[Objective]To investigate the occupational hazards of a automobile remodeling factory,to find out the reason for exceeding standard,and explore the control measures.[Methods]Onsite occupational health investigation and detection of occupational hazard factors were applied.[Results]The main occupational risk factors that existed in the automobile remodeling factory were dust,chemical toxic substances(benzene,toluene,xylene,CO,NO,NO2,MnO2),ultraviolet radiation and noise.The dust concentrations were detected in 13 work sites,among which,8 work sites were not qualified,the over standard rate was 61.5%;the noise was tested in 14 work sites,and 8 sites were not qualified,the over standard rate was 57.1%;except for benzene density in harmonizing lacquer room and indoor spraying paint post,chemical toxic substance levels at other posts all met the requirements of national standards.[Conclusion]Control measures such as dust,poisons and noise prevention should be taken at the critical parts that the occupational hazards occur.


New shield-type current-probe was compared to a conventional type current-probe by measuring frequency response and TLP pulse. The shield type current-probe, which provided low distortion and 6GHz BW, approximated the input waveform. The contact discharge was investigated using 4pF to 20pF capacitances. The current waveforms discharging from the 4pF reached the peak value at the leading edge and decayed rapidly. The current waveforms discharging from the 20pF rose up slowly and reached the peak value after the leading edge. The peak current discharging from the 4pF or 20pF increased almost proportionally from 40mA at 10V to over 300mA at 70V. At the 4pF capacitance the rise time tended to increase from 50ps to 150ps as the voltage decreased from 70V to 10V. The shield-type current-probe was useful for measuring the contact discharge.


The following problems are faced for Tianjin credit rating market at present: lack of unified institutional arrangements for credit rating in the credit loan market,low acceptance of social credit rating products and services,absence of a nationwide,standardized regulatory system for credit rating business in the credit loan markets,companies being not so willing to participate in ratings.Therefore,it's the duty for the People's Bank of China to make institutional arrangements for credit rating,to establish standardized,institutionalized regulatory systems for credit rating businesses,to coordinate government departments to gradually raise community awareness of external credit ratings;it's necessary for rating agencies to master the business needs of commercial banks,so as to jointly promote the development of credit ratings market in Tianjin,China.


Purpose: To compare higher-order aberrations (HOAs) and visual acuity after wavefront-guided and wavefront-optimized laser keratorefractive surgery. Methods: This retrospective study consisted of consecutive cases of eyes that underwent wavefront-guided (VISX S4 CustomVue®) or wavefront-optimized (WaveLight® EX500) laser assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) or photorefractive keratectomy (PRK). Preoperative and postoperative uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA), best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), manifest refraction spherical equivalent (MRSE), and preoperative and 3 month postoperative HOAs were compared. Results: There were no statistical differences in UCVA, BCVA, MRSE, or total HOAs in either the LASIK and PRK groups (all p > 0.05). Induced amount of spherical aberration (SA) was significantly lower in the wavefront-optimized LASIK and PRK than wavefront-guided LASIK and PRK. Conclusions: In laser keratorefractive surgery, wavefront-guided and wavefront-optimized platforms produced equivalent visual outcomes and no differences in total HOAs. However, the wavefront-optimized platform caused less spherical aberration 3 months after operation. J Korean Ophthalmol Soc 2014;55(4):480-485


The present paper uses the voting power analysis, and proposes two criteria for evaluating the effectiveness of coalition formation in a weighted voting body. They are called the" criterion of effectiveness of coalition body(El)" and the" criterion of effectiveness of coalitional members(E2)". Introducing the Banzhaf measure as an index of voting power we have three theoretical results: (1)The criteria are independent each other, i. e., one does not include the other and vice versa. (2)The expected frequency that a coalition satisfies El is inversely proportional to the number of members in it, but the expected frequency that it satisfies E2 is directly proportional to that. (3)Defining the well-known concepts of veto holder and dummy on the index we prove the necessary condition that a coalition satisfies the two criteria, that is all members in a coalition are not veto holders and at least two members are not dummies. Finally, by using the proposed two criteria we evaluate the effectiveness of all possible coalitions in the House of Representatives of Japan.


This article discusses the United Nations (UN) Convention on the Law of the Sea and one of its implementing agreements, the UN Fish Stocks Agreement. It considers problems, opportunities, and key principles that have emerged in recent international negotiations on fisheries. It notes that the large number of international fora that deal with fisheries encourage lack of focus and inefficient decision making. The article suggests that the UN General Assembly's annual ocean debate could play a critical role in addressing these problems.


The decay of an unstable state in the weakly coupled Friedrichs model, consisting of a discrete state and the Fibonacci lattice, is investigated numerically. The survival probability is shown to satisfy a scaling property and to be well described by the Mittag-Leffler function. As the discrete state decays, waves are emitted and propagate along the Fibonacci lattice. When the survival probability decays monotonically, the Husimi representation of the emitted wave is found to be localized in the momentum direction in spite of the fact that the momentum is not a good quantum number for the Fibonacci lattice. Moreover, depending on the behavior of the survival probability, transient trapping of the wave packets and the formation of localized waves are also observed in the Husimi representation.


In embedded systems with severe resource constraints, a `time-triggered hybrid' (TTH) scheduler can be employed as an alternative to a fully pre-emptive design. A TTH approach allows the system designer to create a static schedule made up of 1) a collection of tasks that operate co-operatively and 2) a single — short — pre-emptive task. Although well matched to the needs of an important group of embedded systems (including control and data acquisition systems), the predictable performance of a TTH scheduler can be jeopardized if tasks exceed their predicted worst-case execution times. To address this problem, a novel TTH framework is described in this paper, which has `Task Guardians' associated with both the co-operative tasks and the pre-emptive task. The resulting framework is shown to have very limited resource requirements but highly predictable behaviour, even in the event of task overruns. Finally, a simplified design (supporting only co-operative tasks) is also described.


The low-temperature thermoelectric resonant transport through the Anderson impurities under the Kondo resonance conditions is studied. It is shown that for the smooth Anderson impurity (AI) density of states the thermoelectric current is parametrically larger than that in the absence of on-site Coulomb correlation, which is the signature of the Kondo effect. In the case of singular AI density of states some new characteristic temperature appears. For temperatures smaller than this, the Kondo-type contributions to the thermoelectric current are important, while in the opposite case the conventional picture of thermoelectric transport returns.


Taking the practical engineering for example,the common treatment methods for flexible and rigid anti-seepage in artificial landscape lake engineering are introduced.The characteristics of different water treatment methods are analyzed.The intention is to provide reference for design of artificial landscape lake.


Designing of the taxation system belongs to the sovereignty of each state. Since most states use different principles in determining the taxable claims, this often leads to double taxation of companies and individuals. The avoid-ance of the unfavorable taxation is made through the practice of tax treaties, as their primary purpose is to eliminate or mitigate the consequences of in-ternational judicial double taxation. Another very important aim is counter-ing of tax evasion.

Ever since the Supreme Administrative Court overrides the tax treaty be-tween Sweden and Switzerland, in the OMX-judgment, a wide discussion is initiated concerning the position of tax treaties in the Swedish tax law. One view expressed is that Sweden by such conduct is guilty of treaty override. The Council for Advanced Tax Rulings had to deal with a series of ad-vanced rulings after the OMX-judgment. In order to deal with the ambigu-ous situation that arises, the Supreme Administrative Court departs from the earlier reasoning and indicates, in the case RA 2010 ref. 112, that tax trea-ties shall take precedence over domestic rules. However the Supreme Ad-ministrative Court also introduces a new rule of exception. In order to inves-tigate the meaning of the new rule of exception a comparison is made to the Peru-cases, which concerns the relationship between tax treaties and national tax evasion rules.

The purpose of this thesis is to investigate and analyze the situations in which tax treaties does not take precedence over domestic law, i.e. what constitutes the current law after the OMX-judgment. A focus is given to the general anti-avoidance provision and the Peru-cases. The issue addressed in this paper is whether tax treaties shall have precedence over domestic law, whether the general anti-avoidance provision is included in the new rule of exception and finally whether tax treaties shall take precedence over the general anti-avoidance provision in the domestic tax legislation according to the Peru-cases.

The conclusion reached is that tax treaties shall take precedence over do-mestic law, in general, according to the current law in Sweden. The Peru-cases however do not clarify whether tax treaties shall take precedence over the general anti-avoidance provision in the domestic tax legislation and the meaning of the new rule of exception. The State law therefore still remains unclear in my opinion.


Discussions of the need for a review committee dedicated to ethical oversight of artificial intelligence (AI) research have not yet advanced to organization design discussions. What are the essential components for an AI research review board? Based upon precedent for composition and conduct of high-technology review boards, one essential component is a risk-adjusted review mechanism that assists review boards in the categorization of research needing review. In this paper, risk assessment tools are developed based upon lessons learned from other review boards, such as Institutional Biosafety Committees.


The ideals of the eighteenth century's Age of Enlightenment are the foundation of modern democracies. The era was characterized by thinkers who promoted progressive social reforms that opposed the long-established aristocracies and monarchies of the time. Prominent examples of such reforms include the establishment of inalienable human rights, self-governing republics, and market capitalism. Twenty-first century democratic nations can benefit from revisiting the systems developed during the Enlightenment and reframing them within the techno-social context of the Information Age. This article explores the application of social algorithms that make use of Thomas Paine's (English: 1737-1809) representatives, Adam Smith's (Scottish: 1723-1790) self-interested actors, and Marquis de Condorcet's (French: 1743-1794) optimal decision making groups. It is posited that technology-enabled social algorithms can better realize the ideals articulated during the Enlightenment.


Aim  The aim of this study was to describe speech, expressive language, and verbal cognition of children with cerebral palsy (CP).


The application of wireless laser communication has been increasing recently;therefore,design of a portable,fast network wireless laser communication base station is very important.This paper mainly focuses on the structure of the mobile wireless laser communication base station and the adjustment of the parallelism of 5 optical axes,and meets the needs of communication in the final system.The paper introduces the fixing and adjusting mechanism of the right angle prism in communication receiving system,analyzes the error of the parallelism of 5 optical axes.The result satisfies the requirement that the depth of parallelism is 10″.


Objective: To analyze the possible causes of discordance between myocardial perfusion SPECT and coronary artery an-giography(CAD) in diagnosing coronary artery diseases, and reduce the fasle positive and negative results of the myocardial perfusion SPECT. Methods: Fifty two patients from two hospitals in recent 5 years were analyzed retrospectively, the exercise or dipyridamole stress myocardial perfusion SPECT imaging was detected in all patients, and the patients who had abnormal results of stress imaging were examined by myocardial perfusion SPECT imaging with 24 hours. Results: There was discordance of image results between myocardial perfusion SPECT and CAD in 5 patients. Four had an abnormal SPECT image while their CAD were normal. On the other hand one had a normal SPECT image but an abnormal CAD. Conclusion: There was a high concordance of image results between nuclear myocardial perfusion SPECT and coronary artery angiography in diagnosing coronary artery diseases; A comprehensive understanding of the discordant results of the two tests may further promote the accurate diagnosis in coronary artery diseases.


In recognition of the evolution and history of education related to the premise of political struggle,the paper broke or bent along the political history of Republic of China of regime change by the model,emphasizing the development law of education history,integrating the history of social evolution and education development.It divided the western higher education of Republic of China into three periods:the struggled embryonic period:1912-1926 years; the peak period of western education to achieve localization:1927-1937 years; the low survival period:1937-1949 years.

Key words:
Western medicine education; Republic of China; History stages; Education history


Single phase M2Si (M = Mg, Ca, Sr) silicides were grown using Si substrates, by thermal treatment of the substrates in the vapors of the metallic sources, M, and the electronic structures and optical property of the silicides were investigated. The electronic band structures of the silicides were calculated using the first-principles total-energy calculation program in pseudopotential schemes with plane-wave basis functions. The calculated optical reflectance spectra were also deduced from the theoretical band structures, and roughly agreed with the experimental results except for the low reflectance intensity around 2 eV. This suggests that the energy band gap of the silicides roughly agree with the calculated values of 0.15, 0.31 and 0.35 eV for Mg2Si, Ca2Si and Sr2Si, respectively, within the underestimation of the band gap by the density functional calculation. The optical property of the silicides is also discussed in relation to the morphological structures of the silicides.


To investigate learning burnout of college students,330 college students were surveyed with college student learning burnout inventory.The results were then sorted in ascending order based on the total scores;and the first 27% cases were selected as the group of low score group(the group of low burnout),the last 27% cases as the group of high score(the group of high burnout);10 cases respectively from both groups were selected and subjected to an interview,the results of which were then summed up and compared so as to find out the causes in the hope of put forth possible effective measures.The results show:①the learning burnout level of the college student is comparatively high,behavior inadequacy is most serious;②in terms of gender difference,female students are higher than males in the level of reduced personal accomplishment;③in terms of grades,sophomores are higher than seniors in the level of the general burnout;sophomores and juniors are higher than seniors in the level of redused achievement sense;④in terms of branch of art and science,the science students are high than the art students in the level of the general burnout,redused achievement sense and reduced personal accomplishment;⑤The affecting factors of learning burnout are quite varied,which demands concerted efforts made among the society,family,school and each individual with the individual playing the leading role.


This study aimed to compare and contrast the associations between measures of adiposity and fat distribution and perceived fatigability among well‐functioning individuals in mid‐ to late life.


Medium Density Fibre (MDF) Board is appropriate for many applications in furniture industry due to its better machinability, dimensional stability and surface characteristics. Drilling is the unavoidable machining operation during the assembly of MDF, which plays a major role in the acceptance of the finished product. Thrust force exerted during the drilling operation plays a major role in deciding the damaged area and the extent of defects in the work piece. This work is focussed to study the effect of various drilling parameters like feed rate, spindle speed, drill diameter and board thickness on the thrust force exerted during drilling. Experiments were planned using L27 orthogonal array and a fuzzy logic rule based model is used to evaluate the effect of these factors on thrust force. The micro structure of drilled holes is studied through Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and the results are validated.


The use of composites in aircraft structures is often limited by material and manufacturing costs which, for some designs and applications, are prohibitively high. To increase the frequency of application of composites in primary airframe components alternative manufacturing processes are sought that reduce cost and/or enhance structural efficiency. One alternative process involves the use of THERM-Xsm as the pressure transfer medium during autoclave curing. THERM-Xsm, a silicon-based flow able polymer which behaves like a liquid under autoclave presssure, transmits quasi-hydrostatic pressure to all contacting surfaces of the part to be cured. Once the autoclave pressure is relieved, THERM-Xsm reverts back to the powdery solid state and can be reused many times. The THERM-Xsm process to be evaluated is depicted and consists of (1) enclosing the tool and part to be cured by a set of frames that create a box, (2) pouring THERM-Xsm powder onto the part and filling the box, and (3) placing a vacuum bag over the box assembly. In this program, a separating non-porous film (Teflon) was placed between the part to be cured and THERM-Xsm powder to avoid any contamination. The use of THERM-Xsm has two significant advantages over conventional manufacturing procedures. First, it eliminates complicated hard tooling since it guarantees uniform pressure transfer and thus, good compaction at complex structural details (such as frame-stiffener intersections and corners). Second, it greatly simplifies vacuum bagging, since once the part to be cured is covered by THERM-Xsm powder, the vacuum bag need only conform to a relatively flat shape reducing significantly the number of pleats required. A program is on-going at Sikorsky Aircraft to evaluate the structural performance of complex composite fuselage structures made with this THERM-Xsm process and to quantify the impact of THERM-Xsm on manufacturing labor hours and cost. The program involves fuselage panel optimization analysis, a building block test program where structural details representative of the full-scale article are analyzed and tested, and static and fatigue test/analysis of the full-scale test articles. The main results of this program are reported.


This paper identifies some factors which contribute for the adoption of a Technological Innovation (Systems of Information) in the health area and also identifies the way some internal groups are acting towards the adoption (and use) or rejection of a technological innovation. It has researched into an Electronic Patient Record system in an Emergency Ward and a Teaching Support System by Web in a Medicine College. Two pieces of field qualitative research have been carried out through adopting the technique of exploratory nature, conducted by interviews-in-depth with the main managers and key-users which influence the adoption of the innovation. The research outcome indicates (among other aspects), that the channels used for spreading innovation, for spreading the performance of change providers agents and the preparation for change are aspects that definitely determine the adoption of information systems in the health area.


The banking sector in Kenya has become very volatile following increased political anxieties, competition from new entrants, social reforms, technological advancement and globalization. Following this increased competition, banks have developed various response strategies including activities such as ICT deployment, staff training, strategic partner management and customer relationship management. Despite the heightened competition, performance of commercial banks has continued to be impressive. Could the response strategies adopted by commercial bank be the source of this impressive performance? In the banking industry in Kenya an appropriate and competent strategic capability is a key basis for such effective response strategies. Commercial banks in Kenya have to contend with the dynamics of a changing competitive environment because of increased globalization and internationalization effects. It exerts pressure on Banks to be proactive and to formulate successful strategies that facilitate proactive response to perceived and actual changes in the competitive environment. Strategic responses are ones that are aimed at differentiating an organization from its competitors in a way that is sustainable in the future. This study sought to fill this gap by seeking to establish the effect of change management strategies on the performance of commercial banks in Kenya. Chapter two reviews the theoretical review, conceptual framework, and empirical review, critique of existing literature, research gap and summary of the chapter.  The study is based on the acquired needs theory, customer relationship theory systems theory and agency theory. The study adopted a descriptive cross-sectional survey. The target population of this study comprised all the 40 commercial banks in Kenya. The unit of analysis comprised of 623 management employees working at the head office of Commercial bank in Kenya. A sample of 83 respondents was selected for this study. The questionnaire was the selected instrument or tool for data collection for the study. The study carried out a pilot study to pretest and validate the questionnaire Quantitative data collected was analyzed by the use of descriptive statistics using SPSS (Version, 21) and presented through percentages, means, standard deviations and frequencies. Content analysis was used to test data that is qualitative in nature or aspect of the data collected from the open ended questions. Multiple regressions were done to determine the effect of change management strategies on the performance of the commercial banks in Kenya.  The study found that capacity building strategies positively affected the performance of commercial banks in Kenya. The study revealed that customer relations management strategies positively influenced the performance of commercial banks in Kenya. The study found that strategic partner's management affects the performance of commercial banks in Kenya. The study revealed that ICT deployment affects the performance of commercial banks in Kenya. The study recommends that there is need for the management of commercial banks in Kenya to continuously train their staff on new banking services. The study also recommends that there is need for the management of commercial banks to adopt customer relationship management strategies; there is need to commercial bank to have proper strategies put in place to manage their strategic partnership.  The study recommends that there is need for the management of commercial banks to design policies and regulations that will encourage deployment of ICT.


The Picard satellite was successfully launched in a 6-18 orbit on 15 June 2010. The Sovap Total Solar Irradiance (TSI) instrument started its measurements on 21 July 2010. From July to October 2010 Sovap made low exposure measurements in its nominal operation mode, roughly once per month. On 18 October the operation mode was changed. The right channel has been opened permanently. For ageing verification additional left channel measurements are made monthly. For the different operation modes of Sova-Picard we present the relative TSI variation. For the determination of the absolute level of the TSI, we take into account the effect of heat losses for the electrical heating of the cavity, which has hitherto been neglected for the Differential Absolute RADiometer (DIARAD). We present some preliminary revised DIARAD TSI values, which need to be confirmed by further analysis and experiments.


A method to construct a fuzzy concept similarity and fuzzy entropy measure-based classifier by using the axiomatic fuzzy set(AFS)theory is developed.A selection index based on fuzzy concept similarity and fuzzy entropy measure is proposed.Being guided by the selection index,the antecedents of the fuzzy classification rules are selected from the fuzzy concepts which are found when using the aggregation algorithm.And then,the obtained fuzzy rules are pruned by pruning algorithm,and the final classification rule group is obtained.The performance of the proposed classifier is compared with the results produced by 7classifiers commonly encountered in the literatures when using eight datasets taken from the UCI Machine Learning Repository.It has been found that the accuracy on test data produced by the proposed classifier is higher than that produced by the other classifiers.


Two-photon excitation laser scanning microscopy is used to produce three-dimensional maps of cellular metabolism based on the fluorescence of the naturally occurring reduced pyridine nucleotides NAD(P)H. The fluorescence from NAD(P)H was imaged with submicron lateral resolution through the 400 micron thickness of the cornea. Metabolic imaging with two-photon excitation scanning laser microscopy with near-infrared excitation has several advantages over conventional ultraviolet light. The near infrared light can penetrate deeper into the ocular tissue, there is reduced photodamage, and the chromatic aberration that occurred with ultraviolet excitation light is eliminated. In order to confirm that the fluorescence intensity is predominately from the NAD(P)H, the tissues were incubated with cyanide. A subsequent time dependent doubling of the intensity of fluorescence resulted. All cell types in the cornea of an ex vivo eye were imaged. The fluorescence from keratocytes in the corneal stroma was only observed after cyanide treatment. NAD(P)H fluorescence from lens epithelial cells was observed as well as from the lens fibers. These studies demonstrate the validity of using two-photon excitation laser scanning microscopy to perform a noninvasive optical biopsy of ocular tissue.


Huettel et al. present a technical study describing a new dual-optode eddy covariance system. The authors integrate two independent O2 sensors within a standard eddy covariance setup to cross-check fluxes extracted using two independent O2 sensor output streams, and to identify any biases in the measurements which are most likely caused by sensor fouling. Dual O2 sensor eddy systems are not new per se (e.g.


This paper presents an adaptive reconfiguration control for linear systems with both unknown actuator failures and disturbances. The model uncertainties are included to present additive disturbances which are unknown but bounded. By using set‐membership estimation technique for such a problem, two interval observers are developed to estimate the system states subject to model uncertainties. Based on these state estimates, an adaptive state feedback reconfiguration controller is proposed to compensate actuator failures for achieving system states tracking to those of reference model under the framework of model reference adaptive control approach. The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated through simulation results. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


The paper presents a one step hybrid numerical scheme with two off grid points for solving directly the general second order initial value problems of ordinary differential equations. The scheme is developed using collocation and interpolation technique. The proposed scheme is consistent, zero stable and of order four. This scheme can estimate the approximate solution at both step and off step points simultaneously by using variable step size. Numerical results are given to show the efficiency of the proposed scheme over the existing schemes.


Using the Darboux transformation for the Korteweg–de Vries equation, we construct and analyze exact solutions describing the interaction of a solitary wave and a traveling cnoidal wave. Due to their unsteady, wavepacket-like character, these wave patterns are referred to as breathers. Both elevation (bright) and depression (dark) breather solutions are obtained. The nonlinear dispersion relations demonstrate that the bright (dark) breathers propagate faster (slower) than the background cnoidal wave. Two-soliton solutions are obtained in the limit of degeneration of the cnoidal wave. In the small amplitude regime, the dark breathers are accurately approximated by dark soliton solutions of the nonlinear Schrödinger equation. These results provide insight into recent experiments on soliton-dispersive shock wave interactions and soliton gases.


It's very important for people in the 21st-century to use the Internet. The Internet is combined with many activities including economics, entertainments and education. But the new technology is not benefit for everyone during developing career. It depends on what people are, such as gender, race, society position and location they live. Under above reasons make phenomena called "Digital Divide". The digital divide is a social issue referring to the differing amount of information between those who have access to the Internet (specially broadband access) and those who do not. People who own the new technology and equipment will be standing good competition, on the contrary, those who without the equipment will not. The government and some researches do their best to make them fair. The study tries to figure out the reasons for the Digital Divide during this competitive period. By reducing "Digital Divide" will make a fair environment for teaching and learning.


Annual world production of sisal is estimated to be 400,000 tons, but the processing of sisal fiber generates around 160,000 tons of waste per year. The sisal bagasse is discarded, even though it is about 60% carbohydrates in its structure. Therefore, this work seeks to add value to sisal bagasse through the production of cellulose acetate membranes aimed at removing inhibitors from the fermentation process. The membrane was developed using a cellulose acetate polymer synthesized from cellulose isolated from sisal bagasse. Alkaline and acid pre-treatments resulted in 90% pure cellulose. The obtained cellulose acetate was confirmed by infrared spectroscopy. In the synthesis of the membranes, the influence of agitation time and temperature of the bath on the selectivity and porosity were evaluated in four tests, the third condition stood out with porosity of 26.23% and selectivity of 94.51% in the removal of the furfural and 36.62% of the acetic acid.


As a result of the reaction of ninhydrin with gamma-aminobutyric acid and glutamic acid in the octanolic milieu, a fluorescent product, presumably a copper-II-chelat-complex, was formed. This appears analogous to the fluorescence histochemical procedure. the reaction product displays the following spectrofluorometric properties: excitation peak at lambda = 375 nm and emission plaximum at lambda = 445 nm. Spectrofluorometric estimations during performing various steps of the reaction were indicative of possibilities of the improvement of the fluorescence histochemical GABA demonstration.


Cultural conflicts occur not only because of their different cultures but also because of cross cultural communication it self. In that situations, the purpose of communication that build understanding is failed. In order to achieve this idea, UPN "Veteran" Yogyakarta join a consortium of 5 countries to create a better understanding of Asian countries, under the name de-Centralized Asian Transnational Challenges (d'CATCH). This research would like to see how the behavior of cross cultural communication by Indonesia students on d'CATCH. The method used is in-depth interviews for Indonesian students who follow d'CATCH in each period. After doing this research the researcher found that the behavior of intercultural communication among Indonesian students participant d'CATCH is influenced by several things such as personal opinion, personal factors, prejudice and assumption, and stereotypes to other countries. On preparation or before entry phase, Indonesian students used passive and active strategy to reducing uncertainty, but in the personal phase interactive strategy is more dominant.
Keywords : cross cultural communication, understanding, behaviour, d'CATCH


The invention relates to a power source suppler test device. The device comprises a load module, a display module, a buzzer and a switch; wherein the load module comprises a plurality of current-limiting resistances, a plurality of load resistances and a fan; the display module comprises a plurality of luminous diodes; one end of each current-limiting resistance is connected with a corresponding DC voltage output terminal of the power source suppler; the other end of each current-limiting resistance is connected with one end of the corresponding luminous diode; the other end of the luminous diode is connected to the ground terminal of the power source supplier; a plurality of load resistances and one end of the fan are connected with corresponding DC voltage output terminals of the power source supplier respectively; a plurality of load resistances and the other end of the fan are connected with the ground terminal; one end of the switch is connected with a power source start signal output terminal of the power source supplier, and the other end thereof is connected with the ground terminal; and the buzzer is bridged between one DC voltage output terminal and a power source normal signal output terminal of the power source supplier.


During casting process of light metals mold filling significantly affect the casted part. Top and bottom gating system is the most significant design consideration in sand casting. It directly effects the mold filling pattern and solidification time. In this research work, the effect of varying gate sizes with top and bottom configuration on the ultimate tensile strength, solidification time and mold filling time was analyzed. For this purpose, eight experiments were performed by varying top and bottom gating sizes while keeping all other parameters constant. ASTM standard samples were prepared and MTS machine was used to observe the UTS of samples. The Matlab software was used to draw the graphs to analyze the effect of top and bottom gating system on UTS. Bottom gating system exhibits better UTS contrary to top gating system.


AIM: To analyze displacement and stress distribution of micro-implant and mandibular molar during mandibular molar distalization with micro- implant anchorage( MIA) by finite element method. METHODS: Four 3-D finite element models of mandibular second molar distalization,named ①,②,③ and ④,were estdblished by spiral CT scanning and Mimics,Ansys and Workbench softwares. ① was without MIA,the Ni- Ti push coil spring( PCS) was located between mandibular 1st and 2nd molars. ② was a modification of ① with MIA beteen the roots of the 1st and 2nd molars and the MIA was ligated to the 1st molar on one side of the model. ③ was a modification of ② by ligation of the MIA to the 2nd molar. ④ was a modification of ③ by use the MIA located on external oblique line and parallel to the roots of the 1st and 2nd molars on both sides of the model,pull-springs were put on the traction hooks between lateral incisor and canine. The load of 150g was applied on ① and ②,that of 250 g on ③ and 300g on ④. The stress distribution on the models was analysed. RESULTS: Compared with ①,after loading,the 1st molar on ② inclined mesially around the micro-implant,the 2nd molar inclined distally accompanied with lingual torsional movement,other dental initial displacement values were reduced; on ③ mandibular molars distoclined; on ④ the first molar distalized overally and the 2nd molar's tilting was less than that on ③. CONCLUSION: Indirect micro-implant anchorage may enhance the anchorage effect. Direct anchorage can prevent anterior teeth from inclining to the lip side. Distal movement of a group of molars has better overall molar movement effect as compared with individua molar movement.


Toys are undoubtedly an important part of childhood. Both in the past and in the present day, these objects accompany children in everyday life. Reflections on the toys have appeared in the ideas of ancient thinkers, who emphasized the importance of the toy in child development. The aim of this study is to present statements and theoretical reflections on children's toys, particularly in relations to their functions. In the analysed fragments you can indicate a more or less explicit definition of selected toys'  functions, which were supposed to equip children with specific competences based on gender, social position and other criteria. The categories adopted during the analysis of toys' socialization and preparation functions are: farmer, builder and warrior, lady of the house, housewife, and mother, caretaker and nanny. Based on the interpretations resting on selected source materials, it can be concluded that the socialization function of the toy was, albeit indirectly, known to many philosophers and pedagogues. While initially few thinkers reflected on the role of a toy, and they also did it "timidly", with time interest in the toys and children's games is growing. It is part of an increasingly deepened reflection on the child and childhood.


General theoretical schemes have been detailed for the designing of the ion projection lithography systems, using the results of preceding theoretical investigations. The designing is on the basis of simulation modeling by splitting off critical conditions and using known regularity of formation optical characteristics. The initial step of an investigation begins with the search of optimum configuration with respect to distortion as the most critical parameter. It is finding a corresponding configuration given reduction in the best way. Introduction of some additional degrees of freedom in two lenses projector makes tuning to required magnification coefficient possible. Then the problem of paraxiality for a system whole is solved. Large attention is given to research of the different collateral phenomena. Accounting all potential sources of perturbations is used for an individual tolerances. The contrast function is calculated for the required resolution.


In this paper, we design and implement a knowledge extraction system from unstructured documents (unstructured documents are documents where the information is in natural language, and require natural language processing techniques for processing) in HTML format. Basically, the system allows to transform the content of a text that is in natural language, into structured and organized knowledge, semantically described (a Semantic Ontology). Therefore, it is proposed to generate semantic knowledge based on the extraction of entities and relationships, where entities are anything about which something can be said, and relations the interactions between entities. From the generated semantic knowledge model, it is possible to infer new knowledge, such as lexicons, taxonomies and specialized terminological bases. The system can be used by any semantic processing application, in its processes of enriching its information and knowledge


The combination of digital map refers to adjusting the position of geometric features associated entity on the basis of the matching entity,which can achieve the information integration and map fusion from the different sources but same region.City map data has its own unique characteristics,therefore when merging the city map database,we not only need to eliminate the differences among various graphic spatial data,but also need to keep the original shape of the entity precisely.This paper proposed a merging algorithm based on the least squares adjustment,which used the indirect conditional adjustment methods to seek after the merger of the entity adjust space coordinates through the iteration.Finally,an experiment was conducted,which demonstrated that this algorithm can not only greatly eliminate the differences of the spatial data,but also keep the original shape of the entity in a preferable manner.


Here, the interaction mechanism of 1-aminoanthraquinone (AQ) on Ti3C2Tx MXene by noncovalent (AQ@Ti3C2Tx) and covalent (AQ-Ti3C2Tx) functionalization is reported. Spectroscopic, X-ray, and scatteri...


Reference has been made in previous articles (1, 2) to the discovery of fossil fishes in the sandstone immediately overlying the basal conglomerate of the Keuper near Nottingham. The upper portion of this sandstone splits into slabs two or three inches thick along filmy partings of greenish clay. The specimen described and figured below was found lying upon the surface of one of these slabs with its head partially buried in the sandstone itself. After being carefully cleaned it proved to be a well-preserved specimen of Semionotus differing to a sufficiently marked degree from previously described species to merit the creation of a new species.


Many students find the analysis of non-overlapping first-order coupling patterns in NMR spectra difficult. To a large extent, this is a result of the way that they are presented in NMR texts. The student is presented with a singlet that is then progressively split into multiplets to give the desired coupling pattern. In order to interpret a real spectrum, the student needs to interpret each multiplet and frequently tries to do this as taught by starting with a singlet and thinking of how to construct the multiplet. This is a very difficult task for any but the simplest of multiplets. The analysis of any well resolved first-order multiplet is actually a trivial exercise. There are some very simple rules that make the analysis a simple exercise.


The immediate value orientations of the new curriculum are to turn the curricular uniformity to diversity and peculiarity,turn the precedence and closeness to generation and openness,and turn knowledge-oriented curriculum to development-oriented for the students.The aim of the argumentation is stimulation of teaching creativity in the new curricular context.


The direct torque and flux control (DTFC) scheme is well known for its simplicity and less parameter dependency compared to the conventional current vector control scheme. It can drive an interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM) in usual control regimes while satisfying current and voltage limits of the motor and inverter. If the characteristic current of an IPMSM is less than the rated current of the system, maximum torque per voltage (MTPV) control can be carried out in the flux weakening operation to increase the motor speed further. Though MTPV control is well established in the current vector control scheme it has not been instigated as extensively, specially operation along the MTPV trajectory in the torque-flux plane using DTFC scheme. This paper attempts to fill that gap by proposing a simple and effective control method for the MTPV operation of a direct torque and flux controlled IPMSM. The simulation and experimental results support the analysis.


Aims and Method This is an audit of 10 359 calls made to the national mental health helpline SANELINE between January 1996 and June 1998 aiming at describing the profile of suicidal callers. Results More calls were by, or about, women. The most common age group for suicidal callers was 25–34 years, while those under 25 were least likely to call the helpline. Fifty-five per cent of all calls related to people suffering from depression, and 31% were for people with psychosis. The majority of sufferers who were planning suicide or were in the act of suicide at the time of the call were in contact with services, and almost three-fifths of sufferers reported problems with services. Clinical Implications There is an urgent need for innovative interventions targeting males and those under 25 years of age.


Economic and political reforms have triggered the return of individual property in socialist Asia brought these countries into the globalized economy that is characterized by legally protected property rights. Reforms have also provoked debate in the media, academic circles, and among state regulators and landholders about market values and social values, legal rights to property and how to balance infrastructure development with private interests. This article proposes a theoretical framework for considering how dialogical exchanges shape the way states respond these social problems generated by land reforms.


The art of the Chinese musical instrument zheng has a long history and there are various schools of its performancem, among which the Chaozhou School is a large one. This essay mainly treats of the artistic characteristics and skills of Chaozhou zheng's performance.


To study the surface temperature of valley city of Lanzhou and the heat island effect,we used the TM5 to estimate Land Surface Temperature(LST) with mono-window algorithm.The results showed that surface temperature of city significantly higher than the environment temperature represented by the river and the local measured temperature also showed the same phenomenon.From the difference of the temperature of Lanzhou city、Yellow River and surrounding environment,we can get the conclusion that it is an effective method to inversion surface temperature using remote sensing images.Urban heat island effect was increasing step by step.


Harmful Algal Blooms or HABs occur worldwide in marine and freshwater environments from Norway to New Zealand (1,2). They can be defined as above background concentrations of aquatic nonvascular plants that have harmful effects on natural and human resources. Blooms can occur in the open ocean, bays and lagoons, and freshwater environments. Most of the harmful algae are microscopic and photosynthetic with plant pigments such as chlorophyll and accessory pigments. If the cell concentrations are high enough they can cause a visible discoloration of the water.


Training of future vocalists in higher education institutions involves the use of new approaches and methods, which is associated with changes in modern society and the image of the future specialist. The future vocalist, as a specialist, not only has knowledge and skills in his profession but also readiness to go beyond his capabilities. He uses interesting techniques, new approaches, looks for the ways to improve his activities every day. During the training of future vocalists at a higher education institution, the foundations of understanding the importance of professional self-improvement are laid.
In the article, the author examines the issue of the formation of emotional expressiveness as one of the sources of successful professional development of a future vocalist at solo singing classes. To achieve this goal, the author conducts a theoretical analysis of previous pedagogical, psychological, methodological and art studies on this subject. It allows to determine the specifics of emotional expressiveness and the relevance of its introduction to the training of future vocalists. The peculiarities of the emotional and evaluative components of the structure of emotional expressiveness are determined. For the successful implementation of this component into solo singing lessons, a set of methods, most successfully affecting the formation of emotional expressiveness of a future vocalist, is outlined.
In the article, the author focuses on the methods of emotional self-regulation. The author emphasizes the need to control the emotional state of a student during a class, his emotional settings before a concert performance, as well as the creation of a positive atmosphere during work. Methods and exercises of psychophysical self-regulation of emotional state and development of students' empathy are characterized. It includes psychological techniques, breathing exercises, autosuggestion, the use ofimagination etc.


Effectiveness of nursing care on mothers with gestational diabetes mellitus.
OBJECTIVES
1. to assess the health status on mothers with Gestational
Diabetes mellitus.
2. to evaluate the effectiveness of nursing care on mothers with
Gestational diabetes mellitus.
3. to correlate the selected demographic variable with
effectiveness of nursing care on mothers with Gestational
Diabetes Mellitus.
OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS
Effectiveness
It refers to excellency in nursing care and to promote the health status of mothers with Gestational diabetes mellitus which have been assessed and evaluated by on going assessment tool.
Nursing care
The nursing care includes assessing vital parameters, and providing care such as dietary management, administering insulin injection, monitoring the fetal heart rate, maintaining the kick chart, maintaining intake and output chart ,daily weight checking, abdominal girth ,educating regarding exercise, dietary habits and care of mothers from the time of admission to till discharge.
Mothers
Antenatal mothers in the age group of 18 - 45years, with gestational diabetes mellitus.
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Gestational Diabetes mellitus refers to increased blood glucose with onset or first detected during the present pregnancy.
ASSUMPTION
Assessment of the mother's condition enables the nurse to gain thorough knowledge about gestational diabetes mellitus. Individualized quality nursing care will improve the wellbeing of the mother and fetus.
LIMITATION
The study was limited to
a) A period of six weeks
b) The sample of 30 pregnant mothers with gestational diabetes mellitus.
c) The mothers who are in age group of 18 - 45 years including all gestational age of mothers with gestational diabetes mellitus.
PROJECTED OUTCOME
This study will give a clear understanding of gestational diabetes mellitus. It will be very helpful to control the blood glucose level to normal limit and to prevent further complications for mothers and fetus which arise due to gestational diabetes mellitus.


† This material is partially based upon work supported by the Ministere des Affaires Etrangeres under LAVOISIER's grant (1997). ABSTRACT Stack-run is a recent lossless method of compression developped for low bit rate coding. It plays the same role as the conventional run length codec, in the sense it also exploits zeros resulted from quantization. However, stack-run coding outperforms run length coding in terms of rate-distortion tradeoff, as well as low complexity. In this paper, we propose the implementation of stack-run codec using a low cost and low complexity 24 bit processor.


of the light-adapted state; F m - maximal fluorescence; F m ' - maximal fluorescence yield of the light-adapted state; F v /F m - maximal quantum yield of PS II photochemistry; F v '/F m ' - efficiency of excitation capture of open PS II center in the light conditions; F s - fluorescence intensity at any time; NPQ - nonphotochemical quenching coefficient; PAR - photosynthetically active radiation; P N - net photosynthetic rate; PS - photosystem; q P - photochemical quenching coefficient; WUE - water use efficiency; Φ PSII - effective quantum yield of PS II photochemistry. Abstract Midvein is an important structure of the upright leaf of rice, and its normal development is essential to the formation of a common plant type of rice ( Oryza sativa L.). To reveal the effect of midvein deficiency on photosynthesis-related characteristics, leaf microstructure, and vein characteristics, the photosynthetic features between the midvein-deficient mutant dl-14 and wild-type Huanghuazhan plants were analyzed. The results indicated that the midvein area of the dl-4 mutant lacked large intercellular space and instead it was filled with mesophyll cells. Moreover, the vein density of the dl-14 mutant was significantly higher than that in cv. Huanghuazhan. Chlorophyll (Chl) a , Chl b , and carotenoid content were markedly elevated in dl-14 . In terms of photosynthetic characteristics, we observed that under high irradiance and high CO 2 concentration, the net photosynthetic rate of dl-14 plants was significantly higher than that of Huanghuazhan plants, but its water use efficiency was significantly lower. In addition, several major photosynthetic parameters, including characteristics of chlorophyll fluorescence (the efficiency of excitation capture of open PS II center, photochemical quenching, effective quantum yield of PS II photochemistry, and electron transfer rate) were significantly higher in dl-14 plants compared to Huanghuazhan plants, but the nonphotochemical quenching of dl-14 mutant was significantly lower than that of Huanghuazhan. These findings indicate that the dl-14 mutant has higher vein density, stronger photon conversion ability, and weaker radiation dissipation ability. This study can provide theoretical support for breeders to use the midvein-deficient mutant.


Abstract:
 Lichen—spruce woodlands occur in the closed-crown forest zone as a divergent type of the spruce—moss forest because of regeneration failure caused by compounded disturbances (fire, insect outbreaks, and logging). From the southern limit of distribution of lichen woodlands (47° 30′ N) to the northern limit of the closed-crown forest zone (52° 40′ N), 53 lichen woodlands were sampled for a detailed dendroecological analysis. Radial, height, and volumetric growth of black spruce (Picea mariana) trees among the woodlands varied significantly according to stand age. Growth rates were similar for all even-aged spruce trees, whereas growth rates of trees < 100 y old were significantly greater than those of trees > 100 y old. No significant differences were found in growth rates of spruces distributed along the latitudinal gradient. Spruce trees were generally small in all the woodlands studied, with only a few trees taller than 12 m. Although spruce budworm may have affected all stands, the timing and intensity of the infestations were not necessarily synchronous among the studied stands. Partial least square response (PLS) functions were calculated to evaluate the impact of climate on tree-rings with latitude. Along the 600-km transect, PLS response functions indicated that growth was strongly influenced by current and previous year climatic conditions, particularly precipitation.


The critical cracking temperature of asphalt is the low temperature evaluation index of AASHTO Mp1a criterion,which is calculated based on the results of bending beam rheometer and the direct tension test.In this paper,the method calculating the critical cracking temperature is analyzed, which comprises the fitting model to stiffness modulus master curve of asphalt, and the effects of cooling rate and contraction coefficient on the result of the critical cracking temperature.The results show that the method of the critical cracking temperature is needed to be improved further.


The contact resistance is the key factor influencing the performance of slip-ring, which seriously affects the reliability of the signal transmission. This paper describes the design of a multi-channel, small-signal, high precision automatic test system (ATS) for slip-ring contact resistance measurement, and it has been used in the production of slip-ring at factory.


Terahertz polarization control has a wide range of applications in imaging, communication, biology, and analytical chemistry. Polarization rotator is of great significance as one of the main units of a polarization controller. In this paper, we propose and simulate a terahertz polarization rotator based on silicon asymmetrical structure, whose polarization extinction ratio reaches up to 35 dB and 26 dB for transverse electronic and transverse magnetic modes, respectively. Its 15-dB bandwidth is 40 GHz for a conversion length of 4.4 mm. The results show that the integrated scheme can achieve the function of polarization rotation with high conversion efficiency. We believe it will play an important role in terahertz polarization management.


ABSTRACT In a series of accelerated tests, using tetradecane as a model diluent, cobalt was shown to catalyse the oxidation of aliphatic solvent extraction diluents to raonocarboxylic acids, i.e. R.CH3------>R.C(0)OH. Impact of carboxylic acid contamination on the cobalt-nickel selectivity obtained with CYANEX®272 is illustrated. Laboratory and plant results are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of an antioxidant (BHT) in preventing carboxylic acid formation.


Robots are often equipped with 2D laser-rangefinders (LRFs) and cameras since they complement well to each other. In order to correctly combine the measurements from both sensors, it is required to know their relative pose, that is, to solve their extrinsic calibration. In this paper we present a simple, quick and effective minimal solution for the extrinsic calibration problem. Our approach does not require any onpurpose calibration pattern: it bases on the observation of an orthogonal trihedron, which is profusely found as corners in human-made scenarios. The proposal is validated with synthetic and real experiments, showing better performance than existing alternatives. An implementation of our approach is made available as open-source software.


otolaryngologists' ability to perform various face, neck, and voice procedures for gender-affirming purposes. Method: A cross-sectional online survey of transgender and nonbinary adults ( n =234) from February to May 2022 was conducted. We asked participants about their awareness of the availability of various gender-affirming face, neck, and voice procedures and if they were aware that these procedures could be performed by specially trained otolaryngologists or speech-language pathologists. We compared awareness across gender identity with Fisher exact tests. Results: Participants generally knew these procedures existed as gender-affirming treatment (64%-93%). However, participants were largely unaware these gender-affirming procedures could be performed by specially trained otolaryngologists or speech-language pathologists (53% or less), especially procedures unrelated to the voice, neck, and nose (26% or less). Conclusion: These findings suggest transgender and nonbinary individuals may not know to seek out otolaryngologists or speech-language pathologists when desiring gender-affirming face, neck, or voice care. Increased efforts are needed to pro-mote awareness of the otolaryngology's role in providing gen-der-affirming care. by presenting the author's technique and several illustrative cases. Method: A retrospective review of 3 RFFF donor site defects managed with an ulnar forearm flap (UFF) were reviewed and included in this study. Patients underwent RFFF reconstructive surgery and subsequent UFF closure of the donor site either at the time of the index operation or second-arily following breakdown of the initial donor site closure over a 2-year period. Results: The average long-term follow-up for the 3 cases described was 2.1 years. In all cases, the flap successfully closed the donor site with no long-term motor or sensory complications. In 1 case, a small 3-cm 2 full-thickness skin graft was required to facilitate complete tension-free closure. Conclusion: For small-to-medium RFFF radial forearm harvest defects, the UFF can minimize or eliminate the need for a skin graft while providing a superior esthetic outcome. The UFF is a reliable and reproducible technique for management of the small-to-medium-sized RFFF donor site closure and should be a part of the reconstructive surgeon's armamentarium. Results: Of FFF =7). The mean of postoperative week-40 the mean length of 3.1 Multivariate regression analysis found no statistically significant relationships between CBT volume and primary outcomes. However, there were correlations between increased and intraoperative complications (odds ratio 1.05; P and postoperative complications (odds 1.18; P There were no significant differences in between patients with and without multiple paragangliomas. were Conclusion: Head and neck sarcomas are rare and available clinical data are limited. This study characterizes sarcomas of the head and neck in the Berlin-Brandenburg area. Multi-institutional international efforts are necessary to obtain more meaningful results. final pathologies evaluated for Statistical the patient group that did not receive adjuvant radiotherapy. Conclusion: In pT1-2N0 OTSCC patients, local recurrence is the main recurrence pattern, and PNI and DOI > 5 mm are significant prognostic factors related to recurrence. In patients with PNI findings, adjuvant radiotherapy may be considered to prevent disease recurrence. Conclusion: Histological grade, nodal status, distant metastasis, intraparotid metastasis, and age were associated with worse survival outcomes. These prognostic factors should be considered when determining the most appropriate treatment and follow-up plan for patients with parotid MEC. staining for and performed on a tissue microar-ray of LSCC specimens. Correlations between TIL subsets and PD-L1 CPS were examined using Pearson correlation coefficient and survival outcomes were analyzed with the Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank tests. + TILs showed a statistically weakly positive correlation with PD-L1 CPS ( 2 .015). No other TIL subsets correlated with PD-L1 CPS in Patients with tumors showing high We compared donor among 18 for at a for a randomized controlled trial showed of infusion for pain reduction at the study a of cohort. Postoperative donor site and global pain were assessed using a visual analog scale (VAS) at 8-hour for 48 In addition, data were collected on differences in total opiate achievement of physical therapy length of stay, and patient Of 18 patients, 8 (44%) underwent fibula free flap and 10 (56%) scapular tip free flap P < .05) and length of stay (11.4 vs ≤ 9.0 days; all, P < .05) compared with all other BMI groups. Multivariate logistic regression showed underweight patients had increased odds of wound (odds ratio [OR] 1.5) or cardiac complications (OR 2.4) as well as mortality (OR 2.0) (all, P < .05). Preobesity to obesity III were protective for wound complications while preobesity to obesity I were protective for sepsis-related complications (all, P < .05). Conclusion: HNSCC patients with underweight BMI had significantly increased odds of wound/cardiac complications and mortality, had longer length of stay or operative time, and were more likely to be identified as African American. There may exist possible disparities in the African American population contributing to a higher rate of underweight status. There were 108 patients included and 319 sleep nights identified. The mean number of hourly events per night was 14.4 ± 4.5, and the mean percentage of hours with events was 56% ± 18%. Of 4600 hourly overnight events recorded, the most common were vital sign checks (17.8%), pain scores (17.2%), and pain medication use (16%). Of the 817 vital sign checks, 68% occurred between 10:00 pm and 5:00 am . In addition, only 5% of vital sign checks were associated with clinical action and follow-up. Sleep medications were used in 29% of sleep nights. Significant univariate variables for increased hourly overnight events based on the mean were evaluated using a linear regression model. Factors associated with increased hourly overnight events were diabetes mellitus (2.77 ± 0.62; 95% CI, 1.54–4.0), inpatient status (1.89 ± 0.76; 95% CI, 0.40–3.38), free tissue reconstruction (1.47 ± 0.66; 95% CI, 0.18–2.76), and chronic pain (1.28 ± 0.55; 95% CI, 0.19–2.36). time points pathological imaging imaging presentation at neck tumor board. Results: A total of 429 patients were included. Squamous cell carcinoma ( n =350, 81.6%) made up the majority, and most common primary sites were oropharynx (27.4%), oral cavity (20.3%), larynx (16.9%), and cutaneous (16.5%). At time of referral, 37.6% of patients had biopsy proven diagnosis. Average time to tumor board was 22 days, and significantly greater in those undiagnosed at referral (29 vs 14 days). versatil-ity and resiliency of the donor tissue. Introduction: Frailty has been associated with worse postoperative outcomes. We sought to examine the degree of frailty among patients undergoing osseous free flap (OFF) mandibular reconstruction and to assess frailty as a predictor of outcomes. Method: head and neck neoplasms and is one of the highest ranking and lethal cancers in Pakistan due to prevail-ing mouth habits. Hormonal receptors act as prognostic mark-ers and targets for therapy in some cancers, but their application in OSCC is largely unexplored. This study aimed to evaluate the expression of hormonal receptors in OSCC patients and correlate it with 10-year overall and disease-free survival. Method: Immunohistochemistry for Her-2, ER, and PR was performed on 100 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded from the years to 2010. Receptor expression was correlated with mouth habits and clinicopathological features and patient survival was analyzed using Kaplan-Meier method and Cox regression univariate analysis. In 100 patients, there were patients with reduced cognitive functioning or education may reduce disparities in HNC outcomes. Introduction: Human papillomavirus (HPV)–driven anal dysplasia with progression to cancer is a well-recognized disease entity. It occurs in more than 50% of patients with HIV, even those on antiretroviral therapy with well-controlled viral loads whose CD4 (cluster of differentiation antigen 4) levels have been restored to normal. HPV-driven laryngeal dysplasia with progression to cancer has not been reported in HIV-positive patients. Method: To bring awareness to this potential new disease entity, we present a case report of an HIV-positive patient who presented with multifocal laryngeal dysplasia/carcinoma in situ (CIS) associated with the presence of high-risk strands of HPV. Results: A 49-year-old man, with no history of smoking, presented with a several-month history of dysphonia. He was concurrently under surveillance for HPV-driven anal dysplasia. Office laryngeal exam revealed keratotic plaques with surrounding erythema. The patient's laryngeal lesions did not respond to medical therapy. Laryngeal biopsy identified multifocal CIS associated with high-risk strands of HPV by RNA analysis. The patient's viral load had been well controlled with antiretroviral medication and his CD4 count had been the tumor in the sinonasal area including the hard palate ( n =1, 1.4%), 2 patients were presented with the tumor originating primarily from the oral cavity ( n =2, 2.8%), and 1 patient had sinonasal tumor with metastasis to orbital and intracranial region at presentation ( n =1, 1.4%). The treatment plan was documented in 61 (83.6%) patients. Fifty-nine patients (80.8%) were treated surgically. The other 2 patients had not undergone any surgical intervention: 1 patient (1.4%) was treated by radiotherapy, and the other patient (1.4%) was treated by chemoradiation therapy. Conclusion: HPV-related HMSC has an indolent course, thus, maximizing treatment by multimodalities may increase the survival rate but does not prevent metastasis. pulmonary (OR 1.5), or ca


Abstract Peroneus tertius myocele has not been reported in the literature. A case report and long term follow-up is presented.


Tomato yellow leaf curl disease (TYLCD) caused by Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) has been identified in Okinawa Prefecture, a subtropical region in Japan, for the first time in 2007. Infected tomato plants were collected from Tomigusuku City, Uruma City, Yomitan-son, and Nakijin-son on the main island of Okinawa. The complete nucleotide (nt) sequence of the TYLCV-Israel[Japan:Tomigusuku:2007] (TYLCV-IL[JR:Tom:07]) isolate obtained from Tomigusuku was determined. The sequence comparison with four representative TYLCV isolates in Japan showed that TYLCV-IL[JR:Tom:07] was most closely related to TYLCV-Israel[Japan:Tosa:2005] (TYLCV-IL[JR:Tos:05]), a member of the Israel strain of TYLCV (TYLCV-IL). The phylogenetic relationship analyses were performed based on determined partial nucleotide sequences of approximately 1,400 nt of 14 other isolates collected from 7 distinct locations. All the Okinawa isolates were separated into the cluster including TYLCV-IL[JR:Tos:05] and at least 2 distinct isolates of the TYLCV-IL were introduced onto the main island of Okinawa. These results indicated that the introduction of TYLCV into Okinawa might have been caused by domestic transportation of infected plants.


The torsional and axial vibrations of shaft system have been calculated independently because of both the limitation of computing time and the complexity of crankshaft model. In actual system, however, the torsional and axial vibrations are coupled. Therefore, in recent, many works in the coupled vibration analysis have been done to find out the more exact dynamic behavior of shaft system. The crankshaft model is very important in the vibration analysis of shaft system because most of excitation forces act on the crankshaft. It is, however, difficult to establish an exact model of crankshaft since its shape is very complex. In this work, an efficient method is proposed to construct the stiffness matrix of crankshaft using a finite element model of half crankthrow. The proposed and existing methods are compared by applying to both a simple thick beam with circular cross section and an actual crankshaft.


The progress of phosphorus recovery technology was the pollution to the problem of eutrophication and phosphorus resource scarcity.On the basis of the phosphorus resources quantity and water eutrophication,the phosphorus recovery was indispensable.The phosphorus recovery technology from wastewater,sludge and ash,such as crystallization,adsorption and disadsorption,chemical precipitation,ion exchange and supercritical water,was summed up.The phosphorus recovery technology prospect was forecasted.


13C NMR shifts of trans- and cis-annelated bicyclo[4.3.0]nonanes with substituents R in position 8 (R H, OH, Cl, Br) and 1-hydroxy derivatives were analysed on the basis of force field calculated torsional angles using Allinger's MM1 program. Shielding increments for the 6 membered ring agree with corresponding cyclohexane values within ± 0.8 ppm maximal deviation. 13C NMR line shape analysis with cis-hydrindane between 148 and 180 K yielded ΔH* = 37.0 ± 0.4 kJ mol−1 and ΔS* = 28 J mol−1 K−1 for the topomerization. The force field calculated reaction profile showed ΔH* = 37 kJ mol−1, in close agreement.


At the 1939 meeting of the Eastern Section of the Seismological Society of America, the author presented a paper on earthquakes occurring about 15° to 30° distance from Weston, Massachusetts. The difficulty of locating these quakes was stressed in the paper, due to the strange characteristics of the recordings. Observers of many stations thought of them as a series of "locals". Using the records from Williamstown, Harvard, Ottawa, and Fordham along with those of Weston, the author located these disturbances just north of the West Indies. He afterwards learned that one or two of them had been felt at Puerto Rico.


Obesity is associated with increased levels of leptin. The mitogenic actions of leptin have been identified in various cell types. Because obesity may be a risk factor for colonic cancer, the proliferative and antiapoptotic effects of leptin on colonic cancer cells and the role of mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) and phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase (PI3‐K) signalling were investigated.


Young adult rats that had been exposed to 50, 100, 150, or 200 R of X-rays on day 16 of gestation were compared to three types of control animals on a test of critical flicker frequency (CFF). It w...


Reliable delivery of 3D video contents to a wide set of users is expected to be the next big revolution in multimedia applications provided that it is possible to grant a certain level of Quality-of-Experience (QoE) to the end user. During the last years, several cross-layer solutions have proved to be extremely effective in tuning the transmission parameters at the different layers of the protocol stack and in maximizing the perceptual quality of the reconstructed 3D scene. Among these, Cognitive Source Coding (CSC) schemes (defined in analogy with Cognitive Radio systems) make possible to improve the quality of the 3D QoE at the receiver by adapting the source coding strategy according to the state of the transmission channel and to the characteristics of the coded signal. This knowledge also permits an optimization of the computational complexity required at the encoder. The paper presents a CSC architecture that analyzes the 3D scene, identifies the different elements, and chooses the most appropriate coding strategy via a classification of the features of each element based on Support Vector Machine theory. Experimental results show that the proposed approach permits improving the quality of the received 3D signal with respect to traditional cross-layer techniques and reducing the computational complexity of coding operation.


Baicalein is a naturally occurring flavone found in the four herbaceous plants: Scutellaria baicalensis, Scutellaria lateriflora, Oroxylum indicum, and the well‐known species Thymus vulgaris (thyme). Recently recognized as a potential anticancer therapeutic agent, baicalein is gaining popularity in cancer research laboratories. However, it is unclear whether baicalein can inhibit cancerous properties of the human ERα‐positive breast carcinoma cell line T47D. Here we demonstrate that baicalein can significantly inhibit cell growth and proliferation. Additionally, cell cycle analysis reveals that baicalein inhibits T47D breast cancer cell growth by inducing cell cycle arrest, suppressing colony formation and cell migration. Additionally, baicalein was shown to induce cell death by regulating genes and interacting with signaling pathways involved in apoptosis. These studies clearly suggest that baicalein has potent anti‐cancer properties and has great potential for cancer therapy.


Network echo path impulse responses with large echo coverage capacity are sparse. Two coefficient-based sparse partial update adaptive algorithms are described in the work of Deng and Doroslovacki (2004) to achieve fast convergence by taking advantages of the sparseness of the echo path and the partial update technique. In this paper, a novel block sparse partial update normalized least mean square (BSPNLMS) algorithm is proposed. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm can have better convergence performance than the coefficient-based algorithms with much less computational complexity.


Precision positioner has been significantly developed as the rapid growth of MEMS and IC industries. As for short-stroke position, the loss of friction can be avoided by using flexible hinges. Long-stroke postioner, however, in which moved-to-be mass always stands on the guide-way part, a main source of friction, makes friction unavoidable. Friction estimation is based on certain filters, such as Extended Kalman filter (EKF). However, estimation accuracy of Kalman filter, especially at low-velocity movement, is not very well. To solve this problem, the paper proposes an estimation method based on DD2 to make an accurate estimation. And the result shows this method is promising in real-time friction estimation. After background introduction, in section 2, the relation of EKF and Taylor series and EKF implementation are reviewed and its limitations are noted as well. A briefly introduction to DD2 is given in Section 3 and friction estimation case comparing the simulation results of DD2 estimation with that of EKF described in Section 4, respectively. At last, conclusions are summarized.Copyright © 2007 by ASME


We hear that we are now "post-digital"; a term that is taken to mean, here at least, not so much "after digital" as being deeply immersed within it. We are "post" in the sense of living in a time when we are no longer shocked or surprised, excited or made fearful, by novel and emergent technologies. In our "post-digital" state we are coming to live, work, create and learn with and about "new" technologies that have become pervasive, ubiquitous and habitual. For at least some 20 years now, we have been considering the significance of digital technologies for the practices and institutions of photography. The encounters with new technology we have witnessed quite relentlessly over that period appear to continue (consider, for example, last year's launch of the Lytro camera, in which the focus of an image can be chosen or changed — in fact computed – after an exposure has been made). However, reflection upon these two decades of "revolution" appears to have entered a new stage. We might even risk the statement that it is coming of age; that we are witnessing a new maturity in our reflections. Such an experience, or perception, is, no doubt, to be had only unevenly. This is the case both globally (where economic and political factors ensure enormous differences of access and use) and within our different local and national constituencies (structured, for instance, by age, education and work). The academic community of those who think about photography seems to have been particularly slow to recognise this shift. This being due, no doubt, to the huge ontological weight of photography, "one of the great emblematic artefacts of modernity" as John Tomlinson (2007, 2) has described it. It is a weight that has been moved only and especially slowly, at least in the minds of those who study it, while its traditional institutions and its conventions where "photography always had its back to the wall" (Ascott, 170), strive to change and be relevant.1 Yet editors of this journal have recently attended four conferences, held across Europe and attracting participants worldwide, in which photographers and photography theorists have formulated and considered questions that are attuned to the twenty-first century condition of photography.2 There was, at these conferences, a notable presence and contribution from the generation of scholars who were born "digital". It seems that a concerted discussion has begun. On one level, the articles we are very pleased to publish in this issue of photographies deal with a number of different subjects. To state them briefly, they would be: light (Teffer); duration (Nardelli); touch and hapticity (Riches and Teffer); archives and ethics (Biernoff); aura and materiality (Faulkner); historiography (Gómez Cruz and Meyer). Yet, on further reflection, we can also see that through their different although frequently resonating interests, the majority of these articles contribute to our understanding of and raise questions about the technologies of photography and, more widely, the condition of photography in its current technological ecology. Even so, the binary oppositions that have structured attempts to theorise the "digital" over these 20 years, in which technology is always cast as the other, persist to a degree: the analogue and digital, the material and immaterial, the real and virtual, the chemical and electronic, the centralised and dispersed, to name only some. These terms became installed in discourse and were enshrined within the academy and


CONSERVING HOUSING FORM: GROWTH POTENTIAL OF A LOW DENSITY RESIDENTIAL NEIGHBORHOOD by Stephen Albert Casentini Submitted to the Department of Architecture on May 6, 1983; in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Architecture. Abstract This study explores the potential of a low density residential neighborhood to accommodate increases in its unit density (number of households), while promoting the continued use or reuse of the existing housing stock. The process of increasing unit density in an existing tissue will be called consolidation. Several types and scales of consolidation are projected into a "suburban" block located in Newton, MA, for quantitative and qualitative analysis. The information gathered is then used to help formulate a set of consolidation standards and principles for this particular block type. Several site plans are drawn using the standards as a method for assessing their ability to generate consolidation which is harmonious with the existing housing environment.This study explores the potential of a low density residential neighborhood to accommodate increases in its unit density (number of households), while promoting the continued use or reuse of the existing housing stock. The process of increasing unit density in an existing tissue will be called consolidation. Several types and scales of consolidation are projected into a "suburban" block located in Newton, MA, for quantitative and qualitative analysis. The information gathered is then used to help formulate a set of consolidation standards and principles for this particular block type. Several site plans are drawn using the standards as a method for assessing their ability to generate consolidation which is harmonious with the existing housing environment. Thesis Supervisor: Chester Sprague Title: Associate Professor or Architecture


Carcinoid tumours of the rectum and anus. BIJRKE. M., SHEPHERD, N., MA", C.V. British Journal of Surgery 1987: 74: 358. Repeated laparotomy for postoperative intra-abdominal sepsis: an analysis of outcome predictors. BUTLER, J.A., HUANG, J. et al. Arrhivrs of Surgery 1987; 122: 702. Prevention of intraoperative hypothermia during abdominal surgery. JOACHIMSSON, P.O.. HEDSTKANI), U. et a/. Arta Anaesthesiologira Scandinavica 1987; 31: 330.


We examine the low light level performance of a four channel polarimeter with a single photon counting sensor associated with each channel. Specifically, we investigate how the detection noise propagates through the polarimeter calibration matrix and affects the estimation of each intensity and mutual phase retardance. The variance is derived for each of these quantities as a function of polarimeter design, detector read-out noise, and average detected photon-electron count. Based on these variances, a metric is defined which can be used to optimize the design of the polarimeter. A specific polarimeter design is examined for high and low light levels. Performance curves are shown for various polarization input parameters and light levels.


On 3–9 November 2013 the 9th World Sponge Conference was held in Fremantle, Western Australia under the theme 'New Frontiers in Sponge Science'. The 186 participants were greeted with a banner tethered to the statue of Eliza in the Swan River (Figure 1A; list of participants available in Appendix 1). The conference then started with a Welcome to Country ceremony and an icebreaker function at the Western Australian Maritime Museum on Sunday (Figure 1B), followed by 4 days of conference programme at the Esplanade Hotel with 229 presentations (104 full talks, 17 speed talks, 108 posters; Figure 1C–F), a choice of field trips on Friday and a sponge classification workshop at the University of Western Australia on Saturday (Figure 1G). This was the second time that the international forum of sponge science convened in Australia, after the 5th International Sponge Symposium was held in Brisbane (Hooper, 1999). Inviting delegates to Fremantle in Western Australia offered access to a diverse mix of history, culture, restaurants and nightlife, with everything within walking distance, and buses, trains and ferries connecting to Perth City. The other reason for meeting in Western Australia was the high potential for exchange between the various sectors of science, academia, application-uptake, industries and commercial use, policy making and regulation. As a consequence, on the first day of the conference one session was dedicated to presentations in the context of industrial activities, fisheries, monitoring and managing sponge habitats (Appendix 2). On the last day of the conference two sessions were given to biotechnology presentations (Appendix 2). Other sessions covered general ecology, phylogeny, symbioses, taxonomy and population biology (sequence according to number of oral presentations; Appendix 2). The programme and the book of abstracts, as well as a media release can be found on the event webpage (Sponge Conference Committee, 2012), and additional accounts were given by Marshall (2013); Mazard (2013) and Schönberg (2014). The 9th World Sponge Conference differed in several aspects from previous international sponge meetings. During the Fremantle conference parallel sessions were held for the first time, which was controversial. At the two earlier meetings the sponge research community expressed a strong wish to be able to visit every talk, which was previously possible, but at the expense of many delegates not given the opportunity to present a talk. For example, at the 8th Sponge Conference in Girona, Spain, members of the organizing committee excluded themselves from oral presentations, in favour of international and younger delegates. For the Fremantle conference, however, the organizing committee made a decision to allocate a limited number of parallel sessions to accommodate oral presentations requested by every delegate, and in doing so it also reduced the delegate registration costs by finishing the main programme a day earlier than originally planned. Another novelty was realised through a session of 5 minute speed talks, which offered opportunities for rapid communications, which was enthusiastically embraced by a wide range of presenters (Appendix 2). These talks were welcome in the tight schedule and allowed a quick succession of varied topics, but yielded variable feedback. Keynotes delivered by Clive Wilkinson, Bernie Degnan, Ute Hentschel, Manuel Maldonado, Rob van Soest and James Bell were kept to half-hour sessions (Appendix 2), a setting that was received positively. Every evening an opportunity was provided to mingle socially, which included the highly successful Student Meet and Greet Night at the Norfolk Hotel to rapidly integrate students into the science community (Figure 1H), the poster session at the Esplanade Hotel (Figure 1I), a very al fresco gathering at Kailis' Fish Market to remember scientists no longer with us (Figure 1J), and the conference dinner at the Fremantle Sailing Club (Figure 1K), during which various awards were distributed (Appendix 2) and not one, but three traditional sponge conference songs were presented (Figure 1L; event webpage, Sponge Conference Committee, 2012). Field trips on Friday took parties through Fremantle, to Rottnest Island (Figure 1M) and the Swan Valley. On Saturday a whole day workshop gave 22 participants the opportunity to learn from nine experienced sponge tutors (Figure 1G). Slide presentations and hands-on microscopy sessions demonstrated classical methods in sponge identification and traits typical for sponge orders, and essential databases were introduced (Van Soest et al., 2012, 2016; Hooper et al., 2013; Hall & Hooper, 2014 and databases these feed into), as well as the concept of sponge functional growth forms that can be used for example when sponges need to be characterized from imagery (Schönberg & Fromont, 2014; Althaus et al., 2015). As another first, it was possible to upload posters and slide presentations to the Faculty of 1000 (2000–2016), an open access, Creative Commons license repository that allows citation of otherwise unpublished data for which the author retains copyright. This service was utilized for 34 Internet publications of conference presentations (25 posters, 9 talks). Last, but not


Sporophyte plants with many gametophytic chromosomes are called haploid plants. These plants can be produced naturally or through in vitro or in vivo induction techniques. Double haploid (DH) can be obtained by doubling the number of haploid chromosomes spontaneously or artificially. They are homozygous, and this homozygosity will be realized in the life cycle of a generation using the DH production system. This production system is used to correct heterosis. Easy to interact with the DH population. DH can be used as parental inbreds of new varieties or self-pollinated plants or cross-pollinated plants. Haploids can be used to isolate mutants, especially if the mutant allele is not diploid. If the haploid is transformed immediately after the chromosome is copied, the plant can be obtained step by step. By combining biotechnological means with conventional methods, the important goal of improving cultivated plants can be achieved in a short time. This article analyzes the various developments in the field of haploid species related to economically important ornamental species.


Flexible Micro-N-Line Probe and Apparatus to Characterize Electronic Conductivity of Li-ion Battery Electrode Films Derek Van Clement Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, BYU Master of Science A key metric that affects Li-ion battery cell performance is the electronic conductivity of the electrode films. Previous research has found that the conductivity of electrodes is not homogeneous throughout the entirety of the deposited film area. To further characterize the non-homogeneity of the conductivity of electrode films, a micro-N-line probe (μNLP) and a micro-flex-line probe (μFLP) were developed to take micro-scale conductivity measurements of thin-film battery electrodes in a non-destructive manner. These devices have been validated by comparing test results to those of it's predecessor, the micro-four-line probe (μ4LP), on various commercial-quality Li-ion battery electrodes. Results show that there is significant variation in conductivity on a millimeter and even micrometer length scale throughout the electrode film. Compared to the μ4LP, the μNLP and μFLP perform six times as many measurement configurations made on contact with the electrode, while providing a more robust design. Design improvements on the μ4LP in order to fabricate the μFLP are the main focus of this thesis. Researchers and manufacturers can use this probe to identify heterogeneity in their electrodes during the fabrication process, which will lead to the development of better batteries.


Abstract A nonrelativistic quantum particle moving in a potential and observed on a sufficiently large (macroscopic) space–time scale can be described by means of classical particle trajectories, provided the potential is sufficiently slowly varying on the microscopic scale. The large space–time limit is carried out using the equations of motion for the time-dependent Weyl operators, which may be expressed in terms of the time-dependent Wigner distribution. The joint distribution for (macroscopic) multiple-time position and momentum measurements on the quantum particle is given by classical particle trajectories distributed according to the initial momentum distribution and initial macroscopic position distribution of the quantum particle. The convergence of the joint distribution for multiple-time quantum measurements to its classical counterpart in the large space–time limit extends to measurements of energy and more general functions of position and momentum.


It is well known that thermoplastics such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC) can be toughened by the addition of elastomeric phase. Thus, nitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) was melt mixed with PVC to produce toughened PVC (tPVC). Further, interest in the use of natural fibers as fillers has grown over the past few years due to the advantages it offers. Therefore, blends obtained from tPVC compound, formulated with an organic lignocellulose filler-based olive pomace (OP) were investigated. A series of blends in which OP was varied from 0 to 30 phr were fabricated on a laboratory scale. The fabricated samples were inspected with respect to their processibility, flexural behavior, dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), thermal stability and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), to examine the contribution of OP to the properties of these blends. Evidences on the possibility of a proton donor/proton acceptor interaction between OP and PVC chains were checked with the aid of attenuated infrared spectra. Such interactions could be expected between the α hydrogen of PVC or between hydroxyl groups of lignin and chlorine of PVC.


Abstract The paper presents results of wear measurements of carbide shank milling cutters during machining of AlSi10Mg casting alloy. The comparison was made between blades wear of milling cutters without protective coating, with TiB2 coating, and with TiAlCN coating. All cutters had identical geometry dedicated to milling of materials of ISO N group. To assess blades wear degree, measurement of two direct indicators, i.e. VBC and VBBmax, and one indirect indicator, i.e. machined surfaces roughness, were used. Received results allowed to determine usefulness of using selected protective coatings in machining of aluminium alloys, especially Al-Si casting alloys.


In ancient China timber building earthquake damage records, often about "column small feet slip", scholars in ancient timber buildings for the seismic performance study, also thought that "column small feet slip" is one of the reasons for the ancient building in the earthquake Could be survived. This article through to column small feet slip phenomenon, to lead to column small feet slip condition were analyzed, and "column small feet slip" seismic effect evaluation, is to the ancient timber aseismic performance research achievements added.


A lzheimer disease (AD) is a degenerative brain disease affecting an estimated 15 million persons worldwide, making it the most frequent cause of dementia. Microscopic examination of the brain in AD reveals deposits of extracellular b-amyloid protein in diffuse plaques and in plaques containing elements of degenerating neurons, termed neuritic plaques. Intracellular changes include deposits of abnormally hyperphosphorylated t protein, a microtubule assembly protein, in the form of neurofibrillary tangles. There is an accompanying loss of neurons and synapses throughout the brain but particularly in the hippocampus, and there is neuropil thread protein deposits and granulovacuolar degeneration in hippocampal cells. The fundamental pathogenic mechanisms responsible for the development of these degenerative changes are largely unknown.


The results of ab initio investigations of the equilibrium structure and the potential energy surface of water–carbon dioxide are presented. It has been found that the complex has two equivalent, slightly nonplanar equilibrium configurations. A hydrogen‐bonded structure has not been found. Large amplitude van der Waals motions of the complex have been studied and the vibrational and rotational energy levels have been calculated. The results show that the complex behaves like a quasiplanar molecule, in agreement with the interpretation of experimental data.


The Asian paddle crab, Charybdis japonica (A. Milne-Edwards, 1861), is a relatively recent invader (approx. 10 years) to northeastern New Zealand, and its large size and aggressive nature makes it a potentially formidable competitor with native species. The only endemic, similarly sized, New Zealand paddle crab, Ovalipes catharus (White and Doubleday, 1843), overlaps frequently with C. japonica in both habitat and diet. To understand their probable interactions in the field, we performed a series of experimental behavioral trials in a closed laboratory system to determine whether the crabs interact antagonistically over a shared prey resource (Perna canaliculus (Gmelin, 1791) – green-lipped mussel). In interspecific trials, C. japonica frequently displaced both sexes of O. catharus from the prey, while O. catharus usually failed to acquire prey from feeding C. japonica. In addition, male C. japonica dominated both male and female O. catharus in one-on-one competition for food, regardless of which crab possessed the food initially. Overall, male C. japonica behaved aggressively towards O. catharus and conspecifics of equal size when competing for a prey item; O. catharus showed low levels of aggression throughout all trials and increased time spent evading C. japonica as compared to C. japonica's high levels of aggression. Our research highlights the importance of understanding how aggressive behavior may influence establishment success of invading species.