For control of broadleaved weeds in these species any of these hormone-type herbicides would be satisfactory with the exception of silvex on orchardgrass and red fescue. Since only the ester formulation of silvex was used whereas the other herbicides were either amines or an acid, it is possible that formulation may have been a factor. With these exceptions for Silvex, the choice of herbicide could be based on the particular weed species present and cost of herbicide. At 2 pounds per acre there would be no danger of yield loss and, depending on weeds present, there could be a worthwhile improvement in quality.


Taking signal generator of black and white TV set as example, according to the format of PIC source program that contains appellation and variable definition, subprogram and master program, the programming was made for I/O setting, whether register is 0, register compare, register implements program circle, and delay executor program. And correlative source program was given out.


【Objective】 To evaluate the prognostic value of absolute lymphocyte count (ALC)and lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio (LMR) in Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma(DLBCL) when they are diagnosised. 【Methods】 Sixty-nine cases were analyzed retrospectively, including sex, age, stage, B symptoms, absolute lymphocyte count, absolute monocyte count, lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio, lactate dehydrogenase, IPI score, bulky disease, ECOG performance status, number of extranodal involvement. Thirty-four received CHOP treatment (cyclophosphamide, vincristine, adriamycin, dexamethasone) , thirty-five received R-CHOP (rituximab plus CHOP). The ALC, AMC, LMR cutoff value for survival analysis were 1.0×10 9 /L, 0.3×10 9 /L, 2.6 respectively. All data were analyzed by statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS) software ''version 18.'' Chi-square test wasused to compare the difference between two groups of means. The Kaplan–Meier method was used to summarize OS and PFS and the logrank test was used for univariable analysis. The Cox proportional hazards model was used for multivariable analyses of measured factors. 【Results】 1. Patients with ALC 2. In comparison with CHOP and RCHOP treatment, OS was significant longer with rituximab, as well as PFS(P<0.05). 3. After a median 41.5 months follow-up, K-M analysis showed that lower ALC and LMR associated with inferior overall survival (OS) and progression free survival (PFS) (P<0.001). In CHOP treatment group, patients with lower ALC and LMR seemed to have worse OS and PFS ( ALC: P=0.002 in OS,and P=0.005 in PFS; LMR: P=0.011 in OS, and P=0.027 in PFS). We got the same results in RCHOP set (ALC: P=0.001 in OS ; P=0.001 in PFS / LMR: P=0.001 in OS ; P=0.002 in PFS). 4. In multivariate analysis, only ALC were proven as an independent prognosis factor of survival(P 【Conclusions】 the ALC and LMR at diagnosis were independent prognostic factors of both OS and PFS for patients with DLBCL. These data suggest that ALC can be used in combination with other prognostic features to better predict the outcome of DLBCL. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.


This paper puts forward the niche model of port and niche cooperation theory by studying the characteristics and regularity of port niche based on niche principle,and expatiates on niche evolution mechanism of port from the angles of the niche ecostate-ecorole theory,niche expiation,symbiosis,niche cooperation evolution theory and ecological system.It breaks the traditional research methods of port,and provides the new ecological direction for the sustainable development of port.


Assuming a collisional plasma having dust particles and only electrons are magnetized, the two-stream instability is studied for the excitation of low frequency waves. The production and losses of both ions and electrons are included. In the absence of production, it is shown that losses by attachments of both ions and electrons on dust particles, two-stream instability require the drift velocity greater than ion acoustic velocity. The growth rate is reduced and the wave amplitude at saturation is reduced. Therefore the generation and magnitudes of ionization density irregularities is reduced. It is expected that the cross-field diffusion of ionization due to wave turbulence is affected. It is known that during meteor shower periods the E-region of the ionosphere has a significant number of dust particles. Therefore density irregularities in the ionosphere are modified. Also amplitude dependent diffusion rate is reduced. It is suggested that the presence of dust particles may be a reason for persistence of ionization trails seen for longer periods during Leonid meteor showers


Adaptation to the gravitational vector must be considered in the ecology of early child development. Proprioceptive/vestibular interactions occur as early as the first synapse in the brain. This interaction, is a critical catalyst to the proper development and functioning, required for efficient learning and movement ability. The recent rise of sensory processing issues coinciding with demands for STEM literacy requires us to consider how recent cultural changes have impacted a child's natural experience within the gravitational vector and how changes driven by this interaction may be impacting the quality of future learning and movement ability. Viewing human development through the lens of psychophysical principles will illustrate the critical impact gravity has upon optimal sensory system function and physical development. We will present a psychophysical model that demonstrates how gravity profoundly affects the form and function of human development. Sensory systems require gravity to function optimally and have critical periods for development. Core motor, sensory, perception and cognitive systems are in place and develop relatively rapidly after birth. Through a complex choreography of quantity and quality of experiences within the gravity vector a human develops the sensory processing systems necessary for efficiently navigating the psychosensory field and body field. Analyzing human development utilizing our knowledge of neural navigation architecture, planes of space, axis of motion and haptic awareness we can employ a psychophysical model providing a new platform for observing, measuring and analyzing human development. Technological and medical advancements and an increasingly mobile society is affecting the natural trajectory of human development. Screen time replacing physical play, infants sleeping on backs instead of in prone, and restrictive devices including car seats all limit a child's mobility within the gravity vector. Repetition and intensity of stimuli is required for stabilizing neural pathways and hopefully reducing unnecessary redundant information. A lack of sufficient duration and intensity of biologic system experience within the gravity vector plausibly contributes to the rise in sensory processing and integration disorders, including dyslexias, attention deficit disorders and autism, conditions where information may be overwhelming and the child unable to inhibit the redundant information. Psychophysical science is based upon the assumption that a quantitative relationship exists between environmental stimuli and sensory perception. Extending traditional Fechnarian principles to include the gravity vector and the development of biologic systems a new psychophysical model can be realized. This model presents the opportunity for new assessments, interventions, technologies and programs to address the rise in sensory processing issues and prepare young minds to thrive in a changing world demanding STEM literacy.


Lateral ankle inversion sprains occur frequently in sports and recreational activities. Although the majority of patients recover completely after their first moderate/severe ankle sprain, disabling symptoms of pain and swelling, feelings of instability, and recurrent sprains continue to affect 15% 60% of people despite treatments [1]. There are conflicting results in literature regarding the role of suggested etiological factors of Chronic Ankle Instability (CAI) including ankle joint laxity, proprioceptive deficiencies, peroneal muscle weakness, and the elongated muscle response time. In spite of the disagreement regarding CAI etiological factors, balance training is widely used in rehabilitation clinics for patients with CAI [2]. Past studies have reported the effect of balance training on CAI, but strong evidence with a definitive result is still missing. Furthermore, the mechanism that explains the effect of balance training on CAI is still unclear [2]. Therefore, the objective of this research was to determine the effect of balance training intervention on the ankle joint laxity, peroneal muscle weakness, and ankle proprioception in patients with CAI using quantitative biomechanical and neuromuscular measurements.


Various problems arise in Natural Science learning in elementary school. One of them is not using teaching materials other than thematic package books and worksheet companion books. LKS books students purchase are printed in black and white on opaque paper. The material presented is still limited, particularly in relationships between living things in ecosystems. Practice questions are also limited, so the teacher has to provide additional questions. In addition, only a tiny proportion of students are independent. The rest still depend on the teacher and other students when given assignments or asked to work on problems. So, teaching materials must be presented to support learning activities with variations that interest students in practicality because the size is relatively small and can strengthen students' independent character. One type of teaching material that is suitable to be developed is a booklet. This research aims to develop booklets that are practical, valid, effective and can strengthen independent character. The type of research used is the ADDIE model development research, composed of 5 steps: analyze, design, develop, implement and evaluate. Research data was obtained from teaching materials experts, material experts, teachers, and students at SDN Karangsari 2 Kota Blitar, with a total of 27 students. Data collection uses interviews, observations, documentary studies, questionnaires, and written tests. Booklet validation results data achieve very valid criteria where the average is 94.5%. The average practicality test results by students and teachers were 98.31% very practical. The effectiveness of booklets reached 77.47%, and the percentage of student independence reached 94.06%. After testing the booklet on students, a positive response was obtained; learning became more fun, exciting, and easy to understand. The booklet on the relationship between living things in ecosystems is very valid, convenient and effective, so they are suitable for use in learning.


Firstly,the basic feature of HLA was introduced.The distributed interactive simulation system was adopted based on HLA(High Level Architecture)building up spatial information countermeasure simulation system.RTI(Runtime Infrastructure system) was used to manage the distributed simulation environment information exchange.The development of RTI-STK,RTI-OPNET and RTI-Matlab middleware was emphasized.Finally,the results of simulation were analyzed and some conclusions were drawn.


The majority of the studies on developed countries confirm that socioeconomic mortality inequalities have been persisting or even widening. It has also been suggested that inequalities have been becoming increasingly important for old ages. The vast majority of the findings on mortality differentials rely on life table or aggregated mortality measures. However, conventional mean lifespan (life expectancy) hides important characteristics of the distribution of lifespan. Modal age at death and measures of disparity provide additional important insights on longevity, especially when focusing on mortality and survival at old ages. In this paper, using high quality census-linked data and both conventional life expectancy and distribution of life span measures, we systematically assess the direction and magnitude of changes in mortality differences at old ages in Sweden and Finland over the period 1971 to 2000. We found that educational gap in life expectancy at age 65 increased in both countries. Although the results suggest that life expectancy gap was largely explained by differential mortality due to cardiovascular system diseases, the role of other causes of death (especially cancers) has also increased. The educational gap in the modal age at death for Swedish males and Finnish females decreased, whereas it remained at the same level or slightly increased for Finnish males and Swedish females. Life span disparity was initially lower in low education groups, but eventually became higher than in high education group.


Existing literature has delat inadequately with the casuality lissue in the ink between financial development and economic growth. The paper investigates the empirical link between financial development and economic performance for the small island developing state of Mauritius using a unique time series data set over the period 1952-2004. The analysis uses a VECM framework which allows for dynamic and feedback effects. The results suggest that financial development has been contributing to the output level of the economy in both the short and long-run. It thus highlights the economic importance of financial development and provides new evidence for the case of island economies using the recent cointegration approach.


Objectives: To study thyroid hormone status of normal pregnant women in each trimester and compare it with non- pregnant women. Materials and Methods: This was a longitudinal type of study. Serum levels of T3, T4 and TSH were estimated by ELISA technique in normal pregnant women (n=60) in each trimester and compared with age matched control (n=60). Results: We found significant increase in T3 and T4 level in 1 st trimester (P 0.05). In 3 rd trimester there was


Participants in this study were 183 recipients of Aid to Families With Dependent Children who were referred to Hawaii's Job Opportunities and Basic Skills Program. The systematic employment of four methods for changing self-efficacy resulted in significant changes in participants' financial independence self-efficacy over a relatively short time.


This paper explores the use of analogy to introduce students to the critical study of scripture. It describes how Pauline Maier's book American Scripture: Making the Declaration of Independence can offer students an analogous framework for critical study of the Bible. Maier examines four features, necessary to make good sense of this piece of 'American scripture': its historical background, its genre, its process of composition, including the editing of sources, and the subsequent reception of the text. Professors can apply her method for studying the Declaration to introduce students to what a critical study of scripture entails: historical backgrounds, genres, composition, and subsequent reception by later readers.


With supply chains now extending into developing countries, time and again, working conditions in supplier factories have been found to be unsafe. In this study, we focus on factories in the Bangla...


In this article we analyze the evidence for minimally invasive thymectomy and explain in details our technique. We review all current evidence and present it in a clear and concise form. Our preferred surgical approach is also described in details including tips and tricks and how to avoid complications.


PURPOSE: An apparatus for preventing an electric corrosion is provided to block a direct current within a desired range and to prevent the corrosion of a corresponding metal body. CONSTITUTION: An apparatus for preventing an electric corrosion includes a surge discharging element (10), a rectifying part (20), a capacitor (30), an inductor (40), and a power supply part (50). The surge discharging element discharges a surge current. The rectifying part discharges a current over a referential value. The capacitor blocks a direct current, and discharges an alternating current in order to protect the insulating structure of a piping. The inductor protects the rectifying part and the capacitor from the surge current. The power supply part supplies power. [Reference numerals] (10) Surge discharging element; (50) Power supply part


This paper presents the design of active common mode noise voltage canceler (ACVC) for induction motor drive with active zero vector pulse width modulation (AZPWM-1). Conventional pulse width modulation (PWM) like space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) has a peak to peak (PP) value of common mode voltage (CMV) equal to the DC link voltage. Compared to conventional PWM, AZPWM-1 reduces the PP value of CMV by three times. This leads to reduction in magnetizing inductance of common mode transformer (CMT) and ratings of components used in ACVC. The aforementioned modification in ACVC improves the electromagnetic interference (EMI) performance, reduce the peak value of CMV and ground current with lower magnetizing inductance of CMT.


Theoretical and experimental data are given on the technical improvements designed for the experimental pressurized water reactor. The feasibility of changing reactor critical dimensions by varying reflector thicknesses and changing kinetic properties by varying neutron mean lives is discussed. An increase of local fluxes and production of variable spectra are also discussed, as well as the means for retaining a maximum sensitivity in measuring various perturbations. (tr-auth)


The necrotrophic fungus Alternaria alternata f.sp. lycopersici produces AAL toxins that cause necrosis in tomato tissues with high specificity. Resistance or susceptibility of tomato to the fungus and insensitivity or sensitivity to AAL toxins are determined by a single locus, Asc. In order to investigate further the specificity of the host-fungus interaction, 200 species of Solanaceae were tested for their sensitivity to AAL toxins T-A and T-B. Twenty-five species were found to be sensitive to AAL toxins at a concentration of (0.2 mum) used for distinguishing sensitive and insensitive tomato plants. Three species were as sensitive as the sensitive tomato line, indicating that AAL toxins effectively act on a broader range of plant species within the Solanaceae.


Abstract The European Commission's Agenda 2000 for reform of the Common Agricultural Policy is not the radical overhaul of agricultural support that was expected. Regarded not as the conclusion, however, but as the start of a process of reform that will increasingly be subject to external influence, the proposals mark an important stage on the road to an integrated European Rural Policy. So far as landscape protection is concerned, two key questions need to be asked: first, how successful have policy makers been in tackling one of the underlying causes of environmental destruction by decoupling agricultural support from farmers' production decisions? Second, to what extent have they succeeded in recoupling support to wider social and environmental objectives? This article assesses Agenda 2000 in these terms. It goes on to discuss what decoupling and recoupling might mean for the future relationship between farming livelihoods and the conservation of agricultural landscapes in the context of a more liberal...


Over twenty years ago I put forward an in terpretation of the Pazzi Chapel as the very image of the "heavenly Jerusalem."1 Gloss ing the apocalyptic symbols of the chapel— for example, the luminous Lambs on the interior frieze, the "lamp" of the heavenly city, and the Apostles on the walls, the "foundations" of the celestial city—I also related the seeming geometric perfection, immateriality, floating dome, and luminos ity of the chapel to the building's heavenly aspirations, observing that historians of Italian Renaissance architecture pay inade quate attention to its spiritual purposes. Although the religious meaning of the Pazzi Chapel has subsequently been acknowl edged, scholarly writing on the building is still little concerned with its spiritual inten tions and function.2


As part of the 50th Anniversary of the NHS celebration events, the National Blood Service organized an international seminar on the topic of altruism and blood donation. Expert speakers from around the world were invited to participate and some research was commissioned to explore whether attitudes to voluntarism in general and blood donation in particular had changed over the last few years. Baroness Hayman, the then Parliamentary Under Secretary of State for Health with special responsibility for the National Blood Service, gave the opening address following an introduction by the Chairman of the National Blood Authority, Mr Mike Fogden. In her address, Lady Hayman noted that there is now a different climate of public understanding, public questioning and public perception of risk than there had been in the past. It is necessary to respond both to the internal challenge of maintaining a secure and safe blood supply from a voluntary donor base as well as responding to the external challenge of making both those who give and those who receive have confidence in what is being done. The UK is facing a situation where demand for blood is outstripping supply and this raises a number of questions to be addressed by this seminar. Can we continue to rely on voluntary donations to meet demand? Have people's attitudes to helping others in this particular way changed? Are we as a society less altruistic than previous generations? How can we persuade more people to become blood donors in the context of today's world? Voluntary blood donation is a hugely significant act; it is a response to common need, regardless of income, class, race, colour or religion. It is perhaps one of the most perfect examples of altruism in action. As Titmuss said in the first version of The Gift Relationship, by recognizing the similarities between people and their needs and not their differences, a country's attitude to human blood donation can influence social policy. It is the nature of this gift, in the end, which is its own reward, as this altruistic act really does bless both those who give and those who receive and contributes to the quality of our society. Internationally, the concept of voluntary blood donation has been supported and progressed since 1933 when the WHO made the recommendation that the provision of blood, blood components and plasma derivatives from voluntary nonremunerated donors should be the aim of all countries. Altruism is alive in the form of blood donation but we need to make sure that it is not only alive but alive and well. This means that we must reflect changes in society, abandon complacency and not take voluntary blood donors for granted. The new research being presented is both encouraging and fascinating. Altruism remains a very important motivation for giving blood; the actual act of blood donation is seen in a very positive light. It is significant that this research highlights the fact that most people who are not blood donors consider giving blood at some time or another. This reinforces the view that within our society, with the right message and the right infrastructure, many more people would in fact give blood. However, the research also makes clear that people today lead very busy lives and the National Blood Service, in common with other blood services around the world, is having to work harder to encourage people to give blood on a regular basis and to recruit new donors. To attract the younger age group, it is going to be important to provide the right infrastructure and by understanding how their lives function in this modern world, it will be necessary to provide services that respond to their lives rather than our perceptions of how they ought to respond to our services. People have very little free time and that means blood collection services need to be modernized to meet Transfusion Medicine , 1999,9, 351–382


Objective To explore the effect of deep brain stimulation(DBS)in nucleus accumbens on learning and memory ability of morphine dependence rats.Methods According to stereotaxic atlas of the rat brain,DBS electrodes were implanted in rats bilateral nucleus accumbens,then Morris water maze test were carried out on the tenth day of morphine injection and the first day after DBS.Results The average time of reaching platform of three groups was different significantly before DBS(F=7.49,P=0.0077);and that of morphine addiction group wag longer than saline control group(P<0.01).While after DBS,there was also significantly different(F=7.76,P=0.0069);the time had significant difference between DBS group and fake stimulation group(P=0.014),not saline control group(P=0.43);and fake stimulation group compared with saline control group(P=0.0056).The time of crossing the platform quadrant(Ⅱ)showed significant difference between saline control group and morphine addiction group(P<0.01);and the saline control group(48.53±2.29),compared with fake stimulotion group(20.74±2.13)(P=0.001),DBS group(38.34±1.68)(P=0.062).Conclusion DBS can improve the learning and memory ability impaired by morphine in rats.

Key words:
Deep brain stimulation; Nucleus accumbens; Morphine; Morris water maze


The fixture designed here is a special one.Balance arm structure is adopted according to the handrail's concrete structure,and on the basis of the structure,the size and shape fastening plate,fixture support are designed and calculated with a pneumatic clamping method used.


Japanese oyster Crussostrea gigas contains large amounts of polyunsaturated fatty acids such as eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids, which are susceptible to oxidation.1,2) Undesirable oxidation and hydrolysis of lipids in oyster during cold storage were somewhat depressed both by preventing the oyster from coming into contact with air and by keeping the storage temperature below -25•Ž, but the lipid oxidation could not be inhibited completely.1) In the present paper, the effect of conventional antioxidants on lipid oxidation in oyster homogenates was examined during storage at 4 and -25•Ž. Oyster homogenates were prepared from fresh shucked oyster (cultured in the Yuya bay, Yamaguchi, Japan). Antioxidants used were butylhydroxyanisole (BHA), a-tocopherol (Toc), and sodium ascorbate (AsA), and each of the antioxidants was added to the oyster homogenate as described.3) The added amount of each antioxidant to the oyster homogenate was as follows: BHA, 0.01% (w/w); Toe, 0.1% (w/w); AsA, 0.2% (w/w). Four grams of the mixtures were laid into covered petri dishes (87mm diameter•~13mm height), and stored at 4 and-25•Ž, respectively. The degree of lipid oxidation in the oyster homogenate was periodically measured by the 2-thiobarbituric acid (TBA) method.4) The TBA value was expressed as mg malonaldehyde per kg of the oxyster homogenate. Figure 1 shows the effect of antioxidants on lipid oxidation in the oyster homogenates during storage at 4 and -25•Ž. BHA was found to be an excellent antioxidant at both storage temperatures, because the progress of lipid oxidation was substantially inhibited during the experimental periods. Toe did not exhibit the antioxidative activity at 4•Ž, but was considerably effective at -25•Ž. On the other hand, AsA accelerated lipid oxidation during storage at 4•Ž without retarding the oxidation. Even when stored at -25•Ž, AsA could not maintain antioxidative activity for 90 days. This prooxidant effect was enhanced more strongly by increasing the amount of AsA added, as reported previously.3) A similar effect of AsA was also observed by Ohshima et al.,5) who investigated lipid oxidation in cooked mackerel meat during storage at 5•Ž. The conventional antioxidants used in this study showed different antioxidative activity. These differences are responsible for their stability in storage conditions. Thus AsA is known to be oxidized,6) especially in the presence of metal ions such as iron.7) This oxidation reaction probably occurred in the oyster homogenates examined. Therefore, the radicals generated from oxidized AsA may accelerate lipid oxidation in oyster homogenates without retarding the oxidation, although antioxidants can act functionally by scavenging radicals from peroxidizing lipids. Consequently, an antioxidant must be selected by considering the storage conditions employed. As we used homogenized oysters in this work, the results obtained did not always indicate the situation of lipid oxidation in shucked oysters. However, BHA and Toe were taken to be effective antioxidants for the storage of oysters at -25•Ž. Fig. 1. Effect of antioxidants on lipid oxidation in homogenate of Japanese oyster during storage at 4 and -25•Ž. -•œ-, Control; -•¡-, BHA; -•Ÿ-, Toe; -•£-, AsA.


Modern real estate shows the features of vertual assets.The empirical tests on the real estate bubble of fictitious economic determinism include real estate prices and monetary policy, interest rate policy, credit and price fluctuations. Results show that the money supply, interest rates and other virtual economic variables have significant impact on real estate price. Overall, the empirical analysis from China initially supports the hypothesis of monetary promotion of the real estate bubble. Real estate bubble is a judgement of monetary phenomenon.


Annual counts made by the Queensland Ornithological Society (1972-83) were used to monitor cattle egret numbers in south-east Queensland. Numbers in coastal areas were reasonably stable during this period but, after an initial stage of low numbers, the inland population increased rapidly from 1975 to 1981. An exponential equation, N=0.752 exp(0.320t), gave the best fit to these data. Declines in numbers in 1977 might have been associated with low rainfall in the Moreton meteorological region. At the start of the survey the cattle egret was the most abundant ardeid in coastal areas and, as its numbers increased in inland areas, there was a coincidental decline in numbers of great egret Egretta alba.


Abstract New observations of Kepler δ Scuti stars show that our understanding of pulsation in these stars is incomplete. A large fraction of A and B stars exhibit rotational modulation in light, suggesting that spots exist in stars with radiative envelopes. Flares are seen in some A stars, as may be expected if starspots are present. Differential rotation shear increases from M to F but decreases for A stars; it reaches a maximum among the γ Doradus variables. Current views of stars with radiative envelopes may need to be reviewed in the light of these observations.


The restrictions imposed by relativistic invariance on the wave function and the character of the interaction of two bound relativistic particles are studied. The results are applied to the description of mesons as bound states of two light quarks. (AIP)


To study the influence of disrupted renal lymph drainage on the effects of a nephrotoxin, uranyl acetate (0.028 to 0.05 mg/kg body weight) was injected into dogs the same day that the renal lymphatics were ligated and transected bilaterally. Larger doses produced effects which masked the influence of lymphatic ligation; a control group receiving uranyl acetate underwent a sham ligation of renal lymphatics. In renal function studies at 1, 3, 8 and 12 weeks after surgery and uranyl acetate, the urea, creatinine, PAH and electrolyte clearances of the "ligated" dogs were lower than those of the "non-ligated" shams. Daily clearances of urea and creatinine of the ligated were also lower than those of the shams. Urinary volume and protein excretion were also greater in the ligated subjects although elevated in both groups. The significance of the differences in the daily electrolyte clearances was less convincing. Renal lymphatic ligation with uranyl acetate injection produced greater changes than either lymphatic ligation or uranyl acetate alone. That the changes were not permanent or did not lead to chronic renal disease was probably due to regeneration of lymphatics, development of alternate routes of lymph flow and/or the small dose of uranyl acetate used to demonstrate the influence of lymphatic dysfunction on response to the nephrotoxin.


Definition is a form of mathematical activity that is fundamental to the profession's emphasis on conjecture, theorem and proof, yet is often treated in school as rote memory. We describe an alternative approach in which sixth-graders invented and revised definitions during investigations of space and geometry. Defining led to contest about taken-for-granted intuitions. A mathematical system emerged as relations among defined objects were constructed and extended, first by conjecture and later by theorem and proof.


We experimentally demonstrated the formation of a one-dimensional electromagnetically induced optical lattice in coherently prepared three-level 85Rb Rydberg atomic vapors with electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT). The one-dimensional photonic lattice was optically induced by a coupling field with a spatially periodical intensity distribution deriving from the interference of two strong Gaussian beams from the same laser source (~480 nm). Under the Rydberg-EIT condition, the incident weak probe beam can feel a tunable spatially modulated susceptibility, which is verified by the controllable discrete diffraction pattern observed at the output plane of the vapor cell. This investigation not only opens the door for experimentally introducing the strong interaction between Rydberg atoms to govern the beam dynamics in photonic lattices based on atomic coherence but also provides an easily accessible periodic environment for exploring Rydberg-atom physics and related applications.


Reverse Engineering on image contours plays a significant role in data reduction, transformation and deformation of shapes without the loss of reasonable quality. The mathematical basis of captured contours are used in various applied areas such as facial modeling, animations, real time image processing applications, automatic sketching, shape matching, capturing hand drawn images and designing civil engineering, bio-medical and mechanical engineering objects etc. The authors do hope that this article can effectively provides algorithmic review for approximating outlines of planar images. Furthermore, it offers a sound analysis of pros and cons of specified techniques. It also delivers enhancements and optimizations via exploring the weaknesses of existing algorithms and attacking them through hybrid solutions.


The World Wide Web (WWW) is global information medium, where users can read and write using computers over internet. Web is one of the services available on internet. The Web was created in 1989 by Sir Tim Berners-Lee. Since then a great refinement has done in the web usage and development of its applications. Semantic Web Technologies enable machines to interpret data published in a machine-interpretable form on the web. Semantic web is not a separate web it is an extension to the current web with additional semantics. Semantic technologies play a crucial role to provide data understandable to machines. To achieve machine understandable, we should add semantics to existing websites. With additional semantics, we can achieve next level web where knowledge repositories are available for better understanding of web data. This facilitates better search, accurate filtering and intelligent retrieval of data. This paper discusses about the Semantic Web and languages involved in describing documents in machine understandable format.


The aims of this study were to examine the extent and nature of educational psychologist (EP) work related to children in care in five local authority educational psychology services in the south‐west region. The study involved an initial internet‐based questionnaire for the 107 EPs in these services (86% response rate), followed up by in‐depth semi‐structured interviews with four EPs in each service. This paper reports some of the findings from this study that show the range of EP work and their roles in regard to children in care. It also examines the kinds of issues and tensions experienced by EPs in their multi‐agency work with regards to children in care. The paper concludes with a brief summary of relevant recommendations arising from the findings.


True to the title, about half of this book considers growth curve models and half statistical diagnostics for such models. The growth curve models are multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) models for longitudinal data with continuous outcome measures. Chapters one and two describe these models and introduce the matrix notation used in the book. Generalised least squares estimation is developed in chapter two, and the alternative (restricted) maximum likelihood estimation in chapter three. The equivalence of these two estimation methods with certain assumed covariance structures is proven. Chapters four and five consider statistical diagnostics from a frequentist perspective, while chapters six and seven take a Bayesian viewpoint. Focussing on the frequentist perspective, outliers are considered as discordant observations from a separate distribution, as influential observations with a disproportionate effect on estimated coefficients, and in terms of their local influence. According to the cover, "This book is intended for postgraduates and statisticians whose research involves longitudinal modelling, multivariate analysis, and statistical diagnostics. Scientists engaged in analyzing longitudinal and repeated measures data will also find the book useful." Furthermore, 'The book assumes a basic knowledge of matrix algebra and linear regression'. I approached the book as an applied statistician with experience of analysing longitudinal data sets, and from this perspective I found the book's heavy focus on mathematical proofs disappointing. There are pages and pages of proofs, which despite the claim on the cover can only be readable for someone accustomed to thinking complex ideas through by the mental manipulation of matrix algebra. The disappointment continues with the focus on MANOVA, other statistical methods potentially suitable for a longitudinal data set being all but ignored. When the algebra is accompanied by some prose, that text is frequently no more than an annotated bibliography with only a superficial development of the concepts. A greater range of diagnostic methods is covered, but the discussion remains superficial. There is little meaningful consideration of how highlighted observations came to be outlying, and little consideration of why different observations are highlighted by different methods. The reader is left to wonder whether a particular method can be considered better, whether different methods are suited to different circumstances, or whether the different methods are complimentary and usefully applied together. Undoubtedly the answer lies within the matrix algebra, but many of the potential readers of this book would have benefited from guidance as to what aspects of discordance are being highlighted by the different methods. While the book is concerned with longitudinal measures of growth some methods appear to be sensitive to the overall mean of measurements, failing to pick up on distinctive patterns of growth such as shrinkage! Some approaches are left completely shrouded in mystery; it never being made clear why it is sometimes useful to investigate outliers in pairs. The example data sets are modest in size, and there is perhaps insufficient information to demonstrate differences between the methods applied. The book would be improved by an additional chapter applying all the methods to a more substantial data set, allowing any differences in the conclusions supported to be demonstrated in a realistic context. However, giving the data sets in full, and using the same example datasets in each chapter is a strength of the book. The implementation of the different methods is demonstrated in detail, with the provision of the results of interim calculations assisting the reader in validating their own implementation of the methods.


The study about the processing change of Hwangyong Temple h chiefly made centering around the process of foundation and rep ranging from King Jinheung(眞興王) to King Sunduk(善德王). However, each researcher has different opinions since they are to diverse chronological viewpoints of the construction period o 'Three Golden Shrine(三金堂)'. In addition, the question has bee raised whether the buildings juxtaposed at right and left of the Mai Golden Shrine of the second creation can be combined by the 'T Golden Shrine' recently. It should be necessary to put an accura interpretation on the building site called the 'Three Golden Shrine' so as to solve these problems. First of all, by reviewing the western building site called the 'Western Golden Shrine', this researcher has confirmed the trace wing-corridor. which connects the original western corridor exist between the Main Golden Shrine of the second creation with previous building of second western building site. Taking th remaining figuration into consideration, this quarters is thought to be the same period as the one tied to the Main Golden Shrine of first creation in the opposite direction. Thinking of the destruction of the quarters and the construction of the Main Golden Shrine of the second creation as the beginning the repaired Hwangyong temple, there seems to have been a building linked with the quarters toward the west of original western corridor site prior to the erection of the repaired. Also, since I have confirmed the traces constructed the stereo-base in a independent base way at the previous building site of second western building site, it has been recognized, in general, as the similar period with the first western building site. Thus because it can be taken as there was another building except the central Golden Shrine at the construction time of the temple, it can be also construed as 'Three Golden shrines of three temple style(三院式 三金堂)' , similar as the cases of the Geunsuri temple site(軍守里寺址) or Mitreya temple site(彌勒寺址). However, the opinions have been different as to the erecti period of the first building of the same building site as a specific earth layer considered as a disturbance layer bad been taken as earth one related to the building of the first edifice in a report. And the earth layer was thought to have been created before and a the construction of the nine - story wooden pagoda through the spec edited year regarding printed floral earthenwares. However, this vie has a problem, which caused a hard-to-understand situation the building site constructed at the time of the erection of the second building of western building site by reducing the established building. In this research. chances were really high that changes like a disturbance layer at earth layers had been made in the cour of erecting the second building of the same building site by reviewing the earth layer about the same building site, affirming there isn't a big irrationality as to the earth layer interpretation of the established paper. Through these facts, I has found out there is a possibility of the existence of the first building of eastern and western building sites before the building of the temple. In other words, it can be also viewed as eachgolden shrine in three temples separated into original, eastern and western corridors. However, the problem has arised about the situation ever since the construction of the newly Main Golden shrine of second creation after removing the original, eastern and western corridors and dismantling the established Golden shrine at center. In this regard, it is noteworthy that the level structure of the repaired golden shrine of Hwangyong Temple takes on the form 0 Main Great Royal Residence(太極殿) of royal palace. It is said that eastern and western Vice-Residences(東西堂) have been constr along with the Main Great Royal Residence in the palaces at the of the Wei and Chin, North and South kingdoms(魏晉南北朝) in Ch If the Main golden shrine of Hwangyong Temple adopted from the Great Royal Residence, the system of eastern and wes Vice-Residences added to that may have come together. In this light, it has been noted that as the structure of Hwangyong Temple was changing, the corridor was removed and i was lessened during the mended period, the figure was tota different from the previous one. And this change has something to with the symbolic meaning which has the recreation of Hwang Temple.


The annihilation rate of Ps is proportional to the square of the wave function at the origin. This can be affected by exposure of the atom to a resonant laser. The result depends upon whether the excited state is an S or a P state and whether it is singlet or triplet. An alteration of the decay rate by as much as a factor of 2 is possible.


Objective To investigate the high-frequency ultrasound characteristics of thyroid carcinoma.Methods Forty thyroid malignant nodules in 35 patients were confirmed by operation and pathology.Characteristics of thyroid tumor in grayscale and color Doppler flow imaging(CDFI) were depicted and analyzed.Results Twenty-six nodules in 40 thyroid carcinoma nodules showed irregular shape;32 nodules showed hypoechoic solid nodules;33 showed the absence of a halo;Sandy calcified foci in 24;sonographic blood flow signals were seen both inside lesions and on borders in 23 nodules.8 cases had metastatic lymph nodes of neck,in which 4 with calcifications.Conclusion The ultrasound characteristics of tumor are helpful in diagnosis of thyroid carcinoma.


The effect of oxygen implanted into epitaxial Si layers on the ability to getter Au to nanocavities, previously formed by H implantation and annealing, has been studied by Rutherford backscattering, transmission electron microscopy, and secondary ion mass spectrometry. We demonstrate that oxygen is gettered to cavities during extended annealing at 950 °C. Furthermore, the arrival of oxygen at cavities is not only shown to inhibit subsequent attempts to getter Au to cavities, but also to eject chemisorbed Au from the cavity walls. Similar behavior is observed in Czochralski Si, where the source of oxygen is within the Si itself.


An essential inspiration for building up an online device is to help general well being specialists and crisis responders in settling on educated choices previously, during, and after rapidly spreading fire crises. Need for such frameworks are a lot of critical to dodge the exercise in futility and to lessen the human passings while fierce blaze happens. More automation and inferior extremity activity salvage monetary system on work cost and asset fatigue. It is a practical method of hazard expectation in wildfire.. Toward that end, CDC is building up an online apparatus that uses transient expectations and estimates of smoke fixations and incorporates them with proportions of populace level weakness to help recognize in danger populaces to rapidly spreading fire smoke perils. The instrument will be operationalized on a public scale, looking for information and help from a few scholastic, government, and SLTT Partners. We anticipate that this device will diminish an opportunity to recognize affected networks, help to distinguish and specify weak populaces, better describe populace level openness, and educate execution regarding fitting mediations for those territories influenced by out of control fire smoke perils.


In order to solve the problems of the secondary voltage control partition effectively,an approach to partition based on the visual self-organizing feature mapping network clustering technique was presented.Based on the characteristics,such as topology holding,information bond and high-dimension data vector quantization,which the self-organizing feature mapping network has,the visual topology mapping pattern used for partitioning system voltage was set up meanwhile the secondary voltage control partition was carried out basing on the topology mapping image,after that It is presented that entropy is used to search dominant node as measuring variable.The approach to partition combined with node voltage,phase angle and sensitivity etc,in favor of control decoupling between partitions.


DNA double strand break (DSB) is the principal cytotoxic damage from ionizing radiation, chemical reagents and the cellular metabolic processes such as DNA replication. Unrepaired DSBs give rise to harmful mutations and chromosome rearrangements which lead to carcinogenesis. The primary repair pathway for DSB is homologous recombination, which is mediated by the Rad51 recombinase. This recombinase activity is counter‐balanced by anti‐recombinases, which are DNA helicases that remove the recombinase from DNA. We investigated the molecular mechanism involved in the beginning steps of recombination and anti‐recombination using highly sensitive single molecule fluorescence assays. We present our result on the (1) detection of the initiation steps involved in Rad51 filament formation on single stranded DNA, (2) mechanism of the ATP fueled translocation activity of anti‐recombinase, Srs2 by which it disrupts the Rad51 filament and (3) the role of Rad51 in anti‐recombinase mediated unwinding activity.


This research discusses the adsorption-desorption of Cr(VI) by the adsorbent made from Karangasem cadas rock which is the waste of Balinese temple production. The adsorbent was activated with  NaOH and coated with Fe(OH) 3. The aim of the study was to investigate the capability of cadas rock in Cr 6+ adsorption. The rock was activated with various concentrations of NaOH followed by coating process with Fe(OH) 3 . Each adsorbent was characterized for its specific surface area and surface acidity. The equilibrium time, adsorption isotherms and adsorption capacity were also investigated. The adsorbent with the highest adsorption capacity was then desorbed using HNO 3 2 mol/L, NaOH 1 mol/L, and saturated NH 4 Cl. The result suggested that the highest surface acidity was showed by the control adsorbent which was 0.2836 ± 0.0106 mmol/g with an acid site of 1.7079 x 10 20 atoms/g. The highest spesific surface area was showed by the adsorbent activated with 6M NaOH  and coated with Fe(OH) 3 , which was 34.5042 m 2 /g. The highest adsorption capacity was showed by the same adsorbent, which was 2.5253 mg/g with interaction time of 15 minutes at pH 5. This met the pattern of Langmuir adsorption isotherm. HNO 3 was the most effective desorption substance resulted in a percentage of Cr desorbed of 2,15%.


We study the possible intantaneous gelation in n-tuple coagulation processes with a pairwise coalescence mechanism. This reaction mechanism, which is characteristic of the many-body aggregation model, and is not shared by the usual binary coagulation, may increase the reaction rate and so make instantaneous gelation a physically possible process for the n-tuple coagulation model. We show that the generalized Smoluchovski coagulation equation (GSE) predicts instantaneous gelation if the reaction kernels behave as as , with an exponent satisfying . This type of reaction kernel is related to the multiple-site n-tuple coagulation process, and corresponds to possible physical systems, in contrast to the case of binary coagulation where such kernels do not occur in the corresponding physical systems. We also study the structure of gel solutions of the GSE. We found that, if , the cluster size distribution approaches a universal form at large times .


The paper demonstrates remote approach to the control of the magnetic levitation system produced by Humusoft company. The plant control is realized using free OpenModelica simulation environment. The core of the application was built using MVC architecture that enables to separate the business logic of the application and the application presentation layer. This approach enables developers to set focus on their core skills.


OBJECTIVE: To evaluate and characterize the prevalence of MRSA, Staphylococcus aureus, and other Staphylococcus species found on exercise equipment on one day point of collection. DESIGN: A cross sectional, point prevalence design (pilot study) with a single time of measurement. Data collected in summer of 2011 (Undergraduate Research Project for CLS Program, CLS 4361 Clinical Research). Project received Institutional Review Board exemption. SETTING: In a higher education athletic facility in Texas. SAMPLES: One hundred twenty-five environmental samples were collected from various exercise equipment and areas within the facility. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Samples were screened for Staphylococcus species using standard microbiological techniques. Confirmation of S. aureus was conducted by DRYSPOT Staphytect Plus™. MRSA isolates were confirmed with CHROMagar™; VITEK® 2 antibiotic susceptibility testing and PFGE characterized all MRSA isolates. RESULTS: Prevalence of MRSA was 6%, S. aureus 38%, other Staphylococcus species 52% and no growth 4%. Prevalence of S. aureus and MRSA was highest on free weights and mats, respectively. PFGE characterized all MRSA isolates as HA-MRSA (USA100 strain). CONCLUSIONS: Although limitations exist for this study with a single time of measurement for data, the findings indicate potential exposure risks from Staphylococcus species in college athletic facilities. Compliance (disinfection) and creative health education may reduce transmission of pathogens, environmental load, and incidence of colonization or infection in students. ABBREVIATIONS: CA-MRSA - Community-associated methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus; CLS - Clinical Laboratory Science; HAIs - Healthcare associated infections; HA-MRSA - Healthcare-associated methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus; MDRO - Multiple Drug Resistant Organisms; MRSA - Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus.


Stories of adaptation-some showing amazing creativity, some bitter desperation-abound. How can practitioners respond appropriately? People are adapting. That's one of the few certainties to be gained from the current national and worldwide economic slump. Stories of adaptation- some showing amazing creativity, some bitter desperation- abound. Those who lose their job, business, or farm may try a new industry, move to a different state with a better employment climate, start a new business, stay home while a spouse returns to the workforce, or become depressed and turn to alcohol or drugs. Older adults whose portfolios are decimated may postpone retirement or return to work, get a second job, downsize the house, move in with the kids, or become vulnerable to "get rich quick" schemes. When their kids are hurting, parents may clean out the spare room and welcome them back, sometimes with the grandkids in tow, with happy or miserable results. Other articles in this issue detail the myriad consequences of financial meltdown for older adults- effects on jobs, housing, retirement, public policy, and faith in the nation's institutions. As people adapt to the external changes that have been thrust upon them, however, the process of adaptation itself can have further implications for individual and family health and well-being. This article will explore a range of potential effects of adaptation on older individuals and families and will suggest how practitioners and providers of services to this population can respond appropriately. Have We Seen This Before? Older adults have both advantages and disadvantages in responding to the challenges of widespread economic hardship. With less time to recover from the dislocations of a bad economy, they may face the remainder of their lives in economic hardship and reduced circumstances, never achieving the retirement or old age they dreamed of. For those at the lower end of the economic spectrum, their social safety net is fraying as governments at all levels reduce programs and benefits. Implications for physical and emotional health can be considerable. Most older adults, however, also have the experience of having lived through previous severe economic downturns, including for some the Great Depression. They may have felt or witnessed despondence as well as successful coping, pessimism, and despair as well as optimism and hope, and are likely to be more sanguine about ultimate recovery. Moreover, elders are in a good position to share their wisdom and sense of perspective with people in younger generations that may have only known boom times. The findings of research on the effects of a troubled economy on population health are mixed. There is evidence that involuntary job loss is strongly correlated with psychiatric disorders such as depression, anxiety, and substance abuse, as well somatic illness (Catalano, 2009; Paul and Moser, 2009). However, with the exception of research on those who have lost their jobs, research on effects of a poor economy on individuals is far from definitive. The only clear associations appear to be an increase in psychiatric disorders and a decrease in accidental injuries (Catalano, 2009). Lessons from other countries that have undergone periods of severe economic hardship can be instructive, but here again findings are mixed. Research on the relationship between public health and economic recession in Scandinavia, Japan, Asia, and Africa has found varying levels of physical and mental health effects (Levy and Sidel, 2009). Closer to home, Mexico experienced several widespread economic crises in the two decades from the mid 1970s to the mid 1990s. Cutler and colleagues (2002) studied the health outcomes of these Mexican crises with particular emphasis on the older population and found that mortality rates among the elderly increased with economic crises. In exploring possible reasons for this correlation, they found tentative evidence that economic crisis increases mortality through lower income (resulting in less personal spending on goods and services that improve health) and decreased public spending on medical care (Cutler et al. …


In this paper, the forming hole technology of drills with two spiral inner coolant holes is researched, andwearing of the drills major flank is experimented for test its machine properties. The results show that thelife of drills with inner coolant is four times as long as general drills.


Animal diseases have a major impact on crop–livestock systems in West Africa. The productivity of all crop–livestock systems is limited both by the direct effects of overt disease and by strategies that are adopted to mitigate disease risk. Epidemic diseases require substantial expenditures to limit their spread, and so protect productivity, incomes and market opportunities. Endemic diseases, either directly or indirectly transmitted, decrease productivity, restrict production opportunities and have substantial control costs. Zoonotic and food-borne infections have important impacts on human health, livestock productivity and market opportunities. Current climatic, demographic and other socio-economic trends are changing the patterns of livestock diseases in West Africa. This is evidenced by changes in tsetse challenge and trypanosomosis risk at the margins of tsetse distribution. An increase in future demand for livestock products will lead to a greater intensification of livestock production. Four effects are likely: increased occurrence of new or emerging diseases; an increase in diseases of intensification; persistence and enhanced transmission of currently uncontrolled infectious diseases; and a greater threat of food-borne infections and residues. The current expansion of intensified livestock production and marketing in peri-urban areas, particularly the expansion of short-cycle poultry and small ruminant production, will continue. In addition, increased demand for milk in urban areas will lead to rapid expansion of formal and informal milk markets. Particular attention will need to be paid to risk assessment in these systems to protect food safety while ensuring market access to the poor and vulnerable. To adapt to these changing disease circumstances, animal health services will need to be more accessible, affordable, acceptable and sustainable. Currently animal health service delivery varies greatly across countries in West Africa with a general overall


In this paper, we examine the balance between allocative efficiency and price discovery in blockchain-based finance. Our analysis reveals that the use of private pools, while improving blockspace allocation efficiency, negatively impacts price discovery. We show that the presence of private pools limits the amount of information revealed through pending orders and increases the execution risk of informed orders. We argue that price discovery can be improved by increasing the number of validators monitoring private pools or the block production rate on the chain.


Actuality. Fruit of Crataegus L. are successfully used in medicine in the Russian Federation as a source of cardiotonic substances. One of the sources of raw material is Crataegus submollis Sarg., which is cultivated as an edible and ornamental plant everywhere. Previous studies revealed that preparations from fruit of Crataegus submollis Sarg. show diuretic activity and antidepressant action. Therefore, we consider Crataegus submollis Sarg. to be of interest as a new source of medicinal plant raw material, its fruit can be used both fresh and dried. Purpose. The aim of the article is to study the morphological and anatomical features of fresh fruit of Crataegus submollis Sarg. Materials and methods. The material of the study was the fresh and frozen fruit of Crataegus submollis Sarg. collected in September – October 2018 in the Botanical garden of Samara University (Samara). The research was carried out by the method of light microscopy in transmitted and reflected light in the light background. Results. Performed analysis allowed to reveal structural characteristics of fruit of Crataegus submollis Sarg. which included cellular structure of the epidermis, lack of stomatal apparatus in epidermis, presence of cortical pores, trichome characteristics, and seed constitution. Conclusion. Our findings allow to develop the section "Microscopic Signs" of the pharmacopoeial monograph "Fresh Fruit of Crataegus submollis Sarg.".


Introduction Microbes in the soil are the key to carbon and nitrogen recycling. A teaspoon of productive soil generally contains between 100 million and 1 billion individual bacteria. That is as much mass as two cows per acre. A ton of microscopic bacteria may be active per acre and there may be over one million species of bacteria present. Bacteria are tiny, one-celled organisms about 4/100,000 of an inch wide (1 μm, range from 0.2 to 2 μm) and somewhat longer in length (1–10 μm). Bacteria are similar in size to clay soil particles (<2 μm) to silt soil particles (2–50 μm). They grow and live in thin water films around soil particles and near roots in an area called the rhizosphere. The small bacteria size enables these microbes to grow and adapt to changing environmental conditions more rapidly than larger, more complex microorganisms. Most soils are simply a graveyard for dead bacteria cells. Since most bacteria live under starvation conditions or water stress in the soil, they have adapted to quickly reproduce when water, food, and the environmental conditions are abundant. Bacteria populations can easily double in 30 minutes. Bacteria are so simple in structure that they have been called a bag of enzymes.


A procedure for calculating the undercooling levels in the extracted steam coolers of a K-800-23.5-5 turbine unit that are optimal from the technical and economic standpoints is described and a numerical example illustrating the procedure is given.


We analyze the real option signaling game models of debt financing of a risky project under information asymmetry, where the firm quality is only known to the firm management but not outsiders. The...


In 1961 the author published a paper [2] concerning the paths of the zeros of f(z, K) = g(z) Kei0h(z) where g(z) = z' + aZn-1 +? h(z) = zm + bzm'+ * * * as K varies from 0 to oo under the assumptions that n > m, 0 is a real constant and g(z), h(z) are complex polynomials. Asymptotes were established as well as precise approximations to the zeros for K large and formulae for the direction of the paths of the zeros, i.e., root loci, as K approached 0 and oo. In addition various properties were discussed when f(x, K) was assumed to be a real polynomial, that is, f(z, K) had real coefficients. This paper proposes to find a closed expression satisfied by the coordinates of the root loci. Throughout it will be convenient to consider K as varying from oo to + oo instead of from 0 to + oo and to include the zeros of h(z), (i.e., permit K to be infinite) as part of the root locus. f(z, K) will also be written as


The influence of water-to-surfactant-ratio R on the composition and size distribution of the Ni-Fe composite nanoparticles prepared by a microemulsion m ethod has been investigated. The results showed that the size and composition of nanoparticles would change with R value. When R18 the Ni-Fe alloy would be obtained. It was found tha t the coereivity values of composite Ni-Fe particles were reduced with Ni-Fe particle size. The Ni-Fe nanoparticles had specific sa turation magnetization intensity of 50 02×10 -3 ~217 68× 10 -3 A/(m·g) ; coerevity values of 2 388~10 030 kA/m; and remanent magnetism of 28 28×10 -3 ~ 37 7×10 -3 A/(m·g) .


This thesis analyses the characteristics of Mao Dun's aesthetic critiques in his literary criticism.And from this starting point,the restriction which imposes on his criticism and how these restrictions take effect are probed.


Bioinspired design has been applied in sustainable design (e.g., lightweight structures) to learn from nature and support material structure functionalities. Natural structures usually require modification in practice because they were evolved in natural environmental conditions that can be different from industrial applications. Topology optimization is a method to find the optimal design solution by considering the material external physical environment. Therefore, integrating topology optimization into bioinspired design can benefit sustainable material structure designers in meeting the purpose of using bioinspired concepts to find the optimal solution in the material functional environment. Current research in both sustainable design and materials science, however, has not led to a method to assist material structure designers to design structures with bioinspired concepts and use topology optimization to find the optimal solution. Systems thinking can seamlessly fill this gap and provide a systemic methodology to achieve this goal. The objective of this research is to develop a systems approach that incorporates topology optimization into bioinspired design, and simultaneously takes into consideration additive manufacturing processing conditions to ensure the material structure functionality. The method is demonstrated with three lightweight material structure designs: spiderweb, turtle shell, and maze. Environmental impact assessment and finite element analysis were conducted to evaluate the functionality and emissions of the designs. This research contributes to the sustainable design knowledge by providing an innovative systems thinking-based bioinspired design of material structures. In addition, the research results enhance materials knowledge with an understanding of mechanical properties of three material structures: turtle shell, spiderweb, and maze. This research systemically connects four disciplines, including bioinspired design, manufacturing, systems thinking, and lightweight structure materials.


The introduction of biological disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (bDMARDs) offered new dimensions in controlling disease progress for patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA). According to the recommendations by EULAR, treatment should be commenced with a conventional synthetic DMARD as soon as diagnosis is made, followed by a bDMARD after treatment failure. The choice of drug is done in respect to comorbidities, preference of the patient and to costs.Drug expenditure data of 2012-2016 were retrieved to evaluate frequency of prescription and drug survival with special focus on switching habits after first bDMARD failure.Data were extracted from 11 Austrian social health insurance funds covering 86% of the Austrian population. Only patients with first prescriptions of bDMARDs were included. Absolute and relative frequencies of first bDMARD prescriptions, second and third courses of bDMARDs (switches) and probabilities of drug survival of first line bDMARDs were calculated. Baselines were set individually at the beginning of the first bDMARD course. A Sankey diagram was used to illustrate the relationships between first, second and third courses of bDMARDs (Figure). The first left column represents the first bDMARDs, the second and third columns the second and third switched bDMARDs, respectively. The quantity of the bDMARDs is reflected in the width of the lines.7637 RA patients on bDMARD therapy were retrieved in total. With a presumed prevalence of 0.5% (Ref) this would account for 27% of RA patients being treated with a bDMARD. Of these, 3813 were first time prescriptions. The most commonly prescribed drug in bDMARD naïve patients was Etanercept with 26%, followed by Adalimumab with 25%. Third was Tocilizumab followed by Golimumab (16% and 15%), Abatacept with 9% and Certolizumab and Infliximab with both 4%. Tocilizumab showed the longest drug survival with 80% after one and 61% of patients still on the drug after 3 years. Golimumab was clearly favorable among TNF inhibitors with a drug survival of 71% after one and 50% after 3 years compared to Certolizumab showing the lowest with 63% after one year and only 38% after three years. Tocilizumab was the drug most often switched to after first course failure, followed by Adalimumab. The choice of second bDMARD was different: After Adalimumab failure more patients were switched to another mode of action (almost 50%), predominately Tocilizumab. This is also seen after Golimumab failure and is less pronounced in the other TNF inhibitors: they were mostly switched to second TNF inhibitor, mainly Adalimumab. The majority of patients started on Tocilizumab and Abatacept were switched to a TNF inhibitor (74% and 58%, respectively). In third DMARD choice again Tocilizumab is mostly chosen followed by Abatacept, leaving 42% to a TNF inhibitor, mostly Golimumab.Patients were most often started on a TNF inhibitor as first bDMARD, namely Etanercept and Adalimumab. Golimumab was prescribed less often but showed the longest drug survival among TNF inhibitors. Tocilizumab showed the longest drug survival overall and was the bDMARD most often switched to as second bDMARD. When starting with Adalimumab or Golimumab there was a tendency towards change of mode of action, which was not as pronounced for the other three TNF inhibitors. After failing twice Tocilizumab and Abatacept were the most often prescribed drugs.[1]Kobelt G, Fasteng F: Access to Innovative Treatments in Rheumatoid Arthritis in Europe. A Report prepared for the EFPIA, 2009Austrian Main Social Health Association (Dachverband österreichische Sozialversciherung)Valerie Nell-Duxneuner Speakers bureau: MSD, Pfizer, Jansen, Abbvie, Lilly, Novartis, Berthold Reichardt: None declared, Tanja Stamm Grant/research support from: AbbVie, Roche, Consultant of: AbbVie, Sanofi Genzyme, Speakers bureau: AbbVie, Roche, Sanofi


Gem-quality diaspore is known mainly from Muğla Province in Turkey, and typically appears near-colourless to brownish green in daylight and lavender to pinkish yellow/brown in incandescent light (e.g. Duroc-Danner 1987; Hatipoglu & Chamberlain 2011). Since July 2018, some fine crystal specimens of Turkish diaspore have been produced that displayed attractive purple colouration (Southwood 2020; Wilson & Moore 2020). Pink to purple diaspore is also known from Myanmar (Shen & Lu 2018) and from the Ural Mountains in Russia (Spiridonov et al. 2006), but neither locality has produced material of facetable size/quality. In mid-March 2020, one of the authors (MHS) learned about a new find of gem-quality pink diaspore from Afghanistan. According to his Afghan supplier, the mining area is located in 'Kama Goshta' near Jalalabad, which apparently corresponds to the Kama and/or Goshta Districts in Nangarhar Province of eastern Afghanistan. Author MHS initially obtained a single piece of rough weighing 2 g and a faceted stone that recut to 23.36 ct. He also saw a 146 g parcel of rough material containing pieces ranging from about 1 to 10 g (approximately 2.5 g on average) that was suitable for cutting stones of 1–10 ct (Figure 10). In May 2020 he obtained a 70 g parcel of rough (0.6–12 g pieces), which he had faceted into 35 stones ranging from 0.50 to 10.91 ct (e.g. Figure 11a). The cutting yield was very low due to the presence of cleavage fractures in the rough material. In addition, he acquired a faceted stone that recut to 46.97 ct (Figure 11b). This is the largest gemstone he is aware of from this deposit. Since that time, he has purchased several other gems weighing over 20 ct from the same supplier. All the rough material seen by author MHS has been of similar colour, and the slight variations seen in the faceted stones were likely due to the various cutting orientations and the material's very strong pleochroism. The cut stones ranged from slightly brownish light pink to slightly brownish light purple. Viewed in different light sources there was no colour change, but a subtle colour shift was seen in which larger stones (>10 ct) appeared more pinkish in warm light and purplish pink in cool light. The following gemmological properties were collected by author MHS on two faceted stones weighing


With the emergence of new applications, e.g., video gaming, file sharing and proximity aware social networks, high data-rate traffics will be likely to occur between devices in the vicinity of each other. Enabling Device to Device (D2D) communication between such devices can efficiently offload these traffics from the base station. Meanwhile, by reusing the cellular spectrum, D2D has the potential to significantly improve the spectral efficiency. However, if not controlled carefully, the interference caused by D2D communication may severely degrade the performance of regular cellular services. To resolve this issue, this paper proposes a simple guard-zone based mode selection scheme as an efficient and scalable mechanism to manage the interference in D2D underlaid cellular systems. With the help of stochastic geometry, we rigorously analyze the interference and throughput of such system. The results indicate the existence of an optimal guard zone radius that maximizes the total system throughput. Thanks to the tractability of our analysis, the optimal guard zone radius can be efficiently obtained. Through extensive numerical analysis, we show that the success probability and aggregate throughput obtained at the optimal guard zone radius are significantly greater than those without guard zone.


holding the XXVIIth World Summer Universiade in Kazan in 2013, the decision to hold the World Aquatics Championships in 2015, the football World Cup in 2018 raised an event attraction of tourist and recreational complex in the republic of Tatarstan, as evidenced by the statistics and the increasing tourist interest in our republic. However, spatial differentiation is observed within the country, the evaluation of which is the subject of this work.


Reviewed the new development for small-scale air separation plant; discussed the process with the full lower pressure, energy application and safety performance; demonstrated the development for small-scale air separation plant.


This paper presents results of a fluidity evaluation for fluidisation-treated soils using the moving particle semi-implicit method (MPS method). In recent years within Japan, fluidisation-treated soils have been frequently used as soil materials for land reclamation projects, backfilling underground spaces, etc. However, the design and mixing of fluidisation-treated soils are based on previous experiences applied to new situations. It is useful to consider the findings based the application of the MPS method to the fluidity assessment and theory of fluidisation-treated soil, which is the focus of this study. As a result, it was clarified that the fluidity of fluidisation-treated soil could be sufficiently reproduced using Bingham model with the MPS method.


Foreword R.Solow Preface Overview on Modigliani's Works Modigliani's Early Life and Influences Modigliani and Keynesian Economics The Gospel of Keynesian Reality: Development and Application of Modigliani's Model, 1944-2003, The Realm of Stabilization Policies The Life Cycle Hypothesis Modigliani and Miller's (M&M) Hypothesis Forecasting, The MPS Model A Question of Identity Selected Personal Vignettes


The paper presents an ecologically valid experiment design for a perceptual study of electroacoustic music. This involves the perceptual evaluation of 2D and 3D multi-channel audio produced from established spatial techniques. The spatial attributes of envelopment and engulfment are used to determine the perceptual ratings of presented 2D and 3D audio produced from identified spatial techniques. It is hoped that by undertaking perceptual testing, specific aesthetic observations made by composers regarding the effect that their spatial techniques produce can be quantified in established spatial terminology.


Because of a large increase of the number of migrants entering Spain over the last few years, Spain has become the prime country of immigration in Europe. This article deals with migrant entrepreneurship in Salamanca, an inland city of 160.000 habitants in western Spain. The study is based on observations and interviews done with migrants in Salamanca during the last three years. Three forms of migrant entrepreneurship are analyzed: 1) peddling, or street selling, considered as a continuity of the natives' informal economy, 2) ethnic businesses, a growing phenomen related to the restructuring of the Spanish society, and 3) transnational entrepreneurship, a business being 'beyond the State'. Even though the migrants of Salamanca appear to have settled in the city, they are on the move. Their migratory projects are under constant development; the entrepreneurial migrant goes where the possibilities are.


The World Health Organisation has endorsed the role of nurses in implementing a primary health care model into traditional health services. Rural nurses have a particularly important part to play in improving the health of their communities. Nurses have always been the largest group of professional providers within the rural sector in many countries including Australia. Nursing is also a predominantly female workforce that complements the enormous health work done by women as carers in the community. The professional and social role overlap of rural nurses is a recognised asset in delivering services within a rural community and strengthening its abilities to adapt to its own health needs. Their knowledge of the community's cycle of events and economy, together with the fluidity of nursing role boundaries, are essential elements in strengthening the effectiveness and quality of the care system.


The PDP‐10/LDS‐1 combination is a powerful and versatile computer graphics system. A package of programs described here permits the generation of displays and interaction with them by means of simple calls from FORTRAN programs. This makes computer graphics available to individuals who know a little FORTRAN but no assembler language. It serves also as a useful introduction to the LDS‐1 for experienced programmers who intend to learn the assembler language and to write their own programs


The Introduction places this research project vis-à-vis existing knowledge on Palestinian citizens in Israel and offers a methodology that combines sociological as well as literary analysis.


[Context] Information technology companies increasingly understand the importance of diversity and inclusion in software development teams. For this reason, they seek to implement diversity management models to enhance the positive effects of this inclusion. However, there is no single model for managing diversity, which makes it possible for each company to develop a model that works according to their expectations and demands. The literature about diversity management mentions that a large number of these models focus their efforts on managing distinct skills for team composition and on recruiting and selecting professionals with different profiles as a way of responding to the demand for more diversity in software development teams. [Objective] This work developed an initial model for managing diversity and inclusion in software development teams. Our goal is to explore how the practice of diversity management has occurred in this context. [Method] To achieve this goal, we developed an action research within a multinational organization in Brazil. [Results] We proposed a model for managing diversity characterized by three stages: Inclusion, Development, and Representation.[Conclusion] The main contribution of this paper is the model to help companies to manage diversity and inclusion and the discussion about the importance of thinking on diversity and inclusion in a structured way in the context of software development teams.


Abstract The Panel on Food Additives and Flavourings of the European Food Safety Authority was requested to evaluate the genotoxic potential of 74 flavouring substances from subgroup 1.1.1 of FGE.19 in the Flavouring Group Evaluation 200 Revision 1 (FGE.200 Rev1). In FGE.200, genotoxicity studies were provided for one representative substance, namely hex‐2(trans)‐enal [FL‐no: 05.073], and for other two substances in the same subgroup, namely 2‐dodecenal [FL‐no: 05.037] and 2‐nonenal [FL‐no: 05.171]. The Panel concluded that the concern still remains with respect to genotoxicity for the substances of this subgroup and requested an in vivo Comet assay performed in duodenum and liver for hex‐2(trans)‐enal [FL‐no: 05.073]. For the two other representative substances of subgroup 1.1.1 (nona‐2(trans),6(cis)‐dienal [FL‐no: 05.058] and oct‐2‐enal [FL‐no: 05.060]), the Panel requested a combined in vivo Comet assay and micronucleus assay. These data have been provided and are evaluated in the present opinion FGE.200 Rev1. Industry submitted genotoxicity studies on trans‐2‐octenal [FL‐no: 05.190], instead of oct‐2‐enal [FL‐no: 05.060]. Based on the available data, the Panel concluded that the concern for genotoxicity can be ruled out for hex‐2(trans)‐enal [FL‐no: 05.073], trans‐2‐octenal [FL‐no: 05.190] and nona‐2(trans),6(cis)‐dienal [FL‐no: 05.058], therefore all the 74 substances [FL‐no: 02.020, 02.049, 02.050, 02.090, 02.112, 02.137, 02.156, 02.192, 02.210, 02.231, 05.037, 05.058, 05.060, 05.070, 05.072, 05.073, 05.076, 05.078, 05.102, 05.109, 05.111, 05.114, 05.120, 05.144, 05.150, 05.171, 05.172, 05.179, 05.184, 05.189, 05.190, 05.191, 05.195, 06.025, 06.031, 06.072, 09.054, 09.097, 09.109, 09.119, 09.146, 09.233, 09.244, 09.247, 09.276, 09.277, 09.303, 09.312, 09.385, 09.394, 09.395, 09.396, 09.397, 09.398, 09.399, 09.400, 09.410, 09.411, 09.469, 09.482, 09.489, 09.492, 09.493, 09.498, 09.678, 09.701, 09.719, 09.741, 09.790, 09.841, 09.866, 09.947, 09.948, 13.004] can be evaluated through the Procedure for flavouring substances.


This study aims to investigate whether there is a relationship between language skills of preschool children and their mathematical concept development; in addition, to search whether there is a significant difference between preschool children's language and mathematical concept developments in relation to their age and gender. Descriptive patterns was used in the study. Related to the research problem quantitative data collection tools were used. Bracken Basic Concept Scale-Revised Form and Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test were applied on 70 children aged 5-6 from the different preschools in Ankara. Percentages, frequency, t-test, ANOVA, chi-square, Pearson correlation, Spearman's correlation test were used for the statistical analysis of the data. Findings showed that gender is not a significant variable related to fundamental concepts preschool children know. Quantitative findings of the research show signs of availability of a relationship between children's language skills and mathematics skills


The aim of the work is to investigate the state and development of the historical memory of the First World War in Ukraine, to find out the reasons that led to the forgetting one of the bloodiest pages of Ukrainian history.
The methodology of the investigation is based on using application of the principles of historicism and objectivity, which are important in the characterization of historical events related to the state policy and memory. The historical-genetic method allows to find out the path of the Great War memory in Ukraine. The historical-systemic method provides consideration of the socio-political processes in their interrelationship and cause-to-effect dependence. The scientific novelty consists in systematization of the processed literature and sources regarding commemoration of the First World War, its origin and evolution. The indicated archival documents were introduced into scientific circulation by the author for the first time.
Conclusions: The First World War marked the end of the long XIX century and brought drastic changes in the political, social and economic systems of the world. It was a fratricidal war for Ukraine that had extremely important long-term consequences. This is a forgotten war despite more than 4 million Ukrainian participants and about 1,5 million dead people in modern Ukraine. Commemoration in the different countries differs. Though there are certain common trends. Most of participating countries, except for Eastern European countries, actively supported the memory of the dead from the very first years. However, on the territory of the former Russian Empire, revolutionary events and the memory of it displaced memories of the "imperialist" war. The end of the XX century becomes a turning point in the historical policy of individual countries and since 2014, interest in studying the history of the First World War in Ukraine has been actively growing.


Within the framework of DBI non-canonical scalar field model of dark energy, we study the growth of dark matter perturbations in both the linear and non-linear regimes. In our DBI model, we consider the anti-de Sitter warp factor $f(\phi)=f_0\, \phi ^{-4}$ with constant f0 > 0 and assume the DBI dark energy to be clustered and its sound speed cs to be constant. In the linear regime, we use the pseudo-Newtonian formalism to obtain the growth factor of dark matter perturbations and conclude that for smaller cs (or $\tilde{f_0} \equiv f_0 H_0^2/M_P^2$), the growth factor of dark matter is smaller for clustering DBI model compared to the homogeneous one. In the non-linear regime based on the spherical collapse model, we obtain the linear overdensity δc($z$c), the virial overdensity Δvir($z$c), overdensity at the turn around ζ($z$c), and the rate of expansion of collapsed region hta($z$). We point out that for the smaller cs (or $\tilde{f_0}$), the values of δc($z$c), Δvir($z$c), ζ($z$c), and hta($z$) in non-clustering DBI models deviate more than the ΛCDM compared to the clustering DBI models. Finally, with the help of spherical collapse parameters we calculate the relative number density of halo objects above a given mass and conclude that the differences between clustering and homogeneous DBI models are more pronounced for the higher mass haloes at high redshift.


The article presents the models of safety and survivability of the information system for critical use (ISCU) in the paradigm of Markov models. In the safety model the ISCU studied is represented by a structured set of coupled subsystems, each characterized by the intensity of a dangerous failure and by the intensity of the recovery of a safety. The model allows the estimation of the probability of finding ISCU in each of a set of states that describe the available configurations of failures of the ISCU's subsystems, taking into account the above characteristics. The ISCU's survivability model has also been created to assess the values of the introduced taxonomy of survivorship attributes for an active subject-systemic interaction session during which deterministic failures may occur. Synthesis of the survivability model takes into account the ISCU architecture, access control subsystem functions, system security policy settings, etc.


With the explosive growth of users' online information, user profiling, inferring users' traits or interests, has attracted increasing attention due to its various applications in reliable personalized service and recommender system fields. Most existing studies regard user profiling as a node classification task and utilize graph-based methods to exploit users' relations and affiliated information in heterogeneous graphs. However, they only consider single view of pair-wise relationships between users, ignoring the modeling of potential higher-order interactions among users. To this end, in this paper, we propose a novel Interaction-aware Hypergraph Neural Networks (IHNN) model for user profiling, which introduces hypergraphs to formulate high-order interactions among users from multiple views to achieve more accurate user profiles. Specifically, IHNN utilizes heterogeneous attention mechanism to exploit important interactive information from diversified users' affiliated data and designs hypergraph convolutional operation to mine the interactions beyond pairwise among users. Besides, multiple hypergraphs are constructed from explicit and implicit interactions among users obtained from several types of data, aiming to leverage the complementarity of views. Extensive experiments on two real-world e-commerce datasets demonstrate our proposed model brings a significant performance boost compared with baseline models for user profiling.


Abstract Overwhelming, rapidly fatalHemophilus influenzaesepsis occurred in a young splenectomized Hodgkin's disease patient who was off therapy and free of disease. Absence of the spleen is believ...


To examine the outcomes of a postoperative day one (POD 1) phone call to families of ambulatory surgical patients, as a means of guiding clinical interventions and quality initiatives, with a focus on children undergoing adenotonsillectomy (T&A).


Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) films were made by casting a dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) solution. After drying, the films were uniaxially drawn by an essentially solid-state drawing procedure. Using polarised-infrared (IR) spectroscopy, the dichroism of the nitrile-stretching vibration was monitored as a function of draw ratio. The dichroism results were converted to plots of chain-orientation factor versus draw ratio. For this, α, the transition-moment angle of the vibration, has to be known. Though a value of 68–73° has been suggested in the literature, for the present samples α cannot be 70° or less, and 73° is the most appropriate. The meaning and nature of the transition-moment angle in the context of a flexible-chain polymer molecule is discussed. The IR spectrum also showed dichroism in the SO stretch and the CH3 rocking vibrations from the (residual) DMSO present in the film, indicating that the solvent molecules were also orientated. It is proposed that this occurred due to dipolar interactions between the SO and the CN groups, which led to solvent molecules being bound to the polymer chains. X-ray diffraction studies indicated 'lateral-ordering' consisting of hexagonally packed, rod-like chains with no c-axis order. The diffraction patterns obtained here were the 'standard' ones for PAN, in contrast to those observed previously in solvent-containing PAN gels.


The totally isolated canine stomach, perfused with homologous blood, is able to secrete juice rich in H+ for several hours. This ex vivo preparation was used for the study of secretion stimulated by pentagastrin and/or bethanechol chloride, a stable cholinergic drug. Combinations of pentagastrin plus bethanechol used in this study gave significantly higher outputs of HC1 and pepsin than could be accounted for on the basis of summation of stimulatory effects. True potentiation with regard to acid and pepsin secretion was evident when the cholinergic drug was superimposed on pentagastrin stimulation. It was concluded that potentiation between bethanechol chloride and pentagastrin occurs in the stimulation of secretion from the totally isolated canine stomach perfused by homologous blood. We also studied mechanical activity and myoelectrical activity of isolated stomachs. These activities varied with the changes in stimulation. The mechanical activity markedly increased when cholinergic drug was added to pentagastrin stimulation. Bethanechol chloride appeared to be a very potent stimulant of mechanical activity of the isolated stomach.


Two widely used antithyroid drug (ATD) regimes for Graves' disease (GD) include the 'block & replace' (B&R) regime (a fixed high‐dose of ATD combined with levothyroxine) and the 'titration' regime (a titrating dose of ATD). Anecdotally, it is believed that B&R is less prone to fluctuating thyroid function.


This study was conducted to establish the system of effective in vitro propagation by various explant sources culture of Hippeastrum hybridum Hort. 'Dazzler'. We tested the effects of optimal explant source, plant growth regulators on bulblet formation and plant regeneration. Callus was readily produced on the different tissues excised from floral buds whereas, bulbs and shoots were formed only on pedicel explants as compared with anthers, styles and ovaries. Pedicel is the best optimal explant for in vitro propagation. Two distinct pathways, organogenesis through callus and direct bulblet formation, could be recognized in pedicel culture. Up to the 80-100% of bulblet formation and shoot organogenesis from the pedicel in fifteen days before anthesis were effectively induced by MS medium supplemented with 0.5 ㎎/L NAA and 1.0 ㎎/L BA. Plantlet regeneration was successfully achieved from pedicel-derived callus, via shoot bud induction or direct bulblet formation. The bulblets with blooming flower were produced within 2 years.


Research was conducted to determine the effect of a Trichoderma -based plant stimulator (TBS) on papaya seedling growth. Papaya seedlings were grown from seed in 0.5-liter Styrofoam containers filled with a commercial substrate (30% sphagnum peat moss, 20% perlite, 50% vermiculite). TBS was applied as a drench at the rates of 0, 62.5, 125, 250, and 500 mil- lion conidia per seedling (MCS) at sowing, at seedling emer- gence, at 1 week after emergence (WAE), or 2 WAE. The variables evaluated were time from sowing to seedling emer- gence, shoot height, concentration of nitrogen in nitrate ((N- NO 3 )) and potassium ((K + )) in leaf sap, leaf area, root dry weight, shoot dry weight, and time from emergence to readiness for transplanting. When TBS was applied 2 WAE, there were no significant effects on the variables evaluated. TBS applied at sowing did not significantly affect time to emergence. When applied at sowing, at emergence, and 1 WAE, all the other vari- ables measured were affected to the same extent by a given TBS rate. At the rates of 250 to 500 MCS, (N-NO 3 ) in leaf sap in- creased by 30%, (K + ) in leaf sap increased by 22-25%, shoot dry weight increased by 28%, shoot height increased by 18%, root dry weight increased by 38%, leaf area increased by 22%, and time to readiness for transplanting was reduced by 10 days, as compared to control plants. These results indicate that TBS may be useful in increasing several growth attributes in papaya seedlings and in accelerating papaya transplant production.


This paper presents a threshold-based time of arrival (TOA) estimation method for audible linear frequency modulation (LFM) signal, which focus on eliminating global error caused by multipath fading or interference. Unlike conventional methods that try to directly detect first arriving path corresponding to the actual TOA, the proposed algorithm estimates TOA in two steps thus reducing early detection caused by noise and increasing TOA estimation accuracy. It utilizes adaptive thresholds based on matched filter, a jump-back and search-forward algorithm for the detection of first path. The relation between signal to noise ratio and optimal threshold are investigated via simulations. The proposed method yields efficient direct path detection and low complexity implementation for mobile device, performance of TOA estimation is examined by simulations and filed measurement.


creation. Hodgson argues that the space-time universe, when taken by itself, does not satisfy the demand of our minds for a "self-justifying whole," especially when judgments of value are taken seriously as something more than the expression of subjective tastes (pp. 130, 131). On the other hand, if we postulate the existence of an "eternal perfect reality" which is a personal "self-conscious intelligent will," we arrive at a satisfactory explanation of both matters of fact and judgments of value. Above all, "irrationalities" such as contingency and freedom which have no place in a materialistic or an idealistic philosophy are intelligible when viewed in relation to the divine purpose to develop persons. Freedom, says Hodgson, is "the clue which points the way towards making sense of all things" (p. 168). It includes both the ability of a spiritual being to act on purpose instead of responding passively to stimuli and freedom from hindrances in the form of internal weakness of character; and the first of these kinds of freedom is a necessary presupposition of the perfecting of the second. Thus, freedom, despite the moral evil to which it often leads, is an indispensable phase in the creation of persons each of whom can make a contribution to the common life. There is little that is new in this conclusion and the argument leading up to it is not original. Although there are valuable insights at certain points, Hodgson's natural theology is not likely to convince those who do not already believe in the Creation. However, his conception of natural theology is more modest than the traditional one and he seems to be content not to demonstrate God as Creator but to show that when we postulate Him we can "make sense" of the world and our freedom.