QUERIED AT THE TURN OF THE MILLENNIUM ABOUT the relevance of genetic diseases to medicine, a primary care physician might well have replied "not in my practice." After all, for most of its history, medical genetics has been devoted largely to the study of relatively rare single-gene or chromosomal disorders. Patients with these disorders were mostly cared for in tertiary care medical centers by specialists. But all that is changing. As demonstrated by the collection of articles in this theme issue of THE JOURNAL, genetics is invading the mainstream of medical practice. Of course, the human gene pool has not changed perceptibly, and the existence of hereditary contributions to most disorders has been apparent for a long time. But, other than underscoring the need for obtaining detailed family history information, many practitioners may have considered the genetic contribution to common illness rather academic. The rapid advances of the Human Genome Project, particularly the publication of a draft sequence of the human "biological instruction book" earlier this year and associated efforts to catalog human variation, have now established the kind of molecular tool kit that makes the discovery of hereditary contributions to a long list of common diseases a virtual certainty over the next decade. The consequences of these discoveries already are beginning to have major significance for certain clinical encounters. Consider the following scenario. Ms W, age 44 years, sees her physician for her annual medical check-up. She mentions that her brother, age 47 years, has just been diagnosed with right-sided colon cancer. Further family history reveals a maternal uncle who died of colorectal cancer in his 50s. The savvy clinician considers familial polyposis, but the pathology report on the affected brother shows no evidence of this. Recalling that there are other forms of hereditary colorectal cancer, the physician consults various Internet sources (for example, Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man at http://www3.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Omim/) and begins to suspect that this may be a family with hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer. As several genes have been implicated in this disorder, Ms W is referred for genetic counseling and possible testing. Ultimately, a mutation in the mismatch repair gene MLH1 is discovered in her brother. After some deliberation about possible risks of genetic discrimination, Ms W decides to proceed. Her test is positive, indicating a much-increased risk of colorectal cancer, endometrial cancer, or both in the future. The physician recommends annual colonoscopy, as well as annual pelvic examination and transvaginal ultrasound. With this kind of screening and early detection, Ms W's likelihood of long survival increases significantly. The discovery of the genetic causes of common disease is already beginning to have an impact on primary care medicine. As outlined in the articles by McKusick and by Subramanian et al, this trend will undoubtedly accelerate in the near future. As exemplified by the articles on sudden infant death syndrome, Parkinson disease, and Alzheimer disease in this issue of THE JOURNAL, these strategies are already turning up genetic contributions for disorders not traditionally considered genetic. Once hereditary contributions to disease are identified, it is potentially only a short step to the possibility of predictive diagnostics, as exemplified by the case of hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer above. However, before moving such diagnostic tests into mainstream medicine, it is critical to collect data about their clinical validity and utility. Premature introduction of predictive tests, before the value of the information has been established, actually could be quite harmful. Concerns about adequate oversight of this process have been recently addressed by the Secretary's Advisory Committee on Genetic Testing, which has urged more direct Food and Drug Administration oversight of genetic tests, particularly when they are being proposed for predictive purposes in currently healthy individuals. In addition to predicting future risk of illness, genetic testing may also improve the likelihood of a good outcome from drug therapy, by identifying prospectively those for whom the drug is best suited and those for whom a poor response or an adverse effect is likely. The article on pharmacogenomics in this theme issue provides additional evidence for the argument that adverse drug reactions may often occur due to the effects of genetic variant-encoded enzymes


High-resolution spectra of H216O were recorded with a Fourier-transform spectrometer covering transitions in the (010)–(000) band from 1066 to 2582 cm−1. The measured line frequencies were used along with additional data taken from studies at microwave and far-infrared frequencies in an analysis to obtain rotational energies of levels in the (000) and (010) states. Measurements of the line strengths were fitted by least squares to a model in which the dipole moment matrix elements were represented by as many as 19 expansion coefficients. The results produced computed line strength values that are in excellent agreement, on the average, with the 874 experimental transitions included in the analysis. These results provide a more accurate representation of the line positions and strengths for the (010)–(000) band than are currently available on the HITRAN absorption line parameter compilation.


National strategic engineering is the physical entity which is the consequence of the national main body to practice some strategic theories with the human value.Cultural patterns of engineering are historical and multi-factor related ways of existence in interactive relationship between the engineering community and the nature in certain nations and specific times.It includes engineering of science and technology,regulation of engineering and value of engineering and so on.From diachronic view,there have been such cultural patterns of engineering in the occident as "sacred kingship and secular spirit" in ancient Greek and Roman,"feudal dukes and faith doctrine" in Middle Ages,"religious idealism and secular spirit" in the Renaissance,"capital industry and the Puritan Ethic" in Modern Britain,"knowledge economy and new conservatism" in America.


Wood Plastic Composites (WPCs) are a relatively new family of composite materials which are becoming more and more commonplace by the development of new production techniques and processing equipment. So it is necessary to develop an effective nondestructive technique to evaluate these products. Among the nondestructive techniques, ultrasonic method is often used for nondestructive evaluation of composites. For WPC, firstly need to study ultrasonic wave propagation in such composites. For this reason, in this research the through transmission ultrasonic method was used to measure the ultrasonic wave velocity in WPC using a commercial ultrasonic tester (Sylvatest Duo) of 16 kHz longitudinal waves. Wood flour/E-glass fiber hybrid polypropylene composites were manufactured in a counter-rotating twin-screw extruder. The effect of wood flour content, compatibilizers(MAPP), glass fiber contents and specimen length on ultrasonic velocity were investigated. Also ultrasonic wave velocities were measured in wood and polypropylene and were compared to ultrasonic velocity in WPCs.


Objective The effects of sleep deprivation(SD) and fatigue during sustained operations(SUSOPS) of military aviation on performance and current countermeasures were analyzed and reviewed. Literature resources and selection Research papers, reviews, study reports and monographs in this field. Literature quotation Forty three papers, reviews and study reports and 2 monographs were cited. Literature synthesis After analyzing the basic characteristics of sleep and workload during SUSOPS of military aviation, the effects of SD and fatigue during SUSOPS of military aviation on performance and current countermeasures were briefly introduced. Conclusion SD and fatigue are inevitable during SUSOPS of military aviation. Appropriate work schedule and sleep management should be especially emphasized among the countermeasures; and if necessary, central stimulant and short acting hypnotics can be reasonably adopted.


Moving-magnet magnetically levitated planar motors are considered for use as a wafer stage in the semiconductor lithographic industry. This puts high requirements on the accuracy and the dissipated power and cooling performance of such motors. The goal of this paper is to analyze the multi-physical behavior of three moving-magnet planar topologies using an electromagnetic model, a mechanical model, and a thermal model. This behavior is evaluated using a trajectory and performance criteria which are representative for the application. The static and dynamic behavior are evaluated.


Drugs play a prominent part in the management of cardiorespiratory arrest, although rigid clinical evidence to demonstrate their value is sparse. Their use depends principally on tradition, on an unproven expectation that antiarrhythmic effects are likely to be beneficial for potentially lethal arrhythmias as well as for less malignant conditions, and on extrapolation from animal experiments. Irrespective of the lack or presence of acceptable evidence, drug administration to counter cardiac arrest has one or more objectives:

 Antiarrhythmic drugs used for the first four of these indications are discussed here.

Simple logic led to the use of antiarrhythmic drugs as prophylaxis against VF in high risk patients, notably after myocardial infarction. Antiarrhythmic drugs can prevent ventricular arrhythmias: VF is a ventricular arrhythmia, thus it is a reasonable expectation that such drugs may prevent VF. Most experience has been gained with lignocaine (lidocaine) because of its favourable pharmacological profile. Lignocaine causes relatively little myocardial depression,1 has little effect on impulse propagation, does not greatly influence vasomotor tone, is usually excreted rapidly after a few bolus doses, and has little proarrhythmic action.

Two important trials lent support to the efficacy of lignocaine for the prevention of VF.2 3 The first by Lie et al in 1974 was an in-hospital study2; 212 consecutive patients younger than 70 years were randomly allocated within six hours of acute myocardial infarction to receive either intravenous lignocaine by bolus and infusion or placebo (5% glucose). Nine patients in the placebo group developed VF …


The attraction towards cloud gaming has reached to a high intensity in modern days. The proliferation of gassed-up networks and the development in the field ofcloud computing has attracted the researches to deep study and identify the gaps in Cloud Gaming to provide high-end quality of gamer experience. In time-horned cloud gaming model, the game scenes are rendered in a sophisticated game server and corresponding game video is generated. The generated game video will be encoded and sent over the network to the thin clients. The thin clients decode the encoded video and stream the video back to the players device. The fundamental requirement of gaming is to provide maximum quality of gamer experience. Cloud gaming suffers in terms of providing Quality of Experience (QoE), because the network transmission of game scenes from cloud game server to gamer device is distant. Since the traditional cloud gaming is deployed in virtual machine there is performance-overhead which also affects the QoE. We endeavour to minimize latency and increase performance in cloud gaming through this paper. The cloud game server will be offoaded to the fog nodes which is present at the edge network of the player based on Node selection algorithm. To increase the performance of cloud gaming, traditional virtual machine is replaced by light-weight containers. The proposed system achieves new methodology by deploying cloud game server through docker containers in fog nodes. Evaluation results has proved that fognode based gaming has minimized the latency and increased the performance of cloud gaming. Fog assisted gaming has shown about 1.3MB increase in terms of TCP transfer rate over cloud gaming.


Background: Acne vulgaris is a common complaint throughout the world, contributing to both morbidity and healthcare costs. Helicobacter pylori (HP) infection is also a world heath problem, and recent evidence suggests that two conditions may be related. However, there is insignificant evidence to support a casual association of HP infection and acne vulgaris. Aim: To determine the frequency of helicobacter pylori infection in patients of acne vulgaris Study design: Descriptive, cross-sectional study. Settings and duration: Dermatology Department, Liaquat University of medical and health Sciences (LUMHS), Civil Hospital, Hyderabad from 22nd August 2017 to 21st February 2018 Methods: A total of 135 patients, 13 to 30 years of age of both genders with acne vulgaris were included in this study. Patients with H Pylori infection positive without acne vulgaris, family history helicobacter pylori infection, chronic smoker or alcoholics were excluded. Patients were subjected to relevant investigations i.e. HP antibody titer, for that blood sample of each patient was sent to institutional pathology laboratory for measuring of serum levels of anti H. Pylori IgG antibodies where each report was prepared by consultant pathologist. Results: Mean age was 23.33 ± 4.14 years. Out of these 135 patients, 48 (35.56%) were females and 87 (64.44%) were males with female to male ratio of 1:1.8. Frequency of helicobacter pylori infection in patients of acne vulgaris was seen in 107 (79.26%) patients. Conclusion: This study concluded that frequency of helicobacter pylori infection in patients of acne vulgaris is very high and these patients should be screened for helicobacter pylori infection Keywords: Acne, helicobacter pylori, association


Parameter estimation is an indispensable task in various applications of quantum information processing. To predict parameters in the post-processing stage, it is inherent to first perceive the quantum state with a measurement protocol and store the information acquired. In this work, we propose a general framework for constructing classical approximations of arbitrary quantum states with quantum reservoir networks. A key advantage of our method is that only a single local measurement setting is required for estimating arbitrary parameters, while most of the previous methods need exponentially increasing number of measurement settings. To estimate $M$ parameters simultaneously, the size of the classical approximation scales as $\ln M$. Moreover, this estimation scheme is extendable to higher-dimensional as well as hybrid systems, which makes it exceptionally generic. Both linear and nonlinear functions can be estimated efficiently by our scheme, and we support our theoretical findings with extensive numerical simulations.


To perform the effective application of plasma phenomena, the measurement of a radiation intensity distri bution on an arbitrary internal cross-section is very important. We have already proposed "Light Emission Computed Tomography (LECT)" and succeeded in reconstructing a radiation intensity distribution. But very long data collection time is necessary to obtain the good reconstructed image by the conventional sys tem. Therefore in order to reduce time for collecting the data, we have developed a new LECT system which uses a detector consisting of cylindrical lens and CCD device. And we have developed a new algorithm to reconstruct the tomographic layer. But when a discharge tube vessel is thick, the projection data in this system are degraded by refraction and reflection of rays on a discharge tube vessel. Therefore in this paper, we propose a method for obtaining high quality images using this LECT system. In this method, we perform the reconstruction with the consideration of the effect of the refraction and the reflection of rays upon the projection data. The experiments using the experimental system are performed to demonstrate the efficacy of this method and the experimental results are shown.


In this paper we consider estimating the system parameters and designing stable observer for unknown noisy linear time-invariant (LTI) systems. We propose a Support Vector Regression (SVR) based estimator to provide adjustable asymmetric error interval for estimations. This estimator is capable to trade-off bias-variance of the estimation error by tuning parameter $\gamma>0$ in the loss function. This method enjoys the same sample complexity of $\mathcal{O}(1/\sqrt{N})$ as the Ordinary Least Square (OLS) based methods but achieves a $\mathcal{O}(1/(\gamma+1))$ smaller variance. Then, a stable observer gain design procedure based on the estimations is proposed. The observation performance bound based on the estimations is evaluated by the mean square observation error, which is shown to be adjustable by tuning the parameter $\gamma$, thus achieving higher scalability than the OLS methods. The advantages of the estimation error bias-variance trade-off for observer design are also demonstrated through matrix spectrum and observation performance optimality analysis. Extensive simulation validations are conducted to verify the computed estimation error and performance optimality with different $\gamma$ and noise settings. The variances of the estimation error and the fluctuations in performance are smaller with a properly-designed parameter $\gamma$ compared with the OLS methods.


We formulated the specific features for the notions of substances and transformation of substances. A substance is a set of interacting particles characterised by the following parameters 1) composition, or the type and ratio of amounts of particles that form the substances, 2) the energy of their interactions, 3) their structure and, finally, 4) the size of particles (dispersion). Transformations of substances occur when these properties change. Such processes are called chemical reactions. To control the transformation of a substance from the thermodynamic point of view, we need to evaluate: 1. The possibility of spontaneous processes (without energy consumption). 2. The thermal effect of the chemical reaction. 3. The equilibrium composition of the reaction medium. We solved these problems using a mathematical model based on the improved notions (substance, energy, work, supersaturation) and the known laws of thermodynamics


Objective To seek the pathomorphological targets in forensic identification of guineapigs killed by anaphylactic shock.Methods Amony 42 guineapigs which died of anaphylactic shock,28 was in the test group,7 in the air embolism and another 7 in the control group.The hearts,lungs,livers,spleens,kidneys,stomachs,intestines,tracheas and tonsils of the guineapigs were examined at 0h,6h,12h and 24h respectively for the expressions of IL-4 and 5-HT by tissue chip and S-P immunohistochemical method.Results(1)The expression of IL-4:There was positive expression in the lungs,tracheas and stomachs of the test group,which was the highest at 0 and 6h with statistical significance(P0.01);there was weak expression in the intestines of the test group,with no statistical significance(P0.05),but no expression in the other tissues of the test group and no expression in any tissues of the air embolism group and the control group.(2)The expression of 5-HT:There was low expression in the intestine of the test group,with no statistical significance(P0.05),but no expression in the other tissues of the test group and in any tissues of the other groups.Conclusion The detection of the expression of IL-4 by immunohistochemical method may be hopeful to become a pathomorphological reference target for forensic expertise in anaphylactic shock.The positive expression of IL-4 in the lungs,tracheas and stomachs in the test group was the highest at 0 and 6h,which suggests that this kind of case autopsy should be carried out as early as possible.


Objective: To investigate the levels of microvessel density(MVD), the expression of P-AKT and vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF) in non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC),and explore the correlation between them and the clinicopathological features of NSCLC.Methods: MVD and expressions of P-AKT and VEGF in 46 specimens of NSCLCS tissues and 18 specimens of normal lung tissues were detected by SP immunohistochemistry.Their interrelations and correlations were analyzed.Results: Positive rate of P-AKT and VEGF were significantly higher in NSCLC than in normal lung tissues(43.5% vs 0% and 67.4% vs 22.2%,P0.05);there were correlations between P-AKT expression and lymph node metastasis,between the TNM stage and differentiation of NSCLC(P0.05) and between VEGF expression and lymph node metastasis and the TNM stage of NSCLC(P0.05).The MVD of lung cancer tissues was higher than that of normal lung tissues(24.62±6.21 vs13.26±5.96,P0.05);there were correlations between the MVD and lymph node metastasis and between the TNM stage and differentiation of NSCLC(P0.05).There were positive correlations between P-AKT expression and VEGF expression and MVD(P0.05).Conclusion: P-AKT is over-expressed in NSCLC,which correlates with lymph node metastasis,the TNM stage and differentiation of NSCLC and takes part in the angiogenesis of NSCLC.


In the present work, we introduce a finite difference scheme on an nonuniform grid. The truncation errors introduced by the use of this difference scheme is presented. It is shown that the numerical solution in the physical domain on nonuniform grids has some advantages. Finally, we solve some boundary value problems using the introduced scheme and compare the obtained results with that obtained on an uniform grid.


Summary form only given. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs), one of the most popular nanoscale materials, have been investigated intensively over the last decade for many of their potential applications. These studies were largely based on theoretical and experimental results from limited numbers of prototype CNT-based devices including field effect transistors (FETs), electron field emitters, interconnects, sensors, probes, energy storage and energy conversion devices. However, the lack of techniques for controlled mass production of CNT-based nanodevices and the ability to accurately characterize their electronic and optical properties have been the primary obstacles for the realization of CNTs' promising technological applications. It is therefore well recognized by the CNT research community that optimization of nano-electronics such as CNT-FETs requires a comprehensive system of nanometrology. Such a system is critical for understanding the role of the local environment, device architecture and internal structure on CNT-FET performance. Oxygen and water vapor have been shown to impact both the CNT conduction channel and the CNT-electrode interface in significantly different ways. Alterations in carrier type such as p-type to n-type, unipolar to ambipolar and changes in contact resistance can all be correlated to oxygen-induced modulation of the Schottky barrier at the nanotube-electrode interface. Shifts in threshold voltage of CNT-FETs have been attributed to the doping of oxygen adsorbate on the bulk of the CNT. The choice of the electrode material, in terms of work function and oxidation state, can influence device resistance. Defects within the CNT itself can act both as electron/phonon scattering sites as well as bonding sites for various adsorbates. In this report, the author will provide an overview of on-going research of CNTs in her group and introduce several newly developed techniques aimed at mass producing CNT-based devices and accurately characterizing their properties. The electronic and optical characterization of the CNT nanodevices were carried out in a unique microenvironment probe system that was developed in her group, which reveals the impact of different adsorbate species and wavelengths of light on device performance. A recent effort of combining scanning electron microscopy, micro-Raman mapping, UHV probing and numeric simulation for studying the curvature of as-grown single-walled CNT in relation to their electronic properties will also be discussed.


greatest. Whilst Swift is shown to be terminally afraid of women, Defoe is able to come to terms with the female body and female desires, and to some extent his portrayal of women exposes the hardships suffered by women in this period. Other topics receive imaginative response. For example, her analysis of cannibalism in Robinson Crusoe and Gulliver's Travels is particularly arresting. Not entirely related to the rest of the book, but none the less very interesting, is her study of Swift's concern with his own posterity and his attempt to manage his own reputation. Flynn has opened up an intriguing topic, but so far has failed to use her material to illuminate attitudes to the body in the eighteenth century more generally.


This paper describes the design for a versatile digital processor using MSI logic circuits. The operations of filtering, correlation, beamforming, and spectrum analysis are easily handled in real time from signal sources encountered in sonar, seismic and underwater telemetry systems.


. a successful diagnosis of glaucoma based on the basic of conventional general medical checkups has been ABSTRACT Objectives Glaucomas that do not exhibit any symptoms, such as primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG), are one target of a general medical check (MC). Normal intraocular pressure (IOP) is seen in 92% with POAG. Since glaucoma leads to the visual field loss, we added a visual field test to the examinations performed during a MCs starting in 2001. The purpose of the current study was to investigate potential benefits of visual field tests over standard non-contact IOP measurements commonly used in MCs to detect glaucoma. Results 34 subjects (0.5%) found to have an IOP of 22 mmHg and higher. Among them, 7 subjects (0.1%) had already been previously found to have glaucoma, while another 2 subjects (0.03%) were newly diagnosed with glaucoma. Among the 683 subjects (10.6%) that exhibited visual field test abnormalities, 309 (4.8%) had already been diagnosed with glau coma. The remaining 374 subjects (5.8%) without any glaucoma diagnosis were followed until March 2012. During the follow-up, 66 subjects (1.0% of the total MC subjects) were newly diagnosed with glaucoma, while 63 subjects (1.0%) had other eye diseases. 48 subjects (27% of the subjects who visited an ophthalmologist) exhibited no abnormalities during follow-up, there is no information from197 subjects who did not visiting an ophthalmologist or undergo any further comprehensive examination. Conclusions This study showed there was a significantly higher percentage of newly diagnosed glaucoma cases when using the visual field test method (1.0%) compared to the non-contact IOP test (0.03%). Our results demonstrate the importance of adding a visual field test to the standard eye examinations used in MCs.


The aim of this study is to identify the factors of loyal patients in public hospitals in Malaysia. The influence of service quality on patient satisfaction and the indirect relationship between service qualities attribute, patient satisfaction and patient loyalty are evaluated. A quantitative research is conducted with close ended questionnaire as an instrument to collect the responses from outpatient centers of public hospital in Malaysia. The results were estimated by using SPSS and Amos 23 to evaluate the relationship between the proposed constructs. The findings highlighted the importance of loyalty in medical care. The factors leading to loyalty are identified and the relationship between satisfaction and loyalty is reconfirmed as prior documented studies.


The influence of GABOB and metrazol convulsion upon Na and K content in cerebral cortex of rabbits was studied, and then the influence of GABOB upon metrazol convulsion was investigated. Results were as follows: 1) The intravenous injection of 100 mg GABOB causes decrease of Na content in cerebral cortex of rabbits. The intravenous injection of 10 mg GABOB effects stronger than that of 100 mg in spite of its small dosis. 2) Na content in cerebral cortex of rabbits is increased by metrazol convulsion markedly in its first stadium and decreases from the medium of convulsion. But it does not recover completely even after 30 minutes from the end of the convulsion. 3) If 100 mg GABOB is given intravenously before metrazol convulsion, GABOB restraines the Na content, which had increased temporary by convulsion but which decreases with lapse of time. This level still continues 30 minutes after the end of convulsion. 4) The intravenous injection of 100 mg GABOB decreases markedly the K content in cerebral cortex of rabbits. In case of 10 mg intravenous injection the decrease is also found but it is weaker than that in the case of 100 mg. 5) K content in cerbral cortex of rabbits decreases markedly by metrazol convulsion and it does not recover completely still after 30 minutes from the end of convulsion. 6) The influnence of intravenous injection of 100 mg GABOB upon K content in cerebral cortex of rabbits during metrazol convulsion is seen neither in the first stadium nor the maximum stadium of convulsion but it accelerates the recover after the end of convulsion and let it recover to the normal level 30 minutes after the end of convulsion.


It is absolutely good news for textile industry of China, because the global quota system of textiles has been abolished since January 1, 2005. Chinese textile enterprises will take the opportunity to occupy the world market to the full extent. However, the General Administration of Customs declares that it will levy specific tariffs on some exporting apparel (totally 148 items). The effects on Chinese exporting apparel caused by export tariffs will be analyzed from two aspects, that is economic effects and trade policy. Export tariffs also have strong effect on domestic income distribution. Therefore, concerning the overall national welfare, domestic industrial taxes rather than export tariffs are preferable and some other suggestions are also put forward.


A MOF-derived NiO–NiCo2O4@PPy hollow polyhedron is prepared as a sulfur host to effectively enhance cell performance. S/NiO–NiCo2O4@PPy displays a high initial discharge capacity of 963 mA h g−1 with a high initial coulombic efficiency of 95.2% at 0.2C.


In recent years, the medical sector has made use of innovative and advanced electronic and robotic systems that offer enormous potential, allowing research, diagnosis, and treatments that had been considered unbelievable until today. In particular, medical robotics contributes to expanding and improving the possibilities of intervention in various sectors of medicine through the development of complex platforms integrating sensors, actuators, processing hardware, and software. The paper reports on the development, at prototype level, of an electronic device for vital sign detection. The device is integrated with Aphel, an artificial intelligence (AI) platform that includes humanoid robots, supporting patients and healthcare professionals in hospitals. The achieved results highlight the advantages of the convergence between electronic devices and robotic entities in a wide range of healthcare applications.


In the title compound, [Ru(C10H15)(C14H15)], the coordinating rings make an angle of 1.0 (1)° with each other and are rotated away from the ideal eclipsed conformation by ca 13°.


A ground receiving phased array antenna system is described for tracking and communication with satellites in low earth orbit (LEO). Different active array antenna architectures and the minimum number of array elements for meeting the system G / T requirement are evaluated and compared. A general noise temperature model is also developed for evaluating any phased array antenna system. Moreover, this model is also useful for the design and planning of other receiving antenna systems on automobiles, ships, aircraft, satellites, et cetera. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.


Between 1844 and 1860, Joseph Dalton Hooker published a series of major floras of the southern oceans, including the first floras of Tasmania and New Zealand. These books were essential to establishing his scientific reputation. However, despite having visited the countries he described, Hooker relied on a large network of unpaid, colonial collectors to supply him with specimens. A study of his relationship with two of these collectors-Ronald Campbell Gunn and William Colenso-reveals warm friendships but also complex negotiations over individual authority, plant naming, and the status of local knowledge. The herbarium played a crucial role in mediating these negotiations. Although Bruno Latour's theory of cycles of accumulation proved useful for analyzing the herbarium's role, in this article some ways in which his ideas might be refined and modified are suggested. IN 1854, THE BRITISH botanist Joseph Dalton Hooker (Figure 1) criticized William Colenso (Figure 2), his chief correspondent in New Zealand, for having attempted to name some supposedly new species of ferns: "From having no Herbarium," wrote Hooker, "you have described as new, some of the best known Ferns in the world" (quoted by Colenso to J. D. Hooker, 24 August 1854: KDC 174). Hooker evidently thought that his herbarium gave him the prerogative to name plants that his colonial correspondent lacked. Colenso disagreed, arguing that "I am well aware that I know very little indeed (save from books) of the Botany of any Country except N.z., still, I fancy, I know the specific differences of many N.Z. plants" (Colenso to J. D. Hooker, 24 August 1854: CP4). For the colonial naturalist, firsthand knowledge of his locality's living plants gave him unique insights. However, Hooker ignored this local 1 Manuscript accepted 1 February 2001. 2 Department of the History and Philosophy of Science, University of Cambridge, Free School Lane, Cambridge, CB2 3RH, Britain (E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com). Pacific Science (2001), vol. 55, no. 4:343-358 © 2001 by University of Hawai'i Press All rights reserved knowledge and Colenso's names never appeared in Hooker's Flora Novae-Zelandiae (1855). At first glance, this incident encapsulates an essential aspect of the colonial scientific relationship: the metropolitan expert using his position-both physical and social-to overrule the distant colonial (Brockway 1979, MacLeod 1987, MacLeod and Rehbock 1988, Miller 1996, McCracken 1997). Although Hooker was dependent upon people like Colenso for the specimens he needed to compile the books that made his name and reputation, he was not interested in their ideas. At the heart of his ability to keep Colenso in a subordinate role was the herbarium; I want to discuss the herbarium's importance using Bruno Latour's concept that exchanges such as those between Hooker and Colenso can best be understood by looking at the "cycle of accumulation" within which they participated (Latour 1987:219-220). Hooker made his herbarium into what Latour called a "center of calculation"-a place that brought him specimens, publications, and ultimately the directorship of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. In this article I shall look at the cycle of accumulation from the perspective of the periphery-by comparing and contrasting Colenso's motivations with those of Ronald Campbell


This study summarises the implementation of software system architecture and relevant modules to enable cooperative adaptive cruise control (CACC) functionalities as an extension of adaptive cruise control (ACC), thereby leveraging the lessons learned from prototype ACC vehicle testing as well as ideas from prior research. These activities were conducted in the United States under a cooperative agreement between the Crash Avoidance Metrics Partners, LLC and the Federal Highway Administration. A key outcome of this project was to understand the implementation of advanced capabilities for the CACC algorithm in a very structured manner. With the introduction of each CACC module, the impacts on the behaviours of vehicles following in a string (or string stability) were quantified to establish potential performance enhancements to automated following systems.


News coverage of politicians is very unequally distributed: a few powerful politicians receive the bulk of media attention, while the large majority hardly gets into the news. However, case studies show that news outlets in some countries give more attention to ordinary politicians compared to other democracies. This study examines and explains the variation in media visibility of politicians with different institutional functions across Western democracies. We employ a large-scale content analysis of television news, newspapers and online news in sixteen countries to analyze whether a political system logic determines the distribution of political functions appearing in the news. This logic suggests that journalists follow the political hierarchy of the country when covering politicians. We also check for an additional media logic that would push journalists to focus on a limited number of high-standing politicians. The results confirm that both logics matter, but that mainly the structural characteristics of the political system have an impact on the distribution of news coverage of politicians. In countries where political power is more equally distributed across politicians, a broader range of (elite) politicians makes it into the news. Our results suggest that the media logic is nested in the broader political context and in some cases even strengthens the logic of the political system.


Progress in systematic development of a thermodynamic database for Mg alloys with 21 components is reported. Models for multicomponent alloys are built in a methodical approach from quantitative descriptions of unary, binary and ternary subsystems. For a large number of ternary—and some higher—alloy systems, an evaluation of the modeling depth is made with concise reference to experimental work validating these thermodynamic descriptions. A special focus is on ternary intermetallic phase compositions. These comprise solutions of the third component in a binary compound as well as truly ternary solid solution phases, in addition to the simple ternary stoichiometric phases. Concise information on the stability ranges is given. That evaluation is extended to selected quaternary and even higher alloy systems. Thermodynamic descriptions of intermetallic solution phases guided by their crystal structure are also elaborated and the diversity of such unified phases is emphasized.


First of all,the feasibility of using a universal distinct element code(UDEC) to simulate stress waves propagation in rockmass has been validated.Then,the study about the rules of stress waves crossing fractures which have various attitudes has been conducted.The three main fractures in Longmenshan region affecting the stress waves propagation are used as an example to validate the rules of stress waves crossing fractures and illustrate the shock isolation effects and the hanging wall effects of the large-scale fracture.The main research results can be summarized as follows:(1) The dynamic responses of the earth?s surface beside the fractures are anomalous compared with that on the fractures;and the dynamic responses of the earth?s surface on the side of hypocenter will be more seriously than that on the other side.(2) With the increasing of fractures attitudes from 0° to 90°,the shock isolation effects of fractures on stress waves firstly will increase and then will decrease;and the dynamic responses caused by transmitted waves will be weaker with the increasing of the amount of fractures.(3) Wenchuan—Maoxian fault and Guanxian—Anxian fault are not coseismic fault;so they have shown good shock isolation in the process of Wenchuan earthquake.Compared to the condition without faults,the vertical peak ground accelerations of hanging wall surface of Wenchuan—Maoxian fault and foot wall surface of Guanxian—Anxian fault decrease 38% and 47% respectively.(4) Because of the faults reflecting the earthquake waves,the dynamic responses of earth?s surfaces of the hanging wall and footwall of Yingxiu—Beichuan fault are serious compared to the state without faults.The vertical peak ground accelerations of the hanging wall and footwall surface of Yingxiu-Beichuan fault increase 41% and 32% respectively.The above research results reflect the shock isolation effect and hanging wall effect of fractures.


To listen to members of organisations, there are very few successful meetings. Most are seen as being, very largely, a waste of time and extremely frustrating. This paper identifies the things which can go wrong and the actions which can be taken, by committee members as well as by chairmen, to make them more effective. We all spend a great deal of time in meetings and it is in the best interests of our sanity, as well as of organisational effectiveness, that they should lead to real achievements.


BACKGROUND AND METHODS
Preclinical studies performed in our laboratory showed that mouse leukemias become highly immunogenic following in vivo treatment with Decarbazine. This observation led to a successful immunochemotherapy protocol in mice using Dacarbazine plus cytoreductive chemotherapy. Therefore an in vivo and in vitro pilot study was conducted in patients (pts) with resistant or relapsed acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). The DNA-repair enzyme O6-alkylguanine-DNA-alkyl-transferase (OGAT) and the in vitro chemosensitivity to Temozolomide, a Dacarbazine derivative, were evaluated in leukemic blasts.

RESULTS
Nine pts received Dacarbazine (0.4-0.8 g/sqm/day) on days 0, 1 and 2. On day 7, noticeable blast reduction occurred in 4 pts: pt 1 was in partial remission on day 21, pt 6 still showed bone marrow leukemia, pt 8 died of sepsis on day 8, pt 9 is still in aplasia on day 25. Low OGAT levels and consistent sensitivity to Temozolomide in vitro were found in the blasts of pts responsive to Dacarbazine. Subsequently, pts 1-7 underwent Ara-C (1g/sqm/day) plus Mitoxantrone (6mg/sqm/day) treatment for 6 days. Four pts entered complete remission after 27-45 days of aplasia. Failures were due to hypoplastic death, absolute drug resistance, or hypoplasia followed by blast cell regrowth.

CONCLUSIONS
These data point out that Dacarbazine can induce a marked reduction of blast cells as well as severe myelotoxicity in leukemic patients.


Objective: Other previous reseachers have verified that phosphatase of regenerating livere-3(PRL-3) played a crucial role in digestive-tract cancer,but its function in bladder cancer is unknown.This research explored the function of PRL-3 in bladder cancer cell line-T24 for finding new ideas in bladder cancer therapy.Methods: PRL-3 siRNA was designed and transfected into T24 cell(the transfection was performed using Lipofectamine TM 2000).The interfering effects were detected on protein levels using western blot.The affection of the siRNA on cell proliferation was observed through cell growth curves in vitro,tumor growth curves in vivo.Results: The results of western blot indicated that the siRNA we designed could down-regulate the expression of PRL-3 in T24 cell properly(F=7.26,P0.05).Cell growth curves indicated that down-regulation of PRL-3 could suppress the proliferation of the T24 cells in vitro,and the suppression occurred at 60h after interference and strengthen with time from then(F≥8.35,P0.05).The tumor growth curves showed that down-regulation of PRL-3 could suppress the proliferation of the T24 cells on 21d after interference in vivo(F≥10.46,P0.05),and the tumor weights in interfering group were lower than those of control groups(F=13.63,P0.05).Conclusion: The siRNA that we constructed could inhibit the expression of PRL-3 protein in T24 cell,Down-regulation of PRL-3 mediated by siRNA could suppress the proliferation of the T24 cells significantly both in vitro and in vivo.These results initially proved that PRL-3 played a crucial role in bladder cancer.With the development of PRL-3 researches,the mechanism of PRL-3 achieving its function would be revealed.And PRL-3 might become a new target gene for bladder cancer therapy.


In recent years, the emphasis on the sustainable development has become one of the main criteria and consideration of invention or utilization of new technologies. Sustainable development is the process of development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the future generation to meet their own needs. The same condition has been occurred inside the automotive area.


We show that if the set of all bounded strongly continuous cosine families on a Banach space X is treated as a metric space under the metric of the uniform convergence associated with the operator norm on the space L (X) of all bounded linear operators on X, then the isolated points of this set are precisely the scalar cosine families. By definition, a scalar cosine family is a cosine family whose members are all scalar multiples of the identity operator. We also show that if the sets of all bounded cosine families and of all bounded strongly continuous cosine families on an infinitedimensional separable Banach space X are viewed as topological spaces under the topology of the uniform convergence associated with the strong operator topology on L (X), then these sets have no isolated points. We present counterparts of all the above results for semigroups and groups of operators, relating to both the norm and strong operator topologies.


ABSTRACT This study investigates YouTube's beauty community, an online group of women who make videos about makeup products and techniques. The videos contain makeup application instructions and challenge ideas about what is "usable" procedural discourse. They sometimes defy conventions for high production quality. Moreover, storytelling and instruction are integral to the rhetorical work of these tutorials. For the diverse groups in this community, procedural discourse also serves as a means of establishing credibility not otherwise afforded to them, as well as opportunities for identity- and relationship building.


Composite materials are being used extensively in industry. They usually offer enhanced durability and strength. Meanwhile, they provide significant resistance to corrosion and moisture with good stability at high pressure. On the other hand, composite materials, like fiberglass, are considerably lightweight and strong; they are being applied in the fabrication of aircrafts as they are strong enough to handle pressure at high altitude. However, fabrication of composite materials is very essential. The presence of any kind of imperfection in the fabrication process can highly reduce the strength and durability of the composite structure. The detection of void, bubble, crack, and delamination in composite structure with various layers is difficult and challenged the NDE community for many years. Many non-destructive evaluation tests are introduced and being used for composite materials. These tests employ the unique properties of electromagnetic wave to transfer the information.


The realistic novel "The Brothers Karamazov" raises critical questions about modernist poetics, which refer to questions of religion, justice, law, and order within the narrative. They are interpreted both on the universal and the individual conceptual level, making the novel a complex system of narrative sequences. In the sequence related to the character of Ivan Karamazov, questions of fiction within fiction, writing and creation, repetition of the roles of the author and spectral characters in the story and the character of Ivan Karamazov are raised. These questions are modernist-critical and it is the intensity of their appearance that is referred to here. Modernism establishes the problematic situation of art itself, placing in the form of a meta quality, not only the question of artistic quality but also the field it belongs to in the foundations of the works of art themselves. The question raised is rooted in the basic meaning of literature. Literary forms bend self-referentially towards themselves, in order to twist anew and express reality. Modernist works ask readers whether all literary themes are legitimately literary or whether literature can deal with "any" topic. These questions have arisen since art has self-referentially bent towards the entirety of culture and art, and all the various questions raised in specific scientific fields. Therefore, it is sometimes said that literary works are, for example, philosophical, psychological. However, that refers to the entire literary order, whereas in the stated narrative the questions are so complex and the question of the literary status itself is entwined with their complexity


The objective of this study was to sub-group the West African starchy roots and tubers' food sources according to their nutritive values. The k means algorithm was deployed on a dataset consisting of starchy roots and tubers food items extracted from the West African Food Composition Table. Various measures of evaluating clustering validity were employed and the results showed that the clustering was valid. Three clusters were extracted, each consisting of food sources that are very similar in nutritive value. Findings prove that in terms of nutritive value, some kinds of yam and cassava could be classified together, while some kinds of sweet potato and cocoyam could also be classified together, and so on. The clusters can be explored by nutritionists, dieticians, food processing enterprises, and food scientists to find alternative food sources when their original choices are unavailable. Though clustering validation showed that food sources within the same cluster are significantly similar on a general note, a future study is required to research on the extent to which food sources within the same cluster are similar to each other at a granular level.


The contribution to knowledge, and the core of the research, is a tonal foundation based on glissandi using compositional techniques derived from synergy of glissandi, microtonality, and isorhythm. The techniques are performed on specially constructed guitars in 18, 24, 30, and 36 tet (tone equal temperament). Guitar based musical artefacts demonstrating some possible techniques are arranged on two compact discs: CD1 'Experimental Miniatures' and CD2 'After Twelve'.


AbstractAccording to the report of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), more than half of the world's population will not have enough drinking water by 2025. To save drinking water, use of seawater in the concrete industry seems imperative. In the present study, the possibilities of seawater as a material of concrete are discussed as a result of the literature-based and experimental investigations. From the results of the literature-based study, more than half of the papers collected in this study had positive opinions about concrete mixed with seawater by adding the mineral admixture such as blast furnace slag (BFS). In addition, some results of long-term exposure tests indicated the high possibility of using seawater as a material of concrete. The experimental data obtained in this study indicated that the addition of BFS might contribute significantly to the corrosion resistance of steel bar, because of the low oxygen environment around steel bar and chloride immobilization.


In structural health monitoring, damage detection results have uncertainty due to the measurement noise, modeling error and environment changes. In this paper, data fusion based on the Dempster-Shafer (D-S) evidence theory was employed to decrease the uncertainty level and improve the accuracy of damage identification. A weighted fusion damage index (WFDI) was proposed to perform damage identification. A two-story concrete frame was fabricated as the object for the structural health monitoring test. Experimental results have verified the effectiveness of the proposed method, which will improve damage identification accuracy and increase the reliability of damage identification.


Stationary self-consistent distributions for charged particle beam in magnetic field are considered. These distributions can be regarded as formal solutions of the Vlasov equation which is formulated in the covariant form.


PURPOSE
To calculate the output factor of irregular shape electron beam at extended SSD using modified lateral build-up-ratio method.

METHODS
Circular cutouts from 2.0cm diameter to maximum possible sizes were prepared for applicator cone size of 15×15cm. In addition, different irregular cutouts were prepared. Percentage depth dose (PDD) curves were measured for each cutout using 6, 9, 12 and 16-MeV at the standard SSD of 100cm. The scanning was done using Multidata system and Scanditronix diodes on 2100SC Varian LINAC. In addition, for each cutout and electron beam energy doses were measured at SSD values of 100, 105, 110, 115cm using EDR2 films and diodes.

RESULTS
The measured PDD were normalized to the depth of 1.0mm. The lateral build-up-ratio (LBR) and the lateral scatter parameter (sigma) were calculated for each circular cutout using the open 15×15-cm2 field as the reference field. Taking the linear increase of sigma with cutout size into account, PDD of the irregular cutouts were calculated at 100 cm SSD. Furthermore, using the dose measured at different SSDs, the effective SSD value for each circular cutout and electron beam energy was determined. Employing the LBR and the effective-SSD values of the circular cutouts along with the calculated PDD of the irregular cutouts, the output factors of the irregular cutout at different extended SSD values were calculated. Finally, the calculated output factors were compared with the measured values.

CONCLUSION
In this research, it is shown that output factor of irregular shape electron beam at extended SSD can be determined by using the LBR and the effective SSD values of circular cutouts. The percentage difference of the calculated output factor from the measured output factor for irregular cutouts at extended SSD were within 3.0%.


A striking property of the Mandarin long passive is the possibility of a long-distance relationship between the initial argument and its gap. The construction has been widely analysed as derivationally equivalent to English tough-constructions, and accordingly is a rare example of apparent licit Improper Movement. This paper argues that the Mandarin passive marker bei is a restructuring predicate. It follows that the Mandarin long passive does not in fact involve Improper Movement. New data is introduced to support this conclusion. Finally, as restructuring does not appear to have been previously identified in Mandarin, I discuss some consequences the data have for the phenomenon of clause union generally.


The objective of this study was to compare the chemical and rheological properties of asphalt binders recovered from aged asphalt mixtures with the corresponding aged asphalt binders used in those mixtures. Seven plant-produced asphalt mixtures, with unmodified and polymer modified asphalt binders and varying reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) content, were compacted and aged in a conventional oven at 85°C for zero (unaged), five, or 10 days. Asphalt binders were extracted and recovered from each aging level for chemical and rheological characterization. Seven blends of virgin asphalt binder and RAP binder were constituted to be similar to those used in the seven plant-produced asphalt mixtures. Subsequently, each asphalt binder blend was aged by rolling thin film oven (RTFO) and pressure aging vessel (PAV) for chemical and rheological characterization. Chemical and rheological characterization included Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, high and intermediate temperature performance grade (PG), frequency sweep, and linear amplitude sweep (LAS) tests. Asphalt mixtures aged for five and 10 days resulted in asphalt binders that were less aged than similar ones aged by PAV when measured by LAS fatigue parameter ALAS, frequency sweep Glover Rowe (G-R) parameter, and intermediate temperature PG. However, unaged asphalt mixtures yielded asphalt binders with similar properties to those aged in RTFO as measured by high temperature PG. Correlation analysis between asphalt binder and asphalt mixture aging revealed that the G-R parameter has the highest coefficient of correlation among parameters. Further, new aging indices were introduced to capture the effect of polymer modification on aging susceptibility.


This report presents the current intentions and directions of the WIPP Plugging and Sealing Program. The Plugging and Sealing Program is responsible for developing the design basis and criteria for sealing the penetrations (boreholes, shafts, and drifts) associated with the WIPP. Estimates of sealing requirements indicate that the technical requirements for sealing will not be great. Conceptual designs presented in this report call for the use of salt, cementitious materials, and clay in the form of seals (or bulkheads) and backfills. The state of knowledge and remaining technical concerns for sealing the WIPP facility are reviewed; and a program of laboratory, field, and modeling efforts to resolve these issues is described.


As we move towards an "information society' electrical appliances are becoming an essential part of our everyday lives. these devices bath us in electromagnetic fields (EMFs), the risks of which are relatively unknown. recent research suggests chemical processes could provide an important missing link between EMFs and cancer.


The effect of sublimable vehicle composition in the camphor-naphthalene system on the pore structure of porous Cu-Ni alloy is investigated. The CuO-NiO mixed slurries with hypoeutectic, eutectic and hypereutectic compositions are frozen into a mold at . Pores are generated by sublimation of the vehicles at room temperature. After hydrogen reduction at and sintering at for 1 h, the green body of CuO-NiO is completely converted to porous Cu-Ni alloy with various pore structures. The sintered samples show large pores which are aligned parallel to the sublimable vehicle growth direction. The pore size and porosity decrease with increase in powder content due to the degree of powder rearrangement in slurry. In the hypoeutectic composition slurry, small pores with dendritic morphology are observed in the sintered Cu-Ni, whereas the specimen of hypereutectic composition shows pore structure of plate shape. The change of pore structure is explained by growth behavior of primary camphor and naphthalene crystals during solidification of camphor-naphthalene alloys.


The author introduces the design of a new type of falling-film evaporator liquid distributor, and the virtues are compared with the other common types.


Objective To investigate the mechanism of the anti-inflammatory effects of the chloroform eluting parts from Acanthopanax giraldii Harms Extract.Methods RAW264.7 cells were stimulated by LPS.The chloroform eluting parts were added to incubate for 20 hours.PGE 2,TNF-α and IL-10 in the supernatants were detected by RIA or Enzyme Line Immunity Assay.NO in the supernatants was detected by Greiss regent kit.Results PGE 2 production were(79.57±12.50) pg/mL and(95.20±11.20) pg/mL in the group of the chloroform eluting parts(40mg/L) and in the dosage group(10 mg/L).The chloroform eluting parts inhibited the up-regulation of LPS-induced PGE2 production(P 0.05).TNF-α production were(291.6±40.7) pg/mL and(358.6±37.9) pg/mL in the dosage group(40 mg/L or 10 mg/L).The chloroform eluting parts inhibited the up-regulation of LPS-induced TNF-α production(P 0.01).There were no difference between the group stimulated by LPS and the group of the chloroform eluting parts(P 0.05).NO production were(26.2±2.9)μmol/L and(28.3±3.2) μmol/L in the dosage group(40 mg/L or 10 mg/L).The chloroform eluting parts inhibited the up-regulation of LPS-induced NO production(P 0.01).Conclusion The mechanism of anti-inflammatory effects of Acanthopanax giraldii Harms were to inhibit the activity of COX-2 directly and the production of TNF-α and NO in inflammatory cell,but there was no effect to inhibit the production of IL-10.


In this paper, three basic lighting geometries are compared quantitatively in an inspection task that checks for the presence of J-clips on an aluminum carrier. Two independent LabVIEW® machine vision algorithms were used to evaluate backlight, bright field and dark field illumination on their ability to minimize variations within a pass (clip present) or fail (clip absent) sample set, as well as maximize the separation between sample sets. Results showed that there were clear differences in performance with the different lighting geometries, with over a 30% change in performance. Although it is widely acknowledged that the choice of lighting is not a trivial exercise for machine vision systems, this paper provides a case study of the quantitative performance of different lighting geometries.Copyright © 2011 by ASME


This paper examines the changing energy mix for Asia to 2020, and impacts of increased coal consumption on Asia`s share of world SO{sub 2} and CO{sub 2} emissions. Stricter SO{sub 2} emissions laws are summarized for eight Asian economies along with implications for fuel and technology choices. The paper compares the economics of different technologies for coal and natural gas in 1997 and in 2007. Trends toward introducing clean coal technologies and the use of natural gas will accelerate in response to tighter environmental standards by 2000. The most important coal conversion technology for Asia, particularly China, in the long term is likely to be integrated gasification combined-cycle (IGCC), but only under the assumption of multiple products.


CuCl2 does not cause Trp+ reversion in E. coli WP2. However, when the bacteria are exposed to CuCl2 and UV‐irradiated, a greater than 3‐fold enhancement of mutagenesis (compared to UV alone) is seen at 30 μMCuCl2, and significant enhancement is seen even at 3 μM. The mechanism for this comutagenic effect was studied using a restriction fragment of the E. coli gpt gene. Whereas UV or CuCl2 alone caused few strand breaks, UV + CuCl2 induced breaks at every site. This reaction was blocked by KI, a free radical scavenger. While UV alone induced alkali‐labile sites, UV+ CuCl2 induced many more such sites and altered the sequence specificity. We suggest that at least some of the comutagenic effect might be due to hydroxyl radical formed via a Fenton reaction.


Commuting quality in several Brazilian cities has been decreasing in recent years, leading to an increasingly unsustainable environment. One way to contest this scenario is to adopt innovative solutions in public mobility policies. This work is dedicated to study the possibility of changing the people's behavior by including social effective speed in mobility public policies. Law 12.587/2012 provides for the internalization of external costs caused by the users. In this context, social effective speed appears as an innovative measure. Social effective speed is a concept that adds to a certain mode of transport travel time the working time spent to pay the trip's private and social costs. A survey conducted with UFPE's attendees was used as a case study for demographic data. Results suggest that social effective speed is suitable to be integrated in Brazilian mobility public policies.


This paper proposes an alternative current alpha plane protection for shunt reactors, which is able to identify internal faults, including turn-to-turn faults. The proposed algorithm is based only on zero sequence and neutral currents, eliminating the need for voltage measurements. Furthermore, the proposed algorithm is based on an alternative current alpha plane, where the restraint characteristic is defined simply as its left half-plane, in such a way that minimal settings are required. In order to evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithm, the Alternative Transients Program was used to simulate different internal faults into an air-core dry-type shunt reactor connected to a 230 kV/60 Hz transmission line. The proposed algorithm performance was compared with the restricted earth fault function. From the obtained results, it is demonstrated that the proposed protection properly operates in turn-to-ground and turn-to-turn faults with operation times shorter than one power cycle, even for 1% of short-circuited turns. On the other hand, restricted earth fault function failed to operate in some of these cases. The proposed algorithm ensured the integrity of the air-core dry-type shunt reactors in all evaluated scenarios, correctly restraining in all simulated external faults (including cases with current transformer satura-tion). Thus, the proposed algorithm is considered a reliable and promising alternative for shunt reactors protection.


In recent scholarship, several views have been propounded on the argumentative inconsistencies in Boethius' De consolatione Philosophiae and the inconclusiveness of its ending. In this article, it is argued that modern scholars still, perhaps unconsciously, adhere to aristotelian concepts of unity, coherence, and closure, which may not be helpful in assessing what Boethius is really trying to say. When analysed from a perspective usually associated with modernist literature, it becomes clear that Boethius' swan song is neither a deconstruction of "pagan" philosophy nor an implicit plea for Christian spirituality but a an existential drama in which religion and philosophy do not provide any consolation.


The invention discloses a method for preparing a manganese slag-based geological polymer binder comprising: (1) the solid components of the materials are manganese slag and kaolin; the liquid components are water glass, water and activator. (2) the manganese slag is dried till the moisture content is less than 1%, and is milled in a ball mill till the specific surface is 400-600m /kg, the kaolin is calcined at 900 DEG C till the kaolin becomes metakaolin, and is milled till the specific surface is 500-700 /kg. (3) the activator is added into the water glass solution and is mixed uniformly with water to get a water glass solution with a water glass modulus value of 1.5-3.5 and a water glass baume of 35-45 degrees. (4) the mixed solution prepared by the step (3) is added into the mixed powder of managese and metakaolin micropowder, is stirred and moulded after uniform mixture and maintenance. The preparation method has advantages of simple technology, no pollution during the preparation process, good gelling property and strong anti-seawater erosion property using industrial waste residue.


In the Facilities as a Service (IaaS) elegant of cloud pc, device assets square degree on hand for apartment rate. in spite of the fact that it gives a cost practical desires to on-line machine requirements, low recollect at the leased system sources keeps human beings from exploitation it. to reduce the cost, device assets square diploma shared, i.e., there exists multi-occupancy. for the reason that correspondence systems and furthermore one of a kind machine property rectangular approach shared, it creates fitness and safety simply as protection troubles. A patron in all likelihood may not build up a legitimate co-occupant for the motive that customers square hobby mystery. The client is based upon at the Cloud provider (CP) to assign reliable co-inhabitants. but, it's in the CP's pace of intrigue that it receives most use of its assets. in this way, it lets in most co-occupancy despite the acts of clients. at some point of this paper, we often will in standard prescribe a stable call the executives system that dreams the cycle in a genuinely combine cloud to cut up within the middle of practical and furthermore dangerous customers just as allot assets in such a few way that they're doing no longer proportion assets. we frequently will in widespread show the rightness simply because the adequacy of the decided name the board framework exploitation regular and theoretical exam.


Spatio-temporal coherence properties of light scattered by rough surfaces that leads to speckle fluctuations are analysed. It is demonstrated that the scattered light is non-ergodic with the disorder due to the scattering process. Although the mutual coherence matrix vanishes with isotropic polarization fluctuations, it is shown that spatio-temporal coherence properties can be described with interference experiments that can be obtained between different speckles of the scattered light. For non-singular scattering processes, the maximal value of the modulus of the Wolf degree of coherence is analysed in the spatial time domain. This approach is also applied to totally unpolarized incident light with an isotropic and spatially independent scattering process. The mean value and the standard deviation of the Wolf degree of coherence are then determined from the coherence properties of the incident light.


In January 1998, the annual Survey of Household Spending (SHS) was introduced to replace the former occasional Family Expenditure Survey (FAMEX) in order to produce more frequent and more precise provincial and territorial expenditure estimates. The reduction in the level of detail for the data that are collected, the extension of the target population, the increase in sample size and the improvement of the sample allocation methodology are among the main changes that were made to the methodology. For the first two survey years of the SHS, it was decided to use a weighting methodology that is quite similar to the one used for the last survey year of the FAMEX. This former survey, done at the national level every four or five years, did not provide much recent information to identify which modification of the calibration strategy would be suitable. Studies on coverage and representativeness of the sample done on the first survey year of SHS suggested that the use of more detailed demographic controls and the addition of income related controls at the calibration stage would be suitable.


The parametric decay of Langmuir waves into ordinary waves (O-mode) and low frequency ion cyclotron waves is studied in the Earth's magnetosphere plasma. An evolution of a density gradient due to the non-uniform ambient magnetic field is taken care of. The fluid model is employed to investigate the linear and nonlinear responses of plasma species to the coupled field of three waves in magneto-plasmas. It is observed that the magnetic field gradient modifies the dispersion relations of both electrostatic and electromagnetic waves. The nonlinear growth rate of the parametric instability is calculated by coupling the dispersion relations of pump and side band modes. The normalized growth rate is analyzed numerically for different sets of parameters under typical conditions. It is noticed that the gradient in the magnetic field contributes as a significant energy source to enhance the growth rate of the three wave interaction.


Rational strategies for the treatment of burn injury and infection require an improved understanding of the mechanisms by which immune suppression and pro-inflammatory signals interact. Here we study the dynamics of granulopoiesis in the bone marrow (BM) using a mouse burn/infection model to identify the roles that apoptosis, differentiation, proliferation and release play in the etiology of the immunologic response to burns and superimposed infection. We demonstrate that there is a rapid loss of mature granulocytes (CD11b/sup +/ Ly6G/sup +/) from the marrow during a primarily septic injury using a clinical isolate of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA-14). Due to the short timescale involved massive and specific release of granulocytes from the marrow is the most likely mechanism for the observed dynamics. There is also clear evidence of a drop in the bone marrow cellularity for animals with superimposed burn and sepsis. Using a simple population balance approach we demonstrate that a decreased cell residence time in the mature bone marrow pool could explain the observed rapid decline in its size.


Abstract Several metal complexes of chelating pyridyl nitronylnitroxide, imidazolyl nitronylnitorxide, and imidazolyl iminonitroxide were synthesized and their magnetic properties were characterized.


Mo bu jie zai"(? 唤栽?appeared in one piece of Zhenmuwen(镇墓文)of Donghan Dynasty. Rhetorically, it can be seen as synonymy collocated with. This kind of rhetorical method was widely used in the old times, from the papers of earlier Qin Dynasty until Shiji(史记). Furthermore, there are so many examples of Taipingjing(太平经) to show that the conclusion sounds.


The purpose of the efforts of teachers to overcome student learning difficulties in order to find out the efforts made by teachers to overcome the difficulties of students learning mathematics in fractions in class VII SMP Negeri 7 Padangsidimpuan. This research is a classroom action research conducted using the cycle method. The instruments used are observation and test in the form of essays. Based on the results of the study, it was found that the students' initial abilities in the fraction material through the learning model, this can be seen and the increase in the results of the average initial test scores of all students was 65 and the number of students who passed 5 students with a percentage of 20% and 25 students. In the  first cycle test meeting 1 with an average score of all students, namely 69.08 and the number of students who graduated 13 students with a percentage of 52% and 25 students. In the second session of the first test session, the average of all students was 72.6 and the number of students who graduated was 15 students with a percentage of 60% and 25 students. While the second cycle of meeting 1 test with an average value of all students is 78.2 and the number of students who passed 19 students with a percentage of 76% and 25 students. In the 2nd meeting cycle II test with an average value of all students, namely 82 and the number of students who graduated 21 students with a percentage of 84% and 25 students. Based on the percentage of graduation students have reached the desired level, this study was stopped until the second meeting of the cycle II.


This paper considers the allocation of national technological resources to different sectors of the economy. The impact of economic investments in technology is related to national, industry, and company growth. In some sectors of the economy investments in research and development R and D are well below the saturation level, where increasing the investment level and fraction of scientific and engineering manpower devoted to R and D may be expected to yield increased economic growth. A comparison is made of the sources and consumers of R and D funds in the U.S. and Israel, particularly as related to size of firms. Conclusions are obtained in the form of magnitude and allocation of R and D investments and utilization of scientific and engineering manpower for industrial R and D in Israel.


In this paper we propose to measure inequality of educational achievements by constructing a Giniindex on educational attainments. We then use the proposed measure to analyse the relationshi between inequality in incomes and educational achievements (in terms of both the average attainments and its concentration). Even if theoretical considerations suggest a non-linear relationship between these two measures of inequality, actual data indicate that average years of education have a stronger negative impact on measured income inequality. Multivariate regressions also prove that, once we take into account the negative correlation between average educational achievement and its dispersion, the relationship between income inequality and average years of schooling is U-shaped, with a lower turning point at 6. 5 years. Income inequality is also negatively related to per capita income and positively related to capital/output ratio and government expenditure in education. Looking at relative contribution of education to income inequality, we find that it contributes to explain a portion of variance enclosed between 3% and 16%, but this fraction is higher in developed countries and shows a rising trend.


Littlefield Lake is in a late stage of marl lake evolution characterized by reduced rates of carbonate precipitation. Long and short term carbonate budgets show that the volume of calcite in the lake basin is 3-7 times that expected from annual calcium depletion in the epilimnetic water. This Holocene decrease in carbonate production is also recorded as a gradual increase in the amount of organic and carbonate material in cores from the deep lake basin. Late-stage reduction in carbonate production is evidently a natural consequence of lakeward progradation of littoral marl benches, encroachment of terrestrial vegetation, and reduced colonization by carbonate-producing lake macrophytes.


This paper discusses some basic problems of information visualization and knowledge organization, introducing the basic ideas and applications, and focused on information visualization tools in the field of knowledge organization with examples.


No BPR plan can evolve and meet its logical end until the IT systems and processes are put to effective use. A proper combination of both is sine qua non to ensure success in business enterprises. With computers becoming cheaper and powerful and software enabling all types of processes, the use of IT has moved these devices beyond computational purposes. It has, in fact, reduced the cost of coordination, communication and information processing.


Objective: To evaluate and compare a new formula to calculate the body surface in adults. Methodology: Crosssectional study using data from medical records of 350 outpatients. The calculation of the proposed formula was SC = 2A - 1.6 + ((Weight obtained) - (Height - 100)). Results: The mean body surface in the population by the different methods was 1.8 to 1.9, the formula advocated showed good correlation with that of Dubois and Dubois (r = 0.998), this relationship being similar when evaluating other formulas (Haycok r = 0.98, Gehan and George r = 0.99, r = 0.983 Boyd), emphasizing the Fujimoto formula with r = 1 in this population. When compared with weight, height and body mass index, formulas Dubois and Dubois, Fujimoto and the new formula, exhibited the greatest similarity between them. Conclusion: No significant differences were observed in all studied formulas when compared to the Dubois and Dubois formula. The new formula suggested showed the lowest correlation with body mass index, and the highest ratio of weight to height that can be beneficial in the study of idialmetry proportionalities. The calculation of the new formula suggested is unmatched simplicity ensuring its practical use in clinical routine


To examine the extent to which temporal properties of speech might be affected by children's lexical knowledge as opposed to their age and general development, productions by a group of two‐year‐olds with average‐sized vocabularies were compared with those of a group of age‐matched, lexically precocious children. It was hypothesized that because of their additional lexical knowledge and experience, the lexically precocious children would manifest shorter durations and/or less temporal variability in their speech. Multiple repetitions of several different target words were obtained from children with vocabularies at about the 50th percentile (ca. 300 words) versus the 90th percentile (ca. 600 words) on the MacArthur Communicative Development Inventory. In general, acoustic measurements indicated that there were no significant differences between the groups in terms of their segmental durations or temporal variability. Thus, the additional linguistic knowledge and experience the precocious talkers had gaine...


This article discusses the advantages of adaptive modeling technology that facilitates the work of engineers in reorganization and editing of small and large assemblies.


Ferroelectric BiFeO3 thin films have been prepared on Pt/TiO2/SiO2/Si substrates in various oxygen pressures of 0.001–0.1 Torr at a temperature as low as 450 °C by pulsed-laser deposition. The crystallinity of the films was studied by x-ray diffraction. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy showed that the films have a single phase of perovskite BiFeO3. The BiFeO3 thin films deposited at 0.01–0.1 Torr show good current-density–applied-voltage characteristics. It is obtained from polarization–electric-field characterization that 2Pr is about 71.3 μC/cm2 and 2Ec is 125 kV/cm. Stable current density and saturated ferroelectric hysteresis loop have been observed in BiFeO3 thin films.


Distance education has become a popular method for delivering sport management programs because online learning provides opportunities for learners to continue their education in various settings. Despite increased interests in online learning, the literature shows that one of the largest challenges to higher education is student retention in online programs. This case analysis will analyze the methodologies of Media Richness Theory and Social Presence Theory in online course design and instruction and how they aid overall program retention. This study, conducted in a graduate sport management program, could prove to be a resource for similar programs looking to improve online interaction.


The shifted Chebyshev polynomial approximation is employed to solve the linear, constant parameter, ordinary differential equations of initial or two-point boundary value problems. An effective recursive algorithm is developed to calculate the expansion coefficients of the shifted Chebyshev series. An effective transformation is proposed to transform the two-point boundary value problem into an initial value problem. An illustrative example is included to show that the computational results are accurate.


Study of genetic diversity is an important aspect to be covered for proper utilization of the germplasm for breeding purpose and crop improvement programme. Keeping in view, genetic divergence studies in indigenous crab apple biotypes (Malus baccata var. Himaliaca) maintained at two field gene banks of Himachal Pradesh state of India was carried out by using the RAPD molecular markers. Total 119 decamer primers were initially screened to check these biotypes during the genotypic screening out of which 94 showed clear and scorable bands. In samples of IARI RS these primers revealed 67.47% of polymorphism and PIC value ranged between 0.497 to 0.867, whereas average number of alleles per primer was 4.84. Jaccard's similarity coefficient ranged from 0.44 to 0.65 which shows the divergence among the biotypes during the present investigation. Comparatively low percentage (53.37%) was observed in seven biotypes of NBPGR, RS, while almost similar PIC value range 0.47-0.87 was obtained. Similarity coefficient values ranged from 0.62-0.74 which was less than that of IARI, RS. Here, M. baccata came as an outliner and found to be distinct among all. Combined analysis of fourteen samples of crab apple biotype maintained at two gene banks resulted in 75.5% polymorphism and highest PIC value of 0.867. UPGMA clustering figured all the biotypes in one major cluster with some subcluster except Malus baccata Kinnaur which is the most divergent among all and came out as an outliner shows similarity of more than 40 per cent with rest of all the biotypes. In the present study, considerable variations were found among the wild crab apple biotypes. RAPD primer were found to be useful in evaluating the genetic diversity in wild apple biotypes.


(Na0.5K0.5)NbO3 (NKN) ceramic with 1.5 mol% CuO added (NKNC) was well sintered even at a low temperature of 900°C with the addition of ZnO. Most of the ZnO reacted with the CuO and formed the liquid phase that assisted the densification of the specimens at 900°C. A few Zn2+ ions entered the matrix of the specimens and increased the coercive field (Ec) and Qm values of the specimens. High-piezoelectric properties of kp=0.37, Qm=755, and ɛ3T/ɛ0=327 were obtained from the NKNC ceramics containing 1.0 mol% ZnO sintered at 900°C for 2 h.


Further observations are described on the measurement of the incorporation of inorganic phosphate labelled with P32 into the inorganic phosphate of the adrenal gland to assess the immediate pituita...


This paper describes computational challenges in describing high thrust and I[sub sp] expected from the proposed ion-compressed antimatter nuclear (ICAN) propulsion system. This concept uses antiprotons to induce fission reactions that jump start a microfission/fusion process in a target compressed by low-energy ion beams. The ICAN system could readily provide the high energy density required for interplanetary space missions of short duration. In conventional rocket design, thrust is obtained by expelling a propellant under high pressure through a nozzle. A larger I[sub sp] can be achieved by operating the system at a higher temperature. Full ionization of propellant at high temperature introduces new and challenging questions in the design of plasma thrusters.


Traditions and Transitions in Industrial Relations - Jelle Visser A European View From Pluralism to... Where? Industrial Relations in Great Britain - Jelle Visser and Joris Van Ruysseveldt Contestation and State Intervention Forever? Industrial Relations in France - Joris Van Ruysseveldt and Jelle Visser Robust Corporatism, Still? Industrial Relations in Germany - Jelle Visser and Joris Van Ruysseveldt Corporatism beyond Repair? Industrial Relations in Sweden - Jelle Visser Weak Corporatisms Going Different Ways? Industrial Relations in the Netherlands and Belgium - Joris Van Ruysseveldt and Jelle Visser A Truly Mixed Case - Jelle Visser Industrial Relations in Italy Aspiring Corporatism? Industrial Relations in Spain - Marc van der Meer The Transformation of Industrial Relations in Some Central and Eastern European Countries - Hans Slomp, Jacques van Hoof and Hans Moerel Revised Diversity - Colin Crouch From the Neo-Liberal Decade to beyond Maastricht


Recommender systems are complex. They integrate the individual needs of users with the characteristics of particular domains of application which may span items from large and potentially heterogeneous collections. Extensive experimentation is required to understand the multidimensional properties of recommendation algorithms and the fit between algorithm and application. librec-auto is a tool that automates many aspects of off-line batch recommender system experimentation. It has a large library of state-of-the-art and historical recommendation algorithms and a wide variety of evaluation metrics. It further supports the study of diversity and fairness in recommendation through the integration of re-ranking algorithms and fairness-aware metrics. It supports declarative configuration for reproducible experiment management and supports multiple forms of hyper-parameter optimization.


: We present what we know on nucleosynthesis in the Universe and hypotheses that have been made in this regard. A brief description of the Universe's evolution during its different stages is offered, indicating which are the periods and mechanisms of element formation. A critical prospective on future research is formulated to validate, modify, or reject the hypotheses formulated. These will involve joint observations that encompass finer measurements of cosmic background radiation, galaxy clusters, and gravitational waves produced by neutron star collisions. The information thus obtained will be combined with restrictions given by theoretical models. Perhaps many current doubts will be clarified, but new questions will arise.


Today it is understood that the seismic risk, as well as any type of risk, is proportional to the disastrous combination of the seismic threat and the vulnerability of the exposed systems. Considering that the seismic threat is of natural origin, therefore not modifiable or controllable by man to any extent - unlike other threats that are anthropic or generated by man himself (eg nuclear explosions, seismicity induced by dams or reservoirs of water, etc.) if they are-, risk reduction is achieved both by increasing resilience (a system's own capacity to recover from an adverse event) and by reducing the exposure of potentially exposed systems. However, it should be noted that risk can be better characterized and quantified if the threat is better defined and known, even though it cannot be controlled. That is why the seismic threat needs to be the best bounded, measured and defined, to the extent of the available information, in order to reduce uncertainties to the maximum. It then requires that the seismic activity of the region under study be studied in detail, which also implies identifying and characterizing the generating sources of these earthquakes (seismogenic faults); that is, the geological faults responsible for such seismicity (seismotectonic association; Figure 1). It is customary in seismic hazard studies to study both aspects (source faults and seismicity) in a radius of at least 200 km; distance resulting from the attenuation of seismic energy as it propagates through the medium. So it is understood that the seismic energy released during most large earthquakes is expected to be attenuated to low hazard levels at that distance. The built environment located in sedimentary basins filled with soft or little consolidated sediments, such as the cases of Mexico City and Caracas, probably escape this practice, due to wave amplification effects as a site effect, which could be excited by large shallow or shallow earthquakes. subduction, with epicenters beyond that distance prescribed by practice. Consequently, it is necessary to retrace the seismic history –or earthquake chronology, which is the sum of the instrumental, historical and pre-historical earthquakes that make up the entire seismic activity (Audemard, 2019) - of the region surrounding the site. subject to a seismic hazard assessment (EAS; in English, Seismic hazard Assessment -SHA-), in the most complete way, as well as extensive in the time possible, in order to determine two fundamental parameters when calculating said estimate: the Maximum probable earthquake and the return period of large earthquakes with destructive capacity, for each of the identified faults, or their individual segments if they are defined. Given that these EAS can be addressed by two approaches, probabilistic and deterministic (or various combinations of both), the longest in time is the evaluated period, the statistical evaluations of both parameters indicated above - known under the term of seismogenic potential- , they will be more robust and reliable to estimate the seismic threat.


Basis extension corrections associated with the configuration interaction (CI) calculation of the neon pair polarizability are reported. The incremental polarizabilities, anisotropy, and trace are ...


There is a growing demand in the United States for small Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) to operate in urban environments. A key safety component of UAS traffic management is a Detect And Avoid (DAA) system to keep each UAS well clear of other traffic. RTCA, Inc., Special Committee 228 is currently working to define well clear and DAA system performance requirements for UAS transitioning to and from Class A airspace or special purpose areas. Those well clear and DAA system requirements are tailored to the performance characteristics of large UAS interacting with manned traffic in the NAS, and are not appropriate for small UAS operating in a cluttered urban environment at low altitudes. This paper presents the results of a preliminary concept exploration simulation study to characterize DAA system requirements for small UAS maneuvering in a cluttered urban environment. The study was conducting using prototype algorithms implemented for SAFITTM (Safe Autonomy Flexible Innovation Testbed), a UAS platform under development that will enable safe flight testing of unproven autonomy applications by providing integrated flight protection including traffic and obstacle avoidance, flight envelope protection, and geospatial containment.


Developing advanced electroactive devices requires the understanding of the influence of sample geometry on the charge transport and storage. In these devices both diffusion and drift processes depend on the distances over which ions travel. In this paper the charge dynamics of Aquivion membrane with 40 wt% uptake of EMI-Tf (1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium trifluoromethane -sulfonate) cells were investigated over a broad membrane thickness (d) range. It was found that the double layer charging time τDL is linearly proportional to the thickness (d) for all applied voltages. However, in the longer time regimes (t>>τDL) under a high applied voltage (>0.5 V) where the significant charge storage occurs, it was found that the relationship between charge storage and applied voltage becomes nonlinear and also the longer time charging response of τdiff = d 2 / (4D), corresponding to the ion diffusion, was not observed.


Background. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is achronic disease that characterized by air flow obstruction in respiratorytract that is not fully reversible. COPD is a major cause of chronicmorbidity and mortality throughout the world.Objective. The aims of the study were to obtained distribution pattern ofpatients with COPD according to age, sex and discharge from hospital incare units of dr. Soedarso General Hospital on 2009-2010 period.Method. This study was a descriptive study with cross-sectional design.Sample that used in this study was 86 patients. Data was taken from thepatient's medical record.Result. Group of more than 60 years old in age was the most commonwith 61 patients. The number of male patients are 71 patients and womenare 15 patients. The patients were discharged from the hospital are 65patients become better, 16 patients are home forcibly, and 5 patients aredied.Conclusion. The most common age group of patients with COPD whohave hospitalization in dr. Soedarso General Hospital is more than 60years old (70,93%), male (82,56%), and discharge from the hospital isbecome better (75,58%).


Objective To study the characteristics of bone mass at posterior edge of the lumbar vertebral and resection method. Methods From May 1995 to December 2002, 115 cases with protrusion of the lumbar intervertbral disc were treated by surgeries. Among them, CT graphs of 42 cases showed the bone mass at posterior edge of the vertebrae .They were analyzed and resected by specific approaches. Results Among 42 cases, 19 cases (45.2%) were calcification of lumbar intervetebral disc protrusion, 14 (33.3%) were rupture of cartilaginous endplate,7(16.7%) were lumbar vertebral disc herniation with osteophyte at posterior edge of vertebrae and 1 (2.4%) was lumbar intervertebral disc herniation with OPLL. The mean follow-up periods was 27 months (range 6 months to 6 years).The lower limb pain and intermittent limping in 42 cases were disappeared completely and the patients resumed their normal activities. The numbness of the toes and external area of the tibial region did not disappear completely in 2 of 42 cases. The results showed that 92.8% of the cases were graded as excellent and good. Conclusion The pathogenic factors of the bone mass at posterior edge of the vetebral were as the follow: calcification of lumbar intervetebral disc protrusion, rupture of cartilaginous endplate, osteophyte at posterior edge of vertebrae with calcification of posterior longitudinal ligament.


There are many old oil wells in Indonesia which are no longer operated by the state-owned oil company Pertamina. Those wells have no longer a sufficient amount of oil to be extracted continuously. One such oil field is located in Wonocolo district, Bojonegoro in East Java Province. Local miners are allowed to operate oil mining by using very simple equipment. Currently, there are around 235 wells. Each well produces 300 to 350 barrels of crude oil per day and was operated two times a week. The crude was sold to Pertamina, but some of the crudes were processed by the miners by using a traditional distillation system called pawon . At least there are 190 pawon in the Wonocolo district. The crude is processed into diesel oil. The oil is sold to the market with a price of IDR 2,750. It is almost half of the price of the regular diesel oil sold by Pertamina, IDR 5,500 per liter. The objective of this study is to increase the quality of traditional diesel oil by applying simple blending operations. To achieve this objective, diesel oils produced by different pawon are treated as feedstock with different grades.Traditional diesel oil is divided into 3 (three) grades based on its density. To obtain the Cetane Index value, the density and the distillation profile of diesel oil is needed. The ASTM D1298 ASTM D86 methods were used to obtain the density and distillation profile of the diesel oil. Cetane Index calculation was carried out by using ASTM D976 and ASTM D4737. Blending is the process of mixing from several ingredients to obtain a new product which is in accordance with the desired specifications. Volume comparisons of blending can affect the quantity and quality of new products produced. The purpose of this study is to obtain the optimal condition of the Index of traditional diesel oil blended. The calculation results of the Cetane Index ASTM D976 are 50.66, 47.59, and 45.24 for Grade 1, Grade 2


Over the last two decades, media companies have faced profound environmental changes, including corporate consolidation and media convergence. Research in other industries has shown that corporations facing environmental changes often respond by altering the composition of their board of directors. This article, using a twenty-year longitudinal study of seventeen corporations, found that to some degree, media companies use their boards to gain access to resources, including financial capital and industry knowledge, to deal with environmental change.