specie as that period when the animal began to stand and walk erect. Comparably, the transition from infancy to early childhood in the growth cycle of the individual is conveniently determined by the age at which the child begins to stand erect and walk alone. The fundamental principles governing these changes and modifications in the infant's acquisition of walking are essentially the same as the principles governing all behavorial growth in infancy and probably throughout life. The emergence of standing and walking ability on the part of the infant has ever been of extensive general interest but in recent years it has assumed considerable scientific significance since it is claimed that


In the present invention, by forming the common electrode and the pixel electrode is a circular electrode, to the liquid crystal orientation in the open area present between the two electrodes woman, and to be constant in all directions, to take advantage of the boundary between the pixel areas in the open area, the neighboring pixels as by applying between the area thin-film transistor is DD-GG (data-data, gate-gate) formed in the symmetrical position way, form the common electrode and the pixel electrode with the pattern structure in which the opening area may have a circular structure, which self-orientation of the liquid crystal eseona same direction, so it is possible to improve the contrast without color reversal at a particular angle, it is possible to improve the viewing angle property. Then, the overlapping area of the black matrix is reduced it is possible to minimize the luminance difference that may occur by products at the time of cementation miss alignment, using a pixel region of the subpixel boundary region, the high resolution model it is possible to increase the aperture ratio It can be easily applied and has the advantage of being able to improve product competitiveness.


ABSTRACT: This study describes the epidemiological and clinical-pathological aspects of outbreaks of avian pox diagnosed in poultry associated with fungal co-infections. A retrospective study was carried out, and cases of avian pox with suspected associated fungal infection were selected. The slides were subjected to routine and special histochemical staining in cases of suspected fungal infection, in addition to performing the immunohistochemical technique. Macroscopically, there were nodular lesions with crust formation, and histologically, the lesions were characterized by hyperplasia of the spinous layer associated with multiple eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusions. In seven cases, morphologically compatible structures with fungi were verified through black impregnation with GMS and strongly stained in pink with PAS. The morphotintorial aspects were suggestive of fungi belonging to the genus Aspergillus sp. and Candida sp. The diagnosis of fungal co-infections was confirmed through immunohistochemistry, with positive immunostaining for fungi of the genus Aspergillus sp. (five cases) and Candida sp. (two cases). It is concluded that the occurrence of fungal co-infections secondary to the cutaneous lesions of avian pox represents a complicating factor of the disease, favoring the weakness of these animals and death. Therefore, the investigation of associated secondary agents is necessary.


In this work fuzzy logic based controller for Elevator Group Control System (EGCS) is proposed. The most complex problem is to control the multi-elevator in a multi-storey building and there are different approaches to solve the problem. The approach used based on the Simulink model and the fuzzy logic controller which is proposed to choose the most appropriate elevator for a hall call generated by passenger/user. The simulation was carried out by giving the input which was used to calculate the input for fuzzy logic controller. The data obtained from the simulation model and the input source provided to the fuzzy based controller priority of each elevator car can be calculated. The maximum priority elevator car is responded for its hall call operation. The input was based on hall call assignment method. This work can assist in analyzing the performance of the Elevators.


This paper describes comparisons between the latency insertion method (LIM) and the successive over-relaxation (SOR) method in a thermal integrity analysis. A recent research indicates that LIM is adequate for the thermal simulation based on a resistive equivalent circuit model, which basically requires a DC analysis, though the method is one of the transient analysis methods. On the other hand, as is well known, the resistive network can be solved efficiently by using an iterative method such as the SOR method. We discuss the efficiencies of the methods by comparing the numerical results of example thermal simulations for a microchannel structure in a three-dimensional integrated circuit.


The delamination failure planes of graphite/epoxy composites that failed in three- point bending fatigue were examined microscopically to identify and relate fracture surface morphology to the composite microstructure and the applied loading condi tions. The failure surfaces were also examined for indications of crack initiation and propagation from manufacturing induced defects in the microstructure. The dominant failure surface features were found to be matrix cleavage, hackle formation, and wear regions. No indication of crack propagation from defects was observed. Instead, the role of intrinsic defects on fatigue lifetime seems to be one of damage enhancement around the defect.


3.1 Comparison of the lengths of crown and root of shortrooted upper bilateral central incisors. 3.2 Relation of the short-rooted upper bilateral central incisors to their precursors. 3.3 Occlusal state of short-rooted upper bilateral central incisors 3.3.1 Occlusal state when the roots were found to be abnormally shorter. 3.3.2 Occlusal state before the roots were found to be abnormally shorter 3.3.3 Occlusal state after the roots were found to be abnormally shorter. 3.3.4 Occlusal state of short-rooted teeth other than upper bilateral central incisors and process of their growth. 3.4 Comparison of plotted areas of pituitary fossae of the subjects having short-rooted upper lateral central incisors and of the subjects having normal teeth. 3.5 Comparison of the growth of the subjects having shortrooted upper bilateral central incisors with that of the subjects having normal teeth.


Medical diagnosis is the process of determining which disease or medical condition explains a person's determinable signs and symptoms. Diagnosis of most of the diseases is very expensive as many tests are required for predictions. This paper aims to introduce an improved hybrid approach for training the adaptive network based fuzzy inference system with Modified Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm using analytical derivation scheme for computation of Jacobian matrix. The goal is to investigate how certain diseases are affected by patient's characteristics and measurement such as abnormalities or a decision about presence or absence of a disease. To achieve an accurate diagnosis at this complex stage of symptom analysis, the physician may need efficient diagnosis system to classify and predict patient condition by using an adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) pre-processed by grid partitioning. The proposed hybridised intelligent system was tested with Pima Indian Diabetes dataset obtained from the Uni...


Few-shot learning with Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) is an important challenge in ex-panding the remarkable success that GNNs have achieved. In the transductive node classification scenario, conventional supervised training methods for GNNs fail when only few labeled nodes are available. Self-training, wherein the GNN is trained in stages by aug-menting the training data with a subset of the unlabeled data and the predictions of the GNN on this data (pseudolabels), has emerged as a promising approach to few-shot transductive learning. However, multi-stage self-training significantly increases the computational demands of GNN training. In addition, while the training set evolves considerably across the stages of self-training, the GNN architecture, graph topology and training hyperparameters are kept constant, adversely affecting the accuracy of the resulting model as well as the computational efficiency of training. To address this challenge, we propose FASTRAIN-GNN, a framework for efficient and accurate self-training of GNNs with few labeled nodes. FASTRAIN-GNN performs four main optimizations in each stage of self-training: (1) Sampling-based Pseudolabel Filtering removes nodes whose pseudolabels are likely to be incorrect from the enlarged training set. (2,3) Dynamic Sizing and Dynamic Regularization find the optimal network architecture and amount of training regularization in each stage of self-training, respectively, and (4) Progressive Graph Pruning removes se-lected edges between nodes in the training set to reduce the impact of over-smoothing. On few-shot node classification tasks using different GNN architectures, FASTRAIN-GNN produces models that are consistently more accurate (by up to


The overuse of antibiotics in both human medicine and agriculture has contributed greatly to the crisis we experience today. In the United States alone, at least 2 million people acquire resistant infections with approximately 23,000 of these cases resulting in death each year. MRSA infection, in otherwise healthy individuals, affects the superficial skin and soft tissues, though more serious infections can arise, affecting the deep soft tissues, blood, and bone. MRSA is able to avoid the body's immune system through production of biofilm as well as certain toxins. These virulence factors, in combination with multidrug resistance, result in high morbidity and mortality rates. One of the first studies, published in 1904, to detail the effect of soil organisms on pathogens reported the inhibition and death of pathogens as a result of saprophytes. Several soil organisms found to have inhibitory effects on a range of pathogens have since been reported. The most common antagonistic soil organisms can be divided into four major genera, including the spore-forming genus, Bacillus. A protocol for the isolation of soil Bacillus spp was followed after which the samples were screened against a methicillin-sensitive strain of S. aureus. Those isolates producing zones of inhibition were selected for purification. These pure cultures were then tested against a resistant strain. The most promising isolates were identified by 16S rRNA sequencing. Spent media analysis is currently in progress.


The unstable wellbore created by the infiltration of drilling fluids into the reservoir formation is a great challenge in drilling operations. Reducing the fluid infiltration using nanoparticles (NPs) brings about a significant improvement in drilling operation. Herein, a mixture of iron oxide nanoparticle (IONP) and polyanionic cellulose nanoparticle (nano-PAC) additives were added to water-based mud (WBM) to determine their impact on rheological and filtration properties measured at 80 °F, 100 °F, and 250 °F. Polyanionic cellulose (PAC-R) was processed into nano-PAC by wet ball-milling process. The rheological behaviour, low-pressure low-temperature (LPLT), and high-pressure high-temperature (HPHT) filtration properties performance of IONP, nano-PAC, and IONP and nano-PAC mixtures were compared in the WBM. The results showed that IONP, nano-PAC, and synergy effect of IONP and nano-PAC in WBM at temperatures of 80 °F and 250 °F improved the density, 10-s and 10-min gel strength (10-s Gs and 10-min GS), plastic viscosity (PV), and the yield point (YP), while the pH was constant at 9.0. The mixture of 1.5 wt.% IONP + 0.25g nano-PAC in the WBM unveiled the most promising and optimal properties. At LPLT, the mixture improved the YP by 11% and reduced the LPLT fluid loss volume (FL) by 32.4%. At HPHT, the mud density increased by 3%, 10-s GS by 56%, 10-min GS by 52%, and the YP by 33.3%, while the HPHT FL decreased by 21%. With 1.0 g concentration at 100 °F, the nano-PAC achieved the greatest reduction in the FL of the WBM by 63%, followed by PAC-R by 57% before IONP that showed 36% reduction. Overall, the impact of IONP and nano-PAC in the WBM is evident and while the IONP showed more improved PV, the nano-PAC is more desirable for fluid loss control when 1.0 g at 100 °F was used. The use of combined IONP and nano-PAC could be beneficial for mitigating fluid loss and averting wellbore problem.


Isokinetic evaluation of muscular function in patients with chronic pain and fatigability D. Maqueta, J.L. Croisiera, M. Moutschenb and J.M. Crielaarda Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Liege, Belgium Department of Internal Medicine (Immunology), University of Liege, Belgium Fatigue, widespread muscle pain and weakness represent characteristics of patients with fibromyalgia (FM). The objectives of the study were to measure muscle performances in women with FM and to compare the results with normal values as well as results of patients suffering from chronic fatigue syndrome (SFC). Subjects were 41 women with FM (41 ± 10 years old), 11 women with SFC (45 ± 13 years old) and 124 healthy female controls physically inactive (38 ± 13 years old). All subjects sustained the following measurements: – maximal concentric isokinetic muscle strength of the knee extensors and flexors in the dominant limb at 60 deg/sec angular velocity. Absolute (N.m) and normalized (N.m/kg of body weight) peak torques (PT) were analyzed. – muscle fatigue resistance through 30 maximal concentric isokinetic contractions of the knee flexors and extensors at 180 deg/sec. Absolute (J) and normalized (J/kg of body weight) bilateral cumulative works developed by knee flexors and extensors were analyzed. – static endurance by means of posture maintenance. We determined how long the participant could maintain the given posture (sec). – isometric grip strength (kg) on a Colin dynamometer. Pain resulting from fatigue protocol was evaluated using a visual analogue scale (VAS in arbitrary units, a.u.; 0 represents "no pain" and 10 represents "maximal pain"). All muscle variables were significantly decreased in the FM patients as compared to the controls but also more surprisingly to the SFC patients. In contrast, muscle performances in SFC patients were not systematically reduced as compared to the control values. VAS pain score after fatigue protocol were higher in the FM and SFC groups. Although these pathological states are often considered "overlapping" syndromes, the existence of specific muscle function perturbation in patients with FM suggest a possible particular alteration in these subjects. The impaired muscle performances noted in FM patients may be attributed to lower muscle levels of phosphagens, enzymatic abnormalities and thickening of the capillary endothelium [1].


Penitence psychology is the most positive psychological factor to encourage suspects to confess, which is the result of integrated effect of suspect's internal penitence element together with timely external boost of the interrogating staff.In the practice of interrogation,investigators should actively use principle of psychological motivations,inspire and strengthen penitence psychology with the adoption of the psychological strategy like emotional influence,persuasion and education,while being aware of hypocrisy,false testimony. Quality of the interrogators will have an impact on suspect's testimony as well.


Letter from Arthur Sakamoto, Interim Director of Asian American Studies, to Professor James Garrison from the Department of English commending Geraldine Heng for her contributions to the development of Asian American Studies at UT Austin.


Abstract The modern and composite Pleistocene snow-lines of the Absaroka and Beartooth Mountains, Montana-Wyoming, were established from a population of 135 north-facing cirques and cirque glaciers distributed across Boulder River, Stillwater River, Rosebud, and Rock Creeks. The 3110 m elevation of the modern snow-line was established by connecting the accumulation-area ratios of 35 existing cirque glaciers. The composite Pleistocene snow-line was established by joining the mean floor elevations of the lowest abandoned cirques. Comparison of the modern and composite Pleistocene snow-lines indicates that the composite Pleistocene snow-line was depressed, at minimum, 305 m during the Pleistocene. The 305 m depression suggests that the mean Pleistocene temperatures were, at a minimum, 1.9 deg lower than the present mean annual temperatures found in the study area. Both the modern and Pleistocene snow-lines slope towards lower elevations in the Boulder and Stillwater drainages than in the Rosebud–Rock Creek drainages. Modern precipitation rates also show greater precipitation in the Boulder–Stillwater drainages than the Rosebud–Rock Creek drainages. The parallelism of the modern and composite Pleistocene snow-lines, and present precipitation rates suggest that temperature rather than precipitation is the controlling factor causing the depression of the snow-lines. The distribution of cirque elevations indicates that snow-lines fluctuated a minimum of four times during the Pleistocene.


The electron spin resonance spectra of single crystals of n‐decane‐d22, n‐decane‐h22, and their mixtures irradiated and measured at 1.5 and 4.2°K have been studied to shed light on the mechanisms of alkyl radical formation in saturated hydrocarbons. From the analyses of low temperature spectra and of the spectral changes caused by thermal annealing, it is suggested that almost all alkyl radicals are inherently formed in pairs and that the initial radical pair formation is fairly random especially for distant radical pairs, although there is some preference in the short range reactions for forming very close radical pairs with separation shorter than 6 A. The predominant radical pairs in deuterated crystals irradiated at 1.5 and 4.2°K have separations ranging 6–25 A. The spatial distribution of the generation of paired radicals depends upon irradiation temperature. Radical site migration takes place even at 35°K. There is a remarkable mass effect on the spatial distribution of the paired radicals. The deut...


Medlhe El Setty studied at the American University In Cairo and received a BachelorofArchitecture in 1972 and a Master ofArchitecture in Sociology-Anthropology In 1976. She received a Ph.D. In Sociology in 1980 from Ain Shams University, Egypt. She has been involved In research in different areas of sociology in Egypt, with a special emphasis on health, sanitation, education, and housing. She has been teaching at the American University in Cairo since 1977 and has lectured In a number ofEgyptian academic institutions, including the Military Academy. She Is currently a member ofan advisory bodyon health matters, which Is directly responsible to the president. As a sociologist who has long been involved in field research in Egyptian society, I have written this paper as the outcome of my own experience, most of it being first-hand information from the field. It is based on a number of studies that I have supervised, in addition to published articles in both the Arabic and English languages. Additional information has been included from the Ministry of Health, the Central Agency of Public Mobilization and Statistics, and the study titled Structural Adjustments in Health Sector to Protect the Vulnerable Groups. Badran: 1989. The data presented here is somewhat dated, but more recent information is not available.


To the Editor:

I read with great interest the excellent article by Furnary and colleagues1 detailing an analysis of aprotinin and acute dialysis-dependent renal failure in cardiac surgery patients. Their multivariate analysis has demonstrated that increasing perioperative red blood cell transfusion, rather than aprotinin, is an independent risk factor for acute renal failure after cardiac surgery.

The data analysis as presented, however, does …


Scanned images of patent or historical documents often contain localized zigzag noise introduced by the digitizing process; yet when viewed as a whole image, global structures are apparent to humans, but not to machines. Existing denoising methods work well for natural images, but not for binary diagram images, which makes feature extraction difficult for computer vision and machine learning methods and algorithms. We propose a topological graph-based representation to tackle this denoising problem. The graph representation emphasizes the shapes and topology of diagram images, making it ideal for use in machine learning applications such as classification and matching of scientific diagram images. Our approach and algorithms provide essential structure and lay important foundation for computer vision such as scene graph-based applications, because topological relations and spatial arrangement among objects in images are captured and stored in our skeleton graph. In addition, while the parameters for almost all pixel-based methods are not adaptive, our method is robust in that it only requires one parameter and it is adaptive. Experimental comparisons with existing methods show the effectiveness of our approach.


Increasing demand for portable electronics for computing and communication, as well as other applications, has necessitated longer battery life, lower weight, and lower power consumption. In order to satisfy these requirements, research activities focusing on low power/low voltage design techniques are underway. Since 'power' is now one of the design decision variables, the expanded design space required for low power has further increased the complexity of an already non-trivial task. Low power design basically involves two concomitant tasks: power estimation and analysis and power minimization. These tasks need to be carried out at each of the levels in the design hierarchy, namely, the behavioral, architectural, logic, circuit and physical levels. In this survey of the current state of the field, many of the salient power estimation and minimization techniques proposed for low power VLSI design are reviewed. In this paper comparison of power estimation of various basic CMOS cell structures on various technologies (TSMC 0.35um, TSMC 0.2um and TSMC 0.18um) is carried out. The research issues in order to make the low power design are also discussed in the paper. The paper is organized as follows: First, the sources of power dissipation in CMOS circuits and degrees of freedom in the low power design space are described in section-2. In section-3 various power minimization techniques are discussed. Designing of various CMOS cells and Simulation results are shown in section-4&5.Athe end of the paper conclusion is given. We have used IC Design studio, HEP2 module from Mentor Graphics to obtain the simulation for various analysis of power estimation.


A flow graph relating voltages and the forward and reflected propagation modes (¿ TEM) on multiple coupled transmission lines in an inhomogeneous dielectric medium is presented. This flow graph directy gives the different transfer functions, including S-parameters, in matrix form needed to calculate crosstalk on the lines. An 8 bit databus is analysed in the frequency-and time domain. This analysis shows, as expected, that crosstalk can be a problem in connection with high speed logic circuits. The same databus is also analysed using the quasi-propagation-mode method proposed by Dalby [1-6]. This comparison shows, that the analysis and synthesis methods presented in [1-6] for interdigital filters to all practical purposes are accurate for frequencies below about 0.7 times the half-wave-length freuency for the lines.


We use ab initio calculations to demonstrate that adhesion of Si and SiC depends on the interplay between surface strain and chemistry. We discover that work of adhesion of Si depends linearly on surface strain. Compressive surface strain increases adhesion, which explains why bare Si-terminated SiC has larger adhesion than Si. However, with as little as one monolayer of oxygen coverage, adhesion of SiC becomes negligible while adhesion of Si remains finite irrespectively of the specific oxygen configuration. This effect is due to fundamental differences between reactivities of Si and SiC during the early stages of oxidation.


Proper assessment of dermal collagen fibers by dermatologists and researchers is essential. Histologic evaluation methods have limitations. We present a simple method for measurement of collagen fibers in human skin using Masson's trichrome staining.


Cognitive neuroscience prefers a reductionist approach to normal and abnormal brain functions. So, it tries to reducing causes and indices of cognitive and neural processes, in order to increases the accuracy in investigation and manipulation of variables. As a comparison, common diagnostic criteria for mental disorders utilize multidimensional global criteria that existence of some non-overlapping symptoms from a larger number of symptoms is vital for diagnosis. With regard to the fact, many groups of heterogeneous patients classified under a single diagnosis, though show combination of the different symptoms and various pathology and etiology. The treatment process is often-but not always - based on this overall classification as well and in many cases is accompanying a nonselective modification. Although, cognitive neuroscience techniques as new ones has been used widely for clinical purpose but, traditional methods for evaluating them led to doubts about the applicability and effectiveness of these techniques. It seems such new techniques should be judged based on its micro-oriented capabilities on neural and cognitive processes. tDCS is a noninvasive, pretty cheap, without serious side effect and relatively effective methods for changing some neuropsychologic functions and treatment some symptoms of psychological (and neurologic) problems. In this technique passage of extremely weak electrical current through the scalp stimulates (a nodal and cathodal) special regions of the brain. According to the progress of this technique toward the HD-tDCS and tACS has been providing more opportunities for multifocal intervention, more precise regions and also diver's kinds of stimulation. Despite the fact that tDCS haven't FDA approved yet for treatment of disorders, but regarding many research about its effects on cognitive functions and different psychological indices, it can be used as a complementary treatment tool. Although there is a little evidence about anxiety disorders and especially PTSD treatment by tDCS, some studies are under running. In addition to brief review on the studies that focused directly on PTSD, there has been noted evidence in effectiveness of neurocognitive rehabilitation and neurotherapy on many related brain processes in which provide a guide to depict proper intervention protocols. Among critical applications of tDCS we could point to changes some symptoms that are common in PTSD and anxiety disorders (for example, memory impairments, severe emotional distress, negative effect and headache). Therefore, concerning the heterogeneity in symptoms of this disorder, using tDCS can be potentially as a new supporting method that alleviates some important symptoms. Just on this basis, the possible micro-oriented protocols could propose and evaluate at next stage.


Transmit beamforming (or percoding) is a powerful technique for enhancing performance of wireless multiantenna communication systems. Standard transmit beamformers require perfect channel state information at the transmitter (CSIT) and are sensitive to errors in channel es timation. In practice, such errors are inevitable due to finite feedback resources, quantization errors and other ph ysical constraints. Hence, robustness has become a crucial issue recently. Among two popular robust designs, the stochastic approach exploits channel statistics and optimizes the average system performance while the maximin approach considers errors as deterministic and optimizes the worst-case performance. The latter usually leads to a very conservative design against extreme (but rare) conditions which may occur at a very low probability. In this work, we propose a more flexible approach that maximizes the average signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and takes the extreme conditions into account using the probability with which they may occur. Simulation results show that the proposed beamformer offers higher robustness against channel estimation errors than several popular transmit beamformers.


In the present study, the following features were investigated: the variability of selected macrostructure features (width of the annual growth ring and share of latewood) and wood density of the European spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) in a cross-section of the trunk. The study was conducted in locations of the northeastern range (12 research plots) and the southwestern range (20 research plots) of spruce in Poland. On the testing plots, Pressler drill borehole samples were taken from 15 selected trees. Then, the borehole samples were divided into 2 cm long sections and, for each section, the average width of the annual growth ring, the average share of latewood, and the relative wood density were calculated. In conclusion, it was found that the width of the annual growth rings in the tested material was increasing constantly from the outer circumference (the perimeter) of the trunk towards the pith. The greatest share of latewood was found not only in the perimeter zones of the tree trunk but also in the zones close to the pith. It was also discovered that the highest wood densities occur in the perimeter zones, and that these densities decrease towards the pith. It was only in the sections next to the pith that an increase in wood density was noted. Having analysed the relationships between the examined features, it can be concluded that the width of annual growth rings affects both the share of latewood and the wood density. The aforementioned were negative correlations, whereas the increase in the share of latewood also impacts the increase in wood density and was determined to have a positive correlation.


The paper is addressed the ways in which scientists obtain new knowledge in Digital Age and how these new ways are manifested in science education. The paper deals with the classical triad of experimental research, 'subject-instrument-object', and study a so-called digital triad, which is an experimental research triad of digital society. Тhe digital triad differs from the classical triad in three ways: (1) the subject in the role of a new type of researcher – a so-called digital scholar; (2) the experimental instrument is based on mobile and wearable; and (3) a new type of objects – hybrid natural-artificial objects. The proposed interpretation of the digital triad presents transformations in inquiry-based science education. Analyzing a number of pioneer projects, the paper discuss how digital transformations are manifested in certain educational practices.


Abstract Accessory to a comprehensive study of guayule production now under way by the United States Department of Agriculture is an analysis of the rubber content of plants of various strains and ages grown under diverse environmental conditions. This analysis is currently made by chemical extraction of the rubber from finely ground tissues by a method based on that described by Spence and Caldwell. This method consists of a number of distinct steps, and it is part of the program to test possible variants of these steps. As a check on the effectiveness of such tentative modifications, the ground samples are examined microscopically, especially the spent charges remaining after extraction.


We present several objective functions for vector field segmentation. Leclerc's MRF model is extended by the addition of information-theoretic penalties for regions and distinct means. Massively parallel optimization algorithms are presented. Standard methods of signal detection and estimation are used to develop a theoretical performance analysis, which quantitatively predicts the performance at realistic noise levels. Theoretical and experimental results agree fairly well.


While much has been discussed in marketing about the nature of purchase behaviors in commercial contexts, very little touches upon the intersection of purchase and donation behavior. Our objective in this research is to propose a model of how donation and purchase behavior intersect and to determine the relationship between them in a nonprofit context, where donation is not by default tied to a purchase. Based on theories in social psychology and behavioral economics, we use a Poission/Gamma mixture model by merging purchasing and donation from a performing arts center. We found that various pieces of information presented in the transaction data can function as indicators and proxies of behavioral attitudes: the consumption characteristics associated with customers who are likely to be donors to the organization are different from those who are not likely to become donors.


The global environment suffers from utilizing fossil fuels to powering internal combustion engines (ICE), due to the massive amounts of released CO2. Besides the global impact, the local environments experience high concentrations of harmful pollutants such as NOx, CO, soot and particulate matter (PM). The automotive industry is continuously striving to find new solutions to decrease fuel consumption and also to develop cleaner and more advanced combustion systems, i.e., low-temperature combustion (LTC) engines.The goal of this thesis is to employ computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations to investigate methanol under the partially premixed combustion (PPC) regime, which is one of the advanced LTC concepts alongside HCCI and RCCI. The benefit of PPC engines is the reduced average combustion temperature, which results in optimized emission rates of UHC/CO and NOx, maintaining high thermal efficiency. Interesting properties of methanol, such as a low stoichiometric air to fuel ratio and high latent heat of vaporization as well as non-sooting combustion, may enable further improvement of the PPC concept. Studies have been carried out by employing RANS and LES models to simulate mixing and ignition processes. It was found that methanol PPC can be achieved at relatively later injection timings (similar to those in diesel engines), in comparison to gasoline. Late injection timings can ease injection targeting into the piston bowl and utilize strong wall-spray interaction to help control the in-cylinder flow and therefore reduce the wall heat losses. The well-stirred-reactor (WSR) approach fails to predict pressure traces at highly stratified mixture compositions, such as $0.3 2$) can be accumulated in the near-wall region until the impingement vortices are developed, which then accelerates the mixing rate. Both wall jets resulted in more entrained air after the end of injection, which is considered to be the main reason for the faster oxidation of soot, with comparison to the free jet, which is in agreement with experimental measurements of the optical soot thickness KL. (Less)


The impact of increased levels of carbon dioxide (CO2), chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), and other trace gases on stratospheric ozone is investigated with an interactive, two-dimensional model of gas phase chemistry, dynamics, and radiation. The scenarios considered are (1) a doubling of the CO2 concentration, (2) increases of CFCs, (3) CFC increases combined with increases of nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane CH4, and (4) the simultaneous increase of CO2, CFCs, N2O, and CH4. The radiative feedback and the effect of temperature and circulation changes are studied for each scenario. For the double CO2 calculations the tropospheric warming was specified. The CO2 doubling leads to a 3.1% increase in the global ozone content. Doubling of the CO2 concentrations would lead to a maximum cooling of about 12°C at 45 km if the ozone concentration were held fixed. The cooling of the stratosphere leads to an ozone increase with an associated increase in solar heating, reducing the maximum temperature drop by about 3°C. The CFC increase from continuous emissions at 1985 rate causes a 4.5% loss of ozone. For the combined perturbation a net loss of 1.3% is calculated. The structure of the perturbations shows a north-south asymmetry. Ozone losses (when expressed in terms of percent changes) are generally larger in the high latitudes of the southern hemisphere as a result of the eddy mixing being smaller than in the northern hemisphere. Increase of chlorine leads to ozone losses above 30 km altitude where the radiative feedback results in a cooler temperature and an ozone recovery of about one quarter of the losses predicted with a noninteractive model. In all the cases, changes in circulation are small. In the chlorine case, circulation changes reduce the calculated column depletion by about one tenth compared to offline calculations.


While medical options for children born with congenital heart defects include transplantation, the amount of available organs remains limited. This lack of donors led to the development of the National Institute of Health's National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute Pediatric Circulatory Support Program. Contracts have been awarded to five teams with the task of creating novel support systems for children, ranging from 2 to 25 kg [1]. As part of this program, Penn State has developed a 12 cc pulsatile pediatric ventricular assist device (PVAD), based on the successful 70 cc Pierce-Donachy adult assist device. During the process of reducing the volume of the device for pediatric use, changes were made to the design including altering the angles of the inlet and outlet ports. Previous two-dimensional flow visualization in the PVAD by Manning et al. had shown that these changes led to an increased three-dimensionality of the flow, the influence of which required further investigation [2]. It is important to characterize the fluid dynamics of the flow field inside assist devices such as the PVAD because certain characteristics including high blood residence time, stagnant flow and wall shear rates below 500 s−1 can lead to an increased propensity of thrombus deposition [3,4].© 2008 ASME


This study empirically investigate the impact of insurance risk management through the window of claims payment on the growth in the output level of Gross Domestic Product in Nigeria. Claims payment-economic growth model patterned after multivariate regression, causality and dynamic model of linear formation were estimated and analyzed. The analysis reveal that, in the long run, insurance claims paid on fire, Accident, motor vehicle, employers' liability and marine policies significantly impact on the output level of Gross Domestic Product in Nigeria. Indemnification successes ginger up the productive quality of existing stock of capital and ensure the continuity of businesses in the economy thereby boosting output performance. The author recommend improved insurance awareness, patronage and prompt claims payments. Keywords: Risk Management, Economic Growth, Nigeria.


Background. To explain the influence of recipient status combined with the accumulation of extended criteria donor (ECD) variables on the appearance of severe ischemia-reperfusion injury and graft survival in a model for end-stage liver disease (MELD)-based system, we analyzed our most recent consecutive liver transplantations (LTs), dividing them into two periods: 400 LTs (1992–2002; pre-MELD era) and 275 LTs (2002–2007; post-MELD era). Methods. Primary dysfunction (PD) was defined as primary graft failure that required emergency retransplantation or as initial poor function. Donor variables were included in a regression model to assess the probability of PD. Results. Donor age, macrovesicular steatosis more than 30%, and cold ischemia time were associated with allograft dysfunction. Mean probability of PD was 14.8%, 19.2%, 27.5%, and 37.4% for ECD 0, 1, 2, and more than or equal to 3, respectively (P=0.003). Distribution of no-mild, moderate, and severe ischemia-reperfusion injuries among MELD categories was 72.53%, 24.17%, and 3.30% (MELD group=12–19); 56.52%, 36.96%, and 6.5% (MELD group=20–28); and 23.91%, 54.35%, and 21.74% (MELD group ≥29), respectively (P=0.043). The development of PD according to ECD variables was 18.8%, 18.1%, 28.0%, and 35.3% for ECD 0, 1, 2, and more than or equal to 3, respectively (P=0.047). These variables were independent predictors of PD (Cox proportional regression model): ECD 2 (relative risk [RR]=1.59; 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.25–1.62), ECD 3 (RR=2.74; 95% CI=2.38–3.13), MELD 21 to 30 (RR=1.89; 95% CI=1.32–2.06), and MELD more than or equal to 30 (RR=3.38; 95% CI=2.43–3.86). Graft survival decreased, whereas MELD and the number of ECD variables increased. Conclusion. The combination of three or more ECD variables and an MELD more than or equal to 29 is the worst scenario for graft success after LT.


The measurement of Nitrite in natural water in a miniaturized and standardized way is still needed for the water quality measurement. Here a microfluidic approach of the miniaturization of the colorimetric Griess assay for the quantitative measurement of Nitrite is presented. The chip is designed for the measurement range of 0.1μM to 50μM the nitrite concentration range in seawater. The absorption cell was integrated in the microfluidic chip. The coupling to the optical system is done by optical fibers. As a light source a laser diode with the wavelength of 520nm was used. The usage of the fiber coupling allows the usage of sophisticated optical setup while the chip itself stays a cheap PMMA part. The design of the system and the first measurements are presented.


The article treats the ways and means aimed to professional self-determination of the future social teachers, It also gives the notion on the stages of its formation in the process of the student education.


I have two major quarrels with Levy's review of my book (AJS 81 [November 1975]: 656-61). First, amidst six pages of comment he never informs the reader about the book's purpose, content, or structure. To fill that gap briefly, the book sees communication, transaction (involving power and bargaining power), and organization as the basic social sciences which provide common analytic underpinnings for sociology, economics, and political science. Across all those areas some 425 terms are coordinated into a single terminological set, with each term defined for consistency with every other term. The book also restructures major aspects of sociology, economics, and political science into a coordinated, deductive science. Second, and aside from legitimate methodological differences, the criticisms that lead Levy to construe the book as worthless ("the formalization of nothing is nothing") are either peripheral or wrong, in the sense that each criticism could be voided by slight changes in wording, short explanatory notes, or more careful reading by the reviewer. According to Levy, I don't realize that a "congeries of . . . propositions variously lying about" can in theory be related "deductively in an infinitude of different fashions." Whereas Berelson and Steiner (1964), among others, have assembled propositions that were "variously lying about," all propositions in the core of my volume are deduced step by step from the central models. Now I certainly do not suggest that my models are as clean as Euclid's geometry. But to suggest that Euclid's propositions can be rearranged in an infinity of ways would be arrant nonsense, and the same applies here. Levy says I repeatedly use the terms to be defined in their definitions, but cites only pages 3 and 39. No terms are defined on or near page 3, though some are discussed. On page 39 I use "biological" to identify biological with maintenance "systems" but not to define "biological," and such usage creates no logical problems. Levy complains that I use "abstraction" in rare and odd ways. The term has two legitimate meanings. One contrasts with concrete: "expressing a property, quality, or attribute apart from an object or thing" (Webster's Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed.). The second means "general," in contrast to specific. Precisely to avoid this ambiguity I used "general" for the second meaning and "abstract" for the first, and carefully identified my usage. Here Levy incorrectly implies that my odd usage (the first above) invalidates my methodology. Levy sees crucial error in my statement that every real communication also involves some minimal transactional component. Assuming that his


Military medical history plays an very important role in military medical personnel training.However,military medical history teaching has not yet been included in the education system because of conception,curriculum and so on.Military medical colleges must pay much attention to the teaching and research of military medical history,select content of courses carefully and adopt correct teaching ways,which can truly bring military medical history into military medical personnel training play.


After more than two decades of HIV/AIDS we have learned a great deal about how it is transmitted care and treatment options its global impact its developmental roots and what preventive measures are most feasible and effective. Yet it sometimes seems as if these science-based lessons are lost in the cacophony of ideological religious and political rhetoric that surrounds discussion of HIV/AIDS today. The uproar about ABC (abstinence being faithful condom use) is an excellent case in point for the narrow manner in which this model of prevention is being interpreted may be undermining the global response. On the face of it few would argue with the basic premise of ABC. It is epidemiologically and programmatically sound--a tiered approach to prevention that is appropriately calibrated to levels of risk. Indeed as implemented in Uganda and other places the ABC approach has been successful and effective in reducing the rate of new infection and deserves the support and the praise it has received. But its not that simple. (excerpt)


The Color Glass Condensate and its associated evolution equation, the JIMWLK equation have applications to many observables far beyond totally inclusive observables. The phenomenology is so rich that little has been done to explore beyond scaling behavior of correlators. We show first examples that exemplify the considerations necessary to access additional information both experimentally and theoretically and demonstrate that the Wilson line correlators appearing throughout make it imperative to consistently take into account that one is dealing with correlators of group elements and demonstrate how this imposes physical and phenomenological constraints. Similar considerations apply also to jet observables at finite Nc .


It is hardly possible to conduct a standardized interview in ideal conditions for it is a part of everyday interactions. Therefore, deviations from standardization, bias and mistakes in communication are the realities of public opinion polls. Key biases in information transfer are mainly determined by the characteristics of the respondent (age, sex, education, social status, etc.) and his behavior. However, the interviewer behavior is also important which explains the attention of methodological works to the interviewer effect, his actions and attitudes that lead to serious mistakes in measurement or recruiting. In verbal interaction, the interviewer can explain survey questions in his own way, comment or clarify responses. Standardization can also be violated by other circumstances such as interruptions in telephone network, intervention of third parties, technical problems (software malfunction), structure of the questionnaire and so on. Thus, there are three main sources of measurement error in the standardized interview: respondent, interviewer, and context. The qualified and experienced interviewer more successfully identify problems and find ways to solve them and repair communication. The article presents examples of such ways from the database of transcripts of three RDD ACATI surveys conducted by the Laboratory for Social Research Methodology of the Russian Presidential Academy for National Economy and Public Administration in 2017 to identify key types of successful interviewer decisions. They are considered in three dimensions: adequate responses, communication and standardization. Thus, successful interview is not just a completed questionnaire but also relevant answers, informed consent and positive emotional attitude.


CrN monolayers along with CrN/SiC and CrN/diamond-like carbon (DLC) duplex layers were deposited by arc plasma acceleration on 4340 steel substrates. The layers exhibit a dense microstructure with a low density of surface defects and macroparticles. The tribological properties were evaluated with dry ball-on-disk sliding tests against an alumina counterface at room temperature. The CrN monolayer exhibits a coefficient of friction, µ = 0.28 ± 0.02, while CrN/SiC and CrN/DLC duplex layers both demonstrate much lower µ = 0.07 ± 0.01. The wear rates of the coatings were very low and measured as 0.53, 0.73, and 0.79 µm3/Nm, respectively, for CrN, CrN/DLC, and CrN/SiC. Corrosion resistance was evaluated in both cyclical environmental testing as well as quantitatively via electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The corrosion resistance in both cases is compared to standard electroless Ni and electroplated Cr coatings. The highest level of corrosion resistance was observed for the CrN monolayer and CrN/SiC duplex layer. Both exhibit improved corrosion resistance over electroless Ni and electroplated Cr coatings. This high level of corrosion resistance is remarkable for physical vapor deposited thin nitride layers. The arc plasma acceleration deposited materials show great promise for applications in which a combination of low friction, wear resistance, and corrosion resistance are required.


Abstract: Given a graph G the chromatic number, denoted χ(G), is smallest number of colors necessary to color V (G) such that no adjacent vertices receive the same color. A graph G is kcritical if χ(G) = k but every proper subgraph has chromatic number less than k. As k-critical graphs can be viewed as minimal examples of graphs with chromatic number k, it is natural to ask how small such a graph can be. Let fk(n) denote the minimum number of edges in a k-critical graph on n vertices. The Ore construction, used to build larger k-critical graphs, implies that


This paper describes a model for developing and testing a screening mechanism to identify high psychosocial risk patient situations in need of early intervention by social workers. Although the criteria developed need further refinement, it was found that multiple criteria are significantly more predictive of high risk than single factors and that three variables, (1) severity of illness: life threatening, (2) severity of illness: physically dysfunctional; and (3) chronic illness were good predictors of need for social work services. It is suggested that similar screening mechanisms be developed and utilized in hospitals throughout the country.


A novel method for achieving high resolution for static strain measurement is proposed and demonstrated. This method is based on the combination of two fiber Bragg grating (FBG) and an all-fiber Fabry-Perot sensor (FFPI) formed by the two FBGs. The wavelength shift of the FBGs is used for determining the fringe number of the interferometic signal while the FFPI and the pseudo-heterodyne are used to carry out high-resolution measurement. The resolution for static strain by the actual measuring is 31nε.


English writing has been regarded as a weak part in higher vocational colleges. Cultivating students ' ability to write in English is not only an important part in English teaching, but an key weighing criterion for English teaching level. Currently, vocational college students ' English writing is generally weak. How to improve it is an emergent problem for all English teachers. Facing the challenges like poor basic language skill, English differences among students, single teaching method, low motivation or even school avoidance, this research will analyze the possible reasons and put forward probable teaching methods to initiate students' interests, and strengthen language information input. Improve students' English writing ability by kinds of methods.


The present invention relates to a compact air cleaner using a UV LED and a photocatalytic filter, which is durable, easy to maintain and compact enough to be held in a cup holder in a car, and capable of deodorizing, precipitating and disinfecting the air. The air cleaner of the present invention comprises: a photocatalytic UV LED (57) installed on a UV LED board (55); and a photocatalytic filter is arranged in a manner of spacing from the UV LED board and facing the UV LED on for photocatalytic activation, wherein the UV LED board and the photocatalytic filter are installed within an inner housing through which air is flowing, and the photocatalytic filter is installed in contact with an inner wall of the inner housing having the relatively bigger surface area whereas the UV LED board is spaced apart from an inner wall of the inner housing having the relatively smaller surface area.


In golf, each hole presents a unique challenge, but some are more challenging than others. In this book, Chris Millard undertakes the task of selecting his choices of the 100 toughest holes in the world. Millard draws on his experience as an editor at Senior Golfer and Golf World magazines as well as statistical data and consultations with other experts to come up with a necessarily subjective but nonetheless authoritative list. The book takes the reader to the greatest courses in the world. Included are famous tournament courses like Augusta National, Pebble Beach, Koolau Golf Club in Hawaii and St. Andrews, Scotland, as well as some less well-known courses that have an extremely difficult hole, like Hallbrook Country Club in Kansas. Millard's text is highly readable and informative. He describes what features make each chosen hole so difficult and relates its history, its design, and anecdotes from tournament play. First-rate photography brings out the beauty to be found in these beasts, supplemented by photos of the players who made history on these holes and the architects who designed them.


This paper presents the studies of stick-slip friction, presliding displacement and its influence on hunting. Experimental studies reveal that presliding displacement could affect the stability of hunting. A modified Coulomb friction model integrating presliding displacement in the microsliding regime is proposed to demonstrate such effect. Finally, step responses obtained from experiments and from the modified model are compared. These comparisons yield the conclusion that the transition of friction between the sticking state and the sliding state is smooth and continuous, not abrupt. Such a smooth transition of friction is critical to the studies of systems performing high-speed cyclic motion.


Inertial navigation unit (INU), which is commonly composed of three orthogonally aligned accelerometers and gyros, is well known for its short term measurement accuracy in position, velocity and attitude. However, such measurement accuracy degrades with time due to various types of errors. In this paper, a practical approach is proposed to estimate both the deterministic and random errors of an INU. The deterministic errors, which include bias and scaling errors, can be estimated through a simple experimental setup; while the random noise is modeled using Allan Variance (AV) analysis method. The empirical values of the errors are then fed into the INU's system model for error correction using Kalman filtering. Finally, the calibrated INU shows promising results in preserving long term accuracy of the motion sensor.


This study evaluated the effect of a fluoroquinolone antibiotic, ciprofloxacin on the enzymatic activity of glutathione reductase (GR) in the brain, cardiac, small intestine, and testes tissues of rats. GR enzymes contribute to maintaining appropriate concentrations of intracellular glutathione (GSH). Seventy-two adult male albino rats were divided into four groups (I–IV). Rats in group I (control) were injected with sterile distilled water, whereas animals in experimental groups (II-IV), were injected intraperitoneally with ciprofloxacin in single doses of 100, 150, and 200 mg/kg, respectively. Dosages effects of antibiotic were investigated at three specific periods (in the first, the third, and the seventh hour). The obtained results showed that brain GR activity in ciprofloxacin groups was inhibited compared to the control group all periods (p <0.05). After seven hours, ciprofloxacin found to significantly inhibited the enzyme activity in cardiac tissues especially in group IV (p <0.05). In the II and III groups, however, the small intestine reductase enzyme activity was not affected by ciprofloxacin doses, excluding group IV, where the enzyme activity decreased after seven hours of treatment (P <0.05). As for the GR enzyme activity in rat testis, it was a decrease compared to the control in the treated groups from the start of the third hour to the end of the period (P <0.05).


Bimolecular rate constants for the thermal chemical reactions of muonium (Mu) with hydrogen and deuterium—Mu+H2→MuH+H and Mu+D2→MuD+D—over the temperature range 473–843 K are reported. The Arrhenius parameters and 1σ uncertainties for the H2 reaction are log A (cm3 molecule−1 s−1)=−9.605±0.074 and Ea =13.29±0.22 kcal mol−1, while for D2 the values are −9.67±0.12 and 14.73±0.40, respectively. These results are significantly more precise than those reported earlier by Garner et al. For the Mu reaction with H2 our results are in excellent agreement with the 3D quantum mechanical calculations of Schatz on the Liu–Siegbahn–Truhlar–Horowitz potential surface, but the data for both reactions compare less favorably with variational transition‐state theory, particularly at the lower temperatures.


OBJECTIVE
Engagement in arts and cultural activities is valued and yields positive outcomes but may be understudied in populations with serious mental illness (SMI). Our aims are to evaluate the extent to which individuals with SMI deem participation areas related to arts and culture (e.g., going to a theater) to be important, and if important, how often they are being done and if it is enough in comparison to a nonSMI sample.

METHODS
We conducted analyses using a sample of 1,120 individuals with SMI from nine research studies between 2008 and 2016 and a sample of 300 individuals without SMI that were part of the Truven Health Analytics PULSE survey. All participants completed a survey containing questions related community participation. Analyses were conducted using independent samples t tests, followed by analysis of variances, and chi-square tests.

RESULTS
The results indicate that adults with SMI are as, or more interested in arts and cultural activities as adults in the general population, but do not participate in those areas as much as they would like in comparison. We also found that, as with the general population, participation in these areas is positively associated with quality of life and to a lesser degree, recovery.

CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE
Engagement in arts and culture activities may be an overlooked compared to other areas of participation, such as employment. Psychiatric rehabilitation practitioners may need to pay greater attention to areas related to art appreciation, rather than just art production. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).


Justifiably hailed as the 'Father of Modern Scientific Otology', Adam Politzer (1835-1920) taught otology in Vienna to several generations of postgraduate students from all over the world. He was born in Albertirsa in Hungary in 1835 (Figure 1) and following his grandfather into medicine, graduated from the University of Vienna in 1859. The middle of the 19th century was a turning point in otology. Until then, much of the treatment of ear


Industrial hog farming came of age in the Carolinas in the 1980s. The 1990s was the decade of its diffusion across the American landscape. Missouri was an important stage in the spatial development of industrial pork production. One company, Premium Standard Farms, led Missouri into this new era with innovative and geographically sensitive operations in northern Missouri. Their economic successes were offset by environmental and social conflicts. Ultimately, Continental Grain Company (now known as ContiGroup Companies, Inc.) bought controlling interest in their unique operation, merging it with mainstream, urban-centered agribusiness. The result is a transformed rural landscape in a regulatory environment again resistant to change.


Numerical Simulation on Flame Propagation Characteristics of Coal Dust Explosion in Diagonal Structure Network Baichao Song, Yucheng Li* College of Safety Science and Engineering, Liaoning Technical University, Fuxin 123000, China Key Laboratory of Mine pressure, Hulunbuirr 023008, China Key Laboratory of Mine Thermo-motive Disaster and Prevention, Ministry of Education, Fuxin 123000, China email@example.com


Purpose – To improve the efficiency of flame retardant paints for wood by using different fillers and thermoplastic and thermosetting binders.Design/methodology/approach – For effective flame retardancy, various paint compositions were made by incorporating different binders and fillers. The physical and mechanical properties, of the paint films, storage stability, limited oxygen index (LOI) and differential thermal analysis were investigated.Findings – Diammonium hydrogen orthophosphate has all the characteristics required to be used as flame retardant filler for paint, in contrary to magnesium hydroxide, Mg(OH)2, which has undesired effect on the storage stability of paints based on alkyd resin. The values of LOI depend on the type and composition of the binder.Research limitations/implications – The flame retardancy of the prepared paints could also be evaluated using more conventional methods such as oxygen index test.Practical implications – Special fillers and binders that could be used in highly ef...


Objective To assess the current status on clinical control of hypercholesterolaemia among Chinese patients Methods 25 top level hospitals from 12 metropolitan cities in China were selected to recruit 2 136 patients suffering from hypercholesterolaemia and having been receiving the lipid lowering treatment (the same medication and same dosage)for at least 2 months Serum lipids level was determined for each patient at the time of enrollment, to assess whether the patients's serum lipid level reached the goal for treatment The success rate defined as the proportion of patients whose lipid level, both of low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL C) and total cholesterol (TC), achieved the goal for treatment according to the Chinese National Recommendations for Prevention and Treatment of Dislipidaemia Results 1) Among the 2 136 hypercholesterolaemia patients from the top hospitals in China, 47 2% were men,63 4% aged 60 years and over, 75 4% from outpatient departments, 66 4% treated by cardiologists, 62 5% with combined hypercholesterolaemia, 36 5% with atherosclerotic diseases(ASD), 70 3% using statin and 18 3% not in control of diet 2) The overall success rate was 26 5% It was 16 6% for patients with established ASD such as coronary heart disease (CHD), stroke and peripheral arteries diseases, 31 7% for patients without ASD but with risk factors (RF) including hypertesion, diabetes, smoking , family history, male gender, age, overweight /obesity and so on, 44 9% for patients without ASD and RF ( P =0 001 among the 3 groups) And it was 30 1% for patients using statin, 19 7% for those using fibrate, and 14 3% for those using other lipid lowering medications ( P =0 001 among the 3 groups) In addition, other factors related to the success rate included baseline lipid level, number of risk factors affected, education level of patients, etc Conclusions The current status in clinical control of hypercholesterolaemia is still lag far behind the goals of treatment established by Chinese National Recommendations for Prevention and Treatment of Dislipidaemia Putting treatment of hyercholesterolaemia in a key position, enhancing patient health education, strengthening non pharmaceutical treatment, choosing right medication and adjusting to the right dosage should be effective measures to improve as soon as possible the current status in clinical control of hypercholesterolaemia in China


2-Hydroxyestradiol (2-OH E/sub 2/) is a major E/sub 2/ metabolite in mammals. The 2-hydroxylation of E/sub 2/ by liver microsomes from two marine fish species, measured as /sup 3/H liberation from 2-(/sup 3/H)-E/sub 2/, was cytochrome, P-450 mediated. 2-OH-E/sub 2/ represented as much as 80% of microsomal E/sub 2/ metabolism. Microsomes from mature female winter flounder formed 0.337 +/- 0.192 of nmol 2-OH E/sub 2//min/nmol P-450 compared to the male activity of 0.128 +/- 0.030. Mature female scup also had higher E/sub 2/-2-OH activities than male scup. E/sub 2/ 2-hydroxylation by microsomes from ..beta..-naphthoflavone (BNF)-treated immature scup declined to 0.498 +/- 0.083 nmol/min/nmol P-450 from the control value of 1.05 +/- 0.113. Polyclonal antibodies to P-450E, the major BNF-inducible scup P-450 isozyme, stimulated 2-hydroxylation in microsomes from BNF-treated scup by 80% but did not affect the activity in control microsomes. This first description of 2-OH E/sub 2/ formation by teleosts shows that it is a major microsomal activity in fish. The sex differences in E/sub 2/ 2-hydroxylation indicate the catalysts is regulated by sex hormones. Stimulation of this activity by anti-P-450E suggests that BNF-induced P-450 isozymes with intrinsically low E/sub 2/ 2-hydroxylase activity may also bind factors necessary for E/submore » 2/ metabolism by other isozymes. In teleosts, then, E/sub 2/ metabolism might be governed by both endogenous and exogenous factors.« less


Use of aluminium alloys is increasing in passenger cars and potential for further growth is large. Further increase will depend on the improvement in properties of material for existing application or finding new application. Alloys A-356(LM25) is being universally used for alloy wheel rims of luxury as well as for other types of cars. Globally 40% cars are running on aluminium alloy wheels.


One city means one sign of culture which constructed by technology.Perceptual civilization of the technology refers: people put the harmonious,healthy and sustainable development ideal based on human,social and the natural harmony into the production function and form during the technology process of designing,manufacturing or using.Perceptual civilization of the technology is the inherent requirements of modern technology.The characteristic is rich human emotions,ecological significance and futurology.It is the important element for the modern society steering postmodern civilization development.It is also the foundation for building eco-city.It can improve the urban ecological environment from the outside,reducing the risk of urban survival and expansion,and affecting the civilization quality of urban.


According to many intenstigations, oil pollution cause difficult changes of structure and function of natural ecosystems, as well as violation of metabolic processes, production and destruction of organic matter, and consequently leads to a decrease in species diversity. Studies show that planktonic animals are quite sensitive to oil pollution of sea water, which accelerates their death in the concentration of 0.01 mg·dm-3.

http://www.jeeng.net/pdf-61186-3821?filename=STUDY OF THE IMPACT OF.pdf


Probably very few glands in the body have been the subject of as much barren research as the spleen and thymus, and but few positive statements can be made with regard to the function of either of the glands. They do not appear to be necessary for life and their loss produces little demonstrable change which may be the reason we know so little about their functions. Both the glands are lymphoid in character; this is believed from clinical and experimental standpoints to establish a definite relationship between them. A few deaths have been reported which seemed to have some connection with a large thymus and atrophic spleen (Avellis). The investigators of the thymus have been more insistent on a relationship between the two organs than the investigators of the spleen. Friedleben seems to have been the first to hint that such a relationship exists. In Basch's experiments the removal of the spleen in a thymectomized animal did not produce any effect. Klose claimed that the spleen is the principal compensato...


To evaluate peritoneal immunological defenses and to find a way to prevent peritonitis we have studied the capacity of peritoneal dialysis effluent (PDE) to opsonize bacteria, and the phagocytic activity of peritoneal macrophages (PM). The subjects were 40 uremic patients followed for a mean period of 36 months and 40 normal women who underwent laparoscopy (controls). Opsonic capacity for Staphylococcus epidermidis of undiluted PDE from CAPD patients with low peritonitis incidence (LPI) proved to be similar to that of 10% control serum. However, the capacity of effluent from patients with a high peritonitis incidence (HPI) was noticeably inferior. In these cases, IgG concentration in PDE was lower than in LPI patients. There was a significant correlation between opsonization capacity for bacteria and IgG concentration values in PDE. We found inverse correlations between opsonic capacity of PDE and number of episodes of peritonitis. Phagocytic capacity of PM from CAPD patients was similar to that of control PM when micro-organisms were preopsonized by control serum. Treatment with intraperitoneal intmunoglobulin raised PDE opsonization capacity and lowered the incidence in those with previous HPI, thus demonstrating the importance of abnormal opsonization in CAPD peritonitis and the possibility of preventing infection by prophylaxis with intraperitoneal immunoglobulin. Intravenous immunoglobulin does not reduce the incidence of infection.


During the last years changes in innovation styles have occurred. The most recent development was the adv nt of a concept labeled as 'open innovation'. The mean ing of open innovation ranges from the opening of t he involved actors' basis, e.g. by including suppliers and customers to opening the understanding of inno vation, e.g. by opening to new themes. The paper outlines an app ro ch into innovation competence , which is a synthesis of knowledge, experience, skills and in tuit on. The synthesis or fusion is embedded into a n innovation discourse among the relevant innovation actors. Innovation c mpetence in its perfected form goes beyond carrying out high-level innovations, but rat her can be understood as the involved actors' abili ty to transcend the boundaries of innovation, its premise s, and the given goals. Thus innovation competence can be seen as contributing to an enhanced understanding o f open innovation. Innovation communities are sugge sted as the preferred form to develop a high level of innov ation competence.


A computer program for determining desired thermodynamic and transport property values by means of a three-dimensional (pressure, fuel-air ratio, and either enthalpy or temperature) interpolation routine was developed. The program calculates temperature (or enthalpy), molecular weight, viscosity, specific heat at constant pressure, thermal conductivity, isentropic exponent (equal to the specific heat ratio at conditions where gases do not react), Prandtl number, and entropy for air and a combustion gas mixture of ASTM-A-1 fuel and air over fuel-air ratios from zero to stoichiometric, pressures from 1 to 40 atm, and temperatures from 250 to 2800 K.


WE MUST give careful attention to the nasopharynx if we are to diagnose the lesions in this area soon enough to render therapy of any value. Here, early diagnosis is made less frequently than in other lesions of the respiratory tract. This is due to several factors: Failure of this lesion to produce early local symptoms to make both patient and physician cognizant of its possible presence. Failure of the physician to make careful inspection of the nasopharynx because of misinterpretation of the patient's symptoms. Graham and Meyer, in the journal Radiology, state, in reporting 25 cases of malignant lesions of the nasopharynx, "more than one-half of the patients were under the care of a physician and had one or more nasal operations without primary lesion being recognized." Adequate examination of the nasopharynx is very often a difficult procedure, especially in patients who are gaggers and who


Aim:  The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of individualised dietary and lifestyle counselling, primarily aimed to decrease serum low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, on the clustering of overweight‐related cardiometabolic risk factors in children.


The calculation of an EM wave's extinction loss during propagation within an inhomogeneous medium, as in active and passive remote sensing modeling, can be undertaken either through the summation of the scattering and absorption losses or through the use of the forward scattering theorem. Attention is presently given to the similarities and differences of these two approaches as a function of dielectric properties of a spherical scatterer and the incident frequency. Scattering loss is obtainable by integrating the magnitude-squared of the scattered field over a spherical surface surrounding the scatterer; the scattered field and the field within the scatterer are computed according to Mie theory.


The purpose of this paper is to localize an interface in a one-dimensional Ising model with random Kac potentials. To study this system we de ne a Gibbs measure which depends on a quenched variable y which models the random part of interactions and on a scaling parameter which rules the range of interactions. In the Kac asymptotic, as goes to 0, we prove a large deviation principle with rate function depending on y. By using Freidlin and Wentzell methods, we show that the rst interface occurs for almost all y at a distance of the order of exp( ), where is a constant given by a variational formula.


Women are under-represented in the labour market and in decision-making positions. In spite of the continuous evolution towards their closure, economic gender gaps appear to be persistent and difficult to eliminate. According to the World Economic Forum (2016), only 59% of the gender gap in economic opportunities around the world has closed. Reducing the gender gaps is a major goal everywhere. Not only equality between men and women is in itself important for sustainable development, but women's economic participation is also "a part of the growth and stability equation" (IMF, 2014). Having more women in the labour market and in decision-making positions represents a good strategy to exploit talents with the final goal of promoting economic growth and business performance. In fact, women represent half of the population: women's educational level is now comparable (or even higher) to that of men in all developed countries and their productivity and talent is well-recognised. Yet, they rarely reach the top level of their professional careers, i.e. the glass ceiling is still a dominant phenomenon worldwide. Why are women under-represented in decision-making positions? A large literature has tried to investigate what the obstacles for women in the labour market are, and what prevents them from reaching top positions in their career. Family, cultural and institutional factors play a relevant role, as they shape the context in which women decide their role in society. At the root of gender gaps is the traditional division of labour within the family, with men working on the market and women primarily being devoted to domestic work and child care. Even when women work on the market, they still have the majority of the responsibility for care work. This limits their possibility to invest in labour market skills and to be recognised as being engaged in their career. Gender gaps are not only the outcomes of environmental influence (nurture), but they also depend on nature, i.e. they may have biological roots. A growing literature in fact has recognised that risk aversion, attitudes towards competition, and social-oriented preferences are fundamental intrinsic traits which differentiate men from women (see Bertrand, 2011 for a review) and may be associated with gender gaps. DISCRIMINATION


. We study the numerical solution to two-phase problems using the reduced Kapila model, i.e. four-equations model. In particular we focus the present study on HLLC numerical flux approximation and its extensions. These numerical methods are tested on expansion tube cases with a final goal of constructing higher order hybrid numerical tool for solving the bubble collapsing under the shock wave problem.


The article is devoted to the reform of Bulgarian's education in the 19-th century. It focuses on the motivation for this reform.


The invention relates to a container for sterilizing and / or for storing sterilized medical instruments with a lid, a container base and a filter pick-up device (20), wherein the container in the lid and / or container lower part a portion (26) with several passage openings (27) for a gas / air or vapor, and the filter receiving means (20) a fastening device (21, 32), wherein the fastening means (21, 32) of the filter retainer (20) on or in a wall portion (25) of the container wall (24) Toggle or engages, and a support surface (22) of the filter retainer (20) to the wall portion (25) positioned adjacent.


Bag filter is an equipment in cement industries that used for handling dust from material or separate fines dust with air to make the area is not dusty and it is not make accumulation material. Bag filter (563-BF1) is used for handling dusty area at outlet ball mill in the cement making process. The working systems of bag filter group (563-BF1) is controlled by PLC (Programmable Logic Control). However, the PLC is obsolete so it takes a long time to handle when damage occurs and causes the risk of production loss reach Rp 1,301,801,760.00. In addition, communication systems between PLC with Central Control Room (CCR) that are less reliable cause communication to fail on April 2019 so that the equipment cannot be controlled. To overcome this, it is necessary to upgrade the PLC and communication system to the latest version or change it to DCS (Distributed Control System). Upgrading PLC requires huge costs with almost the same communication system reliability. While changing the control system to DCS is cheaper with better reliable system. So, we chose to change it to DCS. After that control system is changed to DCS on April 2019, the risk of production loss can be eliminated with saving cost in the amount of Rp 220,402,885.00 and after 3 month the communication failed is never occurs (it is more reliable).


Aunivevsity library has two functions, teachnnig and scientific research. It's performing the duty in cultivatiog and educatiog students In order to give full play to the role in university education, a library must bring the educational function into full play and raise Librarians' ideological and, cultural quality and comprehenisve abilities.


Anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia is an inherited disorder that is complicated by a NEMO (Nuclear factor- κ B essential modulator) gene abnormality and its associated immunodeficiency. Here, we describe a 23-year-old man with medical complications who underwent surgery for an infectious pulmonary cyst. He had repeatedly developed pneumonia and a right lung cyst, and became antibiotic-resistant over time. He was diagnosed with colon-type Crohn's disease at the age of 23 years. Because of his lung cyst infection, he was unable to be treated with steroids and biological agents; therefore, surgery was planned. He underwent a right lower lobectomy for a right lung cyst, which extended from S6 to 10. There has been no report on surgical treatment for anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia. Close control of body temperature was necessary during surgery to prevent hyperthermia given that the patient was unable to sweat, and no heater was used. We administered 600 mg of clindamycin (CLDM) during surgery. Steroid administration for Crohn's disease was planned to start 1 month after surgery, and the bronchial stump was covered by an intercostal muscle flap. Postopera-tively, the patient underwent expectoration with a nebulizer and analgesia with epidural anesthesia. His postoperative course was satisfactory and uneventful. In this case, surgical resection was effective.


Contemporary and unbiased information regarding the surgical management of patients with mitral regurgitation (MR) at the Nationwide level are scarce. The PMSI, a mandatory administrative database, offers the unique opportunity to assess the presentation and outcomes of all consecutive mitral valve (MV) surgeries performed in France in the contemporary era.

 We collected all (isolated or combined) MV surgeries performed for MR in France both in public and private hospitals between 2014 and 2016. Based on an algorithm we developed, MR etiology was classified as degenerative (DMR), secondary (SMR) or OTHER (rheumatic, congenital, infective endocarditis or unknown).

 Between January 2014 and December 2016, 18,167 mitral valve surgeries were performed in France (55% repair and 45% replacement; 52% isolated MV surgery). Mean age was 66±12 years and 59% were male. Etiology was DMR in 42%, SMR in 16% and OTHER in 42%. Among DMR, repair rate was 68% overall and 72% in the subset who underwent an isolated MV surgery (70% of all DMR). Repair rates decreased with age, Charlson index and sex (female) (all P<0.0001). Among SMR, a repair was performed in 39% and a combined surgery in 51%. In-hospital mortality and rate of death / readmission for CHF at one year were 3.4% and 13% respectively for DMR (2.4% and 5.5% respectively for isolated DMR) and 7.8% and 17.8% respectively for SMR (5.5% and 12.4% respectively for isolated SMR). Center volume was associated with a lower in-hospital mortality (p=0.002) but not with higher DMR repair rate (P=0.85).

 In this large administrative contemporary nationwide database, 1) DMR surgery was twice as frequent as SMR and more frequently performed isolated; 2) Repair rates in DMR were suboptimal overall but more critically in the elderly and women subsets. 3) Operative mortality and one-year rate of death and readmission were approximately twice as high in SMR than in DMR and overall considerable even for isolated DMR surgery; and 4) In DMR, center volume had no impact on repair rate but an independent impact on outcome. These results underline the need to develop strategies to improve management and outcomes of patients with both degenerative and secondary MR.


The depletion experiments on practical condensate gas samples were carried out by means of PVT cells and cores.The results of experiments show that recovery efficiency of condensate oil in PVT cells is lower than that in cores.In order to investigate the difference of recovery efficiencies of the experiments,the critical flow saturation of condensate gas in core was tested.The conventional relative permeability curves of kerosene displacement with N_2 and the equilibrium oil-gas relative permeability curves at high pressure and high temperature were developed.The two kinds of curves and GEM software were respectively used to simulate the depletion experiments in PVT cells and cores.The simulation results show that the recovery efficiency of condensate gas predicted with conventional relative permeability curve is close to that in PVT cells.The recovery efficiency of condensate oil predicted with equilibrium oil-gas relative permeability curve is close to that with the depletion experiments in core.The equilibrium oil-gas relative permeability curves can express the state of condensate gas flowing in cores.


AIM
Although true posterior communicating artery (PCoA) aneurysms are rare, they are of vital importance. We reviewed 9 patients with this fatal disease, who were treated with endovascular embolization, and discussed the meaning of endovascular embolization for the treatment of true PCoA aneurysms.

MATERIAL AND METHODS
From September 2006 to May 2012, 9 patients with digital substraction angiography (DSA) confirmed true PCoA aneurysms were treated with endovascular embolization. Patients were followed-up with a minimal duration of 17 months and assessed by Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) score.

RESULTS
All the patients presented with spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage from the ruptured aneurysms. The ratio of males to females was 1:2, and the average age of onset was 59.9 (ranging from 52 to 72) years. The preoperative Hunt-Hess grade scores were I to III. All patients had recovered satisfactorily. No permanent neurological deficits were left.

CONCLUSION
Currently, endovascular embolization can be recommended as the top choice for the treatment of most true PCoA aneurysms, due to its advanced technique, especially the application of the stent-assisted coiling technique, combined with its advantage of mininal invasiveness and quick recovery. However, the choice of treatment methods should be based on the clinical and anatomical characteristics of the aneurysm and the skillfulness of the surgeon.


1.0 Purpose: The purpose of this standard operating procedure (SOP) is to explain the proper procedures for providing a clean and safe environment in the elephant ward. 2.0 Scope/Responsibility: These procedures are to be followed by all staff responsible for cleaning animal rooms, hallways and support areas within the elephant ward. 3.0 Materials: Brooms Dust pan Mops Mop bucket Disinfectant Hose Squeegee Gilmour sprayer Rubber boots Lab coat Gloves Googles Mask Mild Dish Soap Room Monitor Sheets Wet Floor signage 4.0 Daily Procedure: 4.1 Check to ensure animal rooms, procedure rooms and storage rooms are free of clutter, unnecessary storage of equipment, and trash 4.2 Check to ensure items are not stored directly on the ground 4.2.1 All items must be stored in the mobile carts or in the cabinets elevated above the floor 4.3 Using the designated broom and dust pan for each area, sweep the floors 4.3.1 Be sure to sweep the corners and underneath all carts and cabinets 4.4 Initial Room Monitoring sheet when tasks are completed 5.0 Weekly Procedure: 5.1 Check cleaning utensils to ensure they are not dirty or worn 5.2.1 Dirty utensils must be cleaned or replaced as needed


A simple, accurate, precise and sensitive HPLC method with UV detection was developed and validated to estimate Stavudine in human extracted from human plasma using methanol, by using protein precipitation method. It was chromatographed on a Phenomenex Luna C 50μL injection volume and UV detector. An isocratic mobile phase consisting of a mixture of ortho phosp horic acid buffer used in the analysis. The retention time (R t) The method was valida ted over the range of 0.025μg/mL to 1.750 µg/mL The intra and inter -day precision (%RSD.) values of concentrations ranged from 1.369% to 4.166%. The maximum recovery was achieved at medium and high quality control samples and was 98.40%. The described method can be readily utilized for evaluation of clinical data of Stavudine in human


The new demands of the labor market have led to the emergence of more comprehensive and complexes employability models, including not only a set of skills determining employability but also a subjective dimension that integrates personal beliefs and attitudes. Besides that, there is also evidence that individuals' psychological resources, namely in terms of career adaptability, are significantly associated with further employability. In this paper, we present data on the perceptions of employability (four dimensions: my university, my study field, the labor market, and self-efficacy) and on the adaptability resources (concern, control, curiosity and confidence) of master's final-year students (n=362), comparing a group of engineering students with students from other study fields (Social Sciences and Humanities and Economics). Regarding the perceptions of employability, the obtained results demonstrate that engineering graduates present more positive perceptions in the dimensions of study field and of external labor market, comparing with their colleagues from other fields. Concerning career adaptability resources, the differences are reversed, with engineering students with scoring lower in the dimensions of concern and confidence.


In the study of sign language,the research into sign language acquisition is a relatively new research area.This article briefly reviews the research into deaf children's sign language acquisition in the past 50 years,especially in the past decade in terms of phonology,vocabulary,and syntax,and analyzes the characteristics of the research and its tendency.Also,the article gives reflections on the research results,the existing problems and future trends from the perspective of ontology,epistemology and methodology,aiming to provide enlightenment for China's sign language acquisition research.


Abstract

Background
Surgical training has become more challenging in the UK with the reduction in training time and the reduced training opportunities, making every training opportunity precious. This study aims to address this curriculum challenge by enhancing surgical training and assessment in the surgical training environment.

Methodology
Using a design-based approach a two-step design was created. Step One involved creating an online, standalone, Cognitive Hazard Training module. It uses videos of real operations to mentally train candidates to recognise, anticipate and avoid hazards during the operation. An online example of this Module was created for laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

The second design step was a Reflective Formative Assessment. The trainee and supervisor reviewed the trainee's video-recording of a supervised-operation which involved reassessing the trainee's performance to enhance feedback and reflection.

Design feasibility was tested in the Northern Deanery training environment and the feasibility study was complemented by a theatre observation study to capture the details of the complex surgical training environment.
Results
The feasibility of this two-step design was tested with 2 experts, 32 trainees and 15 trainers. Trainee and trainer qualitative feedback was collected, via semi-structured interviews. Users' feedback along with multiple additional data from the operation-recordings and video-review session were analysed and triangulated to improve the design and establish the feasibility and role of this style of video-review in the current surgical training. Observational data was also collected during live surgery in theatre to identify any factors affecting safety and training.

Discussion
This study has developed a novel approach to enhance surgical training, which has been tested and has received overwhelming support from both supervisors and their trainees. Cognitive Hazards Training steepened the learning curve and increased adherence to safety. The videoed operations were found to be an excellent teaching tool, which enhanced feedback and reflection. It increased trainees' confidence and competence by tailoring the training to their individual needs. The success of this work forms the foundation for future development and testing of this new approach to surgical skills training in the UK.


This chapter offers, through a series of examples from different kinds of museums, an overview of the types of audio-visuals they use: found footage materials, educational films, documentaries, video testimonies. Also, it discusses their museological functions: there are used for their pedagogical value, as means of contextualization, or to create spectacular effects.


A variety of conditions affect the character of thermally induced β-lactoglobulin (β-LG) gels. The effects of these conditions on the secondary and tertiary structure of β-LG during gel formation were studied by circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy. Use of very short path length quartz cells (as low as 0.01 mm) allowed the in situ observation of gel formation. Salt concentrations and pH were not observed to significantly change the secondary structure composition, either before or after heating. It is important to note that no unfolded structure was detected during gel formation. However, an increase in residual tertiary structure was observed at higher salt concentrations after heating


While the magnitude of 2005's hurricane-related flood losses may have been improbable, the eventual bankruptcy of the NFIP was not. The program was never designed to charge full risk-based rates or to build the reserves necessary to meet its financial commitments. By failing to charge prices that reflect the value of the flood insurance in-force, the NFIP has been accumulating unfunded liabilities that eventually would have to be financed by taxpayers, and eventuality that has arrived. If the NFIP is to remain in operation without exposing taxpayers to undue burdens, then dramatic programmatic reforms are necessary. In the process of designing a sustainable NFIP, Congress should also look at other problems with the program, including its potential to induce commercial and residential development in areas prone to flooding, its low participation rates, and its often contradictory interaction with other federal disaster assistance programs. Specifically, Congress should phase out explicit subsidies, expand mandatory flood-insurance purchase requirements, grant FEMA more flexibility to increase NFIP rates, and investigate ways to increase property owners' compliance with mandatory purchase requirements.


For their ability to have higher resolutions and operating speeds, current steering DACs (CSDAC) are most preferred to be used in mixed-signal designs. To improve the static and dynamic linearity in such DACs, compensation techniques such as dynamic element matching (DEM) were introduced, which can be achieved by random swapping of connections between the unary current sources of the DAC. DEM techniques mitigate the amplitude and timing mismatches in a DAC and improve its performance. Various DEM techniques such as GRTC, RRBS and Nested Segment were designed for 3-bit resolution in 130nm CMOS technology and their performances were compared. Due to its deterministic approach and the elimination of random counters, the nested segmented DEM technique provides a better performance compared to other DEM techniques. A reduction of 15.84% in delay and 21.126% in power can be observed in the nested segment structure, compared to GRTC and RRBS techniques respectively. The elimination of random number generators can also reduce the area required for the DEM implementation.


The tripping characteristics of an electromagnetic instantaneous release are the characteristics curve to reflect the action condition when a low voltage circuit breaker is at short circuit fault. The digital design of the release is conducive to raise the design level for low voltage circuit breaker. Introducing into the geometric model of electromagnetic instantaneous release by the digital design software realized the numerical calculation of release dynamic characteristics and tripping characteristics. The experiments verify the correctness of the software calculation results.


As we enter the next millennium, neurology and psychiatry are trying to define their future roles.1-5 In this context, we review the initially common, then divergent relationship between neurology and psychiatry. We trace the emergence of neuroscience over the last two decades that has informed both disciplines. We illustrate those recent advances that have fundamentally changed brain science, requiring the abandonment of several central dogmas while compelling improvement in reciprocal relationships. Based on these changes, we call for the introduction of new training curricula and accreditation criteria for both neurology and psychiatry and recommend more effective collaborations with neuropsychology, cognitive neuroscience, and neurosurgery.

The scientific study of the brain and its relationship to complex behaviors began with Gall in the early 19th century.6 The anatomic studies of aphasia by Broca in 1861 and Wernicke in 1874 persuaded a number of scientists that the brain was the seat of intellectual competence as well as the potential site of mental problems.6 During the last half of the 19th century through World War II, figures from the ranks of European academia who engaged in the study of higher order mental dysfunction included Meynert, Liepmann, Pick, Oppenheim, Charcot, Korsakoff, von Monakow, Babinski, Janet, Freud, Jackson, Bleuler, Kraepelin, Bonhoeffer, and Alzheimer. All were considered to be neuropsychiatrists, interested in both neurology and psychiatry. Many held dual academic posts in neurology and psychiatry.6 Neuropathology arose from efforts, primarily based in Germany, to correlate changes in brain structure with mental illness.6

By the 1930s, many neurologic syndromes had been clinically defined and their neuropathologic bases identified.6 The elementary neurologic examination was refined with objective, consistent, and reproducible findings. Diagnostic tests such as CSF analysis and instruments such as the EEG were in place.2,6 These developments, as …


This study attempted to form some conception, through the analysis of a representative group of plants in the vicinity of Denton, of the amount of the three essential elements in the leaves as compared with the amount in the woody portions. The comparison of leaf with stem as to the quantity of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium is explained.