust, but not the other way around − this work contributes to the formal study of the latter aspect, that is, on reliability change based on agent preferences. In process, some policies of preference change based on agent reliabilities are also discussed. A two-dimensional hybrid language is proposed to describe such processes, and axiomatisations and decidability are discussed.


Experiment with tobacco as the experimental material.Effect of organic soil and general soil culture conditions on the change of tobacco leaves were studied. The results showed that tobacco cultivated under soil organic and inorganic conditions were similar the total amount of leaf spongy tissue under organic soil conditions were lower,and the total amount of section palisade tissue was high.


(Dated: January 30, 2009)A simple model describing the Nernst-Ettingshausen effect (NEE) in two-component electronicliquids is formulated. The examples considered include graphite, where the normal and Diracfermions coexist, superconductor in fluctuating regime, with coexisting Cooper pairs and normalelectrons, and the inter-stellar plasma of electrons and protons. We give a general expression forthe Nernst constant and show that the origin of a giant NEE is in the strong dependence of thechemical potential on temperature in all cases.


a b s t r a c t The nanocrystalline La0.8Pb0.2Fe1 − xZnxO3 (x = 0, 0.05, 0.10 and 0.20) powders with orthorhombic perov- skite structure were synthesized by a novel self-combustion method using polyvinyl alcohol as colloidal medium. The samples were investigated with regard to their composition and microstructure, using XRD and SEM-EDX methods, their electric properties and gas-sensing properties (resistivity response) to ethanol, acetone and hydrogen. The crystalline lattice constants, the porosity, specific surface area and electric resistivity increase with the increasing amount of zinc ions, which substitute the iron in La0.8Pb0.2FeO3-based perovskite (x = 0). The studied samples show p-type semi-conducting properties for all the studied gases within the temperature range of 100-380 ◦C. For acetone at the concentration of 400 ppm in the case of the sample with x = 0, the response value is 140; it increases with the increasing quantity of Zn 2+


[Objective]To establish a simple and rapid method for mercury ion detection.[Methods]Variations of D660nm/D530nm before and after adding mercury ion were compared through the spectroscopy of colloidal gold and DNA system which was scanned with a spectrophotometer to determine the content of mercury ion.[Results]The linear range of this method was0.1-2.0μg/L,the correlation coefficient(r) was 0.995,and the detection limit was 0.2μg/kg.[Conclusion]The method based on colloidal gold and DNA system is simple and rapid for mercury ion detection in food.


The track is one of common destructive style all over the world,which has not been solved even prevented at present.As being proved,we can't only be limited to prevent the track,but should try to reduce its influence not only on materials technology but also on laws and policy.


The experiment was conducted to study the ralationships between assimilation and translocation of carbon and nitrogen after anthesis in two wheat cultivars under five nitrogen rates.The results showed that both amount of nitrogen translocation and that of carbohydrate translocation were higher in Yumai 47 with high grain protein content than in Yumai 50 with low grain protein content,whereas amount of carbon assimilation was higher in Yumai 50,and there was no significant difference in amount of nitrogen assimilation between Yumai 47 and Yumai 50.The ratio of nitrogen assimilation amount/nitrogen translocation amount was ralatively low,accounting for 10% to 40%,whereas the amount of carbon assimilation accounted for more in amount of carbohydrate translocation,with 0.5-2.5 times higher than the amount of carbohydrate translocation.With the increased nitrogen rates,the amount of nitrogen assimilation in two genotypes decreased,the amount of nitrogen translocation increased by 45% in Yumai 47,but was stable in Yumai 50,and the amount of carbon assimilation increased 37% in Yumai 47 and 63% in Yumai 50.However,with the increased nitrogen rates,the amount of carbohydrate translocation showed less change.


This study aims to determine the effect of Information Technology and E-Commerce on Competitive Advantage both simultaneously and partially at the Center of Kampung Batik Giriloyo Yogyakarta. The analytical method used is descriptive analysis and verification with a quantitative approach. The test tool used is multiple regression analysis. Furthermore, qualitative analysis is also carried out to deepen empirical reality. Hypothesis testing uses the F test and t-test to test the simultaneous and partial effects. Data were collected using a questionnaire and interviews with respondents of batik entrepreneurs at the center of Giriloyo Batik Village. The results of the verification research show that Information Technology and E-commerce significantly influence Competitive Advantage both simultaneously and partially. The Information Technology variable is the variable with the most dominant influence on Competitive Advantage.


The problem in this research is: Does the self-efficacy, leadership, motivation and work facilities partially and simultaneously affect the performance of Pekanbaru Senapelan Primary Service Office employees? Research Objectives: To find out whether self-efficacy, leadership, motivation and work facilities partially and simultaneously simultaneously affect the performance of Pekanbaru Senapelan Tax Office. The hypothesis proposed is: There is an effect of self-efficacy, leadership, motivation and work facilities partially and jointly on the performance of Pekanbaru Primary Tax Service Office Senapelan Research conducted at the Pekanbaru Primary Tax Office Senapelan Jalan Sudirman Number 247 Simpang Empat Pekanbaru , with a population of 110 people, and a sample of 86 people.Based on the analysis results obtained there is a significant effect between self-efficacy on the performance of the Pelanbaru Senapelan Tax Office employee, because according to the results of the analysis of t count t-table (3.159 1.67) at n = 93 with a significance level of 95%. There is a significant influence between leadership on the performance of Pelanbaru Senapelan Tax Office employees, the results of t-analysis t-table (2,439 1.67) at n = 93 with a significance level of 95%. There is a significant influence between work motivation towards the performance of the Pelanbaru Senapelan Primary Tax Office employee, because according to the results of the analysis of t count t-table (1.762 1.67) at n = 58 with a significance level of 95%. There is a significant influence between work facilities on the performance of the employees of the Senapelan Pelanbaru Tax Office, because according to the analysis of tcount t-table (3.897 1.67) at n = 93 with a significance level of 95%. F-count value F table (178.340 2.46) together (multiple) there is a positive and significant influence of self-efficacy, leadership, motivation and work facilities on the performance of employees of the Pelanbaru Senapelan Tax Office. Thus the hypothesis proposed is accepted