The mariculture wastewater irrigation,effect of different fertilizer condition on photosynthetic rate,effects of maturity on the yield,quality and store,effect of ridging way on the dry land planted of Jerusalem artichoke,effects of sowing density on the yield and tissue culture technology were reviewed,and fine breeds choose of planting Jerusalem artichoke at this stage were summarized.


The occurrence of the most critical international economical and financial crisis of the 21st century brought into the spotlight the damages that crises can bring to our economy. After its burst in the autumn of 2007, the crisis has spread all over the world through the Contagion Effect, and has led to an accelerated and sharp deterioration of economic activity. The effects of the episodes of financial crises have on the real economy seemed to be more important and persistent in some specific countries. For this reason we focused our attention upon eight European transition countries and a sample of thirteen financial crises. The aim of this study is to perform an econometric analysis of the effects of episodes of financial crises on real output (GDP) for eight economies from Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) using an ARDL equation and an impulse response function. The main findings of the paper suggest that, in the case of the CEE economies analyzed, financial crises have an important and long-lasting effect, lowering the real output by about 12-14%.


ABSTRACT The objective of the study was to identify the potential for soil C sequestration associated with the establishment of a botanical garden in the tropics. Since forest resources are dwindling and home gardens are limited botanical gardens could play a major role in mitigating CO2 in the urban environment. This study determined C sequestration and nutrient availability of different thematic areas of a botanical garden 10 years after establishment in comparison with the primary land use, a dry zone forest at the establishment. The establishment of the botanical garden has created a significant improvement of the soil properties with compared to the primary land use. The soil C stocks were significantly high in the botanical garden with compared to the primary land use (7.3 t ha−1). Thematic areas such as Arboretum Part B (13.04 t ha−1), Herbal Garden (12.5 t ha−1) and Valley path (13.23 t ha−1) contained the highest amount of C in soil. Management practices used in maintaining this botanical garden may have affected the soil organic carbon and nutrient status of soil. This study showed that botanical gardens established in urban areas have a great capacity to store C and thereby to mitigate global warming.


Studies show that healthcare industry in U.S. alone could save billions of dollars by utilizing big data and analytics technologies. Big Data can improve operational efficiencies, help predict and plan responses to disease epidemics, improve the quality of monitoring of clinical trials, and optimize healthcare spending at all levels from patients to hospital systems to governments. Another key area is genomics sequencing which is expected to be the future of healthcare. In this paper the authors look at the opportunities, work in progress and challenges of genomics with emerging big data and analytics.


In dermatology and in cosmetic science, the detailed analysis of the skin surface is still a key requirement to evaluate the effectiveness of medical or cosmetic treatments. Nowadays, the assessment of skin surface topographic structures such as wrinkles or micro-relief 3D profile is mainly obtained by profilometric analysis. Even though such an analysis gives a high level of detail, it is not suitable for in vivo studies since it requires the use of silicone cast replica of the skin. However, in the last few years a portable capacitive device has been proposed for in vivo skin topography characterization. This work presents the method we have developed to assess the capability of the capacitive device to provide reliable absolute measures of the skin surface structures. Extensive experiments carried out by comparing the measures achieved by means of the capacitive device and an optical profilometer allow us to validate our method.


The number of vehicle collisions, especially at intersections, continues to rise despite recent advancements in vehicular technologies. Innovative design solutions for collision avoidance systems and transportation infrastructure are needed. In this paper we introduce iICAS, a novel Intelligent Intersection Collision Avoidance System that utilizes various components and advanced features to detect and identify vehicles, predict collisions, and issue appropriate warning signals. Inherent intelligent features such as self-calibration, power management, auto mesh forming, and Over-The-Air (OTA) upgrade increase system reliability and functionality at a price point much less than comparable systems.


T HE past decade's development program in Puerto Rico has aided but far from solved the island's population problem. With the present rate of natural increase at 29 (United States, 8) Puerto Rico's population will double by 1985 if the birth rate continues at its present rate. With a population density 15 times that of the United States, with a population characterized as "rural, landless and wageearning," and with less than 1,000,000 acres of tillable land for its 2,100,000 inhabitants, Puerto Rico's "problem" is clearly Malthusian. Various studies have aimed at providing information which could assist in effecting a rapid solution of the population problem. Insular and mainland anthropologists, economists and demographers have pursued research projects which have thrown valuable light on reduction of high fertility. Considerable research can still be profitably directed, however, at the institution most strategic to the regulation of fertility-the family. This paper, consequently, will describe and analyze the salient characteristics of the Puerto Rican family, in an attempt to establish the kind of hypotheses fruitful for research in the area of human fertility.


The high-field magneto-absorption spectra of CdTe/Cd1-xMnxTe multiple quantum wells (x=0.25 and 0.4) were measured in pulsed magnetic fields up to 40 T. The samples were grown by cluster beam deposition method on GaAs substrates and removed from the substrates before the absorption measurement. The investigation showed that the interaction between the excitons in the well layers and the unpaired Mn-spins at the heterointerfaces play the decisive role of the magneto-optical effect in the multiple quantum wells.


There is paucity of reports on breastfeeding practices among nursing mothers in Makurdi, Benue state. The study was aimed at determining the prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding and associated factors among mothers of infants aged 0-6months attending Child Welfare Clinics in Makurdi, Benue state. This cross-sectional study was conducted among 300 mothers of children aged 0-6months attending under-five clinics in Makurdi. Data was collected using structured questionnaire and analyzed using SPSS version 20. The mean age of the infants was 3.06 months ± 2.2months. Majority of the mothers 292(97.3%) were currently breastfeeding, but less than half of the mothers 141(47.0%) were exclusively breastfeeding.  Among mothers that were not practicing exclusive breastfeeding, 103(64.8%) gave water, 68(42.8%) administered soft drink, 54(34.0%) gave infant formula, 11(6.9%) gave custard, while 17(10.7%) administered yam porridge, tea, fruit juice or liquid milk. Mothers who had one or more previous pregnancies and mothers of babies aged 0-1month were more likely to practice EBF. Even though the exclusive breastfeeding prevalence reported in this study is above the national figure, it is however less than the World Health Organization target for infants that are six months and below. Efforts should be intensified to sustain this giant stride with the hope of improving on it through public awareness on the importance of exclusive breastfeeding.


A TM-pass/TE-stop polarizer consisting of a
metal film sandwiched between dielectric gratings is investigated
using the finite-difference time-domain method. At
normal incidence with respect to the grating plane, a transmissivity
of more than 94% and a reflectivity of more than
98% are obtained at 𝜆=1.55 𝜇m for the TM and TE waves,
respectively. The extinction ratio is more than 17 dB over
a wavelength range of 1.50 𝜇m to 1.75 𝜇m. A high extinction
ratio is maintained at oblique incidence, although the
wavelength range shifts towards longer wavelengths. The
TM-pass/TE-stop operation is also achieved with a modified
structure, in which a dielectric grating is sandwiched
between metal films.


Today, energy conservation is gaining lot of attention. The subject Green IT, Sustainability has emerged which involves the study and practice of environmentally sustainable computing and includes "designing, manufacturing, using, and disposing of computers, servers, and associated subsystems-such as monitors, printers, storage devices, and networking and communications systems efficiently and effectively with minimal or no impact on the environment". When we calculate the energy utilization of a data center we have to consider both energy consumption in server systems and the energy required for cooling and in power delivery infrastructure. We need to calculate the energy consumption by each server by using basic power consumption equation so that we can calculate the total energy consumed by the data center. Some authors have calculated the energy consumption by a processor during idle time and during busy time while some have proposed scheduling algorithms which involve varying the voltage and frequency based on requirements. Algorithms like DVFS can schedule voltage and frequencies of CPUs in low power active state and suspended inactive state. We have focused on calculating not only the losses that occur during scheduling but also the losses caused by the components used. Authors have proposed equations to calculate the total energy consumed without considering the losses. We have discussed how energy supplied at different times or different intervals of time can be saved. Some measures have been proposed to minimize the losses.


Introduction. Unwanted pregnancy is one the most important subjects in family planning programme. Physical and psycological problems for mothers, children and family are the consequences of this matter. In this study we are trying to evaluate the rate of unwanted pregnancies and their consequences in Najafabad villages.
Methods. In a descriptive study, all 788 pregnant women aged between 15 to 45 years old were considered. The data was collected by using a questionnaire and their record files. Descriptive and analytic statistics were used.
Findings. Near fourty percent of the pregnancies were unwanted at least for one of the couple. Although 96.3 percent of women had knowledge about the advantages and disadvantages of contraceptive methods, only 29 percent of them had knowledge about injective of plaintive methods. Fifty one percent of women who had unwanted pregnancy liked to terminate it and 31.7 percent of them had attempt to do it at least one time.
conclusion. Knowledge level is really high in these women, however, they have 42 percent unwanted pregnancies. It is necessary to promote attitudes and practices of family planning in the field study by interventional methods.


This paper reviews published information on the timing of hydrographic and atmospheric variations in the Iceland and Greenland Seas. Large scale variations in hydrography, advection features, regional convection and their general impact or connection with climate and hydro-biological conditions will be considered briefly in the area of the Subarctic Gyre in the northern North Atlantic and the Nordic Seas. The intermediate convection in the Iceland Sea may have ceased during the so-called "ice years" in North Icelandic waters in the late sixties (1965-1970). Convection to the bottom in the Greenland Sea seems to have ceased in the seventies or after 1972. A clear linkage between the period of the "Great Salinity Anomaly", that was first observed in the Iceland Sea around 1968 and was advected through the Subarctic Gyre and returned to East Greenland waters and North Icelandic waters in 1981, and the timing of reduction of convection in the Greenland Sea is thus not obvious. Further detailed analysis is needed to resolve the questions about processes involved in the variability of hydrographic conditions in the northern North Atlantic and the Nordic Seas. It should be noted that conditions for convection may not only be related to atmospheric conditions or large scale advection of water characteristics but also to regional or local hydrographic conditions.


Abstract In this article, the mechanism of quick coal liquefaction at high temperatures is investigated theoretically and experimentally. Based on the bond energy of some model compounds in the coal molecular, it is pointed out that the bridge bonds of coal molecular structure during quick coal liquefaction at high temperatures can be broken. Taking Yanzhou bituminous coal as the research object, pyrolytic behavior of coal molecular and the mechanism of hydrogen-donor of quick coal liquefaction at high temperatures are studied. The reaction mechanism of quick coal liquefaction at high temperatures has been proposed.


The object of the invention is a method of generating a spectrum extending from the infrared range into the ultraviolet region of injecting into a microstructured optical fiber a beam of a pump laser emitting a length of wave of the infrared range, characterized in that it comprises the steps of: generating in the fiber of a first four-wave mixing or primary mixture centered on the wavelength of said laser beam, generating in the fiber of a second four-wave mixing centered on one (32) of the lines (32, 34) from the first four-wave mixing or secondary pump line, and spectral broadening around at least one (36) of the resulting lines of second four-wave mixing.


The temporins are a group of small, linear, basic, highly hydrophobic, antibiotic, peptide amides that were originally isolated from the skin of the European red frog, Rana temporaria. During the past decade, 30 temporin or temporin-like peptides have been isolated from the skins of Anurans. This article presents a brief review of the temporin literature, an analysis of the amino acid sequences of temporins and temporin-like peptides, and the derivation of a composite or consensus sequence, [FLP(I/L)IASLL(S/G)KLL-am].


Abstract The hoaxer is not adequately conceived in discourses on postcolonialism and globalization, despite questions of identity being central to both. Ethnic hoaxes and deceptions thrive in a world of increased migrancy in proportion to the commodification of stereotypes. The global success of the guru is in part a symptom of a persistent Orientalism (though the critique of Orientalism needs updating in a world of increased migrancy), which arguably the guru now exploits for his own benefit partly in revenge on the violence of representation. In a counter‐attack, the guru is perceived as a hoaxer in many representations made by the industries of entertainment and scepticism. The possibility that a guru might be a threat to Western rationalism or even a threatening kind of "national intellectual" (in Fanon's sense) is part of an implicit agenda in these attacks. The attacks, however, do not succeed in their goal of subversion, since they do not recognize the attraction for something that they themselves promote, which we call the 'global imaginary'. Furthermore, sceptics in particular miss how the guru can always fall back on presenting the world as illusory in order to disarm attacks that focus on their trickery.


Today Corporate Social Responsibility prioritizes social aspects taking paths such as the creation of projects that are presented as alternatives to bring security, capacitation, guarantee and envelopment to the community. Companies have started to realize the importance of their bonding with the wellbeing of the society thanks to their decision to make part of an economical aspect that was practically forgotten, the social one. And so giving a path to the understanding of adequate tools in the responsible management of the resources and the masses. Florecal is a company dedicated to grow and export high quality roses. From the star they have been involved in creating social actions with their collaborators and the community. They have international seals that guarantee the quality of life they give to their coworkers. For this reason the look for programs that can keep improving this development. From this, a proposal of a Corporate social responsibility plan has been created that counts with many programs such as the main project that focuses on technological alphabetization directed to the collaborators and their families. A program that contains three principal phases with the objective of giving a positive image of Florecal among their publics.


Testing the interaction between drilling/completion fluids and the formation is the key critical concept to understand the fundamental mechanism to borehole stability. Unfortunately, most industry tests lack the down-hole conditions to give realistic results. However, there is one advanced testing that can be used to directly and quantitively provide realistic borehole stability interpretations. Specifically, the pore pressure transmission (PPT) test has increasingly gained popularity providing results on how to stabilize troublesome shales by facilitating proper fluid design. In this study, precipitating aluminum chemistry is employed to develop a high-performance water-based mud (HP-WBM) that is tremendously robust and versatile – demonstrating that it can stabilize multiple shale type formations.
 PPT evaluations on the alumiumum complex HP-WBM was performed at 250°F with a high simulated overbalanced 1000 psi pressure differential, to fully confirm that the system can withstand high pressure influx and prevent pressure transmission into the shale pore matrix, essentially reducing induced borehole instability. PPT testing was performed on two different types of shales, Pierre Type II and Mancos shale exhibit noteworthy differences in physical, chemical, mineralogical, and mechanical properties, making them ideal shales to study the versatility of the aluminum complex drilling fluid. Because of the pore-plugging capabilities, the fluid can establish, an improved semipermeable membrane, allowing for the counterbalance of hydraulic flow into the shale via osmotic backflow. When compared to the base (water-based mud), a significant delay factor is observed using the aluminum complex fluid, indicating significant reduction in pressure transmission into the shale pore matrix. An invert emulsion system was also tested for comparison and showed the Al-HPWBM's was able to perform similarly at stabilizing these shales. Advantages of precipitating aluminum chemistry over other methods will be further discussed.


In this article we present the balance of payments equilibrium exchange rate model and its empirical application to the Polish zloty. Results of the estimation indicate that in 1995-99 the zloty was not misaligned, while in 2000-2001 it was overvalued by about 10-15 percent, and, after considerable depreciation in 2002, it returned to the equilibrium level.


This is a comprehensive study on the possible effects of "brown" carbon coating on absorbing aerosols' optical properties. Specifically the paper focuses on how the absorption in the shorter wavelengths reduces the enhancement of absorption due to the lensing effect which is common for non absorbing coatings. Not surprisingly it is shown that the absorption of light by the brown carbon coating becomes more and more important with increasing specific absorbance, with the incident wavelength and with the thickness of the coating. The paper also investigates the effects of internal versus ex-


The process characteristics of the EM-SBR system treating domestic wastewater and the best EM adding period were researched.The results showed:during an aerobic fill period the appropriate organic loading of a EM-SBR systemtreating domestic wastewater ranges from 0.22 to 0.40 kgCOD_(Cr)/kgMLSS·d,loading of NH_3-N is proposed to be 0.030kgNH_3-N/kgMLSS·d,the proper sludge age is to be between five and twenty-eight days.The best EM adding period is fifteen period.


We present the first demonstration of 1T4R Resistive RAM (RRAM) array storing two bits per RRAM cell. Our HfO2- based RRAM is built using a logic foundry technology that is fully compatible with the CMOS back-end process. We present a new approach to program RRAM cells using gradual SET/RESET pulses while minimizing disturbances on adjacent cells (belonging to the same 1T4R RRAM structure) - this new approach makes our multiple-bits-per-cell 1T4R RRAM array demonstration possible. We report over 106 cycles of endurance and a projected 10-year retention at 120°C. Using measured data from our 2 bits- per-cell 1T4R RRAM array, we analyze multiple deep learning applications and demonstrate high degrees of inference accuracy (within 0.01% of ideal values).


Abstract : As part of the continuing development of the 300 Ton Cargo Transporter Barge design, additional model tests were carried out to provide data for predictions of the Barge astern, astern quartering, and athwartships bollard thrust performance. The predicted bollard thrust performance, for thrust directed in the athwartships direction, is somewhat less than was assumed during the Barge preliminary design phase; however, it is shown that the Barge bollard thrust performance will be adequate. (Author)


The rise of microand nano-technologies has brought to light intriguing examples of scale-driven performance in a diverse array of fields. The quest to create highly hydrophobic surfaces is one such field. The application of this new generation of hydrophobic surfaces, however, has not received much research attention in comparison to the development of new methods to create surfaces. The one application of super hydrophobic surfaces that has received significant attention is their ability to resist fouling by dirt and other contaminants. Much of the attention paid to this application is due to the discovery that the Lotus flower and several other plants use nano-structure to keep themselves clean, a property that has an important place in the world of biomedical engineering. Any biomedical device that is implanted in the body has to avoid the body's natural defense system, which can quickly cause device failure. One of these natural defenses specific to blood is the clotting reaction. Any surface, implanted or external, that comes into contact with blood is considered an intruder, and the blood seeks to isolate the object by clotting on the foreign surface. The clotting process involves the identification of a foreign surface, the adsorption of proteins onto that surface, and then the agglomeration of platelets on the proteins to form a clot. Much like the surface tension forces that make structured super hydrophobic surfaces possible, the clotting reactions are surface driven. This research seeks to show that the surface area reduction that results in super hydrophobic surfaces can be used to prevent blood coagulation on artificial surfaces. It is shown that appropriate surface structure, slender posts with a larger period relative to their width, can lead to extremely high apparent contact angles (*=160'). Additionally, it is shown that the same surfaces scientifically reduce platelet agglomeration in vitro under static blood. In dynamic flow conditions, bacteria are shown to adhere less frequently to similarly structured surfaces with smaller critical dimensions. Computational fluid simulations are used to examine the flow conditions near the structured surfaces that lead to the non-fouling behavior exhibited experimentally. A combination of increased flow velocity near the surface, reduced shear rate in the flow, and the size of the structures relative to the fouling agent (platelet or bacteria) in conjunction with the contact area benefits illustrated in the static case are hypothesized to lead to reduced fouling in dynamic flow. Thesis Supervisor: Nam P. Suh Title: Ralph E & Eloise F Cross Professor of Mechanical Engineering


The behavior of 4-hydroxycoumarin (1), 7-hydroxycoumarin (2), 4-hydroxy-bergapten (3), and 4-hydroxyisopimpinellin (4) toward sulfur reagents, namely, thionyl chloride, phosphorus pentasulfide, thiolacetic acid, and Lawesson's reagent (5), was studied. The nature of products in each case depended upon the type of reactants and reaction conditions. Possible reaction mechanisms were considered, and structural elucidations of the new products were based upon compatible elementary and spectroscopic evidences.


Organisational desire for innovation and growth can be best achieved when they are in proximity. Geographical or technological proximity represent network structure in which a focal organisation is embedded, which has structural, cognitive and relational dimensions. Proximity influences innovation indirectly by its influence on agents' ability to exchange and combine knowledge in four related ways: by giving access to exchange partners that provide opportunities for learning, increasing the anticipation of value, increasing the motivation to exchange, and by giving access to resources necessary for committing exchanges.


Aratus has been notorious for his wordplay since the first decades of his reception. Hellenistic readers such as Callimachus, Leonidas, or 'King Ptolemy' seem to have picked up on the pun on the author's own name at Phaenomena 2, as well as on the famous λεπτή acrostic at Phaen. 783–6 that will be revisited here. Three carefully placed occurrences of the adjective have so far been uncovered in the passage, but for a full appreciation of its elegance we must note that Aratus has set his readers up to notice a fourth.


Thank you for reading molecularly imprinted polymers man made mimics of antibodies and their applications in analytical chemistry. As you may know, people have search numerous times for their chosen readings like this molecularly imprinted polymers man made mimics of antibodies and their applications in analytical chemistry, but end up in infectious downloads. Rather than reading a good book with a cup of coffee in the afternoon, instead they juggled with some malicious virus inside their desktop computer.


Quality assurance in distance learning is one of the important targets IDEAL in Malaysia dreams to achieve. Besides developing its own unique modus-operandi of flexi-learning this Institute evaluates its working system off and on, in order to assess what quality and quantity of education it gives to its distant learners and what are the intrinsic factors that affect this learning process both negatively as well as positively. Present paper is an attempt to give a brief overview of distance education in Asean countries with special reference to Institute for Distance Education and Learning (IDEAL), the distance educational outreach of University Putra Malaysia (UPM).


Distance to the surface of the optical disc is set to the upper portion of the recording layer h (first recording layer), and the distance to the surface of the disc portion is provided at the h + Δh lower side of the recording layer (second recording layer) is, in this thickness is provided between the upper side and the lower side of the recording layer is an intermediate layer Δh, a thickness h is provided between the cover layer and the upper layer side of the recording surface of the optical disc. The intermediate layer of a predetermined thickness Δh, so that the laser beam irradiated on the optical disc outgoing light source power spectrum center wavelength λ


Objective: Pelvic organ prolapse is a common problem that negatively affects the quality of life of women and requires a wide range of management steps that can involve serious surgical interventions. This study aims to evaluate a possible relation between pelvic organ prolapse presence and severity, and vitamin D levels. We don't aim to assess the incidence of pelvic floor prolapse in Jordan in this study. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study of non-pregnant females with pelvic organ prolapse presented to gynecology outpatient clinics for a 1-year duration. Full clinical history and gynecological evaluation were recorded and correlated to plasma vitamin D levels. An Independent T-test was used to analyze the possible relationship between vitamin levels and POP. This study was approved by the Ethical Review Committee, High Education Deanship of the Jordan University for Science and Technology. This study adhered to the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Results: One hundred forty women were recruited, with an average age of 42.1±13.3 and a mean parity of 5.73±1.88. The mean vitamin D levels were 12.8±11.4, lower than the international standards. The serum levels of vitamin D were markedly lower in the prolapse group than in the non-prolapse group (p=0.046).


China and India are the emerging giants in the global economy. The unprecedented growth rates of their economies will improve billions of people's standard of living but will require ever more energy. But how can an energy system be made safer and with less carbon content? World Energy Outlook 2007, of which we publish the official summary, gives some answers.


This paper presents a unique RF sensor geometry for characterizing dielectric materials and structures at various frequencies. In contrast to previous techniques, the proposed approach employs switchable complementary split ring resonator (CSRR) arrays, allowing for rapid imaging of a large sample. In this work, a $\mathbf{4}\times \mathbf{1}$ array of CSRR sensors is designed and integrated with a 1 to 4 power divider at the input, and a 4 to 1 power combiner at the output. The sensor array is controlled by switches, and the entire measurement can be performed with a simple two-port arrangement, eliminating the need for mechanical movement. Using this one-dimensional sensor array, the dielectric characteristics of unknown structures are determined, thereby demonstrating its applicability.


Many enterprises strive toward the integration of input communication channels into their internal business processes. To help them, we propose to drive input channel document analysis (DA) by formalizing information expectations from current process instances in Attentive Task (AT) templates. This requires, however, to map incoming request documents to the related AT from a set of ATs. For this purpose, we present a search approach that prioritizes a set of ATs based on DA evidences. Our algorithm relies on the theory of Dempster-Shafer to iteratively handle DA results and further uses the string edit distance of Levenshtein to provide robustness to errors in DA results. We evaluate the search performance in terms of influence of evidences, error robustness, and ease of calibration for our approach.


Sludge dewatering is an important link in wastewater treatment.The traditional addition of inorganic flocculant with higher sludge residue and lower dehydrating rate has been replaced by high molecular organic flocculants.This paper analyzes the principles of PAM-C sludge dewatering,and expounds the dewatering performance of PAM-C in sludge dewatering.


We contribute a scalable, open source implementation of the Pooled Time Series (PoT) algorithm from CVPR 2015. The algorithm is evaluated on approximately 6800 human trafficking (HT) videos collected from the deep and dark web, and on an open dataset: the Human Motion Database (HMDB). We describe PoT and our motivation for using it on larger data and the issues we encountered. Our new solution reimagines PoT as an Apache Hadoop-based algorithm. We demonstrate that our new Hadoop-based algorithm successfully identifies similar videos in the HT and HMDB datasets and we evaluate the algorithm qualitatively and quantitatively.


The National English Language Curricula revised in 2009 aim at the cultivation of learners' basic communicative competence for using English in everyday contexts; and the development and the introduction of Korean culture to other countries as well as the understanding of foreign cultures. The Elementary Curriculum focuses on helping students take an interest in the English language and encouraging them to develop the abilities to understand and speak English used in daily lives. The cultivation of communicative competence has been the ultimate goal since the 7th National English Language Curriculum. For this goal the Ministry of Education embarked on EPIK(English Program In Korea), which invites native English speaking teachers to assist Korean non-native English speaking teachers. Native speakers include overseas Koreans and other people educated in English speaking countries at least for 10 years from middle(junior high) school as well as citizens of countries whose mother tongue is English. Those teachers were supposed to be qualified ones who could expose students to the authentic language and culture, and help them acquire it naturally and unconsciously. However, despite the expectations more than half of native English speaking assistant teachers were proved to be disqualified according to the 2008 Report of the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology. Thus it was suggested that trained Korean teachers should help students to increase their awareness of pronunciation and specific strategies for different language skills. Also those Korean non-native English speaking teachers should conduct their classes in English, which is TEE(Teaching English in English). The goal of TEE is the cultivation of students' communicative competence. The purpose of this paper is to examine the rationale for TEE, to identify the obstacles impeding TEE, and to recommend UbD-based unit design so as to seek for the direction of meaningful TEE. Advanced Science and Technology Letters Vol.36 (Education 2013), pp.42-45 http://dx.doi.org/10.14257/astl.2013.36.10


The recent direct detection of gravitational waves (GWs) from binary black hole mergers (2016, Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, no. 6, 061102; no. 24, 241103) opens up an entirely new non-electromagnetic window into the Universe making it possible to probe physics that has been hidden or dark to electromagnetic observations. In addition to cataclysmic events involving black holes, GWs can be triggered by physical processes and systems involving neutron stars. Properties of neutron stars are largely determined by the equation of state (EOS) of neutron-rich matter, which is the major ingredient in calculating the stellar structure and properties of related phenomena, such as gravitational wave emission from elliptically deformed pulsars and neutron star binaries. Although the EOS of neutron-rich matter is still rather uncertain mainly due to the poorly known density dependence of nuclear symmetry energy at high densities, significant progress has been made recently in constraining the symmetry energy using data from terrestrial nuclear laboratories. These constraints could provide useful information on the limits of GWs expected from neutron stars. Here after briefly reviewing our previous work on constraining gravitational radiation from elliptically deformed pulsars with terrestrial nuclear laboratory data in light of the recent gravitational wave detection, we estimate the maximum gravitational wave strain amplitude, using an optimistic value for the breaking strain of the neutron star crust, for 15 pulsars at distances 0.16 kpc to 0.91 kpc from Earth, and find it to be in the range of $\sim[0.2-31.1]\times 10^{-24}$, depending on the details of the EOS used to compute the neutron star properties. Implications are discussed.


7025Background: Combination of chemotherapy and tyrosine kinase inhibitor is standard of care in Ph+ ALL. The combination of HCVAD plus ponatinib induced a 3-y survival rate of 80%. The clinical ef...


Integration of the country into the world economy has been widely perceived as one of several ultimate goals of current Russian transformation. Meanwhile, the concept appears to be partly meaningful slogan, partly misdirecting fantasy. Unfortunately, it substantially influenced developments of Russian international economic cooperation during last decade and resulted in many non-anticipated repercussions. In case of national labor market these repercussions revealed themselves in two serious distortions, namely common practices of "payments in kind" and "payment arrears". In addition to that, enhanced economic interaction of Russian economic agents with foreign counterparts surprisingly enough contributed to the deterioration of labor incentives and motivation.


Wave-chaotic systems underpin a wide range of research activities from fundamental studies of quantum chaos via electromagnetic compatibility up to more recently emerging applications, such as microwave imaging for security screening, antenna characterization, or wave-based analog computation. To implement a wave-chaotic system experimentally, traditionally cavities of elaborate geometries (bow tie shapes, truncated circles, or parallelepipeds with hemispheres) are employed because the geometry dictates the wave field's characteristics. Here, we propose and experimentally verify a conceptually different approach: a cavity of regular geometry but with tunable boundary conditions, experimentally implemented by leveraging a reconfigurable metasurface reflect array. This approach offers an alternative stirring mechanism and enables a fuller study of random matrix theory in connection with wave chaos.


L.Type calcium chalm¢l was expressed in Xem~pus hteris oocytes injected with RNAs coding Ibr different cardiac Ca;" channel subunits, or with total heart RNA. The el'fects of activation of protein kin:tse C (PKC) by the phorbol ester PMA (4fl.phorbol 12-mvristate 13.acetate) were studied, Currel~ts through chantaels eot'nposed of the re:tin (rt 0 subanit alone were initiall>, increased and Ihen decreased by PMA. A similar biphasie modul.'ttion was observed when the rt~ stLbunit w:ts expressed in combin:ttion with er../d~. ,B and/or ~' subunits, and when the channels were expressed following, injection or total rat heart RNA. No el'l~ets on the volta~.e dependence of activation were observed. The el'f~ts of PMA were blocked by staurosporine, a protein kinase inhibitor. ,a subunit moderated the enhancement caused by PMA. We conclude that both enhancement and inhibition of c~irdiae L.t~,'pe Ca"" currents by PKC are mediated via an effect orl the et z subunit, while th¢,O subunit may play a tllild modulatory role.


Hyperostosis frontalis interna (HFI) is a common clinical finding in post-menopausal women, less often in men. The characteristic billowing symmetrical new bone formation is found on the endocranial surface of the skull and rarely causes any significant symptoms. In clinical medicine HFI is diagnosed from its X-ray appearance, whereas in palaeopathology it is diagnosed by direct observation of the skull. There are no standard palaeopathological criteria to diagnose HFI.

In past populations HFI appears to be much less common than today, with modern prevalences of up to 70 per cent of women over 40 affected, compared with archaeological prevalences of between 1 and 4 per cent. This discrepancy has been attributed to a younger mean age at death in ancient populations. This study aims to test the hypothesis that the difference in prevalence may be due in part to the differential nature of diagnosis between the two disciplines. A sample of 85 skulls was X-rayed, and the presence of HFI was recorded using radiological criteria. Using this method the results showed a marked increase in the number of cases of HFI to 31 per cent in females in the ancient population. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Int. J. Osteoarchaeol., 7: 157–164 (1997)

No. of Figures: 4. No. of Tables: 3. No. of References: 13.


Objectives: To study the value of quantitative analysis of proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy(1H-MRS) metabolites in diagnosis of Brain Parenchyma glioma grading. Materials and Methods: The 1H-MRS metabolites of total 58 Brain Parenchyma gliomas confirmed by pathology were analyzed retrospectively. According to the 2007 World Health Organization(WHO) standards, all cases were divided into two groups including low-grade gliomas group(gradeⅠ—Ⅱ, 24 cases) and high-grade gliomas group(grade Ⅲ—Ⅳ, 35 cases). Then concentrations of all metabolites in the tumor area and the contralateral brain tissue were analyzed statistically and compared. Results:(1) In total 59 glioma cases; Cho and Cho/Cr in tumor area were increased compared to that in the contralateral one while the other metabolites and metabolic ratio were decreased. There were significant differences in r NAA, Cho/Cr,NAA/Cr, NAA/Cho, and Lac between low-grade and high-grade glioma tumor(P0.05).(2) r Cho and Cho/Cr in the solid area of gliomas were positively related with pathological grading, r NAA, NAA/Cr, and NAA/Cho were negatively correlated with pathological grading. r NAA and NAA/Cho had higher correlation than the others, and the r correlation coefficient was 0.555 and 0.616 respectively.(3) The area under the curve(AUC) of r NAA, NAA/Cr and NAA/Cho for identifying glioma grading were greater than 0.5 by the ROC analysis. The cutoff point of r NAA for identifying glioma grading was set at 0.20 with 100% sensitivity and 61.8% specifity. The cutoff point of NAA/Cr for identifying glioma grading was set at 0.35 with 100% sensitivity and 55.9% specificity. The cutoff point of NAA/Cho for identifying glioma grading was set at 0.19 with 91.7% sensitivity and 67.6% specificity. Conclusions: According to quantitative analysis of 1H-MRS parameters, the measurements of NAA, NAA/Cr, and NAA/Cho which have high sensitivity and moderate specificity can provide additional information about the diagnosis of glioma grading, whereas the diagnosis value of r Cho and Cho/Cr in glioma grading still needs further research.


This paper investigates the growth and development in stature,weight and body surface area of juveniles belonging to the Yao nationality,and to provide an evaluation system for a health index structure. Individual body surface area and an average number of 12 age groups between 7-18 year-olds was calculated using the formula of Stevenson and Hu Yong-mei. The results of this research included the following details: juveniles of the Yao nationality showed an increased body surface area,stature and weight with age; and the increasing speed of growth for both male and female students was divided into three different categories,"steady,""fast"and "slow." The curve of stature,weight and body surface area shows the double-crossing phenomenon. In terms of body surface area,the results of this research calculated by Hu Yongmei's formula were higher than those by Stevenson's (P 0. 01).


The features of chemical terror attack activities,the types of chemical toxicants and their harms to human are introduced.A study is carried out on how to perceive and judge the existence of chemical toxicants,how to take emergency countermeasures after chemical terror attack events occur and how to escape from danger at public places,on the base of introducing the characteristics of chemical terror activities,types of chemical toxicant and its harm to people.It is pointed out that the occurrence of a chemical terror attack event can be judged by sense organ method,living beings method and chemical monitor method,which make use of the signs of chemical terror attack.The emergency countermeasures should be taken by a certain procedure,and the medical emergency rescue must obey the rules of "first wear,second separation,and third save" and "six earliness".Finally,a series of countermeasures and advice of self-saved escape from subway,airport,school,shopping center,high building,gymnasium,exhibition center and other public places during the occurrence of chemical terror attack event are also raised.


The utility model relates to a tunable optical time domain reflectometer. A tunable light source is connected with and controlled by a signal processing unit, an erbium-doped optical fiber amplifier is connected behind the tunable light source, and a coupler used for separating incident optical pulses in an optical fiber from reflected optical signals is arranged behind the erbium-doped optical fiber amplifier; backscattering and reflected signals from the coupler enter a filter; and the filter, a photoelectric detector, the amplifier, an A/D converter, the signal processing unit and a display unit are sequentially connected. The tunable optical time domain reflectometer can find two short-distance event points at a certain part by sending light with different wavelength into the detected optical fiber and observing the unequal loss generated by the light with different wavelength at a certain point. Besides, the broadband flat gain erbium-doped optical fiber amplifier is arranged behind the tunable light source so as to amplify detection signals sent by the OTDR(Optical Time Domain Reflectometer), thereby broadening the dynamic range of the OTDR.


Intrapartum administration of antibiotics (penicillin or ampicillin) to mothers with positive cultures for group B streptococcus (GBS) reduces the risk


This thesis focuses on the films of contemporary Palestinian filmmakers that have gained a considerable following among arthouse and commercial cinema audiences since the 1980s. Developing а concept of minor transnationalism, the thesis concentrates on the feature and documentary films of Michel Khleifi, Rashid Masharawi, Elia Suleiman, Hany Abu Assad, Najwa Najjar, Annemarie Jacir, Cherien Dabis, Azza El-Hassan, and Jumana Manna. This thesis investigates how we think about the evolution of Palestinian transnational cinema in the post-1980 period, and specifies the ways in which transnational film production engages with the minor form in the works of Palestinian film directors.


The invention relates to an electrically heated catalyst device and its manufacturing method. The electrically heated catalyst device includes a catalyst support supporting a catalyst, a surface electrode disposed on an outer surface of the catalyst support and extending in an axis direction of the catalyst support, a wiring line member including a root section extending in the axis direction of the catalyst support and comb teeth-like wiring lines extending from the root section in a circumferential direction of the catalyst support and fixed to the surface electrode, an outer cylinder covering an outer surface of the catalyst support, and a holding member holding the catalyst support and packed between the catalyst support and the outer cylinder, in which the catalyst support is heated by feeding a current through the surface electrode and the wiring line member. At least a plurality of through-holes or a plurality of protrusions are formed in the root section covered by the holding member.


The classical optimization design dependent on a single-fracture (SF) assumption is widely applied in performance optimization for hydraulically fractured wells. The objective of this paper is to extend the optimal design to a complex fracture network to achieve the maximum productivity index (PI). In this work, we established a pseudosteady-state (PSS) productivity model of a fractured horizontal well, which has the flexibility of accounting for the complexity of fracture-network dimensions. A semianalytical solution was then presented in the generalized matrix format through coupling reservoir- and fracture-flowing systems. Subsequently, several published studies on the PSS productivity calculation of a SF were used to verify this model, and a 3D transient numerical simulation of an orthogonal fracture network was used to perform further verification. We show that results from our solutions agree very well with those benchmarked results. On the basis of the model, we provide a detailed analysis on the productivity enhancement of the fracture-network/optimization work flow using unified fracture design (UFD). The results show the following:
 The PI is determined by fracture conductivity and complexity (network size, spacing, and configuration), and it is a function of fracture complexity and conductivity when the influence of proppant volume is not considered. Under the constraint of a given amount of proppant known as UFD, the maximum PI would be achieved when the best balance between network complexity and conductivity was obtained. It is more advantageous to minimize fracture complexity by creating relatively simple-geometry fractures with smaller network size and larger fracture spacing in the condition of small and intermediate proppant numbers. It should be the design goal to generate a complex network by creating relatively complex-geometry fractures with larger network size and smaller fracture spacing in the condition of a large proppant number. Increasing fracture complexity could reduce the optimal requirement of fracture conductivity. The proposed approach can provide guidance for a network-hydraulic-fracturing design for an optimal completion.


This article offers a review of recent research literature that discusses opposition to dissection in the context of North American school science classes. The arguments against dissection are divided into four themes: social concerns, animal-focused ethical concerns, pedagogical concerns, and health and environmental concerns. In discussing these dimensions of the dissection debate, this article outlines dominant concerns associated with dissection and argues for a critical reconsideration of the practice.


45 % of the Swedish energy is produced by hydropower. Previous researches have shown a positive correlation between the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and the hydropower production in Norway and northern Sweden during winter time. The correlation is weak in southern Sweden, which indicates that there might be other climate patterns affecting this area. A Spearman correlation was made between the times series of a Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of the production data from 17 hydropower stations in five different rivers located in southern Sweden and five different teleconnection indices: the NAO, The East Atlantic (EA), The East Atlantic/Western Russia (EA/WR), The Scandinavian (SCA) and the Polar/Eurasia (POL). The result showed seasonal variations in the effect of different teleconnections. In winter time the NAO causes the strongest signal, while the SCA shows an almost as strong negative signal. During spring and summer the EA/WR alone gives a significant negative signal. No significant correlation appeared during the fall. Based on the assumption that the hydropower production depends on water availability in the dams and the demand from the market, which in turn is closely related to the season of the year and the air temperature, PCA analysis and Spearman correlations with the teleconnection indices were also made for seven unregulated river gages and six temperature stations in the same geographical region. The discharge show more variance than the hydropower production in all seasons and slightly different correlations, while the temperature show very little variability and mainly is ruled by the NAO in all seasons except for in the summer when the SCA and POL show strong positive correlations.


S3.00010 : Coherent control of Wannier-Stark states via interference between oneand two-phonon excitation We demonstrate that the control of quantum vibrational states in an optical lattice may be achieved by using interference between two-phonon excitation at ω and one-phonon excitation at 2ω. We use this technique to improve the ratio of coherent coupling to loss in our system. In our experiment, 85Rb atoms are trapped in a vertical optical lattice, leading to a tilted-washboard potential when the effect of gravity is considered. While neighboring Wannier-Stark states may be coherently coupled by sinusoidal drive of the lattice displacement at the secular frequency ω, this also leads to leakage into higher excited states and eventual loss from the lattice. We use coherent control to mitigate this problem, by adding a simultaneous parametric drive at 2ω, directly coupling states of the same parity. The resonant drive corresponds to Raman scattering of laser beams phase-modulated (PM) at ω, while the parametric drive corresponds to Raman scattering of laser beams amplitude-modulated (AM) at 2ω. We demonstrate experimentally that quantum interference between the absorption of two PM quanta and one AM quantum can be used to control the branching ratio, and specifically, to improve the ratio of coherent coupling to loss. Chao Zhuang, Christopher R. Paul Coherent Control Motivation Experiment Setup Results and Explanation Conclusion Coherent control of Wannier-Stark states via interference between oneand two-phonon excitation Chao Zhuang, Christopher R. Paul, Samansa Maneshi, Xiao-xian Liu, Nick Chisholm, Luciano S. Cruz, and Aephraim M. Steinberg Center for Quantum Infromation and Quantum Control (CQIQC), Institute for Optical Sciences (IOS), Department of Physics University of Toronto DAMOP, May. 22nd, 2009 Chao Zhuang, Christopher R. Paul Coherent Control Motivation Experiment Setup Results and Explanation Conclusion Motivation I Optical lattices are a leading candidate system for quantum information processing I Lattices are also an important arena for studying condensed-matter and many-body phenomena I Coherent control of a two level system with a decay channel is still an important topic related to decoherence in quantum information processing Chao Zhuang, Christopher R. Paul Coherent Control Motivation Experiment Setup Results and Explanation Conclusion Experiment Control of Lattice Beams Tilted-washboard Potential and Wannier-Stark states State Preparation and Measurement Experiment Control of Lattice Beams Phase Modulation of one lattice beam Ampulitde Modulation of the other lattice beam Lattice


【Objective】 A prospective,multi-center,controlled study was performed to evaluate the effectiveness and possible side effects of oral erythromycin(EM) in treating preterm infants,especially VLBW(very low birth-weight)preterm infants with feeding intolerance(FI).【Methods】 46 preterm infants with FI from 16 hospitals were enrolled,study period from January,2008 to March,2010.The patients were divided into 3 random groups:EM-HD group,oral erythromycin 12.5 mg/kg,q8h for 7~10 days;EM-LD group,oral erythromycin 5 mg/kg,therapy as above;and control group,not treated by any gastrointestinal prokinetic agent.Several critical time points of feeding condition were compared,the incidence of extrauterine growth retardation(EUGR) and the potential adverse effects of erythromycin were also evaluated.【Results】 11 patients had be classed as EM-HD group,22 as EM-LD group,13 as control.After enrollment,the time reaching 50 kCal/(kg·d) from enteral feeding were significantly shorter and the proportions of calorie ingested by the enteral route when the infants regained to their birth weight were significantly higher in two trial groups than the control group.The incidence of EUGR was significantly lower in EM-HD group.All enrolled infants were followed up from discharge to 6 months' age,no obvious side effect was found in the trial groups.【Conclusions】 In this research,both doses of oral erythromycin are effective for treating VLBW preterm infants with FI and the high dose is more effective.There are not obvious side effects of oral erythromycin observed.


"Informed consent" implicitly links the transmission of information to the granting of permission on the part of patients, tissue donors, and research subjects. But what of the corollary, informed refusal? Drawing together insights from three moments of refusal, this article explores the rights and obligations of biological citizenship from the vantage point of biodefectors—those who attempt to resist technoscientific conscription. Taken together, the cases expose the limits of individual autonomy as one of the bedrocks of bioethics and suggest the need for a justice-oriented approach to science, medicine, and technology that reclaims the epistemological and political value of refusal.


Prostate cancer is highly prevalent, being the second most common cause of cancer mortality in men worldwide. Applying a novel genetically engineered mouse model (GEMM) of aggressive prostate cancer driven by deficiency of PTEN and SPRY2 (Sprouty 2) tumour suppressors, we identified enhanced creatine metabolism within the phosphagen system in progressive disease. Altered creatine metabolism was validated in in vitro and in vivo prostate cancer models and in clinical cases. Upregulated creatine levels were due to increased uptake through the SLC6A8 creatine transporter and de novo synthesis, resulting in enhanced cellular basal respiration. Treatment with cyclocreatine (a creatine analogue that potently and specifically blocks the phosphagen system) dramatically reduces creatine and phosphocreatine levels. Blockade of creatine biosynthesis by cyclocreatine leads to cellular accumulation of S-adenosyl methionine (SAM), an intermediary of creatine biosynthesis, and suppresses prostate cancer growth in vitro. Furthermore, cyclocreatine treatment impairs cancer progression in our GEMM and in a xenograft liver metastasis model. Hence, by targeting the phosphagen system, cyclocreatine results in anti-tumourigenic effects from both SAM accumulation and suppressed phosphagen system.


The United Nation's Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) estimates that the total demands for agricultural production will be 60 percent higher in 2030 A.D. than in the present time. Of this, 85% of this additional demand will come in developing countries. In recent years, earthworm has been identified as one of the important organisms to process the biodegradable organic matter. Vermicomposts have consistently improved seed germination, enhanced seedling growth and development, increased plant flowering, fruiting and productivity much more than could be possible from the mere conversion of mineral nutrients into plant – available forms (Atiyeh et al., 2002). Vermiculture technology, an alternative of energy efficient recycling process with high nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P) and potassium (K) contents, and used as quality manure in agriculture and horticulture sectors. In today's era, heavy doses of chemical fertilizers and pesticides are being used by the farmers to get a better yield of various field crops. These chemical fertilizers International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 8 Number 02 (2019) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com


The study is primarily concerned with the analysis of cinematographic
records of human movement. Computational techniques for smoothing and
differentiation of numerical data are examined and a suitable method is
established as a computer programme. The programme accepts displacement
data from cine film of a body action and produces inertia force components
of the body segments.
The equation of motion is expressed in terms of a sumation of segmental
forces. The computed results are compared with the total reaction measured
on a force platform and arc also used to indicate the segmental contributions
in the sunmation.
The analytical procedures are general, but are here applied to cimp2e
athletic activities. Discussion of body motion and external force action
is followed by estimation of the internal effects in muscles and joints in
the lower limbs.
During the course of the work, discussion of segmental models of the
human body and of scum mechanical principles is undertaken. These sections
range beyond the requirements of the central study and offer some broader
considerations in movement analysis.


Abstract We prove that an unbounded operator Z on a Banach space , which commutes with a representation of a Lie group G, is the generator of a contraction semigroup, under conditions on Z and G which have not previously been investigated. The case of an unbounded derivation Z on a C*-algebra is considered in particular detail.


The Canadian Brain Tumour Registry (CBTR) project was established in 2016 with the aim of enhancing infrastructure for surveillance and clinical research to improve health outcomes for brain tumour patients in Canada. We present a national surveillance report on malignant primary brain and central nervous system (CNS) tumours diagnosed in the Canadian population from 2009-2013. Patients were identified through the Canadian Cancer Registry (CCR); an administrative dataset that includes cancer incidence data from all provinces/territories in Canada. Cancer diagnoses are coded using the ICD-O3 system. Tumour types were classified by site and histology using The Central Brain Tumour Registry of the United States definitions. Incidence rates (IR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated per 100,000 person-years and standardized to the 2011 census population age-distribution. Overall, 12,115 malignant brain and CNS tumours were diagnosed in the Canadian population from 2009-2013 (IR:8.43;95%CI:8.28,8.58). Of these, 6,845 were diagnosed in males (IR:9.72;95%CI:9.49,9.95) and 5,270 in females (IR:7.20;95%CI:7.00,7.39). The most common histology overall was glioblastoma (IR:4.06;95%CI:3.95,4.16). Among those aged 0-19 years, 1,130 malignant brain and CNS tumours were diagnosed from 2009-2013 (IR:3.36;95%CI:3.16,3.56). Of these, 625 were diagnosed in males (IR:3.32;95%CI:3.34,3.92) and 505 in females (IR:3.08;95%CI:2.81,3.36). The most common histology among the paediatric population was pilocytic astrocytoma (IR:0.73;95%CI:0.64,0.83). The presentation will include: IRs for other histologies, the geographic distribution of cases and a comparison between Canada and the United States.


accelerated decomposition released plant available nitrogen and decreased soil C storage. Our results indicate that intensified grazing triggers proliferation of Gram(+) bacteria and subsequent faster decomposition by reducing roots adapted to low disturbance. 4. Synthesis . Plant communities exert control on microbial communities and decomposition through the activity of their living roots: slow-growing plants adapted to low disturbance reduce Gram(+) bacteria, decomposition of low and high quality litter, nitrogen availability and, thus, ingress of fast-growing plants. Our results indicate that grazing impacts on soil carbon storage by altering plant roots and their control on the soil microbial community and decomposition, and that these processes will foster decomposition and soil C loss in more productive and disturbed grassland systems.


Morphogens have been defined as secreted molecules that emanate from a discrete source, generate a concentration gradient that elicits concentration-dependent responses in target cells, and organize pattern and growth of the developmental field (reviewed by Lawrence and Struhl, 1996; Gurdon et al., 1998; Strigini and Cohen, 1999). The Drosophila wing arises from the wing imaginal disc, which is subdivided into two cell populations, the anterior (A) and posterior (P) compartments (Garcia-Bellido et al., 1973). The P cells are programmed by the selector gene engrailed to secrete the signalling molecule Hedgehog (Hh) (Tabata et al., 1995; Sanicola et al., 1995). Hh functions as a short range morphogen to pattern the central domain of the wing (Mullor et al., 1997; Strigini and Cohen, 1997) and also induces expression of the second signalling molecule Decapentaplegic (Dpp) (Tabata and Kornberg, 1994; Basler and Struhl, 1994; Capdevila et al., 1994), which belongs to TGF β superfamily and acts as a longrange morphogen to pattern the rest of the wing field (Nellen et al., 1996; Lecuit et al., 1996). Dpp is produced within a stripe of cells in the A compartment located along the compartment boundary, secreted from those cells and received by its receptor complex on the surface of surrounding cells. Like other members of the TGFβ superfamily, secreted Dpp molecules bind heteromeric receptor complexes formed by transmembrane type I and type II serine/threonine kinases (Nellen et al., 1994; Penton et al., 1994; Brummel et al., 1994; Xie et al., 1994). As a type I receptor, Thickveins (Tkv) plays a major role in transducing the Dpp signal in wing development (Singer et al., 1997; Haerry et al., 1998). The activated Tkv signals by directly phosphorylating the major signal transducer Mothers against dpp (Mad), which upon phosphorylation translocates into the nucleus (Macias-Silva et al., 1996; Newfeld et al., 1997; Inoue et al., 1998) and regulates transcription of target genes, such as sp lt (sal) (de Celis et al., 1996) or optomotor-blind(omb; bifid – FlyBase) (Grimm and Pflugfelder, 1996), in the wing imaginal disc. Thus the levels of Dpp signalling activity can be monitored in situby detecting the phospshorylated form of Mad (p-Mad) using a specific antibody (Persson et al., 1998; Tanimoto et al., 2000). The distribution of p-Mad reveals an unexpectedly complex pattern of Dpp activity in the developing wing; the gradient of Dpp activity is asymmetric along the A/P axis (Tanimoto et al., 2000). Several lines of evidence indicate that Hh downregulates Dpp activity along the A/P compartment border (Tanimoto et al., 2000). Here we show that En is also involved in generating the asymmetric distribution of the Dpp activity gradient. This pattern of the gradient appears to depend largely on the levels of the Tkv receptor, i.e. the regulatory target of Hh and En is tkv. We present evidence that tkv transcription levels are negatively regulated by a gene that we named master of thickveins(mtv). This gene was recently reported as brakeless (bks) (Senti et al., 2000; Rao et al., 2000), which is required for the axonal guidance of Drosophila visual system, or scribbler (sbb) (Yang et al., 2000), which is indispensable for normal behavior of larvae. We demonstrate that Hh and En act through mtv to control the tkv expression pattern, hence mtv plays an important role in shaping the activity gradient of the Dpp morphogen in the developing wing of Drosophila. 67 Development 128, 67-74 (2001) Printed in Great Britain © The Company of Biologists Limited 2001 DEV7845


During recent years several autoradiographic methods, particularly adapted for certain tissues and certain radioactive substances, have been developed. However, previous to the work of Hoecker and Roofe ( 1 ), none had been developed for bone which permitted exact correlation between the microscopic structure of bone and the alpha-particle track image of the radioactive substance in the bone after the bone section was removed during processing. In order to study the distribution and concentration of radium metabolically deposited in bone, it is necessary that certain very definite requirements be fulfilled by the autoradiographic technic. ( 1 ) It must permit the bone sections to be removed from the nuclear track emulsion during photographic processing and thus prevent the bone section from coming into contact with the processing solutions. ( 2 ) It must permit the bone sections to be removed from the nuclear track emulsion during the making of photomicrographs of the alpha-particle track pattern. (3) It must permit the bone sections to be returned exactly to their original positions on the nuclear track plate at any desired time. The undecalcified bone sections are cut on a special apparatus (Fig. 1 of ref. 2) and then mounted on one end of 1 inch × 3 inch plastic cover slips∗ with Canada balsam. Before the bone sections are mounted, a rectangular section ¼ inch × 1 inch is cut out of the center of each cover slip in such a manner that the long axis of the cutout is parallel to the long axis of the cover slip. The purpose of this cutout is to concentrate the bending of the cover slip in the region of the cutout portion and thus relieve the strain on the bone sections when the cover slip is bent.


Background: The orientation of academic resilience is towards positive processes of life and psychological empowerment of students, so, academic resilience is a significant factor affects the tolerance of ambiguity and family cohesion in students, resulting in increased academic engagement. This study designed to assess the relationship between tolerance of ambiguity and family cohesion with academic engagement based on mediating role of academic resilience in female students in Ahvaz city.
Method: This was a descriptive correlation study accomplished by path analysis. The study population comprised second-grade high-school female students in Ahvaz city in 2020. Using simple random sampling 216 of which were selected as the participants. The data gathering instruments were: the Schoolwork Engagement Inventory, the Tolerance for Ambiguity Scale, the Family Cohesion Scale, and the Academic Resilience Inventory.
Results: Results revealed a good fit for the modified model (CFI=1.00, IFI=1.00, RMSEA=0.001). The results indicated that there was a significant direct relationship between family cohesion and academic engagement (β=0.365, P=0.001), and between tolerance of ambiguity and academic resilience (β=0.274, P=0.001). Moreover, there was a positive relationship between family cohesion and academic resilience (β=0.369, P=0.001), and between academic resilience and academic engagement (β=0.328, P=0.001). The results of indirect path analysis indicated that academic resilience had a mediating role in the relationship between tolerance of ambiguity and family cohesion with academic engagement.
Conclusion: The modified model had a good fitness, and is an important stage in recognizing the factors affecting the engagement and academic achievement of students.


This report focuses on a segment of the financial market serving agriculture in the Ninth Federal Reserve District. Specifically, it reviews the changes which occurred in farm loan demand and availability of funds at agricultural banks within the region. Agricultural banks continued to be an important source of non-real estate farm loans in North Dakota and the Ninth District.


Japanese national universities have introduced a myriad of subjects and curriculum styles based on their western counterparts with the notable exception of art. The lack of arts education has obscured the fact that truth and belief can be explained not only literally but also in metaphors, and developed in unlimited variations. This exclusion has contributed to a lack of flexible and creative stances among modern thinkers. It is a shortcoming that is especially conspicuous among leaders in both government and business, resulting in concomitant social problems. The introduction of art educa- tion is thus a very pressing issue. Art education is suitable to the conditions and aims of general educa- tion for students in all faculties. According to Friedrich Schiller, the essential educational moment in the enjoyment of the arts consists of an aesthetic state of being. Furthermore, that state exists independent from the intellectual definition of the content of art work. For instance, we never enjoy a poem about trees in order to get scientific knowledge of trees. This independence of an aesthetic state from the content suggests its applicability to all professions, indeed an inevitable step in students' futures and one fitting all situations of life. Guided also by the idea of 'calibration' (Mittelstaedt), this paper attempts to show the essence of skill and ability, which the practice of art can bring out. It is also a form of knowledge that can be abstracted from the context of traditional arts. The aim of an arts education in liberal arts in the national university system should be to provide the right conditions whereby 'an expanded concept of art' (Beys) may be realized. In the thesis that follows, the author attempts to pro- vide a theoretical guide to the ambitious notion that art education is essential.


Abstract Important issues in any procedure used for estimating basic event probabilities of common cause failures (CCF) for probabilistic safety assessments (PSA) are: which plants and systems to use, how to combine them, and how to transform data from systems with different numbers of similar components to obtain CCF-rates for a specific group of components. These issues are addressed with focus on the last part called "mapping". Certain parametric models are considered for transforming CCF event experience from data-source plants to the target plant, the plant of interest. Two sets of rules are reviewed and compared for transforming rates and assessment uncertainties from larger to smaller systems i.e. mapping down. Epistemic uncertainties are taken into account in the estimation. Mapping down equations are presented also for the alpha-factors and for the variances of CCF-rates. Consistent rules are developed for mapping up CCF-rates, uncertainties and alpha factors from smaller to larger systems. These rules are not limited to a binomial CCF model. Consistency requirements are severe and dictate certain limits to possible parametric values. Empirical alpha factors are used to quantify robust mapping ratios of complete CCF-rates. Mapping is critically analyzed and practical recommendations are made.


Engineers play a crucial role in an economy's national system of innovation. This paper focuces on the role of engineers as managers- with the understanding that the rising technical complexity of the ctivities of the most enterprises and the central role of technology to economic performance has made it increasingly important to bring engineers into all levels of management activities.


For the safety computer in railway,A safety computer circuit board testing platform was built in combination with the computer-aided testing technology to solve the problems of controlling the power supply and the excitation signal testing,according to the rules of board level testing.The board level composite testing system was designed and implemented according to the main testing process of software.This system has been applied in the practical testing.The result shows that the system is stable and reliable,can test multi-type circuit boards,detect the errors of circuit design effectively,and improve the testing efficiency greatly.


In order to evaluate the performance of cloud service,this paper analyzed the process of cloud service and presented a mathematical model of service performance base on queuing theory.Take the update latency of Amazon SimpleDB as an example,simulation results demonstrated the validity of this method.On this basis,the key factors were analyzed and compared in this paper.Experiment results showed that improving service processing unit could improve efficiently the performance of cloud service,and the performance of virtual machine could be the bottleneck in the later period of cloud computing deployment.


Studies in the United Kingdom are mainly concerned with the development of the traffic conflict technique as a viable research and operational tool: (1) to obtain objective records of road user behaviour in "accident" situations for further analysis; (2) to provide a measure of safety to be used in "before and after" studies to evaluate accident countermeasures; (3) to evaluate the present state of a given location with respect to safety. Five grades of conflict severity are defined. The two methods of measurement: (1) observation of evasive action and (2) automatic detection of vehicle proximities from computer analysis of continuously recorded data from vehicle sensors, are discussed, particularly from the point of view of validity, reliability of observers, day to day variability and conflict types and differences in accident/conflict ratios. Some examples of before and after studies in the United Kingdom are given and possible future research is discussed. (TRRL)


Copyrights © 2012 The Korean Society of Radiology Purpose: To correlate the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) value and peak standardized uptake value (pSUV) with histologic grade and clinical prognostic factors of breast ductal carcinoma. Materials and Methods: Fifty breast cancers of 49 patients (age range: 37-83 years, mean: 53 years) were studied retrospectively. The breast cancers included 4 ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and 46 invasive ductal carcinomas (IDC). The relationships for both pSUV and ADC values with clinicopathological prognostic factors (age, tumor size, histologic grade, nodal metastasis, hormone receptor and HER-2 neu status) were statistically evaluated. Results: The histologic type of ductal carcinoma include DCIS (n = 4) and IDC (n = 46, grade 1 = 10, grade 2 = 13, and grade 3 = 23). pSUV was associated with histologic grade and tumor size and the ADC value was associated with histologic grade (p < 0.05). As the histologic grade becomes higher, the ADC values decrease, while pSUV and pSUV/ADC increase (p < 0.05). The characterization accuracy of pSUV/ ADC (90.2%) was higher than pSUV (86.7%) and ADC values (25.4%) alone for the diagnosis of breast cancer (p < 0.05). Conclusion: pSUV and ADC values correlated with histologic grade, and tumor size. The pSUV/ADC value had a high accuracy for the diagnosis of breast cancer. Therefore, pSUV and ADC values provided additional information for predicting histologic grade and prognosis of breast cancer. The Predictability for the Prognosis of Breast Cancer Using the Apparent Diffusion Coefficient Value of Diffusion-Weighted 3 T MRI and the Standardized Uptake Value of Positron Emission Tomography/CT: Assessment of Prognostic Factor 유방암 진단에 있어 3 T 확산강조영상의 현성확산계수값과 양전자방출단층촬영술의 최대표준섭취계수의 유방암 예후 예측 가능성: 유방암 예후인자에 대한 평가


Background: Segmentation approaches based on statistical shape models (SSM), such as the Active Shape Model (ASM) framework, are a family of powerful methods for image segmentation [1]. The general idea of these methods is that a weak contrast at object boundaries, partial occlusions or high noise that make a proper segmentation very difficult can be compensated by employing a-priori knowledge of the shapes of the structures that are to be segmented. However, deploying SSMs for practical image segmentation tasks is non-trivial, as a vast amount of configurations of the algorithm has to be chosen, such as shape representation, appearance descriptor, model fitting method, etc., each having a substantial impact on segmentation quality.


This article address photography's embeddedness in histories of emigration and relocation. Photographs are integral pieces of life stories that take on new meanings as they circulate in history, while being told and retold. As catalysts of memories and postmemories they have the capacity to bring the hidden or difficult truths to the surface. This capacity is by no means limited to stories on the personal level. The article argues that settler immigrant's family photographs may also have the potential to question the absence of indigenous peoples in histories of migration and settler colonialism. They may thus be considered as valuable tools in the process of contesting, 'indigenizing', and ultimately decolonizing these histories.


There has been renewed interest in the CP violating rare decay modes K{sub L}{sup 0} {yields} {pi}{sup 0} lepton{ovr lepton}. Recent measurements, such as the BR(K{sub S}{sup 0} {yields} {pi}{sup 0} lepton{sup +} lepton{sup -}) modes, along with theory have led to improved estimates of the CP violating (indirect and direct) and CP conserving contributions to the modes. The KTeV fixed-target experiment at Fermilab has conducted searches for the K{sub L}{sup 0} {yields} {pi}{sup 0} lepton {ovr lepton} modes; current status of these upper limits along with the present status of the predicted branching ratios will be presented.


Foot ulceration and ultimately amputation are major complications associated with diabetes mellitus, the occurrence of which can be substantially reduced by appropriate care. This article provides a brief overview of the problem and a simple scheme for use in primary care diabetes clinics to contribute to the reduction in this particular form of diabetes‐related morbidity and mortality. Copyright © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Simple Summary The treatment of advanced NSCLC patients unfit for a platinum combination is challenging and no clear evidence is available. We retrospectively collected data on advanced NSCLC not receiving a first-line platinum combination, focusing on clinical selection criteria. Up to 30% of newly diagnosed advanced EGFR/ALK negative and PD-L1 < 50% NSCLC patients do not receive a first-line platinum doublet. Main clinical selection criteria were older age (>70 years), comorbidities and poor performance status. A single agent chemotherapy was offered with the prevalence of oral metronomic vinorelbine. In the whole population, progression-free survival and overall survival ranged from 4.5 to 5 months and from 9 to 10.5 months, respectively. Abstract Limited evidence is available concerning the selection criteria and the outcomes of platinum unfit newly diagnosed advanced NSCLC patients receiving single-agent chemotherapy. We retrospectively collected data on consecutive, stage IIIB-IV, EGFR/ALK negative and PD-L1 < 50% NSCLC patients treated with first-line single agent chemotherapy. Baseline characteristics, outcome measures and toxicities were recorded, as well as criteria according to which treatment selection was made and what percentage of patients did not receive a first-line platinum-based chemotherapy. Two-hundred and twenty-one patients were included. Median age was 79 (range 56–92) years, M/F 165(74.6%)/56(25.4%), ECOG performance status (PS) 0/1/ ≥ 2 23(10.9%)/94(42.5%)/103(46.6%), with a median of two serious comorbidities. A median of 25% (range 10%-30%) of newly diagnosed NSCLC did not receive a first-line platinum combination. Clinical criteria according to which decision was made were older age (76.5%), comorbidities (72%), poor PS (55.2%) and familiar or social issues (10%). Single-agent treatment consisted of oral metronomic vinorelbine (MetV 78.6%), gemcitabine (Gem 10%), oral standard vinorelbine (Vin 8.2%) and other (O 3.2%). Median progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) of single agent treatments ranged from 4.5 to 5 months and from 9 to 10.5 months, respectively. All grade toxicities did not differ among single agents, while grade 3–4 toxicities were less frequent with MetV. Up to 30% of newly diagnosed advanced EGFR/ALK negative and PD-L1 < 50% NSCLC patients do not receive a first-line platinum doublet. Main clinical selection criteria were older age (>70 years), comorbidities and poor PS. An oral treatment was frequently proposed with MetV being the most frequent choice according to its safety profile.


Feminism has developed a lot over the last 30 years, not merely as a political movement, but also as an intellectual field. Beginning from an awareness of inequalities between the sexes, feminists have critically reviewed many aspects of knowledge, human understanding and scientific endeavour. Feminist work on science, bioethics, sexual difference and the body is pertinent to many areas within biomedicine. I will sketch a few of these fields of thought, noting their implications for thinking about and practising medicine.


: Temporary plugging and diverting fracturing technology is of utmost importance in stimulating fractured reservoirs. However, studies investigating the mechanisms of new fracture initiation and propagation during far-field temporary plugging and diverting fracturing have been scarce


Experiments are carried out in which it is observed that RC columns under eccentric axial loading accumulate considerable deformation in the direction of the eccentric permanent moment when reversed-cyclic loading is applied perpendicular to the moment. This deformation exceeds the allowable value given in the design code. This behavior is investigated analytically using the 3D-fiber technique in order to gain an understanding of the mechanism. It is verified that the response is caused by strain hardening of the steel under the influence of eccentric axial forces, and that it is strongly related the complex nonsymmetrical loading path. This result indicates that a three-dimensional approach is invaluable as a means to obtain the residual displacement of RC piers.


We consider all-pay auctions in the presence of interdependent, affiliated valuations and private budget constraints. For the sealed-bid, all-pay auction we characterize a symmetric equilibrium in continuous strategies for the case of N bidders. Budget constraints encourage more aggressive bidding among participants with large endowments and intermediate valuations. We extend our results to the war of attrition where we show that budget constraints lead to a uniform amplification of equilibrium bids among bidders with sufficient endowments. An example shows that with both interdependent valuations and private budget constraints, a revenue ranking between the two auction formats is generally not possible. Equilibria with discontinuous bidding strategies are discussed.


Understanding the elements that potentiate the economic development of a certain locality becomes necessary in the managerial sciences and planning of touristic destinations. Collaborating with theoretical gaps related to the particular analysis of transport activities and their impact on tourism, this study seeks to identify the economic relations between tourism and road transportation of people in tourist cities, being adopted as a reference the case of Caldas Novas / Goias / Brazil, one of the main tourist destinations in the country. From the use of economic data and the characteristic of people transportation, statistical models has been used to analyze, for example, the impact of the increase of vehicles to public transport at the gross domestic product of the municipality, demonstrating the levels of impact between the variables considered. Such results can be used to manage the transport activities and for the planning of tourism.


In this paper I will show the profound influence the evidence-based practice movement has on the use of qualitative research findings in health care, and in nursing in particular. I will argue that it has become difficult if not impossible to base practice on qualitative research within this way of thinking knowledge. Hence the qualitative research community needs to develop methods that will make a way for qualitative research into the evidence-based practice context. One method is meta-synthesis. Within nursing this method is just evolving, and there are many problems. I will like to focus on one of these problems, the question of quality in qualitative research, focusing on what could be possible in that area and finally I will make recommendations on how to move forward.


Impressionistic elements has been an important means of expression in traditional painting,respected ancient literati painting.Formed in different dynasties and different painting kinds different artistic styles,understanding and learning style we can further capitalize on the status and direction of development in the contemporary literati impressionistic element.


This paper discusses the results of preliminary tests for determining the best way to kill the potato vine under the conditions of the State of Sao Paulo. Of the methods compared (cutting or flaming the vines, or spraying them with sodium chlorate, sodium arsenite, dinitro cresol or dinitro-o-sec-butyl phenol), spraying with the dinitro derivatives seemed to be the best. Further experiments are needed to observe the incidence of virus diseases and rots caused by Phytophthora infstans and Alternaria solani in the seed potatoes coming from fields treated with the latter products.


As fully automated and intelligent machine tools are highly developed and expected to be realized in the near future, which can autonomously determine the cutting states regardless of any cutting conditions and can change them automatically as required, it is hence necessary to develop a methodology to identify the cutting states automatically. In ball-end milling process, the chatter is one of the major limitations of productivity in metal cutting. It always affects the surface finish, the dimensional accuracy, the tool life and machine life. The aim of this research is to develop an in-process monitoring system for detection of the chatter regardless of the cutting conditions by using the dynamic cutting force obtained during the cutting. The method proposed introduces three parameters, which are calculated and obtained by taking the ratio of the average variances of the dynamic cutting forces of three force components, to classify the chatter. The new algorithm was developed and implemented on 5-axis CNC machining center to detect the chatter in ball-end milling process. The experimentally obtained results showed that the proposed method can be used efficiently to detect the chatter during the cutting even though the cutting conditions are changed.


Aimed at reducing air pollution due to arsenic in low coal,this paper studies the law governing arsenic release due to coal combustion by coal combustion experiment.The results show that coal combustion process makes for the increased combustion temperature,setting off a gradual increase in the release rate of arsenic in coal and consequently a gradual decrease in the arsenic content in coal residue ash.At different combustion temperature,there is virtually no change in coal ash quantity,but there is a great difference in the release rate of arsenic in coal.Fly ash and smoke dust caused by coal combustion,and dust caused by coal ash and slag pile are one of the main factors for arsenic contamination of ecological environment.


When multiple flaws are offset flaws, alignment rules are used to determine whether the flaws should be treated as non-aligned or as coplanar. The alignment rules are provided in fitness-for-service codes, and the rules are based on comparison of flaw dimensions. Quasi-static tensile tests were performed on Type 304 stainless steel flat plate specimens with two dissimilar through-wall offset flaws at ambient temperature. It can be seen that, in the experiments, plastic collapse loads were independent of non-alignment dimensions, when the counterpart flaw lengths are smaller enough compared with the main flaw lengths.Copyright © 2011 by ASME


Efficient algorithms are presented for finding rectilinear collision-free paths between two given points among a set of rectilinear obstacles. The results improve the time complexity of previous results for finding the shortest rectilinear path, the minimum-bend shortest rectilinear path, the shortest minimum-bend rectilinear path and the minimum-cost rectilinear path. For finding the shortest rectilinear path, a graph-theoretic approach is used and an algorithm is obtained with $O(m\log t+ t\log^{3/2} t)$ running time, where $t$ is the number of extreme edges of given obstacles and $m$ is the number of obstacle edges. Based on this result an $O(N\log N+(m+N)\log t + (t+N)\log^2 (t+N))$ running time algorithm for computing the $L_1$ minimum spanning tree of given $N$ terminals among rectilinear obstacles is obtained. For finding the minimum-bend shortest path, the shortest minimum-bend rectilinear path, and the minimum-cost rectilinear path, we devise a new dynamic-searching approach and derive algorithms that run in $O(m\log^2m)$ time using $O(m\log m)$ space or run in $O(m\log^{3/2}m)$ time and space.


For environmental reasons, there is a need to reduce surface access journeys by private car, particularly 'drop-off/pick-up' trips, and to increase public transport usage. This paper examines surface access issues at the UK regional airport of Robin Hood Airport Doncaster Sheffield (RHADS), using data from an airport survey of 438 passengers. Most respondents were holiday makers travelling to-and-from RHADS by car, either via drop-off/pick-up or their own vehicle. There were five distinct passenger groups generated from cluster analysis of the attitudinal statements and the surface access mode chosen. Apart from the public transport supporters segment, the groups strongly favoured car-based surface access travel, particularly car-loving socialites and the practical drop-offs. A lack of willingness amongst passengers to change away from car travel and towards public transport for surface access journeys was identified, making it very difficult for airports to reduce the environmental impact of such trips.


With the changing culture and abrupt shifts in the socio-economic and political layouts of our globalized world, the religious situation, too, undergoes major changes. The article analyzes the phenomenon of New Religious Movements (NRM) in its current socio-cultural and political context. After defining the guiding terminology relevant to NRM, we proceed to (1) show the historical roots of this new religious trend, (2) expose the existing diversity of NRM, (3) define their characteristic traits, and philosophical assessment of the phenomenon as a whole (rather than its specific beliefs or practices). The article ends with identifying potential social, psychological, and political impacts of the NRM, calling for epistemological humility on the side of philosophers, and critical openness and cautiousness on the side of governmental institutions.


Primary Lymphoma of the Prostate: Report of a Case and Review of the Literature Primary lymphoma of the prostate is a rare malignancy. Patients initially present with local and general symptoms. A variety of treatments have been used, including prostatectomy, radiotherapy, or a combination of chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Reports in the literature reflect the poor outcome of prostatic lymphoma due to the fact that it is usually diagnosed late. We report the case of a 73- year-old patient who presented with urinary retention associated with persistent constipation and considerable weight loss. He was diabetic and reported a history of transitional cell carcinoma stage pT1, grade G3, which had been treated with transurethral resection and BCG therapy. Physical examination revealed a considerably enlarged prostate which was confirmed by imaging studies. Histological analysis of the tissue obtained on transrectal biopsy revealed a primary malignant non- Hodgkin lymphoma, type B, of the prostate. The patient was treated with chemotherapy. Despite considerable reduction of the tumor size starting from the 3rd week, the patient died the day after his 5th course of chemotherapy. Suh C, Huh J, Roh JL. Extranodal marginal zone B-cell 17. lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue arising in the extracranial head and neck region: A high rate of dissemination and disease recurrence. Oral Oncol. 2008; Oct;44(10):949-55. Ott G, Katzenberger T, Greiner A, Kalla J, Rosenwald 18. A, Heinrich U, et al. The t(11;18)(q21;q21) chromosome translocation is a frequent and specific aberration in low-grade but not high-grade malignant non- Hodgkin's lymphomas of the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT-) type. Cancer Res. 1997; Sep 15;57(18):3944-8. Kerrigan DP, Irons J, Chen IM. Bcl-2 gene rearrangement 19. in salivary gland lymphoma. Am.J.Surg.Pathol. 1990; Dec;14(12):1133-8. Aaltomaa S, Eskelinen M, Lipponen P. Expression of 20. cyclin A and D proteins in prostate cancer and their relation to clinopathological variables and patient survival. Prostate. 1999; Feb 15;38(3):175-82. Wazait HD, Al Buheissi SZ, Dudderidge T, Patel HR, 21. Jarmulowicz M, Pigott K, et al. Rare case of primary lymphoma of the prostate: Giving the patient the benefit of the doubt. Urol.Int. 2003;71(3):338-40. Fukutani K, Koyama Y, Fujimori M, Ishida T. [Primary 22. malignant lymphoma of the prostate: Report of a case achieving complete response to combination chemotherapy and review of 22 Japanese cases]. Nippon Hinyokika Gakkai Zasshi. 2003; Sep;94(6):621-5. Banavali SD, Mohandas KM, Iyer R, Gopal R, Saikia TK, 23. Kulkarni JN, et al. Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of prostate: A rare site of primary extranodal presentation (a report of two cases). Indian J.Cancer. 1991; Jun;28(2):70-4. Montalbetti L, Borri C, Lampertico P, Candiani A, 24. Buizza C, Berini M. Il linfoma della prostata: Contributo clinico e revisione dell'argomento. [Lymphoma of the prostate: Case reports and subject review]. Recenti Prog. Med. 1990; Oct;81(10):666-9. Leung TW, Tung SY, Sze WK, Tsui WC, Wong MK, O 25. SK. Primary non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of the prostate. Clin.Oncol.(R.Coll.Radiol). 1997;9(4):264-6. Lewi HJ, Stewart ID, Seywright M, Fleming S, Deane 26. RF, Kyle KF. Urinary tract lymphoma. Br.J.Urol. 1986; Feb;58(1):16-8. Rodriguez Fernandez AM, Garcia Gonzalez A, Gonzalez 27. Munoz MA, Ramos Martin A, Carapeto Marquez R. Linfoma no-Hodgkin primitivo de glandula prostatica. [Primary non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of the prostate gland]. Arch.Esp.Urol. 1989; Oct;42(8):733-7. Braslis KG, Lee N, Machet D, Peters J. Primary prostatic 28. lymphoma: A rare prostatic malignancy. Aust.N.Z.J.Surg. 1994; Jan;64(1):58-9. Singh I, Joshi M, Agarwal S, Singh UR, Saran R. Extra- 29. nodal small cell lymphocytic lymphoma of prostate: An unusual cause of lower urinary tract symptoms. Urology. 2008; Mar;71(3):547.e7,547.e9.


The reduction of O 2 to hydroperoxide ion HO - 2 on a commercial uncatalyzed carbon-polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) gas diffusion cathode has been studied in aqueous solutions with KOH concentrations ranging between 1.0 and 6.0 mol dm -3 . The O 2 /HO - 2 couple behaves as reversible in open circuit and its apparent standard electrode potential, calculated from the Nernst equation. becomes less negative when raising the OH concentration. Under linear sweep voltammetric conditions, the process is independent of both OH and HO 2 concentrations and a first-order reaction with respect to O 2 feed is found. In each alkaline medium the apparent activation energy for O 2 reduction at several potentials has been determined from Arrhenius-type plots at temperatures ranging between 5 and 45°C. While the Tafel slope is proportional to absolute temperatures the cathodic transfer coefficient is always close to unity A reaction mechanism involving the initial reduction of O 2 on a located active site of the carbon black surface by a reversible one-electron transfer, followed by the irreversible protonation of the resulting adsorbed superoxide ion by water as the rate-determining step, is proposed.