In Brazil are underway releases of Aedes aegypti infected with Wolbachia, a bacteria that reduces, experimentally, the transmission of arboviruses such as dengue, chikungunya and Zika viruses. Previous data reported stable and rapid invasion into wild population in Australia, Indonesia and Vietnam using Ae. aegypti with wMel strain. In Rio de Janeiro, we started weekly releases of Ae. aegypti with Wolbachia (wMelBr strain) in Sep/2014. However, unlike in other countries that obtained a rapid invasion of this bacteria, the first release of Ae. aegypti infected with Wolbachia in Latin America did not succeed. During 20 consecutive weeks, the wMelBr was released in Rio de Janeiro, but an unexpected plateau (due to the weekly incoming of mosquitoes and strong cytoplasmic incompatibility) from weeks 7-19 was observed. First of all, we carried out a mark-release-recapture experiment during Wolbachia releases to check the number of released mosquitoes and wild population density. After these results, we doubled the number of mosquitoes released. We also compared the fitness of wMelBr released mosquitoes with wild ones. Released wMelBr presented larger wing sizes, lower mortality and 1.2:1 biased sex ratio to females and mtDNA analysis showed no leakage on maternal transmission of the bacteria. All these characteristics favor wMelBr invasion. However, despite the frequency of wMelBr reached 65% in the field at week 20, it dropped dramatically in the following four weeks after releases stopped. Stunned by the increasing of insecticide sprays selling, the local grocery owner wished releases to be endless, shading light on the possible status of insecticide resistance of released material wMelBr colony remained inbreed for 17 generations and resistant genotypes decreased from 68 to 3.5% in the colony lab. Thus, we released highly susceptible mosquitoes in an area whose wild population was highly resistant to pyrethroids. A second strain (wMelRio), with pyrethroid resistance alleles was produced in the laboratory and released simultaneously in two sites in Rio de Janeiro. Resistance alleles were maintained in lab colony by outbreeding 50% wild males every two generations. After 18 months without additional releases, wMelRio frequency was >90% in both sites, evidencing its success. wMelRio strain is resistant to pyrethroids and the larvicide temephos and susceptible to malathion and diflubenzuron, the chemical compounds currently used in vector control. Mathematical models were applied to test whether different releasing strategies (variations in susceptibility to insecticides of released strains, fitness cost of insecticide resistance) would enhance Wolbachia invasion. Our results indicate a successful invasion in two situations: 1) releasing susceptible mosquitos in an environment without insecticide use (may causing a reversal in insecticide resistance levels); and 2) releasing resistant mosquitoes (wMelRio) into a resistant population (such as Rio de Janeiro), even with a high insecticide use. Therefore, the implementation of Ae. aegypti infected with Wolbachia as a potential strategy to reduce arbovirus transmission should consider the insecticide resistance profile of the wild population and the released strain, to achieve a successful invasion in the field.


BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The free fatty acid FFA1 receptor and GPR120 are GPCRs whose endogenous ligands are medium‐ and long‐chain FFAs, and they are important in regulating insulin and GLP‐1 secretion respectively. Given that the ligands of FFA1 receptor and GPR120 have similar properties, selective pharmacological tools are required to study their functions further.


Information technology is used to offer Health services, the use of computers in health is referred to as eHealth. The benefits of using eHealth is enormous, however people have not appreciated it fully because of problematic factors associated with its adoption and implementation. The main objective of the study was to investigate the environmental factors that influences the adoption and implementation of eHealth in Kenya. The study was guided by technology organization and environmental framework (TOE) as the base that informed it. This study used quantitative approach methods. The quantitative research used the deductive research approach. This was achieved by using primary research where organized questionnaire was deployed for the interaction with primary research responded. The respondents were individuals or experts with knowledge of eHealth, ICT in health care service provider's facilities at the county referral hospital and other health facilities in Kakamega county in Kenya. The results suggest that there is a significant statistical relationship between the environmental sub factors and decision to adopt and implement eHealth technology. The findings advocate that for adoption and implementation of the eHealth technology do not just rely on technical expertise to evaluate the technology but also evaluate the environmental factors of the organization. This study mutually supports and contrasts previous findings providing new insights and avenues for future study.


Choke points are social, cultural, political, institutional, or psychological obstructions of social-ecological systems that constrain progress toward an environmental objective. Using a soft systems methodology, different types of chokes points were identified in the Outer Hebrides of Scotland, the Baltic, and the North and Mediterranean seas. The choke points were of differing types: cultural and political choke points were identified in Barra and the Mediterranean, respectively, whereas the choke points in the North Sea and Baltic Sea were dependent on differing values toward the mitigation of eutrophication. We conclude with suggestions to identify and address choke points. INTRODUCTION: WHAT IS A CHOKE POINT? Here, we aim to identify choke points constraining the achievement of Good Environmental Status (GEnS) under the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD; Mee et al. 2008, Long 2011) in the seas of the Northeast Atlantic, the North Sea, the Baltic Sea, and the Mediterranean Sea. We examine the properties of choke points and indicate opportunities for decision makers to address choke points to promote the effective management of European seas. In the context of military strategy and global trade, choke points have a specific meaning: they are straits with a narrow width that constrain the number of ships passing (Smith et al. 2011, Emmerson and Stevens 2012, Roger 2012). Choke points are of strategic importance because controling them gives a state the ability to constrain the functioning of maritime transport (Noer and Gregory 1996). We apply the concept of choke points by analogy, not to narrow physical straits, but to properties of social ecological systems. We identify choke points as properties of a social-ecological system that constrain progress toward an environmental objective. Choke points are a complex mix of social, political, or psychological obstructions, congestions, or blockages that decrease the power of society to reach its objectives.


Beam-based LHC collimator alignment is necessary to determine the beam centers and beam sizes at the collimator locations for various machine configurations. Fast and automatic alignment is provided through an operational tool has been developed for use in the CERN Control Center, which is described in this paper. The tool is implemented as a Java application, and acquires beam loss and collimator position data from the hardware through a middleware layer. The user interface is designed to allow for a quick transition from application start up, to selecting the required collimators for alignment and configuring the alignment parameters. The measured beam centers and sizes are then logged and displayed in different forms to help the user set up the system.


Objective Regarding the college students′apartment laundry service as main study object,it analyzed its value from the perspective of public service.By laundry service process problems′analysis,it explored the laundry process optimization direction and design strategy,in order to create a better experience of laundry service and a better life service environment conditions for college students. Methods Research the apartment laundry service′s environment,students′behavior and needs and the laundry management system by on-the-spot investigation,it summarized the service′s current situation and problems.Guiding by the product service system innovation theory,it discussed laundry service process nodes from macroscopic system structure and microcosmic people′s demand synthetically,in order to get exact conclusions.Conclusion It came up with three constructive design strategies,including improve the trust of laundry service,strengthen the laundry service guidance,and improve the predictability of laundry service.


The study of social support as a resource for resisting stress has been pursued independently of its role in the initiation and maintenance of personal relationships. Moreover, the tendency to define and measure support, like loneliness, in psychological rather than transactional terms will further limit knowledge about the conduct of close relationships. While psychological or perceived support is strongly coloured by personality variables and is not an accurate predictor of the support that actually materializes, it does play a critical role in the cognitive appraisal process. In contrast, experienced or received support figures centrally in the actual coping process. In addition there are covert, unintentional, and indirect forms of support that have been overlooked due to researchers' exclusive focus on the prosocial potential and behaviours of the social network. The article concludes by spotlighting two topics warranting integrative research in the fields of personal relationships and social support.


The National Center of Educational Statistics (LACES) documents a troubling downward trend starting in the eighth grade in conceptual reasoning, scientific investigation, and practical reasoning. The data indicate no improvement in the eighth grade scores and by the time these students reach the 12th grade the data show a downward turn. The downward trend implicates the type of curriculum being taught in the middle school. Middle school students learn how to use reasoning in the abstract, not in the context of real-world problems. Modeling and simulation software is a possible way out of this dilemma by learning about potential implications of todaypsilas actions on tomorrowpsilas outcomes. However, programming can present a huge obstacle for middle school teachers who want to integrate model building into their curriculum. To overcome this hurdle we introduced StarLogo, which uses an interface that simplifies programming making it accessible even for novices. StarLogo makes building programs as easy as dragging color-coded puzzle-piece like statements together. The paper reports on a usability study that investigated the effectiveness of the visual programming language of StarLogo from two perspectives. Did the visual interface make programming useful for middle school teachers and effective as a teaching platform?


Background and Objective: Obesity leads to multiple complications that in turn increase mortality worldwide. There is a rapid rise in obesity in the last decade, especially among physicians. The objective of this study was to find out the frequency and relationship of obesity with socio-economic factors among faculty of a local medical college in Lahore, Pakistan.Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on 162 medical and paramedical staff of Fatima Memorial College of Medicine and Dentistry, Lahore for a duration of 7 months from February 2019 to August 2019. Data were collected by filling the questionnaires and standard tools were used for height and weight measurement. Overweight/obesity was defined as a body mass index of ≥25 kg/m2.Results: In this study, out of 86 males and 76 females, the majority of the respondents were between the ages of 21 and 35 years. Seventy three (45.1%) and thirty (18.5%) respondents were overweight and obese, respectively. Out of a total 162 subjects, 38 (24%) were hypertensive and 18 (11%) were suffering from diabetes. There was a statistically significant association of obesity with age (p < 0.05), marital status (p < 0.001), family history of obesity (p < 0.001), and smoking (p < 0.05).Conclusion: Risk factors like age, marital status, family history of obesity, and smoking have a strong correlation with obesity in faculty members of a medical school.


Black-box web application vulnerability scanners attempt to automatically identify vulnerabilities in web applications without access to the source code. However, they do so by using a manually curated list of vulnerability-inducing inputs, which significantly reduces the ability of a black-box scanner to explore the web application's input space and which can cause false negatives. In addition, black-box scanners must attempt to infer that a vulnerability was triggered, which causes false positives.To overcome these limitations, we propose Witcher, a novel web vulnerability discovery framework that is inspired by grey-box coverage-guided fuzzing. Witcher implements the concept of fault escalation to detect both SQL and command injection vulnerabilities. Additionally, Witcher captures coverage information and creates output-derived input guidance to focus the input generation and, therefore, to increase the state-space exploration of the web application. On a dataset of 18 web applications written in PHP, Python, Node.js, Java, Ruby, and C, 13 of which had known vulnerabilities, Witcher was able to find 23 of the 36 known vulnerabilities (64%), and additionally found 67 previously unknown vulnerabilities, 4 of which received CVE numbers. In our experiments, Witcher outperformed state of the art scanners both in terms of number of vulnerabilities found, but also in terms of coverage of web applications.


In this topical review, the potential of the focused ion beam (FIB) technology and ultimate applications are reviewed. After an introduction to the technology and to the operating principles of liquid metal ion sources (LMIS), of ion optics and instrument architectures, several applications are described and discussed. First, the application of FIB for microcircuit inspection, metrology and failure analysis is presented. Then, we introduce and illustrate some advanced patterning schemes we propose as next generation FIB processing examples. These patterning schemes are (i) local defect injection or smoothing in magnetic thin film direct patterning, (ii) functionalization of graphite substrates to guide organization of clusters, (iii) local and selective epitaxy of III–V semiconductor quantum dots and (iv) FIB patterned solid-state nanopores for biological molecules manipulation and analysis. We conclude this work by giving our vision of the future developments for FIB technology.


In this paper, we investigate computational power of threshold circuits and other theoretical models of neural networks in terms of the following four complexity measures: size (the number of gates), depth, weight and energy. Here the energy complexity of a circuit measures sparsity of their computation, and is defined as the maximum number of gates outputting non-zero values taken over all the input assignments. As our main result, we prove that any threshold circuit $C$ of size $s$, depth $d$, energy $e$ and weight $w$ satisfies $\log (rk(M_C)) \le ed (\log s + \log w + \log n)$, where $rk(M_C)$ is the rank of the communication matrix $M_C$ of a $2n$-variable Boolean function that $C$ computes. Thus, such a threshold circuit $C$ is able to compute only a Boolean function of which communication matrix has rank bounded by a product of logarithmic factors of $s,w$ and linear factors of $d,e$. This implies an exponential lower bound on the size of even sublinear-depth threshold circuit if energy and weight are sufficiently small. For other models of neural networks such as a discretized ReLE circuits and decretized sigmoid circuits, we prove that a similar inequality also holds for a discretized circuit $C$: $rk(M_C) = O(ed(\log s + \log w + \log n)^3)$.


Aims. We seek to understand how the 4.8 GHz formaldehyde absorption line is distributed in the MON R2, S156, DR17/L906, and M17/M18 regions. More specifically, we look for the relationship among the H2CO, 12 CO, and 13 CO spectral lines. Methods. The four regions of MON R2 (60 � × 90 � ), S156 (50 � × 70 � ), DR17/L906 (40 � × 60 � ), and M17/M18 (70 � × 80 � )w ere observed for H2CO (beam 10 � ), H110α recombination (beam 10 � ), 6 cm continuum (beam 10 � ), 12 CO (beam 1 � ), and 13 CO (beam 1 � ). We compared the H2CO, 12 CO, 13 CO, and continuum distributions, and also the spectra line parameters of H2CO, 12 CO, and 13 CO. Column densities of H2CO, 13 CO, and H2 were also estimated. Results. We found out that the H2CO distribution is similar to the 12 CO and the 13 CO distributions on a large scale. The correlation between the 13 CO and the H2CO distributions is better than between the 12 CO and H2CO distributions. The H2CO and the 13 CO tracers systematically provide consistent views of the dense regions. Their maps have similar shapes, sizes, peak positions, and molecular spectra and present similar central velocities and line widths. Such good agreement indicates that the H2CO and the 13 CO arise from


Travel along the Silk Road where many of China's national minorities live gives a new insight into the population growth problem. As a whole China's "one-child-for-one-family" campaign seems to have succeeded in controlling its national population, although the government takes a more liberal attitude toward the national minorities.


Our study sets out to identify the difficulties that high school students, teachers, and university students encounter when trying to explain atomic spectra. To do so, we identify the key concepts that any quantum model for the emission and absorption of electromagnetic radiation must include to account for the gas spectra and we then design two questionnaires, one for teachers and the other for students. By analyzing the responses, we conclude that (i) teachers lack a quantum model for the emission and absorption of electromagnetic radiation capable of explaining the spectra, (ii) teachers and students share the same difficulties, and (iii) these difficulties concern the model of the atom, the model of radiation, and the model of the interaction between them.


J Crop Res Fert 2016 | Vol 1: 102 S-triazine herbicides have been or are used worldwide as a herbicides to control broadleaf and grassy weeds in corn, sorghum, and sugarcane in agriculture. They have been detected in surface and groundwater at levels exceeding the Environmental Protection. Atrazine (2-chloro-4-ethylamino6-isopropylamino-s-triazine) is the most popular among the s-triazine herbicides is still in use in many developing countries to improve crop yields. Thus, its residues and metabolites are frequently detected in soil, ground and surface water. Researchers have demonstrated that atrazine has toxic effects on algae, aquatic plants, aquatic insects, fishes and mammals. Biodegradation of atrazine is a complex process depends on nature and amount of atrazine in soil or water. The biodegradation of atrazine in environment is limited by microorganisms available. The present review aim to summarize the possibility of microbes to degrade the s-triazine herbicides (i.e. atrazine) in soil.


Since the eighteenth century, yellow fever has had a racialized history in New Orleans and elsewhere in the Americas stemming, in part, from the disease's origins in West Africa. There was a misconception that blacks were less likely to fall victim to the disease. This article establishes the theories around contagion and susceptibility, showing that whites, especially foreigners, were thought to be at greater risk for what was called the "Strangers' Disease." It then analyzes three nineteenth-century novels about New Orleans wherein yellow fever plays an important role. Two of the novels are quite well known: The Grandissimes: A Story of Creole Life (1880) by George Washington Cable and Chita: A Memory of Last Island (1889) by Lafcadio Hearn. The third novel, Amitié et dévouement, ou Trois mois à la Louisiane (1845) by Camille Lebrun, although virtually forgotten, is especially important as it represents the voice of a French woman writer whose views on race differ from those of the two other authors.


integrity. The work is accessible to academics at any level within higher education and hopefully will be widely read and discussed. There is a tendency for academics to ignore or belittle research on leadership that comes from a different paradigm as not being intellectual enough, yet the values of honesty, integrity, trust and professionalism are surely as important to academia as they are to any other profession? Macfarlane has done us the great service of applying a scholarly lens to the interrogation of just these values as they apply to the professoriate. This book should create considerable debate about the future of the professoriate, invite further intellectual interpretation of leadership and encourage us to find our moral compass and promote a culture of authentic leadership within our institutions.


THE more valuable general bibliographies and abstracts covering mental and physical development are discussed in other chapters and are not referred to here. The literature on the effect of nature and nurture upon physical and mental development until puberty has been reviewed and evaluated in the other chapters. Since little further need be said on it for the period of adolescence, it is not reviewed here. The general plan will be to treat the more significant researches of the past eight years, with exceptions in the case of earlier important ones whose comparison with later studies seemed advisable. The discussion is confined almost exclusively to studies reported in the United States, England, and other English speaking countries. The value of data depends very much upon the methods by which they are secured. Some important considerations in methodology on problems of development during adolescence relate to (a) selection of subjects, (b) environmental changes, (c) measuring instruments used, (d) retests or non-retests, and (e) statistical and other technics. Since environmental factors may affect development in some differential fashion, the selection of subjects may vitiate results. Likewise, significant changes in environment may alter the course of development. The use of valid, reliable instruments of measurement is a sine qua non for satisfactory educational research. Precision in measuring physical traits is equally important and is strongly emphasized in recent work. Data from anthropometric measurements taken in physical education departments are often very inaccurate. Standing height measurements taken in one university physical education department showed many women students taller (with shoes removed) as beginning freshmen than they were one year later as beginning sophomores!


One of the most serious illnesses that affect people nowadays is diabetes. The individual's blood sugar level has to be monitored often to treat diabetes. The present methods for measuring blood sugar that is available on the market employ intrusive approaches; a finger prick is performed and a blood sample is obtained. This procedure is painful and not economical. In this study, we describe a NIR spectroscopy-based non-invasive technique for measuring blood glucose levels. We can classify the problem as normal, hypoglycemia, or hyperglycemia using the proposed approach.


In this work, we present a 140 GHz transceiver front-end in 45 nm SOI CMOS technology. The transceiver is intended for FMCW or PMCW radar applications in D-band. The transmitter employs on-antenna and in-air power combining using two multi-feed on-chip slot dipoles to achieve a measured peak EIRP of 15 dBm without the use of backside cavities or dielectric lenses. The receiver is based on a single-feed dual-slot on-chip antenna configuration with a power combining network to partially cancel TX/RX leakage and avoid blocking of the LNA. The proposed transceiver consumes 452 mA from a 1.8V supply and measures 2.5 mm x 2 mm. To the best of the authors' knowledge, it represents the first transceiver frontend which employs on-antenna- and in-air combining as well as leakage cancellation at D-band frequencies.


T-shaped gate formation is a major processing step in the fabrication of high-performance FET-based III-V devices. Traditional bilayer or trilayer E-beam lithography methods using PMMA/(PMMA&PMAA) copolymers are high-cost options which also lack the required critical dimension control for manufacturing. Lithography methods that use only a single layer of PMMA for the formation of T-shaped gate stem, and routine I-line resist lithography for the tee-top, i.e., hybrid T-shaped gates, have been developed and extensively used in manufacturing. This approach has also been extended to the fabrication of deep submicron T-shaped gates using all I-line optical lithography. Both chemical shrinks and chromeless phase-shift resolution enhancement techniques have been investigated.


Based on the Functional Grammar and Appraisal System,this paper tries to explore the attitude resources revealed in the two letters of Pride and Prejudice.Through the analysis we find that the totally different expressions employed in the two letters can best reflect personalities of different characters in the novel.Novels are the best materials for language learning.The analysis can enable us to gain a better understanding of the author's fantastic writing style in characterization.


Community-Lab is an open, distributed infrastructure for researchers to experiment with Community Networks, that are large scale, self-organized and decentralized networks and services built and operated by citizens for citizens. The goal of Community-Lab is to advance research and empower society by understanding and removing obstacles for these networks and services. This article outlines Community-Lab's aim, development, characteristics and infrastructure. This demonstration presents its current status of development and deployment, a sample decentralized experiment, and an invitation to the broader large-scale distributed computing research community to participate in the project through an open call.


The task force on climate-related financial disclosures (TCFD) published its recommendations for disclosing climate-related risks in June 2017. The TCFD report represents a framework for companies to disclose climate-related information consistently in their mainstream financial filings. Reporting financial activity using the lens of climate-related risk would, according to the TCFD, help more appropriately price risks and allocate capital in the context of climate change. The initiative, while voluntary, would help speed the transition to a low-carbon economy, and help shift the corporate perspective beyond immediate concerns. The oil and gas industry can play a leading role in the transition to a low carbon economy through: carbon capture and storage, use of natural gas as a transition fuel and the implementation of large-scale renewable energy projects. Given the oil and gas industry's global leadership in petroleum geology, resource extraction and pipeline transmission, the industry has a vital role in testing the feasibility of large-scale carbon capture and storage. Fossil fuels and renewable energy technologies have obvious complementary synergies and fossil fuels like natural gas are necessary for the reliable, affordable and low-cost transition to a low carbon transition pathway. The oil and gas industry may be the only sector with the requisite expertise and global scale of operations to test and implement large-scale renewable technology initiatives within a public-private partnership framework. Moreover, oil and gas companies are well positioned to be leaders in the effort to adapt and strengthen resilience to the effects and risks of climate change and reduce impacts.


The Traffic Noise Model (TNM) is used to forecast traffic noise levels. When applied to federally funded projects, a user of the software is expected to apply "average" noise emissions for pavements. This "average" is an intermediate value that in some manner falls
 in between the higher noise emissions of Portland Cement Concrete (PCC) and lower emissions of Dense Grade Asphalt Concrete (DGAC). The purpose of this paper is to illustrate some curious characteristics of "average" pavement as it is employed in the TNM. Among these characteristics
 are what appear to be different methods for averaging the noise emissions for various vehicle types, such as automobiles, medium trucks, and heavy trucks. The inquiry concludes with an attempt to clarify exactly what constitutes an "average" when it comes to pavement noise emissions..


Before the arrival of the penicillin, the discussions concerning the treatment of syphilis are express in the control and the regulation of prostitution and in the effectiveness of the drugs to treat the suffering. In this context, it is understandable that the arrival of the new chemist, named Salvarsan or 606, which has the same function of mercury and may substitute it, causes a commotion. Nevertheless there exist multiple reasons that explain the reticence and doubts of the efficiency of the new remedy, among them: the German origin of Salvarsan, the lack of experimentation of the drug in the country and the long presence of mercury as a curative, which would be attributed to French medicine.


OBJECTIVE
To investigate the effect of Straumann implant on crown appearance in the immediate implant restoration of maxillary anterior teeth.

METHODS
This study was conducted among 86 patients undergoing immediate implant restoration of maxillary anterior teeth between January and December, 2018. We randomized the patients into control group for treatment with immediate implant restoration and study group receiving additional Straumann implant. The effects of restoration, bone absorption at 6 months, implant length, implant diameter, root protrusion, gingival color, far and middle gingival papilla, lip side gingival height, near and middle gingival papilla, and lip side gingival curve were compared between the two groups.

RESULTS
The repair effect in the study group was better than that in the control group (P < 0.05). The implant length and implant diameter were significantly greater in the study group than in the control group. The root protrusion, gingival color, far and middle gingival papilla, lip side gingival height, near and middle gingival papilla, and lip side gingival curve were all better in the study group. The height of marginal bone in the study group was significantly higher than that in the control group (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS
Straumann implant can be used in immediate implant restoration of maxillary anterior teeth to achieve a better aesthetic effect.


The frequency of the word "Sustainability" as a noun, adjective, and conjugated verb in public discourse and written documents soared in the last thirty some years across the world. Sustainability is not a new concept. Intergenerational perspectives reflect the drive for continuity regardless of historical turmoil and catastrophes that are also included. Technological advances through the ages also document how sustainability guided the human mind across time. Sustainability notions are embedded in diverse and maybe all professional disciplines that were formulated by human curiosity that stemmed from survival needs. The novelty here refers to the emergence of sustainability notions and actions from the implicit level of knowing and acting to explicit public discourse on sustainability that involves accountability for intergenerational continuity, transmission patterns of behavior, change and development on international, governmental, regional, community, organizational and personal levels of action. This awareness generates new formulations for exploration, challenge, debate, management and innovative solutions in diverse professional disciplines, multiple technological domains and community levels of living. The emergence of sustainability from implicit level of knowing to explicit knowing was stimulated by the publication of the United Nations report : "Our Common Future" (1987) also known as the" Brundtland Report, from the United Nations World Commission on Environment and Development" (De Vries, 2012). The following Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit in 1992 formulated an agenda for the twenty first century that included action items for sustainable development and became known as "Agenda 21". Governments that signed this agenda implemented mechanisms to monitor implementation of sustainability measures. Science based current thinking that human activities are probably responsible for most of the observed increase in global mean temperature ("global warming") since the mid-20th century is an accurate reflection of sustainable thinking. The expectation that human-induced warming of the climate will continue throughout the 21st century and beyond is an example of a sustainability development consideration for future generations. The Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) that was adopted by the participating parties in 1997 and initially implemented in 2005 is an example of adapting explicit knowledge on sustainability to era appropriate policies and behavioral practices. The Copenhagen Climate Congress have in their Synthesis Report (2009) stated that: "Temperature rises above 2uC will be difficult for contemporary societies to cope with, and are likely to cause major societal and environmental disruptions through the rest of the century and beyond." A sustainability oriented practice suggested in this report stated that: "A wide range of benefits will flow from a concerted effort to achieve effective and rapid adaptation and mitigation. These include job growth in the sustainable energy sector; reductions in the health, journal of organizational transformation & social change, Vol. 10 No. 2, July, 2013, 101–103


This paper discusses navigator tools for the top-down learning system. The top down education is a type of goal-oriented education. The present education is generally conducted bottom-up, from basics to applications, and hence learners have to spend a lot of time before reaching the goal to lose their interest. In the top-down education, since they start from their goals, they can keeps focused on their primary interest to shorten the learning time by well motivated study. The navigator tools to lead learners in the hierarchy are implemented based on the cell models and the cellular databases. The study programs are dynamically generated by the navigation tools that match the learners systematically. Another main feature of the navigator tools is its ability to dynamically adapt itself to the learner's background and interests. This feature is made possible by the cellular model. The cell model is an information model advocated by one of the authors (TLK) [Kunii2002, Kunii2003]. It is based on the incrementally modular abstraction hierarchy. The prototype version of the navigator tools is implemented by the Python-based object-oriented ZOPE system and the ZOPE version of dynamic HTML.


The Spraberry trend of west Texas, once known as the world's largest uneconomic oil field, will undoubtedly become an increasingly important objective for the development of enhanced oil recovery techniques in fine-grained, low-permeability, low-pressure reservoirs. As the trend expands, facies and stratigraphic data should be integrated into exploration strategies. The Spraberry and Dean Formations may be divided into three genetic sequences, each consisting of several hundred feet of interbedded shale and carbonate overlain by a roughly equal amount of sandstone and siltstone. These sequences record episodes of shelf-margin progradation, deep-water resedimentation of shelf-derived carbonate debris, followed by influxes of terrigenous clastics into the basin by way of feeder channels or submarine canyons, and suspension settling of fine-grained sediment from the water column. Four lithofacies comprise the terrigenous clastics of the Spraberry and Dean Formations: (1) cross-laminated, massive, and parallel-laminated sandstone, (2) laminated siltstone, (3) bioturbated siltstone, and (4) black, organic-rich shale. Carbonate lithofacies occur mostly in the form of thin-bedded turbidites, slump, and debris-flow deposits. Terrigenous clastic rocks display facies sequences, isopach patterns, and sedimentary structures suggestive of deposition from turbidity currents, and long-lived saline density underflow and interflow currents. Clastic isopach patterns reflect an overall southward thinning of clastics in the Midland basin. Channelized flow and suspension settling were responsible for the formation of elongate fan-shaped accumulations of clastic sediments.


Planetary Boundary Layer Height (PBLH) over the Indian land mass is estimated using vertical profiles of temperature and relative humidity from Cross track Infrared Sounder (CrIS) onboard Suomi-NPP, through integration of five different methods. The integrated approach is performed by comparing PBLH values estimated from vertical gradients of potential temperature (PT), virtual potential temperature (VPT), relative humidity (RH), refractivity (N) and specific humidity (q). If at least three of them are consistent with the same value, it is considered as the PBLH. PBLH values estimated through the integrated approach show reasonable comparison with the estimates using radiosonde profiles and COSMIC GPS Radio Occultation measurements. Following the integrated approach, day time PBLH over Indian land mass is retrieved on daily basis and are further averaged for seven days and monthly mean values.


It is a well-known fact that diabetes mellitus can bring about changes in the lens of the eye but the essential injurious factor and the pathogenesis in these pathological processcs is still obscure. Numerous theories on the subject have bccn put forward : the majority have been rejected, none has been proved. Most common arc the altcrations in refraction of the eye. Chiefly according to studies by Duke-Elder and Granstriim we know that these changes appear as a tcndcncy to an increased myopic state in untreated diabetes which brings about high excretion of glucose, and a corresponding tendency to increased hyperopic state a t the beginning of treatment and simultaneously a quick decrease in the glucose excretion. It is no longer doubted that the ocular lens is the seat of the processes causing changes in the refraction of the eye. Its refractive power is increased when the refraction of the eye tends towards myopia and dccreased when it tends tom ards hyperopia. Duke-Elder believes that the disturbance of the waterand mineral-metabolisni in diabetes brings about an osmotic inflow of water into the lens, by which the lens is deformed and as the nucleus of the lens is more resistant to change the discontinuity of the refractivc index of the Iens suhstance is increased (Grimsdale), both these factors lcad to


An investigation was conducted at Regional Fruit Research Station, Vengurla of Maharashtra, India to standardize the organic nutrient with biofertilizers management protocol for guava. In this experiment, various organic sources along with various biofertilizers combinations were tested on seven year old guava cultivar Allahabad Safeda to study the effect on fruiting and yield. The result obtained showed higher flowering (92.33%) and TSS (10.370B) by application of Vermicompost (30 kg/plant) + Azospirillum culture (250 g/tree) + PSB @ 250 g/tree. Maximum average weight of fruits (400.00 g), yield of fruits (29.60 kg/tree and 11.84 t/ha) and minimum acidity (0.19%) was recorded with Vermicompost (30 kg/plant) + Azospirillum culture (250 g/tree) + PSB @ 250 g/tree + Vermi wash foliar spray (dilution with water @ 1:1). Maximum number of fruits produced per plant (85.00 fruit/ plant) was found from plant fertilized with FYM (30 kg/plant). From the present study, it can be concluded that addition of biofertilizers along with organic manures was more effective than use of organic manure alone in enhancing fruit growth and qualitative parameters in guava.


8 ASUBTITLE: THE PILOT OF A BOEING 777 WILL FIND ITS FLY-BY-WIRE SYSTEM FEELS VERY DIFFERENT FROM THAT OF THE LATEST AIRBUSES...


The construction of electric power market poses unprecedented opportunities and challenges for the sale of electricity. The traditional mode of electricity business marketing is not suitable for the new market environment, and it needs change in almost every aspect. This paper introduces the marketing strategy of the power grid company in electric power market environment, which is optimally leading electrical resource utilization by creative services. Based on that, this paper proposes new marketing modes for both electricity sale and value-added electricity-related services. Additionally, a new electricity pricing system cored by menu price is proposed. Its economics theory, contract form and designing methods are illustrated. Hopefully this paper can provide important reference for the development of electricity business marketing in the Chinese electricity industry.


We read with great interest the article by Yaffe et al.1 in which a strong association between poorer olfaction and incident dementia was reported. Exposure to airborne lead pollution decades earlier may play a role in this association. In older adults, higher cumulative lifetime exposure to lead, a well-established neurotoxin, was associated with impaired memory and accelerated declines in cognition,2–4 as well as smaller total brain volume, smaller volume of frontal and total gray matter, and more prevalent and serious white matter lesions.4 In primate studies, early life exposure to lead was associated with a greater burden of both β-amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in later life.2,3 Among older humans, the primary exposure pathway for lead was through inhalation of airborne lead pollution from leaded gasoline; mean blood lead levels declined 78% between 1976 and 1991 with the phase out of leaded gasoline.2 Cumulative lifetime lead exposure is associated with markedly worse olfactory function, and there is a negative dose–response relationship between exposure to vehicle exhaust and olfaction.5 A recent review suggested, "Inhaled Pb is likely able to directly reach olfactory tissues and translocate to the brain, given its strong deleterious neurocognitive effects."5


This paper describes the application of compiled- code techniques to the design of programmable hardware ac- celerators. These techniques are applied in the design of a hardware accelerator for circuit simulation, offering a speedup by a factor of up to 4400 compared with a software circuit sim- ulator running on a Sun-3/60 workstation. The preprocessing algorithms are designed for high speed, so overall simulation time is improved by a factor of up to 560. Compiled-code hard- ware accelerators offer several advantages. The hardware is simpler than fully hard wired accelerators. The simplicity of the hardware makes it possible to track advancing implemen- tation technology and to maintain the performance advantage as technology improves. The simulation algorithm is imple- mented in software, making it possible to implement and main- tain multiple algorithms without hardware modifications. Fi- nally, the hardware can be used efficiently, since compiled-code techniques can eliminate or statically perform operations that would be repeatedly performed in other hard-wired implemen- tations.


This paper presents a signal processing for discrimination of waist motions including forward/backward bending and right/left twist. The system is planned to implement in a waist power assist suit for caregiver which our research group is currently developing. To this end, the surface electromyogram (SEMG) signals on the lower back are analyzed in the first step, and the discrimination method is then proposed using four sets of feedforward neural networks (NNs) in which each network is a binary classifier for each of four motions. The source for discrimination is SEMG signals on right and left erector spinae muscles. With a peripheral FFT-based prefilter, the motion start point is detected, and the feature vectors, which are inputs of NNs, are calculated with SEMG signals just behind the start point. It is shown that a multi-class classifier based on combination use of four sets of NNs appropriately discriminates each motion.


The feature vector mapping of process plant's topology structure is one of the key problem in process plant topology similarity calculation. High quality feature vector does not only need to convert the expression from graph to length fixed vector, but also should mine and express the topology semantics that under the connective relationships. A novel method has been presented in this paper to solve this problem. We convert the topology graph to observation sequences according to the reacting processes with path extracting algorithm; then reference the state sequences from observation sequences with HMM, this can remove the node dependencies and mine the latent topology semantics; at last, reduce the state sequences to a length fixed vector with LDA model. The background and basis definitions has been introduced in this paper firstly, some related work has been also described; then we analyzed the characteristics of process plants' topology structure and present the details of the mapping method; finally, the results have been evaluated. According to the manually judgement by process industry professionals, the method is proved to be practical and effective.


This paper summarizes recommendations for terminology to be used in the description of quadrupedal locomotion and selected aspects of biomechanics. Directional terms and planes of the body (anatomical position, spatial reference systems), joint angulation, conformation, general locomotion terminology, phases of the stride and limb cycle (e.g. step, cadence) and terminology for the description of jumping are described.


In this paper, we propose a corrupted data filtering method for MIMIC III dataset based on the convolutional autoencoder. The convolutional autoencoder is employed to restore the corrupted data, and using the restoration error, the degree of data contamination is judged. Based on this function, a corrupted data filtering algorithm is constructed, and arterial blood pressure (ABP) and photoplethysmogram (PPG) signals are filtered. The experimental results show the effectiveness of the proposed method.


This study aims to examine the effectiveness of Rational Emotive Behavior group counseling. Based on this, the research counseling is effective to improve emotional regulation, especially for junior high school students. This study is using the Nonequivalent Control Group Design which is then analyzed using a nonparametric statistical test, i.e Wilcoxon Test. Based on the results of data analysis it is obtained that the z count is -2.707 and the probability number (sig. (2-tailed)) is 0.007. Furthermore, the figure is compared with the z table at a significant level of 0.05 so that it is known as 1.96. Because Z count is wich smaller than z table So it can be concluded that Rational Emotive Behavior group counseling is effective to improve emotional regulation of Junior High School students.


Mixed-oxide reactor fuel pellets are heated inductively to 1600 C in a vacuum extraction apparatus to evolve the adsorbed volatiles which are measured volumetrically. Water vapor in the volatiles is removed by Mg(ClO.) 2 dessicant, and the remaining gases are collected using a Toeppler pump. The pressure, volume, and temperature of the collected gases are measured, and the volume at standard conditions is calculated. The total amounts of volatiles measured other than water ranged between 0. 020 and 0. 059 cm 3 /g for one lot of samples. A mass spectrometric study of the volatiles evolved from 200 to 1800°C identified H 2 , He, CO, CO 2 , N 2 , NO, O 9 ,and Ar.


We study the problem of planning collision-free paths for a group of homogeneous robots. We propose a novel approach for turning the paths that were planned egocentrically by the robots, e.g. without taking other robots' moves into account, into collision-free trajectories and evaluate it empirically. Suggested algorithm is much faster (up to one order of magnitude) than state-of-the-art but this comes at the price of notable drop-down of the solution cost.


There is presented data on fertility paramecia when it is grown on environment with the addition of plant extracts. When Parametium caudatum grows in such environments, there is change in the nature of activities of ciliates.


Just as the community of nations has had occasion to study the causes and to alleviate the impact of racism, there is a need for it to examine and deal with repressive state practices presently justified by recourse to pleas of "internal security" and protection against external subversion. The policies of incumbent regimes which seek to suppress legitimate opposition through extralegal means have actually tended to create international violence, not limit it. The Western view has always been that acts of government ought not be included within proscriptions against terrorism because they are already subject to international control.' This view has been unrealistic, in the light of the clash between policy considerations and legal considerations, particularly when the states in which the brutal practices are alleged to have occurred are perceived to be important in the international struggle between the great powers.2 This study will examine and comment on the methodology available to the world community to insure renewed respect on the part of states for the shared values of dignity and self-determination.


AbstractA project delivery system (PDS), as one of the crucial factors of project success, not only influences innovation in the construction industry but also strongly affects project schedules, costs, and quality. Traditionally, decision making concerning PDSs have often been made by owners or other decision makers on the basis of these individuals' experiences, which often fail to reflect the inherent laws and dependencies among various factors and different PDSs. Recent studies on PDS selection have primarily focused on owners' characteristics, project characteristics, and external environment. This study was first conducted exclusively on the project characteristics as the continuation of research on owners' and contractors' characteristics. First, 16 project characteristic factors affecting the PDS selection were described through a literature review. Next, project characteristics data from 101 domestic projects were collected using a questionnaire survey to determine the key factors that affect the...


Abstract A simple procedure for the extraction of the lipolytic activity from sunflower seed has been developed. Various conditions of extraction have been optimized in order to obtain maximum yield of lipase. A new lipase enzyme was purified by the fractional salt precipitation from the supernatant, dialysis on a cellulose membrane, and gel column chromatography on Sephadex G‐75. The lipase was monomeric, with an apparent M r of 22 kDa and a pI of 8, with the electrophoretic analysis. Kinetics of the enzyme activity versus substrate concentration showed typical lipase behavior, with K m and V max values of 1.33 mM and 555 U/mg. All triglycerides were efficiently hydrolyzed by the enzyme, but this showed a preference towards triglycerides of natural mono unsaturated fatty acids. The optimum temperature, pH, and incubation time for lipolytic activity were 50°C, 7.5, and 5 min, respectively. The stability of the sunflower lipase was investigated under operational and storage conditions. It was found that this enzyme preserved its lipolytic activity at temperatures between at 35–50°C, alkaline pH, and for a period of about four months.


The material composing and fermentation calefac tion of strong aromatic spirits through the experiments of foodstuff-a dding,koji-making,water-a dding,bran-using were studied. The material composing affected the ratio of gas and solid, density, specific warm and specific votume. It effected the velocity of f ermentation calefaction, decrease time of reaching maximal tempe rature and prolong the keeping time.It was found that bran-using quantity was m ore i n cold seasons than in warm seasons. The calefaction velocity had positive ratio n with starch concentration and koji concentration.


To aid numerical modeling of T-junction flows, this paper presents experimental differences in velocity and water-surface elevation between open-channel free surface and ductsymmetry plane. The data were taken in an open-channel flow with a width-to-depth ratio of 1:2, and were compared to published data for a duct flow with a width-to-depth ratio of 1:4. It was found that at a discharge ratio of 0.81 between the branch and upstream main channel, there is up to 0.36 \iU\i\dx/\iU\i\do difference in the near-surface velocity (the symmetry plane velocity in duct flow) at certain corresponding (same normalized x, y, and z) locations. The differences in velocity are attributed to secondary currents in open-channel flow that are not present in the duct flow. It is also found that as the flow turns to enter the branch, centrifugal forces cause up to 2.1% superelevation of the water surface. The observations suggest that caution is needed when assuming that flow in an open-channel cross section is equivalent to that in one-half of a closed conduit.


cardiometabolic health: evidence, controversies, and consensus for guidance. BMJ 2018;361:k2139–39. 5. RamsdenCE,Hibbeln JR,Majchrzak SF,Davis JM. n-6 Fatty acid-specific and mixed polyunsaturate dietary interventions have different effects on CHD risk: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Br J Nutr 2010;104(11):1586–600. 6. Zahid A, Davey C, Reicks M. Beverage intake among children: associations with parent and home-related factors. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2017;14(8):929. 7. Mensink RP, Zock PL, Kester AD, KatanMB. Effects of dietary fatty acids and carbohydrates on the ratio of serum total to HDL cholesterol and on serum lipids and apolipoproteins: a meta-analysis of 60 controlled trials. Am J Clin Nutr 2003;77(5):1146–55. 8. Jakobsen MU, O'Reilly EJ, Heitmann BL, Pereira MA, Bälter K, Fraser GE,GoldbourtU,HallmansG,Knekt P, Liu S, et al.Major types of dietary fat and risk of coronary heart disease: a pooled analysis of 11 cohort studies. Am J Clin Nutr 2009;89(5):1425–32. 9. BäckM, Yurdagul A Jr, Tabas I, Öörni K, Kovanen PT. Inflammation and its resolution in atherosclerosis:mediators and therapeutic opportunities. Nat Rev Cardiol 2019;16:389–406. 10. Sacks FM, Lichtenstein AH, Wu JHY, Appel LJ, Creager MA, KrisEtherton PM, Miller M, Rimm EB, Rudel LL, Robinson JG, et al. Dietary fats and cardiovascular disease: a presidential advisory from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2017;136(3):e1–23.


This paper studies a general form of sets of equations that is often the product of problem formulation in large-scale systems, especially when the equations are expressed in terms of the natural describing variables of the system. Such equations represent a broad class of time-evolutionary phenomena, and include as special cases ordinary static equations of arbitrary dimension, ordinary state-space equations, combinations of static and dynamic equations, and noncausal systems. The main thrust of the paper is to show (for sets of linear equations) that familiar concepts of dynamic system theory can be extended to this more general class, although sometimes with significant modification. Two new (and essentially dual) concepts, that of solvable and conditionable sets of equations, are found to be fundamental to the study of equations of this form. The notion of initial conditions, although not directly related to a state, is used as a general solution method for equations of this type. In addition a set of necessary and sufficient conditions for a set of dynamic equations to contain an embedded state-space representation is derived.


Transceivers employing square PM-QAM with up to two FEC overheads are optimized based on the SNR distribution. For NSFNET two FEC overheads with PM-16QAM give an 82% throughput increase compared with PM-QPSK with 7% overhead.


The increasing role of industry has affect the increasing percentage of several organic wastes and heavy metal wastes that could cause a serious problem in health and environment. Heavy metal waste, which was considered as a hazardous waste, often found in iron smelting industry or galvanization. Contents of heavy metal that was usually found in this waste are Iron (Fe), Plumbum (pb), Zinc (zn), Chromium (cr) and Copper (Cu). Several examples of heavy metal that contaminate environment are Iron (fe) and Zinc (zn). Adsorption technology is one of the metal separation solutions that its compatibility starts to be inspected. The presence of the husk of coconut that's substantial in Indonesia makes this medium a very proportional choice to be adsorption medium and utilize the use of coconut husks. This research is done with the variation of size of active  charcoal of coconut husk at the size of 20-35 mesh and activator NaOH at the measure of 0.5 M and 1M. The percentage of separation using this acvite charcoal of coconut husks is 99,994% for the parameter Fe, 99, 574% for the parameter Zn and 96,08% for the parameter tin


Analysis of California divorce petitions of 1968 shows that doctors have very low divorce rates. They are married later and longer than other divorcing professionals, and marriages break up at the height, not the outset of their careers. The highest divorce rates in the profession, each posing special problems, appear among women, blacks, and small-town doctors. Blacks may reflect unusual mobility strains because of sharp racial differences in the sex ratios of the college-educated. Peripheral specialists who see few patients have more stable marriages; those in more stressful specialties may incur a greater divorce risk. Divorce-prone persons do not gravitate to particular kinds of professions or medical specialties.


: All in all, flipped teaching is an effective strategy to improve students' academic achievements. It strengths are obvious when the learner is highly motivated and interested. It can give better chances to pupils from disadvantaged social, cultural, and economical areas, if they have obtained the skill to operate basic technologies. Salman Khan (2014) states "we can all become better learners; we just need to build our brains in the right way". So it is important to teach students to gain the ability of self learning, which will bring the best for everyone in the long run. It also requires parents' supervision when students are not able to self regulate themselves. At the same time, teachers are equally important in a traditional classroom because the power of role models can not be overlooked. Sometimes, children start to be interested in one subject because of their teacher's attitude. Teachers who express enthusiasm are more likely to keep their students motivated (Mary Dennis (2012)). Most educators tend to believe that education in the future will be more personalized and student led (The U.S. Department of Education Office of Educational Technology (2016)). Teachers, families, and society will need to work together to make this happen.


ARTICLE INFOArticle his tory:Receiv ed 15 August 2012 Receiv ed in re vised form 25 Jan uary 2013 Accepted 29 Jan uary 2013 Availa ble online 7 Marc h 2013 Keywor ds:Chito-oligosac cha rides Alg inate-deriv ed oligosaccharides Anti-UV irradiation AntioxidantABSTRACTLo w molecular weight alg inate-deriv ed oligosaccharide (ADO) (373–571 Da) and chito-oligo- saccharide (COS) (855–1671 Da) we re purified from alg inate and chitosan, and kno wn as marine oligosac cha rid es with poly anionic and polycationic properties, respectiv ely .Wecompared the effects of ADO and COS on cell re gu lation using se ver al biolog ical models (Candid a albicans , Esc heric hia coli and Bacillus subtilis spore), cellular uptake deter mination,erythr ocy tes haem olysis inhibition and antiox idant capacity assa y to in vestigate stress response under UV radiation. Our results further confirmed the anti-UVR potential of ADO and COS and their potent ial for commercial UVR protector applica tion in the area of functional foods as food ingredients. 2013 Else vier Ltd. All right s reserve d.


Factors that influence Actinia equina distribution along a stretch of coastline near Calvi, France were explored over the month of October in 2010. The distribution of the species with regards to depth and nearest neighbor was surveyed and other species within their community were identified and quantified. The correlation between A. equina allocation and light exposure was also recorded, as well as the relationship between algal line height and anemone depth. We observed these parameters using observational surveys, quadrats, plankton tows, and light meter readings. It was observed that they were aggregated in a clumped distribution. Community composition, notably percent coverage of encrusting coralline algae, erect coralline algae, and fucas, varied significantly between A. equina-specific and randomly selected quadrats. There was a higher density of planktonic organisms observed at night, and we found that light intensity did not have a correlation with their distribution. At locations where the upper limit of algal growth decreased in depth, the average depth of anemones also decreased. INTRODUCTION The distribution of a species within its environment is important in understanding the structure, function, and ecology of ecosystems. Knowing the distribution and role of a species is also helpful for conservation purposes and to prevent human encroachment on currently occupied habitats. Many biotic and abiotic factors influence dispersal of organisms, including predator-prey interactions, primary productivity, and climate. Species allocate themselves to an area that is most beneficial to their needs and survival by occupying their specified niche. It is a constant struggle for many organisms to adapt to a constantly changing environment. In rocky intertidal habitats, competition for space is thought to drive the distribution of many sessile species. Wave action, food availability, predation, and desiccation are other obstacles for species inhabiting intertidal zones. Actinia equina, a species of sea anemone, are commonly found in such habitats as those on the rocky coastline of Corsica, France in the Bay of Calvi. Actinia equina attach their pedal foot to hard substrates, expose their tentacles primarily at night, reproduce by both cloning and sexual reproduction involving a plaktonic larval stage, and mostly stationary with the exception of some slow lateral movement (Quicke and Brace, 1983). Their relative abundance and sedentary lifestyle made them an ideal candidate to study factors influencing distribution in the intertidal. While snorkeling in the harbor and adjacent coves, we noticed that A. equina were commonly found in the intertidal zone, rarely had their tentacles exposed (were "open") during the day, and were often distributed in a clumped order. We also noticed that there was a higher density of anemones present at the south coast of the STARESO compound compared to the north coast. The goal of this project was to understand what factors influenced distribution of A. equina. To do so, we addressed the following hypotheses: 1. There is an observable pattern to the distribution of anemones, along with a negative correlation between pedal foot size and likelihood to aggregate. 2. The community structures are different at sites containing A. equina versus randomly chosen sites along the coast. Also, each cove will have a unique community structure due to varying factors within a cove. 3. There is a difference between the density of planktonic organisms at night and during the day, and there is a relationship between this possible food source's time dependent density and the temporal exposure of tentacles by the anemones. 4. There is a significant correlation between the depth of individual A. equina and the upper limit of algae growth. 5. Actinia equina density is related to light exposure intensity. Our predicted results are: 1. The anemones were not randomly dispersed along the cove walls and smaller anemones would be settled closer to neighbors than larger anemones. 2. Areas where anemones were present would contain less algal cover and coexisting species. Wave action and geography also varied within each cove, resulting in contrasting variation and abundance of species. 3. The abundance of food present at night exceeded the amount available during the day. This is correlated with the period of tentacle exposure of A. equina. 4. If the upper algal growth limit is closer to the surface, the corresponding anemones are found closer to the surface as well. 5. A higher density of anemones is correlated to areas of lower light intensity. MATERIAL & METHODS Our study was conducted on the northwestern coast of Corsica, France, at the STARESO marine research station near Calvi. Our observational data was collected in the intertidal to subtidal zone of four small coves south of the STARESO harbor during the month of October. There is little to no habitat disturbance from human impact within the harbor and surrounding coves. Actinia equina (Order Actiniaria, Suborder Nyantheae, Family Actinidae) are a common species of sea anemone, also known as the beadlet anemone (Perrin, 1997). They are found throughout the Atlantic and Mediterranean coasts of Europe, extending all the way to northern Africa (Sole-Cava and Thorpe, 1987). These anemones are omnivorous suspension feeders that eat organic detritus found in the water column (Chintiroglou and Koukouras, 1992). It was observed that they live in close proximity to several algal species, but primarily attach directly to bare substrate devoid of algal growth. Our research aims to examine the distribution patterns and behavior of A. equina that may give us insight to the factors affecting their dispersal. Patterns of A. equina Distribution We conducted a census of A. equina within the first four southern coves of STARESO as well as a small area to the north in order to test the hypothesis that there is a substantial distribution pattern shared between each cove. The data we collected included each anemone's position along a transect line, as well as their size, depth, and the distance to their nearest neighbor. A one hundred meter transect tape was extended along the cove walls, with one person holding the base, and another person working their way along the wall. Every time an anemone was encountered, another individual with their dive slate recorded its position. After their position was recorded, calipers and a meter stick were used to measure size and depth. We noted whether they were solitary or aggregated in a cluster. An individual was considered to be solitary if it was further than twenty centimeters from any other neighbor anemone. Within each cove, we restarted our transect line when the angle of the wall shifted, which could have created different conditions for the anemones. All of this data collected was be used to determine the distribution pattern of A. equina. The Relationship Between A. equina and Community Composition Quadrats were used to test the hypothesis that community structure varied between areas containing and areas devoid of A. equina. First, five sites in each cove were chosen by randomly selecting a 50 sq. cm area centered around one A. equina individual. Within each quadrat, we quantified and classified all other organisms including other anemones, invertebrates, and algal species. The number of individual animals was counted and percent algal cover was calculated. We then repeated the process at five random spots in each cove without taking the presence of A. equina into account. The data was then used to compare community structures with or without A. equina present, as well as species compositions within and between coves. Diurnal Cycle Associated with Planktonic Organisms We hypothesized that there would be higher planktonic organism abundance during the night at the surface compared to the morning due to previous knowledge of the deep scattering layer. Plankton tows were conducted to quantify the amount of plankton in the water column at a selected site during the morning and at night. At 9am, we took a 120 meter tow at the surface as well as a depth of two meters along a straight horizontal wall in cove three. We repeated this procedure at 9pm, assuming that the deep scattering layer would have moved onshore. These four samples were analyzed in a lab using a microscope. We focused on counting the total numbers of organisms present. Data collected was used to observe a relationship between planktonic density and the behavior of A. equina to open primarily at night. Algal Growth Limit vs. A. equina Depth To test the hypothesis that algal line depth was correlated with the depth of A. equina, we used a meter stick to measure the depth of the upper algal growth limit and the depth of corresponding A. equina individuals. This was repeated at ten randomized sites on each wall of the four coves. We then calculated the difference between each algal limit and A. equina depth in hopes of identifying a relationship. An increase in the upper algae growth limit and a resulting decrease in A. equina depth would suggest a positive correlation. The Relationship Between Light Levels and A. equina Distribution To test the hypothesis that the distribution of A. equina is related to light exposure, each cove was first separated into walls whose faces were fairly consistent in their vertical hard substrate. We then measured the length of each wall and counted anemone abundance, which gave us the density of A. equina for each wall. Then a light meter (set to record lumens on two second intervals) was exposed at 5-10 randomized sites on each wall about .25m below the surface (where a majority of the A. equina were found) for 30-50 seconds. This data was compiled, outlying values were discarded, and each wall was given an average lumen and light exposure rating. The densities were then compared to the light exposure ratings. If the density of A. equ


Dendritic cells (DCs)‐based vaccines are an approved method for inducing potent antigen‐specific immune responses to eliminate tumor cells. However, this promising strategy still faces challenges such as tumor‐associated antigens (TAAs) loading, lymph node homing, quality control, and other limitations. Here, a personalized DC‐mimicking nanovaccine (nanoDC) for stimulation of TAAs‐specific T cell populations is developed. The nanoDCs are fabricated using nanoparticles with dendritic structure and membranes from mature bone‐marrow‐derived cells (BMDCs). Mature BMDCs are stimulated by nanostructures assembled from Escherichia coli and tumor cells to efficiently deliver TAAs and induce BMDCs maturation through the stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway. By maintaining co‐stimulatory markers, molecules class I (MHC‐I) antigen complexes and lymphocyte homing receptors, nanoDCs efficiently migrate to lymph nodes and generate potent antigen‐specific T cell responses. Consequently, vaccination with nanoDCs strongly inhibits the tumor growth and metastases formation in vivo. In particular, nanoDCs can also induce memory T cells for long‐term protective immunity. This study demonstrates that nanoDCs can trigger adaptive immune protection against tumors for personalized immunotherapy and precision medicine.


In recent days, people raise their voices high to increase the punishments on juvenile offence and/or violence at school. However, their assertion cannot be justified since a severe punishment policy for juvenile offences may lead to depriving growing juveniles of their freedom and to a stigma placed on them, which in turn shall very possibly bring about not criminal prevention but loss of their character. What is important is not to select from paternalism and severe punishment policy in treating juvenile offences but to implement appropriate prevention methods in such a way as to advocate juveniles protecting ideologies. Juveniles protecting ideologies are based on education and training, but it is doubtful that criminal sanctions to prevent juvenile crimes are implemented for educational purposes. The current Juvenile Act comprises 10 kinds of probations imposed on juveniles and more than 24 parallel punishments combining the probations. Yet, what is really necessary are not only various probational punishments but also such sanctions as can practically remove environmental and personal dangers from them and equip juveniles with abilities to obey the rules, in addition to ex post facto confirmations. Moreover, where simply placing juvenile offenders under the supervision of juvenile probation officers is inappropriate for protecting juveniles, supplementary punishments are imposed with no grounds or limitations defined of the punishments. For example, juvenile violent crimes are applied really diversely with non-punishment, probational punishment, suspension of indictment, or non-prosecution, without any specific criteria. It calls for minimum criteria for treating juvenile offenders with criminal punishments in consideration of the severity and/or dangerousness of crimes. Punishments which can be imposed on juvenile offenders include capital punishment, free punishment, and fine, to some extent. The capital punishment is applicable to 18-year old or older juveniles, but it shall not be imposed on any juvenile offenders who are in their growing stage. Fines do not seem applicable to juveniles, either, since they are usually not able to bear economic burdens. Also, the summary judgment does not seem fitting to juveniles since it does not go basically with juveniles protecting ideologies although it may lead to a fine of small amount. So, conclusively, from the perspective of juveniles protecting ideologies, the current Juvenile Act need be revised in such a manner that juvenile offenders shall not be exposed to the supervision or punishment under juvenile probation officers, capital punishment, fines, short-term free punishment, or penal servitude for an indeterminate term, unless definite and clear criteria for such punishments are instituted.


The maturity of tomato fruit is normally characterized by external color, and it is often difficult to know when fruit have achieved commercial maturity or become over-mature. The internal structure of tomato fruit changes during development and this study investigates the utility of nondestructive measurement of tomato fruit structure as a function of maturity using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The objective of this work is to use analysis of internal tomato fruit structural measurements to characterize maturity. Intact cherry tomato fruit were harvested at six different maturity stages. At each stage of maturity, the internal structure of the fruit was measured using a series of two-dimensional (2D) magnetic resonance (MR) images. Qualitative and quantitative image analyses were performed to correlate internal fruit structure with maturity. Internal structural changes observed in the pericarp region of the tomato fruit are highly correlated with fruit maturity. MR image information combined with classical analysis techniques provides a more complete understanding of structure and physicochemical changes in tomato fruit during maturation. This study demonstrates that MRI is a useful analytical tool to characterize internal changes in agricultural produce as the produce matures. This technique can be applied to almost any agricultural produce to monitor internal physical changes due to external impact, maturity stage, variation in climate, storage time, and condition, or other factors impacting quality.


【Objective】 Rats were fed by transgenic rice expressing lysine-rich protein fusion gene to study if the transgenic rice possesses potential toxic or adverse effects.【Method】According to the composition of the transgenic GL gene rice and its parental rice,a nutritionally balanced puri?ed diet with 70% transgenic GL gene rice or 70% parental rice was prepared.And the nutrition of the diet was the same as the control diet.Sixty weanling Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three groups according to their sex and weight respectively: transgenic rice group,nontransgenic rice group,and control group.They were fed with corresponding diet for 90 days.Indicators including body weight,feed volume,feed utilization rate,blood routine test,blood biochemistry test,urinary routine test,relative organ weights and organ histopathological examinations were observed.【Result】No significant differences were found between transgenic rice group and non-transgenic rice group(P0.05) and no histopathological damage was detected.Female feed volume and CHOL of male serum of terminal experiment in transgenic rice group were lower than those of control group(P0.05).Female feed utilization rate,MCV of male whole blood of terminal experiment,AST of male serum of midterm experiment,AST/ALT and P of male serum of terminal experiment were higher than those of control group(P0.05),but biological differences were not observed,and the values of all the blood routine parameters and serum parameters were still within the normal ranges of values for rats of this age and sex.【Conclusion】Transgenic rice has no adverse effects on rats,and the transgenic rice is as safe and wholesome as its parental rice.


Women are being put off a career in manufacturing and engineering by a perceived lack of inclusivity, with females making up fewer than 10% of the industry's workforce. Is a more radical approach needed to redress the balance?


T he Bureau of Land Management (BLM) Dil- lon Field Of ce (DFO) manages more than 900,000 surface acres of public land in scenic, southwestern Montana. These lands vary from the snow-covered Lima Peaks, near the Idaho border, to the sagebrush-covered, rolling foothills near the rst Territorial capital of Bannack, Montana, to the grass-covered lowlands in the Madison Valley. Miles of high-mountain streams—in- habited by native, westslope cutthroat trout— ow down to the sagebrush-dominated grasslands that pygmy rabbits and sage-grouse call home. The sheer beauty and diversity of life within the DFO make managing these public lands for mul- tiple use a privilege and constant challenge.  DOI: 10.2458/azu_rangelands_v34i4_martin


Recent growth literature greatly emphasizes the role of human capital in socio economic development of a country. Numerous studies have been conducted to know the factors which play their role in developing and accumulating Human Capital Stock in a country. However there has been a dearth of studies for exploring the obstacles in developing the human capital. Human capital development has become a notable issue in the Pakistan. This study investigates the Socio Economic Obstacles which are hindering Human Capital growth in Pakistan. As a lower middle income country with huge population and talented labour force is lacking a quality pool of Human capital in a modern economic scenario. This paper aims to explore the situation to underpin the socio economic obstacles in converting a competitive workforce in modern era. The study is of exploratory nature and requires substantive empirical augmentation to validate for rigorous justification . Key words: Human Capital, Economic Growth, Socio Economic Obstacles, Pakistan


This is a chapter from our forthcoming book, 'Laws, Outlaws, and Terrorists: Lessons from the War on Terrorism', (MIT Press, September 2010). This chapter addresses the legal, ethical, and strategic aspects of targeted killings as a counterterrorism measure, drawing on the American and Israeli experience. We argue that since terrorism is neither a traditional war nor a traditional crime, its non-traditional nature must affect how, where, and when we employ targeted killings. Specifically, we argue that whether one begins with a law enforcement model or a war model in mind, the ultimate contours of justifiable targeted killings are very similar under either paradigm.


This article analyzes, digests, and critiques various facets of the current debate regarding the racial profiling of those in the United States who appear to be Arab and/or Muslim. By dispassionately addressing this debate from a variety of perspectives – historical, empirical, and legal - the article specifically examines the fine line between preserving civil rights and civil liberties, while ensuring the security of the American homeland. Following an empirical investigation into the history of racial profiling in the U.S., a legal analysis of the relevant legislation and constitutional standards, and a scientific reporting of the psychological and emotional impact of such profiling tactics, it concludes that the ineffectiveness of racial profiling strongly weighs against its usage and at the very least, discredits many of the arguments put forth in its defense. In reaching this conclusion, I attempt to justify the near-absolute and unqualified preservation of those civil rights and civil liberties that have traditionally defined the American legal system, but which have gradually been eroding in the course of the last five years. As we approach the fifth anniversary of the World Trade Center attacks, this article exposes the ongoing need to re-evaluate the policies and practices put in place in the wake of September 11, 2001.


Reactions of lithio benzotriazol-1-yl derivatives 2, 11, and 25 with aromatic and aliphatic esters 3, 12, and 26 gave α-(benzotriazol-1-yl) ketones 4, 13, and 27, respectively, in high yields. Alternatively, α-(benzotriazol-1-yl) ketones 22 can be accessed by the reaction of α-(benzotriazol-1-yl) esters 20 with Grignard reagents. Condensation of 4, 13, 22, and 27 with (p-toluenesulfonyl)hydrazine provided p-tosylhydrazones 5, 14, 21, and 28. Treatment of hydrazones 5, 21, and 28 with n-butyllithium in diethyl ether resulted in the elimination of the tosyl group, dinitrogen, and benzotriazolyl group to afford the corresponding acetylenes 9, 23, and 29 in good yields. When α-(benzotriazol-1-yl) 1-α-phenoxy hydrazones 14 were treated with methyllithium, n-butyllithium, or phenyllithium, alkynes 18 were obtained, in which phenoxy groups were replaced by the lithium reagents.


Objective This study aimed to investigate the effects of propofol and sevoflurane on cytotoxicity of natural killer (NK) cells in patients with gastric cancer. Methods Patients with gastric cancer were anesthetized by propofol or sevoflurane. Peripheral blood NK cells were isolated and co-cultured with BGC-823 gastric cancer cell culture supernatant, and the rate of apoptosis and effector molecules were analyzed by flow cytometry. Effects of propofol and sevoflurane on NK cell function and SMAD4 protein expression were investigated. Results Cytotoxicity of NK cells in patients with gastric cancer was inhibited before surgery, but it was enhanced in patients who were anesthetized by propofol compared with those who had sevoflurane. In vitro co-culture with BGC-823 cells significantly inhibited the cytotoxicity of NK cells, which was abolished by treatment of propofol or transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1. SMAD4 protein expression in the NK cell nucleus was significantly downregulated by TGF-β1 treatment and BGC-823 supernatant co-culture, and this expression could be restored by propofol. Conclusions Cytotoxicity of NK cells in patients with gastric cancer is low, but it can be promoted by propofol. Propofol regulates cytotoxicity in NK cells by promoting SMAD4, thereby affecting cellular function.


The legal framework for combating discrimination against LGBT people in the labour market in Croatia has significantly improved in 2008 by adopting the Anti-Discrimination Act and finally in 2014 by adopting the Same-Sex Civil Partnership Act. However, an appropriate legal framework and adequate legislation are only the first prerequisite to achieving institutional protection. A far more complex problem is the transition of a typical traditional society to the acceptance of diversity as true values of democracy and pluralistic thinking. The paper gives an overview of a few cases of discrimination based on sexual orientation in the Croatian labour market through the socio-legal discourse and an attempt to avoid the predominantly normative analysis of the existing legal solutions.


I wonder when the third edition of The Oxford Shakespeare: Complete Works will appear. There will doubtless have to be a new edition in light of the establishment of Shakespeare as one of the two principle authors of a previously disputed play. This past spring scholars from the University of Texas at Austin, Ryan L. Boyd and James W. Pennebaker, published the results of a combined authorship-identification (AID) and psychology of language research project that conclusively establishes a previously contested play as having been co-authored by William Shakespeare. Boyd and Pennebaker provide convincing evidence that the play Double Falsehood attributed to Lewis Theobald in 1728 was actually a revision of an earlier lost play called The History of Cardenio by Shakespeare and his sometime collaborator John Fletcher. In short, there is now one more play in the Shakespeare canon than there was at this time last year. As a result, revisions to all things Shakespeare will have to be made. Apparently, authors can be identified through their idiosyncratic usage of words that express grammatical relationships and subject matter or content. Boyd and Pennebaker hold that


Earlier experiments showed that after a milk feed, abomasal digesta enters the small intestine of the duodenally fistulated calf in a series of gushes apparently controlled by mechanisms initiated in the duodenum


O N FEBRUARY 27, 1951, the thirty-sixth state ratified the Twentysecond Amendment. Thus ended efforts made since 1789 to fill in the omission left in the Constitution by the framers concerning presidential re-eligibility. Undoubtedly party rancor and personal hatred were among the factors that contributed to the proposal and ratification of the amendment. But there were more substantial stakes involved. The presidency is today the chief institution in our government. But it is not the only institution. Political forces express themselves through institutions. Some forces find one institution, some another, amenable to manipulation. Without undue oversimplification it may be said that the presidency has proved to be the vehicle most appropriate for the nationalizing, centralizing, and unifying forces in our society; the Congress, the states, and the local party organizations have been most susceptible to local, particular, and fragmentizing forces. The Twenty-second Amendment was a victory, which however in the nature of things can hardly be a final victory, of the devisive over the unifying. The Federalist attests that the potentialities of the presidency were in some degree foreseen at the time of the adoption of the Constitution. Prohibition of re-election was even then considered as a device for limiting the presidency. George Washington's refusal of a third term, erected into a political principle by the example of Thomas Jefferson, established a two-term tradition. From Jackson to Lincoln a one-term tradition flourished, and was quite candidly justified as an expression of the Whig philosophy of legislative supremacy. Lincoln broke with tradition and his re-election restored the two-term tradition, which enjoyed a precarious life until 1940. Those who had an interest in applying limits to presidential tenure were never satisfied with the force of tradition. Between 1789 and 1947 no less than 270 resolutions to limit eligibility for re-election were introduced in Congress.' Moreover, the frequency of such proposals increased sharply after 1900.2 It seems safe to say that these proposals reflect some-


Abstract This article develops an account of the nature and limits of the state's legislative authority that closely attends to the challenge of harmonizing Kant's ethical and juridical theories. It clarifies some key Kantian concepts and terms, then explains the way in which the state's three interlocking authorities – legislative, executive, and judicial – are metaphysically distinct and mutually dependent. It describes the emergence of the Kantian state and identifies the preconditions of its authority. Then it offers a metaphysical model of the Kantian state and uses it to argue that the activity of juridical lawgiving is an act of the omnilateral will itself. Legislative authority is limited in the sense that it does not include the capacity to create juridical laws that are conceptually incompatible with the idea of universal external freedom. I argue that my proposed account of the legislative authority is wholly consistent with that authority's exclusive lawgiving capacity and does not threaten the possibility of 'distributive justice' – the legal finality that is the sine qua non of a civil condition.


Brazil is a country of superlatives. It is home to the largest river system and rainforest in the world, the third-largest democracy, the fifth-largest national territory, and the sixth-largest population. What happens there is deeply consequential for the rest of the world, which makes its past equally consequential. Excellent news, then, that we have a new history of the country, written by two distinguished Brazilian scholars. The book offers several signal achievements. First, the authors masterfully bring into balance earlier canonical interpretations of the country's history, written from the 1930s through the 1980s, with the more recent outpouring of historical and social science scholarship produced from the 1980s through the present. Given the dramatic expansion of Brazil's university system during those decades, and of the research produced in those universities, this is a major accomplishment, and a major service as well to English-language readers unable to access that research in its original language. To that feat of historical synthesis, the authors add a firm command of Brazilian cultural history and the works of its many authors, songwriters, filmmakers and other cultural practitioners. From the book's opening quotation— Lima Barreto commenting on the public jubilation set off by the abolition of slavery in 1888—to its conclusion—Oswald de Andrade's Cannibal Manifesto— Schwarcz and Starling deftly employ those works to comment on, dialogue with, and further illuminate the historical story that they tell. Portuguese colonialism in Brazil began with the enslavement and resulting devastation of the colony's indigenous population, partly from overwork and extreme culture shock but mainly from European diseases. Enslaved indigenous people were soon supplemented by enslaved Africans, at first by the tens of thousands and then, in the 1700s and 1800s, by the millions. The consequences for Brazil were profound: a "naturalization of violence" that laid the foundations for continuing police and state violence down to the present; a social structure based on "every possible type of discrimination" against Africans and their descendants (63); and a racially mixed society and culture that provoked constant unease and anxiety among the nation's elites. As Schwarcz and Starling inform us at the outset, their central theme is "the challenging and tortuous process of building citizenship" (xviii), and they


Pneumothorax is one of the possible complications after chest procedures in cardiosurgery. Chest X-ray remains the first-line diagnostic modality in case of suspected pneumothorax. Its quality in the setting of the post-operation room is lower due to patient status and the possibility of acquiring only anteriorposterior projection. Meticulous analysis of the chest X-ray and clinical data allow for correct diagnosis without the need for computed tomography.


The wavelet packet and Bayes discrimination analysis method is applied to fault for diagnosis mine ventilator.The state features of typical vibration signal are extracted by wavelet packet technology,and those features are selected as discriminant factor of distance discriminant analysis model,the linear distance discrimination model is established through training a large set of learning samples from a series of mine ventilator fault projects.It has been proved that proposed new method has excellent discriminant potency and a low cross-validated misjudgment ratio,hasn't need optimize structure and can be used fault diagnosis for mine ventilator.


Abstract On the basis of data collected during a study of a university course dealing with intergroup Palestinian–Jewish encounters in Israel, this article uses a rhetorical cultural analytical approach to show how participants in the dialogue accomplish their group's identity and enact the conflicts which characterize their group's relationships. I also show that when working toward such accomplishments the interactants resist and reject other possible identification options which become available in the encounter. The events described point at the dominant influence and the hegemonizing power of national ideologies and contribute to a better understanding of the actual communicational practices which hinder cross-cultural encounters in conflict ridden societies.


When used to treat patients with hypertension, ACE inhibitors reduce cardiovascular and all-cause mortality as effectively as diuretics, beta blockers, and calcium channel blockers.


This is a progressive ophthalmic lens whose front face (11A) comprises, for example, continuously, on the one hand, a central zone (14) which, having a gradually variable curvature along a part at less of at least one meridian is the optically active area, and, secondly, surrounding the central zone (14), a peripheral joining zone (15) connecting tangentially thereto. According to the invention, the optically useful central zone (14) of this front face (11A) is delimited by a closed curve which, in projection on a plane perpenculaire to the geometric axis of the assembly, is generally oval, and the radius of curvature of the radial section of the peripheral joining zone (15) varies circumferentially in value and / or sign, so that along its peripheral edge (13), the lens is generally uniformly thick. Application for obtaining progressive ophthalmic lenses easier to perform, more aesthetic and lighter.


This paper mainly analyzes the mechanism and reason about fallen down in ship exhaust gas boilers. And according to the research result and example analysis, some precautionary measures are given.


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We give a geometric and graded version of parabolic induction for modules of semi-simple complex Lie algebras in the BGG-category $\mathcal{O}$ in terms of stratified mixed Tate motives on the corresponding flag varieties. We also describe the effect of parabolic induction on the level of Soergel modules.


Pneumothorax can be difficult to discern on supine anteroposterior chest radiographs (APCXR), in part because gravity prompts air to collect anteromedially, and a visible pleural stripe can be absent. Extended focused assessment with sonography for trauma (EFAST) detects gliding of the parietal and visceropleural surfaces over one another and "comet-tail," a hyperechoic reverberation artifact that is present in normally opposed pleural surfaces. In the appropriate clinical context, an absence of …


Objective To study the alteration of interictal cerebral blood flow(CBF)of patients with temporal lobe epilepsy by arterial spin labeling(ASL). Methods Fifteen right-handed cases of interictal TLE proved by operation and pathology were included in this study, and Fifteen age-and gender-matched healthy volunteers were set as controls. ASL data of all subjects were obtained on a Siemens 3.0 T Trio Tim scanner. The relative cerebral blood flow of TLE patients were compared with the controls by two-sample t-test. Results Compared with the volunteers, TLE patients presented decreased relative cerebral blood flow in ipsilateral hippocampus, ipsilateral parahippocampal gyrus, bilateral middle temporal gyrus, bilateral inferior temporal gyrus, bilateral frontal lobe, bilateral cerebellum posterior lobe, and more serious in lesion side, ASL-based MRI suggests the functional abnormalities in the network involved by TLE. Conclusion ASL-based MRI can reflect the hemodynamic changes of interictal TLE, and can be used for the lateralization diagnosis of TLE.