This work reports a new laboratory study of the electric charge separated in collisions between a spherical target of 1 cm in diameter growing by riming and vapor‐grown ice crystals, with the objective of studying the charging behavior of the larger ice precipitation particles in thunderstorms in terms of the noninductive mechanism. A series of experiments was conducte d for a wide range of environmental conditions; the measurements were performed for effective liquid water content between 0.5 and 5 g m−3, for ambient temperatures between −5 and −30 °C and at air speed of 11 m s−1. The magnitude and sign of the electric charge transfer on the ice sphere as a function of the ambient temperature and the effective liquid water content is presented. The results show a charge reversal temperature for the riming target, which is roughly independent of liquid water concentration in the measured range. The simulated graupel charges negatively for temperatures below −15 °C, and positively at temperatures above −15 °C.


Concrete and steel have different advantages, concrete has high compression strength and low cost while steel has high tensile strength, rigidity and ductility. Composite members have other beneficial qualities beside all of them. Composite columns are used extensively in modern buildings essentially in industrial buildings. The main purpose of this study is an analysis and a comparison between the responses (load‐displacements) of different types of composite columns under cyclic loads. For this purpose, a three‐dimensional (3D) finite element model is developed for the columns, the finite element analysis of composite columns is carried out by using ANSYS code. The numerical model considers the elasto‐plasticity of materials and the non‐linearity of contact friction. It is interesting to observe a large ductility of these composite elements and the efficiency of some types of the composite columns than others. The aim of the study is to analyze the encased composite columns under cyclic loads focused on the different type of steel section. The parameters studied are the influence of axial load levels, skeleton curve, ductility, energy dissipation and the peak lateral load also carried out. The results indicate that the first columns of the specimens have a low specimen energy dissipation due the durability of the columns is higher than the axial load applied, and for better ductility and energy dissipation the axial load level of fully encased composite columns should be limited to approximately a value of 0.6.


The trans-1-anilino-2-aminoindane derivative 2a derived from
the adduct 1 of indene and N,N-dichlorourethane is
suitably functionalised for further elaboration to give novel fused ring
systems. This report describes the use of 2a to provide access to the
benz[ f ]indeno[1,7-bc]
azepines 4a,b and the
benz[e]indeno[2,1-b][1,4]diazepines 5a,b. Further
elaboration of 4a affords a route to the
diazabenzo[5,6]cyclohepta[def]fluorene 9.


An X‐ray structure of the lactose permease (LacY) in an inward‐facing conformation has been solved. LacY contains N‐ and C‐terminal domains, each with six transmembrane helices, positioned pseudo‐symmetrically. A large hydrophilic cavity is exposed to the cytoplasm, and ligand is bound at the two‐fold axis of pseudo‐symmetry at the apex of the hydrophilic cavity in the approximate middle of the molecule. By combining a large body of experimental data derived from systematic studies of site‐directed mutants, residues involved in substrate binding and H+ translocation have been identified. Surprisingly, the residues involved in H+ translocation are aligned parallel to the membrane at the same level as the sugar‐binding site and may be exposed to a water‐filled cavity in both the inward‐ and outward‐facing conformations, thereby allowing H+ release directly into either cavity. In any case, it is apparent that H+ translocation through LacY cannot involve a water‐filled channel through the molecule. These structural features may also explain why LacY catalyzes lactose/H+ symport in both directions utilizing the same residues. A working model for the mechanism is presented that involves alternating access of both the sugar‐ and the H+‐binding sites to either side of the membrane.


In this paper, pilot carriers are designed using particle swarm optimization method. It is compared with random and orthogonal placement of pilot that are used for LS channel estimation in MIMO OFDM systems. Channel estimation is done with the help of bit error rate and mean square error corresponding values of signal to noise ratio. In this paper , the position of pilots are also investigated. Mat lab software is used to design a pilot. According to the simulation results, PSO is an effective solution for designing pilot carriers. Keywords– LS, MIMOOFDM, orthogonal, pilot, PSO,


An isolated, synthetic or recombinant nucleic acid consisting of: (a) a nucleic acid sequence having at least 98%, 99% or 100% sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 51, wherein the nucleic acid encodes at least one polypeptide having alpha-amylase activity; (B) a nucleic acid encoding a polypeptide having the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 52; (C) a sequence fully complementary nucleic acid to (a) or (b); or, (d) a nucleic acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 51.


Abstract The paper presents research results of isothermal oxidation of Ti-46Al-7Nb-0.7Cr-0.1Si-0.1Ni intermetallic alloy with Al2O3 coating. Oxidation was carried out in air and in the atmosphere with the content 9%O2 + 0.2%HCl + 0.08%SO2 + N2 at 750 °C. Mass changes of the specimens were recorded after 50, 100, 300 and 500 hours. The surface morphology of the oxidized samples were studied using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Wavelength Dispersive Spectroscopy (WDS) and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS). The results obtained showed that the corrosion resistance of the examined alloy is better in air. The oxidation in the atmosphere of 9%O2 + 0.2%HCl + 0.08%SO2 + N2 causes the formation of eruptions of Al2O3 and TiO2 mixture, however, in air the forming oxide layer is suppressed by the deposited protective Al2O3 coating.


Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells commonly are used to produce recombinant proteins such as monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) for research, diagnostic, and therapeutic purposes. Culture processes typically rely on a fed-batch approach in which a basal medium enables initial cell growth. Concentrated feeds are used to prevent nutrient depletion, thereby extending culture duration and improving cell growth, viability, and protein titer. A neutral pH feed is desirable because culture pH should remain stable after feedings. The extremely low solubility of l-tyrosine and the low stability of l-cysteine at neutral pH have necessitated processes that leverage a slight acidic main feed and a separate alkaline feed containing these essential amino acids. Use of separate feeds at different pH levels creates the need for complex control strategies to minimize pH spikes during feed additions. In bioreactors, the alkaline feed can be added slowly while pH is monitored continuously and proportional-integral-derivative (PID) settings are adjusted to reduce CO2 sparging response to spikes in pH. In large-scale manufacturing, even with slow addition of feeds, precipitation is likely to occur after contact with neutral pH media, especially when residual foam is present. Here we summarize results of in-depth studies that defined a simplified approach to fed-batch processes in largescale manufacturing using a highly soluble phosphotyrosine sodium salt and a new derivative, S-sulfocysteine, in neutral pH, highly concentrated feeds (Figure 1) (1, 2).


The reaction of zinc acetate and 2-methyl-8-hydroxyquinoline in methanol yielded the centrosymmetric dinuclear title compound, [Zn2(C10H8NO)2(CH3CO2)2(CH3OH)2], which has the Zn atom within a distorted NO4 trigonal–bipyramidal coordination geometry. Methanol–acetate O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds link the dinculear units into a linear supramolecular chain extending parallel to [100].


A type IIa natural diamond was irradiated with 300 kV electrons at 16 and 87 K. Transmission electron microscopy and electron energy‐loss spectroscopy were employed to investigate the phase stability of diamond under electron irradiation. At both temperatures, the diamond structure was found to be stable, and the formation of defect clusters was observed. The present results in comparison to previous work on ion implantation indicate that displacement cascade damage is a prerequisite for irradiation‐induced phase transformation from diamond to amorphous carbon or graphite. The temperature dependence of the cluster size suggests that interstitials are thermally mobile above 50 K.


Salmonella enterica is the largest species in genus Salmonella with its serovars responsible for infection in chickens and other warm-blooded hosts. After oral ingestion, Salmonella penetrates the mucosal layer of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). It then provokes gastroenteritis and systemic infection to chickens of all ages depending on the serovar involved. The paper explains about Salmonella infection via Type Three Secretion System (TTSS) encoded Pathogenicity Islands (PIs) and how the bacterium survives the acidic environment of GIT. It also explains the roles of TTSS-1 and TTSS-2 in translocation of effectors that interfere with host proteins and later internalisation of Salmonella in Salmonella containing vacuole (SCV). Other virulence factors such as plasmid, biofilm and lipopolysaccharides are highlighted, and their importance in inducing pathogenicity to host was also included in the paper. Therefore, several factors are geared toward survival, infection, and replication of Salmonella in the host cells. Hence, this article explains the mechanisms of Salmonella infection in chicken, its persistence in different environments and the approaches in controlling chicken salmonellosis. Pathogenicity Islands, Chicken, Infection.


Children, even at early ages, construct explanations for how the natural world works based on their daily observations of nature and the information they are exposed in their culture. The day and night cycle is one of the regularities that is easily observable by young children. Children, as young as two years old, begin to notice the differences and similarities between activities that are typically associated with day and night and celestial objects in the day and night skies (Trundle, Sackes, Smith, & Miller, 2012). Based on these early observations and experience with day and night skies, children construct causal explanations about what makes day and night. Childrens explanations or mental models of natural phenomena, however, are mostly contrary to scientific explanations and have potential to impede childrens learning of scientific concepts in later grades (Trundle & Sackes, 2012).To date, a large body of literature dealing with young childrens conceptual understandings of the day and night cycle has been generated (Sackes, 2015). Nevertheless, such studies with young children are very few in Turkish literature on early childhood science education (Dogru & $eker, 2012; Kucukozer & Bostan, 2010). Limited studies with Turkish kindergartners, however, are solely based on either childrens verbal explanations or drawings, which are ineffective in identifying childrens causal explanations due to young childrens limitations in language and ability in representing 3D phenomena in two-dimensions. Moreover, studies suggest that while children in different cultures may share some common intuitive and synthetic mental models of the day and night cycle, they also have some unique models (Diakidoy, Vosniadou & Hawks, 1997; Samarapungavan, Vosniadou & Brewer, 1996). Similarly, compared with their peers in different cultures, young Turkish children might have similar and/or unique conceptions of the day and night cycle. Therefore, studies documenting the content of the young Turkish childrens minds are required because it has profound implications for curriculum planning and the design of pedagogical techniques appropriate for young children.The findings of the earliest study conducted with children regarding their conceptions of the day and night cycle revealed that the apparent motion of the sun in the sky was the most common explanation for the day and night cycle offered by young children (Piaget, 1972). Subsequent studies with children from preschool to early elementary grades corroborated the findings of Piaget (e.g. Kucukozer & Bostan, 2010; Sharp, 1996; Valanides, Gritsi, Kampeza & Ravanis, 2000). For instance, in a study conducted with 33 five- to six-year-old Greek children, the movement of the sun in the sky was the most common explanation for the day and night cycle (Valanides et ah, 2000). A similar response pattern was observed in a study conducted with over 100 Greek children (Kallery, 2011). However, a considerable number of children asserted that deviations in suns strength during the course of the entire day are responsible for the day and night cycle. These children claimed that the sun is strong in the morning, it becomes stronger in the day, and the sun loses its strength toward the end of the day which darkens the sky.Recent studies conducted with Turkish kindergartners indicated that the movement of the sun in the sky was the most popular explanation among young Turkish children (Dogru & $eker, 2012; Kucukozer & Bostan, 2010). Kucukozer and Bostan (2010) observed that some children associated the day and night cycle with the existence or absence of the moon in the sky. These children explained that when the moon is not in the sky it is daytime, and when the moon is up in the sky, it is nighttime, showing no awareness that the moon can be observed both during daytime and nighttime. Some children asserted that by covering the sun at certain times, clouds cause the day and night cycle. …


The seasonal composition of and the annual variation in the diet of the brown bear Ursus arctos in the Pasvik Valley, northeastern Norway, were estimated based on the analysis of 137 bear scats. The importance of moose Alces alces and reindeer Rangifer tarandus in the diet was given special attention, because results from Russia suggest that brown bears are generally more carnivorous in the north. Ungulates, especially adult moose, comprised the most important food item for bears in the Pasvik Valley during spring and summer, contributing 85 and 70% of the Estimated Dietary Energy Content (EDEC), respectively. During autumn, when the bears have to build up fat reserves and increase lean body mass for hibernation, berries were the most important food item, contributing 49% of the EDEC, but ungulates were still important, contributing 30% of the EDEC. Insects and vegetation were of low importance in all seasons. The proportion of ungulates in the diet of brown bears in the Pasvik Valley was considerably higher than farther south in Scandinavia, and this regional difference is important concerning bear and moose management in northern areas.


In the majority of patients with acute appendicitis, the diagnosis is based on symptoms and clinical signs, and roentgenologic examination is limited to cases in which there is an atypical presentation or delayed diagnosis, or in order to evaluate complications. In the present paper, some less common roentgenologic findings associated with acute perforative appendicitis are described, including cecosigmoid fistula, lesser sac abscess, circumscribed lesion of the sigmoid colon and appendiceal "diverticulum."


Summary Subcutaneous administration of dinitrophend in varying amounts from 10 nig. to 24 mg./k., over a period of 37 days, had no apparent effect on the production of agglutinins for B. pnmfgpltoszu I3 in rahbits. Large amounts, 30 to 40 mg. per kilo, sufficient to increase the temperature several degrees, did not significantly alter the agglutinin-titers. Similar large doses given after a rest period of from 4 to 11 months failed to cause a secondary rise in titer except in one instance. A very slight decrease in complement-content took place in 2 of 3 experiments following large doses of dinitrophenol. The above results did not encourage more extensive investigation.


The invention provides a deinking agent composition which comprises an A agent and a B agent. The A agent comprises the following components by mass portion: 100 mass portions of chlorinated lime with 50% to 70% of effective content and 70 to 90 mass portions of sodium hypochlorite aqueous solution with 10% to 14% of effective content. The B agent comprises the following components by mass portion: 100 mass portions of acetone and 0.4 to 0.6 mass portion of nekal BX. By adopting the deinking agent composition provided by the invention, carbon powder ink marks, pencil writing ink marks, and the like on waste paper can be thoroughly removed so as to obtain recycled new paper, environmental protection and treatment and utilization of special confidential data are facilitated, office cost is reduced simultaneously, and low-carbon economy is promoted.


The Syntactic Atlas of Dutch Dialects (SAND, volume 2; Barbiers, van der Auwera, Bennis, Boef, De Vogelaer en Van der Ham 2008) claims that Frisian has the Infinitivus-pro-Participio effect in clusters of three verbs, and, surprisingly, even in clusters of two verbs. It is argued here that both claims are wrong and that the claims are caused by an incorrect analysis of verbal endings in Frisian. More specifically, the occasional homophony in Frisian of the gerund with the past participle has been misinterpreted and both have been incorrectly analysed as verbal infinitives, because of their orthographical resemblance to Dutch infinitives.


Abstact: Rural banking (Bank Perkreditan Rakyat – BPR) have realize that self management practices will give important contribution to the work satisfaction. This research investigates the role of self management practices influencing work satisfaction for employees in rural banking (BPR). It is a survey research by survey research type. The respondents are participants from employees in rural banking organizations in Magelang regency, Central Java. The technique of sampling utilizes purposive sampling. The amount of sample, which required the criteria to be examining, is 111 respondents. The technique of statistics applied in this research is parsial regression. The result of hypothesis examining explains that; there is planning and goal setting influence to work satisfaction; there is access management influence to work satisfaction; there is catch up activities influence to work satisfaction; and there is emotion management influence to work satisfaction.
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Key words: self management practices (planning and goal setting, access management, catch up activities, emotion management), work satisfaction.


Kuntiyawichai, K. and Limkatanyu, S. State of the art in quality assurance issues of structures with particular emphasis on strength degradation Songklanakarin J. Sci. Technol., 2006, 28(6) : 1289-1304 With the increase of the economic competition in the industrial world, much attention is being paid to the deterioration of the design structures before and after their first use. Even with the highest quality of materials and workmanship, the occurrence of some form of imperfections during manufacture is inevitable and there will be a typical distribution of imperfection sizes associated with a particular manufacturing process and quality. The origin of defects in a material can take place during manufacturing stage, or during assembly, installation, commissioning or during in service. The defects will be generated due to deterioration of the component/structure which, in turn, results in deterioration of mechanical properties, crack initiation and propagation, leaks in pressurized components and catastrophic failures. Hence, Non Destructive Inspection (NDI) is required at regular intervals and the results can be used for maintenance to mitigate fatigue risk. However, no in-service inspection is perfect. NDI outputs normally depend on many uncertain factors such as the condition of the inspected structure and its service environment etc. In order to take into 1


The achievements obtained and main approaches adopted in the field of technological invention by WISCO since 1993,and "the 9 th Five Year Plan"in particular have been summarized and problems concerning this field discussed as well.


Among the many highlights of his distinguished career, one of the great scientific contributions of S. Fred Singer is his work with the Nongovernmental International Panel on Climate Change (NIPCC). Formed by Dr. Singer in the early 2000s, this organization of scientists has emerged as one of the leading institutions challenging the contentions that are made in the periodic United Nations reports on climate change. This article briefly describes Dr. Singer's involvement with the NIPCC, from its creation to the publication of its most recent Climate Change Reconsidered reports


Abstract Factors affecting the amount of milk sold and its fat and protein content were evaluated. Data in the analysis were monthly milk sold and its average fat and protein content from 359 producers for 1975, 1976, and 1977 in the Midwest. Monthly fluctuations in protein content were similar but less pronounced and consistent than fluctuations in fat content. The regression of monthly herd average protein content on fat content was about .4. The effect of three pricing systems on the average price received by producers for their milk was evaluated. The pricing systems included the present system with only a fat differential, a system with both a fat and protein differential (fat-protein system), and a system with a fat differential and protein differential utilizing an expected protein content estimated from the fat content (Froker-Hardin system). Total payout was the same for the three pricing systems. For each of the assumed protein differentials, the present pricing system overcompensated producers of low fat milk and undercompensated producers of high fat milk. The fat-protein and the Froker-Hardin system resulted in about the same average price for milk of different fat levels. However, significant differences in payment occurred between the Froker-Hardin and fat-protein system for milk from different producers containing the same fat content because of differences in protein content.


The Black-Scholes Option pricing model (BSOPM) has long been in use for valuation of equity options to find the prices of stocks. In this work, using BSOPM, we have come up with a comparative analytical approach and numerical technique to find the price of call option and put option and considered these two prices as buying price and selling price of stocks of frontier markets so that we can predict the stock price (close price). Changes have been made to the model to find the parameters strike price and the time of expiration for calculating stock price of frontier markets. To verify the result obtained using modified BSOPM we have used machine learning approach using the software Rapidminer, where we have adopted different algorithms like the decision tree, ensemble learning method and neural network. It has been observed that, the prediction of close price using machine learning is very similar to the one obtained using BSOPM. Machine learning approach stands out to be a better predictor over BSOPM, because Black-Scholes-Merton equation includes risk and dividend parameter, which changes continuously. We have also numerically calculated volatility. As the prices of the stocks goes high due to overpricing, volatility increases at a tremendous rate and when volatility becomes very high market tends to fall, which can be observed and determined using our modified BSOPM. The proposed modified BSOPM has also been explained based on the analogy of Schrodinger equation (and heat equation) of quantum physics.


This road map outlines the 2011 key goals and strategies of the Hawaii Clean Energy Initiative, was founded based on a Memorandum of Understanding between the State of Hawaii and the U.S. Department of Energy in 2008.


Abstract : The purpose of this project is to use a case-study approach to analyze the effectiveness and efficiency of other transaction (OT) agreements and the OT Consortium Model to acquire innovative renewable energy solutions. OTs are typically used for prototypes; however, the fiscal year (FY) 2016National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) expands the use of OT authority per statute 10 U.S.C. 2371. Our research includes interviews with Defense Innovative UnitExperimental personnel to highlight their experience with innovative businesses previously reluctant to pursue federal contracts.Additionally, our research leverages best practices from the Army Contracting CommandNew Jersey, as well as industry partners, such as the Consortium for Energy, Environment, and Demilitarization and the National Security Technology Accelerator consortium, to compile recommendations for the Department of the Navys acquisition strategy for renewable energy. The results of this case study include recommendations on the best use of OT agreements to drive innovation into the procurement of renewable energy solutions in accordance with Better Buying Power 3.0 initiatives.


Boccia is one of the largest sports for disabled in Sweden, to the amount of players. The sport is played all over the world; some play for fun and some aim high for World Championships or Paralymp ...


Lyophilized graphene oxide (GO) was thermally exfoliated in stages at predefined temperatures up to 400 °C, and photoluminescence (PL) study of GO and thermally reduced GO (TGO) was carried out at each step. A significant red shift in the PL emission peak (412 nm) was found on annealing GO at 400 °C in comparison to as-synthesized GO (365 nm). In addition, the PL emission at 457 nm in case of as synthesized GO, which is related to topological defects was quenched conspicuously. Samples were characterized using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), UV-visible spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy. Morphological characterization was performed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The detailed analysis presented might help in highlighting and understanding the structural changes related to deoxygenation and the PL emission mechanism of graphene derivatives synthesized at lower temperatures. The study can also be used a tool for comprehending tunable PL emissions for future optoelectronic applications.


Analysis of case laws and legal propositions through rational deductions contribute to the delimitation of maritime boundary disputes among the state parties. The emergence of the principle of equidistance gives pertinence in normal situations to the equitable method of the equidistance line. The privileged status of equidistance method was diminished by the International Court of Justice (ICJ) and Arbitral Tribunals, as a method which in some cases led inequitable results. The notion of equity is at the heart of the delimitation of the Continental Shelf and entered into the delimitation process with the 1945 proclamation of United States President Truman. The concept of proportionality has been taken into account in every judgment relating to maritime delimitation that maritime delimitation should be effected by taking into account the ratio between the water and Continental Shelf areas attributed to each party and the length of their respective coastlines. The author examined relevant principles and case laws including recent judgment of International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS) which established our sovereign rights over the sea. The judgments in Bangladesh v Myanmar case portray land mark judicial activism. The author tried to identify equidistance principle, equitable principle and concept of proportionality in relevant case laws with the aim to explain the application of delimitation principles in the Bangladesh v Myanmar case in determining and exercising sovereign rights over the sea.


Synthesis and Crystal Structure of Vanadium(III) Borophosphate, V2[B(PO4)3]

By reaction of boron phosphate, BPO4, and vanadium(IV)-oxide, VO2, at 1050 °C a hitherto unknown vanadium(III)-borophosphate is formed. Its composition was found to be V2BP3O12, its structure was elucidated by single crystal X-ray diffraction, the cell parameters are: a = b = 13.9882A; c = 7.4515A; α = β = 90°, γ = 120°; Z = 6; space group: P6 3/m. Noteworthy features of the structure are V2O9 units (two VIIIO6 octahedra connected via their faces) and isolated trisphosphatoborate groups, B(PO4)3. By shared oxide ions, the aforementioned groups are interconnected, thus forming a three dimensional network. The structural relation between the title compound and an analogous chromium compound is discussed.


Audit report lag is the time span for completing an audit of annual report conducted by the auditor. The purpose of this study is to find evidence empirical factors affecting the audit report lag. Audit report lag is very important because it can have an impact on the timeliness of accounting information presentation to be used as a decision maker by managers or external parties. There is three factors can affect audit report lag, namely solvency, firm size, and age companies. The population of this research is trading companies listing on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. The number of samples obtained was 32 companies that have been determined by purposive sampling method. Test result shows that the solvency and age variables of the company have no effect against audit report lag. The firm size affects the audit report lag. Keywords: Audit Report Lag, Solvency, Firm Size, Age Companies DOI : 10.7176/RJFA/11-2-02 Publication date: January 31 st 2020


In Islamic jurisprudence, hiyal (sg. hila) signify "legal devices, " or skills used to achieve a certain objective through legal methods. They were not ipso facto "evasions of law" as have been understood. It was common to consult with jurists about certain devices to solve legal problems in daily life. Not to neglect is that hiyal were produced as a result of jurists' ever-lasting endeavor to solve all possible problems using all possibilities allowed by the doctrine, and that they therefore made up an authentic part of jurisprudence except some controversial cases. Among the Sunni schools of law, the Hanafis sanctioned h (iyal most extensively, but the Shafi(is and the Hanbalis, even though criticizing some evasions of law, pursued hiyal within the framework of their jurisprudence. It is only the Malikis of whom no single work on hiyal is known. They adopted the principle of "blocking ways (sadd al-dhara)i()" which run against hiyal. Moreover, they never used the term "hiyal" in their legal discussion. However, we cannot conclude that the Malikis had nothing to do with hiyal which played an important role in the development of Islamic jurisprudence, if we examine the Mudawwana.The Mudawwana, ascribed to Sahnun (d. 240/855), a Maliki jurist and qadi under the Aghlabids, is one of the oldest Islamic legal texts. This text shows that jurisprudence in Qairawan had much in common with its Hanafi counterpart in Baghdad as formulated in the Asl. As one of the most important works of Shaybani (d. 189/805), the Asl represents the authoritative transmission of Hanafi doctrine in all fields of law, including hiyal. For this reason, we find many discussions common to Hanafi hiyal-literature and the Mudawwana. These discussions fall into two groups.In the first group, the hiyal suggested by the Hanafis are rejected as invalid by Malik or his disciple, Ibn al-Qasim (d. 191/806), who was the teacher of Sahnun. The basis of this rejection seems to be the Maliki principle of sadd al-dhara)i(, i. e. "blocking roads" that probably lead to an evil end. In the second group, however, Malik or Ibn Qasim, without using the term hiyal, gives his own solutions, and they, in some cases, differ from those of the Hanafis, and, in other cases, agree with them.


cated in East Lokris on the North Euboean Gulf (fig. 1). It is situated 20 km north of Orchomenos and Gla, 50 km north of Thebes and 60 km northwest of Lefkandi. The University of Tennessee and the 14th Ephorate of the Greek Archaeological Service are carrying out a 5-year collaborative program of excavation and survey of the site under the direction of the authors. We have now completed 4 seasons of excavation, from 2004 through 2007. The islet of Mitrou has a surface area of 3.6 ha. It is quite flat, rising gently to the north to about 12 m above sea level (fig. 2). Archaeological remains cover the entire islet and continue below sea level for about 50 m to the east and west to a depth of 3 m. Thus sea level in antiquity must have been at least 3 m lower than at present and the site probably was not an islet but situated on a low rise close to the shore. Mitrou had never been excavated before the current project. No articulated architecture is visible on the present surface, but two geophysical surveys, carried out by us in 2003 and 2005, showed buried walls and possibly roads covering the entire islet (fig. 3: Tsokas et al. forthcoming). A pick-up survey conducted in 19881989 by Cornell University revealed that the islet was strewn with pottery from the Neolithic through Late Roman periods, the large majority dating to the Late Bronze Age and Protogeometric period (Kramer-Hajos – O'Neill 2008). This suggested that it had been occupied for a long time. In addition, natural scarps created by the sea on the east and west sides of the islet showed deep stratigraphic sequences with readily identifiable architectural features. In the summers of 2006 and 2007 we cleaned a 45-m stretch of the east scarp and found a succession of 25 occupational levels down to sea level (fig. 4). The pottery from those levels ranges in date from Early Helladic II to the Late Helladic III period. Because of its seemingly uninterrupted ocAleydis Van de Moortel, Eleni Zahou


Parent involvement is greatly influenced by the extent to which schools and teachers reach out to parents. Charter schools may be uniquely situated vis-à-vis traditional public schools to create the school organization and policies that can encourage teachers to reach out more. The authors examined the extent to which organizational and teacher-level characteristics account for cross-sector variation in teacher outreach using a matched sample of charter and traditional schools. Teacher efficacy, parent empowerment in classrooms, and home-school contracts accounted for some, but not all, of the higher levels of teacher outreach in the sample charter schools. Specific factors promoting teacher outreach were not limited to the charter sector.


The Postsecondary Education Participation Survey (PEPS) is a new survey designed to collect information on three important themes in Canadian postsecondary education: access to, persistence in and financing of postsecondary education. This report is organised around the three themes of PEPS. It first examines factors that previous research has shown to be related to access, such as parents' expectations, academic performance and parents' level of education. These factors are compared between those who have taken at least some postsecondary education and those who have not. It then looks at how many young adults continue on or complete their postsecondary studies. As a measure of persistence, the study looks at the status of students 18 months after starting their postsecondary studies. More specifically, it examines the postsecondary status as of February or March 2002 for young Canadians who first began their postsecondary education in September 2000. The final section of this report focuses on financing of postsecondary education. It presents total, educational and non-educational expenditures of current, full-time students for one academic year and looks at sources of funding for these students for one academic year.


ABSTRACT In this study, we investigated the kinetics of acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of xylan over a 60 minat 120°C. Sulfuric, oxalic and maleic acids were used as acid catalyst for hydrolysis. The calculateddegradation rate constants (k 1 ) showed a correlation with the acid concentration, meaning that thestronger the acid, the higher the xylan degradation rate. Among sulfuric, oxalic and maleic acidcatalyzed hydrolysis, the xylan degradation rate to xylose was highest with sulfuric acid. At equivalent solution pH, acid catalyzed hydrolysis was proportional to H + concentration. The k 1 of dicarboxylic acid such as oxalic and maleic acid was higher than that of sulfuric acid at same pHvalues during hydrolysis. Keywords: kinetic study, acid-catalyzed hydrolysis, xylan, dicarboxylic acid- 389 - 1) * 1 접수 2012년 9월 13일, 채택 2012년 11월 16일* 2 전남대학교 농업생명과학대학 산림자원학부. Department of Forest Products and Technology (BK21 Program), Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea* 3 전남대학교 농업생명과학대학 바이오에너지공학과. Department of Bioenergy Science and Engineering, Chonman Nati onal University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea† 교신저자(corresponding author) : 이재원(e-mail: email@example.com)


This paper proposes an auto-tuned high frequency low distortion double-MOSFET filter. A 7 MHz fourth-order Butterworth lowpass filter for a disk-drive servo PES (Position Error Signal) system is designed and laid out using a single power supply 5 V 0.8 /spl mu/m DPDM (double-poly double-metal) N-well CMOS technology. The f/sub 3dB/ cutoff frequency tolerance is 1.1% simulated according to process variation and temperature change in the 0/spl deg/-75/spl deg/C range. The active area, including biasing, the double-MOSFET SC tuned system, and the filter, is 0.8 mm/spl times/1.3 mm, and the filter consumes 68 mW.<<ETX>>


We construct the 4DN = 2 SCFTs of class-S, which stem from the E8 (2,0) theory. There are 49,836 isolated SCFTs which arise as 3-punctured spheres. Of these, 149 are "mixed" (contain free hypermultiplets accompanying the interacting SCFT) and 775 have enhanced global symmetries (beyond the manifest global symmetry associated to the punctures). Among the 49,836 3-punctured spheres we find (after removing any free hypermultiplets which may be present) 29 that are product SCFTs. Turning to 4-punctured spheres, we find 1,025,438 4D SCFTs arising as a gauging (with a simple gauge group) of a pair of 3-punctured spheres. We discuss a number of applications, including recovering several known 4D SCFTs. Our full set of results can be accessed on the Web at https://golem.ph.utexas.edu/class-S/E8/. ar X iv :1 80 2. 09 62 6v 1 [ he pth ] 2 6 Fe b 20 18


Abstract In modulating the commencement of Rayleigh-Bénard convection, thermal/gravitational modulation refers to its promising uses in various technical and scientific disciplines, including crystal formation, space laboratory research, and atmospheric convection. The aim of the study is to demonstrate the effect of thermal/gravitational modulation on the onset of stability and heat transfer of the Rayleigh-Bénard magnetoconvection with variable viscosity. The disturbance produced by the thermal/gravitational modulation is expanded in terms of the power series of the amplitude of the convection, and a non-autonomous Ginzburg-Landau equation is derived. The numerical solution of the Ginzburg-Landau equation is obtained using the classical Runge-Kutta method, which helps to determine the necessary amplitudes for the quantification of heat transfer. The examination of the data demonstrates that the commencement of convection and heat transfer can be advanced or suppressed by appropriately adjusting the problem's parameters. The issue also shows how different parameters affect the Nusselt number, which measures the heat transfer coefficient.


A theory of the evolution and collapse of pairs of resonances because of a change in the strength (thickness) of the inner barrier is developed in a model of effective masses and symmetric, square, potential barriers for an electron in a planar three-barrier structure. Analytical and numerical calculations of the spectral parameters (resonance energies and widths) are performed by the transmission coefficient and probability distribution function method using the transfer and S matrices. It is shown that the collapse of the resonance energies and widths of all quasistationary states in a symmetric three-barrier structure occurs for practically the same thicknesses of the inner barriers, somewhat greater than the total thickness of the outer barriers. It is established that with respect to the square-barrier model the δ model overestimates the resonance energies by 10% and the resonance widths by almost a factor of 2.


Oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB), nowadays, has not been fully utilised economically and is always subjected to environmental concern, whereas its handling in the palm oil mill also consumes unproductive cost and energy. In this work oil palm empty fruit bunch filled polypropylene composites were prepared using solution technique and reactive processing in a screw extruder. Results indicate that in the first technique, tensile strength of the composites increases with increasing oil palm empty fruit bunch loading up to 20% (by weight) in the presence of 3% (by weight) of acrylic acid and 0.01 mol ratio of dicumyl peroxide. However the elongation at break shows decreasing trend. Similar observation was also obtained for composites prepared in a single screw extruder. Results from SEM, GPC and IR spectra show that better compatibility between oil palm empty fruit bunch and polypropylene was achieved in the presence of acrylic acid.


This paper aims at identifying the probable impact of board gender diversity on the key business operational areas explored by the existing published research. Moreover, the study also emphasises exploring the role of board gender diversity in the Indian banking sector. The data from existing literature from 2000 to 2022 have been extracted from the Scopus database. By devising VOSviewer software, citation analysis and bibliographic coupling analysis were conducted to identify the influential documents, authors and journals that made significant contributions to this segment of research. According to the findings of the study, no significant research has been conducted to determine the impact of board gender diversity on various key operational aspects of the banking sector. It also discovers that the majority of the studies were carried out in European countries. The Indian context is still underexplored. The study suggests key research questions, the answers to which can be investigated by future researchers.


The deepwater mud-bottom community identified previously as one of three benthic infauna communities off the coast of Washington was found at mean depths of 154.5 m in sediments with a mean mud per...


The article considers case technology as an effective tool for implementing a competent approach in higher education, which contributes to the development of the students' personality, activates them towards self-determination, self-education and the formation of professional competencies. Based on the content analysis of the key concept of the research, scientific views are systematized to determine the essence of case technology. The main aspects of use of pedagogical cases are revealed, which are based on situational approach and activate intellectual and creative students' activity. The problem of using case technology in the process of forming professional competence among future teachers of humanitarian specialties is described. The technological features of the case method are determined in terms of the relationship with other pedagogical technologies. It focuses on the advantages of using case technology in the process of developing professional competence among future teachers of humanitarian specialties. The practical experience of using case technology and the main stages of working with the case are highlighted. Thus it is considered that case-technology plays fundamental role in the formation of both professional and personal qualities of high-quality and marketable specialists and makes them competitive at the labour market.


This comprehensive resource provides developmentally appropriate interventions for counseling children and adolescents who have experienced a wide range of grief and loss, including secondary and intangible losses such as moving or divorce. The book synthesizes current research and best-practice approaches for counseling youth. It provides a method for assessing individual needs and offers guidelines for selecting appropriate counseling strategies. Through numerous case examples, the authors describe youths' cognitive, emotional, and behavioral responses to loss. They address important issues, such as myths about grief and loss in youth; cultural, religious, and family considerations; trust and safety concerns; tragic and stigmatizing losses; and the life-long impact of losses experienced in childhood and adolescence. An essential resource for counselors, social workers, and psychologists in schools and other settings. Also highly recommended as a supplementary college text.


The curators introduce this exhibition of performance art with a consideration of the ramifications of the artist's gesture in public space. Kocache recounts the catastrophic events that led to the cancellation of the exhibition in New York and its relocation to Montreal. The artists are interviewed by the curators; the discussion focuses on the relational nature of the work, particularly in its public manifestations. Text in French and English. Biographical notes.


About 9.3 million metric tons of hazardous waste generated has to be incinerated every yearwhich leave adverse effects on the environment. Biotechnology gives promising ways to not only disinfect and destroy the hazardous, toxic and infectious potential of the waste but also transforms it into material which can be reused. Vermicomposting is used to convert infectious biodegradable waste containing various pathogenic microorganisms to an innocuous waste. Cyanides are peculiar industrial wastes and they can be bio treated by Pseudomonas, achromobacter, flavobacterium, nocardia, bdellovibrio and mycobacterium. Fungal strains are a bioremediation tool for asbestos waste, a carcinogenic fibrous material. Biotechnological applications like Bioleaching, biosorption, phytoextraction and phytostabilisationetcetra help recover metals. Technology of engineering Halophiles and other extremophiles can be used to decontaminate highly toxic waste. Also, for the removal of reactive and hazardous compounds like phenols, hydrogen sulphide and anilines from industrial waste waters, a new peroxide based enzymatic method has been developed. Various biological methods were probed and significance of biotechnology in this field was assessed.


Objectives:  The development of clinical practice guidelines (CPG) is a core task in EDs and CPGs are widely used. The process of CPGs development in Australian and New Zealand ED is unknown. We aim to describe this process in paediatric EDs and examine the feasibility of developing collaborative guidelines.


In ruminants, interferon-tau (IFN–τ)  is well known as an important pregnancy factor. Interferon-tau as antiluteolytic cytokine is secreted from the tropoblast during the time of implantation. About 10 – 15% of pregnancy losses in cows were possibly due to the lack of IFN–τ to maintain corpus luteum. Interferon-tau induces some early pregnancy factors which are expressed around 15 days post insemination. This has led that IFN–τ to be a strong candidate for the development of ruminant early pregnancy tests. The aim of this paper is to review the existing literatures on the roles of IFN–τ in biology reproduction as well as researches that have been carried out on reproductive biotechnology especially in regards to the development of early pregnancy test for ruminant. It can be concluded that administration of IFN–τ is able to improve reproductive performance of female ruminants experimentally. Interferon-tau and its derivates can be used to develop a rapid test for early pregnancy diagnostic. Key words: Interferon-tau, early pregnancy test, ruminant


A quasi log periodic Koch-dipole array (LPKDA) antenna is miniaturized by decreasing the length of the antenna using top loading structure. The antenna is manufactured by three-dimensional (3-D) printing technology. The simulated -10-dB impedance bandwidth is 117.4% (0.91GHz~3.54GHz). The simulated realized gain is 6.6 dBi. Compared to a λ/2-element LPDA., the proposed antenna features 40% length reduction.


This case study describes the variety of techniques used in occupational therapy to restore function in a severely incapacitated client suffering from action myoclonus. While most studies on myoclonus centre on drug treatment, this article discusses the key role occupational therapy can play in motor relearning. It is suggested that occupational therapy was successful in helping a client with profound functional problems to regain some level of independence.


This research topic is about: "THE REFORM OF ARTICLE 107 OF THE SOCIAL SECURITY LAW, POSSIBLE THE AFFILIATE TO ACCESS MATERNITY CONTINGENCY", a situation that must be regulated since today the rights of public employees are being violated, because in failing to comply with the twelve contributions, they cannot access the maternity contingency, which, in our view, should not be.

The constitutional framework establishes the Social Security, as a universal as well as its law of application however this right is limited in determining a quantity of contributions to the members of the Social Security, reason why this causes a series of familiar inconveniences, Economic, social and more than all legal aspects; In this research field techniques were used where it is demonstrated that through the instruments used and the various approaches the feasibility of the proposed topic…..


Two complexes,Fe(pda)2(H2O)4(1) and [FeCo(pda)4(H2O)4]n(2)(pda=3-(3-pyridyl) acrylate acid),were synthesized by hydrothermal reaction,and characterized by elemental analysis,IR spectroscopy,TG-GDA,and single crystal X-ray diffraction technique.Both compounds belong to monoclinic system,space group P21/n with a=1.138 64(18) nm,b=0.706 04(12) nm,c=1.215 8(2) nm,β=112.492(2)°,V=0.903 0(3) nm3,Z=2,Dc=1.560 g·cm-3,F(000)=440,μ=0.883 mm-1,R1=0.031 6,wR2=0.088 9 for 1;space group P21/c with a=1.697 8(2) nm,b=0.547 00(8) nm,c=1.803 9(3) nm,β=106.242(2)°,V=1.608 4(4) nm3,Z=2,Dc=1.609 g·cm-3,F(000)=802,μ=1.039 mm-1,R1=0.029 1,wR2=0.065 6 for 2.In complex 1,the Fe(Ⅱ) central ion is six-coordinated by two N atoms from two 3-(3-pyridyl) acrylate acid and four O atoms from four coordinated water molecules,and the carboxyl group of the ligand is not involved in coordination.The three-dimensional supramolecular structure of complex 1 is constructed by hydrogen bonds of O-H(coordinated water molecule)…O(carboxyl group).In complex 2,both N atom of the pyridyl and O atom of the carboxylate of the ligand are involved in coordination,and the carboxylate takes the mode of the monodentate.The bridging of the ligand connects the metal ions into a two-dimensional layer structure.


Yield increase was studied in an experiment by planting potato cv.Favorita in a smash-ridging in the rice filed in winter as compared with traditional winter potato cultivation.In smash-ridging,the plough layer was 20 cm in depth,and the loosen soil was up to 30 cm,increasing by 5 cm and 10 cm,respectively,as compared with the control.Plant height,root quantity,root length,and tuber yield were increased by 33.03%,37.56%,52.04%,and 25.05%,respectively.The marketable potato tuber percentage was also increased by 3.7 percent points.This experiment indicated that yield and marketable potato tuber percentage could be increased by using smash-ridging cultivation


The utility model discloses a pair of gloves with supporting systems. Each supporting system comprises a plurality of independent supporting elements, and each supporting element comprises a plurality of bow-shaped supporting parts which circle or surround one part of fingers to protect the fingers as well as to allow forward bend action. The supporting system can help to reduce the over-stretch and the possibility of the blocking of the fingers and protect the fingers from the transverse or the lateral impact.


The study was conducted to evaluate the genetic similarity between the major commercial and the landraces rice varieties in Yunnan and the rice varieties from different geographic regions.The genetic similarity and cluster of 90 accessions of tested rice variety from 9 countries were analyzed using 48 SSR markers.The results showed that totally 269 numbers of allele(Na) were detected among these tested rice varieties with the average number of alleles per pair of primers was 5.604,with a range from 3 to 10.Totally 159.775 effective number of alleles(Ne) were detected with the average number of effects per pair of primers was 3.329,with a range from 1.578 to 6.090.The average value of locus polymorphism information content(PIC) was 0.661,with a range from 0.366 to 0.836.The range of genetic similar index among tested rice varieties from different countries was from 0.021 to 0.875,with the average of 0.328.Cluster analysis results showed that 90 tested varieties could be distinguished as indica and japonica at the similarity coefficient levelof 0.212.Cluster analysis could be classified better into groups according to geographical regions also.The genetic similarity of japonica was higher than that of indica among the subspecies.On the basis of the above data,the genetic diversity of the landraces was higher,but the genetic similarity was higher among the improved japonica rice varieties from Yunnan Province.It is suggested that more attention should be paid to both conservation of rice landraces as well as to the study of differentiation between Oryza sativa indica and japonica subspecies in Yunnan Province.


Objective We aimed to provide references for nurses allocation by selecting the nursing items and measuring nursing time. Methods We recorded the nursing workload of 130 nurses in 10 wards within one week by literature review, Delphi method and questionnaire investigation. Results Totally 125 items of nursing items were included,101 of which were direct nursing items and 24 of which were indirect ones.The average time per day per patient was 185.1 minutes for level one nursing,95.4 minutes for level two nursing, 58.5 minutes for level three nursing.Average nursing time per day,working time per day per nurse and nursing time per day for per patient in each unit had statistical difference,P<0.05.The time for direct nursing items was 64.13% and for indirect nursing items was 35.87%. Conclusions Allocation of nurses according to measurement of nursing time could reach the aim of reasonable allocation and effective utilization of nursing human resource.

Key words:
Nursing time;  Allocation according to requirement;  Nursing human resource


We present the design of, and the science drivers for, the Visible Integral-field Replicable Unit Spectrograph (VIRUS). This instrument is made up of 145 individually small and simple spectrographs, each fed by a fiber integral field unit. The total VIRUS-145 instrument covers ~30 sq. arcminutes per observation, providing integral field spectroscopy from 340 to 570 nm, simultaneously, of 35,670 spatial elements, each 1 sq. arcsecond on the sky. This corresponds to 15 million resolution elements per exposure. VIRUS-145 will be mounted on the Hobby-Eberly Telescope and fed by a new wide-field corrector with 22 arcminutes diameter field of view. VIRUS represents a new approach to spectrograph design, offering the science multiplex advantage of huge sky coverage for an integral field spectrograph, coupled with the engineering multiplex advantage of >100 spectrographs making up a whole. VIRUS is designed for the Hobby-Eberly Telescope Dark Energy Experiment (HETDEX) which will use baryonic acoustic oscillations imprinted on the large-scale distribution of Lyman-α emitting galaxies to provide unique constraints on the expansion history of the universe that can constrain the properties of dark energy.


Most welfare programs seek to ensure that poor families have adequate income while at the same time encouraging self-sufficiency. Based on studies of 28 programs involving more than 100,000 sample members, this synthesis compares the costs, benefits, and returns on investment of six welfare program strategies - from the perspectives of participants, government budgets, and society as a whole.


This Article advocates that the Supreme Court recalibrate the avoidance canon it uses in Erie cases in which Federal Rules are in potential conflict with state law. The Article examines the Court's historical use of avoidance in Erie cases, observing that contemporary jurists inappropriately conflate the purposes of pre- and post-Hanna avoidance when they conclude that avoidance in both periods protected state interests. Avoidance in the post-Hanna period has been premised on protecting important state interests and regulatory policies, but pre-Hanna avoidance attempted, with mixed success, to protect the Federal Rules. The Article also discusses the Court's post-Hanna focus on federalism interests as the guiding principle for avoidance, which has permitted state law to override Federal Rules and has permitted differing interpretations of a single Federal Rule in diversity and federal question cases. This focus has permitted replication, on a Rule-by-Rule basis, of the results realized under Guaranty Trust's outcome determinative principle. In the Court's most recent Erie case, Shady Grove Orthopedic Associates, P.A. v. Allstate Insurance Co, 130 S. Ct. 1431 (2010), the justices, for the first time, enage in an extended discussion of the extent and nature of an appropriate avoidance principle. Justice Scalia, in dicta, proposes a type of "classical" or "narrow" avoidance; Justice Stevens, in concurrence, suggests a broader avoidance canon modeled on "serious doubts" principles, which would counsel avoidance if the most natural construction of a Rule would raise serious doubts about the Rule's validity under the Rules Enabling Act (REA); and Justice Ginsburg, in dissent, advocates avoidance based almost solely on respect for important state interests and regulatory policies. The Article concludes that an avoidance principle is warranted in REA cases, and it should be based on analogy to construing statutes narrowly to avoid serious constitutional doubts, in a manner similar to the avoidance principles proffered by Justice Stevens in Shady Grove.


Book review: Starr Hoffman (ed). London: Facet Publishing, 2016. ISBN 978-1783300-495. 176pp, £49.95stg, pbk. In this lively and diverse account of the broadening role of research support in
academic libraries, editor Starr Hoffman makes the case for libraries to think collaboratively and creatively in a rapidly changing environment. In the preface, she argues that all sizes and kinds of academic libraries are shifting to broader forms of research support, 'research' being taken to refer to a wide variety of scholarship across all disciplines. The book sets out to consider new models of research support, and to inspire practitioners to think more deeply about how we identify, and then successfully meet, the needs of our particular user base. In this, the contributors have done a good job.


Marine fungi are the potential and promising sources for biologically active secondary metabolite productions. Secondary metabolites are the chemical compounds that are produced during the stationary phase of the organism. Many years of study revealed that fungi are excellent sources for novel bioactive secondary metabolites. In the present study fungi were isolated from marine water samples and serial dilution method was performed to isolate single colonies. Later microscopic and macroscopic observations were done to identify the organism. Organisms are inoculated into medium for production of secondary metabolites. One week later ethyl acetate is added to the broth in 1:1 ratio and kept for incubation in shaker. Solvent is separated by separating funnel and solvent is extracted by rotavapour to collect the crude extract. Crude extract is dissolved in DMSO and further tested for biological activities. The Fungi was identified as Fusarium species and its secondary metabolites showed potential antimicrobial activity. The present work was attempted to isolate organisms which are capable of producing efficient antibacterial and antifungal compounds. Further we identified the organism as Fusarium sp. The future scope of this work is to isolate these biologically active compounds to use in pharmaceutical applications.


Christian Nawroth*, Eberhard von Borell 3 Department of Animal Husbandry & Ecology, Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional 4 Sciences, Martin-Luther-University, Halle, GER 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 * Corresponding author 16 Christian Nawroth 17 Department of Animal Husbandry & Ecology 18 Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences 19 Theodor-Lieser-Str. 11 20 06120 Halle, Germany 21 Phone: +49-345-5522336 22 Fax: +49-345-5527106 23 Email address: email@example.com 24


Usability is an important quality indicator for interactive IT products, such as e-learning courses, and can directly impact learning effectiveness, efficiency and satisfaction. In this study, we use eye tracking method together with traditional interviewing and observing methods to evaluate and examine the functionality and usability of the homepage of an e-learning course. Through the use of eye tracking in the usability experiment, we learned finer points and developed confidence in our understanding about what drew attention, and why, on the course homepage, and by studying what people looked at and did not look at, we were able to glean more detailed insights about how the web user worked his or her way through usable and unusable designs. The integration usage of eye tracking with interviewing method produced strong corroborative results. It provided us with a richer interpretation than either technique alone. The findings from this report contribute to a broader process of iterative design and continuous development of e-learning courses or e-learning applications functionality to be effective, efficient and satisfying for students.


A process for producing a biodiesel using 1,3-specific lipase and non-specific lipase is provided to maximize production efficiency of the biodiesel by simultaneously using 1,3-specific lipase and non-specific lipase, thereby obtaining high conversion ratio and reducing the reaction time. The process for producing a biodiesel comprises the step of using an oil and fat and an alcohol as a matrix and adding 1,3-specific lipase and non-specific lipase to the matrix at the same time. The 1,3-specific lipase is a lipase derived from Rhizopus oryzae. The non-specific lipase is a lipase derived from Candida rugosa. The process comprises the step of using the 1,3-specific lipase and the non-specific lipase at a weight ratio of 1:5 to 5:1. The lipase is an immobilized lipase. The oil and fat are selected from natural oil and fat, processed oil and fat, and waste oil and fat. The alcohol is selected from methanol, ethanol, propanol, and butanol. The step is performed by reacting the 1,3-specific lipase and the non-specific lipase with the matrix at 40 to 50 deg.C.


The upflow anaerobic sludge blanket(UASB) is used to treat penicillin wastewater.The start-up,the characteristics of granular sludge and the treatment effect of the up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket(UASB) reactor under mid-temperature(33~35 ℃) are studied.The results indicate that it spends 80 days to start up UASB by gradually increasing the influent penicillin wastewater concentration after sludge seeding.When the influent COD is 4 000 mg/L,the removal rate of COD is more than 84% the volumetric COD loading rate reaches 3.36 kg/(m3·d),and the gas production reaches 5.9 L/d.The granular sludge obtained in the reactor has particle size of about 2 mm.


When the peer review organization in Florida sounded an alarm about unnecessary medical admissions with the diagnosis of dehydration, a Tampa hospital decided to make the issue a priority. Although St. Joseph's Hospital was performing better than average, it still found ways to reduce the number of inappropriate admissions and improve related outcome measures.


supersymmetry in four spacetime dimensions is intimately related to hyperkähler and quaternionic Kähler geometries. On one hand, the target spaces for rigid supersymmetric sigma-models are necessarily hyperkähler manifolds. On the other hand, when coupled to supergravity, the sigma-model target spaces must be quaternionic Kähler. It is known that such manifolds of restricted holonomy are difficult to generate explicitly. Projective superspace is a field-theoretic approach to construct general supersymmetric nonlinear sigma-models, and hence to generate new hyperkähler and quaternionic Kähler metrics. Intended for a mixed audience consisting of both physicists and mathematicians, these lectures provide a pedagogical introduction to the projective-superspace approach.


The use of the term of robustness as applied to structures and the awareness of its meaning as opposed to attitude to progressive collapse was intensified following some well known cases, starting in 1968 from the partial collapse of the Ronan Point Building in the UK. During the last 10 years, the design criteria of major civil buildings has been even more focused towards the need for limiting the escalation of damage due to terrorist attacks.


Pride and Prejudice, a masterpiece by the famous British female writer Jane Austen in the 19th century, is also Jane Austen's earliest novel, which took a year to complete. In Pride and Prejudice, Jane Austen successfully created a new era of women-Elizabeth, starting with the arrogance and prejudice of the hero Darcy and the heroine Elizabeth. After several twists and turns, the hero and heroine finally became a beautiful couple. The Jane Austen was different from the British popular literary language creation model at the time. She was bold and innovative, using female delicate thinking, exaggerated irony, simple, lively and vivid yet charming literary language, and created a book about A masterpiece of life and marriage thinking. Therefore, this article will discuss Pride and Prejudice from the perspective of literary language, and at the same time help readers better understand the connotation and internal meaning.


The udder conformation and milk yield characteristics of agropastoral goats were evaluated using records obtained from a total of 250 does at two locations (Jigawa and Katsina States) over a period of one year. The udder conformation characteristics measured were udder circumference(UC), udder height (UH), distance between teats (DT), teat length (TL), and teat circumference (TC).While the milk yield characteristics were initial yield (IY), average daily yield (ADY), total yield (TY), peak yield (PY), peak day (PD), lactation length (LL) and last day yield (LDY). The effect of age, parity, breed and coat colour on udder conformation and milk yield characteristics were determined using GLM procedures of SAS; the phenotypic relationship between the udder conformation and milk production characteristics were equally determined. The phenotypic correlation amongst the milk production traits were significantly positive (P˂0.05; r = 0.261-0.926), similarly phenotypic correlation between udder conformation characteristics and milk yield characteristics were positive except the correlation between PD and udder conformation Original Research Article Sam et al.; ARJA, 3(2): 1-9, 2017; Article no.ARJA.31593 2 characteristics which were negatively weak (r = 0.007 to -0.007). It was concluded that age, parity,breed and coat colour were factors constituting variations in udder conformation and milk yield characteristics in goats; and morphological characteristics of udder had strong relationship with milk yield, and can be use as selection criteria for improvement of milk yield in goats.


THE AUTHOR STATES THAT, IN SPITE OF LACKING TECHNICAL AND OPERATIONAL EFFICIENCY, TOWN PLANNING IS BECOMING AN INCREASINGLY POPULAR DISCIPLINE. THE SOCIAL ASPECTS OF TOWN PLANNING ARE EXAMINED AND ASSESSED. THE STUDY IS BASED ON ONE SPECIFIC CASE: THE ROLE OF PLANNING IN THE DUNKERQUE REGION. ALTHOUGH THE DATA ARE SPECIFIC TO ONE REGION, THEY FACILITATE THE DETAILED ANALYSIS OF THE SETTING UP AND MODIFICATION OF ADMINISTRATIVE BODIES AND CORRESPONDING PLANNING ORGANIZATIONS. THE STUDY WAS THREEFOLD: MODIFICATIONS FOR REGULATING THE EFFECTS OF THE POLICY, INSTITUTIONAL BODIES, TOWN PLANNING DATA. FOR THE COVERING ABSTRACT, SEE IRRD ABSTRACT NO 106219.


Cemented carbide was fabricated under electric field with Gleeble thermal instrument.The effects of sintering temperature on sintering products were discussed.The results show that electric field can decrease the formation temperature(750 ℃) of liquid phase,which is much lower than that of traditional sintering(1350 ℃).Moreover,due to short sintering time,electric field can effectively reduce the grain growth of WC.During sintering process,intermediate phases(Co3W3C,Co6W6C) are detected.Besides,average particle size of the sintering products grows with the sintering temperature increasing.When temperature reaches 1000℃,the grain size of WC is about 1.5 μm,which is much smaller than that of traditional sintering.


Nicolai Foss and Libby Weber (2016) propose augmenting the microfoundations of transaction cost economics (TCE) through enriching the bounded rationality concept. They argue that psychological frames and biases, when linked to different hierarchical forms, may give rise to differential costly conflicts. In their view, such conflicts are entirely rooted in bounded rationality, as opposed to opportunism. FossandWeber's (2016)pieceonrevisitingTCE's microfoundations should be welcomed for two reasons. First, many scholars have credibly criticized the Williamsonian opportunism assumption for several decades but have not made much progress in providing an alternative. Second, giving more substance to the bounded rationality assumption can make the concept more actionable for researchers and practicing managers. An extended bounded rationality concept could potentially contribute to extending the quality of TCE-based reasoning. The authors suggest doing so by co-opting insights from applied psychology in the form of frames and biases. However, in this Dialogue piece we raise three additional issues, which somewhat challenge Foss and Weber's perspective on how to extend TCE, and we suggest an alternative path forward, thereby indeed giving opportunism "the proper back seat." A first important point to make is that TCE thinking encompasses much more than the Williamsonian version, although Williamson has obviously been its most successful student. In the international management sphere, modern internalization theory, as exemplified by the early work of Buckley and Casson (1976) and Rugman (1981), has usefully put forward a theory of the multinational enterprise (MNE), building on Coasean insights. In Rugman's version, the MNE is actually the unit of analysis, and its purported greatest challenge is how it can protect its proprietary knowledge when expanding abroad. Here the main microfoundation used is bounded rationality,withoutmuch—if any—focusonopportunism. For example, when self-interested (nonopportunistic) individuals contemplate a licensing agreement, the ex ante disclosure of information as a public good by a licensor to a potential licensee may ultimately lead to rent dissipation experienced by the former. As a result of the knowledge disclosure process, the potential licensee can learn valuable elements that may affect his or her future strategy, with the knowledge learned affecting the licensor's competitive position. As another example, MNEs may set up subsidiaries abroad, largely based on their superior capacity to transfer, deploy, and exploit their knowledgewithin the context of a hierarchy, rather than based on market contracts. This is the case especially when requisite complementary resources are hard to access in open markets, again even in the absence of opportunism (Narula &Verbeke, 2015). In the context of contracting performed by the European Laboratory for Particle Physics (CERN, Geneva), Nordberg and Verbeke (1999) found that even ill-designed contracts, as seen through a TCE lens (e.g., short-term contracts associated with high asset specificity) did not trigger opportunism because of the possibility for longterm learning and the presence of a community of scientists. The point is that a substantial body of management literature already exists that has usefully applied elements of TCE thinking without invoking opportunism (see also Conner & Prahalad, 1996, and Kogut & Zander, 1996). By focusing solely on the Williamsonian version of TCE, Foss and Weber may therefore not do full justice to the state of the art in how TCE has been applied to study realworld phenomena absent opportunism. Second, Foss and Weber's main intellectual contribution is to "bulk up" the bounded rationality concept by taking onboard several insights from the psychology literature, especially as these relate to "costly conflict" associated with alternative governance forms. Much has been written about bounded rationality, and there are many versions of it, as the authors acknowledge. Giving bounded rationality the front seat when comparing the efficiency properties of alternative governance mechanisms is a useful suggestion also made by others (e.g., Verbeke, 2003). For example, it is not only the quality of available information and the information processing


Based on experimental research and calculation theory of flexural bearing capacity, a method for calculating the ultimate load bearing of normal section member strengthened with prestressed CFL is proposed. Static load experimental results of two beams show that when prestress level is 20%, the cracking load and yield load of RC beams strengthened with prestressed CFL are 37.5% and 39.3% respectively. It is larger than that of RC beam strengthened with nonprestressed CFL.


This paper aims to make a comprehensive study on the "antecedents and consequences" of the Chinese contemporary art film creation with the film "Mr. No Problem" as a reference text, and to explore its implications on Chinese film style in the commercial context. Taking the film "Mr. No Problem" as an example, this paper analyzes the historical inheritance and innovation and the reflection on contemporary life embodied in the creation of Chinese contemporary art films, and the thinking on the future development of Chinese art films from the "triple present" perspective of the "past present, present present and future present". Keywords—triple present; intertextuality; Mr. No Problem; Chinese film; academism; commerce and art


The invention relates to a vehicle roof with at least one at its rear edge (46) which can be raised and above the fixed vehicle roof (13) movable cover (12) and having a control mechanism for the cover (12) which has a front lifting mechanism and a front displacement mechanism for the front edge (45) of the lid (12) and a rear lifting mechanism and a rear displacement mechanism for the rear edge (46) of the lid (12), wherein the shifting mechanisms with the cover (12) control carriage coupled (18, 19) which in lateral guide rails (17) displaceably guided and can be driven, the lifting mechanism for the front edge (45) of the lid (12) into the front control carriage (18) is integrated and that the front and the rear control carriage (18 or 19) on each cover page spaced from each other to a drive cable (21) firmly connected and are driven by this.


U.S.-based musician and artist David Byrne's concept album 'musical', 'Here Lies Love', traces the life and career of Imelda Marcos, the former first lady of the Philippines. Byrne describes the various emotional and psychological stages of Imelda's life by casting different performers for every song.


A conjugate of a lytic peptide, hecate, and a 15‐amino acid segment of the β‐chain of chorionic gonadotropin (CG) destroyed human prostate xenografts in nude mice by targeting LH receptors. Since these xenografts also express LHRH receptors, we prepared a LHRH–hecate conjugate and tested its ability to destroy PC‐3 cells in vitro and in vivo.


Traditionally, business auditing is related to the financial results of the economic activities of enterprises and is mainly carried out by external independent auditing organizations.

However, management audit is currently actively developing in the business sector, the purpose of which is to identify efficiency reserves of enterprise management functions by independent experts and to present improvements in that direction to business executive bodies.

The article interprets the managerial audit applied in business with this approach and makes recommendations for the improvement of the internal audit toolkit.


Aim To assess patients' attitudes toward changing unhealthy lifestyle, confidence in the success, and desired involvement of their family physicians in facilitating this change. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study in 15 family physicians' practices on a consecutive sample of 472 patients (44.9% men, mean age  [± standard deviation] 49.3 ± 10.9 years) from October 2007 to May 2008. Patients were given a self-administered questionnaire on attitudes toward changing unhealthy diet, increasing physical activity, and reducing body weight. It also included questions on confidence in the success, planning lifestyle changes, and advice from family physicians. Results Nearly 20% of patients planned to change their eating habits, increase physical activity, and reach normal body weight. Approximately 30% of patients (more men than women) said that they wanted to receive advice on this issue from their family physicians. Younger patients and patients with higher education were more confident that they could improve their lifestyle. Patients who planned to change their lifestyle and were more confident in the success wanted to receive advice from their family physicians. Conclusion Family physicians should regularly ask the patients about the intention of changing their lifestyle and offer them help in carrying out this intention.


MORAL HERNÁNDEZ, F. D. Supply of electricity and fuels: versions and subve rsions in the Brazilian energy problem. 2011. 249 p. Doctoral Thesis Graduate Program in E nergy. University of Sao Paulo. This thesis reflects on the formulation of the prob lem of responding to the needs for energy, related to electricity and fuels in the Brazilian c ase. The argument for the increasing expansion of the energy supply is current expressio n in the common sense, in the news agencies, in the official discourse, and in the var ious plans presented to the society, and it rests on ideologies of progress and economic develo pment. The search for legitimacy of this fast process of expansion encompasses concepts such a national sovereignty, energy security, as well as the increasing importance of the country as a leading economic player in the Latin America scenario. The infrastructure projects in th e energy area are intensive in the use of natural resources, causing major population displac ements and produce consequences and voluminous and unequivocal records of social and en viro mental liabilities to the historiography and sociology related to energy. Thi s thesis presents a retrospect of the relationship between private, state and government structures in the consolidation processes of generation, production and distribution of elect ricity, starting on the transition from the concorrential capitalism to the financial-oligopoli stic capitalism, which finds economic opportunities in the expansion of utilities in Braz il, since the beginning of the century XX. The retrospect reveals similarity to the current si tuat on both in the identification of centralization in decision making and formulation o f problems related to energy, as well as in the international relations of the flows of capital and the export of primary products, the presence of large foreign companies established wor ld ide in network and the characterization of the repertoire of comparative a dvantages that Brazil presents. There are contemporary news: another form of legitimacy appea rs; the cleaner sources of energy portfolio, based on the hydroelectricity as a clean and renewable form of energy conversion. The recent discoveries of huge volumes of hydrocarb ons in the pre-salt layer, their likely use and the growing number of studies on environmental and social consequences of the consolidation of Brazilian hydroelectricity industr y, however, go against this argument. We use the term fetishism of the expansive energy supp ly, because the processes of legitimacy of the discourse of energy demand exceeds the ontologi ca sense and seeks refuge in social structures, making its permanently growing supply a s something given. It produces a reference framework about the obstacle identified i n the environmental licensing processes in three hydroelectric projects (Santo Antonio, Jirau and Belo Monte) and then identifies other needs: institutional changes in environmental laws nd the protection of rights of traditional and indigenous populations the roles of the Publi c Ministry. They appear in order to make the environmental licensing processes faster, parti cularly those related to the advancement of energy frontier in the Amazon. The criticisms and r eactions to the expansion process, some of them officially exposed in the process of environme tal licensing, and others arising from social movements and associations of the threatened , aff cted people and from environmental organizations, are interpreted as obstacles. The su bversions arise because the formulation of the response to the energy supply is intrinsically expansive and it is contrary to solutions outside of the repertoire and plot that states the future scenario is an expansion of present scenario. The security of supply, always threatened by the so-called "supply crises" becomes the central object, and it sometimes denies and som etimes stimulates the thermal electricity. It sometimes accepts and sometimes rejects the framewo rk of the environmental legislation. The problem is no longer a problem of energy, becomes a problem of accumulation, and it remains an environmental problem in the sense of the growin g consequences. In both cases, described the flow of international trade and finance and the ongoing institutional changes, the problem becomes political and not necessarily Brazilian.


This volume continues and updates Memoir 137, Bibliography and Index of Paleozoic Crinoids 194-1968 (Webster, 1973). It includes papers published from 1969 through 1973 illustrating or describing Paleozoic crinoids. In addition, a number of papers published from 1939 through 1968, overlooked or unavailable, are indexed.


Withheight reproduction is a hot marketing item in surround sound. This paper examines the (sometimes nonobvious) motivations behind it and discusses the advantages and shortcomings of different methods as to the perceptional mechanisms of height


If the sensing signals could be attained in the driving process of giant magnetostrictive actuator(GMA),the self-sensing actuator would be realized,which could work as an actuator and sensor.A straight-moving GMA was designed based on the self-sensing mechanism of magnetostrictive.According to piezomagnetic equation and mechanics of elasticity,the dynamical equivalent circuit model of the straight-moving GMA was established,and then the approach of structure optimized was introduced.As well as mechanical quantities were converted into electrical quantities,the output of force and velocity could be sensed if only measuring current.At last,the validity of force and velocity sensing method was verified by the testing and controlling platform based on labview.


This photosensitive resin composition includes: (A) at least one resin selected from the group consisting of polyamic acids which are polyimide precursors, polyamic acid esters, polyamic acid salts, polyamic acid amides, polyhydroxyamides which are capable of becoming polyoxazole precursors, polyaminoamides, polyamides, polyamideimides, polyimides, polybenzoxazoles, polybenzimidazoles, polybenzothiazoles, and phenolic resins; (B) a photosensitive agent; and (C) at least one selected from the group consisting of polyfunctional (meth)acrylates, and low-molecular-weight imide compounds having a molecular weight of less than 1000.


Introduction: The present study reflects a profile of dental students and their attitudes toward dentistry. Aim: The aim was to determine the motives and perceptions of undergraduate and postgraduate dental students attending Dental Colleges in Bangalore city. Subjects and Methods: All the Dental Colleges in the Bangalore city were included in this study. The students were asked to complete a questionnaire consisting 25 questions. The influence of certain factors was scored on a scale from 1 to 9. Kruskal-Wallis test and Mann-Whitney test. Results: Two hundred and thirty-three (38.83%) students had dentistry as a first choice. In the present study, caring profession (94.33%) and private practice (25.6%) were the motives for choosing dentistry. Factor analysis was performed for Q9-23; the 15 questions were grouped under five factors: Influence, profession, flexibility, remuneration, and versatility. The level of agreement scores decreased from 1 st year B.D.S students to post graduate students. Conclusions: For selecting dentistry as a career job security, caring profession, flexibility, self-employment and prestigious profession were found to be important motivating and perception factors. Majority of students indicated that dentistry was not their first choice of career. Hence, it may be a good idea to establish educational programs in colleges to educate students on their career choices.


The aims and purposes of this research are to identify and assess the direct effect of empowerment, self efficacy, and job satisfaction on job performance.This research is a quantitative research which conducts survey research methods and path analysis. The population in this study are Unit Layanan Pengadaan members in the Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Indonesia which amount to 262 people in which 158 people are used as samples. Analitical tools of path analysis have been conducted to analize the data. Based on the result of examination of the hypothesis, its been concluded that (1) Empowerment has positive and significant effect on Job Performance; (2) Self Efficacy has positive and significant effect on Job Performance); (3) Job Satisfaction has positive and significant effect on Job Performance; (4) Empowerment has positive and significant effect on Job Satisfaction; (5) Self Efficacy has positive and significant effect on Job Satisfaction; (6) Empowerment has positive and significant effect on Self Efficacy.


An exact set of coupled ordinary, nonlinear differential equations is derived for the mouthpiece pressure in reed wind instruments for cases in which the mouthpiece impedance function is expressible as a series of pole terms in the complex frequency plane. The equations are applicable even in the "beating reed" regime. The integration of the equations to obtain transient and steady state behaviors of the instrument apepars to be a practical alternative to integral equation approaches.


A radioactive method, employing hemoglobin with incorporated Fe59, for continuously recording hemoglobin concentration in the blood of a living animal is described. This method records hemoglobin concentration independently of oxygenation of the blood and independently of the rate of blood flow through the apparatus. The only error that has been found in the method is statistical variation in the level of recording in accordance with the usual ``shot'' effect that is inherent in radioactive disintegrations. This statistical variation becomes less the greater the quantity of radioactive iron administered to the animal. For most purposes five microcuries per kilogram of Fe59 gives a satisfactory recording, and this quantity of radioactive iron is at least 50 times less than the maximal safe‐handling dose.


This paper treats extension and retraction properties in the category *$/9 of compact metric spaces with periodic maps of a prime period p; the subspaces and maps in J^p are called equivariant subspaces and maps, respectively. The motivation of the paper is the following question: Let E be a Euclidean space and α: E X E-> E X E be the involution (x, y) -> (y, x), i.e., the symmetry with respect to the diagonal. Suppose that Z is a symmetric (i.e., equivariant) closed subset of ExE which is an absolute retract; that is, Z is a retract of E X E. When does there exist a symmetric (i.e., equivariant) retraction Ex E-+ZΊ This is an extension problem in the category J2/'p. If X and Y are spaces in J£fp, A is a closed equivariant subspace of X and /: A -> Y is an equivariant map, then the existence of an extension of / does not, in general, imply the existence of an equivariant extension. It is shown, however, that if A contains all the fixed points of the periodic map and dim(X— A) < oo, then a condition for the existence of an extension is also sufficient for the existence of an equivariant extension. In particular, it follows that a finite dimensional space X in Sf 'p is an equivariant ANR (i.e., an absolute neighborhood retract in the category Sf v) if and only if it is an ANR and the fixed point set of the periodic map on X is an ANR. Generally speaking, the paper deals with the question of symmetry in extension and retraction problems.


Abstract Seedlings originating from open-pollinated offspring of six and four populations of Prunus padus and Sorbus aucuparia, respectively, were studied with respect to phenology and growth traits for 3-4 years in a nursery. There were no replications at the population levels since the experiments should be converted to seedling seed orchards. Therefore, a special statistical model for analysis of the population effect was developed making use of neighbour performances. This model was also used for derivation of heritabilities. The heritabilities for phenology traits were in many cases high in P. padus, > 0.40, while they varied in the range 0.07-0.62 in S. aucuparia. The population effect was significant for all growth rhythm traits in P. padus and for a majority of traits in S. aucuparia. In both species the heritability for height decreased over time. Only bud flushing in P. padus indicated a relationship with population latitudinal origin in some cases. The genetic correlations between bud flushing different years were relatively strong in both species while the corresponding correlations for leaf colouring were moderate in P. padus and weak in S. aucuparia. In conclusion, the observed structure suggests that the pattern of seed dispersal may have an influence on the among- and within-population variation.


This paper discusses total dose damage in operational amplifiers with compensated input stages. The impact of this design approach on unit-to-unit variability of radiation damage is examined, along with hardness assurance methods that can be used to bound the radiation behavior. Data is included for an unusually large sample (100 devices) of one device type. Half of those devices were subjected to burn-in before irradiation to investigate the effect of burn-in on radiation response.