We analyze a batched variant of Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD) with weighted sampling distribution for smooth and non-smooth objective functions. We show that by distributing the batches computationally, a significant speedup in the convergence rate is provably possible compared to either batched sampling or weighted sampling alone. We propose several computationally efficient schemes to approximate the optimal weights, and compute proposed sampling distributions explicitly for the least squares and hinge loss problems. We show both analytically and experimentally that substantial gains can be obtained. 1. MATHEMATICAL FORMULATION We consider minimizing an objective function of the form F (x) = 1 n n ∑ i=1 fi (x) = E fi (x). (1.1) One important such objective function is the least squares objective for linear systems. Given an n ×m matrix A with rows a1, . . . , an and a vector b ∈Rn , one searches for the least squares solution xLS given by xLS def = argmin x∈Rm 1 2 ‖Ax −b‖2 = argmin x∈Rm 1 n n ∑ i=1 n 2 (bi −〈ai , x〉)2 = argmin x∈Rm E fi (x), (1.2) where the functionals are defined by fi (x) = 2 (bi −〈ai , x〉)2. Another important example is the setting of support vector machines where one wishes to minimize the hinge loss objective given by xHL def = argmin w∈Rm 1 n n ∑ i=1 [1− yi 〈w , xi 〉]++ λ 2 ‖w‖2. (1.3) Here, the data is given by the matrix X with rows x1, . . . , xn and the labels yi ∈ {−1,1}. The function [z]+ def = max(0, z) denotes the positive part. We view the problem (1.3) in the form (1.1) with fi (w ) = [1− yi 〈w , xi 〉]+ and regularizer λ2 ‖w‖2. The stochastic gradient descent (SGD) method solves problems of the form (1.1) by iteratively moving in the gradient direction of a randomly selected functional. SGD can be described succinctly by the update rule: xk+1 ← xk −γ∇ fik (xk ), where index ik is selected randomly in the kth iteration, and an initial estimation x0 is chosen arbitrarily. Typical implementations of SGD select the functionals uniformly at random, although if the problem at hand allows a one-pass preprocessing of the functionals, certain weighted sampling distributions preferring functionals with larger variation can provide better convergence (see e.g. [NSW16, ZZ15] and references therein). In particular, Needell et al. show that selecting a functional with probability proportional to the Lipschitz constant of its gradient yields a convergence rate depending on the average of all such Lipschitz constants, rather than the supremum [NSW16]. An analogous result in the same work shows that for non-smooth functionals, the probabilities should be chosen proportional to the Lipschitz constant of the functional itself. Date: August 30, 2016. 1 ar X iv :1 60 8. 07 64 1v 1 [ m at h. N A ] 2 7 A ug 2 01 6 2 DEANNA NEEDELL AND RACHEL WARD Another variant of SGD utilizes so-called mini-batches; in this variant, a batch of functionals is selected in each iteration rather than a single one [CSSS11, AD11, DGBSX12, TBRS13]. The computations over the batches can then be run in parallel and speedups in the convergence are often quite significant. Contribution. Our main contribution is to propose a weighted sampling scheme to be used in minibatch SGD. We show that when the batches can be implemented in parallel, significant speedup in convergence is possible. In particular, we analyze the convergence using computed distributions for the least squares and hinge loss objectives, the latter being especially challenging since it is non-smooth. We demonstrate theoretically and empirically that weighting the distribution and utilizing batches of functionals per iteration together form a complementary approach to accelerating convergence. Organization. We next briefly discuss some related work on SGD, weighted distributions, and batching methods. We then combine these ideas into one cohesive framework and discuss the benefits in various settings. Section 2 focuses on the impact of weighting the distribution. In Section 3 we analyze SGD with weighting and batches for smooth objective functions, considering the least squares objective as a motivating example. We analyze the non-smooth case along with the hinge loss objective function in Section 4. We display experimental results for the least squares problem in Section 5 that serve to highlight the relative tradeoffs of using both batches and weighting, along with different computational approaches. We conclude in Section 6. Related work. Stochastic gradient descent, stemming from the work [RM51], has recently received renewed attention for its effectiveness in treating large-scale problems arising in machine learning [BB11, Bot10, NJLS09, SSS08]. Importance sampling in stochastic gradient descent, as in the case of minibatching (which we also refer to simply as batching here), also leads to variance reduction in stochastic gradient methods and, in terms of theory, leads to improvement of the leading constant in the complexity estimate, typically via replacing the maximum of certain data-dependent quantities by their average. Such theoretical guarantees were shown for the case of solving least squares problems where stochastic gradient descent coincides with the randomized Kaczmarz method in [SV09]. This method was extended to handle noisy linear systems in [Nee10]. Later, this strategy was extended to the more general setting of smooth and strongly convex objectives in [NSW16], building on an analysis of stochastic gradient descent in [BM11]. Later, [ZZ15] considered a similar importance sampling strategy for convex but not necessarily smooth objective functions. Importance sampling has also been considered in the related setting of stochastic coordinate descent/ascent methods [Nes12, RT15, QRZ15, CQR15]. Other papers exploring advantages of importance sampling in various adaptations of stochastic gradient descent include but are not limited to [LS13, SRB13, XZ14, DB15]. Mini-batching in stochastic gradient methods refers to pooling together several random examples in the estimate of the gradient, as opposed to just a single random example at a time, effectively reducing the variance of each iteration [SSSSC11]. On the other hand, each iteration also increases in complexity as the size of the batch grows. However, if parallel processing is available, the computation can be done concurrently at each step, so that the "per-iteration cost" with batching is not higher than without batching. Ideally, one would like the consequence of using batch size b to result in a convergence rate speed-up by factor of b, but this is not always the case [BCNW12]. Still, [TBRS13] showed that by incorporating parallelization or multiple cores, this strategy can only improve on the convergence rate over standard stochastic gradient, and can improve the convergence rate by a factor of the batch size in certain situations, such as when the matrix has nearly orthonormal rows. Other recent papers exploring the advantages of mini-batching in different settings of stochastic optimization include [CSSS11, DGBSX12, NW13, KLRT16, LZCS14]. The recent paper [CR16] also considered the combination of importance sampling and mini-batching for a stochastic dual coordinate ascent algorithm in the general setting of empirical risk minimization, wherein the function to minimize is smooth and convex. There the authors provide a theoretical optimal sampling strategy that is not practical to implement but can be approximated via alternating minimization. They also provide a computationally efficient formula that yields better sample complexity than


A necessary step when designing electromagnetic-based medical devices is the choice of an optimal matching medium, standing between the patient and the phased array applicator, and the operating frequency. This is crucial to improve the efficiency both from a technical and clinical points of view. In this paper, we propose a new approach, based on the propagation theory, to support the selection of the matching medium properties and the working frequency in a robust way by accounting for patient body shape and properties variability. The case of adjuvant hyperthermia treatment administered to patient with tumors in the pelvic region has been used as a numerical assessment in both 2D and 3D patient specific models. For this case, the proposed approach suggests an optimal range of working frequencies (130MHz < f < 500MHz) and of matching material properties (ɛb < 20), wherein one can select the working conditions depending on the trade-off between penetration and focal spot dimensions as well as other specific requirements. Results have been compared to the working frequencies used by commercial applicators and using demineralized water as matching material. In conclusion, this work assesses the proposed approach in its general-purpose mathematical formulation, thus, paving the way for its wide application.


We consider the problem of dynamically apportioning resources among a set of options in a worst-case online framework. The model we investigate is a generalization of the well studied online learning model. In particular, we allow the learner to see as additional information how high the risk of each option is. This assumption is natural in many applications like horse-race betting, where gamblers know odds for all options before placing bets. We apply the Aggregating Algorithm to this problem and give a tight performance bound. The results support our intuition that we should bet more on low-risk options. Surprisingly, however, the Hedge Algorithm without seeing risk information performs nearly as well as the Aggregating Algorithm. So the risk information does not help much. Moreover, the loss bound does not depend on the values of relatively small risks.


This paper presents the technical case for high-temperature nuclear hydrogen production. A general thermodynamic analysis of hydrogen production based on high-temperature thermal water splitting processes is presented. Specific details of hydrogen production based on high-temperature electrolysis are also provided, including results of recent experiments performed at the Idaho National Laboratory. Based on these results, high-temperature electrolysis appears to be a promising technology for efficient large-scale hydrogen production.


A novel macromolecular surface modifier, a polypropylene-grafted-poly(methyl methylacrylate) copolymer,was synthesized by coupling of polypropylene containing maleic anhydride with monohydroxyl-terminated poly(methyl methylacrylate).The copolymers were characterized by IR,1H-NMR,TG and DSC.The copolymers were used to blend with polypropylene to modify the surface polarity of the products.The results indicate that the thermal stability of PP-g-PMMA decreases with increasing the content of PMMA or the molecule weight of PMMA and the side chain of PMMA hinders the PP chain to form a perfect β crystal and lowers the crystallization capacity of main chain PP.The results of ATR-FT-IR also show that PP-g-PMMA can diffuse preferably onto the surface of the blends and be suitable as an effectual macromolecular surface modifier for PP.


Objective To investigate the clinical significance of sialic acid enzymatic assay in the diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis(BV).Methods The sialic acid enzymatic assay was used to measure BV rapidly in 266 patients with BV(group A),470 healthy women as the controls(group B),172 cases with fungal vaginitis(group C),and 92 cases with trichomonas vaginitis(group D).Results The positive rate of sialic acid enzymatic test in group A was 93.61%(249/266),which was significantly higher than 3.62%(17/470) in group B,3.49%(6/172)in group C and 9.78%(9/92) in group D(P0.01).The sensitivity and specificity of vaginal sialidase activity for predicting BV were 93.61%(249/266) and 96.38%(453/470),respectively.Conclusion Measuring vaginal sialidase has a high specificity in the diagnosis of BV with the advantages of simple instruments,easy performance and quick report.


The β-diketiminato germanium(II) chloride complex [(ButMesNacnac)GeCl] (ButMesNacnac = [{N(Mes)C(But)}2CH]−, Mes = mesityl) has been prepared and spectroscopically characterized. Treating this compound and a less bulky system, [(MeMesNacnac)GeCl] (MeMesNacnac = [{N(Mes)C(Me)}2CH]−), with K[HBEt3] led to differing outcomes, namely, the formation of the novel diamido germylene [(ButMesNacnacH)Ge:] (ButMesNacnacH = [N(Mes)C(H)(But)C(H)C(But)N(Mes)]2-) and the germanium(II) hydride [(MeMesNacnac)GeH], both of which were crystallographically characterized. The former product forms via a 1,3-hydrogen migration reaction involving [(ButMesNacnac)GeH] as an unstable reaction intermediate. Reactions of [(MeMesNacnac)GeH] with CO2 and P≡CBut proceed at or below ambient temperature, in the absence of a catalyst, to give the crystallographically characterized hydrogermylation products [(MeMesNacnac)GeOC(═O)H] and [(MeMesNacnac)GeC(But)═PH], with complete regioselectivity. When a solution of the latter was gently heate...


My project is focused on studying the relationship between the neurotransmitter GABA, acting through its GABAB receptors, and the neuropeptide kisspeptin in the regulation of the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐gonadal endocrine axis in mammals. My project utilizes a knockout mouse model, the GABAB1 receptor subunit knockout mouse (GABAB1KO), which has yet to be used to study regulation of GnRH and kisspeptin and therefore provides a novel and powerful approach.


In electrical power industry, the objectives of smart-grid development can technically reach through the advanced metering infrastructure (AMI), advanced distribution operation (ADO), advanced transmission operation (ATO) and advanced asset management (AAM). This paper addresses the security issues that arise in the communication systems of AMI and ADO using Ethernet Passive Optical Networks (EPON). The communication system architecture with access control mechanism is described. Following the standard registration procedure and based on the challenge-response identification protocol, the mutual device authentication between the OLT and the ONU is also implemented.


Inspired by the unexpected results of a standardized questionnaire survey of Swiss university students' motivation and attitudes toward English, the paper discusses the influence of global and local contexts on language learners' motivation and identity. As a result of the unprecedented spread of English as a foreign language (Crystal, 2003; Graddol, 2006), and, more importantly, the underlying social and economic issues that it reflects, elements of the global context intermingle with local realities to create new learning experiences, unaccounted for by traditional research paradigms. Individuals find themselves at the convergence of multiple contexts that affect and are in turn affected by their language attitudes and identity as well as sense of self. The intricate relationships between contexts and individuals continue to gain emphasis in current approaches to language learning motivation (cf. Dornyei, MacIntyre, & Henry, 2015), which position L2 learnin in a new light, questioning the power and relevance of different motivational categories and also these of a generalizable theoretical model. The quantitative study presented in this paper explores interrelationships among key elements of the L2 motivational self system (Dornyei, 2009) and a number of motivational factors on the one hand, contrasting them against the economic and social background of the Swiss context on the other. The findings of the project reveal that such repositioning of the participants in the multicultural, plurilingual environment of Geneva and its socioeconomic reality was indeed essential to the interpretation of the results since the extraordinary strength of external and societal factors in participants' motivational profile gained meaning only in the light of the particularities of the local context. Therefore, the paper showcases the potential of a broader perspective on L2 motivation and the importance of learner-context relationships.


. A spectral survey of HII regions in the galaxies M33, M51, M101, NGC 2403 and NGC 1232 has been carried out. Absolute fluxes have been measured photo-electrically. The energy distribution of the embedded O-association and the intensities of the emission lines have been obtained. The emission spectra can be classified in a one-parameter sequence which is the same for all the galaxies studied. The spectral type is independent of size, shape, surface brightness and density of the HII region, but does depend on the location of the region in its galaxy. In the galaxies surveyed there is a close correlation between the distance of an HII region from the center of the galaxy and the appearance of its spectrum. The line ratios [OIII]/H/?, Ha /[Nn], and [OII]/[NII] all increase by large factors as one passes from regions in the inner spiral arms to those in the outermost arms. The average value of these ratios in a galaxy increases on going from early Sc galaxies to late Sc galaxies. The results show that the N /O abundance ratio (and probably also the O /H abundance ratio) is lowest in irregular galaxies and in the outer parts of late Sc galaxies. It in creases towards the center of the spirals and it is highest in the inner spiral arms of the early Sc galaxies. In contrast, the He/H abundance ratio is constant across galactic disks and along the morphological sequence.


Lightweight structure is an important method to increase vehicle fuel efficiency.High strength steel is applied for replacing mild steel in automotive structures to decrease thickness of parts for lightweight.However,the lightweight structures must show the improved capability for structural rigidity and crash energy absorption.Advanced high strength steels are attractive materials to achieve higher strength for energy absorption and reduce weight of vehicles.Currently,many research works focus on component level axial crash testing and simulation of high strength steels.However,the effects of high strength steel parts to the impact of auto body are not considered.The goal of this research is to study the application of hot forming high strength steel(HFHSS) in order to evaluate the potential using in vehicle design for lightweight and passive safety.The performance of HFHSS is investigated by using both experimental and analytical techniques.In particular,the focus is on HFHSS which may have potential to enhance the passive safety for lightweight auto body.Automotive components made of HFHSS and general high strength steel(GHSS) are considered in this study.The material characterization of HFHSS is carried out through material experiments.The finite element method,in conjunction with the validated model is used to simulate the side impact of a car with GHSS and HFHSS parts according to China New Car Assessment Programme(C-NCAP) crash test.The deformation and acceleration characteristics of car body are analyzed and the injuries of an occupant are calculated.The results from the simulation analyses of HFHSS are compared with those of GHSS.The comparison indicates that the HFHSS parts on car body enhance the passive safety for the lightweight car body in side impact.Parts of HFHSS reduce weight of vehicle through thinner thickness offering higher strength of parts.Passive safety of lightweight car body is improved through reduction of crash deformation on car body by the application of HFHSS parts.The experiments and simulation are conducted to the HFHSS parts on auto body.The results demonstrate the feasibility of the application of HFHSS materials on automotive components for improved capability of passive safety and lightweight.


Leaf structure and photosynthetic properties of an individual leaf and a whole plant were compared between resetting and bolting plants in Eustoma grandiflorum (Raf.) Shinn. Leaves on bolting plants (BP) were thinner, had smaller mesophyll cells, and lower chlorophyll content compared to the leaves on resetting plants (RP). The photosynthetic capacity of upper leaves on a leaf area basis was lower in BP than in RP. On a leaf area basis, the amount of 13C incorporated into upper leaves of BP was less than RP, but that into lower leaves of BP was significantly larger than RP. On a dry weight basis, the total amount of 13C incorporated into BP, similar to the relative growth rate, was 1.6 times larger than that fixed on RP. These results indicate that rapid growth in BP does not depend on changes in the photosynthetic capacity of leaves, but on the increase in leaf area and improvement of light-intercepting characteristics of the whole plant.


This paper analyzes the relationship between property crime and socioeconomic
factors by choosing section data of American states from 2011 to 2015.
The research shows that: 1) The factors—unemployment rate, median household
income and education level do not strong affect the change of property
crime; the covered people of unemployment insurance policy and law enforcement
are significant for variance to property crime. 2) Economic determinants
should be included in the model of criminal activity, but the economic
model does not explain the overall change in crime rates.


A pulmonary embolism is a rare, but well described complication of percutaneous vertebroplasty; the majority of cases are caused by acrylic cement. Here, for the first time, we report a case of pulmonary embolism due to a thrombus in the right atrium, which was caused by an acrylic cement foreign body in the right atrium and central veins 6 years after percutaneous vertebroplasty. This case suggests that an acrylic cement foreign body should be considered as a potential source of thrombus formation in patients that develop a pulmonary embolism following percutaneous vertebroplasty. (Korean Circulation J 2006;36:713-715)


The ability of the parainfluenza group of viruses to induce cell fusion with the production of polykaryocytes and heterokaryons of animal cells has been well documented (1, 2, 3, 4) . Much of the interest in cell fusion in recent years has centered on cell hybrids with nuclei of different species occupying the same cell . Such hybrid cells have proved useful for studies of nuclear-cytoplasmic relationships (5) . The use of fused cells for membrane studies has received less attention. Watkins and Grace (6) observed mixing of surface antigens on heterokaryons made between HeLa cells and Ehrlich ascites tumor cells, using bacteria and erythrocytes as markers. More recently, Frye and Eididin (7) used hybrids of mouse (C11D) and human (VA-2) tissue culture cells to demonstrate by fluorescence an apparent mobility of cell surface antigens . The fusion of mammalian red cells has not been reported . Since a large amount of data on structure, function, antigenic determinants, etc . are available for the human red cell, the fusion of these cells would be an especially useful tool for membrane studies . The purpose of this communication is to report the conditions under which fusion of human red cells takes place, with the formation of vesicles of various sizes, composed of as many as 2-50


Indigenous ammonibacteria,nitrifying bacteria,nitrosobacteria and denitrifying bacteria with ecosafety were screened from natural water of Jinshan Lake.The nitrogen removal effect by immobilized bacteria in fluidized bed was studied by means of bacteria screening,carrier preparation,selection of operation process and so on.The result shows that the community is not deteriorated,and keeps an effective ability for nitrogen transformation.The biocompatible immobilized carriers synthetized by radiation technology have fine microcellular structure,long service life,and high mechanical strength.When the fluidized bed is operated with SBR and continual aeration,the nitrogen removal effect is stable and the reusability is high.The removal rate of NH+4-N is more than 90%,and the removal rate of TN is about 60% to 70%.The result of the continual aeration test shows that the immobilized bacteria can realize the simultaneous nitrification and denitrification well,which lays a foundation for its industrialization.


c.c. of blood and citrate solution). well tubing of 0.5 mm. bore is used as a sedimentation tube. From one end of the tube 10 cm. are measured off and the tube filled with blood to this mark. Thel bottom end of the tube is then sealed with plasticene and the tube stood upright in a lump of plasticene. The level to which the red cells have sunk is read at the end of one hour. It is found that for clinical purposes this gives all the information required. Since it is rare for the anaemia of acute rheumatism to show any very marked decrease in the number of red cells it has not been considered necessary to correct the sedimentation rate as recommpnded by Ernstene.


An investigation was made to det. whether and under which circumstances Co could play a role analogous to that of Fe in ferrites. In the theoretical part, certain "rules" were derived to make a comparison on the basis of a close-packed anionic structure, and to approximate the Curie (or Neel) temp. In the exptl. part, no anhyd. compds. of the Co(II) oxyfluorides could be found. Several Co(II) hydroxyfluorides and a fluoride hydrate were obtained for the first time. Attempts to replace Fe+++ by Co++ and other high-valence cations in KFe11O17 and related β-Al2O3 compds. were unsuccessful. A large proportion of Ga+++ could be introduced in KFe11O17, producing a magnetic behavior which possibly indicates a change in coupling between the spinel blocks of the structure.


are also binding in the " traditional sense" domestically, although not always in a " stat utelike" sense. In the United States, it can be argued (and this author has so argued), the W TO rules, and certainly therefore the results o f a dispute setdement panel, do not " ipso facto" becom e part o f the domestic jurisprudence that courts are bound to follow as a matter o f judicial notice, etc. However, the international law " bindingness" o f a report certainly can and should have an important effect in domestic U.S. jurisprudence, as in the jurisprudence o f many other nation-states.


Taking the Gaussian Schell-model (GSM) vortex beam as a typical example of partially coherent vortex beams, the analytical expressions for the cross-spectral density, average intensity and root mean square (rms) width of a GSM vortex beam with topological charge m = ± 1 propagating through atmospheric turbulence are derived, which enable us to study the propagation properties of GSM vortex beams through atmospheric turbulence and evolution behavior of their coherent vortices. The propagation of GSM vortex beams undergoes several stages of evolution of the intensity profile in both free space and turbulence, and is different from that of GSM non-vortex beams. An increase of the refraction index structure constant Cn2 and a decrease of the spatial correlation length σ0 speed up the evolution process. The beam-width spreading of GSM vortex beams is less than that of GSM non-vortex beams. The smaller the correlation length σ0 is, the less the beam-width spreading of GSM vortex beams is affected by turbulence. The position and number of coherent vortices depend on the structure constant Cn2, correlation length σ0 and topological charge m. The smaller Cn2 and larger σ0 result in a larger propagation distance for the conservation of the topological charge in turbulence.


In this thesis I have examined the benefits of working with a help of self-recording. I wanted to experiment self-monitoring with different working methods to improve my practicing skills as well m ...


Digital shearography is a coherent optical method in conjunction with the digital image processing. It allows the shearogram, which depicts directly displacement derivatives, in real time to be observed and to be evaluated numerically. Strains are functions of the displacement derivatives. Thus, the shearogram contains the strain information, but usually it includes both the in-plane strain, e.g. ∂u/∂x, and the out-of-plane component, e.g. ∂w/∂x. In order to get the pure in-plane strain as well as the pure out-of-plane component, two linearly independent directions of illumination (usually the same but mutual and sequential illuminations) are introduced in the measuring device. The shearograms for each illuminating direction are evaluated by applying the phase shifting technique. The result by subtracting the phase maps of the two shearograms yields a new fringe pattern depicting the pure in-plane strain component and the result by adding the phase maps corresponds to the pure out-of-plane component. The theory and nondestructive tensile testing are demonstrated in this paper. Its applications for determining the strain distribution of the homogeneous and inhomogeneous material are presented.


The usefulness of /sup 2/H NMR spectroscopy for measuring natural-abundance deuterium isotope effects is demonstrated. The spectrum of dimethly 2-cyclohexylmalonate prepared by the photolysis of dimethyldiazomalonate in excess cyclohexane illustrates that isotope effects can be measured easily because the H from the ruptured CH bond is retained in the product (results are compared with those of an experiment using 1:1 cyclohexane:cyclohexane-d/sub 12/ as solvent). In the instance of reactions in which CH cleavage results in loss of H to the solvent, the amount of transferred hydrogen must be obtained indirectly. An example of such a reaction is included.


Lead isotopic compositions are analyzed from the sulfide minerals of the Yeonhwa, Janggun and Uljin deposits and from host limestone, intrusives, and basement rocks to reveal the source of Pb in these deposits. In the vs plot, Galenas from the Yeonhwa mine display relatively well defined positive linear array, similar to the Precambrian basement rocks of the Korean peninsula. A galena sample from the Uljin mine, Janggun limestone and the basement rocks also follow the variation of Yeonhwa mine. However, ore minerals from the Janggun mine, having relatively low values, reveal offset from such trend toward lower values. Considering the fact that Mesozoic igneous rocks and ores within the Gyeongsang basin display considerably lower values than basement rocks of the Korean peninsula, the deviation of Janggun ore minerals can be interpreted as to reflect mixing between leads from old continental crustal materials and from Mesozoic igneous rocks with more mantle signature. The lead of the Yeonhwa and Uljin mine, following trend of Precambrian basement rather well, seems to have been originated mostly from such basement. However, regarding that they occupy low side of the variation trend of the basement, the possibility of having some leads derived from the Mesozoic igneous rocks cannot be excluded.


The article aiming at more requirements in the iInformation age,proposed the suggestions on the development of instruction with the chang of opening school,text Scientification,role of students,teaching method diversification are provided.


The country of Indonesia is an archipelago, which has various types of plants. One of them is a medicinal
plant. This plant has ingredients that can be used as a treatment. But by seeing the high population growth
of Indonesia, the medicinal plants are threatened. This makes the need for an action that can maintain
the existence of these medicinal plants. Bioprospection conservation is an effort to preserve and develop
medicinal plants so that their presence is not lost.


Summary The concentrations of some apparent free amino acids in the liver of normal and tumorous rats differing in age, sex, or strain have been determined, and the effects of three methionine analogs (ethionine, a -methylmethionine, and N-methylmethionine) on these amino acids have been compared. There was a marked effect of age on the apparent free lysine in the liver of normal, but not tumorous, male rats. The effect of ethionine on some apparent free amino acids in both male and female rats was modified by the age of the animals. The concentration of apparent free arginine in the liver of normal male rats was lower than that in females, and there was a striking difference in the effect of ethionine on the apparent free methionine in the livers of the two sexes. The concentration of apparent free glycine and threonine in the liver of normal Long-Evans rats was higher than that in normal Wistar rats. The analogs, a -methylmethionine and N-methylmethionine, were ineffective as tumor growth-inhibitors. They were nontoxic to the animals and had a greater ( a -methylmethionine) or lesser (N-methylmethionine) effect than ethionine on the apparent free methionine in the liver of female rats. A marked difference between ethionine and the other analogs in the effect on the amino acids studied in female rats was the higher concentration of apparent free glycine in the liver following ethionine injection.


Mechanical testing of micro- and nanoscale materials is challenging due to the intricate nature of specimen preparation and handling and the required load and displacement resolution. In addition, in Situ testing requires the entire experimental setup to be drastically miniaturized, because conventional high-resolution microscopes or analytical tools usually have very small chambers. These challenges are increasingly being addressed using microelectromechanical systems (MEMS)-based sensors and actuators. Because of their very small size, MEMS-based experimental setups are the natural choice for materials characterization under virtually all forms of in Situ electron, optical, and probe microscopy. The unique advantage of such in Situ studies is the simultaneous acquisition of qualitative (up to near atomic visualization of microstructures and deformation mechanisms) and quantitative (load, displacement, flaw size) information of fundamental materials behavior. In this article, we provide a state-of-the-art overview of design and fabrication of MEMS-based devices for nanomechanical testing. We also provide a few case studies on thin films, nanowires, and nanotubes, as well as adhesion-friction testing with a focus on in Situ microscopy. We conclude that MEMS devices offer superior choices in handling, actuation, and force and displacement resolutions. Particularly, their tight tolerances and small footprints are difficult to match by off-the-shelf techniques.


Tibiotalocalcaneal (TTC) arthrodesis can provide ankle stability and shows promising results as a salvage procedure even in cases with severe bone loss at the ankle. Correct hindfoot and ankle alignment seems important in these cases to achieve adequate hindfoot stability and adequate pain relief. Especially in failed total ankle replacement, failed ankle arthrodesis, or cases of severe bone loss (eg, talectomy), revision surgery is challenging. In this technical tip we describe a new method using an autologous fibula augmentation in combination with an intramedullary hindfoot nail. The equal-sized pieces of the distal fibula are inserted in a circular array into the defect area, providing biomechanical stability and filling of the bony defect. The equal-sized fibula fragments are harvested from the ipsilateral fibula and placed in a vertical pillar technique around the hindfoot nail (Figure 1).


A process for preparing monascorubrin with increased yield includes slant culture of Monascusanka (CGMCC No.0424) in culture medium, liquid seed culture, fermenting in fermenting liquid, centrifugal separation of thallus from bacterial liquid, and processing the thallus and bacterial liquid. The compound amino acids are added to said fermenting liquid. The obtained monascorubrin features high optical and thermal stability and not decolouring under light radiation for 10 days and at 130 deg.C for 10 hr.


We present the Extended-Sub-domain Decomposition Iterative Method (E-SDIM), as the generalization of the SDIM, in order to rigorously solve the problem of electromagnetic scattering by a randomly rough and perfectly conducting 2D surface. An iterative scheme is used to efficiently solve the linear system resulting from the discretization, by the Method of Moments (MoM), of the Electric Field Integral Equation (EFIE). Thanks to the block decomposition of the surface, the self and inter block interactions are respectively represented by the impedance and coupling matrices. The coupling matrices are compressed using the Adaptive Cross Approximation (ACA) algorithm in order to accelerate the matrix-vector products and reduce the need for memory space.


The high-speed nozzle-burner described in this article is notable for a high axial flame pulse, which ensures high convective heat transfer in the working chamber of the furnace. Burners of this type are suitable, in particular, for heating-up furnaces of all types, a significant reduction in specific energy consumption, an increase in temperature uniformity and a drop in the noise level being achieved in all the specimen applications mentioned in conclusion. The results of certain measurements performed at the state inspection center at Brno are also presented.


An oblique impact drop tower is used to conduct impact testing (Figure 1). A 45° steel anvil produces normal and tangential incident velocities associated with oblique impacts. This angle falls central to a range of reported cyclist head impact angles [1-5]. The anvil is coated with 80grit sandpaper to simulate road conditions [6], which is replaced after every fourth test. For each test, a helmeted medium NOCSAE headform is positioned in a support ring connected to the drop tower and secured in place with a lever arm that is released just prior to impact. The support ring passes around the outside of the anvil upon impact. No anthropomorphic test device (ATD) neck or effective torso mass is used in this testing, as previous work has suggested that oblique impacts may subject the neck to considerable axial loading, a scenario known to present limited biofidelity for current ATD necks [7-9].


The present invention substantially all of the side chains in the aqueous poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) is ring-extend in the opening polymerization, substantially by the method of any terminal is further for forming a copolymer to be joined to the anti-thrombotic molecule, comb-like clot conjugate relate to. Further, such a method is provided for applying to at least a portion of the apparatus capable of inserting a coating comprising a comb-like anti-thrombotic conjugate to prevent or reduce thrombosis on the device surface. The coating of the first or sub-layer is prepared by forming a homogeneous solution in accordance with the polymeric material and biologically active agent thereto mixed with a solvent, and. It can be applied over the inner layer containing - a second or outer layer comprising a comb-like antithrombotic conjugate, for example, using a dip coating or spray coating process drug. Alternatively comb antithrombotic conjugate, by encapsulating the pharmaceutical preparation a microsomal or nano body before the medical device can be used as the immersion matrix material to form fine nano-vesicles or vesicles. Antithrombotic conjugate, coating


Objective To explore the clinical and laboratory characteristics of patients with dengue fever (DF) in Guangzhou from May 2002 to November 2003. Methods Clinical data from 1032 patients with DF were retrospectively analyzed. Dengue virus (DEV) were isolated by cell culture and typed by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Results Patients ranged from 55 day to 91 year old [average (34.7±13.2) years]. The common manifestations included fever (100%), headache (90.9%), myalgia (68.4%), bone soreness (48.8%), fatigue (79.3%), skin rash (60.1%), positive tourniquet test (45.3%), leukopenia (63.3%), thrombocytopenia (60.8%), respectively. Other common findings were elevated alanine aminotransferase (71.8%), elevated aspartate aminotransferase (86.9%), elevated lactase dehydrogenase (44.7%), elevated creatinine kinase (31.3%) and hypopotassemia (19.2% ). Only 2 patients were clinically diagnosed as dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF), the others were all diagnosed as common DF. DEV were isolated from 19 of 54 serum samples of patients within 5 days of the onset and then identified as DEV type Ⅰ. Serum DEV RNA was detected by RT-PCR in 25 of 30 patients(83.3%). Conclusions The epidemic of dengue fever in Guangzhou in recent years were caused by DEV-Ⅰ. Most patients are classic dengue fever but with high percentage of hepatic injury and hypopotassemia. The incidence of DHF was very low.


In this research work, we are formulating a batch of tablets using Diclofenac sodium which is used as an NSAID's in the treatment of Arthritis, inflammation and pain. We made different blends of super disintegrants with different ratio in fixed concentration were taken and tablets were formulated and evaluated with a view to optimize a formula and concentration blends of super disintegrants for Fast Disintegrating Tablets (FDT). In this research work three super disintegrants, viz. Cross carmellose, PVP were used. Six blends were prepared and 3 batches of tablets of each formulation code blend were formulated and evaluated for pre-compression parameters like Compressibility, Bulk density, Tapped density and post-compression parameters like Hardness, Weight variation, Disintegration time, Friability. Based on results it revealed that the formulation code blend A3 which had Cross carmellose, PVP in ratio 1:2 (4%w/w) emerged as best blend of super disintegrants for FDT formulation. To optimize the formula of A3 blend, Diclofenac sodium FDT was formulated and evaluated using the concentration blend of A3; three batches were formulated and evaluated for all above parameters and in-vitro drug release (pH7.4 phosphate buffer) and disintegration time was found between 34-37 seconds and release was more than 70% in 30 minute. We can conclude that a good FDT can be formulated using the above A3 blend concentration. All formulations are rapidly disintegrated in oral cavity as well as all formulations possess good NSAID's properties.


Background/Aims: Treatment with flumazenil results in rapid reversal from sedation. In addition, the use of flumazenil can prevent accidents or memory loss after endoscopy. This study was conducted to evaluate the role of flumazenil according to dose. Methods: A total of 150 consecutive outpatients were randomly allocated into three groups: patients given normal saline (control group), patients given 0.25 mg flumazenil (0.25 mg flumazenil group) and patients given 0.5 mg flumazenil (0.5 mg flumazenil group). Flumazenil or normal saline was injected 10 minutes after the completion of endoscopy. We evaluated the recovery time, time to discharge, patient satisfaction, and memory loss after discharge. Results: The control group consisted of 44 subjects, the 0.25 mg flumazenil group consisted of 46 subjects and the 0.5 mg flumazenil group consisted of 45 subjects. The recovery time was significantly shorter in the two flumazenil groups as compared to the control group (28.5±15.0 min, 13.8±3.7 min, 12.4±1.7 min for the control group, 0.25 mg flumazenil group and 0.5 mg flumazenil group, respectively)(p<0.001). The time to discharge after an examination was shorter in the flumazenil groups and showed dose-dependency (41.2±20.5 min, 22.1±10.9 min, 16.4±2.2 min for the control group, 0.25 mg flumazenil group and 0.5 mg flumazenil group, respectively) (p<0.001). There was no significant difference in patient satisfaction among the three groups. The degree of memory recall was better in the 0.5 mg flumazenil group than in the other two groups (p<0.001). Conclusions: Flumazenil reversal of midazolam sedative endoscopy results in fast recovery and is helpful to minimize memory loss after an examination without interference of satisfaction. (Korean J Gastrointest Endosc 2008;36:206-212)


an experimental investigation Olivier Roche1, Anne Mangeney2, Yarko Niño3, Brittany Brand4, Nick Pollock5, Greg Valentine6 1Laboratoire Magmas and Volcans, Universite Blaise Pascal-CNRS-IRD, Clermont-Ferrand, France, 2Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Universite Paris Diderot, France, 3Department of Civil Engineering, University of Chile, Chile, 4Department of Geosciences, Boise State University, USA, 5Department of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Washington, USA, 6Department of Geology and Center for Geohazards Studies, University at Buffalo, USA E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com


The zero-water exchange aquaculture has been identified as a promising method of farming to decrease the environment pressure of aquaculture and to increase profits. However, the ecological functions (e.g., nitrogen removal) and microbial biodiversity of the zero-water exchange pond aquaculture system are relatively understudied. In the present study, the zero-water exchange pond aquaculture system were constructed to investigated the microbial communities, sediment potential nitrification and denitrification production rates. And five functional genes (AOA amoA, AOB amoA, nirS, nosZ, and hzsB) were used to quantify the abundance of nitrifying and denitrifying microorganisms. The results showed that the sediment of the system had excellent potential nitrification-denitrification performance, with potential nitrification and denitrification rate were 149.77-1024.44 ng N g−1 h−1 and 48.32-145.01 ng N g−1 h−1, respectively. The absolute copy numbers of nitrogen functional genes and total bacterial 16S rRNA were 1.59×105-1.39×109 and 1.55×1010-2.55×1010copies g−1, respectively, with the dominant phyla, i.e., Proteobacteria, Actinobacteriota, Chloroflexi, Cyanobacteria, and Firmicutes. The relative abundances of the genera related to nitrification and denitrification, varied from 0.01% to 0.79% and from 0.01% to 15.54%, respectively. The potential nitrification rate was positively related to the sediment TOC concentration; and the potential denitrification rate had a positive correlation with sediment nitrate concentration. The genera Bacillus positively correlated with sediment NO3 ‐-N concentration, whereas Flavobacterium and Shewanella positively correlated with sediment NH4 +-N concentration, which could be the functional bacteria for nitrogen removal. These findings may shed light on quantitative molecular mechanisms for nitrogen removal in zero-water exchange ponds, providing a sustainable solution to nitrogen pollution problem in the freshwater aquaculture ecosystems.


Changes on consumer ́s behavior and the development of new technologies have opened a new path and created a great opportunity to develop and offer new services capable of generating value. Thus arises a new approach to take advantage of the new technological developments to implement them as an alternative communication channel, with the Interactive Showcase. Through it, shopping center ́s brands in Medellin and its surroundings would have the opportunity to strengthen their relationship between them and their clients. An exploratory research was conducted in order to know and understand the market. Through both primary sources (interviews and observation exercises), and secondary sources, it was possible to estimate the target market size, identifying its most important characteristics and their will to use the Interactive Showcase as an alternative channel. Through the market research it was also possible to identify the brands ́ expectations towards the Interactive Showcase, from which could have been designed a basic module that contains the main interactive applications that a brand would expect to have. In addition, it was also defined the value chain and the required resources to its development. It was also conducted a legal and financial research, from which could have been determined important aspects that need to be taken into account in the implementation of this business idea.


Communication problems such as interconnection bandwidth, clock skew, and connectivity are restricting computational throughput. Bandwidth and clock skew problems limit the speed and add to the design complexity of a processor. Constrained connectivity forces much of the speed of a processor to be used to compensate for the limited number of interconnections. . Philosophically, the large bandwidth, innate parallelism and non-interfering propagation of optics offer mechanisms for overcoming these communication problems. The difficulty in exploiting these capabilities has been the absence of suitable optical logic and memory devices. Advances in optical nonlinearities offer the possibility of cascadable optical logic gates that are competitive with electronics. Advances in computer architecture can be used to simplify the optical memory requirements and utilize the large bandwidth, parallel, non-interfering communications of optics.


We report the closure of a secundum atrial septal defect (ASD) using subcostal real-time 3-dimensional (3D) echocardiographic guidance. A 6-year-old girl (wt 22.6 Kg) with a 9- mm ASD underwent percutaneous closure. The indication for intervention was a dilated right ventricle with an increased end-diastolic dimension for her age. The ASD was assessed using a new, truly real-time, 3D imaging system (Philips Sonos 7500 with live 3D). Subcostal 3D views, supplemented by 2-dimensional Doppler color flow mapping were utilized. A sterile barrier between the echocardiographic probe and …


PART I. ONLY ONE MODEL IN JAPAN? PART II. THREE DISTINCT TRAJECTORIES AT NORTH AMERICA'S BIG THREE PART III. EUROPE'S DILEMMA: THE ORIGINAL CONDITIONS OF INDUSTRIAL MODEL'S VIABILITY


Ocean tourism of artificial science and technology museums is one of main forms among the products of ocean tourism. With ocean tourism of artificial science and technology developing for many years in Zhoushan,it has initially formed the products of tourism of artificial science and technology museums based on Daishan,including marine life, the meteorology, the production, the military, etc. So far, the development of the product of ocean tourism of science and technology, however, is on the extensive level, which has not formed own characteristic and combination of which are not reasonable,the methods and the designs of demonstration are in sufficiency. Consequently, we adopt these strategies , such as the characteristic of evaluation, the experience of tourism, the combination of products, the development of fine works, the anticipation of motion, etc. to promote the development of ocean tourism of science and technology in Zhoushan.


To an outsider, the Wild Horse Inmate Program (WHIP) may seem like an equestrian training facility that utilizes inmate labor Upon closer examination, the human-animal relationship that develops transforms both inmates and mustangs, preparing them for life beyond the Canon City, Colorado correctional facility. This narrative examines the WHIP program and identifies learned skills necessary for reincorporation into society. Note: Inmates ' names have been changed to maintain confidentiality.


In order to study the velocity field and pressure field of the secondary flow(Dean Vortices)in curved tubes,numerical simulation was carried out in different flow patterns with the help of CFD software.The finite Volume Method was employed during the spatial discretization and the calculation was carried out in terms of the Realizable k-eturbulence model.Simulation results showed that the maximum velocity and maximum total pressure in the cross-section along the flow direction kept almost unchanged when the flow was in laminar region(v=0.04m/s),and the cores of the vortices were found right in the center of the semi-circular;when the flow was in transition region(v=0.25m/s),the maximum total pressure and velocity in the cross-sections along the flow direction decreased gradually while the maximum velocity increased suddenly in the 90°cross-section,with the cores of the vortices beginning to move outward;However,when the flow developed to turbulence flow(v= 0.5m/s),the maximum total pressure decreased apparently and the cores of the vortices significantly moved outward.


This invention relates to a client system with a browser software, a process responsible for pre-installation in the factory, which includes a computer system identification information (304) in a standardized address resource pre- installed on the hard disk of the system. HTML content (314) pre-installed on the hard disk by a vendor includes identification information so that when the customer contacts the vendor via the canvas, the client and the system are automatically identified by the seller.


Nowadays it is difficult to list all disciplines where stereology is applied, starting from biology and medicine, through materials science, geology and agriculture, up to military systems, biometry, meteorology, geography, physics, astronomy, sophisticated vision systems and even history or art sciences. The strength of the stereology as a scientific discipline lies in its multidisciplinary character and even now, in the century of the digital revolution, doesn't become obsolete. Over the last five decades stereology has responded to the challenges of the times. Its creators and enthusiasts have adapted this field of science to the current challenges existing practically everywhere if only an image (formally: section or projection) is a source of information.


Abstract In recent years, neurosurgical anesthesia has been rapidly evolving in the fields of pharmacotherapy and techniques to administer safe anesthesia. Intravenous (IV) anesthetic agents reduce both cerebral blood flow and intracranial pressure besides maintaining flow–metabolism coupling in contrast to inhalational agents. In neuroanesthesia, the technique and choice of drugs directly influence the outcome of the patients. The purpose of this review is to provide the updated information of total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) in neuroanesthesia. Administration of TIVA using target-controlled infusion technique is emerging as a standard method to administer safe anesthesia in neurosurgical patients. The propofol–remifentanil combination has become very popular due to their favorable pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties for neurosurgery cases. Plasma-effect site concentration monitoring from target TCI devices together with electroencephalogram or bispectral index monitors allows easy titration of anesthetic agents to ensure adequate depth of anesthesia depending upon the nociceptive stimulus. TIVA is associated with smooth induction and rapid emergence with less postoperative nausea and vomiting.


It sets up the FEM model of LAMOST focal mechanism based on ANSYS APDL. With the help of subproblem approximation method and the static and dynamic characterist ics, it obtains the optimization of the focal mechanism that satisfies all speci fied constraints. This gives a new way to design astronomic telescopes.


Changes in acid invertase activity and sugar distribution were investigated in different portions of asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L. cv. E 414 and Green Tower, grown in a greenhouse) spears harvested in autumn. In the two cultivars and portions, the invertase activity decreased gradually with time. The acid invertase in the soluble fraction showed a higher activity than that in the cell wall-bound fraction. Furthermore, the top portion of the spear showed a significantly higher acid invertase activity than the bottom portion for the soluble fraction. However, in the cell wall-bound fraction a higher activity was detected in the bottom portion. Of the two cultivars,•eE 414•fshowed a higher invertase activity than•eGreen Tower•f. Sucrose content increased almost gradually in both portions of the two cultivars with time. It was negatively correlated with the acid invertase activity in both portions and accounted well for the relation between the substrate and the activity. Fructose content was significantly higher than the glucose and sucrose contents in the top and bottom portions of the spear. Reducing sugar content was also negatively correlated with the acid invertase activity, presumably due to the sucrose synthase activity.


We have measured the autocorrelation of the fluorescence of single aromatic molecules in polyethylene at T\ensuremath{\approxeq}2 K. Assuming intensity fluctuations to be caused by frequency jumps when two-level systems (TLS's) change states, we show that individual TLS's can be probed, allowing direct measurement of some of their properties, with minimal recourse to theory and no assumptions about the distribution of TLS parameters. Besides providing a simple confirmation of the tunneling theory of TLS's, this new method, by eliminating statistical uncertainties, proves that while some TLS's may be stable for several hours others are modified by transitions of their neighbors. Tunneling times of individual TLS's are measured directly, as are their temperature dependences, revealing three types of TLS-phonon coupling, of which one is new.


The purpose of this review is to consolidate the analytical basis and reduce the technical complexity of the growing literature on congestion. Money and time costs are kept distinct, and the basic positive and normative implications of congestion are derived geometrically. On the assumptions that the "size" of the facility is fixed and that an uncongested alternative exists, the implications are derived for one and two classes of identical users entering under various means: with free access, efficiently, with private ownership, and through clubs.


Anhui Province is one province rich in the natural resources.There are many types of the natural resources and its grade is very high,but the distribution of the natural resources doesn't balance and its regional change is large.In order to understand the natural resources of the Anhui Province,the author makes the comprehensive evaluation on the natural resources of different regions of Anhui Province.It can help develop the natural resources of Anhui Province better than before,and promote the economical development of Anhui Province.


Objective To analyze CT and MRI findings of neurolemmoma in the nasal cavity and paranasal sinus, to improve the level of diagnosis and differentiation diagnosis of this disease.Materials and Methods Imaging findings, including plain (n=8) and enhanced (n=4) CT as well as both plain and enhanced MRI (n=2), and 8 patients with pathologically proved neurolemmoma were retrospectively analyzed.Results Benign tumor was seen in 4 cases, while malignant tumor in 4 cases. 4 tumors were located in the nasal cavity, 3 in maxillary sinus, and 1 in the ethmoid sinus. No metastasis of cervical lymphnodes was detected. On CT scan, the lesion presented as intermediate density, homogeneous (n=5) or heterogeneous (n=3). The lesions had an intermediate signal intensity on T_1-weighted images, whereas signal intensity varied from intermediate to inhomogeneously hyperintensity on T_2-weighted with slight intermediate enhancement or peripheral intensification.Conclusion No characteristic CT and MRI features may be helpful for the diagnosis of neurolemmoma in nasal cavity and paranasal sinus. However, CT and MRI can well demonstrate extent and bone destruction of tumor.


During excavation of Bronze Age cists, samples were obtained for pollen analysis. One cist, at Upper Kenly Farm, Kingsbarns, yielded no particularly informative pollen. Material from two cists at Dalgety Bay yielded very low concentrations of pollen from grass, plantain, and, probably, hazel, but high concentrations of meadowsweet pollen. Flowers of meadowsweet were probably deposited in these graves at the time of burial; their absence from the Kenly burials may be because those burials took place in winter.


The outbreak of the First World War in 1914 was accompanied by mass enthusiasm. This wave of enthusiasm (Kriegsbegeisterung) was particularly high in Austro-Hungary. In the regions where the German population was significantly large crowds thronged the streets singing patri- otic songs such as "Wacht am Rhein", "Heil Dir im Siegeskranz", "The Radecky Marsch", "Prince Eugene Marsch". They also arranged tributes in front of monuments, state buildings and military headquarters. Despite the fact that the operation to mobilise the Czech military went smoothly the German public noticed the lack of enthusiasm amidst the Czech soldiers and consequently the Czechs were seen as indifferent and even hostile. There was an attempt to promote demonstrations in Prague as an expression of Czech-German reconciliation. However as these were organised by the German minority in Prague the Czechs continued in their lack of fervour and viewed the war as a German one rather than Czech.


Universal Design is a fundamentals of good design. A product with Universal Design approach should provide wide range of solution for people with different purposes including those with diverse disabilities. However, designers often based on a subjective understanding of Universal Design Principles (UDP) to formulate design solutions. This result in the inaccurate conversion of design needs. A systematic approach is needed in order to develop a concept to meet the customer need. Previous studies shown potential integration of the Theory of Inventive Problem Solving (TRIZ) proposed to create a systematic approach for problem-solving requires creativity abilities. The purpose of this study is to explore the construction of the integration model of UDP and TRIZ 40 inventive principles. To construct the integration model of UDP and TRIZ 40 inventive principles, this study will use focus group discussion of certified TRIZ experts in the exploration of establishing an integration model of UDP and TRIZ 40 inventive principles. The further discussion onto the elements required to create the integration model by the TRIZ experts will be taken into consideration to construct a final model UDP-TRIZ model. Finally, the results are expected to lead towards a final integration model of the UDP and TRIZ integration model.


The urban development of Chinese cities has been very much a top-down process, leading to the oft-heard criticism that the current urban development process is overly influenced by national economic plans. This article attempts to unearth an emergent phenomenon in Chinese cities: post-industrial spaces that are initially revitalised by spontaneous occupation, later becoming established arts communities. These processes introduce important new spatial typologies and practices that have the potential to act as spaces of resistance to broad-brush planning by municipal authorities. The authors document the development of some of these spaces, and speculate on the role of artist-led gentrification and the development of new urban spaces in leading Chinese cities such as Shanghai and Beijing. The anatomy of these developments suggests how the face of bureaucratic Chinese planning has changed in the light of new challenges.


Drug abuse is currently a very serious threat to the current generation. The current danger of drugs is so terrible that the government has to deal with drug abuse and drug addicts by means of rehabilitation. The National Police of the Republic of Indonesia, in particular the Directorate of Drugs and the Jambi Regional Police, based on the provisions of the applicable laws and regulations, regarding rehabilitation and narcotics addicts have an obligation to carry out a rehabilitation program. However, nationally, especially in Jambi Province, there is currently no reporting system on the management and control of narcotics addicts data online while based on 2021 data, the data on narcotics addicts is quite high, so it requires a system for monitoring the rehabilitation data for narcotics addicts to make it easier to monitor. its existence. In order to overcome the existing problems, the author wants to help and make it easier by designing and building an information system for the rehabilitation of narcotics addicts in the Jambi Regional Police area using the agile software development method. The purpose of building a system using this method is to assist and facilitate the management and control of narcotics addicts in the Jambi Regional Police by involving maximum involvement of stakeholders and related parties, especially the Narcotics Directorate and Jambi Regional Police so that the use of applications is more adaptive and can be developed more widely. more in responding to the challenges and changes that exist. The result of this research is that the system development is carried out using the agile software development method using six stages, namely meetings (meeting), planning (plan), design (develop), testing (test), and evaluation (evaluation). Based on the results of system testing carried out using black box testing, the system was as expected


We investigate definitions of and protocols for multi-party quantum computing in the scenario where the secret data are quantum systems. We work in the quantum information-theoretic model, where no assumptions are made on the computational power of the adversary. For the slightly weaker task of verifiable quantum secret sharing, we give a protocol which tolerates any t < n/4 cheating parties (out of n). This is shown to be optimal. We use this new tool to establish that any multi-party quantum computation can be securely performed as long as the number of dishonest players is less than n/6. This thesis is based on joint work with Claude Crépeau and Daniel Gottesman. Thesis Supervisor: Madhu Sudan Title: Associate Professor


We report the first comprehensive investigation of synthesized dielectric materials which possess distinctive stopbands for microstrip lines. Four types of these photonic band-gap (PBG) structures have been simulated using FDTD. Experiment with a honeycomb-lattice PBG line shows excellent agreement between theoretical prediction and measurement.


This report summarizes the findings resulting from a comparison of the Industrial Safety Program administered by the Sandia Safety Standards and Engineering Department with a model Environment, Safety, and Health Assurance Program which is based upon proven quality assurance, reliability, and human factors principles and practices. The comparison upon which the report is based is a preliminary evaluation of what changes, if any, would be needed in the existing Sandia Laborators Industrial Safety Program if it were to become an assurance program. While the issue is addressed only in the context of our own industrial safety program, the approach presented appears to be generally applicable.


An examination of the case study and other scientific papers concerning the effects of sewage‐related wastes on the oceans shows a growing consensus that ocean disposal may, in some cases, be the best option for environmental as well as economic reasons. Environmental issues such as this, however, are complicated by widely varying perceptions and values within the population as a whole; conflict is inevitable, and regulatory reform initiatives seem required by the severity and complexity of the issues involved. While engineers can profitably continue the development of models which predict the fate of sewage particulates, it is equally important that social scientists be encouraged to direct their attention to this issue. Fundamental studies are needed to clarify who bears the economic and social burdens in each disposal option (land, air, water), and to define methods of approaching a fair and efficient decision.


An image algebra has been defined which is capable of expressing all finite image-to image gray level transformations. The purpose of this paper is twofold: (1) to prove the sufficiency of the algebra, and (2) to introduce the reader to the basic concepts of the algebra.


The present invention relates to production of compositions and methods and nerve grafts to promote tissue repair damaged nerves. The compositions and methods of the invention can be used to recover the sequence uniqueness of the nerve by disease, trauma, or surgical procedures.


As an indispensable part of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), closed-loop recycling, reusing the electrolyte from spent LIBs, has not yet been fulfilled experimentally. Herein, this paper presents a LIB electrolyte recycling approach which consists of supercritical CO2 extraction, resin, and molecular sieve purification and components supplements. The resultant electrolyte exhibited a high ionic conductivity of 0.19 mS·cm–1 at 20 °C, which was very close to a commercial electrolyte with the same composition. Moreover, the electrolyte was also electrochemically stable up to 5.4 V (vs Li/Li+) in the linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) measurement. The application potential of reclaimed electrolyte was demonstrated by Li/LiCoO2 battery presenting the initial discharge capacity of 115 mAh·g–1 with a capacity retention of 66% after 100 cycles at 0.2 C. This investigation is a crucial break for electrolyte recycling and opens a bright route toward realizing closed-loop LIB recycling.


We present new experimental data on light-induced degradation due to the boron oxygen defect in compensated n-type silicon. We are the first to show that both defect components known from p-type silicon are formed in compensated n-type silicon. A parameterization of the injection dependent recombination activity of the slower formed defect component is established. The formation kinetics of both defect components are studied and modeled under different conditions. It is found that the same rate factors as in p-type can describe the degradation, if the actual hole concentration under illumination is taken into account. The regeneration process known to permanently deactivate boron oxygen defects in p-type is successfully applied to n-type material and the illumination stability of the regenerated state is tested and proven.


Abstract Metal oxides supported on zeolites have been demonstrated to be effective regenerable desulfurization agents for high temperature removal of hydrogen sulfide from fossil fuels. Metals of interest are iron and zinc. Zeolites of particular interest are commercially available zeolites with high hydrothermal stability such as synthetic mordenite and rare earth stabilized faujasite Y. The metals used as desulfurization agents are introduced by cation exchange. Zinc faujasite Y is of particular interest because of the demonstrated ability to reduce the hydrogen sulfide to several PPM concentration range in the desulfurized fuel in the temperature range of 500 to 650 C.


AUTHOR Hardison, Debra M. TITLE TESOL Students as Teachers and Colleagues: Integrating Theory, Research, Methods, and Practicum in Professional Development. PUB DATE 1999-00-00 NOTE 20p. PUB TYPE Reports Evaluative (142) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC01 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Adult Education; Communicative Competence (Languages); *English (Second Language); Graduate Students; Graduate Study; Grammar; Higher Education; Linguistic Theory; Pragmatics; *Professional Development; Second Language Instruction; Second Language Learning; Speech Acts; *Teacher Education; *Teacher Student Relationship


GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT Abstract The stereoselective synthesis of P-chirogenic o-halogenophenylphosphines and their use for the preparation of o-functionalized derivatives are reported. The key step of this synthesis is based on the reaction of a P-chirogenic secondary phosphine borane, previously prepared using ephedrine methodology, with n-butyllithium (1.2 equiv.) and 1,2-dihalogenobenzene. The reaction proceeds by addition of the phosphide borane to the benzyne generated in situ from 1,2-dihalogenobenzene by metal-halide exchange with the intermediate carbanion. The o-halogenophenylphosphine boranes were obtained with retention of configuration at the P-center and with enantioselectivities up to 99% ee. The free o-halogenophenylphosphines were applied for the preparation of various kinds of o-functionalized P-chirogenic phosphines useful in asymmetric catalyzed reactions.


Samples of polycrystalline tungsten were irradiated at normal incidence by 30 keV 4He+ at 1173 K from fluences of 6 × 1021 to 6 × 1022 He m−2. Zones on each sample were marked using a focused ion beam so they could be easily found after irradiation. Electron backscatter diffraction was used to analyze the orientation of the grains in the marked zones before and after irradiation. Grains with orientations ∼4° to ∼8° tilt from {0 0 1} remained smoother after irradiation and were less eroded. Grains with all other orientations farther from {0 0 1} experienced complete morphology change and severe erosion due to the ion bombardment. A grain with orientation (0 0 1) was also highly eroded. Mass loss of each sample was measured and the sample at the highest fluence had 12 g m−2 mass loss normalized to irradiated area.


The specific purpose of this project was to establish the cultural contexts in the area being studied as well as to define the mechanisms of environmental manipulation that were employed by the prehistoric population in the different stages of the occupation of the coast. During the project development the authors undertook several fieldwork expeditions, devoting special attention to a survey which covered the greater part of the state, including not only marine coastal environments but also some island areas. At the same time the authors conducted excavations in 12 prehistoric settlement sites, with various occupation layers, permitting a diachronic analysis of the cultural remains, mainly artifacts made from stone, bone, shell and teeth. In one exceptional case it was possible to recover a wood artifact. This paper discusses various types of human settlements found in the study area and their environmental locations.


The female's traditional views of beauty in The Book of Songs mainly include the external appearance,figure,inner morality and emotion,which can be represented correspondingly by the following four images: flower,water,emerald and the moon.After-literature absorbs,inherits and develops the nutrition,and forms the female's tradition of beauty appreciation,in other words,the emotional link between female and the culture of flower,water, emerald and the moon,which cannot be parted with the national blood tie.This emotional link set the ordinary example of beauty appreciation in ancient China, which admires the harmony with that of the female's.As a whole,this modal can show the female's qualities of femininity,equanimity and elegance.


Abstract John Wise of Hawkesbury in Warwickshire was involved with erecting a number of Newcomen Engines in Warwickshire, Bristol, London and Cornwall between the 1720s and the 1770s. Probably because of the wide geographical distribution of his work, the importance of Wise's contribution to early steam engine development has not received the attention it warrants and this article attempts to redress this. The author's assertion that Wise was an important figure in the construction of early engines is reinforced by the fact that he took out what is understood to be the first patent for improvements to atmospheric engines as early as 1740. This paper attempts to draw together what is known of Wise and his work from a range of primary and secondary sources as a basis for further research. The catalyst for this account was Peter Tymków alerting South Gloucestershire Mines Research Group (SGMRG) to Wise's work on the Chelsea Waterworks' (CWW) Newcomen Engine and providing the details from their Court of Directors' Minutes of Wise's previously unreported work in Bristol.


In the work with use of classical anatomical research methods are analyzed projection-syntopic relationship anatomic formations of parametrium with vaginal fornix in atypical positions of the uterus. It is established, that the uterus position sinistroversio et sinistropositio shall entail the change of the projection ratios of peritoneum cover regions displacement vesico-uterinum and recto-uterinum deepening to the right. Presented segmental projection layers of cellular tissue, derived from a combination of parametrium with adjacent parts retrovesical and pararectal cellular tissue, anatomic formations, laid down in the parametrium uterine arteries and pelvic department of the ureters. On the basis of data grouping developed practical recommendations for the implementation transvaginal accesses to the peritoneum and subperitoneum levels of the pelvis.


Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Birmensdorf, Switzerland, Agriculture and Environment, Harper Adams University, Newport, United Kingdom, Soil and Environment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden, Agroscope, Zürich, Switzerland, Departamento de Biologia Vegetal y Ecologia, Facultad de Biologia, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain, Centre for Ecosystem Science, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia, UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Halle (Saale), Germany


Wastewater reduction by water conservation is an important measure to solve industrial water pollution in the way of source control. Industrial structure adjustment is one of main paths to realize industrial wastewater reduction by water conservation. In the light of the research object of the Pearl River Delta region with high degree of industrialization in China, the methods for measuring the degree of water conservation and wastewater reduction stemming from industrial structure adjustment are studied. Based on analyzing the status quo and potentials of water conservation and wastewater reduction stemming from industrial structure adjustment in the Pearl River Delta region, the countermeasures are elaborated for industrial structure adjustment for the aim of wastewater reduction by water conservation.


The epidemiology of Hi-infections in Switzerland prior to the introduction of a vaccine is known (Pediatr Res 1991, 30, 642), e.g. meningitis and epiglottitis have an annual incidence of 23 and 13/100'000 respectively in children ≤ 5 years. Surveillance of Hi diseases is warranted by a mandatory reporting system for physicians and laboratories to notify invasive infections. Data concerning the patient, the illness, the immunization status and bacteriological results are collected from special report forms. According to official recommendations large scale vaccination on a voluntary basis started 1991. Actually four different Hi Type b (Hib) conjugate vaccines are available. Prior to Hib immunization the annual average of Hi infections in children 0-15 years amounted to 176 between 1988 and 1990. In 1993 a total of 48 cases were reported, corresponding to a reduction of 73 %. Hi meningitis and epiglottitis were reduced by 80 and 78 % respectively. In children <2 years 80 % fewer infections were noted compared to the preimmunization era, but in children 5-15 years the decrease was only 28 %. Immunization failures were recorded. 93% of Hi infected children were not at all or inadequately immunized. Three of the four deaths (two <2 mo., one >7y old)between 1991 and 1993 could not have been prevented by the actual vaccine policy; the fourth letal case (epiglottitis) has not been vaccinated. In conclusion the actual Hib immunization program effectively lowers the number of severe infections and deaths. To further reduce the infection rate, the vaccine coverage has to be increased.


tive, local, and individual studies hitherto made in this field and to that of Drs. Gordon and Vint into brain size and intelligence of natives and Europeans in Kenya, and stresses the urgency of such organized investigations as the Colonial Office has now set on foot. Two or three points of some general importance in this connexion are brought out. It is even more clear here than elsewhere that the preventive and curative aspects of medicine are quite inseparable, and that preventive and curative functions cannot be distributed among a sectional personnel. It is certain, too, that though particular dietary deficiencies often produce specific diseases, " in actual fact the majority of specific deficiencies result in a general lowering of vitality and resistance to disease." Again, it may sometimes be difficult to determine whether some conditions are due to the toxic effects of some common article of diet or to the deficiency of other essential elements. This appears to be the case in regard to a condition involving blindness in a people in Nigeria who feed largely on cassava. Further, a customary native practice may yield dietetic information-for example, in Nigeria again, the leaves of the baobab tree, which have a high calcium content, are crushed and eaten in soups. Precautions are always taken to avoid direct sun on the leaves during the drying process, and laboratory experiment has shown that sun-drying as opposed to shade-drying destroys the vitamin content of the leaves. Dr. Worthington's survey has many chapters of much interest besides those dealing with health and medicine; but those to which we have drawn attention are not only of great value for' 'reference but should provoke' and aid further researches, of which the results cannot be foreseen.


JAAKKO MÄHÖNEN: Validation of test methods for filters on gas engine applications Tampere University of Technology Master of Science Thesis, 51 pages, 1 Appendix page August 2018 Master's Degree Programme in Automation Technology Major: Hydraulics and Automation, Fluid Power Examiner: Professor Kalevi Huhtala


The pathophysiology of acute and chronic wounds continues to be an area of active investigation. However, little is known about the interplay between transcript and epigenomic alterations and augmentations in wound healing. Further, research is lacking in identification of genotypic signatures that may lead to customized approaches to treatment. Additionally the interplay between the endogenous and the acquired microbiome may have great impacts on wound phenotype, healing, and scarring. The prokaryotic‐host interaction may play a substantial role in determining the quality and speed of wound repair. Studies examining 57 patients after burn injury show that stress system activation contributes to burn‐related pain, itch and healing. Identification of patient specific transcript signatures may lead to early identification of problematic wounds and customizable treatment. Similarly in animals and patients exposed to stress and subsequently exhibiting symptoms of PTSD immunosuppression and perturbations in pathways relating to wound healing are consistent and persist over time. Understanding the influence of these multi‐system changes could lead to the early identification of patients that need more aggressive care in order to prevent chronic non‐healing wounds that have poor healing quality. Host prokaryotic bio‐burden is being examined to determine the cutaneous microbiome and how it is altered by traumatic wounds. Experiments in burn patients and animals examining phenotypic alterations of benign microbes after injury show that virulence factor production is altered. The resulting PAMPs and DAMPs interact directly with cutaneous cells causing an innate immune response that not only leads to augmentation in inflammatory response but induces differential regulation of multiple pathways responsible for wound healing and scar.


There is an abundance of data in the published literature worldwide documenting the occurrence of catastrophic complications that can, at least in this point in time, only be treated usingmutilative surgery. One of the few optimistic articles addressing this type of treatment 4 discusses only the short-term implications of such treatment when disastrous and essentially untreatable complications can occurmany years after treatment. In that same article, photographs reveal penises that have been grossly disfigured by the techniques and the volumes of silicone employed. The authors should be congratulated for their clear and convincing analysis of the risks of penile augmentation and their moderation in suggesting, "In conclusion, the morbidity of complications from injections of permanent fillers into the penis shaft or the scrotum is of sufficient greatness that we advise against their use in this region for aesthetic reasons."


Objective To study the effect of Zexie decoction on blood pressure in mice.Methods The blood pressure of mice at different time points was measured after treatment with Zexie decoction of four concentrations by using the tail cuff method with a BP meter.Results The results showed that Zexie decoction reduced the systolic blood pressure(SBP) in mice at a single dosage of 90 mg/kg body weight,180 mg/kg body weight or 360 mg/kg body weight.There was a dose-effect relationship between the antihypertensive effects in four doses at 10 minutes and 30 minutes.The result also showed that Zexie decoction at the dosage of 360 mg/kg body weight had the obvious effect of reducing heart rate in mice at 10 min.Conclusion Zexie decoction has the antihypertensive effect in mice.The antihypertensive effect is positively correlated with the dosage.This result provides substantial foundation for further research on antihypertensive effects of Zexie decoction and its mechanism.


This article presents a new multilevel converter topology synthesis concept—the internal parallel converter (IPC). In the IPC concept, each phase of an IPC topology consists of one low switching frequency part and several parallel-connected high switching frequency (HSF) modules. Compared to existing topology synthesis principles, the IPC topologies feature the merits such as reduced device current stress, modularity, hybrid utilization of different types of devices, etc. Also, by interleaving the HSF modules, the number of output voltage levels can be increased without complicating the control of the converter. Detailed discussions on the advantages of the IPC concept are presented in this article. Two example topologies are introduced and adopted in simulation and experiment. The results of the interleaving operation show that the number of output voltage levels can be effectively increased, demonstrating the functionalities of the proposed IPC topologies.


1. A method of operating an auxiliary device, the method comprising the steps of: establishing a connection with a portable computing device; receive operating power from the portable computing device via the connection; reported portable computing device that the additional device must receive power from the portable computing device when the portable computing device is in the hibernation mode; Epoch portable computing device is in hibernation mode: continue to receive operating power from the portable computing device via the connection; exhibit additional device event; and in response to the additional device event signal sent awakening events portable computing device, wherein the wake-up signal events indicating to the portable computing device to wake up mode gibernatsii.2. A method according to claim 1, wherein the signaling of the portable computing device waking up from the hibernation mode includes the step of generating a signal that emulates the disconnection and re-connection of an additional device to the portable computing ustroystva.3. Process according to one of claims 1 and 2, wherein the auxiliary device includes a keyboard and auxiliary device event detection includes the step of detecting the user pressing keys klaviatury.4. Process according to one of claims 1 and 2, wherein the auxiliary device includes a reader for a removable storage medium, and Detect


The embodied and reflexive interaction paradigms separately proved to be effective for learning music in childhood. However, nowadays, there is a scarcity of research addressing the joined adoption of these paradigms, both from a theoretical and a technological point of view. BeSound supports children to explore - by means of their own body - rhythm, melody, and harmony and to creatively combine them together. Firstly, the child is engaged in a game in which she has to mimic the movement of the characters of stories BeSound tells her; then she can ad-lib a music dialogue with the characters. Each character was previously associated with a component of Laban's Effort and it was described through a set of whole-body movement features. These features are automatically detected, analysed, and used to control the music response of BeSound.


Sir: In June 2001, a 52-year-old man was admitted to a general hospital because of generalized lymphadenopathy associated with fever, sweats, hepato-splenomegaly and a skin rash on the arms. A lymph node biopsy led to the diagnosis of nodal marginal zone B-cell NHL (MZL) with a high content of large cells. He therefore started in July 2002 on systemic combined treatment and maintained a clinical and radiological complete remission until November 2002, when he presented with bilateral cervical lymphadenopathy. He was then referred to our institution, where he had a cervical lymph node biopsy that led to the diagnosis of angioimmunoblastic T-cell non Hodgkin's lymphoma (AITL), also confirmed after review of the original slides. The patient underwent an intensified chemotherapy program (R-CHOP, ESHAP), obtaining a complete remission (December 2003). Histologically, the typical picture of AITL is a partial effacement of the lymph node architecture and a diffuse infiltrate of polymorphous small to medium-sized lymphocytes with minimal cytological atypia, in a background of reactive lymphocytes, eosinophils, plasma cells, hyperplastic follicular dendritic cells and high endothelial venules. Although one of the most important criteria for the diagnosis of AITL is the lack of germinal centres, the possible occurrence of truly hyperplastic follicles has been described. Moreover, it has been emphasized that 20% of AITL may show a high content of EBV-infected large B-cells. AITL shows TCR monoclonal rearrangement, but approximately 10% of the cases also harbour a monoclonal rearrangement of IgH, possibly related to the presence of expanded EBV-positive clones. In the present case, the lymph node interfollicular zone was expanded by a polymorphous infiltrate consisting of small to medium-sized lymphocytes, eosinophilic granulocytes and plasma cells, intermingled with larger cells isolated or in small aggregates, especially around hyperplastic branching vessels with prominent endothelium. Atypical cells with clear


Regrowth characteristics of a cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L.) sward after initial defoliation at different stages of development

Over 2 two-year period (1984-1985) the productivity of Dactylis glomerata (cv. Baraula) swards as influenced by variations in time of the initial defoliation was studied. The stages at which the initial cuts were taken were: (a) before stem apices were raised to defoliation level (5 cm), (b) about two weeks later, when the reproductive tillers reached ear emergence, (c) about 4 weeks after (a), when the reproductive tillers reached flowering stages. Subsequent production was measured by weekly harvesting of representative sward samples over a 6-7 weeks lastening growth period. Furtheron patterns of growth in a second regrowth in August and a third regrowth in September/October were studied.

The growth behaviour in the investigation was described by calculations of curves concerning mainly the development of dry matter yield (DM), leaf area index (LAI), crop growth rate (C), relative growth rate (R) and net assimilation rate (E) during the growth period. The leaf area ratio (F) and leaf weight ratio (LWR) were derived from fitted curves.

The highest dry matter yield and the highest growth rate (more than 20 g m−2day−1) was estimated in the spring growth and in the earliest regrowth (a). About 30 % of the tillers in these swards became reproductive.

The main difference between regrowths of primary defoliations at successively later dates was between the earliest, after cutting on 8.-13. May, on the one hand, and, on the other hand, the two later regrowths after primary cuts from 31. May to 12. June. The two latter and the second regrowth in August were in most respects very similar: no reproductive development; herbage yield of about 400-500 g m−2; highest C of about 15-20 g m−2day−1; maximum LAI- values from 8-9.

In respect to the E there were some differences between the stands. The E was at the time when C was highest somewhat higher in the reproduction stands (spring growth and first regrowth) compared with the vegetative regrowths.

The relationship between C and LAI could in all stands be described by an relatively optimum curve, which means that C did not differ much within a wide range of LAI.


We evaluate the relationship between the number of measurements used to create each data point in an OPC model data set and resulting model quality for target 32-nm logic node applications. Generated data sets will range from singlemeasurement, unfiltered data sets to many-measurement averages based on filtered results. Intermediate measurementcount averages will also be evaluated in an attempt to quantify the tradeoff between raw measurements per data point and resulting model quality. Finally, other variations will also be considered, such as automated versus manual data filtering. The auto-fitted OPC models will be compared to identify metrology recommendations for 32-nm logic node modeling.


The purpose of this research is to describe character's personality structures in anthology short story "'Aku Kesepian, Sayang.', 'Datanglah, Menjelang Kematian.'" Made by Seno Gumira Ajidarma. The personality structures consist of id (desire and needs), ego (distribution), and superego (balancer/control/normative). This research's analysis used personality structures theory in study of psychoanalysis by Sigmund Freud. The source of data in this research consists of three short stories, such as "'Aku Kesepian, Sayang.', 'Datanglah, Menjelang Kematian.'", "Legenda Wongasu" and "Penjaga Malam dan Tiang Listrik". Each of these short stories has one main character. The collected data consist of sentences and paragraphs which collected from the techniques of character's establishment in literature. The result of research showed (1) "'Aku Kesepian, Sayang.', 'Datanglah, Menjelang Kematian'" short stories used two technique, discourse and feeling and thought technique, (2) "Lengenda Wongasu" short story used one technique, character's response technique, (3) "Penjaga Malam dan Tiang Listrik" short story used two techniques, such as discourse/other characters' response technique and character's response technique. The result of personality structure research consist of id, ego, and superego that main characters' experienced, make two final result, such as superego successfully work (positive) and superego does not work. The two of short stories which have the superego (positive) personality character that parallel with the final function as normative are "'Aku Kesepian, Sayang.', 'Datanglah, Menjelang Kematian.'", "Legenda Wongasu", Whereas one short story which has negatif superego of personality character is"Penjaga Malam dan Tiang Listrik"   Keywords: psychoanalysis: personality structure, character


SUMMARYThe alphabetization of the Nahuatl language represents the first European experiment in the transformation of an American language into a literary language, an experiment realized in a fashion parallel to the first studies of the European vernaculars. This alphabetization was realized in a long process from the earliest contacts to the middle of the 17th century. It is possible to discern at least three stages. The first corresponds to the period which immediately folows the conquest (1523-1547). All efforts were concentrated at the time on the learning of the language, a learning without precedent, resulting in its being cast in the Procrustian bed of the orthographic conventions of Cas-tillian. The goal was not proper alphabetization. The second stage (1547-1595) corresponds to a period in the deepening of the knowledge of Nahuatl, a process reflected in the first 'artes' or treatises and vocabularies. This improved knowledge of the language led to the realization that a more appropriate orthography was required. The third and final stage in the alphabetization of Nahuatl (1595-1673) is characterized by linguistic research which no doubt has its antecedents in the investigation of other 'exotic' languages and which is aimed at an improved analysis of this language of Mexico. The orthographic endeavours are now directed toward a reform of the writing system which includes the introduction of new characters in an attempt to capture the phonological particularities of Nahuatl. From this history of the long process of alphabetization, it is evident that a detailed analysis of the phonological descriptions and the orthographic principles conserved in the treatises until 1673 not only allows us to appreciate the achievements of these early linguists but also provides us with valuable information about the phonological system of classical Nahuatl as well as of Castillian of the period.RESUMEL'alphabetisation de la langue nahuatl represente la premiere experience europeenne pour transformer une langue americaine en langue litteraire, experience realisee d'une maniere parallele aux premieres etudes de langues vulgaires europeennes. L'alphabetisation se realise en un long processus qui va des premier contacts jusqu'au milieu du XVIIme siecle. On peut y determiner au moins trois etapes. La premiere correspond a la periode qui suit immediatement la conquete (1523-1547). Tous les efforts se concentrent alors sur l'apprentissage de la langue — apprentissage qui n'a aucun precedent —, le resultat etant la fixation d'une forme ecrite basee simplement sur l'application des principes orthographiques de la langue castillane. On ne vise pas a l'alphabetisation. La seconde etape (1547-1673) correspond a une periode d'approfondissement dans la connaissance de la langue, approfondissement qui se reflete dans les premiers 'artes' (ou traites) et vocabulaires. Cette meilleure connaissance du nahuatl impose qu'on lui applique une orthographe propre. La troisieme et derniere etape (1595-1673) est caracterisee par une recherche linguistique qui bien sur a maintenant des antecedents et cherche a coordonner et a approfondir les connaissances que l'on a de la langue mexicaine. Les apports orthographiques concernent alors aussi bien des reformes du systeme d'ecriture que l'introduction de nouveaux caracteres pour saisir les caracteristiques phonologiques specifiques du nahuatl. Par la meme, tout cela doit bien etre inclus dans le grand processus d'alphabetistion. L'analyse detaillee de descriptions phonologiques et des principes orthographiques de tous les 'artes' conservees jusqu'en 1673 non seulement permet de mettre en valeur la qualite de ces premiers linguistes, mais apporte aussi une information interessante sur la phonologie du nahuatl classique et du castillan de l'epoque.