High-frequency ventilation is a strategy primarily used to provide oxygen to neonatal patients in intensive care. Here, a simple model of the reciprocating flow in a straight pipe with a free end exiting into a large reservoir is examined to investigate some of the fluid mechanics present during high-frequency ventilation. The resulting recirculating mean flow is quantified in terms of the amount of mean recirculating flux and the distance from the free end to which this recirculation penetrates. Introduction High-frequency ventilation (HFV) is a method of providing oxygen to patients in intensive care. In particular, it is used in neonatal intensive care units (NICU) for critically ill babies. During HFV, the patient is completely sedated and intubated, with gases supplied and removed via an endotracheal tube (a tube inserted via the throat into the trachea). A purported advantage of HFV over traditional ventilation is its protection of damaged or otherwise-delicate lungs and airways. This protective capacity comes from the fact that HFV uses fast, small inflations usual values are frequencies around 10Hz and volumes per inflation from 1ml to 10ml [3, 2]. These small volumes of inflation mean that peak pressures in the airway and lungs are minimized, hence reducing the risk of lung damage via overdistension. However, these small volumes of inhalation which at their greatest are < 10% of the "dead space" volume of the airway raise interesting questions from a fluid mechanics perspective. Gas transport (oxygen down, carbon dioxide up) is not achieved by bulk advection, or emptying and filling the lungs, but by other more subtle mechanisms. Some of these potential mechanisms, as outlined by Slutsky & Brown [7] and Standiford [8] include turbulent convection in the upper airway, Taylor dispersion [9, 1], and nonlinear streaming. Further fundamental understanding of these mechanisms can help address outstanding clinical problems such as • finding optimal settings for a specific patient • extending the success of HFV and its lung protective capacity to adults [6]. Nonlinear mean streaming (the focus of this paper) occurs in reciprocating flow such as those in the airway due to presence of spatial gradients in the flow. These spatial gradients mean that even though the flow in the airway has a zero net mass flux (the same amount of flow goes in and out over one inflation cycle) the mean flow at a particular location is non-zero. For both of these facts to be true, a mean recirculating flow needs to occur, and it is this mean recirculation that can transport gases up and down the airway. The human airway is essentially a set of connected bifurcating pipes. Here, a very simple model flow is examined, the reciprocating flow in a straight pipe with a free end exiting into a U , f D ρ, ν Non-free end Free end Reservoir entry/exit 6 6 Figure 1: A schematic of the basic problem setup investigated. A time-dependent boundary condition is applied at the non-free end, and the free end acts as an exit/entry to/from a large reservoir. large reservoir. Flow separation and subsequent vortex production lead to large local gradients and therefore mean streaming. The recirculating flux, and the distance from the free end down the pipe which this recirculating flow extends is quantified, to investigate if optimum quantities can be found and related to the underlying flow features. Methodology Axisymmetric simulations of the sinusoidally reciprocating flow in a horizontal straight pipe with a free end exiting into a reservoir were conducted using a highly-validated spectralelement code [10, 5] solving the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations. A schematic of the basic problem setup is shown in figure 1. At the non-free end, an oscillatory boundary condition of a set frequency f and peak cross-sectional-mean velocity U was imposed such that the flow matched the analytic solution for the reciprocating flow in an infinitely long pipe [11]. At the pipe walls and lateral reservoir boundaries, a noslip condition was applied. At the exit/entry to the reservoir, a time-dependent Poiseuille profile was imposed, the instantaneous amplitude of which was set so that the flow rate in/out of the reservoir matched the flow rate out/in of the non-free end. At all boundaries, the normal pressure gradient was set to zero. Ignoring the length of the pipe (assuming it is long enough that flow returns to the fully-developed solution at some distance from the free end) the flow is a function of two dimensionless parameters, here defined as the maximum Reynolds number Remax =UD/ν (essentially a dimensionless amplitude), and the oscillatory Reynolds number α′ = 2π f D2/ν (essentially a dimensionless frequency), where U is the amplitude of the crosssectional-mean velocity in the pipe, D is the pipe diameter, ν is the fluid kinematic viscosity, and f is the imposed frequency. Note the oscillatory Reynolds number can be interpreted as a ratio of lengths. The Stokes layer thickness δ = √ 2ν/(2π f ) is the thickness of the oscillatory boundary layer in the pipe, and so α′ can be defined as α′ = 8(Λ)2, where Λ = D/(2δ) is the traditional Stokes parameter, or the ratio of the pipe radius to the Stokes layer thickness. Similarly, if δ is taken as the length scale, an alternative Reynolds number Reδ = Uδ/ν can be defined. Both of these alternative parameters are used to analyze results in the following sections. Results Of primary interest is the amount of flow that is recirculated, and how far down the pipe this recirculation penetrates. The amount of flow recirculated is quantified by integrating the mean velocity field over the portion of the plane covering the end of the pipe through which the flux is positive, q = ∫ u · n̂H(u · n̂)dA (1) where H is the Heaviside function. This mean flow rate is then normalized as Q∗ = 4q/(πUD2) (divided by the maximum flowrate). The length of this recirculating flow is quantified by the recirculation length L, defined here as the distance from the free end of the pipe at which the mean axial velocity on the pipe centreline does not vary with further increases in distance. In practice, this is taken as the point at which the absolute value of ∂ur0/∂x falls below some small threshold, here taken as 0.0005. Figure 2(a) shows the normalised recirculation length L/D as a function of Remax, where D has been taken as the relevant length scale. Results are shown for nine values of Λ. The figure shows that while Λ < 2.5, the normalized length L/D is essentially independent of Λ and increases linearly with Remax. Figure 2(b) shows the same data, but here δ has been taken as the relevant length scale, plotting the normalised recirculation length L/δ as a function of Reδ. Here it is clear that for Λ > 2.5, the normalized length L/δ is independent of Λ and increases linearly with Reδ. These results suggest two primary flow regimes as a function of the Stokes parameter Λ: a low Λ regime, where the relevant length scale is the pipe diameter D; and a high Λ regime, where the relevant length scale is the Stokes layer thickness δ. This hypothesis is further refined by plotting the normalized flow rate Q∗ as a function of Remax, as presented in figure 2(c). It is shown that Q∗ is almost independent of Λ for Λ < 2.5, with the results for all the amplitudes tested collapsing to a single curve with a local maxima of Q∗ ' 0.06 occurring at Remax ' 300. For higher values of Λ > 6, Q∗ appears to collapse to a single weak linear function of Remax. However, there is also an intermediate Λ regime between these two extremes, where Q∗ is clearly a function of both Λ and Remax. In this intermediate regime, the maximum flow rate decreases with increasing Λ. Figure 3 shows an example of the mean flow generated, here for Remax = 800, Λ = 2.24. The mean vorticity in one half plane inside the pipe is shown, clearly illustrating the recirculating nature of the flow by thte change in sign of vorticity as the pipe is traversed in the radial direction. The mean axial velocity on the pipe centreline is shown, showing that at a certain distance from the free end the mean flow returns to zero (at a distance x ' 10 in the figure). Also shown is the mean axial velocity profile across the very end of the pipe. The regions used to calculate the mean recirculating flux are shaded. The idea that the collapse of the data in the low and high Λ regime is related to a change in the dominant length scale is further investigated in figure 4. Here, instantaneous snapshots of the axial velocity profile across the end of the pipe are plotted at 8 phases throughout the oscillation cycle, from a high Λ example (Remax = 2400, Λ = 7.07), and a low Λ example close to the optimum for flow rate (Remax = 240, Λ = 2.24). The plots show the change in relevant length scale. In the high 0 5 10 15 20 0 50


The aim of this thesis is determining the competitive strategy of XY, s.r.o. The thesis is divided into three parts: theoretical, analytical and project. The theoretical part summarizes the theoretical knowledge, which served to provide background for the devel-opment of other parts of the thesis. In analytical part is as first introduced company, its business subject and key competitors. Then there are the analyses of internal and external environment, which are developed according to procedures specified in the theoretical part. It is also carried out price comparisons with competing firms. Project part sets out a strategy that is based on the results from the analytical part.


Background: Medication overuse headache (MOH) is a prevalent and highly disabling disorder, with a strong biobehavioral component. Hence, behavioral interventions might effectuate reduction of overused medication. We assessed in a double blind manner the efficacy of a behavioral intervention during medication withdrawal therapy.

Methods: In this concealed, double-blind, randomised controlled trial in MOH patients with underlying migraine we compared the effect of maximal versus minimal behavioural intervention by a headache nurse during withdrawal therapy at the outpatient Headache Clinic of the Leiden University Medical Centre. Maximal intervention consisted of an intensive contact schedule, comprising of education, motivational interviewing and value-based activity planning during the 12 weeks of acute withdrawal. Minimal intervention consisted of one short contact only. Patients were unaware of the existence of these treatment arms, as the trial was concealed in another trial investigating the added value of botulinum toxin A to withdrawal therapy. Endpoints were successful withdrawal and monthly days of acute medication use after the withdrawal period.

Findings: From December 2012 to February 2016, we enrolled 179 patients (90 maximal intervention; 89 minimal intervention). At week 12, most patients achieved withdrawal in both groups (82/90 (93%) maximal intervention versus 75/89 (86%) minimal intervention, OR 2∙44 (95%CI 0∙83;7∙23), p=0∙107). At week 24, patients in the maximal intervention group had fewer acute medication days per month (mean difference -2∙23, 95%CI: -3∙76;-0∙70, p=0∙005).  This difference receded over time.

Interpretation: Intensive behavioral intervention by a headache nurse during withdrawal therapy for MOH patients is beneficial to reduce acute medication use during and shortly after the intervention, but extension of guidance seems warranted for a prolonged effect. The concealed study design may also be useful to investigate non-pharmacological therapies in other disorders.

Trial Registration: CHARM study; www.trialregister.nl, NTR3440.

Funding Statement: Supported by grants from the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (Terwindt VIDI 917-11-31) and the Dutch Brain Foundation (2013(1)-247).

Declaration of Interests: The authors report no relevant disclosures.

Ethics Approval Statement: The study was performed in accordance with the declaration of Helsinki Ethical Principles and Good Clinical Practices and was approved by the local and national ethics committees.


This paper preliminarily analysed and studied the characteristics and the trend ofseismicity in the southeast coastal seismic area based on the seismicity data. The resultsshow that: (1) Based on analysis of large cyclic seismicity, the active earthquake Periodof the fifth cycle, which began from 1959, should be ended around 2031, and then enterthe quiet Period of the cycle in the Southeast coastal seismic area. (2) One earthquake withMs>6.0 should occur at most before 2000, and two at most before 2005. (3) Theregion, where the next earthquake MS>6.0 should occur, may be the Heyuan-Shaowuseismic zone, especially the composite location of the zone and the south-western end ofLianhua Mountain seismic zone and its adjacent regions.


This article highlights the ongoing socio-economic reforms in the country to ensure gender equality, mainstreaming gender issues and their active participation in public policy aimed at improving the social conditions of women. Among the social issues, which are in the focus of the international community and the Republic of Uzbekistan, the issue of improving the status of women and their active involvement in the country's political life is of considerable importance. The challenges of enhancing gender equality opportunities in terms of gender equality between men and women in the context of economic modernization have been explored and suggestions have been made to address them.


Regular substructures in DNA sequences are important in a number of biological problems including promoter analysis, the detection of recurring anomalies in tumor cells, and the study of certain genetic diseases like fragile-X mental retardation. This paper considers signal processing problems relevant to the analysis of regular or semi-regular structure in DNA sequences that must address the fundamental issue of working with unordered, finite value sets.


Abstract The positron states in the ternary alloys Ga1−xInx N in the zincblende structure in the range from x = 0 to x = 1 have been investigated. The electron wavefunction is calculated using the pseudopotential band model within the virtual-crystal approximation. To make allowance for the compositional disorder, a correction to the alloy potential has been introduced. The positron wavefunction is evaluated under the point-core approximation for the ionic potential. The shapes of the profiles indicate that the integrated electron-positron momentum densities along different crystallographic directions become less flat in going from GaN to InN through the equimolar alloy Ga0.50In0.50N. Moreover, a nonlinear dependence of the positron bulk lifetime was found as the In concentration is increased. These results reflect the change of positron annihilation characteristics with the composition in III-V nitride semiconductor alloys.


the reform of French-Canad ian life meshes biography and larger social changes w h i c h in the generation after Father Levesque's retirement con tributed to a very different k i n d of francophone nationalist ic movement precipitating the Quie t Revo lu t ion of the 1960s and 1970s . T h i s book can be used to introduce the methods and perspectives of social history or specifically of institutions of higher education and their constituencies. A l l of the essays are we l l documented, and the bib l iographic references excellent. Future research agendas are pointed to expl ic i t ly and suggested impl ic i t ly . F o r example, wh i l e t ak ing into ac count major events, the studies presented here tend to concentrate on personal interactive processes and i n general to avoid pursuing the po l i t ica l dynamics of access or influence by select economic, cu l tu ra l , or l inguistic groups, even though gender is addressed in Eng l i sh -Canada . A sustained and comprehensive analysis of the contextual patterns, inc lud ing the role of international A m e r i c a n phi lanthropy, w h i c h shaped the Canad ian academic agenda over this century w o u l d complement the studies presented here (see M a c L e o d , R e i d , and Axe l rod ' s notations on the "gospel of weal th ideologies" of the Carnegie Corpora t ion and R o c k e  feller philanthropy and their support for Canad i an universit ies in the depression, pp. x x , 5 1 , 2 8 6 9 4 ) . T h e studies collected in this volume are recommended as i l lus t ra t ing the uses of social history and provid ing new views into the r i ch character and diversity of C a n a d i a n higher education. T h e authors and editors successfully show the vi ta l i ty and potential of this area of h is tor ical research.


Based on the large amplitude bending vibrational Hamltonian and the Renner Teller effect describing vibronic interaction, the theoretical calculation for the bending vibrational and K type rotational levels of the 2A 1, 2B 1 states of NH 2 radical has been carried out. Our theoretical results are in good agreement with the experiment in broad energy range.


Abstract— We propose a novel sunlight readable transmissiveLCD embedded with a transflective film. Such a transflective filmhas high transmission to the backlight and high reflection to theambientlight.Thisnewdisplayisparticularlysuitableforoutdoorapplications under strong ambient light condition. Index Terms— Microlens, sunlight readability, transflectiveliquid crystal display (LCD). I. I NTRODUCTION S UNLIGHTreadabilityisadesirablefeaturefor displaystobe used under strong ambient light. In a typical transflec-tiveLCD[1],[2],eachpixelisdividedintotransmissive(T)andreflective (R) sub-pixels. Under weak ambient lighting condi-tion,theT-modeplaystheprimaryroleandR-modemakeslittlecontribution. As the ambient light gets brighter, the T-mode isgradually washed out and the R-mode is gradually dominating.The existence of R sub-pixels blocks the beam path of somebacklight and reduces the effective aperture of T sub-pixels. Toovercome this problem, microlens array [3] is an attractive op-tion because it channels the backlight through the T sub-pixelsmore effectively. A 2D focusing cones device [4], [5] is alsoproposed to increase the backlight utilization efficiency.In this paper, we report a new transflective film which pro-vides a high transmittance ( 80%) to the backlight and highreflectance ( 95%) to the ambient light. Embedding this trans-flectivefilminatransmissiveLCDwillgreatlyimprovethedis-play's sunlight readability.II. D


Abstract Conventional rotor geometries of both the tangential and intermeshing systems can be improved in regard to working volume, feeding, mixing result, and milder temperature-rise. However it is necessary to consider both systems to supplement each other: (1) The tangential system is primarily for high machine efficiency, fast feeding, fast discharge and fast incorporation, i.e., for short mixing cycles and for multi-stage mixing. (2) The intermeshing system is for problems with distribution and temperature and for the increased theoretical output with longer mixing cycles by decreasing the number of mixing stages. Theoretical and experimental analysis of the influence of various operating parameters makes it possible to produce an optimum batch. The end result is process control which improves batch-to-batch uniformity.


The paper reports on an investigation of an open vocabulary recognizer that allows new words to be introduced in the recognition vocabulary, without the need to retrain or adapt the language model. This method uses special word classes, whose n-gram probabilities are estimated during the training process by discounting a mass of probability from the out of vocabulary words. A part-of-speech tagger is used to determine the word classes during language model training and for vocabulary adaptation. Metadata information provided by a French audiovisual archive institute are used to identify important document-specific missing words which are added to appropriate word classes in the system vocabulary. Pronunciations for the new words are derived by grapheme-to-phoneme conversion. On over 3 hours of broadcast news data, this approach leads to a reduction of 0.35% in the OOV rate, of 0.6% of the word error rate, with 80% of the occurrences of the newly introduced words being correctly recognized.


In the paper proposed by the authors new approaches and practical realization of the control of vibration amplitude of the ultrasonic multi half-wave radiators being a part of ultrasonic devices of different purposes are considered. Developed bench for the control of multi half-wave radiators realizing in practice the advantages of several known methods provides the possibility of control of vibration amplitude at the development and operation of ultrasonic technological devices.


This paper analyses the scattering matrix equation of interconnection waveguide and radiation characteristic of single antenna with theory of microwave network.The result is that the research method of radiation characteristic of single antenna is equivalent to that of much terminal network,that is,it can be studied by theory of microwave network.


Albany Male indoor track co-caplain Kill Mutlii.s, seen lasi i both ihc 8(H) and 15011 melcr runs on Saturday. (Photo: UPS) by Harold Diamond II seems unfortunate thai the men's indoor track (cam's season had lo end on a sour note last Saturday al R.P.I . The Albany squad competed in ihc N.Y. Stale Championships, bul iheir performances w e r e n ' t i n d i c a t i v e o f t he i r capabilit ies. They placed 12lh among 22 teams, and only ihree of the 16 runners representing Albany gained points.


This article analyzes the distribution of three- and four-voice vertical sonorities in a repertoire of French ars antiqua and ars nova motets. Rather than selecting the subjectively important sonorities within a piece—an effort that would rely on the analyst's judgment of the overarching contrapuntal goals—this study uses computational musicological methods to analyze and categorize the distribution of sonorities across individual motets and groups of motets that occur at regular time intervals across the course of the compositions. This study offers some preliminary observations and conclusions about sonority usage in the late medieval French motet repertoire.


Contour extraction is a key issue in many medical applications. A novel statistical approach based on quantum mechanics to extract contour of the interested object of medical images was proposed in this paper. The natures of quantum statistical concepts such as the quantum discontinuity and the wave function correspond to the discrete and gray possibility of an image respectively. Contour extraction will be performed by the quantum particle movement, where the particle will be moved forward to the position with high probability density edges in image potential field. Experimental results with medical images demonstrated that the proposed approach has the capability to extract contours with arbitrary initialization and handle topology changes as well as both the inner and outer contours by a single initialization. Keywords: Statistical approach, contour extraction, path integral, quantum mechanics.ing


Pharmaceutical formulation in colloidal form for topical application for the therapy and prophylaxis of pathological changes of the skin and / or integuments and / or mucous membranes, including mucous membranes of the digestive tract, urogenital tract and bronchial system and / or conjunctiva, containing a) a lipophilic phase in an amount of 1-10 wt .-%, b) a mixture of surfactant and co-surfactant in an amount of 1-50 wt .-%, wherein the surfactant is selected from polyoxyethylene Polyoxyethylenglycerolfettsaureestern and, the co-surfactant is selected from poloxamers, block copolymers of polyoxyethylene and polyoxypropylene, and the surfactant-co-surfactant blend in is a mass ratio of 1.5 to 2.5 for the surfactant and 2.5 to 3.5 used for the co-surfactant, c) a hydrophilic phase in an amount of 40-80 wt .-%, and d) as active ingredient, cyclosporin and / or derivatives thereof in a concentration of 0.1-20 wt .-%.


"Xiangru",belonging to the Elsholtzia genus of the Labiatae family,was used as an important and traditional medicine plant for a long time.17 trace elements had been analyzed in four species of Elsholtzia,Elsholtzia feddei Benth.,E.densa Diels,E.densa Benth.,and E.densa Maxim.And levels of trace elements was also evaluated and compared among the four species.The results indicated that the content of macro-elements K,Ca,Mg,Na and essential trace elements Cu,Fe,Zn,Mn,Co,Ni,Se in Elsholtzia species was abundant,especially focused on the macro-elements K and the essential trace elements Cu,Fe and Mn.The content of non-essential trace elements As,Hg,Pb,Cd,Sb in four species of Elsholtzia was lower for the safety of therapy.


According to the delay problem of stepper motor controlled by PLC,a speed control system based on V/F transformation is built.With the voltage output by PLC,the stepper motor speed can be controlled by the frequency,which is produced by the V/F transformation.Meanwhile,the operation panel is designed by LabVIEW,the running status of motor can be observed directly from the graphic display interface.


We present 18 spectra, obtained with the Keck 10m telescope, of faint field galaxies (19 $<$ I $<$ 22, 0.2 $<$ z $<$ 0.84) previously imaged by {\it HST's} WFPC2. Though small, our sample appears to be representative of field spirals with a magnitude--limit of I $\le$ 22. Combining the results from the spectral and imaging data, we have derived various quantitative parameters for the galaxies, including colors, inclinations, emission line equivalent widths, redshifts, luminosities, internal velocity information and physical scale lengths. In particular, disk scale lengths (with sizes ranging from $\sim$1--5 kpc) have been measured from fits to the surface brightness profiles. We have also measured internal velocities with a rest frame resolution of $\sigma$ = 55 to 80 km s$^{-1}$ by fitting to the emission lines. The luminosity--disk size and luminosity--internal velocity (Tully--Fisher) relations for our moderate redshift galaxies are similar to the scaling relations seen for local galaxies, albeit with a modest brightening of $\sim$1 magnitude. The one bulge--dominated galaxy in our sample (at z = 0.324) has a relatively blue color, reveals weak emission lines and is $\sim$0.5 magnitude brighter in the rest frame than expected for a passive local elliptical. Our data suggest that galaxies at about half the age of the Universe have undergone mild luminosity evolution to the present epoch, but are otherwise quantitatively similar to galaxies seen locally.


The photolysis of azoisopropane has been reinvestigated in an attempt to obtain a better understanding of the discrepancies found between the behavior of sec-propyl radicals produced from this source (1) and other sources under similar experimental conditions.Analytical difficulties encountered in an earlier investigation (1) were avoided through the extensive use of gas chromatography.It was found necessary to include an internal conversion reaction among the primary processes to explain the observed phenomena. A rough estimate of Einternal conversion − Edissociation = (1.99 ± 0.72) kcal/mole has been deduced. This is believed to be the first observation of Einternal conversion > Edissociation. An explanation of this observation remains a matter of conjecture though a tentative suggestion is offered.The data also leads to results in agreement with those found for other azo compounds and in agreement with the rates of reactions of sec-propyl radicals obtained from other sources under similar conditions.


FIELD: engines and pumps. SUBSTANCE: invention relates to production of engines, particularly to piston ICEs. This invention consists in that after working stroke of piston 11 and its crossing of BDC combustion products are removed from combustion chamber 9 and cavity of cylinder 10 via exhaust opening 3. Piston upward stroke makes crankshaft turn through 180 degrees and rotor 4 turn through 30 degrees. Blade II gets to vertical position to divide the cylinder cavity cross-section into two equal parts at keeping on rotation to displace combustion products to opening 3. Piston 11 sucks fresh mix from intake opening 2 into cylinder at downward stroke. Piston at BDC, blade III overlaps opening 2 to disconnect it from cylinder cavity while blade III disconnect said cavity from opening 3. At piston upward stroke, fresh mix compression is initiated. Piston approaching TDC, mix is compressed in combustion chamber composed of blades II, III, surface of rotor 4 located between the latter and walls of cylinder 1. Compressed mix is ignited by spark plug to force the piston to make working stroke. Thereafter, engine operation cycle is repeated. EFFECT: simplified design, higher reliability. 5 cl, 14 dwg


Adopting initio calculation, optimized the hBN at geometry structure 6-31G * basis set levels, and single point calculations are also performed for hBN-V From the calculation results, interlayer distances, Mulliken populations, gross atom interactions,employed net atomic charges and frontier orbital energies for discussing electronic structure and bonding character of hBN-V Discussed some results that similar to those calculated for graph intercalation compound, and the possibility of synthesis hBN-V


Dredging Operations," a term borrowed from Gayatri Spivak's Critique of Post-Colonial Reason (1999), signals an underlying goal of this seminar: to juxtapose and assess recent theoretical interventions and methodological strategies in relation to the complex, asymmetrical and shifting power relations that have marked the early modern and modern periods. The class will explore a set of critical debates that have transformed the ways in which culture and representation are theorized and approached. These will be situated within the dynamic of changing global configurations where dichotomies such as 'Europe and its others', "East and West, ' 'First and Third Worlds,' and 'North and South' (in fact historical constructs and overlapping categories) still resonate as ideological polemics, requiring ongoing destabilization. As the theoretical problems of knowledge, power and agency we will be investigating have had to negotiate the notions of reason, rationality and progress of the Eurocentric 'Enlightenment project, ' so the class will explore the roles of visuality, viewership and the concepts of the 'look' and the 'gaze' in case studies that give particular attention to 18th, 19th and 20th century France, England and India.�� In the first term, course readings will assess how competing theories of the subject and of history, space and time have played a role in problematizing categories of class, gender, ethnicity and race, and in articulating how meanings are produced and circulated for particular communities and viewers. These debates are re-investigated in the second term, where the major trajectory will be to follow post-colonial theory from its emergence in the 1980s, with its insistence on historicity and difference, as a critique of Orientalist, nationalist and evolutionary discourses. Post-colonial criticism has forced a radical rethinking and re-formulation of forms of knowledge authored and authorized by colonialism and western domination. As well as addressing a particularly crucial cluster of recent theoretical texts, the course seeks to develop analytical skills and tools that will enable students to take up further areas of theoretical inquiry and historical research.�� The seminar will be structured around sets of readings which you will be expected to have read with care. Over the course of each term, students will take turns facilitating class discussion. This will entail situating the reading both historically and in terms of its contribution to contemporaneous theoretical issues and debates, as well as providing a


owadays, cloud computing provides high amount of storage space and massive parallel computing at effective cost. As cloud computing becomes prevalent, excessive amount of data being stored in the cloud. However, exponential growth of ever increasing volume of data has raised many new challenges. Deduplication technique is specialized data compression technique which eliminates redundant data as well as improves storage and bandwidth utilization. Convergent encryption technique is proposed to enforce confidentiality during deduplication, which encrypt data before outsourcing. To better protect data security, we present different privileges of user to address problem of authorized data de-duplication. We also present several new de-duplication constructions supporting authorized duplicate check in hybrid cloud architecture, which incurs minimal overhead compared to normal operation.Data de-duplication is a technique for eliminating duplicate copies of data, and has been widely used in cloud storage to reduce storage space and upload bandwidth. However, there is only one copy for each file stored in cloud even if such a file is owned by a huge number of users. As a result, de-duplication system improves storage utilization while reducing reliability. Furthermore, the challenge of privacy for sensitive data also arises when they are outsourced by users to cloud. Aiming to address the above security challenges, this paper makes the first attempt to formalize the notion of distributed reliable deduplication system. In this paper new distributed deduplication systems with higher reliability in which the data chunks are distributed across multiple cloud servers is being proposed. Keywords— Cloud Storage, Data de-duplicating, Secure auditing, Data Integrity, Cost effective.


The stepwise mechanism of electrooxidation and reduction of silver nanophases and microphases is proposed on the graphite electrodes surface in alkaline medium. The electrochemical splitting of silver nanophases peak is observed on the anodic branch of the cyclic current-voltage curve. There is the shoulder at E = 0.2 V on the he anodic branch of cyclic current-voltage curve. The appearance of additional cathodic wave at E = -0.08 V is observed on the cathodic branch of the cyclic current-voltage curve that is caused by the reduction of silver nanoparticles. The additional cathode maximum is represented at 0.3 V on the cathodic branch of the cylic current-voltage curves of only silver nanophases. This effect is associated the catalytic process of decomposition of hydrogen peroxide on silver nanoparticles surface. The offset of the cathodic maxima of current-voltage curves of silver nanophases obtained with an excess of a reducing agent are observed to more negative potentials. There is a significant decrease of the all currents maxima compared to silver nanophases obtained with an equal molar ratio of reactants. These results may be connected with the formation of silver oxide monolayers in the different oxidation in the presence of large amounts a reducing agent. The excess of the reducing agent required for the preparation of silver nanoparticles leads to decrease of the cathodic maximum of silver nanoparticles


Using TEOS and TBAOH as materials,MEL-type pure silica zeolite nanocrystal( PSZN) was synthesized by prehydrolysis and sequentially crystallization. The influence of reaction conditions on morphology of PSZN was discussed and analyzed. The results showed that size,size distribution and morphology of PSZN were closely related to n( TBAOH) ∶n( TEOS) and n( H2O) ∶n( TEOS) of synthesis solution and crystallization temperature. In this study,the preparation of PSZN with uniform size and regular morphology was carried out as follow: the solution( n( TEOS) ∶n( TBAOH) ∶n( H2O) =1∶0. 3∶20) was stirred for pre-hydrolization and further heated at 110 ℃ for 24 h crystallization.


Like other groups associated with social movements, rape crisis centers have been judged co-optive by some and progressive by others. This article argues that organizational theory yields fuller explanations of their dynamics and character. In a case study, two subcultures—dubbed the politicized and service perspectives—developed and epitomized fundamentally different approaches to sexual violence. These subcultures emerged for a number of reasons, including the organization's goals, the character of the fiminist movement, and organizational features such as permeability, a broad constituency, a collective goods orientation, and an emphasis on open discourse. This article argues that similar organizational and environmental features in rape crisis centers and other social movement-related organizations are associated with organizational fluidity and conflict. While these groups may not be cohesive and stable actors for broad social change, they contribute incrementally to long-term shifts in gendered social structures.


This report gives an overview of the fiscal year 1990 research activities and results under the Solar Radiation Research Task of the Photovoltaic Advanced Research and Development Project at the Solar Energy Research Institute. The activities under this task include developing and applying measurement techniques, instrumentation, and data and models to understand and quantify the response of photovoltaic devices to variations in broadband and spectra solar radiation. The information presented in this report was presented at the SERI Photovoltaic Advanced Research and Development Project 10th Review Meeting, October 1990, and will be published in a special issue of Solar Cells dedicated to the meeting.


Over the past three years, a new trend in wage legislation has emerged in several cities across the United States. In response to Washington's longstanding refusal to preserve the value of the federal minimum wage at a meaningful level, these cities have recently enacted minimum wage laws of their own. The laws require local employers to pay a minimum wage that is higher than the state or federal minimum wage. And, significantly, these new laws apply to a far greater number of employers than do better-known and much more numerous "living wage" laws. Although living wage laws also require higher minimum wages, they generally extend only to those businesses that receive contracts or business subsidies from cities. The new citywide laws are significantly more comprehensive in that they cover most or even all employers in each city. Because of their broad coverage, citywide minimum wage laws offer local governments a valuable new policy tool for raising the incomes of working families in their communities. This policy brief recounts some key facts about our nation's minimum wage landscape. It then describes the new citywide minimum wage laws in the context of other wage legislation. Finally, it summarizes research findings on the economic impact of enacting these citywide measures.


'A geneal theme and conclusion has been throughout that private and voluntary providers or producers of services have acquired larger, and in some cases now the largest, market shares. Private and non-state (uncoerced) collective sources of finance account for higher proportions of total spending on welfare services. Dyed in the wool socialists would do well to recognise the undoubted successes within this huge social experiment. Blue-rinse Conservatives should acknowledge and seek to correct the failings. The prospects for Britain in the 1990s would be rosiest if research replaced rhetoric, and honest pragmatism replaced posturing.' (p253


tural identity, but the basic thrust of the work was &dquo;a critique of the 'fashion' of identity calling into question the validity of a notion as striking as it is uncertain.&dquo;' Recently, a special issue of the journal Sciences Humaines, entitled &dquo;'Identit6 et identit6s,&dquo;3 dealt with personal, familial, social, professional identities and only spoke of cultural identity marginally and in a roundabout way. Finally, in a manual of Sociologie politique published by the Presses Universitaires de France,' the author takes to task the notion of ethnicity inherent to cultural identity and pushes the critique of the ethnic group to the point of negating its objective existence. Must we think then that the notion of cultural identity is henceforth obsolete, that it has lost all pertinence? In reading these critiques, we realize that what is called into


Objective To explore the feasibility reliability of detection of caffeine from coffee by using super high performance liquid chromatography and provide basis for detection of caffeine content the from coffee and enhancement of the recovery by using super high performance liquid chromatography.Methods The samples were obtained after water both and purified by solid phase extraction column,then detected by super high performance liquid chromatography.Results The recoveries of caffeine with addition of standards were in the range of 90.3%~95.4%,and the concentrations were in the range of 0.010~0.150g/L In addition,a good linearity correlation of r=0.99996 and a relative standard deviation of 1.21% were recorded.Conclusion The method is accurate,safe,high efficient and feasible for detection of caffeine from conffee.


: The surface hardness is important index for the manufacturing quality evaluation of ferromagnetic materials and the non-destructively quantitative testing of surface hardness is one of the hot topics in the field. Magnetic Barkhausen noise (MBN) measurement technique is applied for quantitative evaluation of surface hardness in S136 steel. A self-developed device is used to conduct MBN measurements in sixty specimens of different surface hardness. The coefficient of variation of the repeated measured magnetic parameters is analyzed to show that the device has good repeated accuracy for MBN measurements. To achieve quantitative characterization of the surface hardness using magnetic parameters, the dependency of the surface hardness on six parameters extracted from the measured MBN and tangential magnetic field signals is individually analyzed. More importantly, comparative study is performed among the simple linear regression model, multiple linear regression model and BP neural network model to evaluate their accuracy in surface hardness prediction. The results show that the BP neural network model employing six magnetic parameters as inputs has highest accuracy in surface hardness prediction. A total of 300 cases are investigated and it is found that the average prediction error is only around 2.14% and the maximum error is about 11.74%, and the prediction errors out of 274 of 300 cases are less than 5.00%. A reference is provided for realizing the nondestructive quantitative detection of steel plate surface hardness based on magnetic Buckhausen noise method.


Seven methods were compared to evaluate methane flux densities m an actual municipal solid waste landfill: two accumulation chambers, two micrometeorological techniques (eddy correlation and mass balance methods), two tracer gas methods and an airborne infrared thermography. The comparison took into account scientific, technical and economic aspects.


This paper presents the mapping problem for pass transistor selector mapping, which has not been addressed before. Pass transistor synthesis is potentially important for semi- or full-custom design techniques, which are increasingly attracting attention. Pass transistors have the advantage that fewer transistors are needed, and that circuits with high fanin and small delay can be constructed. Technology mapping approaches in the existing literature cannot handle these selectors, due to the restriction of I-hot encoding of the control signals. We present a new algorithm to address this problem, which is based an the novel idea of a general Boolean Oracle. Our oracle is based on ATPG techniques, and compared to BDDs, the oracle has the advantage that failure to complete only affects optimization locally, and does not hinder optimization elsewhere in the logic. A limitation of BDDs is that it is difficult to complete the algorithm if a BDD grows too large. The experimental results show up to 82% improvement in transistor count for the MCNC combinatorial multi-level examples.


'Innovation' is an often used, yet much misunderstood term. Often innovation is left to chance or, at best, approached by relatively unstructured hard work and hard thinking. This paper describes a research programme known as the 'Futures Project', which provides a 'virtual' body of expertise that small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) can access when increased innovation activity is required. By exposing SMEs to techniques for the generation of new and potentially innovative ideas, and for developing the right ideas at the right time, new techniques and improved versions of old techniques can be tested in a non-threatening environment.


We report a method to create cell-adhesive regions and to position adherent cells on the newly created regions in sequence within a microfluidic channel. One of the microelectrodes fabricated at the channel wall was used for locally electrogenerating hypobromous acid that renders the opposite face of the channel protein-adsorptive. After the fibronectin was immobilized on the treated region, an ac voltage was applied to the microelectrodes array in the presence of suspended HeLa cells. Since a repulsive force of negative dielectrophoresis directs the cells toward the weakest region of the nonuniform electric field, the cells were positioned on the fibronectinpatterned region to allow the cell adhesion, even in the presence of fluid flow.


In an extensive forest inventory, estimates involving personal judgment cannot be eliminated. However, every means should be taken to keep these estimates to a minimum and to provide on-the-job training that is adequate for obtaining the best estimates possible.


The invention relates to an aircraft capable of ascending and descending perpendicularly, in particular to an aircraft with crown wings. The aircraft mainly resolves technical problems that apertures of vanes of a helicopter in the prior art are large, flight resistance is high, lift is low, and the like. The aircraft comprises an aircraft body, and is characterized in that the aircraft body is connected with a static crown (2) via a support rod (1), a movable crown hollow shaft (3) is penetratingly connected into the support rod, the upper end of the movable crown hollow shaft extends out of the static crown and is connected with a movable crown (4), the movable crown is close to the static crown, both the movable crown and the static crown are in the shape of a hollow spherical crown, and the movable crown hollow shaft is connected with a driving device.


The legal arrangements for the management of water resources are currently a complex matrix of rules of various kinds. These rules perform a diverse range of functions. Some are part of what may be described as the macro-legal system for the governance of water resources. This includes paralegal rules in the form of statements of value, objective, outcome or principles . Others are part of the micro-legal system for the governance of water resources. This includes traditional legal rules in the form of statements of standards in relation to individual conduct, behaviour or decision making. These legal arrangements may be international, regional, national or local. Accordingly some apply to nation states within the international community. Others apply to the regulatory agencies making decisions about water resources within nation states. Ultimately most of these legal arrangements apply to those who use and develop water resources for particular purposes and in particular locations. In accordance with this framework, rules explain how water resources should be used in particular circumstances and how decisions should be made to ensure the effective planning and regulation of water resources.


Optical wireless networks often require more than one transmitter to maintain consistent connection with a single receiver. Accordingly, an efficient control mechanism is required to address challenges associated with multiple access to the receiver. This paper proposes a receiver access control (RAC) mechanism for optical wireless mesh networks that focuses on the optimization of classical RTS/CTS technique and is applicable for indoor communications, as well. The novel algorithm was established for terminals and is optimized to enhance throughput of high speed optical links with a small number of terminals. It is based on a multi-slot channel reservation (MSCR) concept, and founded on terminal buffering in, which delays collided terminals for a limited period of time. The protocol performance is analytically characterized. Analytical simulation is shown to exhibit channel throughput.


We complete our basic presentation of the α-calculus. A generalized Stokes theorem is given. Several explicit calculations are done for analytic functions. We propose an extension of Fourier transform theory. We also give several complementary results.


The present invention relates to novel 3,9-diazabicyclo [3.3.1] nonane derivatives which are found to be modulators of the cholinergic ligands and monoamine receptors and transporters at the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. By their pharmacological profile, the compounds of the present invention, the central nervous system (CNS), diseases or disorders related to the cholinergic system of the peripheral nervous system (PNS), diseases or disorders related to smooth muscle contraction, or endocrine diseases disorders, diseases or disorders related to neurodegeneration, inflammation, pain, and can be useful in the treatment of various diseases or disorders, such as diseases or disorders related to withdrawal symptoms caused by the termination of abuse of chemical substances.


The chemistry of the thermal reactions of polyacrylonitrile have attracted attention since the use of the polymer as a textile fibre. The discovery that high performance carbon fibres could be easily made from acrylic fibres added another dimension to the scene -the morphology of the fibres during the thermal reactions. This thesis attempts to combine chemical analysis with mechanical analysis in order to determine why acrylic fibres are so suitable for the formation of carbon fibres. Firstly, apparatus for the heat treatment and carbonisation of acrylic fibres was constructed, and experimental conditions for the production of high performance carbon fibres, from Courtelle fibres, were established and proved. By analysing Courtelle fibres taken from various stages in the production, the pertinence of the work was ensured. The analytical procedures used were elemental, infra-red and mechanical. Because the spectrum of Courtelle was complicated by the comonomers, which contained oxygenated groups, the homopolymer was synthesised and used for comparison. Additionally, in order to obtain quantitative measurements from the infra-red spectra, films of homopolymer and Courtelle were produced and a technique for correlating fibres and film was developed. The work was concentrated on the preliminary stages of the heat treatment process where the foundations of the carbon fibre structure are laid. The most important result of this work is that reasons have been described for the necessity of the oxidation stage in the production. These reasons centre on the formation of high energy bonding and the introduction of potential cross-linking ability, both without disruption to the oriented macromolecular structure. This thesis also points out the more significant anomalies in the theories. Perhaps the least understood area is the relation between the extent of precursor oxidation and the development of high performance properties in the carbon fibres. It seems appropriate to finish this summary on a negative note as although the suggested theories seem basically sound, the anomalies are of such gravity that it would be conceited to say that the process of producing carbon fibres from acrylic fibres, is well understood.


This article analyzes an ancient tradition related to the story of the exodus from Egypt, which combines a plague of pestilence (dever) with the final plague, the plague of the firstborn (makkat bekhorot). In the first sections, I trace the sources in which this tradition appears and attempt to identify the biblical origins of this tradition and the exegetical difficulties it tackles. In the final section, I aim to show how this tradition sheds light on an abstruse passage in the Passover Haggadah. By completing the different parts of this inquiry, it becomes possible to delineate the evolution of the link between the plague of the firstborn and pestilence as stemming from key issues within the biblical exodus tradition that preoccupied exegetes in antiquity.


The aim of this article is to explore Christian publishing houses (Catholic and evangelical) as a form of media communication in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Publishing houses represent the main production agent of spiritual commodities. They deploy a cultural policy that includes literature, music, films, and other areas, shaping a material culture of religious configuration. Our purpose is to delve into the productive tendencies of their companies, the consumer-believer profiles they target, and the different media they market. This work is based on qualitative research about the figure of the producer of religiously marked cultural commodities.


Summary

This paper studies a robust approach to the analysis of cell pedigree data, building on the work of Huggins & Marschner (1991) which discussed M-estimation for the so-called bifurcating autoregressive process. The study allows for incomplete observation of the pedigree, and incorporates the possibility of additive effects outliers, as discussed in the time series literature. Some properties of the proposed estimation procedure are studied, including a Monte Carlo investigation of robustness in the presence of contamination.


PURPOSE: An active pixel sensor is provided to compensate a leakage current or dark current occurred before a light induces to a photo diode. CONSTITUTION: An active pixel sensor (100) comprising a photo diode (12, 102) of converting a light energy into an electrical signal, a reset transistor (14, 104) of resetting a voltage of the photo diode in a initial voltage, a select transistor (18, 108) of providing a current corresponding to a level of the voltage, and a compensation circuit (120) of providing the current corresponding to the compensation voltage to the select transistor. The compensation circuit (120) is connected to the select transistor, occurred the compensate voltage responding to the leakage current and compensated the current corresponding to the compensation voltage for the leakage current occurred before a light induces to a photo diode.


This paper presents the characteristics of soil ionization for different water contents, and the parameters associated with the dynamic properties of a simple model grounding system subject to lightning impulse currents. The laboratory experiments for this study were carried out based on factors affecting the soil resistivities. The soil resistivities are adjusted with water contents in the range from 2 to 8% by weight. A test cell with a spherical electrode buried in the middle of the hemispherical container was used. As a result, the electric field intensity Ec initiating ionization is decreased with the reduction of soil resistivities. Also, as the water content increased, the pre-ionization resistance R₁ and the post-ionization resistance R₂ became lower with increasing current amplitude. The time-lag to ionization t₁ and the time-lag to the second current peak t₂ at high applied voltages were significantly shorter than those of low applied voltages. It was found that the soil ionization behaviors are highly dependent on the water content and the applied voltage amplitude.


AbstractConsidering the ongoing violence taking place in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, especially within Syria and Iraq, it is essential to provide an accurate explanation of causes in order to develop an adaptation model. In addition to discussing the climate-related concerns associated with the emergence of violence, this paper considers how tackling the environmental crisis in MENA will improve living standards and lead toward sustainable development. As a supplement to a range of secondary data, a small selection of individuals who have escaped the recent conflicts have been interviewed. Because this potential sample pool is small, and the ongoing violence precludes fieldwork in the MENA region, this study provides only a preliminary exploration of the topic. A more detailed study is desirable, if and when it is feasible to conduct such research. As a potential adaptation to climate change in the region, permaculture is presented through illustrations of its capabilities for redressi...


BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE
This investigation identified ventilation distribution, gas mixing, lung function, and arterial blood oxyhemoglobin saturation (SpO2) physiologic responses to 2 independent airway clearance treatments, high-frequency chest wall oscillation (HFCWO) and low positive expiratory pressure (PEP) breathing, for subjects who had cystic fibrosis (CF) and who were hospitalized during acute and subacute phases of a pulmonary exacerbation.

SUBJECTS
Fifteen subjects with moderate to severe CF were included in this study.

METHODS
Subjects performed single-breath inert gas tests and spirometry before and immediately after HFCWO and PEP breathing at admission and discharge. Arterial blood oxyhemoglobin saturation was monitored throughout each treatment.

RESULTS
At admission and discharge, PEP breathing increased SpO2 during treatment, whereas HFCWO decreased SpO2 during treatment. Ventilation distribution, gas mixing, and lung function improved after HFCWO or PEP breathing.

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
High-frequency chest wall oscillation and PEP breathing are similarly efficacious in improving ventilation distribution, gas mixing, and pulmonary function in hospitalized people with CF. Because SpO2 decreases during HFCWO, people who have moderate to severe CF and who use HFCWO should have SpO2 monitored during an acute exacerbation.


: Green roofs are increasingly popular in both new and modernised buildings. They significantly reduce the outflow of stormwater from buildings and change its composition. Wherever an urbanised area is equipped with a separate sewage system, usually stormwater goes directly to the receiver without treatment, which may affect the quality of water in the receiver. The article presents results of research carried out on the green roof of a building in Lodz, Poland. During rainfall, the flow rate from the roof was measured. With the use of the US EPA software Stormwater Management Model (SWMM) a model of the green roof was created and calibrated using rainfall data from the city's pluviometric network. Based on the measurements of the roof runoff, as well as SWMM modelling, the degree of outfall reduction was determined. Samples of roof runoff were collected to study the characteristics of rainwater, including pH, electrical conductivity, organic compounds, nitrogen, phosphorus, and suspended solids. The results were compared with the quality of runoff from a traditional roof. Except ammonium nitrogen, values of the examined quality indicators was higher in the case of the green roof but the pollution load of almost all contaminants, except phosphorus, were lower due to a significant reduction in the volume of stormwater outflow (62–91%). The quality of stormwater discharged from the green roof improved with its age.


Epitaxial films of the highly conducting organic charge‐transfer salt tetrathiafulvalinium tetracyanoquinodimethanide, (TTF) (TCNQ), grown on NaCl substrates were analyzed using electron diffraction and electron and polarized optical microscopy techniques. The films were found to orient with the high‐conductivity (TTF) (TCNQ) b axis along [110] directions of the NaCl. Preliminary optical, infrared, and electrical data obtained on these films are also presented.


Although sodium disulfide is one of the chief reactants in the preparation of polymeric disulfides, it has the ability to cleave the disulfide links in the polymer, as is shown in this paper. This cleavage is responsible for losses in yield of polymer through solubilization of fragments of low molecular weight, but is it also necessary in producing high polymers. The unreactive terminal hydroxyl groups produced by the side reaction of alkaline hydrolysis of reactive chloride terminals would ordinarily limit the chain length of the polymer; however, the preferential solubilization of the terminal fragments, because of the hydrophilic hydroxy group, permits the molecular weight of the polymer to be increased greatly. An excess of sodium disulfide is thus needed in order to obtain disulfide polymers of high molecular weight, in contrast to the usual condensation polymerization wherein an exact equivalence of reactants is needed. The cleavage of the aliphatic disulfide groups in the polymer by aqueous sodium polysulfide is a reversible reaction with the equilibrium favoring re-formation of the disulfide linkage. The equilibrium is displaced if a reagent capable of binding sulfur is present. A mixture of sodium sulfide, in particular sodium hydrosulfide, with sodium sulfite can be used in an efficient and controllable manner to convert polymer disulfides of high molecular weight to polymers of low molecular weight with terminal thiol groups.


In order to study the causes of marketing strategic benefit-risk of transgenic poultry food supply chain in china, we analyze the role that benefits and risks play in the formation of the decision-making process of transgenic poultry food participants. This study discusses the ways and strategies of transgenic poultry food supply chain from the following aspects: a), the food's safety concerning producers, marketing participants and consumers' risk behaviour at three stages of the transgenic poultry food supply chain. b), all these risks should be effectively managed in order to derive the utmost of benefits and avoid disruption or catastrophic economic consequences for all stages of the transgenic poultry food supply chain. c), the identification, analysis, determination and understanding of the benefit-risk trade-offs of market participants in transgenic poultry food market may help policy makers, financial analysts and marketers to make well informed and effective corporate marketing strategies in order to deal with highly uncertain and risky situations. We hope these can accelerate the construction of marketing strategic benefit-risk trade-offs of transgenic poultry food supply chain, promote sustained and rapid growth of transgenic poultry food industry in china.


Elevated hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in biological tissues is generally recognized relevant to carcinogenesis process that could regulate the proliferative activity of cancer cells and the transformation of malignant features. Inspired by this observation, it can be hypothesized that imaging H2O2 in tumor microenvironment (TME) could help diagnose tumor types and malignancy, even guide precise therapy. Thus, in this study, a non-invasive photomedicine strategy is demonstrated that leveraging on the different levels of H2O2 in TME, two representative skin cancers, malignant melanoma (MM, clinically higher incidence of metastasis and recurrence) and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC, relatively less dangerous) are differentially diagnosed. The working probe used here is that we previously developed, namely intelligent H2O2 responsive ABTS-loaded HRP@Gd nanoprobes (iHRANPs). In this study, iHRANPs have advantages on ratiometric imaging due to their bimodal imaging elements, in which the inherent magnetic resonance imaging (MR) mode can be used as the internal imaging reference and the H2O2 responsive photoacoustic (PA) imaging modality can be used for differential diagnosis. Results showed that after intravenous (i.v.) injection of iHRANPs, the tumor signals both on MM and cSCC are obviously enhanced without significant difference under the MR modality. However, under the PA modality, MM and cSCC can be easily distinguished with obvious variations in signal enhancement. Particularly, guided by the PA imaging, photothermal therapy (PTT) can be precisely applied on MM and strong anti-tumor effect was achieved owing to the excessive H2O2 in the TME of MM. Furthermore, exogenous H2O2 was injected into cSCC to remedy H2O2 deficiency in the TME of cSCC, and an evident therapeutic efficacy on cSCC can be also realized. This study demonstrated that MM can be differentially diagnosed from cSCC by non-invasive imaging of H2O2 in TME with iHRANPs, meanwhile, it further enabled imaging-guided precision PTT ablation, even for those unsatisfactory tumor types (cSCC) through exogenously delivering H2O2.


The novel title complex thermally decomposes with preferential evolution of ethane rather than but-1-ene, the allylic alkylation product, indicating that the binuclear methyl-bridged intermediate formed by phosphine dissociation predominantly participates in this thermolysis.


This article examines major areas of inquiry related to entrepreneurial capabilities, motivations, and the acquisition of resources to launch and grow women-owned businesses.


Objective To study method and mechanism of anterior distraction reduction for treating unilateral cervical facet dislocations. Methods Unilateral cervical facet dislocations were produced through maneuver dislocation in nine fresh human cervical spine specimens for biomechanical test and anterior distraction reduction.Meanwhile,a study was done to determine distraction torque and distraction distance between interlocked nailing(1 cm to center) and central nailing and between longitudinal traction(3 kg) and non-longitudinal traction at at different angles(0°,10°,20°and 30°) and at the same angles.Results(1)The distraction distance was significantly lowered when distraction angle was 20° and 30°,the distraction torque decreased too at 30°of distraction(P0.05 or P0.01).(2)The distraction torque of interlocked nailing was weakened significantly compared with that of central nailing at the same angles(P0.01).(3) The distraction torque at longitudinal traction(3 kg) was lowered than that at non-longitudinal traction(P0.01). Conclusions The angle of two screws with no less than 20°(especially 30°),anterior distraction reduction operation with trouble side distraction and longitudinal traction((3 kg)or more)are safe and effective procedures for treatment of unilateral cervical facet dislocations.


Geologic setting and chemistry of deep-sea hydrothermal vents ecology of free living, hydrothermal vent microbial communities chemoautotrophic and methanotrophic endosymbiotic bacteria at deep-sea vents and seeps growth at high tempeatures - isolation and taxonomy, physiology and ecology microbe-metal interactions and mineral deposition at ydrothermal vents microbes in deep-sea hydrothermal plumes stable isotopes - clues to biological cycling of elements at hydrothermal vents.


This research concerned the multidimensionality of psychological well-being and some related domains of perceived quality of life. A pool of items used by others to measure a variety of such constructs was administered to four groups of older people ordered in presumptive overall well-being: retirement community, residents of an ordinary neighborhood, congregate housing, and clinically depressed people. Factors were derived by component analysis and adjusted on theoretical grounds. The resulting indices were subjected to a variety of psychometric analyses. The dimensionality of subjective well-being as revealed in these results is discussed in relation to several theoretical notions regarding mental health and aging.


The fungus Dicyma pulvinata have been studied as biocontrol agent for the South American Leaf Blight (Microcyclus ulei), principal disease of rubber tree in Brazil. In this work, it is reported results relatives to the effect of chemical pesticides and adjuvants added to the inoculum, on the mycelial growth and sporulation of D. pulvinata as well as the efficiency under field conditions obtained with four isolates of the antagonistic. The assays showed incompatibility of the fungus with the fungicides Benomil, Carbendazin, Mancozeb, Propiconazol, besides the insecticide acaricide Endosulfan. The adjuvants tested do not affected the fungus development, indicating that they can be incorporated as a component of a formulation. In field, it was demonstrated the action of D. pulvinata against M. ulei, especially the lineages CEN62 and CEN93, which showed similar control levels as the standard treatment with fungicide Propconazol + Mancozeb.


Study Design: Retrospective. Objectives: To study the violation rate of 3 different types of facet joint violation (FJV) grading systems (Babu, Shah, and Park), and to evaluate the accuracy, reliability, and association with clinical outcomes of the above 3 grading systems. Methods: 152 patients of lumbar spinal stenosis treated with percutaneous pedicle screw placement were enrolled in our study. FJV was evaluated on 3-dimensional lumbar CT reconstruction. Three types of grading systems were used to evaluate FJV: Babu's system (grading by the severity of violation), Shah's system (grading by side of violation), and modified Park's system (grading by different components to cause violation). The violation rate and observer consistency of the 3 grading systems were analyzed. Clinical outcomes were evaluated by visual analog score (VAS), Oswestry disability index (ODI) score. Results: Kappa coefficients of interobserver consistency on Babu, Shah, and Park grading systems were 0.726,0.849,0.692, respectively. The violation rate of Babu, Shah, and Park grading systems were comparable, which were 34.54%, 32.57%, 33.55%, respectively. In all 3 grading systems, the postoperative VAS low-back pain and ODI scores in non-FJV groups were lower than those in FJV groups (P < .05), and there were no significant differences between 2 groups in VAS leg pain(P >.05). Conclusions: Babu, Shah and modified Park grading system are reliable grading systems, and it reported comparable violation rate. The self-reported clinical outcomes of patients with FJV were worse at 2-year follow-up. For clinical application, it is recommended to use 2 or even 3 different grading systems together to evaluate the FJV.


Abstract The hypothesis that the retrieval of both well-known and vaguely known old memories of an emotional content will activate the right lateral temporopolar cortex was tested in one subject who was in psychotherapy because of her presumed sexual abuse as a child and who could produce symbolic scenes of her abuse by painting them. Indeed, H2 15O positron emission tomographical results revealed regional cerebral blood flow changes in the right anterior temporal cortex under both conditions, but more so under the vaguely known but not concretely verbalizable ones. These findings make it very likely that the right temporolateral cortex is a major region for ecphorizing (i.e. associating and binding retrieval cues to the retrieval itself) old emotional information of a personal nature, even if it cannot be verbalized.


Introduction: Impact melted materials occur in two main forms in the Ries impact structure [1]: (1) as isolated bodies of reddish, vesicular, fine-grained impact melt rock; (2) as in dividual glass y particles or c lasts in melt-bearing breccias or suevites. The latter lithologies have been the subject of a considerable number of investigations over the past few decades. In contrast, no detailed investigations of the impact melt rocks have been published. Here, we present the preliminary results of an analytical scanning electron microscope (SEM) study of impact melt rocks from the Ries structure. The Ries impact structure: The 24 km diameter 14.5 Ma old Ries impact structure is one of the best preserved complex impact structures on Earth. The target rocks consist of a flat-lying sequen ce of pred ominantly Meso zoic sedimentary rocks that unconform ably overlie Hercynian crystalline basement. The sedimentary cover at the time of impact varied in thickness from ~47 0 m in the north to ~820 m in the south [2]. The structure possesses a sequence of impactites (impact-produced rocks), including a thick series of crater-fill rocks, various types of dista l ejecta depos its (preserved up to ~37 km radius), and a tektite ('molda vite ') strewn field extending out to distanc es of 260-400 km to the east of the Ries structu re [3]. Impact melt rocks: Only two occurrences of impact melt rock sensu stricto have been documented at the Ries impact structure. These occur at Amerbach and Polsingen in the ENE of the structure and represent isolated bodies of impact melt rock with lateral extents <10-50 m [1]. They are seen to overlie Bunte breccia or megablocks [1]. Previous workers have described these lithologies as consisting of a reddish , vesicular, fine-g rained recrystallized matrix of feldspar, celadonite, pyroxene and cristobalite [1, 4]. These rocks have also been termed (red) suevites by some workers [4, 5]. Samples and analytical techn iques: Four samples from the Polsingen quarry were collected by GRO during two field expeditions (August 2000 and June 2001 ). The Amerbach road cuts are no longer exposed, however, three samples from the impact collection of the Geo logical Survey of C anada we re examine d. Polished thin sections were investigated using a JEOL 6400 digital scanning electron microscope (SEM) equipped with a Link Analytical eXL energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) and Si(Li) LZ-4 Pentafet detector. Phase com positions were determined in EDS mode at count times of 100s, beam operating conditions of 15 kV and 2.5 nA, and at a working distance of 37 mm. SEM back-scattered electron (BSE) imaging was used to investigate the microtextures.


The expressions relating the integrated optical density (as obtained from an integrating Weissenberg goniometer) with the average or maximum density of a reflection have been deduced. Those expressions have been used to estimate the increase in exposure time of an integrated Weissenberg photograph over normal exposure time. Introduction It is common experience that exposure time of an integrated Weissenberg photograph (IWP) is considerably larger than the exposure time needed for a photograph without integration (simply called WP hereafter). Though such an increase in exposure time of IWP over normal exposure time is obvious qualitatively, it is interesting to compare D(P), the optical density in the plateau region formed in Ν oscillations by the process of integration, with the mean density, D, or the maximum density, D0(max), of the same reflection recorded in Ν oscillations on a WP. Such a comparison provides a quantitative estimate of the increase in exposure time of IWP over normal exposure time. 128 A X I L K U M A R S I N G H Process oí integration In the Wiebenga-Smits design of integrating Weissenberg goniometer, two small auxiliary movements are imparted to the camera in addition to the main to and fro traverse which is characteristic of any Weissenberg goniometer. At the end of every to-and-fro traverse of the camera, it undergoes a small displacement, Δ χ', parallel to the axis of the camera, and a small rotation, Δ θ, about the axis of the camera. The displacement, Ay, resulting from the rotation, Δ θ, is at right angles to Δ χ'. The migration of spots on the film during the process of integration in a typical case is shown in Fig. 1. Starting from the point 0 , the spot moves to Oy in ny steps, each of length Δ y, along the line 00 y. After ny steps the spot shifts to 01. It is noticed that due to the movement Δ χ', 00y is not at right angles to 00x. If Δ χ' is small as compared to J y (e.g. Ax' = ^ Ay), Z. 0y00x % 90°. If the spot reaches 0X in nx steps, each of length 001 = nyA x'= Δ χ, the total number of oscillations which is necessary to take the spot to 0X according to the scheme shown in Fig. 1 is Ν = nx · ny. The shape of the reflection spot is nearly rectangular when a cylindrical specimen is used. Let the dimensions of a reflection spot along χ and y be X and Y respectively. Let the two quantities mx and my be defined by,


Highly leveraged institutions (HLIs), or hedge funds, are currently a hot topic, not least because of the deep distrust in them. HLIs are perceived as posing a high risk to financial stability not only because of having a significant share of trading volume in some market segments but also because of being important counterparties and clients providing a significant source of revenue for large international banks. This paper seeks to examine whether HLIs are indeed a threat to financial stability and, if yes, whether there is a need for regulation.


Extracellular nucleotides are released from activated, damaged or dead cells and drive inflammation by the stimulation of P2 receptors. We previously reported that the gram‐negative bacteria pathogen, LPS, released IL‐8 from monocytic THP‐1 cells via the activation of P2Y6 receptor. In extension of this study, we now demonstrate that primary human monocytes treated with LPS or UDP also release IL‐8 and that this secretion mediates neutrophil migration. Importantly, the LPS‐induced IL‐8 release was blocked by a nucleotide scavenger (apyrase) and this blockage was not due to the formation of adenosine. We next tested the chemotactic activity of conditioned monocyte media on neutrophil migration using Boyden chambers with endothelial monolayers. The media of LPS‐stimulated monocytes recruited significantly more neutrophils than the corresponding media to which LPS was added simultaneously with apyrase. Conditioned media of UDP‐stimulated monocytes were as effective to induce neutrophil migration. In addition, IL‐8 neutralizing antibodies added to the media of LPS‐ or UDP‐treated monocytes almost completely abrogated their chemotactic activity. Therefore, extracellular nucleotides have the ability to recruit neutrophils to inflamed tissues by mediating IL‐8 release from human monocytes/macrophages.


My talk is titled "the Importance of Science and Technology for China". Yet I begin not with what science can do for a nation, I begin personally - with what has drawn me personally to science. It is joy. I experience, quite selfishly and privately, joy when I engage in one of the greatest adventures of the mind: discovering


Primarily because of its half-life, the longest-lived radionuclide of copper, "7Cu (ti/2 = 61.7 h), is often the isotope of choice for application in metabolic studies. However, large-scale production of 67Cu is cumbersome. The 67Cu used in this study was produced in a cyclotron by exposing a zinc target to a beam of accelerated protons. Radiochemical purification was achieved by solvent extraction, electro plating and ion-exchange, in that order. The resulting dilute acidic solution con tained no measurable activity apart from "Cu and 04Cu. After the injection in cows, the 64Cu component of the preparation of radiocopper could be used during the first days of the experiment for external radioassay of the liver. The 67Cu could be followed in metabolic products for over three weeks. It is concluded that the isotope 67Cu in batches of about 100 «Ci can be very well used for metabolic excretion studies even on large animals.


Landfilling is a method for disposal of waste. Impact of landfills on the environment is currently a crucial topic and attracted increased attention recently because they are sources of potential risks and environment pollution. Apart from the pollution risk to both surface and underground water, realistic is also the contamination of soils. The main purpose of the present study was to analyse the influence of landfills on the environment. The conducted research was focused on the assessment of the toxicity of leachates and soils in the managed municipal solid waste landfill in Těmice (the Czech Republic). Research results showed the soil collected from the active landfill body exhibited higher toxicity as compared with the samples taken from the outside of waste storage activities. Leachates from the landfill exhibited phytotoxic effects and this is why they have to be considered and handled as the wastewater.


Torque being a very important physical parameter, plays a very vital role in various applications like aviation,
automobile, power and agriculture industries. Torque is, generally, measured by mechanical type torque meters/torque
wrenches, having higher uncertainty. These mechanical type torque meters/torque wrenches need to be calibrated using
strain gauged torque transducers. Hence, there is acute thrust over development of precise and reliable strain gauge based torque transducers. In the present work, a torque transducer of capacity 5 Nm has been studied. The torque transducer has been metrologically characterized against the standard torque machine (bmc = ±0.05% at k = 2) using the standard calibration procedure based on standard BS 7882:2008. The uncertainty of measurement of the torque transducer is ± 0.06% (at k = 2).


Objective. To estimate the efficacy of postoperative pain reduction in first days after surgical intervention in acceleration of postoperative restoration in patients and reduction of the stationary treatment duration.
Materials and methods. In Sept. 2011 - May 2019 yrs period there were performed 569 elective operative interventions, using principles of a Fast Track Surgery program, including those with application of multimodal analgesia. Depending on the kind of operative intervention the indices of pain impulses were determined in accordance to visual-analogous scale and median duration of stationary treatment.
Results. On the first day after laparoscopic cholecystectomy the pain impulsation level have constituted 2.87 ± 0.74, on the second day - 2.01 ± 0.50 (p < 0.001). Median duration of the patients' stationary stay have constituted 1.72 days. After laparoscopic hernioplasty the results of the pain level investigation were: on the first day - 3.44 ± 0.67, on the second day - 2.06 ± 0.51 (p < 0.001). Median duration of postoperative treatment have constituted 1.43 days. After laparoscopic bariatric interventions on large bowel during the first postoperative day the pain level have constituted 4.24 ± 0.75 and 4.39 ± 0.84 accordingly, on the second day it have reduced to 3.48 ± 0.57 (p < 0.001) and 3.48 ± 0.77 (p < 0.001), on the third day - to 2.79 ± 0.67 (p < 0.001) and 2.84 ± 0.69 (p < 0.001). At the same time a median duration of the patients' stationary stay have constituted (4.99 ± 0.45) and (4.10 ± 0.60) days, accordingly.
Conclusion. Efficacy of reduction of postoperative pain in first days after surgical intervention immediately impacts the speed of restoration of the patients' organism  and duration of stationary treatment.


In my response to the commentaries by Anthony Bass, Irwin Hirsch, and Margaret Crastnopol, I focus on conscious and unconscious factors that open or close potential space across relational realms, including that of analyst and patient, parent and child. I then extend these notions to the supervisory relationship. I describe how these issues affected the writing process for me, and explore the impact that writing has had on the ongoing treatment with my patient. I consider too the ways in which shame travels intersubjectively, shutting down transitional space and interfering with aliveness, authenticity, and creativity.


This study is written to analysis business performance factors for constructor, especially in enhancing the business performance according to relationships with developer after the completion of the contract. And it is validated by conducting a survey on constructor, mainly with large constructor. In this study, relational factors affecting the business performance between constructor and developer are 'intimacy', 'opportunism' and 'asset specificity'. And these factors affect intermediation, such as 'trust' and 'commitment'. The study indicates that 'business performance' is a significant variable affected by 'trust'. And the study also says 'trust' affected by 'intimacy' and 'asset specificity. However, 'commitment' does not have an affect on 'business performance'. The development is also progressed by each project. Therefore, the result is concluded that the constructor is not focus on 'commitment' for developer which is demanding continuity.


The present study aims to discuss aspects of the masculine sexuality that, if not properly approached, they can commit the man's health. In terms of method, the essay is used, understanding such a modality as a critical exercise of search, of exploratory character, concerning a theme or meditation object. The discussion begins with the question: what is the reason of speaking of masculine sexuality and the man's health? Soon after, sexuality, manliness and crisis are put in debate. In that debate, the tensions that appear between traditional patterns of the masculine identity and the possibility of living new forms of being man are pointed out. In the third part of the study, it focus the prevention of the prostate cancer as space in that are reflected subjects related to the masculine sexuality. Social reflexes of the imaginary concerning the masculine sexual identity can do of the rectal touch, preventive measure of that cancer type, a situation, at least, constraining. In the conclusion, it is aimed for the need of promoting more studies with men of different social and professional of health to contribute to the practices of health.


Changes made in the publishing process at Microsoft to improve software documentation accuracy are described. The changes consisted of early editorial involvement, writing and editing in parallel with software development, and involvement of writers until the book goes to print. Thus, the best process to ensure accuracy requires creating a working partnership between writers and editors that gives both an equal stake in the accuracy of the final product.<<ETX>>


This paper presents a region-growing algorithm based on the initial point selection in windows and adaptive growing threshold, to segment the element area from PCB picture automatically. The selection of the initial point in region-growing algorithm is improved. And the growing thresholds are determinated automatically by an approach which grounds on statistical data of the area near the initial point and the feature of the grown region. The partial feature and global feature are considered in the process of element segmentation. The result shows that the improved region-growing algorithm has a perfect effect


Worldviews and the American West: The Life of the Place Itself. Edited by Polly Stewart, Steve Siporin, C. W. Sullivan III, and Suzi Jones. (Logan: Utah State University Press, 2000. Pp. 265, acknowledgments, introduction, photographs, map, bibliography. $39.95 cloth, $19.95 paper) Regionalist writing in the twenty-first-century American academy is fraught with perils and responsibilities, particularly with respect to the American West. If not engaged in combative "New West" revisionism or charmed by the secret language and salon radicalism of cultural studies, one might be assailed from the left as parochial at best, racist and chauvinistic at worst. If not bent on the aggressive, assimilating nation building of beef-eating oil barons with guns, one might be branded by the right as an un-American wimp, a Balkanizing anarchist unable to think hard thoughts and see big pictures. Worldviews and the American West appropriately acknowledges the perilous lures of fashion and ideological purity, yet ignores them ultimately to work from the inside out and the bottom up, to represent responsibly the messy plurality of ways in which diverse inhabitants of what's called the American West view their particular places. The volume's subtitle, The Life of the Place Itself, culled from an essay by contributor Kim Stafford, echoes the notion of cultural geographer Yi-Fu Tuan that the spaces we inhabit are transformed into places by the complex ways in which we live in and think about them. And as the editors astutely observe in their Introduction, competing notions of place frequently contend within the same space: Our goal has not been to reconcile these sometimes inharmonious worldviews, but to try to get inside them through their outward expressions and to represent them accurately and fairly. (4) Such wisdom recalls Walt Whitman's recognition that America is more paradox than paradise: "Do I contradict myself? / Very well then I contradict myself." The conceptual rigor and poetic sensibility suffusing every essay in this anthology, however, are tributes to Barre Toelken, whose teaching, writing, mentoring, friendship, insight, clarity, and eloquence have inspired many students and colleagues, especially those who have worked, like Toelken, in the American West. Fourteen interrelated yet provocatively unruly contributions are subdivided into such categories as Song, Objects, Narrative, and Groups. We encounter the hymns, ballads, holy cards, grave-markers, playthings, postcards, legends, trickster tales, personal experience stories, speech, pranks, belief systems, and cultural landscapes of missionaries, farmers, cowboys, miners, loggers, women, children, Anglo-Americans, Mormons, Mexican-Americans, Coquelles, Tlingits, Upper Skagits, Wascos, Irish, Italians, Poles, Scandinavians and more. While the transcription, translation, and annotation of a Tlingit narrative by Nora Marks Dauenhauer and Richard Dauenhauer painstakingly illuminate a single performance, other essays consider broad patterns across time and space. …


Wheeled inverted pendulum has been a standard benchmark in control research. It normally has two wheels to limit the unstable mode in the longitudinal direction. In this paper, wheeled inverted pendulum with only one wheel is investigated. The dynamics model is derived based on Lagrange-Euler formulation. Linear controller is then designed for balancing task and straight-line tracking task. Simulation in MATLAB is also performed to confirm the linear controller performance. Finally, a simple prototype is developed which confirms simulation results and sheds light on the many practical problems and limitations, not observable from simulation: sensor noise, sampling rate, gear backlash, static and dynamic friction, mechanical vibration, time delay and actuator saturation.


We present stellar rotation curves and velocity dispersion profiles for 104 quiescent galaxies at z = 0.6–1 from the Large Early Galaxy Astrophysics Census (LEGA-C) spectroscopic survey. Rotation is typically probed across 10–20 kpc, or to an average of 2.7Re. Combined with central stellar velocity dispersions (σ0) this provides the first determination of the dynamical state of a sample selected by a lack of star formation activity at large lookback time. The most massive galaxies (M⋆ > 2 × 1011 M⊙) generally show no or little rotation measured at 5 kpc ( ∣ V 5 ∣ / σ 0 < 0.2 in eight of ten cases), while ∼64% of less massive galaxies show significant rotation. This is reminiscent of local fast- and slow-rotating ellipticals and implies that low- and high-redshift quiescent galaxies have qualitatively similar dynamical structures. We compare ∣ V 5 ∣ / σ 0 distributions at z ∼ 0.8 and the present day by re-binning and smoothing the kinematic maps of 91 low-redshift quiescent galaxies from the Calar Alto Legacy Integral Field Area (CALIFA) survey and find evidence for a decrease in rotational support since z ∼ 1. This result is especially strong when galaxies are compared at fixed velocity dispersion; if velocity dispersion does not evolve for individual galaxies then the rotational velocity at 5 kpc was an average of 94 ± 22% higher in z ∼ 0.8 quiescent galaxies than today. Considering that the number of quiescent galaxies grows with time and that new additions to the population descend from rotationally supported star-forming galaxies, our results imply that quiescent galaxies must lose angular momentum between z ∼ 1 and the present, presumably through dissipationless merging, and/or that the mechanism that transforms star-forming galaxies also reduces their rotational support.


Part I—Introduction THE relatively greater sensitivity of certain types of neoplasms, as compared with the neighboring normal tissue, is undoubtedly an all-important factor in the successful treatment of certain malignant diseases. The regression obtained by means of radiation therapy in practically all of the various types of lymphomas is, of course, ascribable to the relatively greater radiosensitivity of these lesions, and, therefore, the dosage can be kept well below that which might result in serious damage to normal tissue. The difficulty arises when a given pathologic process is resistant to radiation therapy with a sensitivity approaching that of neighboring normal tissue. Unfortunately, the latter is all too often true in most of the adult types of carcinoma. Of the different methods suggested to increase the sensitivity of the more radioresistant types of neoplasm, the thought has occurred to the writers that heat might be employed as a simple and practical sensitizing agent. In reviewing the li...


The design of energy-efficient protocols for wireless sensor networks (WSNs) is a crucial problem as energy is a stringent resource in these networks. In this paper, we propose an energy-aware routing protocol using a new approach. To be more specific, we present a protocol called high power short distance protocol (HPSD). HPSD is a node-based protocol that selects the route to the base station (BS) based on the closest node that has the highest battery power relative to its surrounding neighbors. Thus, the energy load can be distributed among all sensor nodes instead of using certain path each time. As such, HPSD can increase the life time of the network. We simulate the performance of HPSD and compare it to other routing protocols for WSNs. Our results show that albeit being simple, HPSD proved to be a very efficient routing protocol in terms of increasing the life time of the network. Moreover, simulation results show that HPSD can efficiently adapt routes to the nodes available power.


33 women died from abortion in 1977 compared with 27 in 1976 and 90 in 1972. Death-to-case rates for 1976 were much lower than in 1972-75. 1,079,430 legal abortions were reported to the Center for Disease Control in 1977. The death-to-case ratio was 1.4/100,000 abortions. The risk of death is lowest for women whose abortions are performed at less than 8 menstrual weeks gestation. Death rates are highest for hysterectomy and hysterotomy and lowest for curettage, dilation and evacuation. More abortions are now performed during the safer periods than prior to 1975. Physicians have more practise at performing the procedure. Curettage procedures are safer now than prior to 1975. Of the 4 illegal abortion deaths reported during 1977, 3 occurred in the first six months of term. There were 13 deaths from spontaneous abortion in the same year.


This paper describes our primary study for a new type of tactile sensing devices which are based on instantaneous localization of acoustic emissions caused necessarily by touch and/or contact movement. We assume the sensor structure which consists of a flexible spherical fingertip-like body and a quadruple PVDF sound sensing matrix is placed at a center of the body. The PVDF matrix works as a wideband acoustic emission (AE) transducers which is capable to detect the arrival direction of a wave packet. Therefore it can resolve and localize multiple ultrasonic emissions at a sensor surface caused by a touch and slip. In order to realize this type of tactile sensor, we present the theory of wave generation at collision, and apply the newly developed sound localization algorithm for an auditory sensor. By assuming the use of this algorithm, and from several experiments under various contact and slip conditions, we show the following features and tactile information: 1) quick localization of touch and detouch, 2) sensation of texture under movement, and 3) quick detection of precursor of slip.<<ETX>>


The invention discloses an automatic upgrade system and method for an automobile diagnosis instrument based on a CAN bus. The automatic upgrade system comprises a main control unit and a wireless communication cell, wherein the main control cell is connected with the automobile CAN bus, and the wireless communication cell is connected with the main control cell. The main control cell is set to receive software version information and provider information of diagnosis instrument software, and the software version information and the provider information of the diagnosis instrument software are sent to the CAN bus by the diagnosis instrument. The main control cell is connected to a remote server end through the wireless communication cell to inquire whether the diagnosis instrument software needs to be updated or not, downloads and saves a diagnosis instrument software to be updated from the remote server through the wireless communication cell if update is needed, and sends upgrade alert signals to the diagnosis instrument. After receiving confirmed upgrade signals from the diagnosis instrument, the main control cell sends the diagnosis instrument software to be updated to the diagnosis instrument to carry out update.


The metallic additive manufacturing process is a multi-scale and multi-physics coupling problem, including complex physics phenomena, i.e., mass and heat transfer, phase transformation, and material microstructure evolution. Therefore, in this work, we thoroughly reviewed the numerical simulation studies on metallic additive manufacturing in two folds, the mass and heat transfer, and material microstructure evolution. In light of the physics phenomena and the length scale of the problems concerned, we summarized the commonly used heat source models, mass and heat transfer numerical models (including powder scale high fidelity thermo-fluid flow coupling model, continuum-based thermo-fluid coupling model, and continuum-based heat conduction model), and the microstructure prediction models (including phase-field model, cellular automaton method, kinetic Monte Carlo method) followed by the discussions on their advantages and applicability. Furthermore, the "process-structure-property" integrated numerical models are reviewed. The numerical simulation challenges for the metallic additive manufacturing are finally presented in addition to the prospect.