Wide use of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) provides sufficient time-series sensor data, which covers sufficient knowledge about the underlying correlations of glucose concentrations and the progressing dynamics over time direction. From self-Monitoring of blood glucose to continuous glucose monitoring, sensor performance is key for successful clinical use. However, sensor problems have not been analyzed and detected although they are very popular problems in real case and may result in unreliable CGM data. In the present work, an automatic fault detection method is proposed to identify sensor problems on line based on CGM data. Different from conventional CGM monitoring which focuses on direct realtime display of CGM readings, it focuses on detecting the undesirable sensor disturbances by analyzing the underlying time-wise glucose correlations. Different types of monitoring charts are developed and used for fault detection of sensor problems. Comparison is also made between different monitoring charts for two important types of disturbances which are simulated by exponential change and step change. During online monitoring, the new glucose dynamics are then tracked against predefined confidence limits to indicate abnormality. The feasibility of the proposed method to serve as a completely new glucose monitoring and performance evaluation engine is successfully assessed using CGM data collected from the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-accepted University of Virginia/University of Padova (UVa/Padova) metabolic simulator.


Experiments have been proposed to observe non-linear QED effects using intense plane-wave fields. An external photon propagating in the field develops an index of refraction and a reversed polarisation component. The author calculates simple analytic expressions for these effects in the low-energy low-intensity approximation and compares with the constant crossed-field limit and with numerical results.


A Large Intelligent Surface (LIS) is a recently pro-posed concept that relies on the integration of a vast number of antenna-elements over an entire surface able to transmit and/or receive information, especially suitable for high speed indoor communications and massive internet of things (IoT) applications. In this paper, we study the impact of terminal mobility on the performance of a panel-based LIS, considering different resource allocation approaches (including panel selection and/or panel-terminal association) and small panel areas. Such configuration represents a clear advantage in terms of flexibility, together with the fact that, from an economy of scale perspective, the production of this type of configuration choosing smaller areas seems more foreseeable.Our performance results show that there is no need to have a contagious distribution of panels, instead they can be physically separated according to a given distribution. It is also observed that, keeping a regularly fixed or predefined panel scheme, leading only to panel-terminal association, are able to fight against the unpredictability of terminal movements and overcome the computational complexity imposed by the optimum approach (that includes both panel selection and terminal-panel allocation stages), presenting maximum rate losses of 16−30%.


Data-driven learning analytics can optimise the learning process and improve learning effect, but most current research focuses on the instrumental rationality of learning analytics at the expense of its value rationality. Based on learning analytics, this study applies spearman correlation analysis and multiple linear regression analysis to extract key variables that affect learning effect, build the best predictive model to identify potential risk takers, and cluster learning groups with similar behaviours. Based on the characteristics of the learning groups, three personalised teaching interventions, namely precise teacher intervention, visualisation of learning outcomes and collaborative construction of knowledge, are established to promote the learning effect of the learning groups and also reflect the value rationality of learning analysis.


The article is devoted to Mongolian-Tatar invasion in 1239-1240, in Gazi-Kumukh. Gazi-Kumukh is located in the heart of mountainous Dagestan, in Lakia. Dating back to the XII century, he was the center of the Islam-ization of Dagestan and Chechnya. At the initial stage ally Gazi-Kumukh was Kaitag. But then began the rivalry. Kaitag yielded Gazi-Kumukh and lost the struggle for leadership. Then Kaitag entered into an Alliance with the rulers of Hunzaq that have not accepted Islam. However, the allies are unable to achieve success. During this period, Derbent was captured by the Mongol-Tatars, who were sent for the conquest of Ba-tu-Khan. Avar rulers turned to their leader for help. Between them was entered into political Alliance, sealed by dynastic marriage. So the war between the feudal rulers of Dagestan became the Gazi-Kumukh in the war for the Fatherland. From the East the Mongol-Tatars, and from the West, the Avars and their allies are kajtags moved to Gazi-Kumukh. Heroically resisted Gazi-Kumukh. But unequal struggle ended with the destruction of Gazi-Kumukh. So exactly described these events in Dagestan historical chronicle "Tarikh Dagistan". However, some authors, including T.M. Aytberov and A.E. Krishtopa do not accept set out in this essay facts, giving them a different interpretation, and, in fact, shuffle them around, throwing hundreds of years, thereby refuting the presentation of the work itself and transforming it from the historic monument to political pamphlet. This article advocates that works and gives the correct interpretation as set out in her events.


This study was designed to investigate the correlation between starvation-induced autophagy and the expression and localization of high-mobility group box 1(HMGB1). Firstly, Lewis cells and cell supernatants were harvested after culturing in HBSS 0, 3, 6, 9 h. Then expression of cytosolic light chain 3(LC3; LC3-I)/LC3-phosphatidylethanolamine conjugate(LC3-Ⅱ) and HMGB1 in Lewis were detected by Western blot; localization of HMGB1 and HMGB1 receptors in HBSS-induced Lewis cells was detected by immunofluorescence and PCR,respectively; moreover, the expression of HMGB1 and LC3-Ι/LC3-Ⅱ in Lewis stimulated by 10 μg/ml rHMGB1for 0 h, 12 h, 24 h, 36 h was also detected by Western blot. We found that HMGB1 was transferred from nucleus to cytoplasm at 6 h, and also detectable in cell supernatants; LC3-II and HMGB1 increased at 3 h and 6 h after being cultured by HBSS, but LC3- Ⅰ level decreased. Furthermore, PCR demonstrated that HMGB1 receptors RAGE,TLR2, and TLR4 were expressed on Lewis cells. In conclusion, all the result suggested that HMGB1 could transfer from nucleus to cytoplasm and then secrete to the outside of Lewis and combine with receptors on the cells surface to promote autophagy.


In a randomized group of 162 patients, undergoing appendicectomy, irrigation of the wound with saline alone versus saline and antibiotics, shows a statistically significant smaller incidence of wound infection than in a comparative non irrigated group.


Lithium-ion batteries are widely used in the field of new energy vehicles and energy storage. Understanding the electrode reaction of lithium-ion batteries is the key to improve their cycle life and safety. Direct measurement of thermodynamic data of the electrode reaction is a practical, economical, and nondestructive method for electrode characterization. In this paper, the open-circuit voltage of the LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4/Li half-cell is measured at different discharge states and different temperatures. The dE/dT–SOD (state of discharge) relation curves are fitted linearly by the least square method, and the entropy change values of different SODs are calculated. Finally, the Gibbs free energy and enthalpy change of different SODs are obtained. The electrode reaction of LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 in different SODs was discussed by the entropy change in different SODs. According to the evolution trend of ΔS, the lithium intercalation reaction of LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 may be a single-phase solid solution reaction rather than a two-phase reaction. Finally, the reversible heat generation at different current values and SODs are calculated.


CLINICAL SUPERVISION should be rolled out across the health professions, the Bristol Royal Infirmary inquiry team was advised last week.


Hurricane Sandy provides a unique opportunity to study sustainability and resiliency issues related to a major weather event. The material presented in this article is based on the Geo-Engineering Extreme Events Reconnaissance (GEER) Association, Report No. GEER-032, Version 1.


The Web is being viewed as a technique and place to enhance customer relationships. In this paper, we tried to develop a model to analyze the Web characteristics that help in building customer relationship management and then used this model to examine consumer relationship building mechanisms in online e-tailing. In this research, a structured questionnaire was administered on 150 shoppers of books and study materials. On the basis of responses, the causal modal was validated. This research has contributed to both theory and practice by providing a validated model to analyze online customer relationship building and suggesting mechanisms to help e-tailers focus on online consumer relationship management.


We demonstrate a photon-number-resolving homodyne detector based on InGaAs PIN photodiodes with active phase compensation. Our detector preserves the capable of detecting single photon and allows 20 photons to be precisely discriminated.


ABSTRACT . Having Community Development Center Unit (CDC) which consisted of the Partnership and Community Development Program, PT. Telekomunikasi Indonesia, Tbk, has established an effort to empower communities through Broadband Learning Center program that aims to increase the quality of education. The purpose of this  research was to find out how "Operational Process of Public Relations in CSR Program "Broadband Learning Center" by CDC of PT. Telkom, Tbk. for IT Laboratories Procurement at PAUD Al-Hidayah Dayeuhkolot Village in Bandung". The method used in this research was descriptive analysis. The sampling technique used was purposive sampling. The result of this research showed that the stage of defining public relations problems is the observation through public opinion and respond to public opinion, and to determine the parties that will be involved in the implementation of the program. At the stage of planning and programming process showed some activities which consist of processing the proposals for management and more focused on planning activities to be carried out. At the stage of taking action and communicating, CDC Telkom does not work alone but involves KOPEGTEL as the party which delivered aid such as 4 unit computers. Finally, the stage of evaluating the program has shown that the implementation of this program was quite effective. Keyword: Corporate Social Responsibility, Public Relations, Telkom, CDC ABSTRAK . Dengan memiliki unit Community Development Center (CDC) yang terdiri dari Program Kemitraan dan Bina Lingkungan, PT. Telekomunikasi Indonesia, Tbk. selalu berupaya memberdayakan masyarakat melalui program Broadband Learning Center yang bertujuan untuk meningkatkan kualitas pendidikan. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui bagaimana "Proses Operasional Public Relations dalam Program CSR "Broadband Learning Center" Oleh CDC PT. Telkom, Tbk. Untuk Pengadaan Laboratorium IT PAUD Al-Hidayah Desa Dayeuhkolot Bandung". Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah Metode Deskriptif Analisis. Sedangkan teknik sampling yang digunakan adalah purposive sampling . Temuan penelitian ini menggambarkan bahwa: Pada tahap defining public relations problems yang dilakukan adalah pengamatan di lapangan dengan mencari opini masyarakat dan menanggapi opini masyarakat, serta menetapkan pihak-pihak yang akan terlibat dalam pelaksanaan program. Tahap planning and programming yang telah dilakukan antara lain memproses proposal yang masuk ke sekretariatan dan lebih fokus kepada perencanaan kegiatan yang akan dilakukan. Tahap taking action and communicating CDC Telkom tidak bekerja sendirian tetapi melibatkan KOPEGTEL sebagai pihak yang memberikan bantuan pada objek bantuan berupa 4 unit komputer. Sedangkan pada tahap evaluating the program diketahui bahwa pelaksanaan program ini dinilai cukup efektif. Kata Kunci: Corporate Social Responsibility , Public Relations, Telkom, CDC


This project encompasses conceptual research on ethical issues relating to vital organ donation, the determination of death, and death-causing medical interventions (withdrawing life-sustaining treatment and active euthanasia). Background: Development of the intensive care unit and organ transplantation in the mid 20


A boomerang-shaped ultra wide band (UWB) planar antenna has been presented for spectrum sensing applications. The presented antenna has been built upon a narrow band isotropic antenna design. In order to achieve a wider bandwidth, an exponential profile (similar to log spiral) is used. Simulation results show that the antenna has an impedance bandwidth of 163% (1.3–12 GHz) for VSWR≤2 with good radiation properties. In order to quantify the antenna performance, antenna radiation pattern and efficiency have been compared with previously reported designs. It is shown that the proposed design is able to achieve nearly omnidirectional patterns in more than one planes while achieving a maximum radiation efficiency of 92%. The overall dimensions of the proposed design are  mm. The prototype of the proposed antenna is manufactured using FR4 substrate ( , h = 1.6 mm).


Purpose - This paper examines the accountants' stereotype as it is developed within a sample of fiction novels. The descriptions of accountants in these novels are used to determine the attributes associated with the accountants' image. Further, the purpose is to identify and compare the results of the present study with those images that have been identified in previous studies. Design/methodology/approach - The descriptions in the novels are analyzed using context analysis and the corpus available through the General Inquirer (GI). A comparison is made between the results found in present study using context analysis with previous studies using social-cultural methods to investigate stereotypes. The current paper attempts to avoid investigator bias based on social learning, lessens subjective interpretations, and rather than using a nontransferable rating scale unique to one article, it uses a widely accepted evaluation measure in the GI. Findings - The image of accountants in the sample of novels was found to be positive rather than the negative image described in previous papers. The conclusion reached is that past studies of the accountants' image have not eliminated social-cultural biases from their research results. The present study suggests that an image filled with negative characteristics may vary with the medium, and there may not be a universal image of the accountant. Research limitations/implications - One weakness of content analysis is that positive words are used in phrases that may have negative connotations. For example, the word "cool" as related to a person may have the meaning that a person is really neat or that they are standoffish. - Another limitation of context analysis is coding bias as a consequence of the subjectivity among the various individuals performing the coding. - The corpus used in the General Inquirer attempts to overcome these issues. Practical implications - Managers' potential interactions with accountants are affected by their internal perceptions of the accounting profession. If accountants are associated with negative images as outlined in previous research, why is their decision-making input still widely used? An understanding of why a group of such professionals are considered to be important to decision making needs to be analyzed. If managers truly believe accountants are weak, negative, and short-sighted, as has been confirmed in previous research, accountants and their skill set would not be used by managers. Yet, their skills are sought out by managers. The dichotomy is investigated in the paper. Originality/value - The approach in the paper is the first application of context analysis to the study of the accountant's image. In this context, data identified in the structure of a text provides a basis to the underlying patterns in the text and by implication its attributes. - Unlike the past studies, which rely on social learning to evaluate the accountants' image, the current research combines content analysis with corpus linguistics to identify themes and the significance of relationships in the data set.


A novel color face recognition approach coined Fisher diagonal non-negative matrix factorization (Fisher-DNMF) is proposed in this paper. The approach employs block diagonal matrix to encode color information of different channels. Block diagonal constraint and Fisher discrimination constraint are imposed on the non-negative matrix factorization algorithm to factorize matrices of different channels simultaneously. And Fisher-DNMF algorithm is exploited to extract facial features. Nearest neighborhood classifier is adopted to identify color face samples. Experimental results on CVL and CMU PIE color face databases verify the effectiveness of the proposed approach.


In the 1967 elections, Haryana was one of the very few States where Congress was able to improve its position. In both the Vidhan Sabha and Parliament, Congress's share of the votes polled and seats won went up. The Jan Sangh emerged as the main rival to the Congress; and next to it Independents gained the most. The group of Left parties contested a larger number of seats than in 1962, but polled fewer votes and failed to win any seat.


Effects of nitrogen application amounts on protein components contents and glutenin subunits(HMW-GS,LMW-GS) of wheat genotypes with different qualities,namely Jimai 20(strong gluten),Taishan 23(middle gluten) and Ningmai 9(weak gluten) were studied by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC),and the relationships between protein components contents and processing quality were analyzed.Results show that total protein content and its components contents are increased at first and then decreased with the increase of nitrogen application amounts for Jimai 20 and Taishan 23.The protein components contents are higher and the processing quality is better under the treatment of applying nitrogen at N 240 kg/ha,while HMW-GS is retrained synthesis under the excessive nitrogen fertilization,which is one of reasons which decrease protein quality for strong and middle gluten wheat.With the increase of nitrogen application amounts,all protein components contents for Ningmai 9 are significantly increased and processing quality become poor.On the condition of applying nitrogen fertilizer for the three cultivars,the increased extents of glutenin and gliadin contents are significantly higher than those of albumin + globulin contents,which is an important reason to improve strong and middle gluten wheat grain protein quality with applying nitrogen fertilizer.Total protein and gliadin contents are not significant different between Jimai 20 and Taishan 23,and glutenin,gluten protein,HMW-GS,LMW-GS and GMP contents,and the ratios of HMW/LMW and Glu/gli of Jimai 20 are higher than those of Taishan 23,which is an important reason for Jimai 20 obtaining higher dough development time and dough stability time than those of Taishan 23.


ABSTRACT: Agriculture9s contributions to Lake Erie water quality problems have been a concern for the past three decades. This research investigates the relationship between changes in water quality and changes in farming practices in two Lake Erie tributaries. Using the Erosion Productivity Impact Calculator (EPIC), simulations of pollutant emissions from farms in the Maumee and Sandusky River basins were conducted with 1985 and 1995 land use and cropping patterns. This infarmation was compared with unit area load derived from detailed water quality data collected at integrator stations near the mouths of the two rivers. The comparison showed large differences between the two data sets that cannot be explained by errors of load estimation, errors in application of the EPIC model, or differences between the modeled and monitored parameters. Rather, discrepancies in results are likely due to the fact that EPIC does not model in-stream delivery losses, and the observed loads are affected by these losses. However, EPIC simulations are generally accurate in predicting the direction of change of unit area loads of water quality parameters.


Our study concerns action research (Dubost and Levy, 2004) undertaken within a small to medium-sized enterprise (SME) operating in the building supplies sector wishing to implement a talent management policy. Like many companies today, the aim is not only to acquire fit, qualified or competent people, but also creative and innovative people with high added value who are able to guarantee the competitiveness of the company in the future.


The invention relates to a metal-free nitrogen-functionalized carbon catalyst as well as a preparation method and application thereof. The catalyst consists of a carbon material and a nitrogenous macrocyclic compound according to a mass ratio being 0.10:0.90-0.90:0.10. The preparation method comprises the following steps of: (1) dissolving the carbon material and the nitrogenous macrocyclic compound in a solvent, grinding the materials until the solvent is entirely volatilized, and drying to obtain a catalyst precursor; and (2) heating the precursor under the protection of an inert gas atmosphere at a temperature of 600-1000 DEG C for calcinations and reduction, so as to obtain the metal-free nitrogen-functionalized carbon catalyst. The catalyst is applied to a membrane electrode combination for a fuel battery. The metal-free nitrogen- functionalized carbon catalyst provided by the invention forms a pyridinic nitrogen-graphitic nitrogen (Nx-C) composite structure with high nitrogen content through high-temperature nitrogen modification pyrolysis treatment, so that the catalytic activity to oxygen is obviously improved. The preparation method is simple, and the metal-free nitrogen- functionalized carbon catalyst has good application prospects in field of water waste treatment of the fuel battery, a metal-air battery, a super capacitor, an energy storage battery, a microbial fuel cell and the like.


This letter presents the novel CMOS-compatible all-metal-nitride resistive random access memory (RRAM) devices based on the TiN/AlN/TiN stack. The device has low operation current <;100 μA, retention of > 3×105 s at 150 °C, and ac endurance of up to 105 Hz. The device switch characteristics are found to agree with the filamentary switch mechanism. In addition, the RRAM devices built with an additional hafnium nitride capping layer have showed less switch voltage variations and stable switch characteristics.


This article examines the changes taking place in Cuban agriculture at the local level as a result of the demise of the socialist trading bloc and Cuba's subsequent economic crisis. Based on fieldwork in three municipalities of Cuba, the authors describe new developments in each of the three main sectors of Cuban agriculture: state farms, production co‐operatives and individual peasant producers. They conclude that the dominant trend of this period is the tendency toward decentralisation of the state farm sector ‐ culminating in the historic September 1993 decision to form production co‐operatives on the state farms — counterpoised to renewed attempts to impose greater state control over peasant producers. Overall, they find a good deal of experimentation and heterogeneity in the actual implementation of state policy at the local level.


Both demand side management (DSM) programs and renewable energies especially rooftop PV systems are vital for establishing future smart grids. This paper studies decentralized optimal DSM framework with rooftop PV systems for a distribution network including both commercial and residential buildings. Each smart building runs an individual optimal DSM to reschedule the operation time of its flexible appliances in order to reduce its electric energy cost at a manageable sacrifice of inconvenience according to the forecast time-varying electricity price. The DSM performance is then examined by comparing its impacts on the distribution network operation and rooftop PV integration, in terms of electricity cost saving, utilization efficiency of rooftop PV generation, voltage fluctuation and real power loss. Numerical simulation results demonstrate and verify the effectiveness of the proposed framework to improve rooftop PV utilization. In addition, it is found that the residential DSM may have better performance than commercial DSM in case of energy loss and voltage fluctuation and a coordinated DSM scheduling is necessary in order to deal with the negative impacts caused by commercial DSM scheduling.


12 p. transcript of an interview with George First Rider conducted by Dave Melting Tallow on April 10, 1969. Tape number IH-AA.021, transcript disc 47.


Chagas disease is transmitted to man and other mammals through infected feces of triatomines containing the ethiological agent Trypanosoma cruzi. During the 1980\2019s, the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, presented one of the highest rates of house infestation and high rates of seroprevalence in the country. After the elimination of Triatoma infestans, other vectors have been found more frequently in households and peridomestic places. Of the 80 species of the Triatoma genus, ten can be found in Rio Grande do Sul. Due to the absence of a vaccine and more effective drugs, control programs remain based on the vector control, and it is necessary to invest in surveillance programs and control plans based on the correct identification of these insects. The objectives of the present work were to analyze and compare, using integrated taxonomy (morphology, geometric morphometry, cuticular hydrocarbon analysis and molecular biology), the related Triatoma species found in the State of Rio Grande do Sul. Triatomine specimens were collected in 13 municipalities, identified as Triatoma circummaculata, Triatoma pintodiasi and Triatoma rubrovaria Those species showed a higher chromatic polymorphism of the pronotum than described in the literature. but distinguishing these species using this character, was not possible. Our results of geometric morphometry associated with cuticular hydrocarbon analysis show that T. rubrovaria specimens presenting yellow coloration appear to be a different species, and T. pintodiasi, even presenting chromatic variation, appears as an independent lineage. The analysis of cuticular hydrocarbons proved to be a useful tool in the diagnosis of this group of species, and this was the first time that the type series was used to compare their specimens. The morphometric analysis of T. circummaculata demonstrated that the specimens collected in the State of Rio Grande do Sul differ from their type series, indicating that they are a different taxonomic entity. Molecular biology data were inconclusive for the characterization of these species, and other analyses are necessary.


This study explored the influence of career adaptability on academic performance and job hunting performance of pre-service teachers in free teacher education programs in china. The moderating effect of career identity was also explored. 237 senior college student teachers in Beijing Normal University were surveyed. The results showed the following:( 1) Career adaptability of students in free teacher education programs was significantly positively correlated with academic performance and job hunting performance;( 2) The career identity moderated between the occupation career adaptability and academic performance,as well as job hunting performance. That is to say,among students with high occupation identity,there was significant relationship between occupation career adaptability and academic performance,as well as job search performance; however,among student teachers with low occupation identity,there was no significant relationship between those three variables. It is concluded that this study is of theoretical and practical significance to vocational education for students in free teacher education programs in China.


Let p>3 be a prime number and let r be an integer with 1<r<p-1. For each r, let moreover G_r denote the unique quotient of the maximal class pro-p group of size p^{r+1}. We show that the mod-p cohomology ring of G_r has depth one and that, in turn, it satisfies the equalities in Carlson's depth conjecture [3].


Objective To evaluate the effect of a school syndromic monitoring information system in disease control and prevention in schools and child care centers in Foshan City.Methods A school syndromic monitoring information system was established and seven main symptoms including illness,fever,diarrhea,vomiting,cough,skin rsh,conjunctivitis occurred to children in schools and childcare centers were reported from Jan 1,2007.Results There 113 schools and childcare centers were added to this syndromic surveillance information system.109 of them(accounted for 96.46%)were kept reporting of the monitoring data.,and 57 of them(accounted for 50.40%)report 498 early outbreaks of symptoms from week 1 to week 50,2007.Conclusion The syndromic monitoring system has been established and run in smooth way in Foshan,it plays active role in prevention and treatmetn of the illnesses.


Any scholar involved in the study of sixteenth-century music printed in Venice is bound to be familiar with the phrase 'con gratia et privilegio'; yet within the framework of music-printing as a whole, the uses and significance of the printing privilege have remained somewhat obscure. The Venetian prints on which the privilege indication appears now lie scattered across the globe, but Venice continues to guard part of her brilliant past – the archives of the Serenissima Repubblica still yield documents which clarify our understanding of the production and protection of prints during the Cinquecento.


This paper employs the hedonic regression technique to construct constant-quality price indices and quality change indices for two agricultural inputs - tractors and fertilisers - over the period since World War II in the UK. The technique is described and related to productivity measurement in order to show its relevance for measuring price changes for inputs subject to technological improvement. Problems of application are discussed with reference to the two inputs. The constant-quality price indices derived for tractors and fertilisers are briefly compared with available 'official' price series


Abstract Dissociation constants pKa1 and pKa2 of 4- (2-pyridylazoresorcinol) were determined spectrophotometrically in the presence of CPB and CPTB. The effect of a strong electrolyte, NaCl, was studied.


Conditions of carrying out are resulted and metrological parameters of measuring technique of a mass fraction of the chlorine and remains of chlorine and organophosphorous pesticides in soil in soil by the method of the gas chromatography from one sample's aliquot.


This study was conducted to determine the pathological findings and molecular investigation of bacteria flora associated with the lesions in the lungs and livers of goats slaughtered for public consumption at the Ilorin, abattoir. A total of 450 samples (240 lungs and 210 livers) were collected and examined from goats slaughtered at the Ipata slaughterhouse in Ilorin, Kwara State. Of this number, 58 (24.17%; 95% CI = 19.19–29.96) lungs and 17 (8.10%; 95% CI = 5.17–12.58) livers revealed gross and microscopic pathological lesions as a result of bacterial pathogens. Based on gross examination, lung lesions were categorized into bronchopneumonia (27.59%), congestion (22.41%), interstitial pneumonia (17.24%), hemorrhages (13.77%), emphysematous (10.34%), and hyperemia (8.62%). In the liver, hepatic congestion 8 (47.06%) was the most observed gross lesion. Others included hepatic enlargement (29.41), hepatic fibrosis (17.65%), and hepatic abscess (5.88%). The molecular investigation revealed lung pathological lesions were as a result of Klebsiella species (51.72%) and Bacillus species (48.28%), while Escherichia species (52.94%) and Salmonella species (47.06%) were detected in the liver. The molecular analysis showed that the bacteria organisms detected in this study did not fully cluster with similar species from other parts of the world. The infection caused by these bacteria showed histopathological lesions in the lungs and livers. There is need for more studies to further characterize these bacteria species detected from Red Sokoto breeds of goats in-depth.


Computed Tomography (CT) is a convenient method to measure density in both liquids and solids. With a substantially monoenergetic flux there is a direct correlation between absorption and density and accurate measurements can be made even when the sample itself is enclosed within a furnace and a safety required cartridge. Knowledge of density as a material changes from liquid to solid is vitally needed for modeling purposes, and for the design of containment ampoules that allow for shrinkage and other volume changes that may occur during processing. A furnace installed on the CT system at Kennedy Space Center has been used to examine materials without needing visible access. Uniformity can readily be obtained, and the system can be controlled to ramp up, hold, and ramp down while collecting data over a wide range of temperatures. Results on low melting point elements such as gallium and indium will be presented. High melting point elements and compounds are planned. In another application accurate density values are converted directly to composition. This has been successful in previous missions to estimate alloy compositions, and will be a major thrust during ISS campaigns. Examples of previous data obtained will be shown.


Art history is a compulsory subject for the students of art department.But its teaching effect isn't very good,because of the long-term effects of traditional teaching mechanism and the lack of innovative ideas and approaches.Teachers should strengthen traditional cultural infiltration,compare the culture between China and the West,absorb advanced Western ideas and methods,analyze the phenomenon of art from multicultural perspective and provide the students with broader thinking space.


Cognition in Jazz Improvisation: An Exploratory Study David Mendonca (email@example.com) Information Systems Department, 323 Martin Luther King, Jr. Boulevard Newark, NJ 07102 USA William A. Wallace (firstname.lastname@example.com) Department of Decision Sciences and Engineering Systems, 110 8 th Street Troy, NY 12180 USA Abstract creation and iteration (usually through notation) of musical ideas" (Sarath, 1996). Improvisation, by contrast, is a continuous and serial process. Composing involves distributing musical elements (such as notes) over a score that is to be played serially: the composer may add to, delete or edit any part of the composition at any time before its performance. Performance of a composition involves interpreting and articulating a written or memorized score. Performance of an improvisation involves conceiving, articulating and remembering an unwritten, evolving score (Berliner, 1994). While a misplaced note in a composition can be erased and rewritten; a misplayed note in improvisation cannot. Errors in improvisation therefore "must be accepted as part of the irrevocable chain of acoustical events, and contextually justified after the fact by reinforcement or development" (Pressing, 1984). As stated by Pressing (1984), "If erasing, painting over, or non-real- time editing exist, improvisation does not." This research investigates thinking processes of duos of jazz improvisers in performance. Of particular interest are cognitive processes related to creativity and to reasoning about time, since both activities are fundamental to improvisation. Data sources are the group members' retrospective verbal protocols, collected after the performance of each tune. One result of this work is that cognition related to reasoning about time and creativity varied little either within or across groups, regardless of the type of tune being played. This result is further investigated by examining some of the statements from the protocols themselves. Introduction This research examines the thinking processes of duos of jazz improvisers in performance. Of particular interest are cognitive processes related to creativity and to reasoning about time, since both activities are fundamental to improvisation. To produce the data used in this study, each member of the duo watched and listened to a tape of the duo's performance and recalled out loud what he had been thinking during it. The study addresses a gap in prior research by presenting an analysis of cognition during improvisation as reflected in verbal protocol data. Since this study is thought to be the first of its kind, an exploratory approach is taken. A brief review of related work is followed by a presentation of exploratory questions concerning how performers reason about time and how they produce ideas for performance. The results of the study are then presented, followed by an analysis of the contents of selected statements in the protocols. The paper concludes with a discussion of implications for current theory and directions for future work. Temporal Cognitive Processes Following Berliner's (1994) comments, improvisers must reason about time in order to conceptualize what is to be articulated in light of what they remember has been played (see Sarath, 1996 for further discussion). In comparison with a tune that is being composed as it is being played (i.e., a free tune), the performance of a well-learned tune (such as a jazz standard) may place fewer demands on remembering, since much of what needs to be recalled (e.g., chord changes) is easily accessible from long-term memory (Johnson-Laird, 2002). Similarly, conceptualization may also be easier for a jazz standard, since the path in front of the improviser is better known. A tentative hypothesis, then, is that players will spend more cognitive effort on remembering and planning ahead for a free tune than on a standard. Related Prior Research Creative Cognitive Processes Improvisation in jazz is said to involve "reworking precomposed material and design in relation to unanticipated ideas conceived, shaped, and transformed under the special conditions of performance, thereby adding unique features to every creation" (Berliner, 1994). While improvising has been compared to "real-time composing" (Kernfeld, 1988), the two differ in salient ways (Nettl, 1974). Composition refers to "the discontinuous process of Creativity—the production of new ideas—is fundamental to improvisation, since it is not enough for improvisers to produce music that has already been composed: they must produce something that, to them at least, is new. There have been numerous proposed models of the cognitive processes involved in creative thinking (Sternberg, 1999) and on the factors that influence creative thinking (Welsh, 1973). These


In this study, the effects of exogenous cAMP on the growth of Rhizoctonia solani AG-1 IA were examined. The results indicated that the exogenous cAMP could inhibit the radial growth, and the addition of cAMP at a final concentration of 10 mmol/L showed the strongest inhibition, the strongly reduction lead to mycelia twisted and the abnormal branching increased, and the sclerotial initiation has been put off in this fungus. This study demonstrated that the growth rate of R. solani AG-1 IA is sensitive to the addition of cAMP, which will be helpful for further research of the factor which link to the growth of this pathogen.


The frequency and severity of traffic accidents related to signalized intersections in urban areas have been more serious than those in both arterial segments and crosswalks. Especially, traffic accidents involved with injuries and fatalities have caused by traffic signal violations within intersections. Therefore, many countries including Korea have installed the red light enforcement camera (RLE) to reduce traffic accidents associated with the traffic signal violation. Meanwhile, many methodologies have been studied in terms of safety impacts estimation of red light enforcement, which, however, cannot be easy to conduct. In this study, safety impacts was estimated for intersections of Chicago downtown area using SPF models and EB approach. As a result, for all crash types and target traffic accident types such as "angle", "rear end", "sideswipe in the same and other directions", "turn", and "head on", fatal crashes were reduced by 26% and 38%. However, RLE may increase property-demage-only-crashes by 3.23% and 1.16%, respectively.


"Bharat Mata only has sons. We the women of India, are her daughters in law, and time and again, the state protects its men at the peril of women."


The Environmental Assessment, Integration, and Streamlining Consortium includes four universities and four technology application partners. Mississippi State University is the leader of the consortium. Other participating universities include the University of Alabama in Huntsville, University of Mississippi, and Auburn University. The technology application partners are Universities Space Research Association, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Marshall Space Flight Center, EarthWatch, and Intermap Technologies Corporation. The primary mission of this consortium is to develop and promote the use of remote-sensing and geospatial technologies and requisite analysis products by transportation decision makers and environmental assessment specialists to measure, monitor, and assess environmental conditions in relation to the transportation infrastructure. This conference presentation discusses the goals of the consortium and describes the projects being conducted at the three initial study areas.


The complexity of the problem in cities requires disruption and innovative solutions. Improving the quality of life of a city's citizen with the percentage of people living in urban areas continues to grow to be the big goal of Smart City. Implementation problems of smart city still found in Indonesia, from 25 cities appointed to run smart city program in the year 2017, not entirely reach the target. The evaluation was conducted on 15 cities that are considered ready to go smart city. The result is more than 51% of smart governance activity assessed through the implementation of e-government system, has been run by these cities. This research proves smart governance as a critical factor in successful implementation of smart city. This contribution provides important benefits for every decision maker and policy in government if they want to run smart city in his city. And also the reference cities that can be used as an example in achieving the successful implementation of smart city in Indonesia.


The aims of this research are to model hotspots and forecast hotspot 2017 in East Kutai, Kutai Kartanegara and West Kutai. The methods which used in this research were Holt exponential smoothing, Holt's additive dump trend method, Holt-Winters' additive method, additive decomposition method, multiplicative decomposition method, Loess decomposition method and Box-Jenkins method. For smoothing techniques, additive decomposition is better than Holt's exponential smoothing. The hotspots model using Box-Jenkins method were Autoregressive Moving Average ARIMA(1,1,0), ARIMA(0,2,1), and ARIMA(0,1,0). Comparing the results from all methods which were used in this research, and based on Root of Mean Squared Error (RMSE), show that Loess decomposition method is the best times series model, because it has the least RMSE. Thus the Loess decomposition model used to forecast the number of hotspot. The forecasting result indicatethat hotspots pattern tend to increase at the end of 2017 in Kutai Kartanegara and West Kutai, but stationary in East Kutai.


Combining with some competitors'shortcomings in the previous digital control contest and analyzing the characteristics of the test paper of the 2008 National Vocational College Digital Control Contest,this paper sums up the digital control contest and its enlightenment for specialty construction, besides some relevant improvement measures on how to strengthen the specialty construction of secondary technical school have been provided.


The present invention implements continuous automated processes for all processes from film supply to drug coating and drying, and product packing, and implements a novel multi-row multi-drug coated product in which different types of drugs are multi-row coated, in a single layer, on a base film by using a plurality of upper and lower nozzles into which different drugs are supplied under the automated processes, thereby improving productivity through the automated processes, ensuring the quality of products due to efficiency during drying and the like through the maintenance of product thickness, and promoting convenience when taking a small amount of various drugs at one time and when separating and selectively taking different types of drugs.


The paper stresses the importance of cavity temperature in the injection molding process of thermoplastics. From the study of the temperature field in the mold, it follows that there is no such thing as a uniform mold temperature. The heat balance equation for the injection mold is discussed in detail. It shows that the sum of the heat exchanges during the cycle equals zero. There is an extensive explanation of the heat transfer from the melt to the mold, the heat exchange with the environment, and between the heat exchange medium and the mold. New criteria are given for the cavity material selections. The cavity temperature is a complex function of static and dynamic parameters and should be kept constant in the equal parts of the cycle. This demands a new way of regulating the temperature.


The main data sources available on the Internet today and even internally in companies are in very large part textual. Furthermore, the portions that are more controlled (structured) are often heterogeneous, relying on different formats and different ontologies. The development of Web applications is extremely complex and often requires unavailable programming skills or budget. It also requires the use of a wide variety of information processing modules. While building our original functional map, the WebContent consortium identified thirty such modules, including: data collection, acquisition, storage, indexing, transformation, normalization, description, ontology-based annotation, visualization, structuring, ordering, dissemination, sharing. Solutions come from various vendors and research laboratories, handle documents and metadata in various formats, and can take different forms: stand-alone applications, libraries, and Web applications. Integration is thus a serious problem. To overcome this issue, the WebContent project1 has designed a document exchange format, a set of Web services specifications and guidelines to effectively build Semantic Web applications using distributed tools from various vendors. UIMA offers an infrastructure in order to develop unstructured information management applications, allowing to chain together processing tools around data structures built upon a standardized API. Both approaches are complementary because they handle well problems located at different levels of the software engineering stack. UIMA is good at the media (often text) processing chain and WebContent is well crafted for the middleware level. This paper presents the WebContent platform to the UIMA community and the way both frameworks will be used together in the Scribo project to build collaborative document annotation software.


This article describes a test case generation tool for Java classes based on UML sequence diagrams. Sequence diagrams are used to specify dynamic behaviors among objects. This tool is developed to facilitate the semi-automatic generation of test cases in integration testing level. This tool automatically generates a suite of test paths from sequence diagrams. Given an input data and the corresponding expected output data for each test path from the user, this tool automatically generates a Java method that testing the test path. This tool generates Java test classes for the JUnit framework.


Abstract The Erskine high-pressure–high-temperature gas condensate field was the first such field developed in the UK Continental Shelf. Since production started in 1997, the field has produced over 350 bcf of gas and 70 MMbbl of condensate. The reservoir pressure has depleted from an initial pressure of 960 bar (13 920 psi) down to 140–400 bar (2030–5800 psi), resulting in some compaction and sand production in some of the wells. Free water production has led to the formation of wellbore scale, which has required interventions to remove. The reservoirs are sandstones of the Jurassic Puffin, Pentland and Heather formations. Estimates of hydrocarbons in place made using production and pressure data compare favourably with the initial estimates made during field development planning, although the Pentland Formation volume is some 20% below the sanction estimate. Several major field outages have occurred, such as a condensate fire in 2010 and a blockage of the multiphase export pipeline in 2007. In addition, the field has experienced flow assurance problems related to scale and wax deposition. A new pipeline section was installed in 2018 to bypass a full pipeline blockage which occurred due to wax deposition.


: Fuzzy gain-scheduled PID (FuGSPID) controllers have attracted significant interest in contemporary research. This paper provides mathematical description help to reduce the code program for a Fuzzy gain-scheduled controller FuGSPID that is subsequently used to stabilize the altitude of a home-constructed Quadcopter. The subject particle swarm optimization approach was employed to optimize the fuzzy output sets of the controller. MATLAB was used to generate the dynamic model, the FuGSPID, and the optimization. A simulation exercise revealed that the new parameters employed in the FuGSPID that were generated as a result of the particle swarm optimization produced fewer trajectory tracking errors. Fuzzy systems are required to process large volumes of tasks and processes. This subsequently impedes the performance of the microcontroller. In light of this, this paper outlines a mathematical description that can potentially reduce the algorithm code employed in the FuGSPID controller and, thereby, making it more intuitive and reducing the processing speed of the microcontroller and reducing the sampling time of the controller and the whole flight controller. The findings of this study revealed that the mathematical description it be useful to reduce instruction of fuzzy controller program to implement it in low cost microcontroller and tested effectively for a quadcopter altitude stabilization.


There is a need of counting on precise measurements of subjective losses that can be used for predicting the quality of an image. The objective of the present work is to determine these distortion measurements and test the use of different objective measurements in order to forecast an image subjective quality.


AIM
This study evaluated the immune bioactivity of testing media (TM) obtained from different calcium silicate-based sealers and cements on monocyte morphology, activation, differentiation, and cytokine secretion.

METHODS
Blood-derived CD14+ monocytes were isolated and cultured for 5 days with 25% TM from the following calcium silicate-based materials: TotalFill BC RRM Fast-Set Putty, Biodentine, TotalFill BC Sealer, and BioRoot-RCS. A resin-based endodontic cement was used as a control. The expression of surface markers such as CD86, HLA-DR, CD16, CD309, and CD209, and cytokine secretion were analysed by flow cytometry. Data were analysed using the one-way repeated measures (RM) analysis of variance (ANOVA) multiple comparison test and a Holm-Sidak multiple comparison post-hoc test (p<0.05).

RESULTS
This comparative analysis revealed that monocytes co-cultured with calcium silicate-based materials showed a spindle-shaped morphology compared to the round shape observed in the control. Regarding activation markers, BioRoot-RCS and Biodentine significantly increased CD86 expression compared with the control sample, whereas no significant differences (p>0.05) were observed in HLA-DR expression. In addition, no differences were observed among the differentiation markers. When the inflammatory cytokines were analysed, BioRoot-RCS increased the secretion of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α, whereas BioRoot-RCS and Biodentine significantly decreased IL-8 production (p<0.05).

CONCLUSIONS
These data showed that the calcium silicate-based materials tested changed the morphology of CD14+ monocytes; however, only BioRoot-RCS and Biodentine significantly upregulated CD86. In addition, BioRoot-RCS was the sealer with the highest immunomodulatory properties for cytokine production which means that it can contribute with the in vivo healing process and regeneration of periapical lesions.


Introduction The nutritional management of senior horses is a rising concern because of the increasing number of senior horses in the U.S. According to a recent survey, 7.5 percent of the total horse population is 20 years of age or older (USDA-NAHMS, 1998). The nutritional management of senior horses is challenging because there are no set criteria that define "old age" or the "senior" horse. The nutrient requirements of senior horses differ from other classes of horses because of the changes in metabolic and digestive efficiency that accompany the aging process. The onset of agerelated diseases also effects nutrient requirements and the nutritional management of senior horses. The first step to good nutrition for the senior horse is determining if it is "senior."


The development of new drugs is a complex and expensive process which may nearly take around 5-10 years. The journey of drug molecule from lab to shelf involves a series of steps, which starts from the identification of a target molecule to drug approval. The exorbitant drug discovery program consumes massive amounts of funds and time before it reaches to the final drug approval.


The COVID-19 pandemic was accompanied by "infodemic", including the spread of excessive amount of information regarding coronavirus The study aimed to reveal which role the source and online context of COVID-related information takes in the probability of clicking and reposting this information and its relationship to the reaction to the pandemic, individualism and collectivism 396 adults who did not have COVID-19 and lived in Central (n = 207), Siberian (n = 63) and Far Eastern (n = 126) regions of the Russian Federation evaluated their expectations and subjective probability of clicking and reposting four COVID-related messages (from politician - president, health specialist - president of WHO, journalist - link to a broadcast, personal story) on the four possible backgrounds (Ministry of Health Care website, Yandex news, Facebook, WhatsApp) Then the participants filled in the Monitoring Information About Coronavirus Scale and Coronavirus-Related Anxiety Scale, modification of the brief Positive and Negative Affect Scale Facebook was seen as equal or more trustful than Yandex People are more ready to click the links about COVID-19 if they expect the message to be important, trustful for them and clarifying the situation, regardless of what kind of emotional changes they predict People are more ready to repost the links about COVID-19 if they expect this message to change their mind or behavior "Infodemic" includes not only the social processes of the spread of information but also the psychological processes of evaluation, clicking, reading and reposting


As a disinfectant equipment,family sterilized boxes are in customers~1 good graces.Based on affirming its good sterilized effect,the paper discusses the disinfection of mold in the ozone house of the family sterilized box.


This paper studies current account reversals in industrial countries across different exchange rate regimes. There are two major findings which have important implications for industrial economies with external imbalances: first, triggers of current account reversals differ between exchange rate regimes. While the current account deficit and the output gap are significant predictors of reversals across all regimes, reserve coverage, credit booms, openness to trade and the US short term interest rate determine the likelihood of reversals only under more rigid regimes. Conversely, the real exchange rate affects the probability of experiencing a reversal only under flexible arrangements. Second, current account reversals in advanced economies do not have an independent effect on growth. This result holds not only for industrial economies in general but also for countries with fixed exchange rate regimes in particular. JEL Classification: F32, F41


In the manufacture of TCXO's nothing is more important than having a precise and productive means to measure the frequency vs temperature characteristics of the oscillators. This paper describes an automated system that has been developed to make such measurements. The test system that is described in this paper was developed for large scale production of leaded and SMD TCXO's having frequencies up to 50 MHz. The test system has capacity to test up to 2,048 oscillators in a single test cycle. The oscillators are plugged into sockets if leaded or held onto contact points if SMD in arrays of 256 units per test panel. The test system accommodates up to 8 test panels simultaneously. This paper presents a description of the physical system, the control software and the system's overall performance. A comparison of test data taken in this automated system with the test data of devices tested one at a time in a separate test chamber are presented to illustrated the precision and repeatability of the system. Utilization of the system for such diverse tasks as temperature testing quartz resonators and the real time monitoring of the process of stabilization of miniature OCXO's is also discussed.


The paper contains a new edition of the list of proscriptions from the region of Nysa (Neisse), prepared in accordance with the modern standards of editorship and with scholarly apparatus. The previous editions were based on the 18th century reading by S. B. Klose, while the original source was considered in literature to have been lost. Słowa kluczowe: Śląsk, średniowiecze, historia przestępczości, piśmienność


Sulfur dioxide is a strong pungent odor and astringency of the colorless gas. The human being health will be threatened as the concentration of sulfur dioxide at atmosphere achieve-ups to 1.4 mg/m3. The technology of flue gas desulphurization will more and more be concerned because of "coal-fog" discharged onto the air in China. This paper demonstrated the latest research results of technology of flue gas desulphurization based on SO2 controlled approaches which can be divided into three stages for combustion that are the prior, middle and later. The advantages and disadvantages of various methods were also described. The three techniques had been reviewed according to the needs and conditions of recovery, comprehensive utilization of sulfur resource. The research results show that the technique of desulphurization after combustion is a large-scale commercial application means to the control of SO2 pollution around world.


Objective:To investigate the prevention strategy of local lung cancer.Methods:The prevention basis for local lung cancer was obtained by comprehensive analysis of the results of two previous surveys about the epidemiological characteristics and risk factors of the local lung cancer.Results:Both the incidence rate and mortality rate of Rongqi town were higher than those of national average levels.Lung cancer accounted for 25.3% local death due to malignance.The risk factors of local lung cancer included smoking,air pullution,indoor pollution,pulmonary disease history,family carcinoma history,long term depression.Regular physical exercise was one of the protective factors.The mainly chief complains of local lung cancer included chronic cough,chest pain,blood-streaked sputum,short of breath,loss of weight and physical examination.Up to 31.3% young patients(less than 40) were found to suffer from lung cancer by regular physical examination.Conclusion:Comprehensive measures must be taken to better prevent the local lung cancer.


This paper presents an effective Simultaneous Localization and Map Building (SLAM) technique for indoor mobile robot navigation based on OpenMP. Particle Filter (PF) based SLAM provides an effective indoor mobile robot navigation framework, but real-time performance of PF needs improving due to their inherent complex and intensive computation. OpenMP is the product of the multi-core technology development and has been widely accepted by both industry and academia. We propose a multi-thread particles filter algorithm based on OpenMP to reduce computation time of PF and execution time of SLAM. The results in real experiments and simulations show that the parallel PF-SLAM algorithm based on OpenMP could reduce the SLAM execution time while guaranteeing the accuracy of SLAM.


The Michigan Office of Highway Safety Planning (OHSP) manages federal funds provided by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) to implement behavioral-based traffic safety programs. One of the requirements for the programs is to include periodic traffic enforcement campaigns to reduce motor vehicle related fatalities and injuries. Law enforcement agencies receiving funding are required to submit a standardized enforcement activity report to OHSP within five days after the conclusion of an enforcement period. OHSP lacked clear performance standards established to evaluate enforcement activities. The main objective of this study was to develop performance standard(s) for both impaired driving and seat belt enforcement activities in Michigan. Through analysis of past enforcement data, a web-based survey and focus group meetings with Michigan law enforcement agencies, the performance standard appropriate for Michigan was developed. In addition to patrol activities, the standard considers non-patrol activities that require extended time, such as processing an arrest, by weighting. Due to differences in performance of agencies by location when conducting impaired driving enforcement, separate minimum performance standards and goals were established accordingly.


Changes in corticospinal excitability following fatiguing exercise have been studied with transcranial stimulation techniques (Gandevia, 2001; Todd et al. 2003). Cortical and spinal excitability changes have been examined for their contributions to central mechanisms of fatigue. The production of a set level of force following fatigue requires an increase in voluntary drive and an associated increase in the perception of the effort. Using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) we examined changes in corticospinal excitability and the performance of an arm flexion force-matching test up to 1 hour post-fatiguing exercise. Ten healthy volunteers participated in the study (3 females, 7 right handed, mean age 31 yrs). One week prior to testing, subjects participated in 3 training sessions of a force-matching task. The task required accurate production of isometric force (40% of maximum voluntary contraction (MVC)) by forearm flexion with the elbow positioned at 90 deg on a table. The training involved production of the target force with and without (eyes closed) visual feedback of force levels. The force-matching test required 15 consecutive attempts at producing 40% MVC with eyes closed and the mean force and coefficient of variation was determined before and up to 1 hour post-exercise. TMS was applied over the left motor cortex to the site evoking maximal responses in the right side forearm flexors. Stimulation was administered using a 70 mm figure of eight coil (rapid MagStim, MagStim Co. UK) at stimulus intensity 120% of resting motor threshold. The motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) were recorded by standard surface electromyography from right m. biceps brachii and brachioradialis, and were monitored before and at regular intervals post exercise. The exercise consisted of rapid, repetitive full arm flexionextension, administered on the first day without weights (for 3.5 min), or 2 days later, with a weight (40% of MVC) until exhaustion (< 3.5 min). There was a significant (8%) reduction in MVC immediately after fatiguing exercise (t test, p<0.01). There was a small decrease in relaxed MEP amplitude following fatiguing exercise at post 5 min, which did not reach significance. The average force produced in the force-matching tests post fatiguing exercise was 10.5% higher than the force produced after the non-fatiguing exercise, and this difference was significant (repeated ANOVA, p<0.02). The coefficient of variation for fatiguing exercise (11%) was significantly higher than for non-fatiguing exercise (8%), (t test, p<0.02). Our findings suggest that the perception of force may be altered by fatiguing exercise, so that more force is produced when subjects must complete a force-matching test. A possible interpretation is that afferent information following fatiguing exercise is impaired and could account for a change in the perception of effort.


Ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer) has been used as traditional herbal drug in Asian countries. Ginsenosides are major components having pharmacological and biological efficacy like anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic and anti-tumor effects. To control the quality of the components in diverse ginseng products, we developed a new quantitative method using LC-MS/MS for 13 ginsenosides; Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, Re, Rf, 20(S)-Rh1, 20(S)-Rh2, Rg1, 20(S)-Rg3, F1, F2, and compound K. This method was successfully validated for linearity, precision, and accuracy. This quantification method applied in four representative ginseng products; fresh ginseng powder, white ginseng powder, red ginseng extract powder, and red ginseng extract. Here the amounts of the 13 ginsenosides in the various type of ginseng samples could be analyzed simultaneously and expected to be suitable for quality control of ginseng products.


Transition-metal-catalyzed hydroboration reactions of alkenes have attracted much interest, as they provide opportunities for unique regioand enantioselectivity. In particular, the asymmetric hydroboration of styrene derivatives to afford nonracemic a-borylated products is a useful reaction, since the resulting C B bond can be transformed with retention of configuration into a C N, C O, or C C bond. Although many catalytic systems, including ruthenium, nickel, samarium, and lanthanum catalysts, have been employed for the transformation, the development of a highly regioand enantioselective hydroboration still remains as a challenge; so far, only combinations of rhodium complexes and catecholborane (CatBH) at low temperatures have shown the desirable high regioand enantioselectivity. 5] Given the instability of catecholborane and the resulting borylated product, it is necessary to develop efficient regioselective catalytic systems that are compatible with more stable (but less reactive) hydroboration reagents, react with disubstituted olefins, and can readily be rendered enantioselective by the use of nonracemic ligands. Herein, we report that copper(I) complexes coordinated with chelating phosphine ligands can catalyze the regioand enantioselective hydroboration of styrenes with pinacolborane (PinBH) to afford the corresponding a-borated products. Reactions proceed with better than 99:1 site selectivity and with high enantioselectivity in the presence of chiral ligands for copper between room temperature and 40 8C. This process also involves the first stereoselective copper-to-boron transmetalation at a benzylic carbon atom. During our studies on the development of new enantioselective catalytic processes based on the addition of copper hydride and copper boryl reagents, we became interested in how we could make use of the Cu C bond that formed upon the addition of the copper species to electron-deficient alkenes, instead of destroying the bond by simple protonation with an alcohol. Since the in situ generation of copper hydride in the presence of pinacolborane has been suggested, we were intrigued by the possibility of forming a new hydroboration cycle with copper. Although no precedent example of metathesis between Cu C(sp) and PinBH exists, and it is known that a similar metathesis reaction between Cu C and B B is difficult, we envisioned that a copper(I) hydride coordinated with an appropriate ligand would undergo regioselective addition to styrene and facilitate an efficient transmetalation of the resulting Cu C bond with pinacolborane, rather than b-hydride elimination, to afford the desired branched boronate ester (Scheme 1).


The explosion crowded silting spilling construction technology of widely used at the same time,for this is in deep mire,cross section complex shape of explosion crowded in backfilled stone DAMS settlement calculation of studies have very little.Taking the port can be door section 4 #,5 # berth dike engineering,using the PLAXIS finite element program,and the settlement is calculated with the traditional settlement calculation methods and engineering measured and analyzed,was proposed for calculating squeezing in deep mire explosion backfilled stone DAMS settlement method.


It became popular among the women's groups not only in Maharashtra but also all over India. This song represented the new understanding of 'politics'. Politics as not only electoral politics or membership of political parties, but as collective action of women against oppressive patriarchal power with a long term goal of social transformation that ensured women's liberation from exploitation, degradation, injustice, subjugation and superstition, casteism and communalism.


Objectives: A piglet model was used to determine the variations in measurements from different software algorithms used in the same type of dual energy X ray absorptiometry (DXA) instruments from the same manufacturer. Methods: Forty-one piglets (6190 +/− 5856g, mean +/− SD) were scanned in duplicate with a fan-beam densitometer (Hologic QDR4500A, Hologic Inc, Bedford, MA) in the infant whole body scan mode. The same scans were analyzed with two software versions: vKH6 (validated with carcass chemical measurement) and v11.2 (commercial software from the same densitometer manufacturer). Results: All analysis values were highly correlated (r = 0.90 to 1.00) and DXA values for total weights were almost identical. However, v11.2 results consistently overestimated bone mineral content (49.3 +/− 23.4%, mean +/− SD), bone area (21.1 +/− 8.2%), bone mineral density (24.1 +/− 22.2%), and fat mass (160.9 +/− 71.7%) but underestimated lean mass (−14.3 +/− 5.5%) when compared to the values from vKH6. Differences between software versions increased with heavier piglets. Conclusion: The commercial software for fan-beam DXA measurement of piglets, matched for the size of human infants and young children, has major inaccuracies for bone mineral and body composition that become further exaggerated with increasing weight of the subject.


I want to work toward answers to two very hard questions. Here is the first: How do we avoid essentialist or stereotyped conceptions of women and men while holding to the possibility that women have the insight and inclination to transform the practice of law? I take as given the need to expose and resist stereotypes that constrain us as women and men-to deny the essentialist claims that women but not men are nurturing, that men but not women are quantitatively apt, that women are inconsistent and inconstant, while men are logical and true. I acknowledge that there are times when "Anything You Can Do, I Can Do Better" is a healthy song to sing. At the same time, I believe that the presence of women in formerly all male centers of influence can and should transform practice within those institutions. (The words "can" and "should" are carefully chosen; I do not believe that transformation is an automatic consequence of integration.) How can we reconcile the claim of similar capacities with the promise of transformation?


Treating the Stolper-Samuelson Theorem Seriously: Is there a Long-run Relationship between Relative Commodity Price and Relative Factor Prices? R. Navia, D. Nelson, and T. Wedding This paper argues that an appropriate test of the Stolper-Samuelson theorem must take account of the fact that the theorem refers to a long-run relationship between relative commodity-prices and relative factor-prices. Thus, this paper applies the unit root/cointegration methodology developed by Johansen to evaluate the Stolper-Samuelson relationship. The results are weak but, in some series, consistent with the presence of a long-run Stolper-Samuelson relationship between the relative prices of capital intensive and labour intensive goods and the capital rental relative to the wage.


Zhu Xi is the representative of the Neo-Confucianism of the Song Dynasty while Jiangxi poetics is the representative of the poetics of the Song Dynasty and Fang Hui is the representative of Jiangxi poetics.Fang Hui's understanding of poetics is closely related to his acceptance of Zhu Xi's Confucianism.Fang Hui's understanding of poetics or poetry as well as its implications and related theories reflects a close relation with Neo-Confucianism.Thus,an interpretation of Fang Hui's poetics from the perspective of Neo-Confucianism can help reveal the internal relation between Neo-Confucianism and poetics.


Background: Osteoarthritis is a degenerative disorder commonly affecting any joints mostly joints of hands, knees, spine and hips. The disorder occurs when wear and tear of the protective layer of cartilage cushioning the ends of the bones occurs. The symptoms start with pain and stiffness the joints slowly leading to stiffness, tenderness, loss of flexibility, grating sensation, swelling and formation of bone spurs. Osteoarthritis causes deterioration of connective tissue and inflammation of the joint lining. Glucosamine sulphate found in the human body is a naturally occurring chemical which is especially present in the fluid around the joints and is involved in building ligaments cartilage and thick fluid that surrounds the joints. Sulphate part is important for building the cartilage. Sulfasalazine is anti-inflammatory drug and is used to treat and reduce inflammation. In this study the combination of glucosamine sulphate and sulfasalazine is used in combination to test the efficacy in reduction of inflammation and pain in comparison with sulfasalazine alone. Materials and Methods: In this prospective randomized controlled study 60 patients of osteoarthritites between the age group of 18 to 60 years were selected. Patients were divided into two groups (A and B). Age, severity of the disease was taken into consideration while grouping the patients. Group A was treated with Sulfasalazine alone 500mg once a day and group B with combination of Glucosamine Sulphate (oral) 750mg twice a day and Sulfasalazine (oral) 500mg once a day. Assessments of number of swollen joints and VAS and faces pain rating (scale) were carried out once in a month. Results: After six months 67% reduction in number of swollen joints and 76% of duration of morning stiffness in combination therapy was observed compared to 54% and 65% of reduction respectively in sulfasalazine alone. VAS score after six months was found to be 1 in combination therapy and 3 in suflasalazine alone. Conclusion: The study concluded that the combination treatment regimen glucosamine sulfate and oral sulfasalazine improved patient mobility, decreased number of swollen joints and decreased arthritic pain gradually.


Under the EU Common Agriculture Policy, only 11 of 19 sugar beet producing EU Member States provide coupled direct payments for sugar beet. This paper analyses the market effects of this uneven implementation of an agricultural policy instrument along the sugar supply chain, focusing in particular on changes in sugar production in individual EU Member States. In addition to previous literature, the effects on the production of competing crops to sugar beet are also presented. Moreover, the effects of coupled support are investigated under two different yield levels to account for yield uncertainties arising from an application ban on certain insecticides that came into force in the EU in 2018. The simulation was carried out using the partial equilibrium model AGMEMOD. Results suggest that the market- distorting effect of coupled support for sugar beet remains limited and tends to be higher under an optimistic yield development. Assuming unchanged yield growth, the simulated increase in sugar production of EU countries providing coupled support totals 258,000 tonnes of sugar (+5.7%), while sugar production in EU countries without coupled payments declines by only 21,000 tonnes (−0.2%) resulting in an overall increase in EU sugar production of 236,000 tonnes (+1.3%).


By comparing construction schemes of foundation anti-seepage wall of Hengquan Reservoir Dam, the article dissertates the significance of comparing construction schemes, raises reasonable construction scheme and provides reference for other similar projects.


Generally, magnetic and electric dipoles are mutually exclusive in crystalline materials. But the composite multiferroics offers a way to attain magnetic and ferroelectric ordering simultaneously. Also, the composites are important for the advancement of magneto-electronic devices, magnetoelectric sensors, random access memory, etc. [1]. In the present work, the room temperature multiferroic property was verified through magnetic hysteresis (M(H)) and ferroelectric hysteresis (P(E)) loop measurements. The composites (1-x) BaTiO 3 +(x) Zn0.9Mn0.1Fe2O 4 (x=0, 0.10, 0.20 and 1) were synthesized by using the nanoparticles of Zn0.9Mn0.1Fe2O4 (ZMF) and BaTiO3 (BTO) by sintering at 1200 °C for 6 hours. The nanoparticles of BTO and ZMF were synthesized by hydrothermal method and by co-precipitation method respectively as described in our earlier works [2], [3]. The crystal structure of the nanoparticles of ZMF and BTO are cubic spinel and tetragonal phase respectively as confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis (Fig.1a). The XRD of the composite (x=0, 0.10, 0.20 and 1) samples confirm the co-existence of BTO and ZMF phases. It is observed from the field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) micrographs (Fig.1a inset) that the composite system consists of two kinds of regions: one corresponds to ferromagnetic (FM) phase and the other one to ferroelectric (FE) phase. Fig. 2(a) shows the magnetization vs. magnetic field (M(H)) plots for the FM-FE composites at 300K with x=0.10, 0.20 and 1 respectively. An increase in magnetization is observed with the inclusion of ZMF. The samples exhibit magnetic hysteresis behaviour with very low coercivity values indicating their soft ferromagnetic nature with much lower magnetization value than pure ZMF (inset of Fig. 2(a)). This indicates the existence of non-magnetic FE phase along with FM phase. The ferroelectric particles surrounding the magnetic particles influence the magnetic coupling among the magnetic particles. The presence of M(H) hysteresis loop confirms the magnetic ordering in the FM-FE composites. Fig. 2(b) shows the change of saturation magnetization (Ms) and coercivity (Hc) as a function of ZMF percentage (x %) for all the FM-FE composites. The gradual increase in Ms-values with the increase in ZMF content indicates that the Ms-values for the composites follow the mixture rule. Therefore, the magnetic response of composites depends on ZMF percentage [3]. Also, the increase in coercivity observed with decreasing ferrite percentage may be due to the diamagnetic nature of BTO. The observed multiple resonance in the ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) spectra (Fig.2(c)) of the composites is attributed to the coexisting magnetic states of the cations and cation distribution between A and B sublattices of spinel ferrites. It can also be attributed to the presence of heterogeneities in the composites. The decrease in resonance field (Hr-value) is related to the increase in internal magnetic field which indicates the increase in magnetic response with increasing ZMF percentage. Fig. 1(b) shows the ferroelectric hysteresis (P(E) loop) at room temperature for FM-FE composites $(\mathrm {x}=0.10$ and 0.20). The shape of P(E) loop confirms the ferroelectric ordering of the composites at room temperature. The positive curvature of the P(E) loop shows that the leakage current contribution is minimal. The remnant polarization and coercive field increases with increase in ZMF percentage. Since in the FM-FE composites, the ferroelectric grains are surrounded by the ferrite grains or vice versa. Therefore, the heterogeneous microstructure may be a possible reason for alteration in the interaction among the internal poles of the FM-FE composite. The FM-FE composites show a decrease in dielectric constant $(\varepsilon )$ value (solid lines in Fig.1c) with an increase in dielectric loss $(\tan \delta )($ symbol lines in Fig.1c) with an increase in ZMF-content. It is observed that the dielectric constant and loss values decrease with increasing frequency approaching to a lower saturation value at high frequencies. The variation of $\varepsilon -$value with frequency is attributed to the fact that the electric dipoles are unable to follow the fast alternate electric field oscillations under high frequencies. At lower frequencies, the FM-FE composites have higher $\varepsilon $ and loss values. The FE-FM distribution makes two types of inter grain connectivity impling two types of ionic relaxations in the low frequency region confirming the results from FESEM micrographs. It is clear from the results that magnetic, electric and dielectric properties of composites strongly depend on the microstructure of the sample. And the multiferroic properties of ferromagnetic-ferroelectric composites are due to the induced electric polarization in the magnetic order or vice versa.


The Food and Drug Administration recently licensed Menveo [Meningococcal (Groups A, C, Y and W135) oligosaccharide diphtheria CRM197 conjugate vaccine, Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics Inc.], for the prevention of invasive meningococcal disease caused by Neisseria meningitidis serogroups A, C, Y


RESULTS Most studies on major amputation report a decrease in the amputation rate. The United States, United Kingdom, Italy, Finland, Sweden, and Germany had similar trends of different sizes. A direct comparison of the figures is difficult and needs to consider the populations included in each analysis. For example, higher amputation rates are reported from the United States Medicare population compared with populations in other countries. The Medicare population includes individuals who are 65 years and older, disabled, or treated by hemodialysis. Thus, within this population the absolute number of amputations is high. Other studies report amputation rates based on the total population or patients with diabetes only. Thus, younger age groups are included in the countries that report lower amputation rates. In contrast to these countries, studies from Ireland and Spain did not report a decrease in the major amputation rates. Major amputation rates appear to be fixed at a certain level in these countries. Minor amputation rates are not reported in all included studies, and trends are not consistent with the major amputation rates within a country. Although major amputation rates decreased in the United Kingdom, Finland, Sweden, and Germany, minor amputation rates increased. In Major and minor amputation rates: What do they tell us? adrid · Spain


The City of Lacey rewrote the ordinance governing collection of fees to mitigate development impacts on the transportation system. Previously, developers submitted traffic generation and distribution reports prepared by qualified traffic engineers. The impacts were reviewed and the mitigation required at each site in the City were iteratively negotiated. This process required substantial investment by the developer and the City. Funds collected could only be used on the specific project for which they were collected. In developing a new ordinance, the City requested public input. Roundtable discussions included builders and developers. The application of mitigation fee formulas to commercial and residential projects, as well as trip generation and distribution methodology, were discussed in these sessions. The final ordinance included trip generation reductions for commercial property and a per trip mitigation fee cap for residential properties. The ordinance also allows the City to pool money from various projects for a single project under certain circumstances, and mitigation fees can be collected for projects already built until the project costs are fully amortized. An additional result of the roundtable discussions is that the City developed a trip distribution map for each Traffic Analysis Zone (TAZ). A proposed development can use this distribution, or in the alternative may hire a traffic engineer to develop an alternative distribution to be negotiated, as was done under the previous ordinance. All of these tools are based on existing information. Trip distributions were plotted using the City's transportation model assembled as part of the Transportation Comprehensive Plan. All projects to be mitigated are listed in the City's Six-Year Transportation Improvement Plan.


The article regards the category "old" as a basic unit,idioms as cognitive justifications.Based on the basic meaning of "old",through the investigation on the words,phrases and sentences in Chinese,it finds out the attached meaning,modality meaning and cultural meaning about it,which makes up for the deficiency of the explaination in Chinese grammar research.


When providing STEM learning opportunities, how can early years settings harness both children's innate curiosity and their everyday resources, asks Meredith Jones Russell


Numerical investigations on flow configuration, heat transfer characteristic and thermal performance assessment in heat exchanger square channel inserted with inclined wavy surface (sinusoidal profile) are presented. The influences of flow attack angles, α = 30, 45 and 60, and blockage ratios, BR = 0.10, 0.15, 0.20 and 0.25, on flow and heat transfer topologies are studied for the Reynolds number ranging from 100 to 1000 (laminar flow). The SIMPLE algorithm with finite volume method is selected to investigate the present problem. The physical model of the test channel with the inclined wavy surface is validated with the values from the correlations on both Nusselt number and friction factor. The numerical results are reported in terms of flow and heat transfer patterns in the heating channel. The understanding on the mechanism in the test section is an important knowledge to improve the heat exchanger and also helps to design the compact heat exchanger. The thermal performance assessment in the heat exchanger channel is also reported in terms of the relations of the Nusselt number ratio (Nu/Nu0), friction factor ratio (f/f0) and thermal enhancement factor (TEF) with the Reynolds number. The numerical result shows that the installation of the inclined wavy surface in the square channel heat exchanger improve heat transfer rate around 1.47 – 3.76 times above the smooth channel with the maximum TEF around 1.47 for BR = 0.10 – 0.25, α = 30 – 60 and Re = 100 1000.


In this paper, we present results of the analysis of motivation and satisfaction of elementary school teachers in Croatia related to multimedia literacy education. We have also determined the current situation and possibilities to adopt the multimedia literacy in the current school system in Croatia. Our comparative statistical analysis proved that there is a significant correlation between results students achieved in the multimedia quiz and the teacher's use of multimedia CD in the classroom: two schools where students achieved the best quiz results use multimedia materials with each teaching unit, while in the other schools (where the multimedia CD is used only occasionally in the classroom or the occasional use of the CD in the classroom is combined with independent use at home) students scored lower in the quiz and, consequently, school achieved the lower rank.


We investigate a binary Lennard–Jones mixture with molecular dynamics simulations. We consider first a system cooled linearly in time with the cooling rate γ. By varying γ over almost four decades we study the influence of the cooling rate on the glass transition and on the resulting glass. We find for all investigated quantities a cooling rate dependence; with decreasing cooling rate the system falls out of equilibrium at decreasing temperatures, reaches lower enthalpies and obtains increasing local order. Next we study the dynamics of the melting process by investigating the most immobile and most mobile particles in the glass. We find that their spatial distribution is heterogeneous and that the immobile/mobile particles are surrounded by denser/less dense cages than an average particle.


This paper reports the results of a research work whose main objective is related to the development of a technical solution that takes into account the relationship between the surface abrasion wear resistance and brightness of glazed ceramic tile products. Thus, glazes formulated from a glass-ceramic composition belonging to the LZSA system reinforced with crystalline particles of zircon were prepared and characterized with respect to their scratching and surface abrasion wear resistances and brightness. In this context, a bright (71.2 UB) porcelainized stoneware ceramic tile with high scratching resistance (9 Mohs), high surface abrasion wear resistance (PEI 5), and good staining resistance (Class 4) was obtained.


Ammonia volatilization is an important process of N loss which decreases the use efficiency of N by plants when urea is applied on the soil surface. To overcome this problem, some chemical compounds were mixed with urea to inhibit the urease action. The purpose of this study was to compare applications of an alternative fertilizer with urease inhibitor to reduce ammonia volatilization with conventional urea, under certain environmental and soil conditions. Four experiments were carried out in 2007 and 2008, under laboratory conditions, with samples of a Humic Haplumbrept. The treatments varied according to each experiment in terms of soil conditions, such as pH (4.0, 5.5, 6.3 and 6.8), soil water content (5, 10 or 20 % moisture), temperature (18 or 35 oC), aside from the fertilizer physical state (solid or liquid) and application method (over the surface or soil-incorporated). The experimental units consisted of plastic trays into which 12 kg of soil (dry basis) were filled in a 15 cm layer. Ammonia gas traps were installed across the soil surface. Frequent measurements were performed during the first 28 days of soil-fertilizer incubation. The peak of ammonia volatilization from the soil occurred in the first week after the application of traditional urea, and two or three days later for urea with urease inhibitor. Ammonia loss was not always higher from conventional than from treated urea, nor from solid than from liquid fertilizers. Ammonia volatilization increased with increases in soil pH, temperature and N rate and was lower at the lowest (5 %) and highest (20 %) soil moisture content. For surface-applied fertilizers, the maximum daily N loss rate was 14 kg ha-1 and the total cumulative loss ranged from 2 to 50 % of the applied N, depending mainly on the physical state of the fertilizer, temperature and on soil moisture. Soil incorporation of urea fertilizers was the best option to minimize ammonia volatilization in all treatments.


In the wake of the Southern California land boom of the 1880's, two Midwestern businessmen, Elisha S. Babcock and H.L. Story purchased all of Coronado and North Island,California in December 1885 with dreams of creating the premier resort destination in Californiafor Eastern elites. After incorporating into the Coronado Beach Company, they embarked on a publicity campaign facilitated by the local Coronado Evening Mercury and the very rails thatmade the land boom possible, netting enormous profits from lot auctions drowning inmiddle-class spectacle. This entire endeavor was contingent on the production of Coronado as athriving, sophisticated metropolis, with both cultural continuity with Eastern elite society andopportunity for advancement into middle-class whiteness. This project locates the cooperative construction of Coronado's image between the Coronado Beach Company and the local presswithin the larger American project of incorporating the West into the nation through thecontinuation of established Eastern conceptions of gender, race, and class, resting on theideology of Anglo, middle-class male dominance.


No scholar or researcher is able to provide robust evidences that counter the scant reflection on meta-theory - mostly ontology and epistemology - underlying management studies in general, and industrial marketing and purchasing research in particular. This paper is a contribution to the indispensable discussion of meta-theoretical alternatives in research and, most importantly, the strengths and shortcomings thereof, and respective implications on research questions, objectives, and findings.


Abstract Extract Madam:— Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) is caused by bovine herpes virus type 1 (BHV-1). Infection with this virus was shown to be widespread in New Zealand cattle population in a recent serological survey. (3)


The ``Flux conjecture'' for symplectic manifolds states that the group of Hamiltonian diffeomorphisms is C^1-closed in the group of all symplectic diffeomorphisms. We prove the conjecture for spherically rational manifolds and for those whose minimal Chern number on 2-spheres either vanishes or is large enough. We also confirm a natural version of the Flux conjecture for symplectic torus actions. In some cases we can go further and prove that the group of Hamiltonian diffeomorphisms is C^0-closed in the identity component of the group of all symplectic diffeomorphisms.


Decay studies often observe that plant litter increases in the amount of nitrogen within the first year of decomposition, yet sources are uncertain. The Harvard Forest Chronic Nitrogen Amendment Experiment, Petersham, MA, was utilized to quantify vertical N translocation from soil up into decomposing litter and determine if long-term, chronic N application has affected this process. Litter bags were designed to facilitate or restrict fungal hyphal connectivity between the soil-litter interface and placed in control, low N+S and high N plots. After five or 12 months, a 15N-(NH 4)2SO4 solution was horizontally injected into organic soil beneath bags. 15N enrichment (i.e., translocation) of leaf litter was observed in high N fungi bags at 12 months. Similar quantities of fungal biomass-C across all N and litter bag treatments showed N translocation was not a factor of fungal establishment on litter, but rather leaf litter moisture, high soil-available N, and fungal hyphal bridges between the soil-litter interface.


Great differences exist between China and the various ASEAN countries in relation to the knowledge property right, which become obstacles in trade contacts between China and the various ASEA countries. In order to adapt to the establishment of the China-ASEAN free trade zone, it is imperative to take effective measures to overcome these obstacles. In fact, there have been successful examples for us to learn. The way the European Union solved their problems may hold good for the China-ASEAN's reality. Measures are to be taken step by step until ultimately a coordinative and regularized model is formed.


This paper presents the background and results of a study of future payload technology requirements. The overall objectives of the study were the identification and description of technology items that must be advanced beyond the current state of the art in order for early shuttle-era NASA payloads to meet their currently defined objectives. The purpose was to provide data that will effectively assist the NASA payload technology planning effort. A total of 91 payload technology requirements have been defined in detail with requirements occurring in all disciplines. Included in the description of these technology requirements are the current state-of-the-art, the level of technology advancement required, and the date when the technology will be needed. The highlights of the study are: (1) NASA must provide the major impetus to attain these technology requirements, (2) most of these technologies must be available in 3-4 years, and (3) about half of the technology advancements require a test in space.