This article reveals the peculiarities of speech competence formation of primary school students in the conditions of cognitive approach realization. The article found out that the formation of speech competence of primary school students is facilitated by the cognitive teaching of language. This approach teaches students to consciously construct expressions in specific life situations. It has been proved that speech competence is an integral quality of a person, manifested in the ability and willingness to use linguistic means, regularities of their functioning for the construction, and understanding of speech utterances in accordance with the communicative purpose. To assess the level of speech competence formation, we relied on indicators of the category "Application" by Bloom's taxonomy, the Oxford Cambridge 2000 program, the modified methodology "КОС-22", specific norms of competence pedagogy. It has been found that mastering cognitive skills enables a person to work with information independently in the process of acquiring it (mastering knowledge). It is proved that the text represents speech competence. It is substantiated that the following types of exercises are leading in the work on the text: analytical, associative, and research. It is proved that the cognitive approach is based on the provisions of cognitive psychology, which implies a reliance on the principle of consciousness in the process of speech competence formation in primary school students. This approach directs the educational process to communicative activities, ensuring the proper level of students' speech competence.


Teacher educators preparing their students for 21 century schools are increasingly using online technologies in on-campus courses. While some teacher educators have used such activities for almost a decade and have migrated from learning management systems to wikis and blogs, others still struggle to structure and facilitate online activities effectively. Ten teacher educators' decisions to use online activities in 23 face-to-face courses based on several criteria (class size, instructional goals, course type, students' prior knowledge, and the content of classroom instruction) are described in this chapter. Faculty member's reflections on their decisions, practical examples from different courses that they taught, and strategies they refined over time illustrated their focus on pedagogy as they migrated to newer technologies. The structure, design, and implementation of online activities discussed in this chapter could be useful to beginning educators, teacher developers, and instructional designers engaged in the integration of new technologies in higher education.


We investigate the thermodynamics and dynamics of the electroweak phase transition by modeling the infrared physics with classical Yang-Mills Higgs theory. We discuss the accuracy of this approach and conclude that, for quantities whose determination is dominated by the infrared, the classical method should be correct up to parametrically suppressed [i.e., O({alpha})] corrections. For a Higgs self-coupling which at the tree level corresponds to m{sub H}{approx_equal}50 GeV, we determine the jump in the order parameter to be {delta}{phi}=1.5gT, the surface tension to be {sigma}=0.07g{sup 4}T{sup 3}, and the friction coefficient on the moving bubble wall due to infrared bosons to be {eta}{equivalent_to}P/v{sub w}=0.03{plus_minus}0.004g{sup 6}T{sup 4}. We also investigate the response of the Chern-Simons number to a spatially uniform chemical potential and find that it falls off a short distance inside the bubble wall, both in equilibrium and below the equilibrium temperature. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}


Objectives Despite existing patient safety measures, both outside and inside hospitals, barriers to patient safety prevail. We aimed to identify the current contributory factors to patient safety in Japan. Methods This qualitative study included nine expert Japanese health care providers working both inside and outside hospitals. These participants, who included six physicians, one nurse, one pharmacist, and one physical therapist, work across a broad spectrum in government policy and public health, academia, and safety management. Root cause analysis using the online Kawakita Jiro method (KJ method or affinity diagram) was conducted. We labeled and summarized the classification in a fishbone diagram to elucidate barriers to patient safety in Japan. Results We identified specific factors in six main groups: the hospital system, education, law and policy, culture and society, patient centricity, and multidisciplinary cooperation. Quality of care, patient engagement, and shortage of patient safety specialists were crucial factors for multiple groups. Conclusions This study clarifies components of patient safety in Japan and provides basic data for promoting comprehensive patient safety in the future. Periodic root cause analysis of comprehensive patient safety issues can help develop strategies to promote patient safety at both the hospital and national levels.


Based on the observed high velocity of pulsars it is thought that neutron stars (NSs) receive a significant velocity kick at birth. Such natal kicks are considered to play an important role in the the evolution of binary-NS systems. The kick given to the NS (together with the effect of mass loss due to the supernova explosion of the NS progenitor) may result in the binary disruption or lead to a significant change of the binary orbital properties. Here we explore in detail the dynamical aftermath of natal kicks in binary systems, determine their possible outcomes and characterize their relative frequency, making use of analytic arguments and detailed population synthesis models. In a fraction of the cases the kick may cast the NS in such a trajectory as to collide with the binary companion, or pass sufficiently close to it as to disrupt it (micro tidal disruption event; $\mu$TDE), or alternatively it could be tidally-captured into a close orbit, eventually forming an X-ray binary. We calculate the rates of direct post-kick physical collisions and the possible potential production of Thorne-Zytkow objects or long-GRBs through this process, estimate the rates X-ray binaries formation and determine the rates of $\mu$TDEs and faint supernovae from white dwarf disruptions by NSs. Finally we suggest that natal kicks can produce BH-NS binaries with very short gravitational-wave merger time, possibly giving rise to a new type of promptly appearing eLISA gravitational wave (GW) sources, as well as producing aLIGO binary-merger GW sources with a unique (likely type Ib/c) supernova electromagnetic counterpart which precedes the GW merger.


The AEFTA (Application Enabler Technology for Factory Automation) experiment, which involves Digital Equipment Corporation, Politecnico di Torino and SYCO, with staff of seven, develops a factory automation product using BASEstar Open (1990) and object technology, notably OMT (Rumbaugh et al. 1991), G++ (Menga et al. 1993) and C++. The goal of the application experiment is to verify if object oriented (OO) technology, through the reuse opportunities which it offers, improves productivity and quality, in the factory automation context.


A theory is proposed to study time-resolved x-ray diffraction on the pico- and subpicosecond time scales. Electromagnetic fields are treated in the frame of Maxwellian electrodynamics, whereas the molecular system is treated by using quantum mechanics. An expression is given for the time-resolved x-ray signal; it involves a three-time correlation function of the Fourier transformed electronic density and of the electric dipole moment of the system. This theory is applied to the study of the recombination of photodissociated iodine molecules in solution. Both geminate and nongeminate recombination are considered. The feasibility of the real time visualization of atomic motions is discussed.


TIAS EKA WATY, Evaluate The Program of Self-Supporting Society Enableness National Fishery Oceaninc To Enableness of Coastal Area Society ( Case Study of Subdistrict of Awangpone of Regency of Bone of South arch Sulawesi). Guided by Hj. Sutinah Made and Andi Adri Arief Research done to know the problem concerning channeling of fund of PNPM M-KP what have as according to procedure or mechanism, concerning execution of PNPM M-KP what have zero in on, timely and precisely sum up, concerning rate of return of fund of PNPM M-KP, and hit the benefit of existence of PNPM M-KP Subdistrict Awangpone. Research Type used survey with the method of intake sampel in group ( Cluster Random Sampling) that is by grouping responder in four type effort that is the effort fish arrest, pembudidaya dam out the, pembudidaya grass the sea and marketing result of fishery with the responder as much 36 people. Data collected with the observation method, interview and documentation. Result of research indicate that the procedure or mechanism of fund channeling walk as according to public guidance PNPM MKP, execution phase program to show the efektifitas and efisisen of budget use program the, return relief fund disagree with expected, and existence of benefit which signifikan for special coastal area society get the relief fund BLM that is the increasing of group earnings, expanding of it scale effort group and product increase Keyword: Evaluate, Program, Enableness, Coastal area Society


Effect of Heat transfer on a horizontal condenser-evaporator tube has been Investigated. Liquid film thickness and heat transfer coefficient, evaporation and condensation rate on the condensing and evaporating side, and tube length with the initial fraction of non-condensable gas have been obtained. It has been found that overall heat transfer coefficient for the tube decreases as the flow rate increases. The maximum value of local heat transfer coefficient turns out to be occurred near 90° from the. top of tube. The tube length increases with the initial fraction of non-condensable gas but decreases as its fraction increases more than 0.05.


There is increasing experimental evidence for the existence of liquidlike layers on crystal surfaces and in grain boundaries, although the issue remains controversial. Recent simulations have provided definitive information on the equilibrium and dynamic properties of interfaces and clarify the conditions under which interface melting is to be expected.


Abstract A relatively quick method of assessing dose in diagnostic X-ray work is provided by a set of depth dose curves derived for the depths, beam areas and X-ray qualities likely to be encountered. A simple graphical correction for change in focal-skin distance is made possible by the fact that the fractional change in depth dose consequent upon a change in focal distance is insensitive to both quality and beam area. Confirmation of this has been obtained from an analysis of scatter curves which has shown that, within certain limits of area, the ratio of two percentage depth doses may be expressed as Fρ, where F = [{(f1 + d)/f1/ (f2 + d)/f2]2and f1, f2, d have the usual significance. The index P has been found to vary only very slowly with quality and area, and the result follows. A check on the depth dose data has been obtained from lithium fluoride thermoluminescence measurements. Some consequences of coning are discussed in so far as beam limitation alters the dose inside the geometrical limits of t...


The article is dedicated to the Russian regional policy in the post-soviet period. The problem of the correspondence regional policy to the territorial arrangement of the country is discussed. The fundamental characteristics of the contemporary model of the regional development, based on the «pole of growth» conception are considered.


Article history: Received 9 September 2015 Received in revised form 10 March 2016 Accepted 21 March 2016 Available online 16 April 2016 Mastitis is defined as the inflammation of the mammary gland. LPS, which is widely used to induce mastitis models for the study of this disease, triggers similar inflammation as Escherichia coli. Sophocarpine, isolated from Sophora alopecuroides L., exhibits multiple biological properties. The aim of the present study was to determine the anti-inflammatory effect and mechanism of action of sophocarpine on mastitis within an LPS-induced mouse model. ELISA and western blotting were performed to detect protein levels. The qPCR was performed to detectmRNA levels. The ELISA and qRT-PCR results showed that sophocarpine inhibited the expression of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 in a dose-dependent manner. However, sophocarpine suppressed TLR4 expression. Further study showed that sophocarpine could suppress the phosphorylation of IκBα, p65 and p38. These results confirm that sophocarpine played an anti-inflammatory role in LPS-induced mastitis by regulating TLR4 and the NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways in mammary gland tissues. Therefore, sophocarpine may be a potential therapeutic drug for the treatment of mastitis. © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. CT E


Abstract Plastic resin histology and transmission electron microscopy were used to examine the development of the retina in snapper Pagrus auratus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) larvae before, and at the onset of feeding. Light microscopy was used to examine changes in ocular morphology with increasing body size, in larval, juvenile, and adult P. auratus. There was a 96‐fold increase in eye size, from 0.23 mm diameter in a 4‐day‐old larva (3.42 mm standard length), to a maximum of 22 mm diameter in an adult of 333 mm fork length. Cells of the presumptive optic cup were undifferentiated in fish larvae at the time of hatching. Development of the eye proceeded rapidly so that at 3 days of age, a pigmented cone retina had formed and the optic nerve connected to the optic tectum. On the fourth day after hatching, the lens had become crystalline, and synaptic ribbons and vesicles were present in the cone cell synaptic junctions, indicating that the retina was now functional. This coincided with the onset of feeding ...


In this paper, the impact of moisture on the reliability of porous low-k materials has been investigated. It was found that moisture uptake is more serious for more porous SiOC low-k materials and its presence inside the low-k has a strong impact on dielectric reliability. It has been demonstrated that by eliminating moisture, the leakage current can be significantly decreased and in addition higher breakdown electric fields and longer dielectric lifetimes can be achieved. Therefore, integration of porous low-k materials requires a maximum of attention to prevent moisture uptake at each step during integration and in addition the passivation layers need to be perfectly hermetic in order to maintain good dielectric reliability


The objective: an analysis of the peculiarities of childbirth and the condition of newborns in women with retrochorial hematoma (RCH) in the I trimester of pregnancy.
Materials and methods. At the beginning of the study, 100 pregnant women 18–44 years old (mean age 28.08±3.5 years) were examined – 70 women included in the main group and 30 – control one. In 10 cases out of 70, the pregnancy was interrupted in the I trimester on the background of RCH. Sixty patients of the main group, in whom the pregnancy progressed, were divided into two subgroups: subgroup A (n=39) – primigravida pregnant women with the threat of abortion due to RCH; subgroup B (n=21) – multigravida women with complicated obstetrical and gynecological history and RCH. The control group (n=30) included primi- and multigravida women with physiological course of the current and previous pregnancies.
All women had a complete clinical and laboratory examination. The patients with a risk of abortion and RCH received pathogenetical therapy for pregnancy preservation (sedative, anti stress therapy, spasmolytics, hormonal support (progestogens), fibrinolysis inhibitors, anticoagulants and antiplatelet agents, tocolytics). The condition of newborns in the first minutes of life was assessed by the Apgar scale, if necessary, rehabilitation measures were applied.
Results. The majority of patients in all groups had complicated obstetrical and gynecological history: 22.5% of patients in subgroup A, 30% – subgroup B, 16.6% – control group, and half of them were diagnosed two or more somatic diseases. Every third patient of the main group (7 (17.9%) women in subgroup A and 5 (23.8%) in subgroup B) delivered by cesarean section, in the control group – 5 (16.6%) persons. Spontaneous vaginal childbirth in the main group had 71.7% of the women, in the control group – 80%, premature birth – 2 (5.1%) women in subgroup A, 4 (19%) – subgroup B and 1 (3,3%) case – control group. The average duration of pregnancy in the main group was 37.3±2.4 weeks, in the control group – 39.4±0.3 weeks.
In the main group 54 (90%) full-term newborns were born, in the control group – 29 (96.7%); premature infants – 2 (5.1%) in subgroup A, 4 (19%) – subgroup B, 1 (3.3%) – control group. In the main group the frequency of infants birth with hypoxia, who needed resuscitation and intensive care, was more than 2 times higher compared to the control group (5 (8.3%) and 2 (6.7%) infants, respectively). Newborns of subgroups A and B, due to intrauterine hypoxia, had pathological conditions such as morphological and functional immaturity, neurological disorders, signs of intrauterine infection, but not a single child needed to be transferred to a specialized department for the second stage of care.
Conclusions. Preservation of pregnancy in the patients with a risk of abortion and RCH in the I trimester is possible in 85.7% of cases. Pregnant women with complicated obstetrical and gynecological history are at risk for preterm birth. The infants born in women with the threat of abortion and the formation of RCH in the I trimester belong to the risk group of intrauterine hypoxia and infectious complications.
Comprehensive pathogenetical therapy helps to prolong pregnancy, reduce the incidence of early reproductive losses, improve perinatal outcomes and reduce the incidence of perinatal morbidity.


The main purpose of this article is to discuss some theoretical aspects of fiscal
policy and the State in the Regulation Approach. The first part studies in few words
the fiscal question in the economic theory since Adam Smith. The second part
describes some concepts of the State and the last part discusses the relation between
State and fiscal policy.


Regional educational service agencies (RESAs) exist between the state and local levels of the educational system to facilitate communications monk; agencies and provide services that cannot be economically offered by a single district. RESAs can have great potential to facilitate the dissemination of new research products to educators. They can also help educators keep track of new developments at the state and federal level. To learn more about these agencies Research for Better Schools initiated a multiyear study of RESAs in Pennsylvania and New Jersey. A first round of data collection took place in 23 agencies in the two states. Staff were asked to identify school districts with which they often worked. Further data were collected in 68 of these districts. This report describes local educators' perceptions of the services they have received from RESAs. It is based on interviews with 72 central office staff in the 68 districts. Sixty percent of the respondents were superintendents.


For a given spiral, a bandwidth B can be chosen and a sequence S can be constructed on the spiral with the property that all finite energy signals having bandwidth B can be reconstructed from sampled values on S. The bandwidth can be expanded as desired, and reconstruction is attained by constructing sampling sets on interleaving spirals. This solves a problem in MRI; and the algorithm can be modified to deal with irregular sampling problems in SAR. The algorithm is a consequence of our theoretical results, which in turn were inspired by seminal work on balayage in the 1960s by Beurling (1966) and Landau (1967). Our results depend on d-dimensional Fourier frames and tiling properties of spectral synthesis sets.


Advancements in wearable biosensor technologies in recent years enable us to witness an unprecedented boom, as interest in fitness health data grow exponentially. Learning about one's metrics and sharing of this data in various platforms has arguably become a demand and practice for daily life. This research aims to discover potential applications of wearable technology and fitness health data by taking on the existing ubiquitous computing hardware and software technologies on wearable biosensors and push them further to a new level by proposing a methodology and visualization for users response to their surroundings, and how this application could become a critical feedback mechanism for individual users as well as planners, decision makers and designers for our built environment.


For steady‐state broadband sound fields in enclosures, surfaces may be modeled as diffuse reflectors, specular reflectors, or some combination. Modeling of reflection surfaces when using energy‐intensity based boundary elements is reviewed, and the proper energy‐intensity source characteristics are derived. These characteristics depend on local correlation effects, the angular distribution of the incident field, and the angular dependence of reflection coefficient. Specular reflection surfaces subjected to fairly random reverberant sound fields exhibit behavior similar to diffuse reflection surfaces to lowest order. Simple solutions are obtained to illuminate the basic difference in interior sound fields caused by different reflection types. For example, random incidence sound propagating down a long corridor with non‐absorbing walls exhibits different behavior depending on whether the surfaces are diffuse or specular reflectors. The diffuse case exhibits a spatial gradient in mean‐square pressure along t...


Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the 16th most common cancer and the 15th leading cause of death worldwide, with an incidence of 4 cases per 100,000 people [...].


This study aims to determine the specific labor standard time engine oil replacement vehicle machine Toyota Auto 2000 MT. Balikpapan Haryono used standard working time. Based on interviews with employees of Auto 2000 Toyota workshop. MT. Haryono completed replacement of engine oil required an average completion time of 1 hour of receipt to the consumer. The problem of this study is the labor time required to complete the work car oil changes  are in accordance with the standart time in the workshop of Toyota Auto 2000 MT. Haryono Balikpapan. The theory used by the researchers is the operational management as an activity pengcordination production process to increase the usefulness (utility) of goods or services. The hypothesis of this study is the labor time required to do the oil change time is much longer than the standart time in the workshop of Toyota Auto 2000 MT. Haryono Balikpapan.  The data has been collected in the study analysis using standard working time. The formula used to calculate the standard working time study = . The average time oil changes machine Toyota Auto 2000 MT. Haryono Balikpapan observations of 30 times by 81 minutes or 1 hour 21 minute. Normal time oil changes machine Toyota Auto 2000 MT. Haryono Balikpapan is 81 minutes or 1 hour 21 minutes. Time standard oil change machine Toyota Auto 2000 MT. Haryono Balikpapan to leniency factor of 5% of the normal time is 85 minutes or 1 hour 25 minutes. The results of the analysis and discussion showed that the labor time in doing oil changes machine Toyota Auto 2000 MT. Haryono Balikpapan longer than the standard working time according to the workshop of Toyota Auto 2000 MT. Haryono, labor time doing oil changes machine Toyota Auto 2000 MT. Haryono Balikpapan which is larger than the standard time in the workshop of Toyota Auto 2000 MT. Haryono ie 1 hour, with this hypothesis is accepted.


The most significant reform in the military contract industry is what has been termed the "Single Process Initiative" (SPI) which allows Government contractors to make block changes to existing contracts. The changes include a shift from mandatory strict compliance with detailed military specifications (milspecs), to the use of commercial practices and performance standards. One underlying effect of this shift is that it may open the door to claims against Government contractors that were otherwise immune from suit under the Military Contractor Defense (MCD), which was established in 1988 by the Supreme Court in Boyle v. United Technologies Corp. This article discusses the ramification of the SPI on the Boyle defense. Part II discusses the Military Contractor Defense (MCD), its underlying policy, and historical significance. Part III analyzes the SPI and gives examples of its early application. Part IV takes a look at the MCD's breadth of application, the limitations contained in numerous post-Boyle cases, and the anticipated effect when the SPI becomes part of a product design and/or manufacturing process. Lastly, this article discusses the policy goals of the MCD in light of the SPI.


[Objective] To evaluate the relationship between level of IL-6,IL-8 in sera and the activity of systemic lupus erythematosus(SLE).[Methods] We divided 71 cases with active SLE into two groups(active SLE,non-active SLE),serum level of IL-6,IL-8 were measured by ELISA method.[Result] The serum level of IL-6,IL-8 in SLE patients were respectively(97.3±41.3)pg/mL and(104.4±48.7)pg/ml,significantly higher than normal control:(37.5±8.4)pg/mL and(31.5±10.5)pg/mL(P0.01).Furthermore,the serum level of IL-6,IL-8(108.4±43.2) and(113.5±46.2)pg/mL from active SLE patients were evidently higher than those(71.3±38.7) and(77.4±41.3)pg/mL,from non-active SLE(P0.01).The serum level of cytokines had a positive correlation with the activity of SLE.(r=0.942;r=0.936).[Conclusions] Immunilogical system's function disturbance and abnormality in SLE cause the abnormal increase of cytokines.Supervision of serum cytokines has important clinical value in understanding activity of SLE,instructing clinical therapy,observation of therapy effect and judging the prognosis.


A forming machine for wooden handles of wire brushes is characterized by comprising a body, a feeding mechanism, a pressure cam mechanism and a forming mechanism. The body is in a frame structure and used for fixing each part, and comprises a pushing slider guide rail, a pressure slider guide rail and a pressure trough, the pushing slider guide rail is positioned on the upper plane of the body, and the pressure trough is positioned below the pressure slider guide rail. The feeding mechanism reciprocates to feed wood on a bottom plate into the pressure trough, the pressure cam mechanism is connected with the feeding transmission mechanism to press down the wood, and a cam and a slider are in a corresponding relation that the ram is lifted to the top end when the slider moves to complete the pushing. Forming cutters include a left forming cutter and a right forming cutter, which are respectively connected with a motor and positioned on the left and the right of the pressure trough respectively in a vertically staggered manner. Production process of the wooden handles of the wire brushes is modified from manual processing into automatic machining, and accordingly production efficiency is greatly improved, product yield is improved, and labor intensity is relieved.


Objective: To investigate the characteristics of somatic symptom and its related factors in land army recruits. Methods: Adult EPQ and SCL-90 were administrated to 1432 recruits(aged 16~23) during the basic military training, Self-compiled biographical variables of recruits were collected before the training. Results: Recruits trained at the end of 1-month showed higher prevalence rate of somatic symptom over the cut-off point of 2(12.25%) than those at the end of 2-month training (9.81%)and those before the training(8.66%). The main factors correlated with somatic symptoms are as follows: unstable emotion, positive wound history,less physical exercise , low enlistment motivation . Conclusion: Somatic symptom ameliorates with non-linear tendency during the basic training, and the severity of somatic symptom before the training is affected by many factors.


Objective
To evaluate the efficacy, toxicity and cosmetic outcomes of hypofractionated simultaneous integrated boost intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT-SIB) after breast conservative surgery (BCS) for early breast cancer patients.

Methods
A total of 76 patients with stage TisT1-2N0M0 breast cancer treated with BCS were enrolled in the analysis. The patients who underwent breast radiotherapy without regional lymph node irridiation and hypo fractionated IMRT/VMAT were used. All patients received whole breast IMRT/VMAT with tumor bed SIB. The doses delivered to the whole breast was 42.4 Gy in 16 fractions, and the dose delivered to tumor bed for SIB was 49.6 Gy in 16 fractions. Cosmetic evaluation was based on the Harvard system. Acute and late toxicities were scored according to CACAT version 3.0. Survival and recurrence rates were calculated by Kaplan-Meier method. The univariate and multivariate analysis were conducted with logistic regression.

Results
The median follow-up was 29 months (range 16-40 months). The follow-up rate was 100%. The 1-, 2-and 3-year overall survival rates were 100%. No recurrence or metastasis was observed in this study. The incidence of grade 1 acute skin toxicity was 68.4%, grade 2 was 7.9%. The late skin toxicity of grade 1 was 13.1%, grade 2 was 2.6%.In all, 82.4% of patients had excellent and good cosmetic outcome. The Mean dose of the tumor bed was predictive factor for grade 2 dermatitis.

Conclusion
The efficacy, cosmetic effect, the acute and late treatment-related toxicity of hypofractionated IMRT/VMAT-SIB in patients with early breast cancer following BCS might be acceptable. A longer follow-up is needed to define the efficacy on outcomes.

Trial registration
Chinese clinical trial registry, ChiCTR1800016287

Key words:
Breast neoplasm/breast conservative therapy; Simultaneous integrated boost radiotherapy; Hypofractionated radiotherapy; Toxicities


Genetic epilepsy with febrile seizures plus(GEFS+ ) is a genetically related epilepsy syndrome, characterized by a distinctive pattern of phenotypic heterogeneity and genetic heterogeneity.An increasing number of studies illustrate that a variety of pathogenic variations participate in the pathogenesis of GEFS+ , but the pathogenesis and genetic mechanisms are not fully understood, and most families can not find pathogenic genes.With the improvement of genetic techniques, the pathogenesis of GEFS+ will be better explained and a new basis will be provided for its diagnosis and precision treatment.This article discusses the clinical manifestation, genetic research, diagnosis and treatment of GEFS+ , aiming at raising awareness of the disease.

Key words:
Genetic epilepsy with febrile seizures plus; Hereditary; Clinical manifestation; Diagnosis; Treatment


This paper addresses some specific and general characteristics of the formation processof the American state, through twoo fits major landmarkdocuments:the Declaration of Independence and the American Constitution, in an attempt to outline the cultural exclusivity related to this process.


Whether handmade or industrially-produced or avant-garde, knitwear has become a staple collection piece every season and its resurgence as a key fashion item has rekindled a trend and a keen interest in this once very traditional craft. This book aims to help fashion students as well as professionals understand the basic elements in knitwear and learn how to illustrate them.


We propose a method to detect Japanese nasty comments from posts on bulletin board systems (BBS). Nasty comments can cause many social problem, because they express potentially harmful words and phrases. There are methods to recognize harmful words, but they are insufficient. Therefore, we present a method for detecting such comments on a BBS with many posts using an n-gram model. In addition, we compared our method with a support vector machine (SVM) that is based on nasty words. As a result, we detected nasty comments that are different to those by the SVM. We also observe higher detection accuracy by combining two methods.


An overview of presentations and discussions which took place at the US Department of Energy/Commission of European Communities (DOE/CEC) workshop on ''Mechanisms of Radiation Interaction with DNA: Potential Implications for Radiation Protection,'' held at San Diego, California, January 21-22, 1987, is provided. The Department has traditionally supported fundamental research on interactions of ionizing radiation with different biological systems and at all levels of biological organization. The aim of this workshop was to review the base of knowledge in the area of mechanisms of radiation action at the DNA level, and to explore ways in which this information can be applied to the development of scientifically sound concepts and procedures for use in the field of radiation protection.


Abstract Background The COVID-19 pandemic has disproportionately affected more socioeconomically disadvantaged persons and areas. We sought to determine how certain sociodemographic factors were correlated to adolescents' COVID-19 vaccination rates in towns and cities ("communities") in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Methods Data on COVID-19 vaccination rates were obtained over a 20-week period from March 30, 2021 to August 10, 2021. Communities' adolescent (ages 12-19) vaccination rates were compared across quintiles of community-level income, COVID-19 case rate, and proportion of non-Hispanic Black or Hispanic individuals. Other variables included population density and earlier COVID-19 vaccination rates of adolescents and adults, averaged from March 30 to May 11 to determine their effects on vaccination rates on August 10. Linear and logistic regression was used to estimate individual effects of variables on adolescent vaccination rates. Results Higher median household income, lower proportion of Black or Hispanic individuals, higher early adolescent COVID-19 vaccination rates, and higher early adult COVID-19 vaccination rates were associated with higher later adolescent COVID-19 vaccination rates. Income per $10,000 (adjusted odds ratio=1.01 [95% confidence interval=1.01-1.02]), proportion of Hispanic individuals (1.33 [1.13-1.56]), early adolescent COVID-19 vaccination rates (5.28 [4.67-5.96]), and early adult COVID-19 vaccination rates (2.31 [2.02-2.64]) were associated with higher adolescent COVID-19 vaccination on August 10, while proportion of Black individuals approached significance (1.26 [0.98-1.61]). Conclusions Vaccination efforts for adolescents in Massachusetts should focus on boosting vaccination rates early in communities with the lowest incomes and greatest proportion of Hispanic individuals and consider targeting communities with a greater proportion of Black individuals.


Only 4–7% of people aged 65–74 are considered frail. However, this youngest-old subgroup may live for several decades with chronic diseases and reduced quality of life. Therefore, it is essential to identify how life-course factors contribute to the manifestation of individual frailty components in order to design interventions that could prevent or mitigate their adverse effects in community-dwelling youngest-old. This study explored whether lifestyle habits (tobacco/alcohol consumption, sleep quality), geographic location (metropolitan/urban/semi-rural), and type of work increase the risk of exhibiting frailty components at a younger age. Using a cross-sectional design involving 1643 community-dwelling older adults (65+), logistic regression models showed that current but not past smoking was strongly related to low physical activity earlier in life (OR: 3.08; CI: 1.12–8.44). Lifetime number of cigarettes smoked also significantly increased the risk of exhibiting this frailty component in the youngest-old subgroup only. Poor sleep contributed to another frailty component (exhaustion) (OR: 2.52; CI: 1.46–4.37), while moderate alcohol consumption was a protective factor against three frailty components. However, these relationships were not found exclusively in the youngest-old. Living in an urban area was the only factor that contributed significantly less to individual frailty components (slowness) with advancing age, when compared to semi-rural areas. This study expands on previous work by exploring the contribution of life-course factors pertaining to lifestyle, geographic location and type of work to the manifestation of specific frailty components in the youngest-old. Our findings may support the adaptation of public policy programs (e.g., stop smoking program for young older adults) to prevent the early manifestation of frailty.


Background: The main purpose of this study was to assess changes in cervical cancer mortality rates through time between Black and Caucasian women residing in Alabama and the US. Methods: Alabama cervical cancer mortality rates (MR), percentage differences, percentage changes and annual percentage changes for trends were compared with the US baseline and target rates. The US Baseline data and target objectives of utilization of cervical cancer screening and MR were obtained from Healthy People 2020. The cervical cancer behavioral risk factors and utilization of screening tests data were obtained from CDC's Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS). The cervical cancer MR data were obtained from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER). The analysis was done using SEER*Stat and Linear Trendlines analysis. Results: Although Blacks in Alabama had higher cervical cancer MR through times, a decreasing trend was noted for both races. However, in Alabama, there is no significant change in Blacks aged 65 years and older in cervical cancer MR, despite a high screening rate compared to Whites. In contrast, between 2002 and 2012, Whites in Alabama and the US made a significant progress toward the Healthy People 2020 goal. Conclusions: In Alabama, there exists cervical cancer MR disparity in Blacks despite the higher rates of screening for cervical cancer as would otherwise be expected. The state has not yet achieved the Healthy People 2020 goal. Public health officials should monitor progress toward reduction and/or elimination of these disparities by focusing in a follow up of screening.


Purpose: This 12-year audit aimed to review the number and outcomes of all cases of Necrotizing fasciitis (NF) admitted to CAIRNS BASE HOSPITAL (CBH) from 2001 to 2013. Methodology: A retrospective chart review of cases between 2000 and 2013 was carried out using a standard proforma to document patient characteristics, management and outcomes. Results: 66 patients were identified. Of these, 64% were male and the average age was 54 years. 50% of patients identified as either Aboriginal or Torres Strait islander. 74% required an intensive care admission and the overall mortality was 18%. The strongest identifiable risk factor was diabetes mellitus (DM), present in 60% of the cohort. DM was a predictor of mortality, with the data suggesting a tenfold increase in chance of death from NF (p=0.031). An isolated infection with staphylococcus had a higher mortality in comparison to polymicrobial (p=0.015) or streptococcus (p=0.041). The presence of acute renal failure was associated with a nine-fold increase in the likelihood of death (p=0.002). Smoking, race, time to surgery, precipitating cause (i.e. spontaneous, post operation, trauma etc.) and location (leg, perineum, etc.) had no statistical impact on mortality. Conclusion: Diabetes mellitus, primary staphylococcus infection and acute renal failure are strong predictors of mortality in NF. Race and time to surgery had no statistical impact in the overall mortality, which is a very relevant finding for a regional centre with a high indigenous population.


This paper presents the mathematical modeling of coupled-tank system and designing of sliding mode control (SMC) for liquid level control in the system. The non-linear single-input single-output (SISO) mathematical model of plant is developed initially. A simulation is carried out using MATLAB/SIMULINK to control the non-linear model of coupled-tank system for a number of different conditions. The commanded inputs such as that of step, random, square, saw tooth and sinusoidal input signals are fed to the system to test the tracking performance of SMC. Some realistic situations are also included in the plant to examine the robustness of controller. The controller showed robustness for disturbance in the plant and produced an appropriate control signals for the sake of controlling the liquid level in the coupled tank system. The tracking performance of SMC is also compared with conventional PID controller in terms of performance index ITAE. The SMC showed excellent tracking results than PID controller for time varying command signals.


Considering the current debates between landowners and environmental-ists, it is this study's purpose to analyze, under a legal approach, the constitutionality or unconstitutionality of the institution and implementation of the legal reserve in face of the changes brought by the new Brazilian Forest Code, as to the constitution -al right to private rural property.To achieve the study, we first analyze the emergence of the right to private property and the principle of socio-environmental function;then we explore the legal reserve institute in the two previous Forest Codes and the new Brazilian Forest Code. Therefore, we address the clash between landowners and environmentalists about the changes in the forest law and the impacts resulting from the application of the legal reserve. Finally, we highlight the possible unconstitution - ality of the limitation of the right to private rural property in face of the institution of legal reserve.It is noteworthy that despite the changes in legislation, one cannot ignore the urgency to sensitize society to the need to preserve the environment at the risk of making the law innocuous, unenforceable, and lacking social credibility, causing a serious social and environmental step back.


Typha species are increasingly considered invasive weeds in wetlands of eastern North America. Typha angustifolia and T. × glauca are often seen as more invasive than T. latifolia, but there are few comparative biogeographic data on these three species. We examined 1,127 Typha specimens archived in major herbaria to map changes in the distributions of these species since the late-19th century. We also analyzed pollen records from the North American Pollen Database (NAPD) to examine longer-term trends in abundance of each Typha species. Proportion curves comparing the relative spread of T. angustifolia and T. latifolia reveal a period of enhanced range increase in T. angustifolia in the early to mid-20th century. From the mid-20th century onwards, the two species increased at the same rate. The relatively higher rate of spread in T. angustifolia levels off after 1930 in the more coastal region of New England, but does not stop increasing inland and in more northern regions such as Ontario until after 1970. Pollen data suggest that 80% of relevant sites in the North American Pollen Database showed an increase in the abundance of one or both Typha species over the past 1,000 years. However, there was no significantly greater increase in one type of pollen compared to the other. Typha-type pollen grains in the form of tetrads and monads are recorded in the database throughout the Holocene and late Pleistocene; however, few studies analyzed the morphology of the pollen grains sufficiently to allow for positive identification of T. angustifolia. In the few recent records that made those measurements, small numbers of pre-settlement incidences of T. angustifolia and T. × glauca are recorded. Pollen and herbarium data suggest that T. angustifolia may have been present in North America prior to European settlement, but was not widespread. Herbarium data confirm that the range increase has been considerably larger in T. angustifolia than in T. latifolia since 1880, but both Typha species have been increasing at the same rate for the past several decades, and both will continue to display invasive tendencies in disturbed wetlands.


Background: Three main meniscus preservation methods have been advocated: freezing (–80°C), freezing with gamma irradiation (–80°C + 25 kGy), and cryopreservation (–140°C). Hypothesis: All preservation methods will result in structural and architectural properties similar to those of fresh meniscus, defined as the gold standard. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: Five human intact menisci were collected from 5 patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty. The inclusion criteria were patients <70 years old with primary unilateral (medial) femorotibial knee osteoarthritis and without surgical or traumatic history on the operated knee. Four cubes (9 mm3) were cut inside of the white, or avascular, area of each specimen's middle horn and divided into 4 groups: "fresh" control, frozen (–80°C), cryopreserved (–140°C), and frozen + irradiated (–80°C + 25 kGy). Specimens of the control group were evaluated at day 1, and specimens from the frozen, cryopreserved, and frozen + irradiated groups were evaluated after 1 month of storage. Evaluation was performed with electron microscopy according a validated protocol to analyze (1) mean diameters of the collagen fibers in longitudinal and transverse sections in 5 points per section and (2) validated architectural scores. Results: No significant difference was found between the control and cryopreserved groups regarding mean transverse and longitudinal diameters (transverse: 95.39 ± 15.87 nm vs 99.62 ± 19.23 nm, P = .1; longitudinal: 96.31 ± 13.96 nm vs 94.57 ± 16.42 nm, P = .1). Significant differences were found between the control and frozen groups (transverse: 95.39 ± 15.87 nm vs 70.20 ± 13.94 nm, P < .001; longitudinal: 96.31 ± 13.96 nm vs 71.28 ± 10.64 nm, P < .001) and the control and frozen + irradiated groups (transverse: 95.39 ± 15.87 nm vs 63.1 ± 15.57 nm, P < .001; longitudinal: 96.31 ± 13.96 nm vs 60.9 ± 14.8 nm, P < .001). Regarding architectural score calculation, there were significant differences between the control and frozen groups (4.5 ± 1.3 vs 2.3 ± 1.4, P = .02) and the control and frozen + irradiated groups (4.5 ± 1.3 vs 1.4 ± 0.9, P = .02). Conclusion: Cryopreservation is the only method that preserves fresh meniscus architectural specificities. Freezing and freezing + irradiation methods modify histologic properties of meniscal allograft. Irradiation deeply alters diameters and the organization of collagen fibers, and this method should be used with caution to preserve and sterilize meniscus tissue. Clinical Relevance: The results of our study exhibited detrimental effects of simple freezing and freezing + irradiation on the collagen network of sample meniscus. If those effects occur in menisci prepared for allograft procedures, important differences could appear on the basis of the preservation procedure in terms of the graft's mechanical properties and, thus, the patient's outcomes.


Abstract A high frequency of obsessive-compulsive symptoms has been noted in adults with eating disorders. Childhood presentations of eating and obsessive-compulsive disorders are thought to be similar to the presentations of these disorders in adulthood. Therefore, it was hypothesized that children with eating disorders would show a high frequency of obsessive-compulsive symptoms. A retrospective examination of the case notes of 131 children with eating disorders revealed a high concurrence (11.5%) of obsessive-compulsive symptoms, especially in boys with anorexia nervosa.


Abstract. The design and initial experimental results from an event-based, rotating-polarizer, imaging polarimeter are presented. The speed of division-of-time imaging systems is traditionally constrained by the frame rate of the focal plane sensor and the need to sample several polarization angles during rotation. The asynchronous event reporting of event-based cameras (EBCs) frees these constraints but introduces challenges. The Stokes vectors used to describe polarization are based on irradiance, but EBCs are inherently change-detection systems that struggle to estimate irradiance. Two methods of estimating the polarization state without first recovering irradiance images are presented and compared. The DAVIS 346 sensor enables simultaneous recording of events with conventional frame-based images, enabling direct comparison of event-based polarization estimates to traditional techniques.


The current study is about the discourse analysis of Kazakhstani pedagogical universities identity presented in the official websites of the universities. Latest educational reforms made pedagogical universities to reconsider their identity to be sure that they are following the trend. This research attempts to understand what pedagogical universities are, how they are transforming through the discourse they created in their websites. 7 specialized and biggest pedagogical universities in Kazakhstan were chosen to investigate. The results of the study showed that universities are tent to prescribe the best qualities by marking themselves using strong adjectives and strong nominalization. Another commonality among universities was that all of them show clear difference between classical education and modern educational development and they want to take both of them.


Aim: The aim of the present experiment was to examine whether waterlogging induced deficiency or excess of elements, is the cause for reduction in cane weight of sugarcane genotypes under waterlogged conditions. Methodology: The experiment was conducted in pots with eleven sugarcane genotypes grown under control and waterlogged conditions. Waterlogging treatment was imposed at 120 days crop age for a period of 60 days. Cane weight and element concentrations were measured at the end of waterlogging. Results: Compared to control, reduction in cane weight of sugarcane genotypes under waterlogging varied from 5.3% (A-46-11) to 32.3% (CoJ 64). Waterlogging caused a significant decrease in leaf N, P, K, S, Zn and Cu concentrations of sugarcane genotypes; the extent of decreases in leaf N and S were more and values for these elements dropped below their reported critical deficiency level for most genotypes. There was a significant inverse correlation between leaf K and S concentration, and reduction in cane weight of sugarcane genotypes, indicating that genotypes with high leaf K and S under waterlogging have relatively less reduction in cane weight. There were significant increase in the leaf Fe, Al, Mn and Na concentrations under waterlogging, however, increase in these elements were not correlated with reduction in cane weight of sugarcane genotypes. Interpretation: The results suggest that deficiencies of N, K and S rather than excess of Fe, Al and Mn is a major cause for reduction in cane weight of sugarcane genotypes under waterlogged condition. The genotypes tolerant to N, K and S deficiencies under waterlogging can be utilized in breeding program for developing sugarcane varieties with improved waterlogging tolerance. Key words: Cane weight, Element deficiencies, Element toxicities, Sugarcane, Waterlogging


In a prospective controlled clinical trial the natural history of cardiac arrhythmias and their prevention with prophylactic quinidine therapy were studied in 23 patients with acute coronary insufficiency without myocardial infarction. After a loading procedure, 300 mg of quinidine sulfate or placebo was administered orally every 6 hours for up to 5 days under balanced, random, double-blind conditions. An automated arrhythmia detection system was used to quantify arrhythmias from stored continuous electrocardiographic tape recordings.The frequency of ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias tended to increase progressively on each successive day of study in placebo-treated patients. By contrast, in quinidine-treated patients all arrhythmias were quantitatively lower on each day of therapy and did not show a tendency toward progressive daily increases. In the placebo group there was an average of 140 premature ventricular contractions (PVC's) per day on the first day which increased to 600 PVC's per day by the fifth day, whereas with quinidine there was an average of 40 PVC's per day or less throughout the 5 days of study (P < 0.01). The daily increase in ventricular arrhythmias in placebo-treated patients with acute coronary insufficiency during the 5 days is in contrast to the natural history of patients with documented myocardial infarction who have a marked daily decrease in the frequency of ventricular arrhythmias during the first 5 days. Significant arrhythmia suppression with quinidine was present when mean blood quinidine concentration reached a steady state above 4 mg/liter at the end of the first day of therapy. Adverse reactions to quinidine were not observed. On the basis of these data, quinidine sulfate given prophylactically at a dosage producing modest blood concentrations appeared to be both effective and safe for the prevention of ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias that occurred during the first 5 days after an episode of acute coronary insufficiency without infarction.


- According to the systematic functional grammar model (for example, Halliday (1985) and Halliday and Matthiessen (2004), language is seen to serve three functions: the ideational macrofunction, the interpersonal macrofunction and the textual macrofunction. This article confines its discussion within the textual macrofunction which expresses the discoursal meaning by drawing on the system and network of Theme (T) and Rheme (R) to create a text in actual communicative event. Therefore, this article attempts to apply the information structure (T and R) and syntactic theory in the translation of English political news-texts from the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) into Arabic. In the presentation of the word order of the sentence constituents, this article will adopt Culicover (1997) syntactic and structural theory of Principle and Parameters in particular the X' theory along with Halliday's (1985) thematic structure. Finally, to test whether the thematic and rhetoric changes affect the quality of the translated messages, this article will adopt Katz and Fodor's (1963), and Jackson's (1988) notational technique of changes of messages between those of the ST in English and their corresponding messages in the TT Arabic translation . The study reveals that except for those differences embedded in the grammatical structures, the Theme (T) and Rheme ( R) structures bearing the author's intention have the tendency to be reproduced in the translation. Also culturally laden lexical items in the TT may provide a variation to the ST message.


BACKGROUND
 The incidence of type 2 diabetes is related to exercise capacity. Relatively high cardiorespiratory fitness and a moderate level of muscular strength were associated with a lower risk of developing type 2 diabetes. However, the tests of CRF and muscle strength requires to be completed under the guidance of personnel and professional equipment. Muscle endurance as an important manifestation of muscle function was related to muscle metabolism.

 OBJECTIVE
 The study aimed to develop and validate the relationship between a remote simple and effective assessment of muscle endurance with type 2 diabetes morbidity.

 METHODS
 Patients with type 2 diabetes without severe complications or comorbidities and disease-free adults aged 18-60 years were recruited and were allocated to diabetes and disease-free group. All subjects were arranged to undergo an online muscle endurance assessment following the videos from the app. The baseline characteristics and test values were be recorded through the app.

 RESULTS
 426 participants were enrolled, most of whom (400/426, 93.90%) successfully completed the study. There were significant differences between the type 2 diabetes group and disease-free group in age, gender, height, weight body mass index (BMI), parental history of diabetes, smoke, alcohol, psychology, lower limbs muscle endurance, upper limbs muscle endurance and core muscle endurance (P<0.05). Characteristics including age, height, weight and body mass index (BMI) were higher in the type 2 diabetes group and lower muscle endurance than in the disease-free group. Multivariate regression analysis showed that gender (OR=7.406, 95%CI:3.26-16.827), age (OR=3.919, 95% CI: 1.982-7.746), BMI (OR= 2.739, 95% CI: 1.421-5.282), parental history of diabetes(OR=9.825, 95% CI: 4.783-20.183),lower limb muscle endurance (lower level OR=4.282, 95%CI: 1.537-11.928), Upper abdominal (lower level OR= 4.632, 95%CI: 1.847-11.618) were correlated with the incidence of type 2 diabetes

 CONCLUSIONS
 This is the first study that focuses on the assessment of muscle endurance remotely. More importantly, our research showed that the level of muscle endurance of the lower limbs and Upper abdominal are negatively correlated with the risk of the type 2 diabetes, which provided a simple and effective remote test to achieve self-assessment of type 2 diabetes risk.

 CLINICALTRIAL
 The study registered with the Chinese Clinical Trial registry (ChiCTR1800019894)


Motivated by the promising benefit of time division duplexing (TDD) in interference mitigation, this paper investigates the dynamic TDD problem for green Internet of Things (IoT), where IoT devices and access points (APs) are distributed in an indoor network coverage area and the network traffic is time-varying. The problem is formulated in which each AP optimizes its radio frame configuration (RFC) to maximize a network utility in terms of the throughput in the long term. Considering the time-varying network traffic of uplink and downlink transmissions, we approach with deep reinforcement learning (DRL), an emerging tool in wireless network control, to train the optimal RFC policy for each AP. Simulation results reveal that our approach improves the data rate by approximately 30%, compared to those of existing schemes.


Practical methods for remote sensing when scene complexity and atmospheric effects modify intrinsic reflective properties are developed. The radiation history from ground to space of light reflected from individual leaves is initially multiply scattered within the crop canopy, whose geometry provides a controlling influence, then scattered and attenuated as a result of transmission through the Earth's atmosphere. The experimental and theoretical tools for studying these effects quantitatively are under development. A new radiative transfer code which uses Fourier transforms to solve the 3-D equation of transfer was developed. The initial version permits inhomogeneous non-Lambertian surfaces but assumes horizontal uniformity for the atmosphere. The computational results are in excellent agreement with Monte Carlo calculations. Laboratory apparatus to study the variation of spectral reflectance of individual leaves as a function of illumination incidence angle and reflection angle was used. These data can then be used in models to determine canopy scattering effects. Stress tests by observing leaf reflectance at 0.9 microns as a function of time following clipping from the stem was performed. A reflectance increase due to loss of water has been observed.


Reflective practice has become a key trope within debates around teaching and learning in higher education. Yet, beneath this anodyne rhetoric, teachers and students are being disciplined in a manner that aligns so-called "standards" and professional development with the corporate strategies of educational institutions. Educational developers who seek to promote "standards" and "accountability" in the learning environment enforce the practice of "reflection" as a key educational experience and tool. Repetitive reflective exercises become the means and the monitoring of education.
How should anthropology, a discipline that focuses on dynamics of diversity and structure, respond to this discourse, and the generic teaching methods that it promotes. And what are the links between these initiatives and the marketing of higher education as a quality-assured educational product?
This article compares the author's experience of teaching English to European teenagers in a small community centre to teaching anthropology to undergraduates in a large university. It uses the case of the HEA accredited teaching course that was meant to bridge these two, apparently distinct educational realms.


Distributed building PV systems are very promising renewable energy resources for urban areas. The Chinese government puts great efforts into developing and deploying building PV systems including building-attached photovoltaic systems (BAPV) and building-integrated photovoltaic system (BIPV). The national feed-in tariff policy provides a subsidy to improve the selfconsumption of distributed building PV systems, which is greatly attractive to investors. For distributed building PV with high self-consumption ratio, the economic performance also closely ties to the electricity price policy. However, limited research has investigated the impacts of electricity price change on the economic performance of building PV applications across China. Hence, this study aims to bridge the gap by conducting a lifecycle cost-benefit analysis of various kinds of distributed building PV systems (both BAPV and BIPV) across China by considering the electricity price change. There are 12 cities selected to represent the majority of urban areas in China with diverse geographic conditions and electricity policy conditions. Five different building PV systems covering the most popular types of building PV systems in China are investigated. Net Present Value (NPV) per kW is employed to assess the economic performance. Through an established MATLAB program, the relationship between the changes of electricity price and the economic performance of each case in all selected cities are investigated and discussed. This study provides great insight for investors and policymakers regarding the investment choice and policy incentives of building PV applications when confronting high uncertainty of electricity price.


The American media landscape is undergoing a fundamental transformation as the television broadcast service transitions to a wholly digital infrastructure. Initiated by the Federal Communications Commission ("FCC") in 1987,' and subsequently amended and modified by a series of FCC orders and Congressional acts, including the Telecommunications Act of 19962 and the Balanced Budget Act of 1997, 3 the digital television ("DTV") transition promises to revolutionize television. The inherent flexibility of DTV allows for the transmission of high-definition programming or the simultaneous transmission of multiple standard definition programming as well as ancillary data delivery.' This flexibility can bring a new range of wireless entertainment and educational experiences to the American public that were not possible before. Moreover, the DTV transition will require the return of 108 MHz of analog TV spectrum in the 700 MHz band back to the federal government and a repacking of the TV band into the core of channels 2 through 51. A portion of the former TV channels at 700 MHz is slated to be assigned for public safety


With advancement in technology our native planet Earth has become a global village, the bad or good effect of these developments in technology are being transferred from one country to another rapidly. The world of work is demanding more knowledge-able and skilled man power to run the industry, that's why almost all developed and developing countries are concentrating more and more on development of technical education and are using technical education as a master-key for industrial and economic development, to control the increasing un-employment, promoting entrepreneurship (self-employment) and alleviate poverty. Pakistan is facing an ever increasing ratio of un-employment in youth, while the industry is lacking for appropriately trained manpower but it is a general opinion that technical education is not delivering quality. Realizing the potential role of technical education the researcher has aimed to devise a model plan for enhancement of technical education in Pakistan. The objectives of the study were: (i) to highlight the global trends regarding Technical Education, (ii) to identify the main factors which play key-role in enhancement of Technical Education, (iii) to highlight the present scenario of technical education in Pakistan, (iv) to diagnose the causes for not achieving the quality in Technical Education of Pakistan, (V) to devise a model plan for enhancement of Technical Education in Pakistan. The study was a descriptive iv research and mixed in its nature. The population of the study was all the experts of technical education, principals of all the (government) technical colleges, all the placement officers of technical colleges and alumnae of all the technical education. Through a focused group discussion the main factors that play key role in enhancement of technical education, global trends and the profile of technical education in Pakistan regarding these key factors were explored. The participants of the focused group discussion were the experts from planning commission, Education and especially the experts of technical education. Three instruments ( questionnaires) were developed that were based on the key factors explored through focused group discussion and then survey from principals, placement officers and ten alumnae members from each technical colleges, was conducted to acquire there opinion regarding the present scenario of technical education in Pakistan and key factors that play role in enhancement of technical education. This second phase (survey) was followed by third phase focusing on detailed qualitative interviews. Few of the substantial findings of the study showed that world over the technical education is considered as a master key for the in most of countries fund allocation for technical education is being enhanced and considered as an investment on the youth, which returns in the form of poverty alleviation, country's economic growth, availability of jobs in market, self-employment of the youth and in most of the countries curricula are being made flexible and job market oriented, industry and business men are involved in the process of curriculum development, students and faculty training and evaluation of students. The study also pointed out that the condition of Infrastructure, curricula, teaching effective-ness, and intake was least satisfactory in technical colleges. The main recommendations suggested were the revision of curricula, social marketing of technical education, development of National Qualification Framework v (NQF) and Proper legislation for involvement of the industry in process of enhancement of technical education. In the light of conclusions and recommendations, a model plan for enhancement of technical education in Pakistan was devised and sent to experts for its validation and improvements were made in light of expert's opinion.


This contribution follows the order of the Abstract and Summary in the AERA 2005 on-line Conference Programme and will focus on educational influences in my learning from the 31 year research programme into a reconstruction of educational theory described in the Abstract. The contribution is focused on relating my learning, from my s-step research, to answering the questions and justifying the claims made in the Summary below. The questions to be answered and the claims to be justified are underlined in the Summary for emphasis. The answers and justifications are included in the Summary in bold italics with an additional reference section of author and dates to distinguish them from the questions, claims and references made in the original proposal with a former colleage, Sarah Fletcher. The placing of this contribution by the SIG programme chair into a session on Renewing the Craft of Self-Study is particularly appropriate to researching a process of enhancing educational influence that involves a commitment to living values of humanity more fully in practice. Abstract The paper is focused on research into issues of demography and democracy explicated by our web-based resources that influence our values-based standards of accountability we aspire to in educational practices and influences as professional educators with our students and mentees (1). Self-studies of educational influence from a 31 year research programme into a reconstruction of educational theory and a 12 year research programme into the educational influence of mentoring will be used to demonstrate how a present theory -practice gap, in much educational research, can be overcome. This is accomplished by integrating insights, from the theories produced by adherents to social science and philosophical disciplines of education, into the theories produced by practitioner-researchers in explanations of their educational influence. Demographic differences in standards of democracy used for accountability are addressed in relation to accounts of learning from different countries. Summary a. PURPOSES;


ABSTRACTBackground: Many randomized trials in the treatment of bone metastases have reported that radiotherapy reduces bone pain and decreases analgesic consumption. However, reporting of other pain-related functional outcomes has been sparse. The primary objective of this study was to prospectively determine changes in pain intensity and its functional interference following palliative radiotherapy for painful bone metastases.Materials and Methods: Patients with symptomatic bone metastases treated with palliative radiotherapy from May 2003 to June 2005 were followed with the Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) at baseline, 1, 2, and 3 months after the delivery of radiotherapy. Radiotherapy outcome was assessed using the International Bone Metastases Consensus response definitions.Results: One hundred and ninety-nine patients were treated with palliative radiotherapy. All three pain scores and seven functional interference items at two months showed a significant improvement compared to the baseline. Complete, par...


Objectives: This study aimed to examine the impact of a regular professional oral health care program and the accompanying oral health education. Methods: We included 552 patients who visited the C dental hospital more than 5 times as part of a regular professional oral health care program from January 2009 to March 2014. This program comprised of an O'Leary plaque control record, tooth brushing instructions, professional tooth brushing, professional tooth cleaning, periodontal or operative treatment (optional), and education on auxiliary devices. The O'Leary plaque control record was evaluated at the fifth consecutive visit, from the first visit to the recent visit. Results: The study data revealed that patient plaque control rate significantly increased with a lapse in care provided from the baseline. However, no intergroup differences were observed with respect to age and sex. The plaque controlling ability of a patient who was educated on the Watanabe's brushing method, which was a combination of the Watanabe's brushing method and rolling method, was significantly increased. Use of an interdental brush, attending the 5-time tooth brushing instruction program, and tooth polishing aided to enhance the plaque-control rate. Further, the plaque control rate of a patient with a pontic, fully covered tooth and implant was significantly higher than those without the same. The Watanabe's brushing method, number of fully covered teeth, and number of implants were significant variables that impacted the final plaque control rate, as ascertained using multiple linear regression analysis. Increased plaque control rate was maintained till the recent evaluation from the fifth visit. Conclusions: The ability of patients to reduce plaque formation was improved after the educational program, which comprised of tooth brushing instructions as part of a regular professional oral health care program.


Surface energy and microstructure-dependent size phenomena can play significant roles in physical performance of nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS). Herein, the static and dynamic pull-in instability of cantilever and double-clamped NEMS fabricated from conductive cylindrical nanowires with circular cross section is studied. The Gurtin–Murdoch surface elasticity in combination with the couple stress continuum theory is employed to incorporate the coupled effects of surface energy and microstructure-dependent size phenomenon. Using Green–Lagrange strain, the higher order surface stress components are incorporated into the governing equation. The effect of gas damping is considered in the model as well as structural damping. The nonlinear governing equation is solved using analytical reduced order method. The effects of various parameters on the static and dynamic pull-in parameters, phase plans, and stability threshold of the nanowire-based structures are demonstrated.


In this paper, a new Radar-based technique to forecast probability of rainfall within the next 4 hours is presented. Time series data of Doppler Weather RADARs located at different points in the Philippines allow us to observe and forecast the chance of rain at a more localized level. Trajectories derived from the trail of past observations are used to generate the percent chance of rain (PCOR) for different cities. From this technique, automatically obtained forecasts for rain events are generally accurate with an average accuracy of 94.84%, and with Success Ratio of 45.95% for forecasted rain with actual rain events for the first hour.


The concentration and size distribution of Te inclusions in CdMnTe (CMT) are key factors in nuclear devices performance. High-concentration and large-size Te inclusions degrade the performance drastically, especially for electrical properties. In this paper, the Te inclusions along the axial and radial directions in CMT crystal grown by the Traveling Heater Method (THM) were revealed by Infrared Microscopic System. The size of Te inclusions is 5-17 μm and the concentration is (2.5-4.6) ×105 cm-3. The Current-Voltage measurements were performed and the resistivity of the CdMnTe crystal with excess Te was in the range of 108-109 Ωcm, and the correlation between the Te inclusions and resistivity was investigated. The large size (>17 μm) and high concentration (4.5 of ×105 cm-3) Te inclusion decrease the resistivity of the CMT crystal seriously.


For system LSI's to be widely accepted and to answer society's needs is to achieve short development cycles [*] and greatly reduce the man-hours for customer responsive design. At Oki Electric, we have built a hierarchical LSI platform known as SPA and are providing customers with solutions, which include a high level of special knowledge. With the expansion of application areas comes the requirement for mixed integration of different kinds of technology, and we are putting special effort into achieving analog/digital mixed signal LSI's, and even mixed mount one chip LSI's with RF circuits included. We are pressing ahead to establish SOI technology to achieve lowering of energy, which is key. The advancing of the era and the role of system LSI's. The electronic infrastructure which forms the base for the progress of the information society has grown greatly, in step with the progress and development of silicon technology. Through this, the level of the information society has also risen rapidly. Integrated circuits, which made their appearance in the second half of the 20th century, stimulated the advancement of large-scale computers and the information age began. Integrated circuits evolved into LSI's, and with the rapid progress of microprocessors and DRAM's, the development and proliferation of personal computers proceeded. While having a large impact on society, this also caused a major upheaval in the world of the IT industry. 1 The progress of the LSI in this era is truly symbolized by the development of these two general purposed LSI's. With the expectation for the union of computing and communications, the explosive development of the Internet and the conjunction of portable telephones and the Internet have both proceeded. We are rapidly entering the "network era" and the "personal era." Also, the digitalization of consumer electronics products continues, and a movement has begun toward a multimedia society in which there is a conjoining of computers, communications and consumers. Development of an electronic infrastructure, as mentioned above, holds the key to advancing this era of greater "informationization." In regard to LSI's, the requirement is for the creation of systems on chips meld in higher levels of various kinds of special knowledge. In particular, multimedia devices, most notably wireless portable devices, are expanding into the area of personal use. Consequently, both the necessary performance and economy of LSI's are being strongly demanded, and low power is becoming another important factor. In other words, an essential condition for advancement of a higher level of informationization is the realization of system LSI's which offer high performance and high functionality, low power requirements, and the appropriate level of economy. In this way, there are big expectations in regard to the further development of system LSI's, but in order to respond to this, some major issues must be overcome. One of these is how to compress the huge number of man-hours of design time needed to build a system on a chip and thus achieve practical development times and development costs. Also, with system LSI's the objective is to place many functions on one chip, and provide the use of an optimum solution. Therefore, as the areas for application expand, there will be demands to mix mount different devices, such as the mix mounting of logic devices with DRAM or flash memory. Also, devices with completely different circuit technology can be mix mounted, as, for example, analog and digital. For that reason, it is necessary to establish these technologies and how to use them. Accompanying the increase in the level of integration and trend toward higher performance of these system LSI's, it is necessary to avoid any increase in power consumption. Likewise, for portable applications, lowering of power consumption, including holding current, becomes an important index. In this volume, in the context of Oki's response to the above indicated system LSI issues, we discuss various technical trends, focusing on the fields that Oki is challenging, giving full play to our special capabilities.


The preparation of cellulose solutions is important for derivatization and blend formation of this natural polymer. Besides solvents like CS 2 /NaOH and NMMNO*H 2 O unconventional solvent system can be applied for dissolution of cellulose. This group of solvents includes inorganic molten salts and salt hydrates. Inorganic molten salts can be used as efficient solvents for cellulose in a wide range of degree of polymerization. Furthermore molten salts can be applied as reaction medium for the derivatization of cellulose. For both dissolution and derivatization of cellulose the knowledge of the solution state as well as information about chemical interactions with the solvent system is essential. Beside the specific structure of the molten salt hydrate, the cation and the water content of the melt are the most important factors for the dissolving capability of a molten salt hydrate system.


Three-dimensional CFD simulations were conducted in order to determine the performance of UltraCompact-Combustor (UCC) configurations proposed for use as an Inter-Turbine Burner (ITB) in aerospace gas turbine propulsion systems. Previous work has shown that a UCC/ITB concept recently developed by AFRL has shown promise. In this study, six design modifications designed to enhance vorticity generation, promote mixing in the top circumferential cavity, and to enhance the entrainment of combustion products from the circular cavity into the main stream more flow have been proposed. Vorticity producing ramps have been effectively used to enhance mixing in high speed combustion systems. This idea has been utilized to propose three modifications to the side wall and one to the top wall of the circumferential cavity (CC) of the baseline concept. These modifications have the desirable characteristic of introducing very little blockage to the CC flow. A swirler like geometry placed on the side wall of the CC has also been proposed. In addition, variation of the fuel injection angle has studied. These modifications are intended to drive radial transport of combustion products from the CC into the main airflow and promote lean burning. The CFD results indicate that the performance of the UCC/ITB is not dependent upon the shape of the CC side wall vorticity enhancers. In fact the three side wall concepts had very little overall impact on the flow. Intense burning in the ITB CC was predicted by the CFD simulations, suggesting strong flame stability characteristics, improved lean blowout performance, and high combustion efficiency of the AFRL UCC/ITB concept. The results further showed that the location of the vorticity enhancers, to some extent plays an important role in determining the migration mechanism and shedding rate of the combustion products from the high g-loaded swirling CC into the main airflow producing distinct burning patterns downstream of the Radial Vane Cavities (RCV) trailing edge. These burning patterns, however, were found to produce somewhat unconventional radial temperature and fuel-air ratio profiles at the ITB exit plane. These radial profiles indicate an increased need for mixing of combustion products with main airflow, even with the enhancers. The results generally indicate that the exit temperature profile is quite insensitive to vortex enhancers located on side plates, but sensitive to the vorticity enhancer located on the top wall of the CC, due to the centrifugal effects of the injection air into the circumferential cavity and the resulting high G effects. It appears that the ITB exit profile can be manipulated by placing suitable devices on the top wall to produce disturbances into the CC flowfield. Therefore, this study indicates a need for further design, CFD, and experimental efforts to improve main air stream and combustion products mixing performance.


: Over the last decade, the delivery of continuing education to nurses in rural and remote South Australia has undergone considerable change. Historically, nurses in these areas have been professionally isolated in carrying out their chosen career through the ever present distance factor. Until recent times, continuing education programs have not been as accessible to rural nurses as they have been to their metropolitan colleagues. This paper takes a light hearted look at the development of continuing nurse education in rural and remote South Australia over the last decade, highlighting some of the 'highs' and 'lows' of keeping travelling nurse educators 'on the road', 'in the air', or just 'flat out on the ground'. At the same time, the concept and significance of such an educational program in this region of the state will be addressed by the writer, from the experiences of two different educational institutions.


The idea of protecting the dignity of human beings as individuals and members of the human species, the recognition of human rights is one of the most important achievements of modern social systems. It is result of deep aspirations of humanization of moral and physical integrity of a person. Inherent dignity rests on the peculiarities of human nature and is its existential value. Legal protection of the dignity is continuously improving its mechanisms and instruments in an international environment, with the aim of respecting the individuality of individuals. The Human Rights Committee (HRC) force the provisions of the International Convent of Civil and Political Rights for the protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms and its decisions form a separate human rights protection system. The research particularly included the researching the HRC recommendations that invoke the protection of human dignity in their statements of reasons when establishing a violation of a certain human right and by analysing their contents I found the areas guaranteed by the ICCPRwhich are most prone to violation of human dignity. Analysing the HRC case law, one becomes aware of the evolving humanisation of access to protection of human dignity. Harmonization of legal systems of the state parties to the Convention, creates strong support of human rights and improving the sociological structure of modern social systems.


ABSTRACT In this paper, a sixth-order finite difference weighted essentially non-oscillatory (WENO) scheme is developed to approximate the viscosity solution of the Hamilton–Jacobi equations. This new WENO scheme has the same spatial nodes as the classical fifth-order WENO scheme proposed by Jiang and Peng [Weighted ENO schemes for Hamilton–Jacobi equations, SIAM. J. Sci. Comput. 21 (2000), pp. 2126–2143] but can be as high as sixth-order accurate in smooth region while keeping sharp discontinuous transitions with no spurious oscillations near discontinuities. Extensive numerical experiments in one- and two-dimensional cases are carried out to illustrate the capability of the proposed scheme.


In order to develop a nitric oxides adsorbent, some kinds of natural minerals were used in the presented study. A series of adsorbents were prepared according to uniform design and the adsorbing abilities were determined. The regression equations were drawn and the best formulation named JA was obtained from the equations. JA was prepared according to the formulation, and the adsorbability was also determined. Results showed that the absorbent JA can adsorb 156.7mg of NO and 289.9mg of NO2 simultaneously in 3 hrs and the saturated adsorption quantity of NOx is 22.2% in experiment conditions, which is far better than that of active carbon. Comparing with traditional orthogonal design, experiments designed by uniform design can attain the purpose by fewer experiments. It can also obtain quantitative regression equations accurately on the basis of the results of the experiments. The equations are also helpful in results analysis.


of a work in progress on tourism, Confino suggests that the experience of travel and tourism in the post-1949 Federal Republic was a way that Germans could simultaneously remember and forget their Nazi past. Like his previous discussion of twentieth-century representations of Heimat based on the study of political posters, this one is more evocative than definitive, but it is a stimulating point of departure. Of all the questions raised by a reading of this book, one deserving of further consideration stems from Confino's distinction between commemoration and recollection, namely the best means for elucidating and then analyzing the common features of individual recollections and reflections. One procedure, found in the brilliant and not fully appreciated works of Lutz Niethammer (briefly discussed by Confino), in particular his study of the experience of the years 1930–60 among the working class of the Ruhr Basin and his work on the experience of the real-socialist society of the GDR, involves large numbers of individual oral history interviews carried out by a team of researchers, which are then reviewed and investigated for common features. Of course, such a method, for organizational and financial reasons, is difficult to emulate. Beyond the question of gathering recollections is that of their analysis. Historians, including Niethammer and certainly Confino as well, have generally relied on Freudian concepts, particularly that of repression. Unfortunately, Freud's ideas have proven to have relatively little to do with the actual workings of human memory. Although works of academic psychology on the nature of memory are often rather arid and their reading is forbidding, I wonder if they might offer an ultimately more profitable guide to historians following Alan Confino on the paths of recollection.


Sound emission from mounting points transmitting into support structures is an important physical parameter in characterization of structure-borne sound.The mobility method provides a complete and mathematically rigorous way for predicting the sound emission value,but is inconvenient as it contains too many elements.From the eigenvalue theory,a simplified method is proposed for building equipment,in which mobilities of structure-borne sound sources are considerably greater than those of the supporting structure.With two typical fans as an example,sound power predicted using proposed method is compared with that predicted with other approximate methods.Results show that the proposed method gives ±4dB error with respect to the precise value,better than other approximate methods.


I present a mechanistic predation model with explicit representation of predator aggregation for analysing the relationship between mortality rate of prey and their vulnerability (e.g., conspicuousness, escape ability). The model is developed for an aquatic setting with plankton as prey and planktivores as predators, but the principle is general. When predators are aggregated, encounters between prey and predators are not independent events. This means that a prey that runs into one predator is more likely to run into more predators, and any prey that runs into a high number of predators will eventually be perceived and captured, almost irrespective of how cryptic it is or how well it escapes attacks. A prey that has not run into a predator yet is more likely to continue to not run into predators and may therefore avoid predation even if it displays no crypsis or anti predation behaviour. Therefore, the predation risk from aggregated predators is less dependent on prey vulnerability than the intuitive pro...


Abstract: This paper aims to discuss the conceptions of teachers on regular class about the pedagogic class support. The participants were 68 teachers in the early years of municipal schools, which responded to a questionnaire, self-administered wich consists on 18 questions. Questionnaires considered "not valid" for the purposes of a master thesis were used. For their analysis, it was adopted the content analysis, considering the assumptions of epistemic-methodological approach of dialectical and historical materialism. This study demonstrates that the conditions of work are crucial for the teachers actions and how affect the schooling process on their students. The results points to the fact that, in general, the working conditions of the teachers do not favor the critical thinking and reflections as much on their actions, what proposes, in general, a homogenizing design and annulment of what constitute students as subjects. Keywords: teaching work; pedagogic class support; working conditions; difficulties in the schooling process; blaming on the students.


The literature concerning clinical experience with mucolytic agents in patients with stable COPD, and the effects of these agents on bronchial secretions in vitro was reviewed. Aerosols containing detergents exert little mucolytic action, and their value for patients with stable COPD has not been established objectively; they may be of subjective benefit by reducing or replacing loss of H2O from the upper airways for patients breathing dry air. For patients with COPD stabilized in a treatment program that includes bronchodilator, adequate H2O intake, bronchial toilet, and antibiotic drugs when necessary, controlled clinical studies indicated that adding routine administration of aerosolized mucolytic agent, such as acetylcysteine, is of neither subjective nor objective benefit. When resistance to removal by cough or obstruction due to thick tenacious secretions or mucus plugs continues to be troublesome, a mucolytic agent such as acetylcysteine that will attack the gel structure and loosen the plugs can b...


Many situations require people to stop or change their current thoughts and actions. We present a theory of the inhibition of thought and action to account for people's performance in such situations. The theory proposes that a control signal, such as an external stop signal or an error during performance, starts a stopping process that races against the processes underlying ongoing thought and action. If the stopping process wins, thought and action are inhibited; if the ongoing process wins, thought and action run on to completion. We develop the theory formally to account for many aspects of performance in situations with explicit stop signals, and we apply it to several sets of data. We discuss the relation between response inhibition and other acts of control in motor performance and in cognition, and we consider how our theory relates to current thinking about attentional control and automaticity.


Tetrapleura tetraptera, also known commonly as Prekese or Aidan fruit in Ghana and Nigeria, respectively, is noted for its use in herbal preparations. The fruit in particular is employed as an ingredient in traditional medicine and as a spice across West-Africa. The seed, which forms part of the fruit, is discarded together with the spent fruit. This study aimed to evaluate the phytochemical composition as well as the biological activity of the hexane and ethanol extracts of the prekese seed. Our investigation revealed that the extracts contained valuable secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and glycosides. All extracts exhibited mild to good levels of antimicrobial activity against the tested microorganisms. The ethanol extract had a better biological activity compared to the hexane extract. The biological activities of both the hexane and ethanol extracts were lower compared to those of ciprofloxacin and ketoconazole.


In this paper we will investigate the complex-valued solutions and stability of the generalized variant of Wilson's functional equation
(E) : f(xy) + χ(y)f(σ(y)x) = 2f(x)g(y), x, y ∈ G,
 where G is a group, σ is an involutive morphism of G and χ is a character of G. (a) We solve (E) when σ is an involutive automorphism, and we obtain some properties about solutions of (E) when σ is an involutive anti-automorphism. (b) We obtain the Hyers Ulam stability of equation (E). As an application, we prove the superstability of the functional equation f(xy) + χ(y)f(σ(y)x) = 2f(x)f(y), x, y ∈ G.


Open source software is built by teams of volunteers. Each project has a core team of developers who have the authority to commit changes to the repository; this team is the elite core of the project, selected through a meritocratic process from a larger number of people who participate on the mailing list. Understanding the factors that influence the "who, how and when" of this process is critical for the sustainability of FLOSS projects and for outside stakeholders who want to gain entry and succeed. Prior research indicates that certain types of behaviors, such as the duration and intensity of participation on the developer mailing list, and the submission of patches, play a role in immigration. However, this work has largely been qualitative and/or descriptive. We use quantitative hazard rate modeling, which supports the statistical testing of hypotheses concerning the influence of these factors on the rate of immigration. We develop a theory of open source project joining, and use data from Postgres, Python, and the Apache web server to statistically evaluate it using a piecewise-constant proportional hazard rate model. Quantitative modeling reveals variations across the projects in the effects of a participant's a) duration in a FLOSS community; b) their volume of patch submission; and c) and their social status. These variations can be attributed to differences across the projects in institutional norms for joining, technical complexity of the projects and governance mechanisms.