On September 25, 2021, Professor Alan Jones, a scholar of Arabic literature and the Qurʾān, died at his home in Oxford, surrounded by his children and the last one of a sequence of beloved cats. Born into a humble working-class background, a family of shopkeepers in Oldham, Alan passed the entrance examination to Manchester Grammar School at the age of eleven towards the end of the Second World War and then went on to win a scholarship to read Classics at St John's College, Cambridge. According to his children, Alan's decision to shift his attention to Arabic during the course of his studies was motivated by the estimation that it seemed "more of a challenge." Having completed his Cambridge BA in Classics and Oriental Languages in 1955, Alan moved to Oxford and in 1957 began teaching Arabic and Islamic Studies at the Faculty of Oriental Studies. Alan served two four-year terms as the director of Oxford's Oriental Institute, and from 1980 until his retirement in 2000 was Pembroke College's first Tutorial Fellow in Arabic (a capacity in which he was succeeded by Christopher Melchert). During a teaching career spanning more than forty years, Alan trained and supervised generations of British and international students, including members of the Jordanian royal house. Quite a few of his students went on to become well-known scholars in their own right; the list of contributors to a Festschrift from 2004 reads like a Who's Who of Arabic studies in the UK in the early 2000s.1 Anecdotes about Alan's pedagogical persona stress not only his occasionally intimidating linguistic rigor and his aversion to academic jargon but also his profound generosity and kindness. Alan's dry humor is noted, too: Elisabeth Kendall transmits the matchless gem that "the first twenty-five years of Arabic are the hardest"—words of encouragement that were received during the first week of an undergraduate degree in Arabic. Up until the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, Alan would regularly take


Spontaneous mutants are mainly obtained from tissue culture or natural occurrence in plants. The traditional strategy to identify spontaneously mutated genes is to continuously backcross these mutants to another variety and develop a near-isogenic F2 population for map-based cloning or bulked segregant analysis (BSA). However, this strategy is time-consuming. Here, we have developed a new method to efficiently accelerate the identification process. The chemical mutagen ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) was first used to treat the wild-type of the spontaneous mutants to induce thousands of neutral mutations. An induced individual without any statistically significant phenotypic changes which was compared with the wild-type was chosen as the neutral mutant. The spontaneous mutant was then crossed with the neutral mutant to develop a pseudo-near-isogenic F2 population in which only the induced neutral mutations and the causal mutation were segregated in the genome. This population ensures that the variation of the mutated trait is controlled only by the spontaneously mutated gene. Finally, after by sequencing the neutral mutant and the mutant type DNA pool of the F2 population, the spontaneous mutation will be identified quickly by bioinformatics analysis. Using this method, two spontaneously mutated genes were identified successfully. Therefore, the neutral mutant-bridging (NMB) method efficiently identifies spontaneously mutated genes in rice, and its value in other plants is discussed.


The preparation and documentation of the city of Glasgow as a case study for the implementation of the UN's Strategic Development Goals, the New Urban Agenda, Transforming Our World the 2030 Agenda on Sustainable Development and the UN Geneva Charter on Sustainable Housing. Part of a compendium of case studies for the UNECE Regional Forum on Sustainable Development, which took place in Geneva, 1 - 2 March 2018. Case Study // Round Table SDG11: Financing the transition to sustainable cities and communities: challenges and opprtunities


Using the angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) with resolution of all three components of electron momentum and electronic states symmetry, we explicate the electronic structure of hole-doped BaFe2As2, and show that widely discussed nesting and dimensionality of Fermi surface (FS) sheets have no immediate relation to the superconducting pairing in iron-based superconductors. Alternatively a clear correlation between the orbital character of the electronic states and their propensity to superconductivity is observed: The magnitude of the superconducting gap maximizes at 10 meV exclusively for iron 3d(xz, yz) orbitals, while for others drops to 3 meV. Presented results imply that the relation between superconducting and magnetostructural transitions goes beyond simple competition for FS, and demonstrate importance of orbital physics in iron superconductors.


Characterizing short‐term HPV detection patterns and viral load may inform HPV natural history in mid‐adult women. From 2011–2012, we recruited women aged 30–50 years. Women submitted monthly self‐collected vaginal samples for high‐risk HPV DNA testing for 6 months. Positive samples were tested for type‐specific HPV DNA load by real‐time PCR. HPV type‐adjusted linear and Poisson regression assessed factors associated with (i) viral load at initial HPV detection and (ii) repeat type‐specific HPV detection. One‐hundred thirty‐nine women (36% of 387 women with ≥4 samples) contributed 243 type‐specific HR HPV infections during the study; 54% of infections were prevalent and 46% were incident. Incident (vs. prevalent) detection and past pregnancy were associated with lower viral load, whereas current smoking was associated with higher viral load. In multivariate analysis, current smoking was associated with a 40% (95% CI: 5–87%) increase in the proportion of samples that were repeatedly positive for the same HPV type, whereas incident (vs. prevalent) detection status and past pregnancy were each associated with a reduction in the proportion of samples repeatedly positive (55%, 95% CI: 38–67% and 26%, 95% CI: 10–39%, respectively). In a separate multivariate model, each log10 increase in viral load was associated with a 10% (95% CI: 4–16%) increase in the proportion of samples repeatedly positive. Factors associated with repeat HPV detection were similar to those observed in longer‐term studies, suggesting that short‐term repeat detection may relate to long‐term persistence. The negative associations between incident HPV detection and both viral load and repeat detection suggest that reactivation or intermittent persistence was more common than new acquisition.


A stabilized waste block, formed by cementation of coal combustion wastes with portland cement and lime, was retrieved after 8-years exposure to a marine environment. The block was analyzed to obtain concentration profiles for major and minor elements. Combination of the major element profiles with semiquantitative X-ray diffraction results allowed identification of diffusion-limited precipitation and dissolution processes. The precipitation and dissolution processes moved as a sharp boundary from the surface toward the center of the block, penetrating about 10-20 mm in the 8 years


We have developed a rapid and simple method for the isolation of relatively young cells from ordinary fresh or previously frozen blood units, using the IBM-2991 Blood Cell Processor. Based on in vitro measurements of red cell pyruvate kinase activity, the resolution of the method is excellent, comparable to that of the stractan discontinuous gradient system. In splenectomized patients with thalassemia major, the administration of the "youngest" 50% of blood units yielded 51Cr survival times of 40 and 42 days for fresh packed red cells and 41 and 43 days for previously frozen red cells.


We consider the task of theorem proving in Lambek calculi and their generalisation to \multimodal residuation calculi". These form an integral part of categorial logic, a logic of signs stemming from categorial grammar, on the basis of which language processing is essentially theorem proving. The demand of this application is not just for e cient processing of some or other speci c calculus, but for methods that will be generally applicable to categorial logics. It is proposed that multimodal cases be treated by dealing with the highest common factor of all the connectives as linear (propositional) validity. The prosodic (sublinear) aspects are encoded in labels, in e ect the term-structure of quanti ed linear logic. The correctness condition on proof nets (\long trip condition") can be implemented by SLD resolution in linear logic with uni cation on labels/terms limited to one way matching. A suitable uni cation strategy is obtained for calculi of discontinuity by normalisation of the ground goal term followed by recursive decent and redex pattern matching on the head term. 1 Clausal Proofs and Discontinuity1 The associative Lambek calculus (Lambek 1958) and non-associative Lambek calculus (Lambek 1961) were originally proposed as \syntactic calculi" for characterisation of the well-formedness of (respectively) sequential (semigroup structure) and binary hierarchical (groupoid structure) expressions, and were provided with single-conclusioned Gentzen-style sequent presentations which lack the usual structural rules of weakening (or: thinning, or: monotonicity), contraction, and permutation (or: exchange), and which directly provide Cut-free backward-chaining decision procedures for theoremhood. More recently it has become possible to locate the Lambek calculi within a space of \substructural logics" (logics lacking structural rules; Do sen and Schroeder-Heister 1993) of which linear logic (Girard 1987) is a prominent instance. At the same time, Lambek calculi have been extended in their linguistic application to categorial logics (Morrill 1994d), versions of categorial grammar characterising prosodic and semantic dimensions, for which the task of parsing is essentially theorem proving. In particular we can identify as a generalisation \residuation calculi" in which the Lambek connectives (corresponding to linear logic multiplicatives) are de ned in a number of potentially interactive modes (Moortgat and Morrill 1991). In Morrill (1993, 1994d) an improvement of the logic of discontinuity of Moortgat (1988) is developed in this way. Given Cut-elimination, decidability is directly demonstrable from sequent formulations, but in applications to natural language processing our further objective is e ciency. There are two main approaches in existence: sequent proof normalisation, and proof nets. The former, which builds proofs backwards from the goal sequent, even if somehow broadly generalisable, necessarily faces non-determinism with information from subformulas only made available serially according to the construction of formulas. The latter provides a phase of unfolding in which all the parts of a formula are made available in parallel, and then a non-deterministic phase of linking which builds proofs from the axioms, but requires a certain correctness condition. Roorda (1991) expresses this condition by reference to labelling by lambda terms corresponding to proofs under the Curry-Howard correspondence. Roorda (1991) and Moortgat (1990, 1992) do so by reference to labelling by groupoid terms of the algebras in which we interpret by residuation. We aim to improve the latter method, which as it stands presents the task of correctness checking in terms of intractable problems such as semigroup uni cation, i.e. it leaves some more speci c structuring of the task, indicating an e cient strategy, to be desired. Moortgat (1990) presents a scheme for gathering groupoid-labelled unfoldings into de nite clauses directly executable in Prolog, and Moortgat (1992) proposes multimodal generalisation with uni cation under theory. In Morrill (1994a) such a compilation is achieved by a more direct structuring of unfolding relating to Horn clause resolution in linear logic, showing how one term in such uni cation can always be kept ground, and multimodality is exempli ed with the logic of discontinuity of Morrill (1993, 1994d). This re nement however shares with the Moortgat proposals transformation into rst order clauses, resulting in an in ation of the resolution database at compile time to deal with higher order type inferences. In Morrill (1994b) the situation is improved by compiling into higher order clauses such that hypotheticals are emitted dynamically only as they become germane. The present paper aims to explain and motivate these proposals. 1To appear in theBulletin of the Interest Group in Propositional and Predicate Logics. I thankMichaelMoortgat and Dick Oehrle for comments on this work. 21 Residuation Calculi 1.1 Lambek Calculi The types (or: formulas) of (product-free) Lambek calculus are freely generated from a set of primitives by binary in x connectives / (\over") and n (\under"). Models can be given in a variety of structures; we deal here with a simple and transparent interpretation in groupoids. With respect to a groupoid algebra hL;+i (i.e. a set L closed under a binary operation +) for the non-associative Lambek calculus NL, and with respect to a semigroup algebra hL;+i (i.e. a set L closed under an associative binary operation +) for the associative Lambek calculus L, each formula A is \prosodically" interpreted as a subset D(A) of L by residuation as follows (Lambek 1988).D(AnB) = fsj8s0 2 D(A); s0+s 2 D(B)g D(B=A) = fsj8s0 2 D(A); s+s0 2 D(B)g (1) A sequent, ` A, comprises a succedent formula A and one or more formula occurrences in the antecedent con guration which is organised as a binary bracketed sequence for NL, and as a sequence for L. A sequent is valid if and only if in all interpretations applying the prosodic construction indicated by the antecedent con guration to objects inhabiting its formulas always yields an object inhabiting the succedent formula. The Gentzen-style sequent presentations for NL in (2) and for L in (3) are sound and complete for this interpretation (Buszkowski 1986, Do sen 1992); furthermore they enjoy Cut-elimination: every theorem can be generated without the use of Cut. In the following the parenthetical notation ( ) represents a con guration containing a distinguished subcon guration . (2) a. A ` A id ` A (A) ` BCut ( ) ` B b. ` A (B) ` CnL ([ ; AnB]) ` C [A; ] ` BnR ` AnB c. ` A (B) ` C/L ([B=A; ]) ` C [ ; A] ` B/R ` B=A (3) a. A ` A id ` A (A) ` BCut ( ) ` B b. ` A (B) ` CnL ( ; AnB) ` C A; ` BnR ` AnB c. ` A (B) ` C/L (B=A; ) ` C ; A ` B/R ` B=A By way of example, \lifting" A ` B/(AnB) is generated as follows in NL; it is similarly derivable in L. (4) A ` A B ` BnL [A, AnB] ` B/R A ` B/(AnB) On the other hand \composition" AnB, BnC ` AnC, while derivable as follows in L, is NLunderivable in its non-associative form: [AnB, BnC] ` AnC. 3 (5) A ` A B ` B C ` CnL B, BnC ` CnL A, AnB, BnC ` CnR AnB, BnC ` AnC 1.2 Multimodal Lambek Calculi In a slightly di erent formulation of the sequent calculus for L we may con gure antecedents with binary bracketing, and then use the NL rules together with an explicit structural rule of associativity (the double bar indicates bidirectionality): (6) ([ 1; [ 2; 3]]) ` AA ([[ 1; 2]; 3]) ` A From here it is a small step to give sequent calculus for \multimodal" Lambek calculi in which we have several families of connectives f=i; nigi2f1;:::;ng, each de ned by residuation with respect to their adjunction in a \multigroupoid" hL; f+igi2f1;:::;ngi (Moortgat and Morrill 1991): D(AniB) = fsj8s0 2 D(A); s0+is 2 D(B)g D(B=iA) = fsj8s0 2 D(A); s+is0 2 D(B)g (7) Sequent calculus can be given by indexing the brackets of NL-presentations to indicate mode of adjunction (and adding structural rules, including interaction postulates between di erent modes, as appropriate): (8) id A ` A ` A (A) ` BCut ( ) ` B (9) a. ` A (B) ` Cni L ([i ; AniB]) ` C [iA; ] ` Bni R ` AniB b. ` A (B) ` C/iL ([iB=iA; ]) ` C [i ; A] ` B/iR ` B=iA In particular cases of course we may choose non-composite notations for the connectives and brackets. With two modes interpreted in a \bigroupoid" understood as distinguishing left-headed and right-headed adjunction we have a \headed" calculus (Moortgat and Morrill 1991). With families f=; ng and f<;>g for adjunctions + (associative) and (:; :) (not assumed to be associative) respectively in a bigroupoid hL;+; (:; :)i we have a partially associative calculus L+NL (Oehrle and Zhang 1989, Morrill 1990). This latter forms two-thirds of the discontinuity calculus of Morrill (1993, 1994d) which we shall be considering. 1.3 Labelled Sequent Presentations \Labelling" (Gabbay 1991) is a means of presenting proof theory which will enable us to factor out the antecedent formulas of a sequent, and its associated prosodic construction, which is made more explicit. No essential use of sequent labelling is made here, in that the labelled presentation of calculus is just notational variation of ordered presentation. However, labelling is a step on the path to implementing residuation calculi. We notate a sequent ` A as a1: A1; : : : ; an: An ` : A where the multiset fA1; : : : ; Angm comprises the formula occurrences in , a1; : : : ; an are distinct 4atomic labels, and is a term over these labels representing explicitly the prosodic construction that was represented implicitly by the structured con guration . The labelled sequent calculus for NL is as follows: (10) a. a: A ` a: A id b. ` : A a: A; ` (a): BCut ; ` ( ): B c. ` : A b: B; ` (b): CnL ; d: AnB; ` (( + d)): C d. ; a: A ` (a+ ): BnR ` : AnB e. ` : A b: B; ` (b): C/L ; d: B=A; ` ((d + )): C f. ; a: A ` ( + a): B/R ` : B=A To obtain L an associativity equation on terms may be added: ((


Bedload transport in gravel-bed rivers is accomplished by means of the mobilization of grains exposed on the bed surface. This mobilization is due to the action of fluid forces on the exposed grains. Substrate particles can participate in the bedload only to the extent that local or global scour results in their exposure on the surface. It follows that a calculation of the bedload transport rate of mixtures should be based on the availability of each size range in the surface layer. Herein an existing empirical substrate-based bedload relation for gravel mixtures, developed solely with reference to field data, is transformed into a surface-based relation.


Solving the message exchange between distribution terminals and the main station and the message exchange of distribution terminals so as to provide a seamless link among different devices,this paper utilized the technology and method of IEC61850 standard communication system,and adopted the principle of layered IP network communication,that was dividing the entire network into the backbone network and the branch network.It regarded FA as the extension of SA,constructed FA architecture with three layers.The three layers respectively were main station layer,slave station layer and terminal layer.Data model and logic node supplied by IEC61850 were used to accomplish the modeling of TTU information in terminal layer.And then,it analyzed the function of ASCI and SCSM in FA,the mapping relationship between them,and the SCL used in describing IED configurations and parameters.At last,the communication system architecture with three layers was applied in the DAS to accelerate the feeder recovery processing and improve the power distribution reliability.


Nonlinearly propagating beams undergoing optical collapse are shown to universally self-generate a previously unobserved type of optical vortex: the spatiotemporal optical vortex (STOV). Beams with STOVs possess orbital angular momentum transverse to propagation.


: The purpose of this paper is to analyze silence as a specific experience that is formed on the border between that what is psychotic and that what is creative. Trying to deepen the reflection on the area of silence in our experience I will recall two conceptions: Merleau-Ponty's and Lacan's. Both of these authors attempted to go beyond the dichotomy of the subjective and the objective perspective in pursuit of a new definition of the subject. Both of them analyzed cases of mental illness and creativity. Merleau-Ponty focused on the bodily aspects of experience, whereas Lacan focused upon the lingual. However, though the phenomenological and the psychoanalytic approach are not entirely reconcilable, in many points they may turn out to be complementary, especially when brought into particular contexts with Martin Heidegger, a figure each considered their main inspiration.


The differences in cost,power consumption and volume between the BDS/GPS dual-mode loose-coupling timing module and the BDS/GPS dual-mode tight-coupling timing module,and the shortcomings of loose-coupling timing in integrity-monitoring are analysed,thereby it is concluded that the tight-coupling has obvious advantage in timing.The hardware design,positioning principle,timing principle and strategy associated with the tight-coupling timing module are demonstrated in detail.The experiments verify the advantage of tight-coupling timing in integrity-monitoring etc.


The use of Pembrolizumab, a selective humanized IgG4 kappa monoclonal antibody that inhibits the programmed death-1 receptor, has been largely accepted, especially in a series of trials in patients with advanced melanoma and in other cancers such as renal cell carcinoma (RCC), lymphoma and others. However, few recent studies demonstrated that Pembrolizumab promotes several renal dysfuncion such as acute tubular injury, acute interstitial nephritis and minimal change disease. To better elucidate this topic, we analyzed the renal function's aspects from the PURE-01 protocol's data, a phase 2, open label study of neoadjuvant Pembrolizumab before radical cystectomy (RC) for muscle invasive urothelial bladder cancer (MIUB).

 PURE-01 study (NCT02736266) enrolled preliminary 143 patients (pts). Eligibility criteria included: T2-T4N0 stage and residual disease after transurethral reduction of bladder. Pts received 3 cycles of Pembrolizumab 200 mg 3 weekly before RC. Computed tomography scan, FDG-PET/CT scan, and bladder multipara metric magnetic resonance imaging were performed during screening and before RC. Radiologically non-responders to pembro (per investigator decision) are given 3 additional courses of dose-dense MVAC chemotherapy. The collected data consisted in: the serum creatinine at baseline, after the first, second and last cycle in order to obtain the renal function by using eGFR formula (CKD-EPI-2009) for each time step; urine test analysis data after each cycle; the T stage from cTNM (AJCC TNM system-2019) before the treatment; clinical data such as presence of Diabetes, Hypertension, Hydronephrosis, BMI. The main outcome of the study was to correlate the renal function variation (from the pre-treatment to each treatment cycle) with the other clinical variables. Data analysis were performed using linear model, Kruskal-Wallis test and Wilcoxon test with holm's correction.

 The median age of the patients was 68 years (62-73), with the 13% of the pts as female. We observed the presence of Hypertension, Hydronephrosis, Diabetes, Overweight (BMI≥25 and BMI<30) and Obesity (BMI≥30) respectively at 54%, 20%, 22%, 50% and 10% in the total population. According pre-treatment T stage we divided the cohort as follows: 17% with stage 0, 32% with stage 2, 47% with stage 3 and 4% with stage 4. The renal function of pts according to the CKD classification was: 26% as stage I (≥90 mL/min/1.73 m2), 55% as stage II (<90 mL/min/1.73 m2 and ≥60 mL/min/1.73 m2), 11% as stage IIIa (<60 mL/min/1.73 m2 and ≥45 mL/min/1.73 m2) and 8% as stage IIIb-IV-V (<45 mL/min/1.73 m2). We observed that eGFR after the first, second and last cycle, remained stable from the pre treatment values, with a median variation of respectively +1.45 (IQR -2.32,6.46), +1.35 (IQR -2.42, 6.74) and +1.75 (-2.83, 6.5) mL/min/1.73 m2 and without the onset of nephrotic-range proteinuria. Considering the variation after the first cycle, a significative positive correlations were found with the presence of hydronephrosis (+4.4 mL/min/1.73 m2, CI = 0.9:7.9, p=0.02), T stage 3 (+4.5, CI= 0.7:8.3, p=0.02) and T stage 4 (+14.8, CI=7.0:22.6, p=0.0003); after the second cycle we observed positive correlation with T stage 4 (+8.6, CI=0.5:16.8, p=0.04); after the last cycle the variation correlated with hydronephrosis (+4.2, CI=0.5:7.8, p=0.03) and T stage 4 (+10.7, CI=2.2:19.1, p=0.02).

 We observed that the treatment with neoadjuvant pembrolizumab, in patients with bladder cancer, does not correlate with a decay of eGFR, but on the contrary, from our data, is associated with a small improvement of renal function, especially for those patients who presented higher stage of T and hydronephrosis before the treatment suggesting the Permbrolizumab's safety in neoadjuvant therapy before RC for MIUBC from the nephrological point of view. This results needs more in-depths studies to be confirmed.


Li Yu,the outstanding writer and theoretician of traditional opera in the early years of the Qing Dynasty,summarizes the rule to perform and direct legend(traditional opera) in accidental expression of leisure mood.The essay enumerates some segments of traditional opera aesthetics at random and records the perception in terms of the basic aim of traditional opera creation——going on stage,director treatment,the second creation,spoken parts,player cultivation,making impromptu comic gestures and remarks,etc.these offer the reference for reader to discuss from the aspect of aesthetics theory.


Under windows NT, to create a no-hard disk windows 98 workstation network system. There are two ways, the first way is to Setup no hard disk windows'95,and fix IE 4.0 or 5.0,then to replace the logo. sys of windows'98, as the result,an artificial windows'98 system is made; the second method is to Setup DHCP and PXE under the NT server with the help of windows' 98,and make net system a real no-disk-hard's windows'98 workstation.


Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to contribute to operations management (OM) practice contingency research by describing the complexity of projects. Complexity is recognised as a key independent (contingent) variable that impacts on many subsequent decisions in the practice of managing projects.Design/methodology/approach – This paper presents a systematic review of relevant literature and synthesises an integrated framework for assessing the complexities of managing projects.Findings – This framework comprises five dimensions of complexity – structural, uncertainty, dynamics, pace and socio‐political complexity. These five dimensions present individuals and organisations with choices about how they respond to each type of complexity, in terms of business case, strategic choice, process choice, managerial capacity and competencies.Originality/value – The contribution of this paper is to provide a clarification to the epistemology of complexity, to demonstrate complexity as a lived experience for pro...


This study deal with the utterance politeness principles obedience used by nursemaid in creating and improving the character of homeless children in house shelter. There were two types of data collected. First, the data were selected by the video about the parenting interaction among nursemaid with homeless children in house shelter. Secondly, the data were collected via responses to the intention of utterance which used by nursemaid in creating a character of homeless children in house shelter. The data were obtained via data sources involving nursemaid and homeless children. The nursemaid who was in shelter used as a place of research. There were 191 utterances nursemaids who obey the principles of politeness on each maxim, i.e. 91 utterances of Tact Maxim, 16 utterances of Generosity Maxim, 22 utterances of Appobation Maxim, 17 utterances of Modesty Maxim, 28 utterances of Agreement Maxim, and 17 utterances of Symphaty Maxim.


Maria Colwell was battered to death by her step-father while she was in his and her natural mother's care. She had been taken from her foster parents after having been in their care for six years, and had been returned to her natural mother. "Remember Maria" was the message printed on the placards which parents paraded outside the Court of Inquiry into her tragic death. Tragedies like Maria Colwell, "that should never have happened". slipped all too easily through the preventive nets that served useful in riveting the attention of a reluctant pu blic to the hard realities of the situation. John Howells has, for nearly twenty-five years. attempted through scores of articles and other means to correct misconceptions about child care. This book is a further endeavour and is directed at the informed public. although child care experts would also benefit from Dr. Howells' informed address.


This article reviews Polish edition of Les' Kurbas theatrical texts (Łeś Kurbas, Pisma tetatralne, Warszawa 2021) focusing on the editor's, Anna Korzeniewska-Bihun, thematic-cum-problematic principle of organizing Kurbas's legacy, as well as the merits of her well-researched introduction to the volume. The editor's approach highlighted the conceptually important principles of Kurbas's theatrical theory and , allowed her to cover his practical achievements and key performances, showing his worldview and the philosophical, creative, aesthetic, pedagogical, and organizational features of his legacy. The reviewer underlines the editor's precision and consistency in outlining the key problems faced by Ukrainian theater in the first third of the twentieth century and the place of Les Kurbas in their solution. The edition opens up new horizons for research and discussion not only on Kurbas as a creator of Ukrainian avant-garde theater, but also on Polish-Ukrainians cultural ties.


Methyltriphenylphosphonium 7,8-diethyl-7,8-dicarbanido-undecaborate(1-), C 19 H 18 P + .C 6 H 20 B 9 - , is a salt which is formed from the cationic phosphonium ion and anionic nido carborane cage. The C-C distance in the boron cage is 1.567 (4) A.


Will the widespread use of cashless payments reduce the frequency of the use of cash payments? This question is important because the major costs of cash use are fixed costs that would only be reduced if the frequency of cash payments substantially decreased, and thus the extent of the reduction of the cost of cash use depends on the frequency of cash use after the widespread use of cashless payment methods. Using the data from the Financial Literacy Survey 2019 in Japan, this paper shows that the frequency of cash use for those who use both cash and noncash payment methods and that of those who exclusively use cash are about once in 2.3 days and about once in 2 days, respectively, and thus there is only a slight difference. The result did not change even if a regression model for cash usage was used that considers the endogenous choice of payment methods or if counterfactual simulations of the decrease in consumers' willingness to use cash were conducted. The results suggest that the benefit of reducing the cost of cash use due to the widespread use of cashless payment methods is overestimated because the frequency of the use of cash payments is unlikely to decrease despite the use of cashless payment methods.


There is an increasing interest in transferring large terabyte and petabyte sized files to support scientific and government applications. Such applications require dynamic acquisition of dedicated and deterministic data services. GMPLS networks under development can address this demand.


We found, in an empirical study on 53 people affected by cancer, of both sexes, that, according to previous researches, they take on a peculiar defensive style. The defensive styles differences between cancer patients and the comparison group resulted, by the mean of State Trait Anger Expression Inventory (STAXI) and Defense Mechanism Inventory (DMI), statistically significant. The cancer patients resulted to be "controlling-introverted". These results can be considered an additional evidence of a tie, till obscure, between the somatic disease, even in its extreme form, and the subjective psychodynamic organisation. Such evidences are often the result of a research activity referred to traditional studies leading to the different meanings of "psychosomatics". As we can see from the epistolary relation between Freud and Groddeck and the latter and Ferenczi, this tradition crossed lot of times the path of psychoanalysis. In some cases, such crosses seem to produce a deviation, evident in the frequent simplification of the potential senses of the same crosses. We think with no doubt that the link body-mind can be studied with advantage starting from the same idea of the unconscious presented by Freud in the famous letter to Groddeck (1917) as the possible "missing link" between the physical and the psychical. However, we think that a study starting from such a point should not limit itself to seeing in the unconscious collocation of the link an almost nominalistic entity, pushing the knowledge towards the "more" implied in the unconscious nature of the link. Starting from those empirical data we propose a representation of the elements in transit on the bridge linking the mind to the body affected by cancer. We want to consider the relationship between the self-conservative body and the libidinal body in the light of a "critic" to the anaclisis (Anlehnung) theory.


In The Constant Gardener , 'now a major motion picture', John Le Carre puts the drug companies in the position that the evil empire of the Soviet Union occupied in his Cold War novels.1 Perfidious big pharma is revealed to be testing dangerous drugs on impoverished Africans, suppressing information about their lethal side-effects, and murdering whistleblowers. Le Carre's convoluted tale is presented as 'a magnificent exploration of the dark side of unbridled capitalism'. It is remarkable that this preposterous depiction of the pharmaceutical industry should strike such a popular chord. Yet, while drug companies claim that they have made a major contribution to health and welfare with a range of new medications, many accept the view that big pharma is a ruthless and corrupt form of capitalist enterprise.

Nor is the indictment of pharmaceuticals confined to fiction. …


Construction enterprises face a lot of difficulties and restrictions with the political and economic reform deepening.On one hand,it shows low efficiency and effectiveness,ineffective management,serious brain drain,and slow development.On the other hand,it shows unreasonable allocation of human resources that causes the waste of human resources.It is urgent to study the issues of human resources development and management for construction enterprises,including the development,allocation and effective usage of human resources in construction enterprises,which is significant for the enterprises sustainable development.The paper analyzed the status of human resources in competitive construction market,as well as current issues and causes during the process of human resources development and management.The specific measures for improving the management competence were proposed for the construction enterprises.


An illustrated description of the shell and reproductive tract of Pyramidula kuznetsovi sp. nov. is given. The presence of a distinct peripheral angle distinguishes this species from all known species of the genus. Both anatomically studied specimens had well-developed embryos in the uterus, whereas distal parts of the male section of reproductive tract were much reduced. Therefore it is hard to judge about anatomical differences of P . kuznetsovi from other species of the genus, in particular, the question on the presence of penial caecum remains open.


Mark S. Smith explores the nuances of what would become the premiere creation account in the Hebrew Bible and the serene priestly theology that informed it.


Alongside the growth in overall employment and the steady rise in average real incomes over the 1990s, the UK experienced a concentration of worklessness and low pay among certain groups in society. This was particularly acute for low-income families with children, but was also reflected in the frequency of spells out of work by the young and by the falling attachment to the labour market of older men. In response, the focus of welfare policy shifted towards "making work pay". The Working Families Tax Credit and the New Deal were central among the policy options that were implemented. This lecture considers the validity of the arguments underlying this shift in welfare policy and, drawing on evidence from the UK and abroad, asks: which policies work and why? It examines two broad classes of policy options that are motivated by the make work pay objective: active labour market programmes that involve wage subsidies together with improved job matching; and earned income tax credits that supplement wages for working low-income families. These programmes have many features in common. They are also similar to many policy reforms in Europe and North America. Using the evaluation of the UK reforms this lecture brings empirical evidence into the debate on the effectiveness of these programmes and assesses which aspects of the design of welfare to work programmes work well and which aspects could be improved. Acknowledgements: I would like to thank Mike Brewer, Tom Clark, Monica Costa Dias, Alan Duncan, Hilary Hoynes, Costas Meghir, Michal Myck, Howard Reed, Barbara Sianesi, John Van Reenen and Ian Walker and for their help and for extensive discussions. I would also like to thank the editor of these proceedings and my two discussants, John Ermisch and John Flemming for their helpful comments. This research is part of the programme of research at the ESRC Centre for the Microeconomic Analysis of Public Policy at IFS. University College London and Institute for Fiscal Studies, 7 Ridgmount Street, London WC1E 7AE, United Kingdom, www.ifs.org.uk: email firstname.lastname@example.com


The carbon isotopic composition of soil organic matter has been widely used to reconstruct the history of climate and vegetation. However, further study on sample preparation process remains to be done for carbon isotopic analysis of soil total organic matter with various types and ages. In this paper, carbon isotopic composition of modern soil and paleosol samples from the Chinese Loess Plateau were analyzed in various experimental conditions, and the aim of this work is to understand possible effects on isotopic analysis of soil total organic matter during samples preparation process. For modern soil samples, perfect data can be obtained by using 0.5~6 mol/L HCl to decompose carbonate for one day at room temperature and perfect data can also be obtained by using 0.5~2 mol/L HCl to decompose carbonate for two hours at 70 ℃. But by using 6 mol/L HCl, the δ13C value of samples is 0.65‰lower than the true value. The experimental results show that it has no effects both on δ13C of modern soil and paleosol samples whether copper wire is presented in samples during sample preparation process at oxidation temperature of 850 ℃. Copper wire in samples must not to be presented for samples preparation of organic carbon isotope analysis using tube-sealed method. For those samples with high organic matter contents, such as pure organic standard samples, plants and modern soil, samples can be oxidized completely and no isotope fractionation occur when they are oxidized for 2.5 hours at temperature of 850 ℃. However, in this oxidation condition, the perfect data cant be obtained for older loess-paleosol and red clay samples, therefore, it is need to explore better oxidation condition for those samples.


When grown on the surface of carbon fiber, vertically aligned arrays of ZnO nanowires have been shown to increase the interfacial shear strength without decreasing the in-plane properties of the composite. Analysis of the failure surface indicates that the ZnO debonds from the carbon fiber which combined with the higher interfacial shear strength, indicates that the ZnO more strongly adheres to the carbon surface than epoxy adheres to the carbon surface. Previous work was unable to identify the specific chemical interaction that enhanced the ZnO — carbon fiber interface, however it hypothesized that the presence carboxylic acid groups on the fiber were responsible. In this study an aramid fiber is used to elucidate the surface interaction since it can be produced with no carboxylic acid or with these groups through functionalization. The model fiber demonstrates that only fibers with carboxylic acid groups experience increased interfacial strength from the ZnO nanowires. The interaction between ZnO and carboxylic acid groups is verified to be critical to the enhancement of the interfacial strength in carbon fiber — ZnO nanowire — epoxy composites.


Introduction : As a result of immobility caused by amputation the individual becomes unconditioned which reduces their ability to exercise , lowers your tolerance to effort . Individuals presented with respiratory muscle dysfunction , which contributes to exercise intolerance , dyspnea and hypercapnia . Respiratory muscles can improve their function in response to exercise appropriate. The measurement of maximal respiratory pressures ( MIP and MEP ) is the most common procedure to assess the force produced by the respiratory muscles , because it is a simple, sensitive and acceptable reproducibility , resulting in a global strength of the respiratory muscles. Objective : To measure lung function in individuals at levels transfemoral amputees. Methods : The sample consisted of 6 individuals with transfemoral amputation medial , 3 female and 3 male who underwent spirometry tests and manometry . They all signed an informed consent and the project was approved by the IRB of the institution. Results: Among the subjects studied 60% were normal , and 20 % showed moderate restrictive ventilatory defect by analyzing spirometric . Regarding the maximal respiratory individuals had a mean MIP -80 cm/H20 indicating decreased respiratory muscle strength and Pemax 75 cm/H20 also indicating decreased expiratory muscle strength. Conclusions: It was possible to identify the sample population has decreased ventilatory capacity and muscle strength that are derived from the consequences of immobility transfemoral amputation.


The project VIIS (Vehicle Infrastructure Interaction Simulation), an actual research project which was started in January 2008 has the aim to build up on the MARVin (Model for Assessing Risks of Road Infrastructure; Paper of the 20 ESV) outcomes. The idea is to develop a combined simulation system, including all kinds of RoadSTAR data (Road Surface Tester of arsenal research; road condition and trace geometry) to verify crash causal combinations. The MARVin software tool has been upgraded with traffic density data to get some more comparable and significant results. The crash causations regarding to poor surface characteristics or in-harmonic road geometry can be identified with a higher probability. The main work is to integrate all relevant RoadSTAR parameters in a simulation software tool. In a beginning procedure a integration in the software PC Crash shows some positive results. The challenge will be to bring the skid resistance values as DXF data in a high density on the virtual route. Virtual road sections can be designed with real measured data. Crash reconstructions and crash causal combinations (MARVin) are feasible. All kinds of vehicle dynamic data, which can be also logged in the CAN bus system, can be simulated and recalculated. The vehicle infrastructure interaction (road/tyre, suspension/tyre) in a crash situation leads to possible accident compensation measures like new in-vehicle sensors, innovative active safety systems, real time accident risk assessment, interactive road condition maps, etc.. The key point for the future of traffic safety issues are to verify MARVin results with vehicleinfrastructure simulations and to derive preventative measures either on the construction side or in the in-vehicle safety applications. Visions are to combine theoretical accidentology with practical preventative solutions. Policy, vehicle manufacturer, road operators and map providers can have a benefit resulting from this research.


In this paper, we analyze the electro-optical modulation bandwidth of the two semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) structures, traveling-wave and reflective. The model is based on the dynamic traveling-wave equations for forward and backward propagating photon densities of the signal, and the carrier rate equation. We provide the formulae for (cid:2) 3 dB bandwidth calculation for the transparency regime, which corresponds to deep saturation, typically used in modulation purposes. The comparison of analytical and numerical models shows a good agreement between the two. Analytical approach ensures a low computational resource occupation and an easy analysis of the parameters influencing the SOA bandwidth.


Abstract Two new species of Lejeunea Lib., L. kashyapii sp. nov. and L. mehrana sp. nov. are described from Sikkim, India. The former is characterized by sub-orbicular leaves; first tooth of leaf lobule, 1–3 cells long 1–2 cells wide at base; reniform underleaves slightly wider than long; monoicous sexuality; 2–3-paired male bracts; obcordate perianth with 4–5 smooth keels (2 lateral, auriculate; 2 ventral; 0–1 dorsal, indistinct). Whereas, the latter is characterized by oblong – ovate leaves; lobule 1/6–1/5 as long as lobe; distant – contiguous underleaves with 1–3 teeth on each lobe; dioicous (?) sexuality; 2–4-paired male bracts and 1–2 male bracteoles present near the base of androecia. A key to the Indian species of the genus are provided.


The Method of Characteristics is an efficient tool for the numerical solution of the neutron transport problem. In this paper, a novel technique for a better computation of transmission probabilities in the Method of Characteristics is discussed. The technique relies on a transverse quadrature that properly accounts for discontinuities along trajectories, and on the use of a seianalytical formula for the transverse integration of the transmission probability. The implementation of this new technique has proved successful, insofar as it requires a much larger tracking step (up to five times) than the regular Method of Characteristics to obtain a given accuracy for the reaction rates, as our numerical results show. A comparison of the agorithmic complexity suggests that the new method could lead to significant gains in terms of computing times (up to 30%). The new method also guarantees a monotonous convergence with respect to the transverse discretization.


PurposeThe purpose of this article is to demonstrate that basic interventions using method study investigations can improve productivity in the workplace. Continuous improvement of operational processes allows an organisation to develop its capabilities to keep it ahead of its competitors.Design/methodology/approachA mixed-methods approach was used as the research design of the study. It involved an intensive method study investigation at a tap manufacturer to improve productivity. Structured searches using keywords were carried to identify important contributors to research articles in the areas of work-study, method study and productivity.FindingsThe empirical results indicate the essential need for method study investigations to improve productivity in organisations. It can be concluded that the systematic implementation of this methodology will ensure that productivity is enhanced in organisations.Research limitations/implicationsThe research is restricted to a single manufacturing organisation. Literature on method study was found to be limited.Practical implicationsThis research is intended to support organisations by providing a methodology to address areas of inefficiency and also to assist with subsequent turnaround strategies to ensure organisational effectiveness and sustainability.Originality/valueThe essential contribution that this article makes is that it provides organisations with a universally accepted, user-friendly technique to improve organisational effectiveness and productivity with minimal capital outlay.


Based on examples of transformer damage brought by outlet short circuit, the position and reason of transformer damage are analyzed. The improvement measures are presented.


The implementation of the decisions of the December (1983) Plenum of the CPSU Central Committee and the decree of the USSR Central Committee "On Measures to Accelerate Scientific and Technical Progress in the National Economy" require the further elaboration of current problems pertaining to the management of scientific and technical progress associated with the resolution of cardinal national economic problems of the intensification of production and to the earliest possible utilization of advances in science and technology. In our view these problems include above all the improvement of methods used to evaluate the effectiveness of new technology as important elements in the management of scientific and technical progress.


The transition energies and rates for the 2s{sup 2}2p{sup 2} {sup 3}P{sub 1,2}-2s2p{sup 3} {sup 5}S{sub 2}{sup o} and 2s{sup 2}2p3s-2s{sup 2}2p3p intercombination transitions have been calculated using term-dependent nonorthogonal orbitals in the multiconfiguration Hartree-Fock approach. Several sets of spectroscopic and correlation nonorthogonal functions have been chosen to describe adequately term dependence of wave functions and various correlation corrections. Special attention has been focused on the accurate representation of strong interactions between the 2s2p{sup 3} {sup 1,3}P{sub 1}{sup o} and 2s{sup 2}2p3s {sup 1,3}P{sub 1}{sup o}levels. The relativistic corrections are included through the one-body mass correction, Darwin, and spin-orbit operators and two-body spin-other-orbit and spin-spin operators in the Breit-Pauli Hamiltonian. The importance of core-valence correlation effects has been examined. The accuracy of present transition rates is evaluated by the agreement between the length and velocity formulations combined with the agreement between the calculated and measured transition energies. The present results for transition probabilities, branching fraction, and lifetimes have been compared with previous calculations and experiments.


A sustainable university must educate its academic collaborators and its interest groups, focusing on the key dimensions, such as economic growth, respect for the environment and carrying out energy saving measures, and efficiency and reuse of resources. The aim of this research is to show the tendencies of postgraduate courses in the training of human talent for "Sustainable Development" based on grounded theory. The methodology is approached from the qualitative naturalistic perspective, where the hermeneutic analysis procedure is structured in five phases with data from nine countries obtained from 20 interviews conducted in the year 2021. For this, a dialogical intervention has been used through the complementary experiences of rectors, deans and specialists with doctoral degrees who are immersed in postgraduate programmes in Latin American and Spanish universities, safeguarding the identity under ethical criteria. The main findings show that this human capital that forms part of the universities through their postgraduate programmes is currently considering redesigning their educational programmes to contribute to sustainable development, not only academically but also through their educational model. The main evidence shows that today more than ever there is a need for change, a need for a new human resource that responds and aims for a triple balance: environmental, economic and social.


As the equipment based on Embedded Systems always runs into the interference of 50Hz frequency signal, we usually adopt digital filters to filter 50Hz frequency signal and reserve useful signals. But in order to meet the requirements for real-time processing, we hope the transfer function of the filter will be as simple as possible and the coefficient is integer. This article discusses the design methods of integer coefficients comb filter and gives out two integer coefficients comb filters which meet the requirements for real-time processing.


Photograph of a group of cowboys sitting cross legged on the grass during a meal. There are a few pots scattered around and behind the cowboys on the far right and there is a wagon in the background. Some of the cowboys are holding plates and eating utensils in their laps.


The orthogonal signal generator (OSG) plays a crucial role in the synchronization of single-phase system under distorted grid condition. Power quality issues such as phase disturbances, voltage sag/swell, frequency oscillations, harmonics, and dc offset required fast and robust phase-locked loop (PLL) method to enhance stability of the grid-connected system. Among different PLL techniques, second-order generalized integrator (SOGI) based PLL has low computational burden and shows robust performance against hostile grid conditions. With requisite modification, it can show robustness towards dc offset and grid harmonic disturbances. This paper presents the mathematical modeling and performance analysis of SOGI-PLL, cascaded SOGI (CSOGI) PLL, second-order SOGI (SO-SOGI) PLL, modified SOGI (MSOGI) PLL, mixed second and third-order generalized integrator (MSTOGI) PLL. To improve the dynamic response of the PLLs, a new design approach is adopted to calculate the damping factor. Finally, the performance of different methods are validated by simulation and experimental results under voltage-sag, varying grid frequency, phase jump, and dc offset disturbances.


Department of Commerce. Appraisal of Census Programs. Report of the Intensive Review Committee. 1954. • ——. Bureau of the Census. Governments Division. Local Government in Metropolitian Areas. 1954. . State Government Finances in 1953. 1954. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. Public Health Service. Health Manpower Source Book. Section 4: County Data. Prepared by Margaret Y. Pennell and Marion E. Altenderfer. 1954. Department of Labor. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Consumer Cooperatives in the United States. Bulletin No. 1158. 1954. . Workmen's Compensation in the United States. Bulletin. No 1149. 1954. Federal Communications Commission. Statistics of the Communications Industry in the United States . . . 1952. 1954.


Summary Ethanol inhibited markedly the hyperglycemic response to isoproterenol in the fasted rat, whereas the hyperglycemic response to epinephrine was not changed significantly. Since ethanol is a potent inhibitor of gluconeogenesis, these data give support to the suggestion that isoproterenol produces its hyperglycemic effect in the fasted rat by mechanisms involving gluconeogenesis. Furthermore, this work suggests that isoproterenol-induced hyperglycemia in the fasted rat may provide an animal model for testing other inhibitors of gluconeogenesis.


Motivation has been studied to find ways to increase students' involvement in a learning situation. Within an education context, previous studies have shown the importance of motivation as a determining factor in students' learning processes (Ames, 1992; Eggen & Kauchak, 2007; Pintrich, 2003; Reid, 2007; Theobald, 2006; Yarahmadi, 2012). There are different styles of behavior regulation relating to student academic motivation which reflect differences in their relative levels of autonomy. Self-Determination Theory (SDT) focuses on the degree to which an individual behavior is self-motivated and selfdetermined (Deci & Ryan, 1985). This theory posits that a person can be extrinsically or intrinsically motivated (Ryan & Deci, 2000). Intrinsic motivation is the most self-determined form of behavior and involves engaging in learning opportunities. Intrinsic motivation is associated with a high level of effort and task performance. Intrinsic motivation refers to doing an activity for the inherent pleasure, satisfaction, and interest. Students with greater levels of intrinsic motivation demonstrate a strong learning desire, high academic achievement, and strong persistence. Thus, intrinsic motivation is a powerful factor in learning and leading to high productivity. In contrast, extrinsic motivation refers to doing something due to separable outcomes derived from the activity (Ryan & Deci, 2000). Extrinsic motivation explains that people behave in a certain way in order to attain a desired outcome. In this study, three types of regulation are examined: external regulation, introjected regulation, and identified regulation. External regulation behaviors are performed to satisfy an external demand or obtain an externally imposed reward contingency (Deci & Ryan, 1985). Introjected regulation behaviors are controlled by internal reward/punishment contingencies, such as ego enhancement, guilt, or anxiety (Deci & Ryan 2000). Identified regulation involves the person attributing personal importance to the behavior. Unlike intrinsic motivation, it is instrumental rather than pursued for pleasure or personal satisfaction (Desi &Ryan, 2000). To understand the underlying motivational process, Deci and Ryan (1985) proposed three psychological needs which motivate the self to initiate behavior: competence, relatedness, and autonomy. In this study, competence will be used to examine the relationships with extrinsic motivation and intrinsic motivation as well as goal orientation. The following hypotheses were developed based on previous research findings. H1: Competency has a positive effect on extrinsic motivations (identified regulation, eternal regulation, and introjected regulation). H2: Extrinsic motivations (identified regulation, eternal regulation, and introjected regulation) will influence intrinsic motivation. H3: Competency will influence intrinsic motivation. H4: Intrinsic motivation has a positive effect on goal orientation. Methodology A sample of 146 responses were collected from a college in the Northeast using a web-survey to measure student learning motivation. Question items measuring competence as one of psychological needs were adopted from William and Deci's study (1996) and extrinsic motivation (identified regulation, external regulation, and introjected regulation) scales were adopted from the Academic Self-Regulation Questionnaire (SRQ-A) which were provided by Ryan and Connell (1989). Intrinsic motivation scales were adopted from Ratelle et al.'s study (2007) and modified for the study. Goal orientation items were adopted from Elliot and McGregor's study (2001). First, the overall validity of the measurement model was tested using Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). Results indicate an acceptable fit for the data with


Raman scattering of the C-C vibration with ${\mathit{E}}_{2\mathit{g}2}$ symmetry in stage-2 C/Rb has been studied with different incident photon energies. Resonant enhancement occurs for laser energies in the blue region, close to the threshold for the valence- to conduction-band electronic transition ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Omega}}}_{\mathit{T}}$. The results were fitted with a two-band resonance enhancement model and the fitting procedure yields ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Omega}}}_{\mathit{T}}$=2.6\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.15 eV, with a broadening of 0.13 eV. In the red spectral region, the Raman line exhibits a Fano-type distortion, indicating an interaction between the discrete one-phonon excited state, and a continuum which is attributed to electronic excitations.


Background: There is a continuous controversy regarding the obstetric perinatal outcome of multiple pregnancies conceived after assisted reproductive techniques (ART). There is an ongoing discussion whether theses parameters may show poorer results as compared to spontaneous conception. Aims: of the present study wereto compare the perinatal outcome in spontaneous multiple pregnancies compared to those conceived by ART and to design a booklet to orient the parturient women included in the study about spontaneously conceived and ART conceived multiple pregnancies. Design: A prospectivecohort observational study was used. Setting: The study was conducted at the labor ward at labor and child hood hospital, Zagazig University hospital. Subjects: Group A consisted of 83 parturient women with spontaneously conceived multiple pregnancies and group B which consisted of 27 parturient women with multiple pregnancies conceived by ART who were admitted to the study setting within a period of one year from January to December, 2015. Tools: Data collection tool consisted of 3 parts, structured interview questionnaire, labor record and neonatal record. Results: Group B were significantly complicated with threatened abortion and placenta previa than group A (24.0%& 24.0% VS. 7.1% &2.4% respectively). Premature rupture of membrane and severe preeclampsia were statistically significant main indications of emergency cesarean delivery in group A compared to group B, while placenta previa was a statistically significant amin indication for emergency CS in group B compared to group A (P= 0.032). As regards neonatal outcome, there were a statistically significant increase in the neonatal intensive care unit admission and still birth in group B compared to group A (64.0% & 22.0% VS. 46.4% & 2.9% respectively). Conclusion: Based on the findings of the study, When compared to spontaneously conceived twins, ARTconceived twins are more or less similar to those conceived spontaneously. Recommendation: Multiple pregnancy in general whether conceived spontaneously or by ART techniques require proper antenatal, intra-natal and postnatal care as it poses several risks on both mother and fetus.


Truing and dressing of superabrasive grinding wheels remain as one of the most important issues in hard-to-cut materials' precise machining field. Recently, electrical discharge dressing process with less pollution, aimed to protect environment, has become an urgent studying subject in the world. In this study, various discharge mediums including kerosene-based oil, compressed air, misted deionized water, and misted emulsion were applied in electrical discharge dressing bronze-bonded diamond grinding wheels. Misted deionized water and misted emulsion are liquid–gas mixture. The dressing quality of wheels with various mediums was analyzed according to wheel topographies. The dressing efficiency of various discharge mediums was evaluated by the dressing depth divided by the dressing time. In addition, the performance of electrical discharge dressed wheel was investigated in practical grinding. Misted deionized water and misted emulsion electrical discharge dressing show advantages over the compressed air electrical discharge dressing in better dressing quality and higher dressing efficiency. Compared to kerosene-based oil electrical discharge dressing, misted deionized water and misted emulsion electrical discharge dressing have better dressing quality and lower dressing efficiency.


Haze frequencies in the Windsor-Quebec City corri dor have been analyzed for the period 1953-90 with hourly observations for 6 synoptic stations plus 2 other more remote ones for comparison. A southwestlnorth east frequency gradient is noted on the region, haze being more frequent in southwestern Ontario. Haze is observed more before noon, in summertime in a warm air mass ,. winter frequencies are nevertheless important at some stations. During the period, haze frequencies have declined after the 1970'5. The phenomenon varies with wind speed and direction, winds from the S being more favored at many stations while lowest frequencies are associated with N or NW directions everywhere. Haze episods were more frequent in the early 1970'5 and longer episods are more frequent than shorter ones. ln Montreal, higher ozone concentrations have been noted in the case where haze is reported.


Ultra-wide bandgap (UWBG) materials such as AlN and BN hold great promise for future power electronics due to their exceptional properties. They exhibit large band gaps, high breakdown fields, high thermal conductivity, and high mechanical strengths. AlN and BN have been extensively researched, however, their alloys, B$_{x}$Al$_{1-x}$N, are much less studied despite their ability to offer tunable properties by adjusting $x$. In this article, we predict the electronic properties of 17 recently predicted ground states of B$_{x}$Al$_{1-x}$N in the $x=0-1$ range using first-principles density functional theory and many-body perturbation theory within $GW$ approximation. All the B$_{x}$Al$_{1-x}$N structures are found to be UWBG materials and have band gaps that vary linearly from that of wurtzite-phase (\emph{w}) AlN (6.19 eV) to that of \emph{w}-BN (7.47 eV). The bandstructures of B$_{x}$Al$_{1-x}$N show that a direct-to-indirect bandgap crossover occurs near $x = 0.25$. Furthermore, we find that B$_{x}$Al$_{1-x}$N alloys have much larger dielectric constants than the constituent bulk materials (AlN=$9.3~\varepsilon_0$ or BN=$7.3~\varepsilon_0$), with values reaching as high as $12.1~\varepsilon_0$. These alloys are found to exhibit large dielectric breakdown fields in the range 9--35 MV/cm with a linear dependence on $x$. This work provides the much needed advancement in the understanding of the properties of B$_{x}$Al$_{1-x}$N to aid their application in next-generation devices.


In this paper we examine the possible use of DNA databases to search for perpetrators who are related to those in the offender DNA database.


The invention relates to an intelligent adjustment system of an indoor air conditioner and an adjustment method of the same. The intelligent adjustment of the indoor air conditioner comprises a detection device, an intelligent terminal, a control device and an air supply device, wherein the detection device detects identity information and position information of users and/or an environmental temperature of each utilization area; the intelligent terminal is used to set a utilization mode and utilization parameters of the indoor air conditioner; the control device generates control signals and wirelessly sends the signals to the air supply device; and the air supply device supplies air in specific areas according to the control signals. The intelligent adjustment system of the indoor air conditioner and the adjustment method of the same provided by the invention can accurately judge different indoor people's different demands for an indoor environment, control the indoor air conditioner according to the demands, further conduct separate adaptability adjustment to the environment around each person according to the actual demands, and can also realize personalized intelligent control according to specific utilization habits of the users. The control is simple and convenient and greatly increases the users' comfort in utilization of the indoor air conditioner.


A large variety of compounds with unrelated chemical structures, such as substituted phenols, carbonylcyanide phenylhydrazones, salicylanilides, benzimidazoles, fatty acids, as well as dicoumarol, bis( hexafluoroacetonyl)acetone, tetraphenylboron, and even azide, share the common property of uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation and all the other energy-linked functions of mitochondria. The unrelated chemical structure of these uncouplers has complicated the study of the mechanism of uncoupling and contributed to the formulation of various theories of uncoupling, including the concept that holds that uncouplers do not have a specific site of action, but simply dissolve in membrane lipids, facilitate proton translocation from one side of the membrane to the other, and thereby collapse the transmembrane electrochemical potential of protons.'-12 However, the results that other researchers have reported with potent uncouplers"-16 led us to suspect that uncouplers might have a specific site of action in mitochondria. This possibility was strengthened by the fact that, despite their different chemical structures, all uncouplers bind tightly to bovine serum albumin. To explore the possible existence of an uncoupler binding site in mitochondria, my colleague, Dr. W. G. Hanstein, designed and synthesized, in radioactive form, a photoaffinity labeling analog of the classical uncoupler, 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP). The analog, 2-azido-4-nitrophenol (NPA), proved to be a more potent uncoupler than dinitrophenol and sufficiently stable in the absence of intense illumination to allow us to conduct equilibrium binding studies under nonphotolyzing conditions, also." The equilibrium binding studies with radioactive NPA were particularly important in this case, since it was necessary to ascertain whether or not mitochondria contained a specific uncoupler binding site before attempting the less discriminating and more complicated photolabeling experiments.


This works deals with an apportionment problem recently introduced in [9]. In this problem involvingmultiple agents, it is desirable to propose fair and efficient solutions. Several alternative notions of fairness exist but combining efficiency with fairness is often impossible, and a trade-off has to be made. We first study the computation of almost fair and approximately efficient solutions, and we determine when these two goals can be met. Afterwards, we characterize the price of fairness which bounds the loss of efficiency caused by imposing fairness or one of its relaxations.


Formalization and verification of a system usually are not one time tasks, particularly when the system to be formalized and verified is complicated. The relation between formalization and verification should not be sequential but iterative in that verification follows formalization and in turn helps validate and refine formalization. The iteration is a spiral process with a formal model being incrementally developed and more and more properties being verified. In this paper, we present a case study to demonstrate how we formalize and verify in the spiral way a scheduling mechanism and Priority Ceiling Protocol of an industrial automobile standard, i.e. OSEK/VDX, in OTS/CafeOBJ method, an algebraic approach to modeling and verifying systems by interactive theorem proving in CafeOBJ. We start with a prototypical model of the scheduling mechanism, validate and refine it based on verification results. By theorem proving, it reinforces the specifier's understanding of the specifications and their relationship with the specified problem domains. The formal model is refined until all these properties are successfully proved. We then incrementally extend it to cover more complicated part and verify more properties such as exclusion, deadlock freedom, priority inversion freedom.


Analysis of acoustic wave scattering by a finite flat impedance strip grating is presented. The associated two-dimensional (2-D) boundary-value problem is considered in the full-wave manner and cast to a set of coupled integral equations. Based on them, we build several mathematical models. The focus of research is on the acoustic plane wave scattering by a grating of narrow impedance strips that has explicit asymptotic solution.


Pineapple plants contain a very important enzyme called bromeilin. Bromeilin is one type of protein enzymatic. The benefits of bromelin are as meat plasters which can damage the cell walls through enzymatic reactions. This research was conducted to determine the activity of pineapple extract and lemongrass oil extract as aedes aegypti mosquito larvae killer Instar III. It has been done research on the activity test of pineapple extract to death of larvae of aedes aegypti instar 3 mosquito. Pineapple extract is made with concentration from 1to 10 ppm. Each concentration was tested in 25 larvae of aedes aegypti for 24 hours to observe the killing activity. After 24 hours the number of dead aedes aegypti larvae was count. Then the data was determined by parametric test Kruskal-Wallis. Results obtained: there was a significant difference in the presentation of the death of aedes aegypti intar III larvae at various concentrations. The optimal combination of pineapple extract and lemongrass oil was at 4 ppm concentration (p = 0.007).


The article examines the issues of analysis and improvement of existing areas of technical regulation of the energy sector of the Republic of Azerbaijan. For the analytical disclosure of the relevance of the object of study and the content, the ongoing development trends of the energy sector are analyzed, and the application effectiveness of the Institute of technical regulation in this sphere is substantiated. The analysis and assessments cover both areas of the national energy sector - resource extraction, production and generation, transportation and distribution of electricity, heat energy separately. As a result of the work, it is shown that the prerequisites for the application of technical regulation in the Republic of Azerbaijan have already been established, the relevant normative-legal base has been formed and the corresponding institutional system has been formed. At present, it is necessary to switch to a stage that provides for the preparation of technical regulations and conduct extensive institutional reforms in accordance with international practice. To do this, the development of a special strategy of technical regulation in the energy sector, based on global challenges and new trends, becomes an objective necessity. Keywords: Azerbaijan Republic, energy sector, infrastructure, technical regulation, the institutional system.


in parents whose children are disabled, accentuated personality traits of modern pedagogue (including pessimism, social introversion, tendency to reject innovation, rigidity). Based on the results of the all-Russia study in 2017, the results obtained regarding the conditions for obtaining a quality education by modern children with disabilities were analysed. These include the lack of available correctional institutions, special nutrition, the lack of appropriate specialists, and the lack of adapted educational programmes. Among the most in-demand opportunities in the education system, respondents named permanent tutors and children's inclusive camps.


ln the chlorine-sensitized photooxidation, chSoroethanes and chloroethylenes are chlorinated owing to the reactivity of ehiorine.PreMsent paper is concerned with the effect of the Structure on this competitive reaction of chlorine and oxygen, The more Substituted with chiorine atoms, the faster the rate of oxidatien compared with that of chlorination. Relative reactivity was affected remarkably by the polar nature of the Substituent, Judging from the structure of the oxidation productS, CHsCICHCI, CHsCICCIs and CHCIsCCI2were MpnaaS the radical intermediates which were formed by addition of a chlorine atom to vinyS chioride, 1, 1-dich1oroethylene and trichloroethylene reSpectively.Trichioromethyl compoundS, such aS CCIgCHs and CCIsCH2Cl, were converted into unexpected aid ch1orideS. The results could be acounted for by isomerization of radicaE intermediates.


Semen collected from six mature West African Dwarf (WAD) rams by artificial Vagina, twice weekly for one year, early and late rainy season, and early and late dry season, showed no significant difference in volume of ejaculate and progressive motility of sperm. There was significant difference in sperm concentration, total sperm per ejaculate, total motile sperm per ejaculate and abnormal sperm. Seasonal changes in characteristics of the semen were associated with seasonal changes in temperature, indicating the detrimental effects of heat, even on indigenous stock.


There are several biocompatible Co-Cr-Mo alloy compositions, as well as technological processes suitable for obtaining the tablet samples aimed to produce dental implants and orthodontic devices. Here presented Co-Cr-Mo alloy, besides its biocompatibility, corrosion resistance, and nickel absence, is favorable for its mechanical properties, such as hardness, tensile and fatigue strength. The technology for raw materials preparation and manufacturing of a Co-Cr-Mo alloy for dental implants vacuum precise casting is presented here. Besides the technological process characteristics, there are the chemical analysis of raw materials, alloy obtaining guidelines and microstructure of as-cast samples.


Title of Dissertation: MODEL FOLLOWING CONTROL STRATEGIES AND HUMAN INTERFACE TECHNIQUES FOR THE TREATMENT OF TIME DELAY DURING TELEOPERATION Sarah Hall, Doctor of Philosophy, 2004 Dissertation directed by: Associate Professor Robert M. Sanner Department of Aerospace Engineering Teleoperation of remotely located space/underwater vehicles requires the human operator to interact with time delayed vehicle responses to issued commands. This often results in the adoption of a "move and wait" strategy whereby the vehicle operator waits to view the results of the previous command before issuing the next command. This work investigates combining a command display (CD) located at the operator control station with a model following controller residing on the remote vehicle to allow the teleoperator to interact with the vehicle in a more seamless manner in time delayed environments. Command displays differ from more traditional predictive displays in two major ways. First, in a CD system, a trajectory tracking controller is located on the remote vehicle; the teleoperator interacts with an ideal kinematic model of the vehicle at the control station, with the controller forcing the vehicle to fly the indicated trajectory. Second, model information resides on board the vehicle controller in a CD. In a predictor display system the prediction model is located at the control station. The utility of implementing a CD on a full 6 DOF dynamic simulation of an underwater remotely operated vehicle (UROV) is examined. The task involves 18 subjects maneuvering the UROV through an obstacle course. Sensitivity of the CD to model accuracy is addressed, i.e. does implementation of a vehicle controller capable of adaptation in the presence of model uncertainty improve performance. Successful implementation of an adaptive CD is demonstrated. Results indicate that the CD is instrumental in improving performance for teleoperated systems with signal transmission delays as seen by decreased completion times, improved accuracy and more consistent use of hand controllers. In addition, the CD proves surprisingly robust to model inaccuracy when time delay is present. On the other hand, results indicate that implementation of a CD may be contraindicated in the absence of time delay. There is evidence that discrepancies between the actual and desired vehicle due to controller accuracy may have confused the test subjects. Task completion times are higher and subjects are less accurate when the CD is implemented with no time delay. MODEL FOLLOWING CONTROL STRATEGIES AND HUMAN INTERFACE TECHNIQUES FOR THE TREATMENT OF TIME DELAY DURING TELEOPERATION by Sarah Hall Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the University of Maryland at College Park in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy 2004 Advisory Committee: Associate Professor Robert M. Sanner, Chairman/Advisor Associate Professor David L. Akin Adjunct Professor Craig R. Carignan Assistant Professor Benjamin Shapiro Associate Professor Paul J. Smith c © Copyright by Space Systems Laboratory Sarah Elizabeth Hall 2004


Galls of a smut were observed to occur in several samples of Missouri certified soybean seed grown during the 1954-1958 seasons. Nine lots of seed, including the varieties Dorman, Clark, Chief, and Ogden, grown in as many locations scattered throughout Missouri, were found contaminated. The galls were malformed soybean pods of hard, charcoallike consistency, 0.3 to 0.9 cm in diameter and 0.5 to 1.5 cm long (FIG. 1). While in most cases the entire pod was transformed into a smut gall, in a few the infection was observed to be partial, with remnants of the soybean seed. One to three galls per thousand seeds were found in the seed lots.


Based on changeover control process, overvoltage and excitation loss during excitation system operation at Xiaolangdi Hydropower Plant are analyzed, and conclusion is drew that abnormal work of element such as relay in excitation system results in this phenomenon. Thyristor bridge unidirectional switch will not make full use of system equipment, also reduces reliability of system. Bidirectional switch mode is produced, suggestions on improving system equipment wok time are also given.


The non-linearity of unsaturated flow requests small time step and fine grid in the corresponding simulation,and the simulation often suffers from some unfavorable boundary conditions.Therefore,it is time-consuming to simulate the regional unsaturated-saturated flow by traditional numerical methods.In view of this issue,a 1D unsaturated model based on improved integrated Richards'equation coupled with 3D saturated flow model was proposed for the simulation of regional groundwater flow.The soil moisture was taken as primary variable in vadose zone.By separating the effect on soil moisture variation from pressure head and soil parameters,an improved integrated Richards' equation model was presented to calculate the unsaturated flow in heterogeneous soil.A 3D groundwater model was established with control volume finite element method.These two models were coupled by their mutual nodes.The comparisons between results from the proposed model and Hydrus showed good agreement.Moreover,the proposed model takes the advantage of integrated Richards' equation,thus it is more efficient to simulate large-scale flow problem with atmospheric boundary.


Valsa mali, the causal agent of apple Valsa canker (AVC), produces cankers, resulting in the death of infected tissues and eventually the entire tree. Due to the long latent period of the disease, it is necessary to develop a rapid, sensitive and reliable field-based assay to effectively diagnose AVC when the plant is still symptomless. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) is a novel detection method that synthesizes large amount of DNA and produces the visible byproduct (magnesium pyrophosphate) without conventional thermal cycling. A set of six LAMP primers were designed to target a species specific region of the EF-1α sequence which can be completed at 61 ˚C in 60 min. A positive result is indicated by color change after adding the intercalating dye SYBR Green I. The specificity of the LAMP was validated using DNA from 45 representative isolates of V. mali as well as closely related species V. malicola, V. leucostoma and V. sordida. The sensitivity of the LAMP was determined to be 1 ng/μL of DNA or as few as 10 spores. Since the assay does not require expensive equipment or specialized techniques, the LAMP-based diagnostic method can be applied under field conditions to more precisely and efficiently access disease pressure in apple orchards.


Experiments have been performed at PIMBS and CASINO to study the direct photon drive of cables undervarious conditions including air pressure. The air response of cables is compared to a theory of stored charge released across a distribution of gap widths by air conductivity in the ionized gaps.


Electrochemical detection of ethylenebis(dithiocarbamic acid) manganese zinc complex (Manzeb), a widely used insecticide, by reductive desorption from Au(111) and Au(100) has been studied. Dithiocarbamate groups containing adlayer were formed on gold single-crystal electrodes by immersing into a Manzeb aqueous solution. The electrochemical responses and the adsorption amounts were evaluated based on the reductive desorption of sulfur species from the gold surface in alkaline solution. The detection limit for Manzeb depended on the modi fi cation time and the crystallographic orientation of gold. The limits of detection were 500nM and 100nM when a Au(111) electrode and a Au(100) electrode were used, respectively. The surface-enhanced infrared absorption spectra of Manzeb on a Au thin fi lm electrode in its monolayer state showed that Manzeb was adsorbed on the substrate via the dithiocarbamate moiety and the long axis of ethylenebis(dithiocarbamate) dianion was almost perpendicular to the surface.


Special-shaped column composed of concrete-filled square steel tubes(SCFST column) as a new type of composite structural member is developed from the concept of special-shaped reinforced concrete column and concrete-filled square tube.For the purpose of examining the influence of various parameters on the SCFST column regarding load bearing capacity,ductility,energy dissipation and stiffness degradation under low cyclic loading,such parameters,including concrete and steel strength,axial compression ratio of the connection plate and the non-linear finite element model is analyzed.Increasing steel strength will enhance the column load bearing capacity at the same time lower the ductility significantly.No evident signs impling the concrete strength are related obviously to the load bearing capacity and ductility.The higher the axial compression ratio is,the lower the column ductility and load bearing capacity will be.and the smaller the width-thickness ratio of the connection plates is,the better the column ductility will be,and the smoother and more complete the stiffness degradation will be.It gains the optimized energy dissipation,when the width-thickness ratio equals 19.In general,it is concluded that for the SCFST column with single column sized 100 mm by 4 mm,the width-thickness ratio ranges 19 to 38,the coordination between single columns and connection plates is comparatively good and the column is structurally economical and hasthe optimal earthquake resistance.


In the transitional period of China,the function of traditional old age care model was weakened,and the old age problems become more and more obvious in countryside,however,in term of finance,the current social security system cannot deal with it.According the reform of social security in developed Countries,at the present,we should adopt the astrictive old age care model,which is based on private security,plays the role of private,family,collective,society and state,to fulfill the demands of the old age security for farmers.


The paper firstly introduces Web service technique, based on which the paper researches the supply and demand service under Web services-oriented supply and demand network collaborative management system architecture. Agent has features, so the paper focuses on researching integration method of Agent and Web service. The integration and interaction is collaborative. Agent makes Web service have intelligent feature, and can set intention and commitment according to the characteristics of tasks until the demand and supply service is satisfied. And Web service provides cross-platform interaction and sharing for Agent, which promotes the collaborative management of supply and demand network to be networked and intelligent. Web service is a popular technique in information technique field in recent years, and it brings a new network application model. Web service technique is independent of the standard of software suppliers, and it implements cross-platform information system integration and data interaction with the loose coupling form. It is connected by Internet, and it provides service for other enterprises by the operation of release, discovery and binding. It can uniformly encapsulate all kinds of information, data and business process, and it can change the applications to be reusable and flexible components. Web service has the function of visiting enterprise business, which can dynamically discover and integrate supply and demand service of enterprises in real time and realize seamless interoperation of platform and operation system. And the enterprises can componentize core competence by abstracting and mixing, and the componentized core competence can be shared by different enterprises. Once the components based on Web service are deployed to the network, all applications accessing to the network can call and integrate Web services at any time, which not only helps the enterprises to discover or find useful services easily and rapidly, but also realizes the connection of business function of enterprises. Therefore, applying Web service technique to supply and demand network of enterprises not only optimizes the relationship between supply and demand service, but also finally realizes the objective of complementary advantages in resource and mutual benefit of supply and demand network node enterprises.


President Suharto of Indonesia fell from power during the Asian Financial Crisis of 1998. A political crisis erupted which encouraged students and the international community, especially the West to urge him to resign. After 1998 the fall of Suharto afforded the opening for reform and democracy. By contrast, in Malaysia, Prime Minister Mahathir's UMNO regime withstood the brunt of the economic crisis and managed to achieve a soft economic landing avoiding a political crisis on the scale experienced by the people of Indonesia. Nevertheless, Malaysia under the current government postMahathir should recognise that the change to democracy sooner or later might happen. Even in Malaysia, following his electoral victory, Mahathir worked to reimpose authoritarian control, which had been weakened after the 1999 election. In 2000, dissidents were jailed, and journalists we muzzled, leading liberal western commentary like The Economist to criticise the reassertion of single party rule. This paper examines how despite the economic crisis Mahathir had the political capacity to maintain a version of competitive authoritarianism sustained by his successors.


Introduction: Infective endocarditis (IE) in children is a serious pathology with high mortality and morbidity. The aim of our study was to describe the clinical, microbiological, therapeutic and evolutionary characteristics of infective endocarditis in children. Materials and methods: This is a retrospective study, listing all children aged less than 15 years, diagnosed in pediatric cardio consultation and hospitalized in the department of Pediatrics A-Mother and Child Hospital of Marrakech for infective endocarditis between 2010 and 2020. Clinical, paraclinical and therapeutic data were collected for each case using an exploitation form. Results: During the study period, 25 children presented with infective endocarditis, with a sex ratio equal to 1.08. The mean age of the patients was 9 years and 6 months. Underlying heart disease was found in 76% of cases. A cardiac murmur was noted in 96% of cases, and the most frequent germs were Staphylococcus and Streptococcus. Cardiac ultrasound revealed endocardial vegetations in 72% of the children. Intravenous antibiotic therapy was initiated in all children for a median of 45 days, and an indication for valve replacement was given in 16% of cases. According to the modified Duke criteria, 28% of the infective endocarditis cases were definite and the evolution was favorable in 80% of the children. The most frequent complications were valve failure, heart failure, and embolic complications, and death in 5 cases. Conclusion: The analytical study concluded that embolic complications, heart failure and neurological complications are predictive of mortality. Therefore, its management must be multidisciplinary, early and adequate.


The authors views the interactive forms and methods of training, the peculiarities of their use, outcomes and effects of interactive education.


The dependency of community facilities is a concept in contrast to concentration and socialization.It is not only a primary principle for the operation of community facilities,but also an important manifestation of the humanistic and social values of a community.In this paper,the authors outline the phenomenon of non-dependency of community facilities in China,analyze its possible causes,and then put forward the primary principles for the construction of dependent community facilities,as well as the supply modes and planning countermeasures.


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