The spectrohelioscope, an instrument for observing the sun in monochromatic light, has been briefly described in a previous article.' The same optical parts employed in the preliminary work are now rigidly mounted in a vertical position in my new Solar Laboratory in Pasadena (a branch of the Mount Wilson Observatory). The second mirror of the coelostat, which stands at the summit of a low tower, sends the sun's rays vertically downward to a 30-cm. objective (kindly loaned me by the Yerkes Observatory) which forms a 5-cm. image of the sun on the slit of a spectroscope standing in a well excavated in the earth below the laboratory at the base of the tower. This spectroscope, like the one used for the study of the sunspot spectra with the large tower telescope on Mount Wilson, has a focal length of 23 meters. It differs from that instrument, however, in having a skeleton tube running from the top to the bottom of the well, which carries at its upper end a reflecting spectroscope of 15 cm. aperture and 4 meters focal length, available for use as a spectrohelioscope or as a spectroheliograph. The oscillating slit-bar which served in the earlier work is still used, but by reducing the amplitude of oscillation to about 6 mm., single slits 0.08 mm. wide at each end of the bar are made to serve instead of the two sets of five slits previously employed. As the bar oscillates, the first slit moves back and forth over a part of the 5-cm. solar image, while the hydrogen line Ha, in the bright first order spectrum of a very fine plane grating ruled by Jacomini with 600 lines to the millimeter, moves alternately toward red and violet. When the second slit on the bar is set on this line, slit and line move exactly together. Thus the observer, looking with a low-power eyepiece through the rapidly oscillating second slit, sees a portion of the sun (about 6 mm. wide and 12 mm. long) in monochromatic hydrogen light. If the second slit (which with the dispersion employed is narrower than Ha) is set on the middle of the line, the sun is materially darkened, and the bright and dark flocculi, caused by increased radiation or absorption in various portions of the hydrogen atmosphere, are seen in projection against the disk. Prominences which extend beyond the limb appear dark against the disk and bright against the much less brilliant sky. In general, therefore, the spectrohelioscope differs in its function from the spectroheliograph chiefly in rendering easily visible the phenomena long since discovered photographically with the latter instrument. Thus its usefulness might seem to be limited to service as a scouting auxiliary of the spectroheliograph or spectrograph. It will soon be evident that this is 28; PROC. N. A. S.


A review of the evidence available on the extent that Chartered Engineers in the UK need expertise in budgeting, planning, organisation, motivation, contracts, industrial relations, health, safety law and other "managerial" subjects.


Purpose

The purpose of this study is to examine the role of brand names and product types on bicultural's purchasing intention. In cross-cultural marketing, a current popular position among bicultural consumer advocates that brand name that has a foreign character denotes that when an unknown brand is present, and if the unknown brand is a hedonic product, then a foreign character that has a long-standing history of delivery quality products should be mandatory.

Design/methodology/approach

Through a multidisciplinary literature review, qualitatively supported differences in bicultural consumers from a majority-minority status are reviewed and formulated as hypotheses, and a survey is used to collect quantitative data from a stratified random sample.

Findings

A 2 (cultural identity vs felt ethnicity) × 2 (English brand name vs Japanese brand name) factorial experiment, which tested this contention, revealed that, although consumers are considered biculturals, they will be more inclined to perceive products to be of higher quality when the product is written in Japanese than in English. Furthermore, the result shows that felt ethnicity has a significant impact on attitude toward brand names, whereas bicultural's cultural identity does not. However, on the other hand, cultural identity has a significant impact on the product type considered, whereas felt ethnicity does not.

Research limitations/implications

As a starting point for understanding the bicultural consumer from a majority-minority perspective, this study is subject to exploratory research limitations.

Practical implications

The result suggests that when developing ads, managers should take into account the effect of language characters has on their target audience's ethnicity. As it is common for ads to consist of written language, colors, images and messages, managers should not just concentrate on one, rather should consider how all these factors can come together and create a favorable ad.

Originality/value

As the number of immigrants increase in the USA, the notion of considering what a melting pot is has reached another level. Predicted by the US census, in the year 2050, the minority population will take over the mainstream population, resulting in a majority-minority status for these minority individuals. Businesses will then have to redesign their strategy in marketing to this new market segment and not fall victim to these new challenges. They can turn around and leverage them as marketplace opportunities. This study provides some early insights that can help marketers strategically and creatively think of leverage such opportunities.


This study was conducted to determine the effect of supplemented useful microorganisim on meat quality of growing-finishing pigs for sixty days and broiler for six weeks. The pig and broiler were randomly allotted into three treatment (twenty-forty heads /treatment) ; Control (0%), T1 (supplemented with 0.2%, Aspergillus terreus koji), T2 (supplemented with 0.2%, EM-pro). The amount of stearic acid of pork was highest in T1 and T2, and oleic acid was highest in control and 71 than others (p


This article develops a differential game of tax avoidance by modeling the interactions between a taxpayer and the tax authority. The solution to the game is a noncooperative Nash that depends on the resources used by the tax authority to enforce legislation and the cost borne by the taxpayer in tax compliance. Empirical evidence is provided for the value added tax (VAT) using a cross-section of Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and non-OECD countries. VAT efficiency, defined as the ratio of collections as a share of consumption to the statutory rate, rises the lower the VAT rate, the lower the share of administrative costs in tax revenue (proxying for the efficiency of tax administration), the more pro-competition the regulatory framework in product markets (measuring non-tax incentives for noncompliance) and the better the country's governance indicators (regulatory quality, rule of law, and government effectiveness).


Prior to 2004, the uro-oncology community viewed the management of advanced or metastatic prostate cancer with an air of resigned nihilism. Now, the range of therapeutic options available is the subject of ongoing debate and the British Uro-oncology Group (BUG) is collating oncologist opinions on the future management of castration-sensitive disease. Historically, treatment for metastatic prostate cancer was limited to androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) with the aims of delaying disease progression and palliating symptoms. Patients invariably progressed, developing castration-resistant disease with limited effective therapeutic options. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.


Osborne, and Sansum-giving the details of this work has just appeared in the March issue of the Archives of Internal Medicine. A second paper, reporting the typical blood vessel and kidney lesions, is now in process of preparation, as all of the surviving, experimental animals have been killed. We agree with the author that, clinically, individuals who consume large quantities of meats are inclined to have higher blood pressures than those who live on diets containing a preponderance of milk, fruits, and vegetables. High blood pressure, however, is not uncommon in vegetarians who consume large quantities of breads. We do not believe that significant changes in the bloodvessels could take place in so short a time as thirteen days, but we have observed rises in blood pressure with increases in protein intake, similar to those which the author mentions. In our grain-fed rabbits, it required fully eight months to bring about mild hypertension and the associated blood-vessel damage. In our mixed, high protein diets pathological changes began to appear in the course of two or three months. We believe that, in the past, experiments have been carried on for far too short a time. We are now endeavoring to ascertain what factor or factors in these high protein diets are responsible for the pathology. We believe that it may be due to the acidash of these proteins, and not to the proteins themselves. Dr. Donaldson's theories concerning suprarenal stimulation, meat extractives and endocrine disorders, should certainly be further investigated.


(57) Abstract: pad for transmitting acoustic waves between the ultrasonic probe (107) and the target surface (105) (101). Pad (101) includes a first layer with (102) having a first porous portion defining a first layer pores. First layer pores has a first layer pore size. Pad (101) further comprises a second layer of (103) having a first porous portion defining a second layer pores. Second layer pores has a second layer pore size. The second layer (103) is attached to the first layer (102), defining a space (104) between these layers. The first porous portion of the first layer (102) overlies the first porous portion of said second layer (103). Ultrasonic couplant (100) is disposed within the defined space between the first layer (102) and the second layer (103) (104). Ultrasonic couplant (100) is either less than the first layer pore size, or which is substantially equal, and, if less than the second layer pore size, or which is substantially equal molecular size having.


Recruitment of mural cells, i.e. pericytes and smooth muscle cells (SMC), is essential to improve the maturation of newly formed vessels. One of the major factors involved in this process is the endothelial cell-secreted Platelet-Derived Growth Factor BB (PDGF BB). Sonic hedgehog (Shh) has also been suggested to promote the formation of larger and more muscularized vessels, but the underlying mechanisms involved have not yet been elucidated. We first identified Shh as a target of PDGF BB and found that SMC respond to Shh not only by upregulating the Gli1-dependent canonical pathway, but also by activating ERK1/2 and PI3K-dependent non-canonical pathways. Moreover, we found that PDGF BB-induced SMC migration, involves Shh-dependent PI3K, ERK1/2 and Gli1 activation. In the mouse model of corneal angiogenesis, PDGF BB and Shh were expressed by endothelial cells and mural cells of VEGF-induced newly formed blood vessels, respectively. PDGF BB inhibition reduced Shh expression, confirming that Shh is a target of PDGF BB, as demonstrated by in vitro experiments. Finally, we found that inhibition of either PDGF BB or Shh signaling reduced NG2+ mural cell recruitment into neovessels and subsequently reduced the neo-vessel lifespan. In this work, we demonstrate, for the first time, that Shh is a key mediator of PDGF BB-induced mural cell migration and recruitment into neo-vessels and elucidates the molecular signaling pathway involved in this process.


The natural and human worlds have striking parallels. One example of this, most pertinent to the matter at hand, is the uncannily similar behavior of ecological and economic systems. Both study competitive aggregations of individuals (in one case, organisms, and in the other, households and firms), all working to further their selfinterest; both develop models involving equilibrium, development, destruction, and change. Darwinian evolutionary theory shows that life on Earth is a dynamic thing: mutations constantly introduce new beings, the fittest prosper and proliferate, and the weakest disappear, becoming relics of the past. So it is in the capitalist world.


The reading of text by computer without human intervention remains an elusive goal of Artificial Intelligence research. Reading is the transformation of an arbitrary page of text, that could contain a mixture of machine -printed, hand -printed, or handwritten text, from its representation as a two -dimensional image into a form understandable by a computer' such as ASCII code. The current lack of a technique with these capabilities is interesting in light of the relative ease with which people read and the many years of investigation into computer reading algorithms, the methods people use to read text, and the long history of Artificiallntelligence research into computer vision.


The research is directed towards an evaluation of the planning strategies presently being developed and implemented by coastal communities in those states currently involved in offshore production. Impacts of energy-related facilities, combined with a systematic comparison of the costs and benefits of locating such facilities in coastal areas, vis-a-vis alternative uses of the resources of the coastal zone, appear to be a useful way of resolving siting conflicts, especially if accompanied by a program of compensation for adversely affected communities and interests. Specific objectives were: the extent to which current planning strategies, evolving from federal pressures and local initiatives, have enhanced impact assessment and mitigation procedures in the coastal zone; the manner in which local communities have used those funds available under the federal impact assistance program; and the effectiveness of such initiatives in diminishing community apprehensions over the social and environmental costs of offshore oil development. The present study is restricted to the Texas Gulf Coast, where the issue of coastal planning initiatives is a subject of some controversy; the questions were approached through the perceptions and actions of those most directly involved in offshore development and onshore planning, namely planners and affected communities.


This article is concerned with the fatigue life prediction in specimens of 7475-T7351 high strength aluminum alloy subjected to random fatigue loading. Fatigue life predictions are made using the root mean square model. This model is chosen because it has been defined as the most simple and effective one for fatigue life prediction in the components subjected to random loading by the authors of this article. The analysis procedure used in this study is relatively simple. The loading history for each specimen is analyzed to determine the root mean square maximum and minimum stresses and predictions are then made by assuming that the tests have been conducted under constant amplitude loading at the root mean square maximum and minimum stresses. The ratios of the predicted lives range from 3.22 to 1.52. These ratios are fairly good considering that the normal scatter in fatigue crack growth rates may range from a factor of two to four under identical load conditions. Moreover, an attempt has been made to improve prediction procedure using Forman's equation applied in the root mean square model. While using the improved prediction procedure, the ratios of the predicted lives range from 1.35 to 0.62 (e.g., error bound is reduced almost five times: from 222 to 48). Only relatively simple computer programs (Microsoft Excel for load history analysis and Mathematica for performing calculations) and a desktop computer are employed to make predictions. Improved prediction procedure allows more precise prediction of fatigue life as well as helps to obtain better prediction ratios but further experimental work should be performed to verify the validity of the attempt.


"I regard," he said, all intellectual fantasies of`proletarian culture' with ruthless hostility . To these fantasies I oppose the ABC of organization . The task of proletarian discipline is to distribute bread and coal in such a way that there is a careful attitude to each unit of coal and each unit of bread . . . If we solve this very simple, elementary problem, we shall win . . . The basic task of `proletarian culture' is proletarian organization ."'


Frailty belongs to the pre‐disability stage and is closely related to the transition to disability. It is more fatal when frailty occurs in older adults than in other age groups. By understanding the negative negative outcomes of frailty on the health of older adults, they will be able to manage their own health and prevent disability. This study aims to examine whether the frailty of older adults contributes to cognitive function, activities of daily living, life satisfaction.


Chronic Energy Deficiency (KEK) is a condition in which the mother suffers from chronic or long-lasting malnutrition, which results in health problems for the mother. SEZ in pregnant women in 2019 was 17.9%. Based on these data, it can be concluded that there is an increase in the incidence of pregnant women with SEZ in Southeast Sulawesi. The percentage of pregnant women at risk of SEZ in South Konawe Regency, Southeast Sulawesi Province, in 2018 was 20.2%; in 2019, it was 23.8%; in 2020, it was 24.6%; and in 2021, it was 25.8%. SEZ cases in the Maligano Health Center work area are known to have a significant increase every year; where in 2018 it was found 23 (41.07%) cases from 56 visits by pregnant women; in 2019 found, 28 (47.45%) cases from 59 visits by pregnant women, 2020 found 19 (28.35%) cases from 67 visits by pregnant women, 2021 found 42 (55%) cases from 70 visits by pregnant women. The objective of the research was to find out what are the causes and solutions to the problem of chronic energy shortages in coastal areas, especially at the Maligano Public Health Center, South Konawe Regency. This type of research is quantitative, using a Cross-Sectional Study design. It is known from the results of the Chi-Square test that the value of 9.092 is greater than the X2 table, so it can be concluded that there is a significant relationship between Gravidity and Chronic Energy Deficiency and the Phi value of 0.514, which means it has a moderate relationship. Chronic Energy Deficiency is a problem that currently occurs in many coastal areas where enabling factors include education, income, employment, health service facilities and local culture. Other causative factors, such as the first pregnancy or more than 4 pregnancies, can also allow the occurrence of SEZ. It is recommended to continue to carry out special monitoring in the coastal area related to the management and spatial planning of settlements and health services. Monitoring and reviewing the number of health workers and the population in coastal areas by involving the Community Health Center. And the Community Health Center (Puskesmas) is obliged to screen all pregnant women at risk of SEZ and be more intense in providing education to coastal communities regarding the importance of nutrition for pregnant women, with well-nourished mothers having the potential for children to be born in good health and avoid stunting.


Atmospheric transmittance is an important factor that affects the accuracy of target radiation measurement. In this paper, the radiation characteristics of the target body are measured by infrared radiometer MR170. The response of the spectral radiometer is calibrated by two-point method. Based on the measurement results of the target blackbody radiation under the condition of different temperatures, the atmospheric transmittance is calculated, and the radiation brightness is retrieved by calculating the atmospheric transmittance. The experimental results show that the method can be used to measure the atmospheric transmittance and improve the measurement accuracy of the radiation characteristics.


The susceptibility of Merino sheep to fleece rot and body strike was examined in a high risk environment. The ewes were a representative sample from 2 selection lines selected solely for increased (susceptible) and decreased (resistant) expression of hogget fleece rot in a low risk environment with the aid of induced fleece rot. A total of 244 fleece rot and body strike observations were made over 3 years. Ewes from the resistant flock had significantly fewer fleece rot lesions (P<0.05) of less severity (P<0.01) than ewes from the susceptible flock. The prevalence of body strike was high in all 3 years, with 11.3% affected in the resistant flock and 20.0% in the susceptible flock. The prevalence of fleece rot lesions was strongly correlated (P<0.001) with the prevalence of body strike. Results confirm the close phenotypic and genetic relationship between resistance to fleece rot and body strike, and show the potential of selection for reduced fleece rot in a dry environment to improve resistance to body strike in a wet environment.


Abstract In this paper, we develop a new immersed finite element method (IFEM) for two-phase incompressible Stokes flows. We allow the interface to cut the finite elements. On the noninterface element, the standard Crouzeix–Raviart element and the P 0 {P_{0}} element pair is used. On the interface element, the basis functions developed for scalar interface problems (Kwak et al., An analysis of a broken P 1 {P_{1}} -nonconforming finite element method for interface problems, SIAM J. Numer. Anal. (2010)) are modified in such a way that the coupling between the velocity and pressure variable is different. There are two kinds of basis functions. The first kind of basis satisfies the Laplace–Young condition under the assumption of the continuity of the pressure variable. In the second kind, the velocity is of bubble type and is coupled with the discontinuous pressure, still satisfying the Laplace–Young condition. We remark that in the second kind the pressure variable has two degrees of freedom on each interface element. Therefore, our methods can handle the discontinuous pressure case. Numerical results including the case of the discontinuous pressure variable are provided. We see optimal convergence orders for all examples.


Objective: To describe the activity of a rural-based free call 1800-Mental Health Information and Support Service (1800-MHISS) which provides a 24-hour single point of contact for people experiencing a mental health problem. Method: Routine data collected during a 15 month period concerning service utilisation, caller characteristics, service provision, triage assessment and the impact of the service on after-hours services are described. Qualitative data from a survey of emergency department and community mental health is discussed. Results: The service received an average of 1117 calls per month. While a majority of calls were for information and support, 13% required a triage assessment and, of these, 13% resulted in an emergency response. Analysis of pre and post study data demonstrated a 43% reduction in the activation of after-hours services. Conclusions: Overall, the study suggests the 1800-MHISS provides a safe and efficient response to psychiatric emergencies and is valued by Emergency Department and community mental health staff.


Indoleamine 2,3‐dioxygenase (IDO) is a key protein that participates in the protection of embryos against the mother's immune system during pregnancy. How the expression of this protein is regulated at the maternal‐fetal interface remains largely unknown.


This paper describes a novel concept for optical interrogation, communication, and navigation between spacecraft platforms. The technique uses a gimbaled laser source on a pursuer spacecraft and an array of solid-state, multiple quantum well modulating retroreflectors on a target spacecraft. The sensor system provides high-bandwidth optical communication, centimeter-level relative positioning, and better than arc-minute-level relative attitude of the target platform with minimal sacrifice in target size, weight, and power. To accomplish the relative navigation, each target retroreflector return is modulated with a unique code sequence, allowing for individual discrimination of the detected composite signal at the pursuer location. Experimental results using a dual-platform, multi-degree-of-freedom testbed provide verification and demonstration of the concept, highlighting its potential for applications such as inter-spacecraft rendezvous and capture, long-baseline space interferometry, and formation flying.


A compact, racetrack type storage ring HiSOR has been constructed at Hiroshima Synchrotron Radiation Center. A linear undulator and a new type of helical/linear undulator were installed at the two straight sections of HiSOR. Their magnetic fields were measured for different configurations and gaps. The analysis of experimentally measured magnetic field data and radiation spectra are made for HiSOR undulators and presented in this report.


We modify the global Skorokhod topology, on the space of cadlag paths, by localising with respect to space variable, in order to include the eventual explosions. The tightness of families of probability measures on the paths space endowed with this local Skorokhod topology is studied and a characterization of Aldous type is obtained. The local and global Skorokhod topologies are compared by using a time change transformation. A number of results in the paper should play an important role when studying Levy-type processes with unbounded coefficients by martingale problem approach.


Light from the high-field region of a Lo Surdo discharge in ammonia was focused on the slit of a stigmatic spectrograph. Spectrograms of the 3 360 and 3 240 A bands of NH and the hydrogen line Hβ were taken simultaneously. From observations of the molecular and atomic hydrogen Stark splittings and intensities the electric dipole moments of the degenerate states of NH were determined to be μ(A3Π) = (1.31 ± 0.03), μ(c1Π) = (1.70 ± 0.07), μ (a1Δ) = 1.49 ± 0.06) Debye, where the signs of μ(c1Π.) and μ(a1Δ) are the same.


EarthCARE (Earth Clouds, Aerosols and Radiation Explorer) is the 6th Earth Explorer mission of ESA's "Living Planet Earth" Program. The EarthCARE satellite is about to start its environmental test campaign in autumn 2022. This Core Explorer mission (Core Explorer missions that focus on scientific objectives of a large scientific community) is a large and very complex Earth Explorer mission with 4 Instruments on board. It improves the representation and understanding of Earth's radiative balance for climate and numerical forecast models by advancing our understanding of the role that clouds and aerosols play in reflecting incident solar radiation back into space and trapping infrared radiation emitted from Earth's surface. To achieve this goal, EarthCare is hosting a Multi-Spectral Imager (MSI), an Atmospheric Lidar (ATLID) and a Broad-Band Radiometer (BBR) under European ESA authority and a Cloud Profiling Radar (CPR) under JAXA (Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency) authority. The EarthCare MSI Instrument consists in two camera units, the TIR (Thermal Infrared Radiometer) part with 3 channels (Band7 [8800nm], Band8 [10800nm] and Band9 [12000nm]) and an VNS (Visible, Near-infrared and Short-wave infrared) part with 4 channels (VIS [670nm], NIR [867nm], SWIR1 [1654nm] and SWIR2 [2214nm]) and by an overall weight of around 50kg (including control units, harness and thermal hardware). The Instrument performance qualification consist in a full performance verification testing on instrument level and of regular instrument performance checks (IPCs) on Satellite level after Instrument integration. This performance checks for the MSI concentrate on a simplified test approach and are regularly repeated along the entire S/C AIT campaign until launch. The test results will be compared with first reference IPC measurements from instrument Level. MSI IPC definition does focus on radiometric key performance parameters as noise and responsivity to identify optical or detection chain degradations, as well as detector dead pixels. This paper will present the MSI IPC approach for EarthCare and the first ambient results from S/C Level MSI IPCs performed so far. Furthermore this paper will show that the ambient S/C Level MSI IPC results are in line with the ambient IPC on instrument level but it will also shows good agreement with thermal vacuum results on Instrument level.


Maritime security is a section with many dimensions which occupied the mankind for centuries, something that is confirmed and by historical information. The main reason is the fact that older as also today the majority of the global transportations are taking place via the sea. The main preference reason for seaways is the lower cost compared with other modes of products and goods transport. One of the most important aspects of maritime security is maritime piracy. Maritime piracy after two centuries of continuous contraction outlines in recent years a worrying increase in various parts of the world, increase which has led to a close cooperation between international organizations, bodies and States in order to face this phenomenon. This cooperation is manifested in a legal level with the formation and implementation of specific law rules, but also in an operational level in order to be implemented the legal texts and in the same time to be ensured the regular flow of goods and services.


We present a novel algorithm for obtaining fuzzy segmentations of images that are subject to multiplicative intensity inhomogeneities, such as magnetic resonance images. The algorithm is formulated by modifying the objective function in the fuzzy c-means algorithm to include a multiplier field, which allows the centroids for each class to vary across the image. First and second order regularization terms ensure that the multiplier field is both slowly varying and smooth. An iterative algorithm that minimizes the objective function is described, and its efficacy is demonstrated on several test images.


Summary form only given. Nest building by termites is considered as an example to acquire insight into the nature of self-organizing information systems. The behavior of the insects as atomistic units is organized by the time evolution of relatively stationary attractors in the pheromone diffusion field arising from the insects' waste deposits. A change in the attractor layout induces an instability in the pheromone flow pattern, driving the system to a state of greater order, as instability begets self-organization. As a result, the nest building evolves through stages of random depositing, pillar construction, arch construction and dome construction. Nonstationarity is present in the form of time-dependent variations in the perceptual threshold of the individual insect. When the waste is deposited, the insect loses its pheromone affinity and ceases to be oriented by the diffusion field: the affinity returns with the accumulation of new waste. Consequently, sensitivity to the qualities of the field vary dynamically as a function of simple internal states. This overall insects-environment system of evolving global stationarities and local nonstationarities has been analyzed through the methods of nonlinear dynamics and simulated. Analysis and simulation suggest a number of potentially very general design principles for self-organizing information systems, among them the understanding that the attractors of such systems are emergent cross-scale symmetries


The effect of fiber distribution, in glass/carbon hybrid fiber composites, on the compressive kinking strength is studied using a 3D finite element-based micromechanical model. Existing experimental data from literature have indicated negative effects of hybridizing glass to carbon on the compressive strength. In this study a micromechanical modeling approach has been adopted to study the role of relative locations of glass and carbon fibers and their distributions on the predicted peak compressive strength. In the micromechanical model, the hybridization ratio was varied by changing the number of glass fibers relative to the number of carbon fibers. The effect of fiber distribution was studied by changing the interfiber spacing and location. Results obtained from the analysis indicate the importance of symmetric fiber distribution. It was found that the distribution with glass fiber in the center with a distribution of carbon fibers on the exterior is able to enhance the compressive strength as compared to an unsymmetrical arrangement of fibers in the model.


In this amazing ethnographic study of an indigenous Christian church in south-central Africa, the author's conversion experience serves to focus attention on an understanding of ritual conduct: the interrelationship of thinking, feeling, and doing ritual in the daily course of members' existence. Though not without problems, its luminous exposition is destined to be a classic in the sociological exploration of reflexive ethnographic methods. The telling constitutes three skillfully written sections: (1) the researcher's account of conversion and field research strategies, (2) an analysis of ritual context, and (3) a historical discussion of sociocultural change. This work is indebted to a variety of theoretical-methodological sources in addition to Talcott Parsons, who evidently directed the project during its earlier Ph.D. dissertation stages. These include the phenomenology of Husserl and Schutz, the ethnomethodology of Garfinkel and Cicourel, Goffman's neosymbolic interactionism, conversational analysis (Sacks), and structuralism (M. Douglas and C. Levi-Strauss). Field work was conducted during the summer of 1969 and over a year in 1971-1972. Clearly, the most unusual and thought-provoking portion of the story is Jules-Rosette's candid and self-examining methodological treatment of conversion and field research (Part One, Chapter 8). She stands high among a select few who have demanded by example and in


Monitoring Active Volcanoes: Strategies, Procedures and Techniques. By Bill McGuire Christopher Kilburn John Murray. UCL Press: 1995. Pp. 421. £65, $99. Distributed in the United States by Taylor and Francis.


"Chinese people are crossing the Yalu river again, after the Korean War, now as merchants," "The prospect of gold-mining in Chosun (North Korea)..." - these are the headlines in Liao Wang Fang Weekly's issue for the second half of last year, a magazine dealing with current affairs in East-Asia. The lines tell of growing trend in China's fast capital outflow into North Korea. Why do the Chinese pour their money into such a poor country which has to go a long way to become a market economy; will Pyongyang become a profitable market in the near future; and has the North officially started to accept Chinese commercial capital? Correct answer would be focused on both economic and political side. Chinese large investment in North Korea makes sense for both North Korea and China. For the North Koreans, China is the only nation it can rely on to help it survive the international economic relations by the U.S and Japan in response to the North Korea's nuclear threat. China also has a advantage like joint development of rich mineral resources and oil from the economic cooperation with North Korea. On other side, however, it is worried that the North's rapid and heavy reliance on Chinese capital would only help Beijing expand the political 'Northeast Area Project' that China has incorporated the history of Kokuryo before 7th centuries into his one, into the economic area.


The pressure and volume parameters from the cystometry and the muscle thickness from the Masson trichrome staining of groups A and B increased significantly compared to those in group C( P .05), and those in group A were significantly lower than those of group B (P .05). Based on immunohistochemical staining and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, P4H expression in groups A and B was increased compared with that in group C. Furthermore, P4H expression showed a larger decrease in group A compared to that in group B. Collagens I and III protein expressions increased with partial bladder outlet obstruction in comparison with that of group C, and expression in group A was marginally decreased compared with expression in group B. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that the P4H inhibitor may improve bladder function and reduce the bladder fibrosis caused by partial bladder outlet obstruction. UROLOGY 80: 1390.e7‐1390.e12, 2012. © 2012 Elsevier Inc.


Dependence of the critical current on applied magnetic field ${j}_{c}({B}_{a})$ is investigated in ${\mathrm{YBa}}_{2}{\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}{\mathrm{O}}_{6+x}$ (YBCO) films prepared by pulsed laser deposition from pure YBCO target and from those doped with 2.9 or $9.0\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{wt}.\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}%$ ${\mathrm{BaZrO}}_{3}$. All targets were sintered from nanophase powders made by a citrate-gel process. Transmission electron microscopy images show distributions of ${\mathrm{BaZrO}}_{3}$ particles with typical diameters of $5\char21{}10\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm}$ in the doped films. In comparison with the pure YBCO film the value of ${j}_{c}(0)$ is slightly smaller in the film deposited from the target doped with $2.9\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{wt}.\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}%$ ${\mathrm{BaZrO}}_{3}$ and only half in case of $9.0\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{wt}.\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}%$ doping. Two interesting phenomena in the behavior of ${j}_{c}({B}_{a})$ are observed for the doped films. First, the low-field plateau of ${j}_{c}$ is significantly lengthened and second, in fields above the accommodation field ${B}^{*}$ marking the end of this plateau the rate of decrease of ${j}_{c}$ is strongly reduced. These results are well fitted with a critical state model of superconductors taking into account the self field effects at low applied magnetic fields.


Background: Contrast-induced acute kidney injury (CI-AKI) is typically defined as an increase in serum creatinine (SCr) within 3 days after intravascular administration of contrast medium. However, creatinine is an unreliable indicator for acute changes in kidney function. A reliable and early biomarker for CI-AKI diagnosis is needed. Hypothesis: Circulating miRNAs can serve as early diagnostic biomarkers for CI-AKI. Methods and Results: We utilized a previously described rat model of CI-AKI. The microRNA profiles of plasma and kidney tissue were determined using Agilent microarray platforms. Three individual miRNA species with >1.5-fold increases in plasma expression in CI-AKI rats as compared to wild-type rats were identified: miRNA-30a, miRNA-30e, and miRNA-188. These miRNAs were selected as potential candidate miRNA biomarkers for CI-AKI (Figure 1). TaqMan quantitative RT-PCR demonstrated that the plasma expression of these miRNAs peaked around 4h after contrast medium exposure. We screened for these candidate biomarkers in the peripheral circulation of 580 consecutive patients undergoing coronary angiography or percutaneous coronary intervention in Cardiovascular Center at Renji Hospital from July 2013 to June 2014. When compared with matched control patients without CI-AKI, the plasma levels of the three candidate miRNAs were significantly elevated post procedure in 71 patients diagnosed with CI-AKI (fold changes: miR-30a, 3.26±0.05 vs. 0.68±0.01, p Conclusions: Plasma expression levels of miRNA-30a, miRNA-30e, and miRNA-188 significantly differentiate patients with CI-AKI from those without CI-AKI. These miRNAs are potential biomarkers for the early detection of CI-AKI.


1. Males of a control line and two lines selected for fast‐ and slow‐hatching were mated to females of the same three pure lines and three crosses between them. Hatchability, egg weight and hatching time were measured. 2. No significant differences were found between genetic groups in hatchability. 3. Groups containing the fast‐hatching line genotypes were significantly smaller in egg weight than those not containing this line. 4. Significant differences in hatching time existed between male lines and between female lines within pure and cross‐line parent types while no differences were observed between the female parent types and no interactions of male by female lines occurred. 5. It was concluded that inbreeding in the pure lines (10%) did not affect any of the variables measured. 6. The results on hatching time support the conclusion that little genetic variance other than additive variance is involved for this trait.


This paper proposes a novel system for sensitive topic detection and alert assessment which is based on dynamic knowledge base (DKB) and cooperative methods. Multi-node cooperative topic detection model (MCTDM) can not only detect new sensitive topic within single domain, but also conduct information cooperative scheduling among several DKBs, thus it has strong ability to detect new sensitive topic and burst sensitive topic. Alert assessment based on cooperative computing (AACC) evaluates the impact of alert topic on both internal and external domain. Through cooperatively scheduling high frequency alert topic case among different DKBs, it effectively improves the ability of alert topic spreading analysis and shortens the time span of alert topic spreading. Therefore, DKB can dynamically update and gradually enrich. The system combines MCTDM, AACC and DKB, which already runs in several colleges and universities. During the period of system application, it forecasts several alert topics in time and achieves a good application result which verifies the effectiveness and availability of above methods.


This research deals with the development of framework for assessing a joint venture (JV) model as of outsourcing relationship that that can be used to lead to process improvements in the healthcare system in Low and Middle-Income Countries (LMIC). A range of articles were reviewed to investigate different concepts relevant to the research toward exploring the factors affecting the successful implementation of a JV model as outsourcing relationship for healthcare services in LMICs. This was followed by three stages of semi-structured and structured interviews and group discussions and survey questionnaires, with healthcare providers, policy makers, vendors, consultants and other stakeholders from LMIC. The results support test of proposition and guide the validation process by using interpretive structural modelling (ISM) to allow the development of the implementation strategy framework. The research finding indicates that the healthcare system in the LMICs must incorporate JV in implementing outsourcing that addresses process improvement and needed knowledge transfer. One of the practical implications, the improvement of the LMIC healthcare setting require partnership with all major stakeholders and technology providers to explore further beyond the traditional organizational boundary as the framework for analysis. The findings presented in this research, help to support views on expanding the use of JV as an approach for improvement in LMIC healthcare system based on the conceptual framework in relation to the key identified factors. In addition, the researchers can use this model as a foundational framework for further research.
Key words: Joint venture, outsourcing, healthcare, low and middle-income countries, developing countries.


Ats urban analysis has focused on local services as a significant governmental function, increasing attention has been directed to citizen evaluations of these services. Such a focus can be justified in terms of democratic theory, which considers citizen evaluations of government important in and of themselves. It also makes sense in utilitarian terms, in which citizen evaluations provide responsible public officials with important cues about public perceptions of the performance of local agencies.' The role of citizen evaluations of local government services has been the topic of a significantly growing body of literature.' Indeed, such evaluations are increasingly incorporated into empirical work in this area of urban government.3 While some have recently questioned their practical utility to decision makers, the relative position of citizen evaluations in the service delivery constellation remains an open and important question.4 The significance of citizen evaluations in resolving "the central issue of urban politics," the delivery of essential municipal services, has yet to be determined.5 This study offers a model of the citizen evaluation and response process, and, hence, provides a preliminary mapping of the service delivery constellation and the position within it of citizen evaluations. The model is tested by surveying a random sample of urban citizens within a single state as to their satisfaction and desire for more influence across a spectrum of essential municipal services. The practical implications of this study for those responsible for the provision of essential services are then delineated.


New methodological approaches in creative writing are making significant contributions to the field, particularly those that take risks, such as essaying through acupuncture, the notion of 'essayes...


Objective To analyze serum concentration of DR-70(malignant tumor marker)in 142 patients with ma-lignant tumors and to evaluate the accuracy of this marker in cancer diagnosis.Methods The serum content of DR-70 was deteted by ELISA in both 142 cases of cancer patients and 60 cases of healthy subjects.Results ①The serum con-centration of DR-70 in patients with cancer was 2.15±2.03 μg/ml,which was significantly higher than that of DR-70 in healthy subjects (0.56±0.19 μg/ml),with statistically differences(t = 9.25,P <0.01).② According to DR-70<1.00 μg/ml,the total positive rate of malignant tumors was 71.83%.There are 2 cases higher than the reference value (specificity 96.67%)in nomal group.③The diagnosis positive rate of DR-70 in patients with liver cancer was the highest,fol-lowed by breast cancer,gastric cancer and that of DR-70 in thyroid cancer was the lowest.Conclusion DR-70 Test is helpful to early screening and diagnosis of malignant tumor,DR-70 Detection has a certain clinical application value.


Fluorinated graphene is one of the most important two-dimensional carbon nanomaterials derived from graphene, and possesses specific and outstanding properties. However, it lacks a cost-effective and large-scale preparation method. Here, we describe a novel and facile solution approach using graphene oxide (GO) and liquid diethylaminosulfur trifluoride as starting materials under mild conditions. The chemical composition and the structure of so-prepared fluorinated graphene were characterized in detail by elemental analysis, solid state F-19 NMR, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, SEM, TEM, and AFM. These studies reveal that some oxygen-containing moieties in GO are converted into C-F bonds, while some are eliminated during the reaction. More interestingly, the fluorine-loading amount can be well tuned by simply altering the reaction medium, and has a significant impact on the optical, electronic, and conductive properties of the product. Preliminary experiments on its application as an electrode material for solid-state supercapacitors were finally presented.


Background & aim: Prenatal care is a key strategy for achieving public health goals, primary healthcare objectives, and the Millennium Development Goals. The aim of this study was to investigate the factors influencing the use of prenatal care services in order to design suitable interventions and promote the use of these services. Methods:In this systematic quantitative literature review, studies published in years 2010-2014 were evaluated. For this purpose, two international electronic databases, i.e., Scopus and PubMed, were explored to find English-language articles by using relevant keywords; moreover, the reference lists of the articles were hand-searched. We reviewed all cross-sectional and prospective studies, which focused on factors associated with the use of prenatal care services within the specified period of time. Results: In total, 17 relevant articles were included in our review. The results showed that late initiation and inadequate use of prenatal care services are independently associated with multiple variables, including demographic characteristics, socioeconomic factors, predisposing cultural and religious factors, social support, factors related to healthcare providers, women's awareness and attitude, unintended pregnancy, high-risk medical or obstetric history, and health behaviors. Conclusion: Based on the literature review, proper use of prenatal care cannot be achieved merely by establishing healthcare centers. Utilization of maternal health services may be achieved and improved via developing socioeconomic factors and addressing patients' basic needs including education and financial independence.


Objective: To investigate the protective effect of Polygonum multiflorum extracts (EPM) on SH-SY5Y cells treated with MPP+. Methods: SH-SY5Y cells were first exposed to various doses of EPM, and then treated with MPP+. The cell viability was detected with MTT assay, cell morphology was observed with microscope by Hoechst33258 staining, the level of glutathione (GSH), Malondialdehyde (MDA) and the activity of Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were measured with UV spectrophotometer. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the mitochondrial membrane potential were observed with fluorescence microscope. The expression of p-JNK and Caspase 3 was analyzed by Western Blot. Results: After 0.5 mmol/L MPP+ treatment for 48 h, the viability of SH-SY5Y cells was decreased to 44.7% (VS. control group), the shrunk cell body and nuclear condensation were observed. Compared with control group, the activity of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the expression of p-JNK and Caspase 3 were increased significantly in MPP+ treated SH-SY5Y cells, whereas the level of GSH and the mitochondrial membrane potential was reduced significantly in MPP+ treated group. However, pretreatment with EPM (at the concentration of 5, 25 and 100 mg/L) 4 h prior to being exposed to MPP+ rescued the cell viability of SH-SY5Y cells, and restored the cell morphological features in a dose-dependent manner. The increasement of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), malondialdehyde (MDA) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the expression of p-JNK and Caspase 3 induced by MPP+ were also inhibited significantly by pretreatment with EPM. Exposure to EPM also blocked the reduction of the GSH level and the mitochondrial membrane potential induced by MPP+ in SH-SY5Y cells. Conclusion: Our results suggested that the EPM was able to protect the SH-SY5Y cells against the damage induced by MPP+, with the mechanism involved in resisting the oxidative stress.


The purpose of this study is to find out how teachers think that they should work to maintain students´ interest and motivation for school mathematics in the early years of elementary school, and what they think about their ability to conduct the education they want to pursue in order to achieve this. Five teachers responded to my questionnaire. Their answers were analyzed using phenografic method because I wanted to describe how teachers perceive their actions with the purpose of increased student motivation. In the analysis I was looking for similarities and differences which then formed the basis of my results. Of the results that emerged from the survey responses indicates that the teachers need to expand their knowledge on how to teach their subject. They need access to the latest research, reading reports, attending courses or Lararlyftet. They need more time to understand the curriculum of the compulsory school to be able to put up a good and distinct teaching. The teachers also need more instructional time to meet all the demands placed on them. Both the requirements of the Swedish National Agency of Education (Skolverket) but also demands from students who want to have lessons that are fun, interesting and educative. If this is met, future students will feel a greater interest and a greater motivation for mathematics.


The reaction of the dinuclear palladium(II) complexes [(bpy)(I)Pd{{C 6 H 4 (OCH 2 CH 2 ) 0 . 5 n + 0 . 5 }] 2 O (n = 3, 5) and [(bpy)(I)Pd{COC 6 H 4 (OCH 2 CH 2 ) 2 }] 2 O with AgBF 4 produces crown ethers including a biphenylene or diaryl ketone part via intramolecular transfer of the aryl ligand and subsequent reductive elimination of the macrocyclic products.


The invention provides a multilayer package substrate and a package member. The multilayer package substrate provided by the invention comprises an upper lamination layer, a core plate layer and a lower lamination layer, all of which are stacked in sequence, wherein a chip area of the upper lamination layer is provided with a plurality of upper lamination layer via holes; a chip area of the lower lamination layer is provided with a plurality of lower lamination layer via holes; and the plurality of lower lamination layer via holes in the chip area of the lower lamination layer comprise additional via holes, so that the density of the lower lamination layer via holes in the chip area of the lower lamination layer approaches the density of the upper lamination layer via holes in the chip area of the upper lamination area. Accordingly, the density of the via holes in the chip area between the upper lamination layer and the lower lamination layer inside the package substrate can be balanced, the package substrate can be prevented from warping, and the manufacturability of the multilayer package substrate is improved.


This paper explains how brain-based learning has become an area of interest to elementary school science teachers, focusing on the possible, relationships between, and implications of, research on brain-based learning to the teaching of science education standards. After describing research on the brain, the paper looks at three implications from current brain research: (1) stress limits children's ability to learn, so it is important to create and maintain a safe and secure learning environment; (2) doing activities that have immediate connections to the real world increases learning and may increase the development or maintenance of dendrites in the brain, and using real problems as the basis for investigation promotes understandings that are viewed as important and skills that are viewed as useful, thus providing students with motivation for learning; and (3) to maintain learning and dendrite connections, it is important to use them. The brain needs to have concepts revisited in several different ways to encourage the active processing needed to keep connections and foster memory. Attachments include a list of relevant Web sites and National Science Education Standards excerpts. (Contains 15 references.) (SM) Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. Brain-Based Learning and Standards-Based Elementary Science Loretta R. Konecki and Ellen Schiller 2003 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION Office of Educational Research and Improvement EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) a This document has been reproduced as received from the person or organization originating it. Minor changes have been made to improve reproduction quality Points of view or opinions stated in this document do not necessarily represent official OERI position or policy. 4. 1 PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE AND DISSEMINATE THIS MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY


One hundred and eighty one week old broiler chickens were distributed into three experimental groups having three replicates of twenty birds each. The birds of the first group were fed a basal diet supplemented with probiotic (Biovet YC@50g/quintal of the basal diet) while the second group birds were fed a basal diet supplemented with phytobiotics (1% amla pulp powder, 0.5% turmeric powder, 0.5% neem leaf powder). The third group was fed a control/basal diet. The chicks were offered basal diet containing 22.5% CP and 2830 kcal ME/kg diet up to the age of 6 weeks. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) was apparently better in the phytobiotics supplemented group compared to the probiotic and control group during 4–6 week (2.5 vs. 2.65 and 2.71) and 1–6 week period (2.38 vs. 2.42 and 2.47). Percentage of gizzard was significantly higher (P<0.05) in the phytobiotics group (2.14) compared to the control (1.80) and probiotic fed group (1.77). Further, percent wing was significantly higher (P<0.01) in the control (13.48) and phytobiotics supplemented group (12.68) compared to the probiotic fed group (10.77). However, no such difference was noted in the other carcass quality traits. Length of the small intestine and average caecal length was significantly higher (P<0.05) in the control group compared to the probiotic and phytobiotics supplemented group. However, no such difference was found in the development of the other digestive organs. Hence, it may be concluded that phytobiotics (0.5% turmeric powder, 0.5% neem leaf powder and 1% amla pulp powder) may be fed for better performance in commercial broilers.


Only a few foliicolous lichenized fungi have ever been reported from Taiwan. Based on the materials collected in Taipei County, Dimerella epiphylla (Muell. Arg.) Malme is found for the first time in Taiwan. This species and other two foliicolous lichenized fungi, Sporopodium phyllocharis (Montagne) A. Massalongo and Trichothelium alboatrum Vainio are described and illustrated.


The possibilities of prevention and cure depend a priori upon the causes of deafness, and as the result of studies carried out the past few years we have some additional facts concerning the etiology of deafness. An extensive study of severe deafness in childhood was carried out several years ago under the auspices of the National Research Council.' More than 5,000 children in our public institutions for the deaf were examined with an effort to determine the cause of the defect in each case. The results of this study were very illuminating and are summarized in Chart l. Sixty per cent of the children in the state schools for the deaf were born with their affliction and a third of these gave a family history of deafness, while 7 per cent were the result of consanguinous marriages. Forty per cent of the children acquired their deafness, the loss of hearing occurring abruptly, usually during a severe attack of cerebrospinal meningitis, measles, scarlet fever, pneumonia, influenza or whooping cough. In meningitis a suppurative invasion of the labyrinths through the internal auditory meatus often causes total loss of hearing, but in the other infectious diseases profound deafness is nearly always due to a toxic neuritis of the nerve of hearing rather than to an associated otitis media. We see, then, that profound deafness in childhood is congenital or acquired, about half and half. When acquired it is


The case of Posadas (Argentina) shows the relevance of the urban environment for living conditions in settlements. The particularities of settlements are analyzed here, considering that the urban environment of their location plays an important role in terms of opportunities and restrictions for the quality of life of their inhabitants. Methodologically, this work is based on a multimodal and descriptive analysis, supported by interviews with neighbors and community leaders, and complementing the analysis with documentary information. The research privileges the importance of urban spatiality, exploring how social practices and processes are articulated from the space within the habitat of settlements and the surrounding urban space outside them. The main contribution of the manuscript suggests that, beyond the multidimensional problems of the habitats and the poverty of its population, the characteristics of the city space where they are located are the ones that most strongly condition the evolution of the settlements.


This work investigates the statistical distribution of random telegraph noise drain current instability in flash memory arrays as a function of the initial trap-filling condition. When stationary trap occupancy is established, a symmetrical behavior appears for the positive and the negative tail of the drain current instability distribution. However, when a gate pulse with amplitude different from the read bias is applied just prior to cell drain current monitoring, a preferential direction for the instability results as a consequence of a forced trap state. Finally, the results are explained by our statistical model for random telegraph noise and a defects spectroscopic analysis is presented.


Abstract For a feasibility study setting up the maritime aerosol model, measurements of the radiance and degree of polarization of the skylight radiation were carried out over the Pacific ocean during the cruise of the Hakuho Maru KH-88-2. The wavelengths 0.4,0.6 and 0.9 μm were considered using the portable spectrora-diometer (resolution about 30nm). The derived visibility is in good agreement with that reported from ships. Furthermore the optical thickness and the mixing ratio of aerosol constituents are shown to be derived from the measurements of maximum degree of polarization for moderate solar elevations, provided that the maritime aerosol is a mixture of oceanic and water-soluble aerosols.


Fluid migration plays significant role on mass transfer and seismic event within subduction zones. Mineral veins forms by complex processes of fracturing, fluid flow and mineral precipitation, and thus the analyses of these veins within accretionary complex provide an insight of dynamics of fluid flow at the depth of the seismogenic zone. The focus of this study is vein formation within the Yokonami melange;lange of the Cretaceous Shimanto Belt in southern Shikoku, SW Japan. Yokonami melange;lange is considered as tectonic melange;lange that formed by layer parallel shearing along decollment. We investigated mineral veins by combination of observations by optical microscope, SEM-CL and fluid inclusion microthermometry. The purpose of this study is to reconstruct of vein formation processes by using SEM-CL and fluid inclusion microthermometry. The contrast of CL-intensity in quartz grains provides information on crystal growth pattern within the vein. Vein quartz from the Yokonami melange;lange are commonly composed of three regions that show contrasting CL-intensity: CL-dark, CL-grey and CL-bright with increasing CL-intensity. On the basis of occurrence in the outcrops, mineral veins in Yokonami melange;lange are divided into two types. Type I veins occur only within boudinaged sandstone blocks, and develop in direction normal to the elongation of sandstone block. Type II veins occur in association with minor faults, and they develop along foliation of mudstone or cut on melange;lange fabric. Type I veins commonly contain euhedral to subhedral quartz grains that elongate in direction normal to the vein wall, and anhedral calcite and quartz in the central parts of veins. Elongate quartz grains contain CL-bright regions within crystal interior, indicating that these grains nucleated


During the formation of somites (somitogenesis) in vertebrate development a complex regulatory network mediates the spatio-temporal coherence of single cell behavior (including proliferation, migration, and epithelial-mesenchymal transitions) to produce the regular multicellular patterns seen in viable phenotypes. The underlying signaling and transcriptional networks seem to be so far relatively consistent with the clock-and-wavefront model proposed 3 decades ago [1]: a temporal oscillatory pattern (the clock) is frozen into spatial segments by a moving morphogen gradient (the wavefront). Recently an FGF8 gradient has been proposed to form the wavefront [2], while auto-repressing transcriptions factors (Her1, Hes1) coupled to Notch/Delta-based direct cell-cell and WNT ligand signaling might form the clock [3, 4]. However, many question remain open and controversial [5]. The main research questions now are: can (the diverse variants of) the clock-and-wavefront models be interpreted in terms of recent insights into the amazingly complex molecular wiring of multiple interlocked feedback cycles [6] and singleand multi-cellular morphological dynamics [7]?


Ca3Ru2O7, the bilayered member of the Ruddlesden–Popper (RP) series of Ca-ruthenates, displays a vast variety of physical properties that not only span almost every ordered state (except for superconductivity) known in condensed matter physics, but includes exotic phenomena not found in other materials. In this review article, we first present a brief introduction of the layered ruthenates and then discuss transport and thermodynamic properties of Ca3Ru2O7 with a focus on the following intriguing issues: (i) Colossal magnetoresistance (CMR) via suppression of a ferromagnetic (FM) state, (ii) Strong spin valve effect in bulk single crystals, (iii) Quantum oscillations in the non-metallic state, and (iv) Oscillatory magnetoresistance periodic in B (rather than 1/B). It has become increasingly clear that the orbital degrees of freedom of the Ru-ions drive the complex phase diagram via couplings of these orbital degrees of freedom to the spin (spin-orbit interaction) and the lattice (Jahn–Teller effect). The novel and surprising properties of the ruthenates is ultimately defined by these couplings.


Objective. The purpose of the study is to establish the patterns of accumulation of irreversible soil deformations from repeated loading.Method. When loading soils, the balance between external and internal forces is established gradually over a more or less long time. Therefore, with a single application of a cyclic load, such an equilibrium can be achieved only in a relatively long time.Result. An approximate method is proposed for calculating the magnitude of the deformation developed as a result of the action of a cyclic load. The cases are determined when it is necessary to take into account the viscous component of deformation and when the latter can be neglected. It has been established that when determining the deformation of soils that has developed during a single application of such cyclic loads that are characteristic of the process of their compaction by machines, in all cases, except for rolling them with rollers on pneumatic tires, the viscous component of deformation can be ignored.Conclusion. In a relatively short time of the load, the state of equilibrium can be achieved only in the process of soil deformation by repeated loading. With an increase in the number of loading repetitions, the soil gradually hardens, and the deformation decreases. This occurs both due to the irreversible and reversible parts of the deformation. Consequently, the soil deformation modulus increases from cycle to cycle.


Certain demands are made of the child's logical memory even in the 1st grade of school. Yet many textbooks on psychology and education mistakenly define the memory of junior schoolchildren as primarily automatic memory.


In vehicles, the structure-borne sound contributions of many components are of interest. Relatively new kinds of components are electrically powered steering systems, which hence have to be looked at in detail. For ZF Lenksysteme GmbH, it is important to know the sound character of a certain steering system in a vehicle as early as possible in the development process. Therefore, the research project 'Virtual Acoustic Prototypes' (VAP) was initialized to develop a methodology to predict the structure-borne sound immission of steering systems in vehicles from experimental test rig data.


For more than a decade, the so-called shearing box model has been used to study the fundamental local dynamics of accretion discs. This approach has proved to be very useful because it allows high resolution and long term studies to be carried out, studies that would not be possible for a global disc. Localised disc studies have largely focused on examining the rate of enhanced transport of angular momentum, essentially a sum of the Reynolds and Maxwell stresses. The dominant radial-azimuthal component of this stress tensor is, in the classic Shakura-Sunayaev model, expressed as a constant alpha times the pressure. Previous studies have estimated alpha based on a modest number of orbital times. Here we use much longer baselines, and perform a cumulative average for alpha. Great care must be exercised when trying to extract numerical alpha values from simulations: dissipation scales, computational box aspect ratio, and even numerical algorithms all affect the result. This study suggests that estimating alpha becomes more, not less, difficult as computational power increases.


Objective To investigate effect of stereotaxis operation on cerebral hemorrhage under three-dimensional reconstruction with neuronavigation. Methods The cerebral hemorrhage of 41 patients was drawn by stereotaxis technique after three-dimensional reconstruction with neuronavigation.The effect was analyzed and discussed retrospectively. Results Thirty-one cases(75.6%) recovered with good curative effect,3 cases(7.3%) were with slight disability,2 cases(4.9%) with moderate disability,3 cases(7.3%) with severe disability and 2 cases(4.9%) with death. Conclusion Cerebral hemorrhage puncture and drainage under three-dimensional reconstruction with neuronavigation shows advantages such as accurate location,minimal invasion,low residual hematoma volume and low rate of rehaemorrhagia,and has good treatment effect.


This article "The Case Studies of Daily-Life Discourses between Thai and Korean Cultures" is aimed to introduce a study about daily-life discourses between Thai and Korean cultures by using the fact of misunderstanding in 12 events of the dialogues between people of the two cultures. Those 12 situations were derived from the author's own direct experience and the indirect experience obtained from interviewing some Thais and Koreans. The author does not want either to judge which culture is better or be more recognized than the other, but to learn and to present an issue in order to create the accurate understanding and acceptance between Thailand and Korea. This will certainly improve the efficiency and effectiveness in the communications among people of the two countries. The author applied the theoretical principles and concepts from the sociolinguistics, critical linguistics, and discourse and discourse analysis as a framework of analysis.


1. Leaf‐cutting ants (LCAs) are considered as one of the most important agents of soil disturbances that affect vegetation patterns, but these assertions are based on isolated studies or anecdotal data. In this study, meta‐analysis techniques were used to quantitatively analyse the generality of these effects and determine some of their sources of variation.


Abstract The pulp and paper industry is the third largest industrial consumer of fresh water in the United States. The current use rate of over two trillion gallons annually is expected to increase as the demand for paper products continues to rise Of the various methods of producing paper from wood, the Kraft process is the most widely used. Color, dissolved and suspended organic matter, and dissolved inorganic solids are major pollutants in Kraft processing wastewater. Current federal regulations limit the amount of solids and organic matter that a Kraft facility may dispose into public waters, so most plants have some form of wastewater treatment In this study, the capacity of a continuous-flow, foam separation system to effect removals of color from a Kraft process wastewater was evaluated. The cationic surfactant, EHDABr, was used to precipitate color bodies in the wastewater and create a foam to carry the precipitates from the wastewater. The effect of pH adjustment was also considered. Color remova...


This paper reports on long-term effects of a fifth-grade intervention for high-risk students. The intervention, "Just Do It, Jr." (JDR), was a collaborative after-school program between University of Nevada Cooperative Extension and the Elko County School District (Nevada), in which fifth-graders at risk of academic failure participated in a life skills curriculum and served as teachers for younger students. The program addressed personal, school, family, and community issues and focused on individual and family strengths and on building self-esteem. As part of a district needs assessment, all students in grades 8, 10, and 12 completed a 177-item questionnaire that examined personal and educational concerns. Among 8thand 10th-grade respondents, 107 indicated that they had participated in JDI in grade 5. When compared to other students, the JDI group showed no differences in overall grades, grade repetition, or cutting classes. Differences were found between the groups in how well they liked school, importance of school to parents, and length of time they planned to go to school. The top 10 concerns of the two groups were similar, but the JDI group was significantly more concerned than other students about personal safety in the community, abuse, and pregnancy prevention. Other students were more likely than the JDI group to desire further information on preventing AIDS, postsecondary education, and paying for further education. The data indicate that the fifth-grade intervention had positive long-term effects on school success.


Abstract In this work, AISI M2 and AISI H13 steels were treated at 1000°C in molten borax containing dissolved ferroniobium and aluminium. Durations of treatment were 4 and 9 h for AISI H13 steel and 4 h for AISI M2 steel. Samples were characterised by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction, microabrasive wear test and Vickers microhardness. Well defined layers were obtained with excellent thickness regularity. AISI H13 steel revealed layers that measured 6·2 μm for treatment lasting 4 h and 10·0 μm for treatment lasting 9 h. The AISI M2 steel was treated for 4 h, and the layer thickness obtained measured 9·0 μm. SEM with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry results showed a predominance of niobium and absence of iron in the layers on both types of steel. These layers consisted of niobium carbide according to X-ray analyses, and its microhardness values were about 2300 HV.


The topic of a political perception of healthcare system has not been studied well despite the fact that it heavily influences the political process The current examples we have been able to see during the coronavirus pandemic The aim of this study is to determine modern trends in Russian political perception (Moscow as the case) and the content of various components of the population attitudes (cognitive, emotional, behavioral) in this sphere (as a part of general political attitudes) The article is based on a Moscow monitoring research conducted in December 2017 - November 2018 by the authors The method used is CAPI, the sample is 13,200 Muscovites with elements of random sampling The sample represented the population of Moscow by age, gender, district of residence, and level of education The research was focused mainly on the emotional component of the healthcare system image-the dependent variable was the level of satisfaction with Moscow healthcare in general The research showed a number of factors influencing satisfaction The first group of factors is connected with the real experience of interaction with healthcare organizations First, it is the fact of presence of interaction (those who did not visit medical organizations in the last 5 years showed less satisfaction with them) Then it is the type of ownership: the image of healthcare system in Moscow is mainly influenced by public healthcare (mainly by ambulatory care), not private Socio-demographic factors (gender, income, education, age) appeared to be less influential for the perception than experience But experience was not the only factor in influencing the image of healthcare as indicated for example by the fact that satisfaction with visiting different kinds of medical organization is much higher than the overall satisfaction with the healthcare system The research indicates that another influential factor is coverage by mass and social media There is evidence that information about important social events, even those irrelevant to Moscow healthcare, has a huge impact on the healthcare evaluation (e g , through changing the general emotional state of population) Other factors include the image of authority itself (public healthcare is perceived to be a state institution), political context (e g , electoral period) and values (e g , social justice, health) Among the given recommendations, the most important is to use the proposed model of the political perception of the healthcare system in practice, for it takes into account the complexity of the political perception process The model shows that the level of satisfaction is not the domain of the medical governing bodies alone, the task of its improvement requires multi-sector coordination;it is the domain of social policy in general This work is crucial because, as the research showed, there is a strong interconnection between the image of the healthcare system and the image of authority in Russia


approved: _____________________________________________________________________ Michael A. Banks For Pacific salmon, the evolution of local adaptations depends upon the species' propensity to return, or "home", to natal streams at time of reproduction. Pacific salmon use olfactory cues to guide homing behavior, yet little is known about the genetics of olfaction in salmon. In this study, I use putatively neutral microsatellite markers to estimate demographic parameters and describe the population genetic structure of Oregon Coastal coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). Microsatellite analyses indicated weak population structure among coho populations (overall θ = 0.021), modulated by moderate levels of migration (straying). Allelic richness was higher in wild populations than both hatchery populations and wild populations from lake dominated systems. The Coos and Nehalem river populations appeared to be primary migrant sources, possibly elevating allelic richness for central coast populations. I then used genomic sequence data from nine species of salmon and trout to infer the evolutionary history for eight olfactory receptor genes, representing two major gene classes (main olfactory receptors and ORAs). Through a maximum likelihood based analysis of site-specific, non-synonymous to synonymous nucleotide substitution rates, I found strong evidence for positive selection having influenced the diversification of four paralogous main olfactory receptor genes. Main olfactory receptor orthologues appeared highly conserved among species, yet sitespecific positive selection may be affecting interspecific divergence of an ORA gene in salmonids. Finally, I used molecular markers linked to olfactory receptor genes to test for a signal of selection among coho salmon populations from different rivers. By examining interlocus variance of FST, I found evidence for directional selection on an olfactory receptor gene-linked marker in coho salmon populations. Pairwise θ values calculated from gene-linked markers were nearly an order of magnitude greater than observed for putatively neutral microsatellites. ©Copyright by Marc Aaron Johnson May 01, 2009 All Rights Reserved Patterns of Natural Selection and Demography in Coastal Oregon Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) Populations: Evidence from Neutral and Olfactory Receptor Gene-linked Markers by Marc Aaron Johnson


Fly ash (FA), an environmental pollutant created in combustion of coal for energy production, is generated in huge amounts worldwide every year. Among the considerable number of utilizations, FA has been used as a suitable silicon (Si) and aluminum (Al) supplier in synthesis of geopolymers. We previously reported a detailed study on surface modi fi cation of FA via mechanochemical (MC) treatment with regard to the dissolubility dynamics of Si and Al ions in alkali solutions. Here, we present the fabrication of solidi fi ed bodies using MC-modi fi ed FA with a low-concentration alkali solution at low temperature as a practical application. In addition, the chemical states of Si and Al in MC-modi fi ed FA powders and solidi fi ed bodies were systematically investigated further, showing them to be well-correlated with the dissolubility of FA powders and mechanical strength of solidi fi ed bodies.


The optical and transport properties of As‐doped ZnO films are examined. The films are grown by pulsed‐laser deposition using As2O3 as the source of As and O3/O2 as the oxidant. The films are epitaxial, single phase, and oriented in the ZnO [002] direction. Low temperature photoluminescence spectra at 20 K show for the formation of acceptor states associated with the As, although Hall measurements indicate that the films doped with 0.2 at% As are n‐type. From the photoluminescence spectra, the binding energy of the As‐related acceptor was estimated to be 155 meV. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)


By making a comparison between project design industries at home and abroad,the inevitability of the appearance of the professional construction design office in China is revealed.And its developing present situation and existent problems are analysed.Furthermore,the contemplation on how to solve these problems is made to perfect the mode of construction design office in China.


Author's address: J.W.H. Mali, Javastraat 104, Nijmegen (The Netherlands) Last year some doubt arose about the real significance of the positive patch test for bichromate solutions, as positive patch tests and intra-cutaneous reactions for trivalent chromium compounds have been reported (Fregert et al.) and because trivalent chromium compounds, next to bichromate have often been found in the environment of patients. The dispute centres around two different problems: Are trivalent Cr compounds of importance in the sensitization process ? Do they have a practical significance in the pathogenesis of the chromium dermatitis ? Ad (1): In our opinion, sensitization is not caused by bichromate but by a reduced, presumably trivalent compound originating in the dermis. Arguments in favour of this hypothesis may be found in the fact that bichromate salts are rather easily reduced by substances in epidermis and dermis. Moreover, Van Neer succeeded in sensitizing guinea-pigs to bichromate by injecting trivalent Cr compounds. In addition, in some guinea-pigs heavily sensitized by sensitization with Hunzíker, s method (bichromate + Freund adjuvans), circulating antibodies against trivalent Cr were demonstrated. The most important argument for the specific role of trivalent compounds are the positive reactions on intracutaneously injected trivalent Cr. The intensity of these reactions, however, remains much smaller than that on intracutaneously injected bichromate, if one uses the same concentration. It is possible that the different reactions are determined by the difference in chemical and physical properties between triand hexa176 Mali, Chromium or Chromate Dermatitis valent Cr compounds. The permeability of whole skin in vivo and in vitro or chromium sulfate and chromium chloride is for instance 10,000 × smaller than for bichromate (Spruit). The affinity of the trivalent Cr compounds to the skin proteins is much larger than that of the hexavalent (Mali, van Kooten, van Neer). Spruit however demonstrated that the very small concentrations of bichromate, which are encountered in the environment of the patient in real-life conditions are for the larger part detained in the dermal tissue by absorption. By this mechanism a minimum concentration, necessary for the initiation of sensitivity, may be built up in the dermis. Van Neer's recent experiments on pigs demonstrate the difficulty of using animal experiments in order to explain the mechanism of sensitization. Pigs are much more easily sensitized than guinea-pigs, the sensitization of man being somewhere in between. It may however be possible


Uninterruptible power system (UPS) is an important equipment for guarantee data security. The previous research on UPS fault detection has established a mathematical model of the circuit system and combine with machine learning algorithm for fault diagnosis. Because the UPS circuit structure is complex and easy influence by environment temperature humidity, the research method of establishing mathematical model is suitable for the diagnosis of some internal circuits, but not for the whole UPS machine. Based on the analysis of UPS historical data, this paper has established a method that can catch and classify the UPS fault based on the Gaussian Mixed Model (GMM) and the eXtreme Gradient boost (XGBoost). This design is divided into two parts. The first part has used GMM to calculate the logarithmic summation probability of UPS data, and analyze the relationship between UPS logarithmic sum probability and fault working condition. Then set the threshold to capture the UPS fault according to the fault data recall rate. The second part was fault recognition by XGBoost model. The extremely unbalanced fault data makes it difficult to classify, so XGBoost algorithm has been used to do the classification. combine learning curve with grid search to optimize XGBoost parameters. Experimental results show that GMM can accurately detect equipment faults.


To study the applicability of Newmark integration method for structure with negative stiffness,the method is first investigated,and then the numerical stability of the integration method is analyzed.The influ-ences of Newmark integration parameters,damping and time increment on numerical stability of Newmark inte-gration method are also discussed.The result shows that the integration method,which is very different from the case of positive stiffness,is not unconditional numerical stable in the case of negative stiffness.It is found that the usually used Newmark integration method in the case of positive stiffness with α=1/4,δ=1/2 is dif-ficult to achieve a balance between stability and accuracy because it is stable only when the time increment la-ger than a critical value in the case of negative stiffness.The strategy to obtain numerical stability is proposed by selecting appropriate Newmark integration parameters.This paper presents references for applicability of Newmark integration method and selection of rational integration method when structures with negative stiff-ness.


OF DISSERTATION PRECISION DAIRY FARMING TECHNOLOGY SOLUTIONS FOR DETECTING DAIRY COW DISEASE TO IMPROVE DAIRY COW WELL-BEING Dairy cow health is multifactorial and complex. High producing dairy cows have been described as metabolic athletes, but metabolic and infectious diseases around calving affect many cows. These diseases have drastic negative effects on dairy cow well-being, milk production, and dairy farm economics. Early disease detection could potentially improve disease management, treatment, and future prevention techniques. The first objective of this research was to evaluate the use of activity, lying behavior, reticulorumen temperature, and rumination time determined by precision dairy farming technologies to detect transition cow diseases including hypocalcemia, ketosis, and metritis. The second objective was to evaluate the ability of activity, body weight, feeding behavior, lying behavior, milking order, milk yield and components, reticulorumen temperature, and rumination time determined by precision dairy farming technologies to predict clinical mastitis cases. The last objective of this research was to evaluate the precision dairy farming technologies used in Objective 3 to predict subclinical cases.


Drug resistance problems are increasing worldwide, and hence, there is a need to find novel sources of antimicrobial drugs. At present, natural products still remain the most important resources for discovering new drugs. The screening of natural bioactive compounds from macrofungi is a promising way to meet the increasing threat of drug-resistant strains of human pathogens. In this study, the macrofungus was collected during spring seasons from the soil in tropical evergreen forest of Courtallam, Western Ghats of South India. It was identified as Xylaria curta based on the morphological characteristics and confirmed by 18S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequence comparisons. Extracts of fruiting bodies of X. curta were obtained using hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol solvents. Among them, the ethyl acetate extracts exhibited an effective antimicrobial activity against bacterial and fungal strains. The extracts were also analyzed for antibacterial activity against drug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains (1–10) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains (1–8). The extract showed a maximum inhibition zone of 23.2 mm, 22.4 mm, and 20.7 mm against P. aeruginosa strain 8, P. aeruginosa strain 1, and S. aureus strain 8, respectively. Further, the extract had an effective minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 200 μg mL−1 against drug-resistant S. aureus strain 8. The fractional inhibitory concentration indices of fruiting body extract with vancomycin and ciprofloxacin were 0.22 and 0.46, respectively. These results indicate that the extract had significant synergistic action with vancomycin. Xylaria curta is a potential source for the development of new antibiotics.


An aniline-rhodamine-based ratiometric fluorescent probe (RI) was designed and synthesized. , the metal coordinating chromophoric ligand, exhibited high selectivity and sensitivity for Pd(2+) ions with a detection limit of 73.8 nM. This method of Pd(2+) detection had a 10 min response time.


A nonparametric method, based on the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to detect significant differences between classes of body surface potential maps (BSPMs). By systematic application of the method throughout the cardiac cycle, discriminative spatio-temporal information can be identified. In a second method, a Sebestyen linear transformation (SLT) was derived to give estimates of pairwise, linear separability of clinical classes. The utility of the method was illustrated by the pairwise comparison of 40 normal subjects (NOR), 40 patients with anterior myocardial infarction (AMI), and 40 with inferior myocardial infarction (IMI). The examples demonstrated that: (a) diagnostic information in low-potential amplitude regions may surpass that in high amplitude regions. (b) probability distributions of characteristic features showed small overlap in NOR versus AMI and NOR versus IMI dichotomies, although they were not linearly separable, and (c) the single best separating potential sample in the Kolmogorov-Smirnov sense for NOR versus AMI or NOR versus IMI dichotomies recovered 88 and 73% of the SLT performance, respectively.<<ETX>>


This why movements like #IndiWeb and #DoOO are so important for students, own your own truth before question or shaping that of others: https://twitter.com/JamesonAPLang/status/1198193968720367617 Get


In this paper we present a Qualitative Spatial Reasoning formalism for the treatment of the polysemy of the prepositions "sobre" and "sob". These prepositions are mainly used to express verticality in the Brazilian Portuguese. Through queries in grammars, we established 22 meanings for these prepositions and then we did a Corpus search to see how these prepositions are used in practice. We obtained 384 sentences, which were divided into each of the 22 meanings (called precisifications). Finally, we raise six principles that guide the applicability of these prepositions: verticality, visibility, support, salience, proportionality and inclusion and we conclude that the first three principles cited are the most relevant in the use of "sobre" and "sob".


This paper is about video compression based on the 3D-DCT. This algorithm is similar used in the specification MPEG (Motion Picture Experts Group). In spite of width application of the standard MPEG, better results in compression can be obtained with method of the 3D-DCT. In the next text we firstly describe the architecture of encoder and decoder including the definitions of mathematical operations like the forward and inverse three-dimensional discrete cosine transform 3D-FDCT and 3D-IDCT, quantisation and thresholding and finally the calculation of the NRMSE (normalized root mean square error). The calculation of the 3D-DCT with two real video sequences is also realized.


The vibration problem associated with electric vehicles( EV) is caused by the improper design of the vibration isolation module for the right suspension. To address this issue,the real powertrain inertia has been tested and suspension system optimization is done. Firstly,the right suspension position has been changed by Torque Axis theory; secondly,the right suspension stiffness is adjusted by Decoupling Optimization results; thirdly,the right suspension structure is modified for electric motor start or reversal;finally,the suspension bracket is designed to avoid resonant frequency. The test after optimization proves the correctness.


Large‐scale comprehensive studies on HBV RNA in chronic hepatitis B are lacking. We aimed to study the HBV RNA profile and its correlation with other viral markers in patients with chronic hepatitis B who are treatment‐naïve and patients receiving nucleos(t)ide analogues (NA).


The ramosetron or therapeutically effective amount of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in combination with polycarbophil or therapeutically effective amount of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof comprising administering to the patient, diarrhea-type or replacement-type method of treating a patient suffering from irritable bowel syndrome.


The growth of internet based communication has facilitated the development of open source, collaborative methods of working, with growing exploration of virtual worlds as potential working environments. This paper describes their use for prod¬uct design and manufacturing, with examples from the virtual world Second Life for idea generation, collaborative design, and virtual manufacturing.


Background: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a progressive disease and associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Tiotropium bromide, a anticholinergic, is a long-acting bronchodilator with a well-established effectiveness for treating COPD. But some effects of the drug remains poorly understood. Aim of the study: We investigated the effects of tiotropium bromide, on the surface-active fraction of the pulmonary surfactant system in patient with moderate COPD. Materials and methods: Surface-active fraction of the pulmonary surfactant system concentration was determined in 60 patients with COPD. The control group included of 15 healthy people. Investigations were performed before and after 30 days treatment with selective M3 anticholinergics - tiotropium bromide. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was the material for investigation. It was obtained during fibrobronchoscopy (FBC). Results of the study: It was found that patients who received tiotropium bromide, had better clinical and laboratory dynamics and a full recovery of surface-active fraction of the pulmonary surfactant system, which clearly correlates with the prolongation of treatment. Conclusions: Tiotropium is associated not only with increased lung function, health-related quality of life and exercise tolerance, but also with full recovery of surface-active fraction of the pulmonary surfactant system.


There is a growing number of fields in the world that are at the last stage of development. These fields are characterized by high residual oil saturation and water saturation. In addition, newly discovered fields are characterized by the content of high-viscosity oil. The development of such reservoirs is associated with great difficulties. This paper considers a combined technology that allows to intensify oil production from oil reservoirs. The studies were carried out on a homogeneous reservoir model in the following sequence. First, we carry out the displacement of oil by injecting electrochemically modified water (catholyte). Then we pump in a gas-liquid emulsion slug, which we push through with water or catholyte. The combined action of the emulsion and catholyte leads to an increase in the pressure drop and a change in the filtration rate. As a result, this leads to an increase in the oil recovery factor.


A gate-induced-drain-leakage-induced off-state breakdown is examined in our high-voltage depletion-mode n-channel metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors. By increasing the dosage in the n-region, a bell-shaped trend between the off-state breakdown voltage and the dosage in the n-region is observed. Such a bell-shaped trend is found to result from two competing factors: an electric field in the gate edge and an electric field associated with the drain-bulk junction. The latter electric field is responsible for the falling part in the bell-shaped trend. Our model can explain the data of the slightly bell-shaped trend between off-state and implant energy in the n-region. Additionally, the effect of Si recess variation on off-state variation can be understood from our model. According to our model, approaches to improve off-state and the effect of Si recess variation on variation are proposed.


ABSTRACT In order to develop iron industries taking the cost in consideration and to understand the behavior of the ore during processing, extensive mineralogical characterization for affordable ores is required. The comparative reduction behavior for fired and green samples from various ores and concentrates at different conditions simulating different zones of blast furnaces are investigated. At various zones, the semi-melted phase in green Aswan ore (Fayalite and calcium phosphate) resists the reducing gases access and retarding the reduction progress. Companionship of magnetite in green EDC decrease reaction rate. Firing increase the rate of reduction as the grain boundaries became clearer with smaller size, with addition to increasing porosity on account of heat. On the other hand for fired EDC samples, the hardly reduced magnetite phase is converted to hematite phase that is relatively easily to be reduced. Grain surface area is increased of EDC which boost the reaction.