To the Editor: Recurrent Clostridium difficile– associated diarrhea (CDAD) is becoming progressively more problematic and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Unfortunately, because there is no uniformly effective therapy for recurrent CDAD, repeated treatment with antibiotics, such as vancomycin or metronidazole, is typically prescribed. A small, open-label Italian CDAD trial of the nonabsorbed antibiotic rifaximin 200mg t.i.d. versus vancomycin 500mg b.i.d. for 10 days indicated comparable efficacy between these 2 agents. Supporting that study, the current case provides one of the first US clinical reports of the potential benefits of rifaximin for refractory CDAD. On December 6, 2004, a 56year-old man underwent a radical prostatectomy and received antibiotics perioperatively and nitrofurantoin monohydrate/macrocrystals postoperatively. The patient developed fever and diarrhea but was discharged from the hospital 3 days after surgery. Two days after hospital discharge, the patient was readmitted for severe diarrhea, dehydration, mild abdominal pain, and delirium secondary to fever. A stool sample tested positive for C. difficile toxin A/B, and the patient was diagnosed with CDAD. He was treated with intravenous metronidazole and then oral metronidazole 250mg q.i.d. and Lactinex (Becton Dickinson Microbiology Systems, Cockeysville, MD) 1 tablet t.i.d. Six days later, a stool sample tested negative for C. difficile toxin. Ten days after the second hospitalization, the patient was afebrile and asymptomatic [1 to 2 bowel movements (BMs)/d] and was discharged from the hospital. He was prescribed metronidazole 250mg q.i.d. and Lactinex 1 tablet t.i.d. Approximately 1 week later (December 28, 2004) the patient, who was still receiving metronidazole and Lactinex, presented with 6 to 8 BMs/d. Treatment with metronidazole 250mg q.i.d. and Lactinex 1 tablet t.i.d. was continued. Although receiving long-term treatment with metronidazole and Lactinex, the patient presented on January 18, 2005, with recurrent CDAD symptoms (ie, 6 BMs/d with urgency), although the stool culture was negative for C. difficile toxins A/B. Lactinex was substituted with the probiotic Culturelle (ConAgra Functional Foods, Inc, Omaha, NE) 1 capsule daily for 1 month, and antibiotic therapy was switched to vancomycin 125mg q.i.d. Despite treatment for 9 days, the patient reported 6 to 8BMs/d and was diagnosed with probable recurrent CDAD. Colonoscopy suggested pseudomembranous colitis. Culturelle and vancomycin treatment was continued with patient improvement (1 BM/d) after 30 days, allowing vancomycin dosage reduction to 125mg t.i.d. on February 15, with continued tapering of antibiotic. On March 4, the patient presented with symptoms suggestive of a third CDAD relapse. Combination antibiotic therapy was initiated: metronidazole 250mg q.i.d. plus vancomycin 125mg q.i.d. for 7 days. Symptoms of CDAD persisted, with stool sample positive for C. difficile toxin B on April 19. Given the lack of eradication of CDAD, metronidazole was discontinued, and rifaximin was added to the treatment regimen. The patient was treated with rifaximin 400mg t.i.d. for 2 weeks and vancomycin 125mg (t.i.d. for 1wk, b.i.d. for 1wk, once daily for 1wk) with continued administration of Culturelle once daily. Despite approximately 30 days of treatment with vancomycin and probiotic, the patient continued to exhibit symptoms of recurrent CDAD (3 to 4BMs/d). He was treated with a second course of rifaximin 400mg t.i.d. for 2 weeks with a tapering dose of vancomycin 125mg (q.i.d. for 2wk, t.i.d. for 1wk, b.i.d. for 1wk). Culturelle was switched to Flora-Q (Kenwood Therapeutics, Fairfield, NJ) 1 tablet daily. The patient continued to report loose stools (3 to 4BMs/d) after completion of vancomycin therapy. Given the continued refractory nature of the CDAD, on June 16, the patient was prescribed 1600mg rifaximin (400mg q.i.d.) for 3 weeks in addition to tapering doses of vancomycin 125mg b.i.d. After 3 weeks of high-dose rifaximin in combination with a tapering regimen of vancomycin, a stool sample indicated a conversion from C. difficile toxin B to toxin A, although the clinical relevance of this observation is unclear. The patient was subsequently treated for an additional 2 weeks with rifaximin 400mg t.i.d. and continued long-term Flora-Q administration. At the completion of rifaximin treatment, the patient reported a reduction in CDAD symptoms to 1BM/d, formed stool, and only occasional morning cramps. Long-term probiotic administration was recommended. Overall, the patient was treated with a combination of rifaximin, vancomycin, and probiotic for 7 weeks. Follow-up 30 days and 180 days later further supported that the recurrent CDAD had resolved. Vancomycin is usually reserved for second-line therapy, particularly in light of the risks for development of vancomycin-resistant enterococci and staphylococci and increasing cost of the antibiotic. Increasing reports worldwide of metronidazole resistance in clinical C. difficile strains suggest that this agent, too, is less than ideal. Overall, this patient endured B8 months of clinical improvement, repeated relapses, and a substantial decrease in quality of life before being successfully treated with the nonabsorbed antibiotic rifaximin. Ongoing studies are needed to determine the effectiveness of rifaximin as an initial treatment for C. difficile colitis. Studies are also needed to ascertain whether combination therapy with rifaximin and LETTERS TO THE EDITOR


The Interior Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine (IPMSM) is becoming an integral part in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) applications due to their excellent performance, fast development and environment friendliness. While depending on the rare earth magnet materials and rotor structure for the dynamic characteristics, they are very useful in high speed application especially for variable speed drives. This paper is about designing Interior Permanent Magnet (IPM) motors for hybrid electric car application with fractional slot pole combination in order to achieve maximum efficiency with lowest possible costing. It additionally incorporates imperative assumptions and estimations of machine parameters that can be utilized for genuine machine outline. Two IPM machines have been designed, simulated and analyzed by 2D Finite Element analysis (FEA) for lowest possible torque ripple, iron loss, cogging torque and harmonic distortion. Optimized back EMF, cogging torque, rated torque, machine volume, pricing and other simulation results are compared for both the machine. Finally the study ends up with the selection of the better machine with respect to the efficiency, size, torque ripple and cost effectiveness.


To the Editor:— In an editorial inThe Journal, Nov. 18, 1939, on the "Evolution of Our Knowledge of Tuberculosis" there appears the following: "It is said that William Stark, who was studying the pathology of phthisis in London under the renowned John Hunter, died of tuberculosis as the result of a wound received in the morgue. Baillie, the successor of Stark, also developed an infection of the hand after performing a necropsy and died of tuberculosis, but not until his years of study had clarified the knowledge of the tubercle." I have been unable to find this story about William Stark, although I have consulted the Dictionary of National Biography, Smyth's Introduction to Stark's work, 1788, and the account of his illness and death in the same volume. Also I am unable to find any connection between Baillie's infection of the hand from a slight wound while dissecting a


Information and Communication Techniques ICT has rapidly become the most important pillar of modern societies. A lot of countries now regard the comprehension of ICT, skills and mastery of basic concepts as part of basic higher education in addition to reading, writing and arithmetic. Technological advances have improved the lives of individuals in myriad ways. Innovative products and services facilitate communication, empower consumers, and help students learn more effectively and easily, reduce the labor of performing household chores, and make us safer. The survey results of using IT for family in Iraq indicate clearly to the multiplicity women's benefit of this technology in various fields. Whereof reflect raise of awareness level upon the women of using IT as one of the most important ways that could enable her to take a leading role in society. This paper discusses the public sphere in Iraq from the perspective of women's uses of ICT. This agrees that the sociopolitical transformations unfolding in many countries in the Middle East and North Africa are not taking place in the absence of women's contribution and participation. Drawing on examples from different countries, this paper demonstrate, how women are shaping, effecting, and redefining the public sphere by producing alternative discourses and images about womanhood, and political participation in their societies.


A medicine for resisting rheumatism and alleviating pain is made from the materials with the following weight portions: 50 to 55 portions of gentian root, 70 to 75 portions of hemlock parsley, 70 to 75 portions of peach kernel, 65 to 70 portions of safflower, 50 to 60 portions of liquorice, 45 to 50 portions of notopterygium root, 60 to 65 portions of myrrh, 70 to 75 portions of angelica, 70 to 75 portions of boninrousette, 45 to 50 portions of nutgrass galingale rhizome, 75 to 80 portions of achyranthes root, 65 to 70 portions of earthworm, 65 to 70 portions of rhizoma atractylodis, 55 to 60 portions of corktree bark, 60 to 70 portions of milk veteh, 60 to 65 portions of salvia miltiorrhiza, 60 to 65 portions of spatholobus stem, 60 to 65 portions of pawpaw, 55 to 65 portions of paniculater swallowwort root, 60 to 65 portions of pachyma cocos, 55 to 60 portions of ground beetle, 40 to 45 portions of natural copper and 35 to 40 portions of dragon blood. The medicine can cure rheumatoid arthritis, hyperosteogeny, sciatica, cervical spondylosis, periarthritis, various arthralgia, neuralgia, kidney deficiency, lumbocrural pain, myalgia, exercise injury pain and lumbar disc protrusion, which is effective in treatment.


Much research effort has been devoted to developing methods for reconstructing the links of a network from dynamics of its nodes. Many current methods require the measurements of the dynamics of all the nodes be known. In real-world problems, it is common that either some nodes of a network of interest are unknown or the measurements of some nodes are unavailable. These nodes, either unknown or whose measurements are unavailable, are called hidden nodes. In this paper, we derive analytical results that explain the effects of hidden nodes on the reconstruction of bidirectional networks. These theoretical results and their implications are verified by numerical studies.


Light weight concrete (LWC) Playing a primary position in lowering the useless weight of the shape as properly as it meets the goals of load-bearing man or woman in some cases. LWC manufacture distinct in keeping with the use and availability of materials offers the freeness in concrete design blend. LWC advanced person including sound insulation, thermal resistivity and power lead for more use of the product. This paper deals LWC research at the partition panels with interlocking gadget to boom shear and flexural conduct compared to normal gypsum board partitions. The LWC gives more desirable energy at 0,050% in every of the aluminum and gypsum addition as compared to zero.0.5% in the cement substitute.


We recently demonstrated that dopaminergic (DA) neurons of the rat substantia nigra constitutively expressed CXCR4, receptor for the chemokine stromal cell‐derived factor‐1 (SDF‐1)/CXCL12 (SDF‐1). To check the physiological relevance of such anatomical observation, in vitro and in vivo approaches were used. Patch clamp recording of DA neurons in rat substantia nigra slices revealed that SDF‐1 (10 nmol/L) induced: (i) a depolarization and increased action potential frequency; and (ii) switched the firing pattern of depolarized DA neurons from a tonic to a burst firing mode. This suggests that SDF‐1 could increase DA release from neurons. Consistent with this hypothesis, unilateral intranigral injection of SDF‐1 (50 ng) in freely moving rat decreased DA content and increased extracellular concentrations of DA and metabolites in the ipsilateral dorsal striatum, as shown using microdialysis. Furthermore, intranigral SDF‐1 injection induced a contralateral circling behavior. These effects of SDF‐1 were mediated via CXCR4 as they were abrogated by administration of a selective CXCR4 antagonist. Altogether, these data demonstrate that SDF‐1, via CXCR4, activates nigrostriatal DA transmission. They show that the central functions of chemokines are not restricted, as originally thought, to neuroinflammation, but extend to neuromodulatory actions on well‐defined neuronal circuits in non‐pathological conditions.


This study offers a social realist account of how South African public institutions develop emerging supervisors. The study addresses the need for supervision development across South African public higher education universities. The purpose of the study was to answer the question "What mechanisms condition the development and support of emerging doctoral supervisors across South African public universities?" To examine this question, analytical dualism was used to separate the roles of the 'people' (agents) from the 'parts' (structure and culture) to examine their interplay. The study was qualitative, and the data was generated through documents, an online survey, and semi-structured interviews. One hundred and eighty-six participants responded to the survey and fifty-four people were interviewed. The participants came from twenty of the twenty-six public higher education universities and represent a large range of disciplines. The study findings revealed that emerging supervisors were often simply 'thrown into the deep-end' as they had to work out how to supervise by learning from their students and using the experience gained while they were being supervised. This was experienced as highly problematic by the participants who shared this understanding. Secondly, the findings suggest that where there were developmental events in place, some were not well received. For example where those providing the training were not regarded as credible because they lacked the supervision experience or because the interventions were seen to be too ad hoc and generic. There were calls for more discipline-specific interventions and collaborative spaces where emerging supervisors could engage with experienced supervisors rather than being instructed in a generic best-practice of 'how to supervise'. The findings indicated that the lines between co-supervision and mentoring were often blurred, and both were used as another form of supervision development. Such relationships provided a useful means for emerging supervisors to come to understand the complex pedagogy of postgraduate supervision but were at times constrained by power imbalances. It was evident across the data that supervision is a special form of teaching and needs to be conceptualised at least in part as a pedagogy. Moreover, the issue of institutional differentiation needs to be considered for the sector to achieve its intended goals of increasing doctoral output and to be able to participate fully in the knowledge economy.


Abstract A family of novel cation-conducting, transmembtane channels has been designed and characterized. A number of functional channels are described along with an account of channel conformation and how the compounds are positioned in the phospholipid bilayer.


. Direct numerical simulation of internal gravity waves propagation and formation of internal waves attractors in trapezoidal tank, which was filled with stably stratified salt solution of constant buoyancy frequency. The left vertical boundary oscillates with constant time frequency and has the form of semi-cosine of the tank height. The right wall is inclined to the vertical and performs focusing of waves, the other two boundaries are horizontal. The upper wall has stress free boundary conditions, on the other boundaries no-slip condition is imposed. Navier—Stokes equations in Boussinesq approximation and diffusive transport of salt are used as mathematical model. Direct numerical simulation is performed with the help of spectral element approach of 8-th order and modified code nek5000. Hilbert transforms and time-frequency diagrams were applied to the results of direct numerical simulation of internal wave attractors. In particular, with the help of phase reconstruction we obtained wave vectors, corresponding to time frequencies from time-frequency diagrams. To obtain phase images Hilbert transforms with filtration over narrow intervals of frequencies were used. Time-frequency diagrams for moderate forcing amplitudes show appearance of daughter waves of frequencies, corresponding to triadic resonance, which is also demonstrated with the help of bispectra: product of amplitudes on the background of cross product of frequency intervals. The results are close to data of experiments, being carried out at ENS de Lyon.


The morphometric relationships among 20 geographical samples of Sorex minutissimus from the Russian part of species range were examined using geometric morphometrics and linear measurements of skull and mandible. Previous studies showed significant differences between immature and mature shrews, and no significant differences between immature males and females. In this paper we propose a method for combining small-sized samples and algorithms for checking the adequacy of such an association. We have identified two main geographical groups of shrews, "Western" and "Eastern", distinguished by the shape of the mandible; these groups combine samples from the European (S. m. minutissimus) and East-Eurasian (S. m. barabensis, S. m. abnormis, S. m. caudata, S. m. tschuktschorum and S. m. ussurensis) parts of the range. The agreement of our results with phylogeographic data allows us to distinguish two approaches to determining the amount of intraspecific units – "phylogeographic" and "environmental". On the basis of "environmental" approach within the Russian range we propose to consider seven subspecies: S. m. minutissimus, S. m. barabensis, S. m. stroganovi, S. m. caudata, S. m. tschuktschorum, S. m. ussurensis and S. m. tscherskii.


The present invention proposes a support substrate (1) for electrical components (13) in front, wherein the supporting substrate (1) has a component side (4) and the component side (4) opposite the cooling side (5) having a cooling structure (30), wherein the supporting substrate (1) for electrically insulating one of the component side (4) facing and primary layer made of ceramic (10) and for stiffening the carrier substrate (1) one of the cooling side (5) facing the secondary layer (20), characterized in that for transferring heat from the component side (4) to the cooling side (5) between the primary layer (10) and the secondary layer (20), a metallic intermediate layer (15) is arranged, wherein the intermediate metallic layer (15) thicker than the primary layer (10) and / or the secondary layer (20).


This paper reports on changes in the soil bacterial community from a petroleum zone of Argentina. Changes were observed in a microcosm test which was subject to contamination with hexadecane. The determination of hydrocarbons and bacterial counts were performed weekly. Changes in bacterial diversity were determined by the analysis of membrane fatty acids (FAMEs), identified and quantified by gas chromatography using ac cording to MIDI parameters. It was observed that contamination with hexadecane cause a disturbance in the soil leading to a change in the bacterial community structure.


On the basis of her own research results the author distinguishes the most common and preferable request strategies for the three linguacultures British, American and Australian ones. The author finds differences in the use of strategies, tactics and means of linguistic realisation of requests by representatives of the three linguacultures.


A fluid-numerical model which has been successful in predicting and explaining theta-pinch behavior is further applied and extended. One application is to the study of the structure of equilibrium sheaths in finite-beta plasmas; in addition, the code is extended to include effects found in higher-density partially ionized experiments and applied to calculation of the behavior of the Scylla 1-B experiment. A major extension of the technique is to combine the fluid electron code with a particle simulation code to include the effect of reflected ions; this code is applied to a study of implosion heating of the LASL toroidal screw pinch ZT-1. A numerical technique is devised for initializing two- dimensional particle-in-cell simulation of pinch sheath evolution, and examples of equilibrium are presented. (auth)


The present invention is directed to an amorphous form, three novel polymorph form of crystalline varenicline tartrate, namely Form D, Form E and Form F. The present invention also provides processes of their preparations and pharmaceutical composition comprising such material and their use in therapy. Form D is new anhydrous varenicline tartrate, and can be prepared from recrystallizing varenicline tartrate in a mixture of methanol and water or a mixture of N,N-dimethylformamide and water. Form E is a new varenicline tartrate monohydrate, and can be prepared recrystallizing varenicline tartrate in a mixture of isopropanol and water. Form F is another new varenicline tartrate monohydrate, and can be prepared recrystallizing varenicline tartrate in a mixture of acetone and water. The X-ray powder diffraction pattern (X-RPD), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) techniques are used to characterize amorphous form and crystalline polymorphic forms.


. Problem. In recent years, the interest towards the independent work in organizing the educational process in all courses of studying a foreign language at institutions of higher education has increased significantly. Considerable attention is paid to the issues of upbringing the personality of a modern specialist, one's competitiveness, and public responsibility. Goal. The goal of the article is to determine the specifics of independent work as an important form of the main direction and tasks of the educational process at the university for the development of foreign language professional communication of students of transport specialties. Methodology. Analysis of the problem of organizing the independent work as a form of educational process at institutions of higher education for the development of foreign language professional communication of students of transport specialties was conducted. There was accomplished the analysis of recent researches of scientists and it was revealed that the problem of organizing the independent work of students is prioritized and is expected to facilitate the revision of both the theoretical and methodological principles of modern training of competitive foreign language specialists. Results. It was established that the properly organized independent work of students of transport specialties increases the efficiency of management, control and self-control by independent work; improves the cognitive activity of students; develops their logical and creative thinking of the concepts of the language being studied; forms a conscious attitude to the outside world and stimulates the interest in the originality of thinking in a foreign language. Originality. The author proposed the stages of organizing the independent work on the development of foreign language professional communication of students of transport specialties. Practical value. A competently organized independent work on foreign languge professional communication forms a foreign language communication competence, skills and abilities that ensure the acquisition of linguistic means, the definition of the communicative content of the understanding of individual linguistic units, their meanings, forms and structures, as well as the relationship between them.


Organ donation is a widely debated issue in Islamic scholarship. Muslim jurists, however, have produced a substantial amount of evidence supporting its legality. Despite this, previous research has revealed that Muslim communities around the world are still wary of organ donation. The main reasons for this attitude are motivational and educational in nature. To address these two problems, the purpose of this research is to look into the Quranic conceptual background, which could help to expand the justification of organ donation in the motivational context. This study investigated the Quranic verses that scholars have cited in their writings on organ donation and transplantation. The theoretical underpinnings for the use of those verses were deduced. Data were collected from 36 studies on organ donation that refer to Quranic verses and examined how those verses were analyzed. This study discovered that a number of Quranic verses were primarily used to justify the permissibility of organ donation, with little effort made to analyze the verses using specific methodologies dedicated to the Quranic texts. As a result, the outcome may not be helpful to solve the current dilemma which is Muslim communities' reluctance to donate organs. Hence, it is important to explore a broad theoretical framework for organ donation based on the Quran. This study suggests how to bring this new perspective to the subject and overcome the existing problem.


Is shown, that under the conditions of a stepwise increase of the applied concentrated load to the bismuth and zinc monocrystals the processes of twinning take place simultaneously. The boundaries of the residual wedgelike twing are devided into fragments, on which the processes twinning and untwining occurred autonomously.


This paper proposes a fast motion estimation algorithm, or the hexagon-based motion vector field adaptive search technique (HMVFAST). In HMVFAST, the type of local motion activity and initial search center are first determined according to the motion vector field, then a new hexagon search pattern and a common diamond search pattern are adaptively used. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm provides faster searching speed than other existing fast block-matching algorithm, while the distortion is almost the same as the FS algorithm.


This work presents a novel formulation for the optimal planning of a quantum key distribution system in a multi-objective optimization context. Furthermore, a mathematical formulation of the problem is proposed followed by simulations with 5, 12, and 14 nodes using the National Science Foundation Network (NSFNET) as a test network to illustrate the resolution of the problem. The following objective functions were considered: Total cost (f1); number of links required (f2); total distance (f3); maximum distance (f4); load balancing (f5); and variance (f6). After presenting experimental results, the paper is concluded by outlining research proposals that would improve this work.


The Nature and Origin of Ntam Rattray suggested that "The oath has the force of a legal maxim'.1 Indeed, in Asante an oath could be employed to make legitimate claims or rights against others. For example, if someone swore an oath upon another person saying that a piece of farmland belonged to him, the latter was enjoined by the oath to forsake that piece of land until the case was determined. This was after he had enquired the formeť s reason(s) for making such a claim. The process of this enquiry was to refuse the demand of the original oath by 'responding/ to the oath',2 De ntam no boso, literally meaning 'to respond to the original oath.' Below is an example of the creation of a conflict situation:


:  Among all of the decapods that have been studied, only one kind of gland, the androgenic gland, has been found attached to the subterminal ejaculatory region of the vas deferens. In the present study of the red swamp crayfish, it was found that two kinds of gland-like tissues were attached to the subterminal ejaculatory region of the vas deferens. One of the tissues, which is referred to as TIB, is located inside the body cavity, whereas the other tissue, which is referred to as TIC, is inside the coxa. The characteristics of TIB resemble those of the androgenic gland of other malacostracans. The TIC cells, however, are smaller and more basophilic due to the small size and high density of their cytoplasm and nuclei. Moreover, black fibers, similar to the nerve fibers of the ganglion, were detected among the TIC cells after Bodian's stain. The conclusion is that TIC may be a newly found male sexual characteristic and further research is needed to confirm its functions.


The dorsal integument of nearly all species of Peripatidae—one of the two major subgroups of Onychophora (velvet worms)—typically exhibits 12 plicae (=annuli) per segment. The only exception might occur in Plicatoperipatus jamaicensis, from which 24 putative plicae per segment have been reported. Hence, the number of plicae might have been duplicated in this species. If so, one would expect that the structure of the duplicated plicae would resemble that of all other onychophoran species, and that the structures commonly associated with the plicae, including crater-shaped papillae and hyaline organs, would also have been duplicated. To clarify whether there was indeed such duplication, we compared the structure of the integument in embryos and adults of Pl. jamaicensis (with the putative number of 24 plicae per segment) and Principapillatus hitoyensis (with the common number of 12 plicae per segment). Our scanning electron microscopic data revealed that embryos of both species have 12 plicae per segment. While this number persists in adults of Pr. hitoyensis, 12 additional rows of papillae (=pseudoplicae) occur in the dorsal integument in adults of Pl. jamaicensis. These pseudoplicae differ from the typical plicae of other onychophorans in that they are not equipped with primary papillae and are situated in furrows between the true plicae, as evidenced by the position of hyaline organs and crater-shaped papillae. Our data further show that the number of the ventrolateral plicae, crater-shaped papillae, and hyaline organs is similar in the two species studied. This suggests that the plicae have not been duplicated in the integument of Pl. jamaicensis, but rather that additional pseudoplicae have been inserted between the 12 original plicae. These pseudoplicae might have led to a denser package of dermal papillae in the dorsal integument of Pl. jamaicensis, but the functional significance of this evolutionary change is unknown.


At this work an influence of the volcanic tuf on the improvement in the wearability of varnish coatings was described. Examinations were conducted for covers made on the basis of single-component binder - alkid, two-component - acrylic and for comparison of paint hammerite and of varnish of the sailing boat preparation with the addition appropriately prepared of the volcanic tuf. Coatings were put directly on the low-carbon steel without earlier applying undercoats. Conducted examinations were aimed at determining loss of mass of the sample (in the mg) subjected by abrasive circles to the friction about the fixed charge. Comparing findings for covers made of binders mentioned above put directly on steel they stated that the addition of the preparation of the volcanic tuf considerably was improving the wearability of inspected covers.


The development of novel agents including immunomodulatory drugs (IMiDs) lenalidomide (Len) and pomalidomide (Pom) has led to improved patient outcome in multiple myeloma (MM); however, acquired resistance to IMiDs commonly underlies relapse during the course of treatment. Previous studies show that IMiDs bind to the CRL4CRBN ubiquitin ligase cereblon (CRBN) and promote proteasomal degradation of IKZF1 and IKZF3 followed by downregulation of c-Myc and IRF4, resulting in MM cell growth inhibition. Therefore, CRBN is the primary binding target and master regulator of IMiDs sensitivity; however, the molecular mechanisms regulating resistance to IMiDs have not been fully defined. Importantly, some MM cells show resistance to IMiDs despite harboring high CRBN expression levels.
 To delineate the molecular mechanisms underlying IMiDs resistance, we first performed genome-wide knockout screening in IMiDs-sensitive MM.1S cells using a CRISPR-Cas9 GeCKOv2 library containing 6 unique sgRNAs against each of 19,050 genes and 4 sgRNAs against each of 1,864 miRNAs. We observed that knockout (KO) of twenty-eight genes and one miRNA were associated with resistance to IMiDs. Of note, all six sgRNAs targeting CRBN were identified as a positive regulator of IMiDs sensitivity, consistent with previous studies. Among these genes, we found that three different sgRNAs targeting TRAF2 were enriched after IMiDs treatment. Therefore, we next individually cloned the sgRNAs of TRAF2 into the Cas9 lentiviral vector, and then re-introduced them into MM.1S cells. Importantly, TRAF2-KO MM.1S cells acquire significant resistance to Pom and Len treatment. To examine whether TRAF2 KO induced IMiDs resistance was CRBN-pathway dependent, we assessed CRBN and its downstream interacting protein levels. TRAF2 KO showed no effect on CRBN expression; moreover, IMiDs can still trigger IKZF1 and IKZF3 degradation, associated with downregulation of IRF4. Taken together, these data suggest that TRAF2 mediates sensitivity to IMiDs in a mechanism independent of CRBN-IKZF1/3 axis.
 Since TRAF2 is a member of the TNF receptor associated factor (TRAF) protein family required for activation of several signaling pathways including NF-ĸB and JNK, we next examined the biologic impact of TRAF2 KO. Importantly, TRAF2 KO cells show significantly increased processing of precursor p100 to p52 (NF-ĸB2), resulting in hyperactivation of the non-canonical NF-κB pathway; conversely, p52 KO re-sensitizes the cells to IMiDs treatment. The activity of the canonical NF-κB pathway was not similarly altered in TRAF2 KO cells. These results suggest that TRAF2 predominantly activates non-canonical NF-κB pathway, associated with resistance to IMiDs in MM cells.
 We next examined the relevance of TRAF2 downregulation in the context of the bone marrow (BM) microenvironment. Co-culture of MM cells with either bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) or culture supernatants (BM-CS) confers resistance to IMiDs. Importantly, TRAF2 is downregulated in BMSCs and BM-CS, suggesting that IMiDs resistance in the BM microenvironment may be mediated by TRAF2 downregulation induced by soluble factors. Cytokine array assay confirmed detectable TNF-α in BM-CS. Indeed, MM cells treated with TNF-α showed decreased TRAF2 expression, associated with resistance to IMiDs. These data demonstrate that TNF-α secreted by BMSCs induces TRAF2 downregulation, thereby inducing IMiDs resistance.
 We further analyzed the mechanism of TNF-α-mediated TRAF2 downregulation. Since previous studies have shown that TRAF2 is a substrate of the proteasome, we treated MM cells with TNF-α in the presence and absence of proteasome inhibitor. TRAF2 downregulation by TNF-α was partially abrogated by proteasome inhibitor, associated with accumulation of ubiquitinated TRAF2. These data confirm that TNF-α induces TRAF2 downregulation is due, at least in part to proteasomal degradation.
 In conclusion, our data show that TRAF2 is a CRBN-independent regulator of IMiDs sensitivity and provide the preclinical rationale for combining IMiDs with inhibitors of non-canonical NF-κB or TNF-α signaling to overcome IMiDs resistance and improve patient outcome.

 Anderson: Sanofi-Aventis: Other: Advisory Board; Amgen: Consultancy, Speakers Bureau; Janssen: Consultancy, Speakers Bureau; Takeda: Consultancy, Speakers Bureau; Celgene: Consultancy, Speakers Bureau; Bristol-Myers Squibb: Other: Scientific Founder; Oncopep: Other: Scientific Founder.


PAR‐2 is expressed by osteoblasts and activated by proteases present during inflammation. PAR‐2 activation inhibited osteoclast differentiation induced by hormones and cytokines in mouse bone marrow cultures and may protect bone from uncontrolled resorption.


Bus interface cirsuit for a fiberoptic data bus differs from a copper wire data bus. While unipolar manchester modulation is used with a fiberoptic data bus, a biphase manchester modulation is used in the copper wire data bus.This paper suggests a design of a bus interface circuit for any fiberoptic data bus for fly-by-light, stores management, data transmission, etc., compatible with the MIL-STD-1553B. This is applicable for use on board aircraft, ships. tanks, etc.


The paper analyzes the reasons causing the delay of publication of articles from the perspective of authors,evaluation experts,editors,the amount of published papers and publishing period.It is possible to shorten the delay for publication by improving the working efficiency of sci-tech periodical,speeding up the process of manuscript processing,and shortening the time of manuscript processing.


I first became Editor of the Journal of Trauma & Dissociation (JTD) with Volume 7, published in 2006. Due to the lag inherent in publication schedules, I began working as editor of JTD beginning during the calendar year 2005. I recently went back and read my first JTD editorial ("Long Live the Journal of Trauma & Dissociation:" Freyd, 2006), drafted in the fall of 2005 and published in the first issue of 2006. I opened that first editorial with this paragraph:


Abstract At least one-third of post COVID-19 patients suffer from various chronic symptoms, defined by WHO as "post COVID-19 condition". However, the pathogenesis of post COVID-19 condition and its clinical course remain unclear. In February 2021, we set up an outpatient clinic specialized for COVID-19 after care (CAC) in Okayama University Hospital in Japan and we have investigated the clinical characteristics of patients with post COVID-19 condition. Our recent study revealed that general fatigue is the most common symptom in the post COVID-19 condition. Direct effects of viruses on each organ and conditions such as post-intensive care syndrome, post-traumatic stress disorder, and myalgic encephalomyelitis / chronic fatigue syndrome have been considered as possible etiologies. Recently, it has been suggested that endocrine disruption including the hypothalamic damage might be involved in the underlying mechanism. In the present study, we focused on male hypogonadism, called late-onset hypogonadism (LOH) syndrome. LOH syndrome causes fatigue and metabolic syndrome in middle-aged males. The aim of this study was to clarify the clinical characteristics of patients with LOH syndrome who visited our CAC outpatient clinic. We retrospectively reviewed medical records of all 39 male patients in whom serum free testosterone (FT) level was measured between February 2021 and November 2021 in our CAC outpatient clinic. As a result, 19 patients (48.7%) met the criteria for LOH syndrome (FT < 8.5 pg/mL; LOH group), and 14 (73.6%) of those patients were under the age of 50 years. A weak negative correlation was found between age and serum FT level (R=-0.301, p=0. 0624). A comparison of the LOH group with the non-LOH group showed that there were no significant differences in the patients' background factors including age (36. 0 vs. 37.5 years), acute hospitalization (9 patients, 47.4% vs. 5 patients, 25. 0%), and number of days between COVID-19 onset and CAC outpatient clinic visitation (71 vs. 81 days). There were also no significant differences in various laboratory parameters between the two groups. However, symptoms including anxiety, cough and hair loss were more frequent in the LOH group. Compared to the incidence of LOH syndrome in the general population, the present study revealed that there is a relatively high incidence of LOH syndrome in young patients with post COVID-19 condition. Although it is known that gonadal functions are impaired in the acute phase of COVID-19, hypogonadism is also thought to be related to the chronic phase of COVID-19. Leydig cells in the testis may be susceptible to damage by SARS-CoV-2 virus because of the high level of ACE2 receptor expression; however, the underlying mechanisms of LOH syndrome due to post COVID-19 condition have yet to be elucidated. Presentation: No date and time listed


The emergence of hyperspectral imagery paved a new way for rapid mineral mapping. As a classical hyperspectral classification method, spectral matching (SM) can automatically map the spatial distribution of minerals without the need for selecting training samples. However, due to the influence of noise, the mapping accuracy of SM is usually poor, and its per-pixel matching method is inefficient to some extent. To solve these problems, we propose an unsupervised clustering-matching mapping method, using a combination of k-means and SM (KSM). First, nonnegative matrix factorization (NMF) is used and combined with a simple and effective NMF initialization method (SMNMF) for feature extraction. Then, k-means is implemented to get the cluster centers of the extracted features and band depth, which are used for clustering and matching, respectively. Finally, dimensionless matching methods, including spectral angle mapper (SAM), spectral correlation angle (SCA), spectral gradient angle (SGA), and a combined matching method (SCGA) are used to match the cluster centers of band depth with a spectral library to obtain the mineral mapping results. A case study on the airborne hyperspectral image of Cuprite, Nevada, USA, demonstrated that the average overall accuracies of KSM based on SAM, SCA, SGA, and SCGA are approximately 22%, 22%, 35%, and 33% higher than those of SM, respectively, and KSM can save more than 95% of the mapping time. Moreover, the mapping accuracy and efficiency of SMNMF are about 15% and 38% higher than those of the widely used NMF initialization method. In addition, the proposed SCGA could achieve promising mapping results at both high and low signal-to-noise ratios compared with other matching methods. The mapping method proposed in this study provides a new solution for the rapid and autonomous identification of minerals and other fine objects.


Ferrite is an important functional materials. In this paper, quality, character of preparation and application of ferrites nanocrystallite have been introduced. Mechanism of ferrites nanocrystallite synthesized by mechanochemical technique has been discussed. Development trend in this field is pointed out.


Four samples of kaolinite were investigated to determine the exothermic reaction enthalpy by differential thermal calorimetry. The measured 9kcal/mol for the 980°C exothermic reaction enthalpy corresponds to the calculated heat of crystallization of silica at this temperature. Literature evidence available discounts the crystallization of the other two participating phases,mullite and silicon spinel. An NaOH extraction technique was used to remove the amorphous silica from a 850°C-fired kaolinite and this extraction removed the 980°C exotherm. It was concluded, therefore, that the majority of the heat release at 980°C on firing kaolinite accompanies the reaction


This study was undertaken to investigate the occurrence of viral infection in fetal death by examining tissues for the presence of DNA of several viral agents. Tissue specimens including heart, kidney, liver, lung, and placenta of 73 cases of fetal death were examined with 27 cases of elective termination of pregnancy as a control group. DNA extracted from these samples was tested for the presence of HSV, CMV, EBV, VZV, HHV‐6, HHV‐7, and PVB19. Viral DNA was found in one or more tissue samples from 25/73 cases (34%): CMV in 20, HSV in 5, parvovirus B19 in 5, HHV‐7 in 3, and HHV‐6 in 2. The presence of HHV‐6 in fetal tissue has been reported rarely. No study so far has reported the detection of HHV‐7 in fetal tissues with normal or adverse outcomes. Viral DNA was not found in any of the termination of pregnancy samples. Among the positive cases, eight had dual infection. One further case was positive for three viruses: HSV, CMV, and HHV‐7. HHV‐6 was the sole infectious agent in two cases, HHV‐7 in one case, PVB19 in three, and CMV in ten cases. The finding of multiple viral DNA in 12% of the cases suggests the involvement of complex risk factors in cases of fetal loss. Although the cause of fetal death often includes other factors (e.g., chromosomal abnormalities) these data suggest the incidence of viral infective etiology may be higher than considered previously. However, larger studies are required to establish this link. J. Med. Virol. 83:679–684, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.


ABSTRACT This mixed-methods study examines how 15 preservice teachers' self-regulated learning (SRL) skills relate to their ICC development in a teacher education course. ICC was assessed using a standardised exam and an open-ended cultural dilemma. Participants' SRL was assessed along 7 dimensions: planning, goal orientation, task strategies, self-efficacy, self-monitoring, self-evaluation, and adaptiveness. Quantitative analyses demonstrate that participants' SRL abilities were significantly associated with higher ICC outcomes on the exam (r = .69, p < .01) and dilemma assignment (r = .87, p < .01). Higher performance on the exam was associated with the planning, self-monitoring, and self-evaluation processes, whereas higher performance on the cultural dilemma was associated with planning, goal orientation, strategy use, self-monitoring, self-evaluation, and adaptiveness. To compare ICC development across participants at varying levels of SRL abilities, we conducted a content analysis of participants' dilemma responses. Only participants with the highest self-regulation skills demonstrated proficiency in all four cognitive intercultural competencies. Participants who were less adept at self-regulation were more likely to make ethnocentric statements in their responses, suggesting minimal evidence of ICC development. Overall, the findings supported our hypothesis that more skilled self-regulators would be further developed along the cognitive dimension of ICC.


Space is a risky environment. Satellite ventures are consequently risky businesses. Commercial applications of space are becoming the primary focus of most space enterprises and their demand for better, faster and cheaper project management, imposes a radical change in the awareness of the overall organisation with respect to risks. When applying project financing schemes, a risk-conscious attitude by the performing organisations is seen by financiers as a pre-requisite for a successful venture. Risk and opportunity management methodology is consequently gaining the attention of the space industries. Risks in Project Financing The term Project Financing refers to a wide range of financing structures where the provision of funds is not primarily dependent upon the credit support of the sponsors or the value of the project's physical assets but on the project's capacity to serve the debt and provide an equity return to the sponsors through its cash flows. Project finance involves the setting up of an "ad hoc" project company (called a Special Purpose Vehicle SPV) to carry out the venture. The SPV is capitalised through equity and debt funding which is used to cover project capital expenditures and pre-operational costs; once the project is completed, the SPV can start its commercial activities thus generating the necessary cash flows to repay the financing. Risk management is key to any operation of satellite project financing as it ensures the completion of the system on time, to budgeted cost and the delivery of service in line with expected standards. As cash flow generation depends on all these variables, financiers are closely concerned with the feasibility of the project as a whole and with the way to manage the impact of potentially adverse factors. A successful financing structure for satellite projects entails a balanced allocation of project risks among the various interested parties. These risks must be fully understood by all involved parties and must be properly mitigated. In satellite project financing the nature and level of risks vary during the life cycle of the project and fall into three broad areas: regulatory, completion and market. Regulatory and completion risks may arise during investment phase, while market risk is associated with the operational phase.


We have developed a three‐dimensional magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) model of the solar corona and of the solar wind. We specify a magnetic flux distribution on the solar surface and integrate the time dependent MHD equations to steady state. The model originally employed a polytropic energy equation. In order to improve the physics in our algorithm, we have incorporated thermal conduction along the magnetic field, radiation losses, and heating into the energy equation. The 2D version of the model is able to reproduce the contrast in density between the open and closed magnetic structures in the corona and the fast and slow streams of the solar wind. We now present preliminary results of 3D MHD simulations with improved thermodynamics. The results can be tested against observations by spacecraft and Earth based observatories, in situ solar wind and magnetic field measurements, heliospheric current sheet crossings.


We consider the two-dimensional Dirichlet boundary value problem for the Helmholtz equation in a non-locally perturbed half-plane. We look for a solution in the form of a double-layer potential using, as fundamental solution, the Green's function for the impedance half-plane. This leads to a boundary integral equation which can be solved for any bounded and continuous boundary data provided the boundary itself does not differ too much from the flat boundary {(x1,h) ∈ R : x1 ∈ R} (h > 0). We show this by calculating the symbol of the integral operator in the integral equation in the flat boundary case, and then using standard operator perturbation results. Continuous dependence of the solution on the shape of the boundary is shown.


OBJECTIVE
To determine the nephrotoxic effects of arsenic kushta (Kushta Sam-ul-Far) in Wistar rats.

STUDY DESIGN
Experimental study.

PLACE AND DURATION OF STUDY
Department of Morbid Anatomy and Histopathology, University of Health Sciences, Lahore from May to August 2014.

METHODOLOGY
This experimental study was conducted on 48 healthy Wistar rats, each weighing 200 - 250 grams. The rats were randomly divided into 4 experimental groups each containing 12 rats. Group I was taken as control given flour pellets. Group II was given single dose (180 mg/kg) of arsenic kushta for 2 weeks. Group III received 150 mg/kg of arsenic kushta for 12 weeks; whereas, group IV was also given 150 mg/kg of arsenic kushta for 12 weeks along with 75 mg of BSA (bovine serum albumin). Histopathological changes in glomeruli, tubules and interstitium were noted in the kidney.

RESULTS
Mesangial proliferation, thickening of basement membrane, necrosis, and interstitial edema were mainly observed in all the above groups except group I which served as control. These changes were seen in greater severity in high dose groups and the group given BSA injection along with kushta (group III, IV).

CONCLUSION
Herbo-mineral preparations of arsenic kushta are nephrotoxic in rats and may have similar toxic effects in human beings.


We studied the effects on blood pressure and heart rate of two different phenylethanolamine JV-methyltransferase (PNMT) inhibitors in normotensive, in two-kidney renal hypertensive, and in deoxycorticosterone-salt (DOC-salt) hypertensive rats. One compound (SK&F 64139) blocks the conversion of norepinephrine to epinephrine in both the central and the peripheral nervous system, whereas the other (SK&F 26861) does not cross the blood-brain barrier and therefore is active mostly in the adrenal glands. In the rats given SK&F 29661, practically no acute blood pressure changes were observed. Central PNMT inhibition with SK&F 64139 induced only a minor blood pressure and heart rate response in normotensive and two-kidney renal hypertensive rats. However, in DOC-salt hypertensive rats, it reduced arterial pressure to approximately normal levels and concomitantly glowed pulse rate. There was a close correlation between the magnitude of the blood pressure response observed in all SK&F 64139-treated animals and the control plasma norepinephrine (r = −0.795, P < 0.001) and epinephrine (r = −0.789, P < 0.001) levels. These results suggest an important role for central epinephrine in regulating the peripheral sympathoadrenomedullary and the baroreceptor reflex activity, particularly when the maintenance of the high blood pressure is not renin-dependent.


Sarah Butterfield an Intern at Langford Veterinary Hospital in Bristol, invites Companion readers to consider a Jack Russell Terrier presenting with haemoptysis.


The importance of identifying the areas vulnerable for both floods and flash-floods is an important component of risk management. The assessment of vulnerable areas is a major challenge in the scientific world. The aim of this study is to provide a methodology-oriented study of how to identify the areas vulnerable to floods and flash-floods in the Buzău river catchment by computing two indices: the Flash-Flood Potential Index (FFPI) for the mountainous and the Sub-Carpathian areas, and the Flood Potential Index (FPI) for the low-altitude areas, using the frequency ratio (FR), a bivariate statistical model, the Multilayer Perceptron Neural Networks (MLP), and the ensemble model MLP–FR. A database containing historical flood locations (168 flood locations) and the areas with torrentiality (172 locations with torrentiality) was created and used to train and test the models. The resulting models were computed using GIS techniques, thus resulting the flood and flash-flood vulnerability maps. The results show that the MLP–FR hybrid model had the most performance. The use of the two indices represents a preliminary step in creating flood vulnerability maps, which could represent an important tool for local authorities and a support for flood risk management policies.


In drug delivery systems, the ability to control the size, morphology and drug release of a drug particle is fundamental. Superior characteristics of the drug is vital to ensure the amount of bioactive delivered in accordance with that required by the body. This study aims to obtain micro-therapeutic agent-polymer composite technology with particles from Gas-Saturated Solutions (PGSS). Have studied the influence of pressure and temperature vessels operating in the saturation of the addition of PLA in the formation of the composite structure of polymertherapeutic agent. Ketoprofen and PEG 6000-PLA are saturated advance with the help of supercritical fluid-CO2 and then expanded through a nozzle. Microparticles are formed and then analyzed the morphology using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and analyzed the size and size distribution using a particle counter. In addition to drug-loading test was conducted to determine the recovery of ketoprofen micronisation results, and drug release to determine the effects of the formation of composite microparticles on delivery performance. In this study the conclusion that the pressure vessel saturation effect on the variation of composite structures is out of the nozzle. Average


Under the circumstances of climate change occurring in Europe, it is critical to study its impact on winter road service in the future. In addition to the gradual rise of average temperature, climatic variability and extreme state of nature should be considered: heavy snowfalls have unexpectedly occurred and damaged the traffic system these years. This paper firstly introduces the regional climate data and statistical model scheme that are used to simulate the future climate. Secondly, the obtained climatic results for the past, as well as the future, are presented and examined with variation during the winter season and their impact on the winter road maintenance for the highways in Germany. Two critical items of winter service that are simulated with some climatic parameters are presented in the end.


In this paper, we present a strict bounded real lemma for linear time-varying systems in the infinite-horizon case. Using some operator methods, we show that the strict bounded realness for the related I/O operators is equivalent to the solvability of a semidefinite or definite Riccati equation. We also apply this result to the problem of disturbance attenuation and H∞-optimization. All our results include current ones in the literature for linear time-invariant systems.


Determination of reproductive season is based on the presence of pregnant females and male testis position and size in several micro-mammals in wild life. However, the endocrine function of the testicles is unknown. Our goal was to evaluate, on a monthly basis during the two reproductive seasons of the year, the relationship between circulating testosterone level and testis recrudescence on adult males of free living Black-eared deermouse Peromyscus melanotis from a mid-latitude temperate forest. Our evidence shows a pattern of raise and fall, though decoupled by a month, between both processes, which sheds light on their physiological relationship in this species, as well as about its plasticity to respond to environmental conditions. They also warn us against customarily inferences about reproductive activity based only in position and size of testes. Finally, our evidence contributes to the scarce knowledge of the endocrine function in some particular events of the reproductive biology of Peromyscus melanotis, and on the reproductive biology of Peromyscus in temperate mid-latitudes.


For example, a method for manipulating hematopoietic cells in the circulating blood, hematopoietic cells such as bone marrow cells, and the phagocytosis of cells, including solid tumor cells. In some embodiments of the present invention, cells circulating in the blood, in particular, protection from phagocytosis in the desired implantation environment, a hematopoietic stem cell or hematopoietic progenitor cells. In other embodiments, cells in the circulating blood, the increase in phagocytosis is desired leukemia cells, in particular, is acute myeloid leukemia (AML).


In this study, a new empirical attenuation relationships model is developed for horizontal peak ground acceleration (PGA) and 5% damped response spectral acceleration (PSA) from northwestern of Turkey earthquakes. The equations give ground motion in terms of moment magnitude, distance and site conditions for strike-slip faulting mechanism. In the analyses, 415 horizontal peak ground acceleration records taken from 107 earthquakes (M 4.0 to 7.4) that occurred since 1983 in the region (40-42oN and 26-32oE) are evaluated. Distance is defined as the minimum distance to the rupture plane, rrup. Local site conditions are defined by average velocity of shear-wave (VS30) in the upper 30 m of the recording stations.


Quality and meaningful Visual Art education provides opportunities for learning and holistic development to all children at school. Research projects in this regard highlight the problems that teachers experience in this field. The contribution of higher education in the training of educators to provide for teachers in Visual Art education is important. Curricula of four local and one overseas university for the BEd training in the Arts are compared and discussed. The importance of literacy and numeracy at schoollevel is not disregarded, but the fact that visual literacy is an important part of being literate is emphasised. The current shortage of well-trained Visual Art educators is a challenge. Overcoming this challenge will provide all members of future generations in schools with the learning opportunities that are available through quality Visual Art education. The impact of several reviews of the South African Educational system and the effect thereof on Visual Art education are discussed.


In the early fifth century, as monasticism underwent the transition from charismatic movement to institution, the definition of monastic authority became a central concern. The criteria for authority reflected conceptions of the ideals and methods of the monastic life, and the exercise of monastic authority defined monasticism's relationship to the institutional structures of the church. This study examines the works of Nilus of Ancyra on this issue, comparing him with the legacy of Basil of Caesarea and with four of Nilus's contemporaries: John Chrysostom, Palladius of Helenopolis, Alexander the Sleepless, and Hypatius, abbot of the Rufinianes monastery. Nilus was influenced by the thought of Evagrius Ponticus and to this extent had links with Egypt. The Egyptian monastic tradition had developed a threefold criterion for authority: historical continuity (discipleship under one of the great masters or one of his successors), experience (be that primarily ascetical or contemplative), and inspiration or charismatic gifts, such as performing miracles. As an Evagrian, and so as one who defined the monk as above all a contemplative, Nilus emphasized experience as the essential criterion. To arrive at a position of authority, a monk must have undergone interior battle with and triumph over the passions, which requires acute observation of the inner workings of the soul. This victory leads to an interior tranquility, which prepares the soul for contemplation of the higher, spiritual realities. For Nilus, monastic authority had two chief expressions: didactic and prophetic. As a teacher, the monk assumed responsibility for the spiritual guidance of others, exercising


Terms such as exploitation, exploration and diversity are often used in the evolutionary computation literature. This suggests that there is a need for qualitative descriptions to complement qualitative models. However, these descriptions largely fail due to imprecise (often contradictory) terminology and the lack of a formal articulated qualitative model. A formal articulated qualitative model for evolutionary algorithms on a continuous search space is presented, which extends the notion of a fitness landscape to a population fitness landscape. This is used to precisely define relevant terminologies, such that they agree with prevalent opinions. It is also used to construct the ideal probability distribution for analysing evolutionary operators. The principal operators of mutation and selection are examined, after which explanations are offered for the effectiveness of crossover in genetic algorithms and fitness-adaptive mutation in standard evolutionary programming.


Abstract The new field of cryptographic currencies and consensus ledgers, commonly referred to as blockchains, is receiving increasing interest from various different communities. These communities are very diverse and amongst others include: technical enthusiasts, activist groups, researchers from various disciplines, start ups, large enterprises, public authorities, banks, financial regulators, business men, investors, and also criminals. The scientific community adapted relatively slowly to this emerging and fast-moving field of cryptographic currencies and consensus ledgers. This was one reason that, for quite a while, the only resources available have been the Bitcoin source code, blog and forum posts, mailing lists, and other online publications. Also the original Bitcoin paper which initiated the hype was published online without any prior peer review. Following the original publication spirit of the Bitcoin paper, a lot of innovation in this field has repeatedly come from the community itself in t...


In [4], I argued that for an externalist, particularly a social externalist, slow-switching should be rather commonplace. Slow-switching (introduced by Burge [3]) occurs when an agent unknowingly moves between linguistic communities and thereby (unknowingly) adopts the linguistic norms of the new community. So, for example, an agent who is unaware of the individuating conditions of 'chicory' (save that it is a bitter leafy green vegetable) will defer to certain members of his linguistic community for those individuating conditions. The agent may, however, come to defer to new individuals, unaware that those new individuals have altogether different individuating conditions for 'chicory'. Paul Boghossian [1] has argued that the possibility of slow-switching can be used to show the incompatibility of externalism and selfknowledge. For example, it appears possible for an agent S to know his thoughts at time t, forget nothing, yet at some time later than t (having been informed of the possibility or prevalence of slow-switching) be unable to say what the contents of his thoughts were at t. As Boghossian argues,


This article attempts to analyze intellectual contribution by writing activity in mass media: newspaper and magazine. For reason, opinion writing in mass media is the most prominent and significant contribution. The objects of this research are UIN Jakarta researchers, lecturers, students, and alumni opinion writing. Finally, this article would like to affirm that UII{ Jakarta's alumni have a significant role in intellectual discourse, so UIN Jakarta has passed over its traditional role as Islamic educational institution. By the making public opinion in mass media, UIN Jakarta want to affirm its role as center of excellence. DOI:  10.15408/sdi.v16i2.483


Title: Sub-hypnotic dose of propofol as antiemetic prophylaxis attenuates intrathecal morphineinduced postoperative nausea and vomiting, and pruritus in parturient undergoing cesarean section — a randomized control trial. Authors: Sylvanus Kampo (email@example.com) Alfred Afful (email@example.com) Shiraj Mohammed (email@example.com) Michael Ntim (firstname.lastname@example.com) Alexis Buunaaim (firstname.lastname@example.com) Thomas Anabah (email@example.com) Version: 3 Date: 26 Aug 2019 Author's response to reviews: AUTHORS RESPONSE Dear Editor,


The criteria used in the Lagrange multiplier technique for obtaining shading coefficients for an array are compared with those used in the linear programming technique and with more recent nonlinear goal programming techniques.


Vets play an important role in providing evidence to courts on cases of animal cruelty and abuse. In this article, the second in a series on being involved in potential criminal animal welfare cases, James Yeates discusses the important aspects for vets to consider when acting as veterinary witnesses, either by providing factual testimony or expert opinion to courts, for cases of animal cruelty.


Objective: This study aims to compare stimulator-guided peripheral nerve block with and without ultrasonography techniques to investigate the block procedure time, sensory and motor block onset time, pain related to the block procedure-related pain, and anesthesia-related complications. Methods: Patients were randomized into two groups: The nerve stimulator (NS)-guided technique group (n=30) and the NS with ultrasound (NU)-guided technique group (n=30). One-quarter of the solution prepared with prilocaine 2% and lidocaine 2% with the height/5 formula was injected around each nerve after receiving a motor response between 0.3-0.5 mA. The block procedure time, sensory and motor block onset time, the number of skin punctures, procedure-related preoperative complications, procedure-related postoperative complications, and visual analog scale (VAS) (0-10) scores were recorded. The heart rate, systolic arterial pressure, diastolic arterial pressure, mean arterial pressure, and peripheral oxygen saturation values were noted at 0, 5, 10, 15, 30, 45, 60, 120, and 180 minutes. Results: The block procedure time was similar between them (p>0.05). The number of skin punctures (p=0.001) and VAS (p<0.045) were significantly higher in the NS group. The sensory and motor block onset times were significantly similar (p>0.05) except for the motor block of musculocutaneous nerve onset time (p<0.05). Although the success rate was higher in the NU group, there was no statistically significant difference between the groups (p>0.05). The number of complications was significantly higher in the NS group (p<0.05). Conclusion: Using ultrasonography with the NS in the axillary approach to brachial block improves the success rate with a lower incidence rate of complications.


The Omicron sub-lineages BA.4 and BA.5 were first detected in England in April 2022. A case surge followed despite England having recently experienced waves with BA.1 and BA.2. This study used a whole population test-negative case-control study design to estimate the effectiveness of the vaccines currently in use as part of the UK COVID-19 vaccination programme against hospitalisation following infection with BA.4 and BA.5 as compared to BA.2 during a period of co-circulation. Incremental VE was estimated in those vaccinated with either a third or fourth dose as compared to individuals with waned immunity who had received their second dose at least 25 weeks prior. Vaccination status was included as an independent variable and effectiveness was defined as 1-odds of vaccination in cases/odds of vaccination in controls. During the study period, there were 32,845 eligible tests from hospitalised individuals. Of these, 25,862 were negative (controls), 3,432 were BA.2, 273 were BA.4, 947 were BA.5 and 2,331 were either BA.4 or BA.5 cases. There was no evidence of reduced VE against hospitalisation for BA.4 or BA.5 as compared to BA.2. The incremental VE was 56.8% (95% C.I.; 24.0-75.4%), 59.9% (95% C.I.; 45.6-70.5%) and 52.4% (95% C.I.; 43.2-60.1%) for BA.4, BA.5 and BA.2, respectively, at 2 to 14 weeks after a third or fourth dose. VE against hospitalisation with BA.4/5 or BA.2 was slightly higher for the mRNA-1273 booster than the BNT162b2 booster at all time-points investigated, but confidence intervals overlapped. These data provide reassuring evidence of the protection conferred by the current vaccines against severe disease with BA.4 and BA.5.


Background : Neisseria gonorrhoeae as etiology of gonorrhoeae infection is considered to be most concerned because of emerging antibiotic resistant strains that compromise the effectiveness of treatment. The emergence of antibiotic resistance has remained a challenge for a few decades. The third generation cephalosporins such as cefixime and ceftriaxone are now the first-line therapy in many region, however, the reduction of the susceptibility to cephalosporins is likely to emerge and spread. Purpose : To evaluate susceptibility of cefixime to Neisseria gonorrhoeae with diffusion test in uncomplicated cervicitis gonorrheae of female sex worker who following Periodic Presumptive Treatment's program. Methods : The study design was descriptive observational cross sectional for 3.5 months from November 2012-February 2013 in Putat Jaya Public Health Center Surabaya. Results : There were 21 isolates of N. gonorrhoeae from 86 cervical secretions which were performed cefixime diffusion susceptibility test. Based on in vitro cefixime diffusion susceptibility test against N. gonorrhoeae isolates obtained 7 isolates (33.3%) were resistant to cefixime and 14 isolates (66.7%) sensitive to cefixime. From sensitive isolates, 5 of 14 isolates (35.7%) had inhibition zone with a diameter of 31 mm which is the minimum limit of cefixime ability to inhibit the growth rate of N. gonorrhoeae . Conclusions: There were found N. gonorrhoeae isolates that resistant to cefixime and some isolates with near of concentration maximal inhibition of cefixime with diffusion test. Thus it's necessary to perform sentivity test of cefixime to N. gonorrhoeae using dilution test to obtain the resistance of N. gonorrhoeae to cefixime.


This research paper is studying whether the concept of multi-brand loyalty has taken birth in the developing countries like India with a wide spectrum of brands now available across product categories to the consumers. A range of published works since 1979 is reviewed and a descriptive research study is carried out among the consumers by taking the products that both genders use in a 'normal day' life. A sample size of 178 customers is involved in the research. The scope of this research is to know the developing countries' consumer psyche with respect to brand loyalty and the behavioural pattern exhibited with across product categories. The key findings are: Loyalty does not differ with respect to market shares of a brand. Multi-brand loyalty has not played any significant role in the developing market. It is hard to influence loyalty by promotions or offers. Also this paper addresses the issues like the impact of demographical variables on loyalty under the circumstances of multi branding. Also the various FMCG product categories are researched for the loyalty aspect (morning till evening used product categories) by making use of preference behaviour model. The breadth of the coverage on the product categories is the strength of the article.


There are many and diverse basic research teams facing disruptive technology, and their levels are different. How to collect and sort out successful experiences in different fields and build an original breakthrough model which suits the local context is very important. This research takes the flexible electronics team led by Academician Huang Wei as the research object, and uses a procedurally rooted method to refine the team's original breakthrough model, which divides the whole innovation behavior into three parts: driving layer, behavior layer and supporting layer. It is found that disruptive technological innovation behavior is driven by external environment and subjective will, supported by good resource distribution, excellent strategic leaders and positive team culture, relying on projects, and bringing output through knowledge divergence and aggregation. Feedback mechanism plays an important role in the whole behavior process. The model provides a theoretical basis for basic research teams in the same field.


An investigation was made of the photoelectric and photorefractive properties of barium strontium niobate crystals having the composition (SrxBa1–x)1–y(Nb2O6)y where x =0.61 and y =0.4993, doped with 0.05 and 0.10 wt.% CeO2. The crystals have the following characteristics: a sensitivity of 2×10–3 cm2/J at λ = 0.44 μ with spatial frequencies of 700–2000 lines/mm, a data storage time exceeding 9 months, a maximum diffraction efficiency exceeding 50%, and an unlimited number of read-write cycles. It was established that the holograms were recorded by a diffusion mechanism.


Developments in digital technologies have empowered ordinary people to participate in media prosumption processes so as to pursue a wide range of interests and agendas. Media prosumers produce and disseminate media content that is pertinent to their individual interests and agendas. At the same time they make connections and form collectivities, often through online platforms, with other people who share their interests, regardless of geographical constraints. This chapter explores translation activities related to entertainment news about the BBC's Doctor Who series within TARDIS Crew, the largest Korean online fan forum for this drama series. By drawing on the concept of 'affective labor', the present chapter discusses the role of fan-translated news within the context of playful interaction of translators with fellow fans. The chapter argues that a translator's intervention in the translation process helps boost the affective capacities of translated texts. The findings suggest that the affective commitment between translators and recipients permeates not only the production and dissemination of translation-mediated information but also the evolution of fandom within a community of affinity.


Traditional microcredit has had limited success at enabling farmers to expand the cultivation of risky but profitable cash crops. A new approach that uses local intermediaries and aligns their incentives with farmer profits could generate better outcomes for agricultural production and incomes


A critical analysis is made of data on the new vector /ital C/(1480) meson andof various hypotheses regarding the nature of this state. It is shown that attempts to explain the anomalously large value of the ratio/ital R//sub /ital C//=BR(/ital C/(1480)/r arrow//var phi/..pi../sup 0/)/BR/ital C/(1480)/r arrow/..omega pi../sup 0//gt/0.5,which has been established experimentally, in the framework of the modelof an ordinary isovector meson with a quarkstructure(/ital uu/bar ///minus//ital dd/bar//)/(2)/sup 1/2/ turn out to beuntenable. The /ital C/(1480) meson apparently is a cryptoexotic state---a multiquarkor hybrid meson (/vert bar//ital C/>=/vert bar/1/(2)/sup 1/2/)(/ital uu/bar///minus//ital dd/bar//)/ital ss/bar//> or/vert bar//ital C/>=/vert bar/(1/(2)/sup 1/2/)(/ital uu/bar///minus//ital dd/bar//)/ital g/>.


Magnetars, the likely sources of Fast Radio Bursts (FRBs), produce both steady highly relativistic magnetized winds, and occasional ejection events. We demonstrate that the requirement of conservation of the magnetic flux dominates the overall dynamics of magnetic explosions. This is missed in conventional hydrodynamic models of the ejections as expanding shell with parametrically added magnetic field, as well as one-dimensional models of magnetic disturbances. Most of the initial free energy of an explosion is actually spent on stretching its own internal magnetic field, while doing minimal pdV work against the surrounding. Magnetic explosions from magnetars come into force balance with the pre-flare wind close to the light cylinder. They are then advected quietly with the wind, or propagate as electromagnetic disturbances. No powerful shock waves are generated in the wind.


The fractal nature of urban green spaces is the product of the self-organizing evolution of the complex urban system into a higher stage, and orderly patterns and complex structures of urban green spaces will tend to manifest after they develop to a certain stage. On the basis of GF1 satellite data in 2019 and three fractal models, the complexity of the forms and structures of a green space system in downtown Dalian, China, was studied. The results showed that the boundary dimension measured by the perimeter-scale model was 0.64–1.40, and the boundary dimension measured by the area-perimeter model was 1.79–1.99; these results indicate that the degree of human disturbance in green space boundaries was high, and the stability of the green space spatial structures was poor. The grid dimension measured by the area-scale model was 0.49–1.42, and the average radius dimension measured by the area-radius model was 0.35–0.76; these results indicate that the balance of the spatial distribution of green spaces was low, and the green spaces were excessively concentrated in the city center. Through comparisons of the scaling range among various types of green spaces, the characteristic range (gradient structure) of the spatial distribution of urban green spaces was found, which can reflect the maturity of green space growth and the quality of the green space layout. The gradient structure of green spaces in Dalian was characterized by three gradients, namely, 0–4000 m, 4000–8000 m, and 8000–16,000 m. The development of green spaces in the first gradient zone was the best, and the second and third gradient zones showed relatively large potential for improvement. These research results are of practical significance for guiding the planning and construction of green spaces in urban areas.


Number of Papers published in peer-reviewed journals: Number of Papers published in non peer-reviewed journals: Final Report: Unsteady Aerodynamics Synchronized Flow Control of Dynamic Stall under Coupled Pitch and Freestream Report Title This work presents results of an experimental investigation into synchronized active flow control of a Sikorsky SSC-A09 airfoil undergoing periodic pitching motion in an unsteady free stream using leading edge blowing. The airfoil was evaluated at reduced pitching frequencies up to k=0.05 at steady Mach numbers of 0.2 and 0.4, and at k=0.025 with phase-locked pitch and Mach oscillations at Mach 0.4?0.07 at Reynolds numbers from 1.5 to 3 million. A spanwise row of vortex generator jets (VGJs) located at 10% chord is fed by an oscillating valve that is phase-locked to the pitch oscillation of the airfoil. The phase and duration of the peak jet mass flux were varied to optimize the flow control benefits to both CL and CM hysteresis loops and reduce negative damping. Peak performance was observed with actuation initiated just after lift stall and continuing for 11% of the pitch cycle. Blowing beyond 11% resulted in no perceptible benefit. Compared to steady blowing flow control, the 11% synchronized control case delivers comparable (or better) performance with less than 50% of the massflow. The degree of stall control is a function of reduced frequency, mass flux ratio, and Mach number. (a) Papers published in peer-reviewed journals (N/A for none) Enter List of papers submitted or published that acknowledge ARO support from the start of the project to the date of this printing. List the papers, including journal references, in the following categories: (b) Papers published in non-peer-reviewed journals (N/A for none) An abstract has been submitted to the 2017 AHS conference in Fort Worth Texas in May, 2017. It has not yet been accepted, so it has not been uploaded. (c) Presentations Received Paper


The study examined a mediation analysis of peer attachment, peer victimization, anxiety and depression at two different points. The proposed mediator was peer attachment which was hypothesized to be a protective, or resiliency factor in this study. First, it was hypothesized that the relationship between anxiety and depression at Time 1 with peer victimization at Time 2 would be mediated by peer attachment at Time 1. The second pathway studied, hypothesized the inverse; peer attachment at Time 1 would mediate the relationship between peer victimization at Time 1 with anxiety and depression at Time 2. The Baron and Kenny (1986) mediation model was used to examine both pathways with Pearson correlations. Results from the first pathway demonstrated that peer attachment mediates the relationship between previous anxiety and depression with future peer victimization. Results from the second pathway showed that peer attachment partially mediated the reverse pathway between previous peer victimization and depression. However, peer attachment completely mediated the relationship between peer victimization at Time 1 and anxiety at time 2. It can be concluded that peer attachment is a protective factor in relation to anxiety and depression symptoms and peer victimization. However, it may not be the only mediator and future studies can focus on other mechanisms and protective factors to prevent psychopathology as a result of peer victimization, and to prevent peer victimization as a result of psychopathology.


This study integrates machine learning and particle-resolved aerosol simulations to develop emulators that predict sub-micron aerosol mixing state indices from the Earth System Model (ESM) simulations. The emulators predict aerosol mixing state using only ESM bulk aerosol species concentrations, which do not by themselves carry mixing state information. Here we used PartMC as the particle-resolved model and NCAR's CESM as the ESM. We trained emulators for three different mixing state indices for sub-micron aerosol in terms of chemical species abundance (χa), the mixing of optically absorbing and non-absorbing species (χo), and the mixing of hygroscopic and non-hygroscopic species (χh). Our global mixing state maps show that there is considerable spatial and seasonal variability in mixing state indices, ranging between 23% and 96% for χa, between 49% and 95% for χo, and between 19% and 90% for χh, with averages of 76%, 75%, and 63%, respectively. High values in one index can be consistent with low values in another index depending on the grouping of species and their relative abundance, meaning that each mixing state index captures different aspects of the population mixing state. Although a direct validation with observational data has not been possible yet, our results are consistent with mixing state index values derived from ambient observations. This work is a prototypical example of using machine learning emulators to add information to ESM simulations. A PREPRINT MAY 5, 2020


Classical multi-threaded programming requires explicit synchronization of shared resources, being a highly challenging task for many software developers: On the one hand, identifying shared resources is non-trivial, easily leading to race conditions in case of under-synchronization. On the other hand, synchronization naturally bears the risk of deadlocks and starvation.
Transactional memory is an alternative concept, significantly simplifying concurrent programming. It employs a descriptive programming model using the notion of transactions, inspired by database systems. A transaction constitutes an atomic sequential execution that is automatically isolated to other concurrent transactions. The runtime system guarantees the correct transactional execution, typically by using an optimistic concurrency control scheme.
We have developed a practical transactional memory programming model and runtime system for the .NET framework. Our experimental evaluation shows that the solution is superior to existing .NET transaction frameworks in terms of performance, correctness, and ease of use. Moreover, it employs Intel TSX hardware transactional memory to increase performance. Last but not least, a refactoring tool for Visual Studio C# assists programmers on migrating existing code to the transactional model.


Heterogeneous catalytic cracking is currently one of the most effective ways for both reducing tar content and enhancing hydrogen (H2) content in syngas at relatively low temperature, besides being environmental friendly. Sonochemical treatment has also been shown to lower reaction times with enhanced reaction rate and enables production of particles with high surface area. Two different types of metal oxides, which are Nickel Oxide (NiO) and Zirconium Oxide (ZrO2) at combinations of 1:1, 1:2 and 2:1 ratios with Zeolite NaY as the supporter were synthesized via sonochemical treatment. The catalysts were then characterized using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Temperature Programmed Reduction in H2/Argon (TPR-H2), Brunauer-EmmettTeller surface measurement (BET), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). From SEM and TEM analysis, nickel tends to agglomerate and form globular shapes, zirconium forms coral-like branching structure and Zeolite NaY forms stacks of cubic clumps. The most promising NiO to ZrO2 ratio for syngas production is 1:1 because it removes the most reactive oxygen during hydrogen reduction at 0.83 x10 atoms/g, has small crystallite size at 56.90 nm and has the highest surface area for maximum contact with the reactants at 506.52 m/g. Generally, sonochemical treatment also reduces the catalysts crystallite size (54.83 nm) and increases the catalysts surface area (506.52 m/g) and oxygen removal (0.83 x10 atoms/g) as well as lowers the reduction temperature (637 K) which is favourable in term of production cost.


Improvements in observational methods have now made it possible to directly observe planet-forming environments around young stars and to better characterize the most primitive relics of planetary growth in our own solar system. This thesis describes one such method, aperture synthesis imaging using the Owens Valley Radio Observatory (OVRO) Millimeter Array, and its application to the chemical composition of circumstellar accretion disks and comets.

The observations presented in this thesis concentrate on [lambda]~3 mm transitions of HCN/HCO+ and {13}CO/CN in LkCa 15, GM Aur, MWC 480, and HD 163296. These disks were chosen based on their large spatial extent, Keplerian kinematic patterns, and strong CO emission.

Even at a resolution of 2" (or a linear scale of ~300 AU at the distance of Taurus and Ophiuchus), the OVRO observations show that the chemistry in circumstellar disks is sensitive to both the central stellar luminosity and the degree of dust settling toward the disk midplane. Abundance ratios such as CN/HCN and HCO+/CO serve as unique probes of pivotal processes such as photoevaporation or cosmic ray induced ionization. The observed lower limit to the fractional ionization of 10{-10} is sufficient to support magnetorotational instabilities that are likely to dominate the transport mechanisms in the outer reaches of protoplanetary disks. CN/HCN gradients in the T Tauri and Herbig Ae star disks appear to be correlated with the local UV radiation field and with the degree of dust settling as judged by recent fits to their spectral energy distributions, illustrating the important role of photochemistry at large disk radii.

The disk emission toward LkCa 15 is particularly intense, with many molecules being detected, including HCN/HCO+ and their {13}C-isotopomers, DCN, CN, HC_3N, CH_3OH, CS, {13}CO, and C{18}O. The overall abundance patterns are consistent with recent models of photon-dominated chemistry in the near surface regions of flaring circumstellar disks that also provide a natural explanation for the mid- and far-infrared properties of the disk spectral energy distribution.

Direct ties between accretion disks and the formation of planetary systems can be tested by examining primitive solar system bodies such as comets. Comet Hale-Bopp was observed at OVRO from 1997 March 29 to April 2 in a variety of spectroscopic settings between 3.4 and 1.2 mm. The resulting aperture synthesis millimeter-wave continuum and molecular line images reveal in great detail the inner coma. The millimeter-wave continuum brightness of Hale-Bopp is dominated by emission from dust grains in the coma. By subtracting a spherically symmetric coma model from the continuum visibilities, the millimeter-wave flux from the nucleus has been isolated, and leads to an estimated radius of 19-22.5 km.

The large size of comet Hale-Bopp accounts for its extraordinary outgassing rates, which permitted the aperture synthesis observations of over 18 millimeter transitions of HCN, DCN, HDO, HC_3N, HNC, HNCO, CS, H_2S}, SO, OCS, CO, CH_3OH and CH_3OCH_3. The OVRO Millimeter Array was able to image, for the first time, molecular analogs of the dust jets commonly observed at optical and infrared wavelengths. This is particularly significant for investigating the true composition of comets, since jets are known to lift off large, icy grains from which direct sublimation can occur as they are exposed to the Sun. The production rates derived from the aperture synthesis images are similar to those found by other researchers, and reveal a marked similarity between the composition of Hale-Bopp and that derived for dense molecular clouds, in particular the hot cores observed near massive young stars. In addition, quite substantial D/H fractionations, comparable to the OVRO DCN/HCN measurement in LkCa 15, are found in the jets. While this clearly suggests an evolutionary history in which cometary materials remain at very low temperatures throughout their assemblage and for the bulk of their lives, the complex, kinetically controlled chemistry revealed in the OVRO images of the cold, outer regions of disks around young stars means that it is difficult to characterize cometary volatiles as being primarily "interstellar" or "nebular" in origin.


The crustal nature of the central and nortern parts of South China Sea is discussed in this paper as a result of the sonobuoy measurement, The conclusions are as follows:1. The crustal nature of the northern continental shelf and upper slope of South China Sea is the continental crust. The difference from the South China Continent is that the thickness of the northern continental shelf and upper slope is not more than 25 km.2. The crust of the deep sea plain of South China Sea is the oceanic crust, and its thickness is about 4.4-8.75 km, and the average thickness of it is about 6.3 km. The thickness of the northern and southern parts is more than the central part of the deep sea plain.3. The crustal nature is different between the western part and eastern part of the lower slope in the northern part of South China Sea: It is the Oceanic crust in the western part and the boundaries between the slope-deep sea plain boundary morphologically and the continental crust-oceanic crust boundary are different in the western part; It is the continental crust and the boundries between the slope-deep sea plain boundary morphologically and the continental crustoceanic crust boundary in the eastern part is same.4. The basement in the northern and southern parts of the deep sea plain are basalt of middle-late Oligocene., and the basement in the central part of the deep sea plain is the basalt of the early Miocene.


INTRODUCTION
The larvicidal activity of Solanum lycocarpum against Culex quinquefasciatus is unknown.

METHODS
We evaluated the larvicidal activity of extracts of the green fruits of Solanum lycocarpum against third and fourth instar larvae of C. quinquefasciatus.

RESULTS
Dichloromethane and ethyl acetate fractions showed the greatest larvicidal effect at 200mg/L (83.3% and 86.7%, respectively). The methanol and dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, and hydromethanolic fractions demonstrated larvicidal effects against C. quinquefasciatus, with LC50 values of 126.24, 75.13, 83.15, and 207.05 mg/L, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS
Thus, when considering new drugs with larvicidal activity from natural products, S. lycocarpum fruits may be good candidate sources.


Objective To investigate the expression of angiopoietin-2(Ang-2),hypoxia inducible factor-2α(HIF-2α)and vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)and the clinical significance in non-small cell lung carcinoma(NSCLC).Methods Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the expression of Ang-2,HIF-2α and VEGF in pathological tissue of 59 cases of NSCLC and 14 cases of non-malignant tissue from lung benign lesions and micro vessel density(MVD)was determined.The relationship between the expression of Ang-2,HIF-2α and VEGF in NSCLC and that with the age,sex,histopathological type,stage,differentiation,size of tumor and lymph node metastasis were analyzed.Results The expression rates of Ang-2,HIF-2α and VEGF in the NSCLC tissue were 52.5%,71.2%and 76.3%,which were significant higher than that in non-malignant tissue,and the expression of Ang-2,HIF-2α,VEGF was related with each others(P0.05).MVD of Ang-2 and VEGF positive groups was significantly higher than the negative group(P=0.028,P=0.001).In stageⅢ NSCLC,Ang-2 and VEGF expression was higher than in stageⅠandⅡ(P0.05).The lymph node metastasis rate was higher in HIF-2α and VEGF positive group than in negative group(P0.05).Conclusions Overexpressions of Ang-2,HIF-2α and VEGF occurred in most cases of NSCLC which may play a critical role of angiogenic factors in the angiogenesis of NSCLC,and potentially be used in assessment of the biologic behavior and prognosis of NSCLC.


The study aimed to discover unique characteristics of Armenian American Leadership in relation to cultural acculturation and more specifically how Anglo-cultural influences in leadership may or may not enable a better understanding of diversity within the Armenian American community, along with the role of trend development. This study examines similarities and differences of leadership styles by analyzing the data both from elected officials and non-elected leaders of major Armenian organizations in Glendale (who are not elected by registered voters of City of Glendale, but by members of their organization). Furthermore, the study examines the relationship between leadership style and acculturation among Armenian American elected leaders and non-elected leaders. Specifically, the study aims to determine specific and unique leadership behaviors among respondents reflecting perceived leadership styles and their commitment to a cause. Additionally, this study seeks leader identification of individual acculturation level as means of examining associations between acculturation and leadership styles. Correlational analyses were performed to compare the study's findings based on samples drawn from the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ) and Acculturation Rating Scale for Armenian Americans (ARSAA), which was adapted from the Acculturation Rating Scale for Mexican Americans (ARSMA-II). Whereas past similar studies have never used literature and data to justify the revision and adaptation of a scale from Mexican to Armenian, this study does. The study aims to increase understanding of Glendale's Armenian American residents, and community leaders in terms of leadership perception, style, and relationship to the future and growth of the community. Additional exploration of the relationship between acculturation and self-perceived leadership style of Glendale's Armenian American elected leaders will add to the


Reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) was encapsulated in transparent porous sol-gel silicate gels using by different organoalkoxysilane precursors. Characteristic optical absorption and fluorescence of NADH in the gels were examined with depending on NADH concentration and compared. Optical absorption in the aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (APTMS) gel is highest and remains constant during aging the gel. Thus, it is found that NADH in the APTMS gel is most stable and activated. On the other hand, methyltriethoxysilane (MTES) gel presents the lowest optical absorption diminishing with aging the gel. Measurement increase of fluorescence with raising the NADH concentration is observed except for the APTMS gel due to its solubility in the buffer during fluorescence measurement.