Field of view (FOV) and resolution are two key parameters for head-mounted displays (HMDs), which determine the user's experience including immersion and comfort. We present four different designs for large FOV and high resolution HMDs developed at Beijing Institute of Technology. Each of them provides an FOV greater than 80 degrees and an angular resolution better than 4 arcminutes. Two of the designs are immersive for virtual reality applications, and the other two are optical see-through for augmented reality applications. The designs can be divided into another two categories according to the size of the display devices employed. Design methods and experimental results are discussed in detail.


The new wireless generation 6G use of intelligent devices, sensors, and new applications like virtual reality and autonomous driving requires higher demands on the network with more users which needs higher data rate networks with minimum delay and less energy consumption. The current state for channel decoding does not meet the 6G requirements. In this paper, we design, evaluate, and proposes deep learning polar convolutional parallel concatenated (DL-PCPC) decoding, a new powerful decoding technique for 6G. The developed decoding technique dynamically reduces errors by 99.8%. It provides up to 80% better system efficiency than iterative decoding algorithms, with a 100% reduction in system delay. The novel proposes design works with a 6G communication frequency range of 300 and 400 GHz with terahertz data rates, providing correctly received data with a minimum amount of detected errors.


With the development of Internet technology and the growth of the number of Internet users,Web 2.0 model has gradually replaced the traditional models and become the main mode of current network.This paper introduces the concept of Web 2.0 model and user stickiness,proposes some measures to increase user stickiness such as comments,interactive,viral marketing,and so on,and establishs the marketing website strategy of tourism product marketing based on Web 2.0 model,so the tourism products Marketing websites get more attention in a competitive Internet environment so as to lower the cost of gain greater benefits.


Consider the band-splitting lter pair [1 2 1] and [-1 2 -1]. These simple lters may be implemented with arithmetic shifts and additions, and thus are ideal for implementation on ordinary personal computers. In two dimensions they can be applied separably. The only problem is that the lters violate the standard QMF criteria, and therefore a di erent set of lters must be designed for the encoding process.


MATHEMATICAL PRELUDE Relativistic Invariance Three-Dimensional World Orthogonal transformation group O(3) Tensor representations of the SO(3)-group The Four-Dimensional Minkowski Space The homogeneous Lorenz group Classification of irreducible representations of the Lorentz homogeneous group Tensor representations of the limited homogeneous Lorentz group Spinor representations of the homogeneous Lorentz group Poincare group and its representations Lagrangian Formulation of Field Theory Principle of least action. Lagrange-Euler equations Noether theorem and dynamic invariants Energy-momentum tensor Moment of momentum tensor Electromagnetic current vector and electric charge Isotopic spin Discrete Symmetry Operations Spatial inversion Time inversion Charge conjugation G-parity CPT theorem BIRD'S-EYE VIEW ON MICROWORLD Fundamental Interactions Species of interactions On path to unified field theory Atoms - Nuclei - Nucleons Atomism Rutherford model of atom Structure of atomic nucleus From Muon to Gluon Hadron Families Yukawa hypothesis Isotopic multiplets Unitary multiplets Quark "Atoms" Hypothesis of fundamental triplets X-ray photography of nucleons Parton model Quantum chromodynamics. The first acquaintance Heavy quarks and flavor symmetries Passing Glance on Theory of Electroweak Interaction Spontaneous symmetry breaking Glashow-Weinberg-Salam theory Fundamental Particles of Standard Model Technical Equipments of Particle Physics Accelerators Detectors Neutrino telescopes QUANTUM IDYLL - FREE FIELDS Scalar Field Klein-Gordon equation Quantization Production and destruction operators Wave-corpuscle dualism Commutation relations. Properties of commutator functions Microcausality Relativistically covariant scheme of canonical quantization Green function of scalar field Causal Green function Chronological product. Convolution of operators First order equation for scalar particles Particles with Spin 1/2 Dirac equation Calculating gamma-matrix tracks Relativistic covariance Solutions of free Dirac equation Once more about particles spin Polarization density matrix for Dirac particles Dirac equation in external electromagnetic field Charge conjugation, spatial inversion and time inversion for Dirac field Relativistic quantization scheme Dirac field quantization (momentum space) Dirac field quantization (configuration space) Majorana equation Quantization of Majorana field Second quantized representation of discrete operations C, P and T for particles with spin 1/2 Neutrino in Dirac and Majorana theory Massive Vector Field Proca equation Dynamic invariants of vector field Commutation relations in Proca theory Duffin-Kemmer equation for vector field Electromagnetic Field Maxwell equations Dynamic invariants of electromagnetic field Electromagnetic field quantization Quantization with use of indefinite metric Photon polarization QUANTUM ELECTRODYNAMICS S-Matrix Equations and dynamic variables in Heisenberg representation Interaction representation Scattering matrix Representation of S-matrix as sum of normal products Calculation of S-matrix elements Feynman rules in coordinate space Furry's theorem Feynman rules in momentum representation Crossing symmetry Cross section for unpolarized particles Cross section for scattering by external fields Decays of elementary particles Cross section for polarized particles Statistical hypothesis Transmission of gamma-Radiation through Matter Photoeffect (nonrelativistic case) Photoeffect (relativistic case) Compton-effect (unpolarized case) Compton-effect (polarized case) Electron-positron pair production by photon in nucleus field Resume Scattering of Electrons and Positrons Bremsstrahlung Radiation of long-wave photons. Infrared catastrophe e-e+-pair annihilation into two gamma-quanta. e-e+-pair production under annihilation of two gamma-quanta Positronium life time Moller scattering e- + e- --> e- + e- Processes e+ + e- --> l + l (l = e-, mu-, tau -) Radiative Corrections Calculations of integrals over virtual momenta Regularization methods Self-energy of electron Vacuum polarization Vertex function of the third order Radiative corrections to scattering of electron by Coulomb nucleus field Anomalous magnetic moment of leptons Lamb shift Renormalization Theory Primitive divergent diagrams Effective elements of Feynman diagrams Ward identity Extraction of divergences QED renormalizability Renormalization group Consistency problems of the QED Appendix Problems and References appear at the end of each section.


Chalcogenide glasses with a nominal composition of Ga5Ge20Sb10Se65-xTex (x = 0, 10, 20, 25, 30, 32.5, 35, 37.5) were synthesized. Their physico-chemical properties, glass network structure and optical properties are clearly modified via the substitution of selenium by tellurium. Based on a detailed study of the Ga5Ge20Sb10Se65-xTexTex bulk glasses properties, the Ga5Ge20Sb10Se45Te20 seleno-telluride glass optimal composition has been selected for fiber drawing. The luminescence properties of Tb3+ (500 ppm) doped Ga5Ge20Sb10Se65 and Ga5Ge20Sb10Se45Te20 bulk glasses and fibers were studied. Radiative transitions parameters calculated from the Judd-Ofelt theory are compared to the experimental values. Mid-wavelength infrared emission in the range of 4.3-6.0 μm is attributed to the 7F5→7F6 transition of Tb3+ ions with a corresponding experimental lifetime of 8.9 and 7.8 ms for the selenide and seleno-telluride matrix, respectively. The 7F4→7F6
emission was recorded at 3.1 μm with a good signal-to-noise ratio, evidencing a rather strong emission from the 7F4 manifold. Finally, although it was expected that the phonon energy will be lower for telluride glasses, selenide glasses are still more suitable for mid-wavelength infrared and long wavelength infrared emissions with well-defined emissions from 3.1 to 8 μm.


The construction of L functions for automorphic cuspidal representations of GSp(4, A) x GL(2, A) with a Whittaker model has been given by Novodvorsky [Novodvorsky, M. (1979) Proc. Symp. Pure Math. 33 (2), 87-95]. In this paper, we prove that this L function has nontrivial poles if and only if the representation of GSp(4, A) is a lifting from split 04. We also introduce a different construction of L functions for GSp(4) x GL(2) that is applicable to representations that do not have a Whittaker model-for instance, those that correspond to holomorphic modular forms. This construction is based on the lifting of these automorphic forms to Sp(4). Lifted forms will have a Whittaker model. This allows us to write integral expressions yielding these L functions. In this paper, we study L and £ functions for GSp(4) x GL(2). We consider two constructions. The first is a direct construction, which is applicable to pairs (Ir, T) of irreducible automorphic representations of GSp(4, A) and GL(2, A), respectively (A = the adeles of a given global field k), where ir is cuspidal and generic (i.e., Ir has a standard Whittaker model) and T is also generic. This construction can be inferred from ref. 1. The local factors are studied in ref. 2. The L function that is obtained corresponds to the natural eightdimensional representation of the L group of GSp(4) x GL(2), which is GSp(4, C) x GL(2, C). The main result here is the description of the poles of L(IT x r, s) (Theorem 1.3): There is a r such that L(IT x T, s) has a pole (simple) iff IT can be obtained as a Weil lifting from the connected component of the split four-dimensional general orthogonal group. The second construction of L and e functions is for pairs (IT, ) of irreducible, automorphic, cuspidal representations of Sp(4, A) (the metaplectic group) and of GL(2, A), respectively. iT is assumed to have a standard Whittaker model. This is a new construction. It is obtained by considering a Shimura type integral. In this Shimura integral, we use an Eisenstein series with "correct" parameters, which enables us to write local L and E functions. This Eisenstein series corresponds to Ind p(4A)T. P is the parabolic subgroup of Sp(4) that has an abelian radical. Assuming that r has a trivial central character this Eisenstein series always has a (simple) pole at s = 1/2. The other poles are simple and may occur only at s = 0, 1. This happens iff L(T, 1/2) 4 0 (Theorem 2.1). As an application, we get a new type of L functions for PGSp(4, A) twisted with irreducible automorphic representations of GL(2, A), which is applicable for (not necessarily generic) representations 7r of PGSp(4, A), which have a certain generalized Whittaker model. We first lift representations IT as above to Sp(4, A), using Weil representations. [Recall that PGSp(4) -Split SO(5).] It turns out that the lifting of such Ir to 9p(4, A) is generic. Now we apply the above construction for the lifting of Ir. We mention here that, locally over R, holomorphic modular forms are not generic but their liftings to Sp(4, R) are generic. One can expect that there is a similar situation in the global case. We remark here that the same construction of L functions is available for inner forms of SO(5) that have nontrivial parabolic subgroups. We mention that for GSp(4, A) the theory of L functions twisted with characters is available for any irreducible, automorphic, cuspidal representation of GSp(4, A) (3, 4). It is known that, to apply the converse theorem for GL(4, A), one needs L functions twisted with characters and L functions twisted with irreducible infinite-dimensional automorphic representations of GL(2, A). In another paper, we shall use the above to prove the existence of a correspondence that attaches to irreducible, automorphic, cuspidal representations of GSp(4, A), automorphic representations of GL(4, A)-a special case of Langlands' functoriality conjecture. l.a. L and E Functions for GSp(4) x GL(2) Let k be a global field; A, its ring of adeles; and I, its group of ideles. We introduce L and E functions L(tr X r, s), E(7r X r, s) for irreducible, automorphic, generic (i.e., having a standard Whittaker model) representations Ir, r of GSp(4, A) and GL(2, A). We assume that ir is cuspidal. These factors have been suggested by Novodvorsky (1). Consider the group G = {(g1, g2) E GL(2)2ldet g1 = det g2}. It is easy to see that G C GSp(4). We choose the embedding (which we will represent below by an asterisk) (a, b, a2 b2 \ [ai ib kkcl d, ) c2d2)) C1 dd Let C = {(tI2, t12) E G}. Put w = cww, the product of the central characters of ir and -. For 4 E S(A2) (the Schwartz-Bruhat functions on A2) and g E GL(2, A), let E O(g; w, s) be the Eisenstein series used by Jacquet in ref. 5 [For Re(s) > 1, E4(g; w, s) = E f+s(yg); B= ( ) yEBk\GL(2, k) O and, for Re(s) > 2, fs(g) = Idet gS f 4((O, t)g)ItI2scot)d*t] Define for (p E 7r, ,B E T, 4 E S(A2). [cp belongs to the appropriate subspace of L2(X, W,), X = GSp(4, k)\GSp(4, A), corresponding to 7r. p is made a function on GA via *.] L((p, /3, 4, s) = GkG (g1, g2)3(g2)E4(g1; c, s)dg; L(s, /3, 4, s) = CAG1\GA 'p(g1, g2)3(g2)C) (det g2) x E4(g1; o-', s)dg. [1.1] -I Let qi be a nontrivial character of k\A. Let wA, wO be the standard Whittaker functions of 'p, ,B with respect to 4i, 4'. 3924 The publication costs of this article were defrayed in part by page charge payment. This article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. §1734 solely to indicate this fact. Proc. Natl. Acad Sci. USA 81 (1984) 3925 THEOREM 1.1. (i) The integrals 1.1 converge absolutely and are holomorphic for all s that is not a pole of the Eisenstein series and L(qp, A, 4), s) = L(sp, (, 4, 1 s). (ii) For Re(s) >> 0, L(p, /3, 4, s) =f w((g9, g2)wlIg2)f ,s(g1)dg; L(qp, 3, 4, s) = NA\A w,'(g1, g2)W"-g2) x al(det gl)fC-iss(gl)dg. [1.2] [1.3] L(w, w', 4,, 1 s). These L and y functions are of degree 8. Put e(ir X r, s, 51) = Y7 X TV S' ° L(O' x ^.f, 1 s). LWr xr, s) Let k be a global field and ir = 0Op, r = MT. as in the beginning of this section. Define L(,7r x T, s) = El L(irp x Tr., s), p e(tr X 'r, S) = El E(ir,, x Tr, S, di/p). p The integrals on the right-hand side ofEq. 1.3 converge absolutely for Re(s) >> 0. Here N (( ), (1 ;)). Proof: i is immediate because (p is cuspidal, and Eq. 1.2 is implied by the functional equation satisfied by the Eisenstein series. (ii) For Re(s) >> 0, substitute in Eq. 1.1 the expression of the Eisenstein series as series, then L(q, 3, 4), s) {AFk\GA 0g1, g2)(3(g2)fts(g1)dg f (1) 0cA,(g1, g2)P(g2)fts(g1)dg. CANA Dk\GA


The evolution of the crystallographic substructure in deformed aluminum single crystals has been analyzed by measuring misorientations between subgrains using convergent beam electron diffraction (CBED). The variation of the subgrain size is mostly used in characterizing the evolution of a substructure during deformationl. This gives some information about the stored energy in the material during the deformation process. The stored energy not only depends on the subgrain size, but also on the subboundary energy, which is a function of the misorientation. Some earlier work has shown that the subboundary misorientation varies with the strain2,3. But the orientation difference across the subboundary has not been the subject of extensive investigations, because techniques capable of determining a sufficient number of misofientations with an accuracy better than one degree in an acceptable amount of time were missing. Recent developments in electron microscopic techniques overcome this problem and now provide fast single orientation measurement techniques using Kikuchi patterns in transmission (CBKP)4 or in reflection (EBSP)5. The ranges here the of interest the a representation of misorientations as a of the which six-dimensional Therefore analysis a


Seeks to identify and describe the continuing Christian vision, to trace its modes of transmission, and to permit it to illuminate the human context. The result is a systematic theology in the perspective of worship.


With the help of spectroscopic data, we have characterized several isolated entities resulting from the reaction of lanthanide ions with a hexadentate Schiff base ligand obtained by reacting o-vanillin and 1,2-diaminoethane. This H2L ligand possesses two coordination sites, an N2O2 inner site and an O2O2 outer site. In the first isolated complex, formulated as (H2L)Pr(NO3)3·H2O 1Pr, the NMR data confirm that the Pr3+ ion is only linked to the ligand by its deprotonated phenol functions while the ligand does exist in a neutral zwitterionic phenolato-iminium form (O−, NH+) in agreement with a migration of the protons from the phenolic functions to the imine groups. Deprotonation of the ligand in 1Pr yields a new and original product,
LPr(NO3)·H2O·CH3OH 2Pr for which spectroscopic results agree with a coordination of the Pr3+ ion at the N2O2 site. This result, which is surprising in view of the oxophilic character of the lanthanide ions, is also confirmed by comparison with the NMR data of the LZnPr(NO3)3 complex 3Pr that retains the Pr3+ ion in the O2O2 site. Another anionic complex 4Pr, L2PrCs, with two ligands linked to the lanthanide centre by their N2O2 sites is also isolated. Starting with the mononuclear cationic or anionic entities, 2Pr or 4Pr, we have not been able to isolate and characterize genuine homo- or hetero-dinuclear
lanthanide complexes.


Web Site Creation Emperor Hotel Room Reservations Online By Using PHP and MySQL is a WWW application that provides information about Hotel Caesar and the type of room types and provides an online reservation service. It is expected that this application can facilitate the visitor in the process of check-in or reserve a room for a visitor wants, they do not have to come to the hotel but with the only open this site and fill in the data provided they have officially booked the room. By using PHP and MySQL application is a combination of elements of a Web page images, text, animation and summarized into a single database into a form of application that is expected to easily be used by anyone and is made as attractive as possible while using this application. By simply clicking a button from the options menu so visitors will immediately be able to use this application.


The dangerous goods logistics is a kind of special logistics. The security problems exist during its transporting and storing. Combining HACCP and the characteristics in dangerous goods logistics, it puts forward the solution of controlling the security of transporting dangerous goods from the view of distribution center, and finds a way to monitor and correct it, and finally creates a management system to recording data and profiles.


Measurements were performed of K-shell ionization cross sections of Ti element by 10~30 keV positron impact using the thick-target method. The effects of multiple scattering of incident positron and from bremsstrahlung photons and annihilation photons with the thick-target method are discussed with ...


In the semi-arid Kerqin Sandy Land of north China,land desertification is the main cause of vegetation degradation and formation of mobile dunes.An experiment was implemented from 1996 to 2003 to monitor the natural process of vegetation recovery after mobile dunes were fenced.We investigated the plant species diversity and composition in each year of the restoration development.Soil samples from 0-5 cm were taken at 2-year intervals to assess the variations of soil physical and chemical properties with vegetation recovery.Vegetative investigations and soil analysis were carried out in a reference site(stable dunes) to detect similarity of composition between mobile and stable dunes.Colonization of pioneer plant species such as Agriophyllum quarrosum facilitated the invasion and development of other plant species on mobile dunes by ameliorating stressful environmental conditions.With restoration development,species diversity and coverage significantly increased.Variations in time of species composition in mobile dunes showed a trend that is in the direction towards stable dunes communities.Vegetation recovery and development resulted in significant changes in soil properties including increased silt and clay contents,organic C and total N in the 0-5 cm depth on mobile dunes.


To date, the whole brain is classically freshly examined during the autopsy, and can be removed in entirety in order to perform a complementary neuropathological examination. Is-it legitimate to bury a corpse without the brain – this symbolic organ – in order to satisfy the physician's curiosity and/or the scientific necessity? Indeed, brain is an organ with a strong symbolic signification. In order to estimate the accuracy of such post-mortem neuropathological examination of the whole brain, a brief survey was carried out in the Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine of the R. Poincare University Hospital (West Paris, France) between 2009 and 2011. On a total of 32 brains (=13.4%) removed on a total of 238 autopsies of adult individuals (in a good state of preservation, without exteriorization of the intra-cranial structures) and get full analysis by a neuropathologist, the final diagnostic of the cause of death given at the end of the autopsy was never changed. However, circumstances of death has been modified and/or completed in almost 62.5% of the cases (n=20). Our hypothesis is that post-mortem examination of the whole brain is scientifically legitimate, but not from a purely ethical point of view. Several practical solutions can be proposed in order not to deprive a human dead body from one of its most symbolic organs (but their efficacy facing neuropathology has to be tested). Indeed, behind this case of full brain sampling is the problem of the introduction of emotions and cultural visions that we have about internal organs; this global problem for all physicians could change their current practice when confronted to the death of their patients.


What do dance and philosophy have in common that may lead to a non habitual way of thinking in our culture? What's the difference between sensitive philosophy and philosophy of the sensible? In which ways a dance form can turn into a laboratory of thought? In these pages I attempt to introduce some movement whose thoughts one day may not need to state their disciplinary ascription.


Building a model and giving an empirical-test by using the data on agricultural expenditure of public finance,agricultural GDP,farmers' income,we found that there is a big gap between the actual contribution and the theoretical contribution of agricultural expenditure of public finance to the agricultural GDP and farmers' income.The reasons that the performance of agricultural expenditure of public finance is not very good include small aggregate,unsatisfied structure and poor management system.Hence,in order to improve the performance of agricultural expenditure of public finance,we must build a system of agricultural expenditure increasing steadily,improve the structure and management system.


Abstract : The evaluation of pavement at the U. S. Naval Air Station, Moffett Field, California, is presented with the allowable gross load capacities of the runways, taxiways, and parking aprons for single, dual, single-tandem, and dual-tandem wheel assembly aircraft. Information is also included on the construction history, climatic data, and current aircraft traffic. Results of the field and laboratory tests on the pavements and subsurface materials are included in the tables. Results of the evaluation show that Runway 14L-32R, the East Taxiway, the Diagonal Taxiway, the 6-inch-thick pavement in Parking Apron 1, the 7-inch-thick pavement in Parking Apron 2, and the pavements inside Hangars 1, 2, and 3 are being overloaded by the current aircraft stationed at NAS Moffett Field, California. (Author)


Nonlinear optical effect is induced by thermal poling in glass channel waveguides,and modifying waveguide structure leads to a change of the induced internal field,which poling conditions are optimized by systematical investigations in air environment.It is found,by adding a thin SiON layer in the waveguides,that electro-optic effect induced in the modified channel waveguides increases about 22% at the same conditions;electro-optic effect grows faster and electro-optic coefficient increases more rapidly within an optimal poling time,a lower threshold of poling voltage at the optimized poling condition is observed as well.The experimental results achieved suggest the added thin SiON layer can modify the charge distribution in the waveguides after polling,which can be used to increase nonlinear optical effect or electro-optic effect in waveguide polling.


Fourteen patients with lepromatous leprosy developed attacks of edema of the hands and/or feet associated with attacks of type 2 lepra reaction (erythema nodosum leprosum). The regional lymph nodes were enlarged and often tender when edema was present. Lymph node biopsies in five cases showed compression of the subcapsular sinus against the thickened fibrotic capsule of the inflamed node. It is suggested that this obstructs the inflow of lymph into the regional nodes, thereby causing the edema.


Abstract The Cl–/-ATPase from the plasma membranes of animal brains is an ATP-consuming Cl–-transporting ATPase P-type that is structurally coupled to GABAA receptors. The aim of work was to study the GABA effect on Cl– transport across liposomal membranes by the reconstituted ATPase under various conditions (i.e. in the absence and in the presence of ATP in the incubation medium). We reconstituted the affinity-purified enzyme in the liposomes with a fluorescent dye for Cl–. The Cl–-transport in proteoliposomes was evaluated from variations in fluorescence. Native-PAGE of the purified enzyme preparation, as well as western blot analysis with an antibody against the GABAAR β3 subunit, showed one band with a molecular mass of 300 kDa. The addition of GABA (100 μM) quickly resulted (1–3 s) in an increase in the Cl– influx into proteoliposomes. The application of ATP (3 mM) resulted in a gradual increase in the Cl– inflow into the proteoliposomes at 0.5–4 min. Vanadate (10 μM) did not change the GABA-induced Cl– inflow into the liposomes, but completely inhibited the ATP-dependent Cl– input. Under conditions where Cl– was previously loaded into proteoliposomes by ATP-dependent Cl– input, the addition of GABA to the incubation medium caused a short-lasting Cl– efflux from the proteoliposomes. However, an additional long-time incubation of these proteoliposomes resulted in the restoration of Cl– accumulation. Pentobarbital, propofol, or diazepam elevate and picrotoxin or furosemide eliminate the effect of GABA on the Cl–-transport processes. These findings indicate a dual nature of GABA action on the Cl–/-ATPase.


Space is essential to our modern way of life; but as the number of satellites in orbit increases, so does the chance of collisions and subsequent debris. This creation of debris increases the probability of new collisions in a positive feedback loop, potentially leading to runaway growth called Kessler Syndrome. To investigate this problem, a simulation of Low Earth Orbit has been created. Results show exponential growth initially but a decrease in carrying capacity as time increases. More research is needed to apply this result to the real world.


In a previous paper, the possibility for estimating the oxidative deterioration of fish oils by measuring the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) was described. The validity of the estimation was only proved for two kinds of purified fish oil. In this paer, a general and practical application of this NMR method to several kinds of crude fish oil is reported


We demonstrated fast 3D terahertz computed tomography by using real-time line projection of an intense terahertz beam. Peak-to-peak amplitude of the pulsed terahertz electric field and a standard reconstruction algorithm were used to performed final 3D reconstruction of test samples with a total acquisition time to only 6 minutes.


Hyperactivity is more than a simple, negative and defective disorder. People with ADAH have a latent potential which nobody talks about (like the creativity, wit, hyperconcentration, sensitivity, etc.) To be a hyperactive is positive if we have the ability of understanding and treating the disorder from a different educational perspective, because the students with ADAH is one of the collectives which adds more punishments, sanctions and expulsions in the educational centres of our country. However, these children can succeed academically and later in their job and affective life, if we have previously been able to understand them and act with an appropriate educational process to their idiosyncratic aspects and if we have given certain organizational level and


Nurses' job satisfaction is an important issue and it receives a lot of attention in the international nursing literature. But research about the influencing factors of novice nurses' job satisfaction is yet insufficient, especially a newcomer's advice network. This study explored the influence of network outdegree in the same division and across divisions on job satisfaction, as professional commitment, and perceived organizational culture were included as control variables. A total population of nurses recruited within 3 months in a medical center was surveyed. The results showed that perceived organizational culture was the strongest predictor of job satisfaction; and support the different effects of advice network outdegree in the same division and across divisions on job satisfaction.


At Sumrall Elementary School, in Mississippi, many teachers are thrilled with the interactive whiteboard (IWB). "It is very motivating," said one 4th-grade math teacher, who mentioned the benefits of teaching with technology because today's students are so accustomed to technology in their daily lives. Many teachers at this school use the Promethean board, a type of interactive whiteboard, which is becoming very popular in schools across the United States. The vice principal at Sumrall commented that one parent was so impressed with the whiteboard that he offered to buy one for the school so his child could use it. The use of the whiteboard does in fact seem to engage students for a variety of reasons. One teacher at Sumrall Elementary mentioned that she has tried teaching both with and without it and noticed a positive effect on students when she used it. Teaching with the whiteboard allows teachers to deliver instruction in an alternative format, decreasing monotony for both teachers and students. The interactive whiteboard also allows teachers to connect to the Internet and project images on virtually any topic, a great benefit to visual learners. Students learn how to use new technology skills or sharpen their existing skills through this new hardware. They seem eager to come up to the front of the class to use the whiteboard. Some teachers encourage students to use a device similar to a mouse that allows them to record their answers without leaving their seats. This allows all students to participate simultaneously and gives teachers immediate feedback about which questions are difficult and which are easy for the class, as well as data about who is answering correctly and incorrectly. In a reading and English 5th-grade class at Sumrall Elementary, a teacher uses the whiteboard to introduce new vocabulary words and show images on the IWB that match the new words. Later, she flips to a different page on the whiteboard to guide students to do some work involving synonyms and antonyms using the new words. This teacher is very happy with the way the whiteboard engages the class, but notes that it can be misused and needs to be combined with other effective teaching skills. The views that teachers and administrators at Sumrall Elementary have about the whiteboard are similar to what researchers are finding about this technological tool. The purpose of this article is to discuss the benefits and limitations of the interactive whiteboard as a means to promote learning.


We compute the first radiative correction to the Casimir energy in the (d + 1)dimensional λ|φ|4 model submitted to quasi-periodic boundary conditions in one spatial direction. Our results agree with the ones found in the literature for periodic and antiperiodic boundary conditions, special cases of the quasi-periodic boundary conditions. The idea of introducing an arbitrary parameter in order to interpolate continuously distinct theories is not new in the literature. For instance, fermionic and bosonic partition functions can be obtained as particular cases of more general ones which are computed assuming that these fields satisfy a more general boundary conditions (BC) in the imaginary time, where the fields acquire a phase e whenever τ → τ + β (β = 1/T ) [1] (for nonrelativistic partition functions see Ref. [2]). Periodic and antiperiodic BC (for bosons and fermions, respectively) correspond to θ = 0 and θ = π. It can be shown that the same effects can be obtained if instead of introducing the parameter θ, we couple the charged field (bosonic or fermionic) appropriately with a constant gauge potential of the form (A0, 0), which cannot be gauged away due to the compactification in the x0-direction, introduced to take into account the thermal effects. Similarly, we can consider that the field under study is submitted to quasi-periodic BC in a space dimension, which interpolates the periodic and antiperiodic ones. Analogously, the introduction of the interpolating parameter is equivalent to coupling the charged field with a constant gauge field with a non-vanishing component along the space-dimension which is assumed to be compactified [3]. In this work we discuss the effects of an interpolating BC in the vacuum energy of a complex scalar field. More precisely, we compute the O(λ) correction to the Casimir energy Email: firstname.lastname@example.com Email: email@example.com Email: firstname.lastname@example.com CO02-6 2 of a complex scalar field whose dynamics is described by the (Euclidean) lagrangian density LE = |∂μφ| + m|φ| + λ|φ| + Lct, (1) where Lct contains the renormalization counterterms, and subject to quasi-periodic boundary conditions in the xd-direction, i.e., φ(x0, x1, . . . , xd + a) = e φ(x0, x1, . . . , xd), 0 ≤ θ < 2π. (2) In previous works we performed similar calculations for Dirichlet-Dirichlet, Neumann-Neumann [4], and Dirichlet-Neumann [5] boundary conditions. The Casimir energy (per unit area) of a free field subject to those boundary conditions was computed in [6] in the (3 + 1)-dimensional case; the result is E (0) θ (a) ∣


Pine wilt disease is a most devastating disease of pines;the resistance to pine wood nematode varies in different provenances of masson pine.The paper offers a summary of researches on masson pine resistance to pine wood nematode.There are five major studies of masson pine resistance.① The diversity of resistance to pine wood nematode caused by masson pines of different ages;② The diversity of resistance to pine wood nematode of masson pine of various geographical provenances;③ The studies of the resistance of masson pine to pine wood nematode related to the contents;④ The resistance induced in masson pine;⑤ Breeding of disease resistance to pine wood nematode in masson pine.The resistance of masson pine to pine wood nematode has several factors.Usually the resistant masson pine has good living conditions;thus it can live healthily.It is very complicated of masson pine to resist the infection of pine wood nematode and so far people have found some materials produced by masson pine that have some relationships with resistance.And also people have done some researches on the structure of those materials but how the resistant materials are produced and what the mechanism of masson pine resistance still need further investigation.


We report a new approach for molecular sex identification of extant Ursinae and Tremarctinae bears. Two Y‐specific fragments (SMCY and 318.2) and one X‐specific fragment (ZFX) are amplified in a multiplex PCR, yielding a double test for male‐specific amplification and an internal positive control. The primers were designed and tested to be bear‐specific, thereby minimizing the risk of cross‐amplification in other species including humans. The high sensitivity and small amplicon sizes (100, 124, 160 base pairs) facilitate analysis of non‐invasively obtained DNA material. DNA from tissue and blood as well as from 30 non‐invasively collected hair and faeces yielded clear and easily interpretable results. The fragments were detected both by standard gel electrophoresis and automated capillary electrophoresis.


Techniques of magnetic stimulation of the brain have been widely used in the treatment of nervous system's diseases, such as Parkinson's Disease (PD), but its real mechanism of action and effects in cellular models need further investigation, especially in PD. Limitations imposed by pharmacological treatments have brought studies of neuroprotection in cellular models of the disease o focus, and the use of static magnetic fields to this purpose is not described. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to investigate the neuroprotective effects of Static Magnetic Stimulation (SMS) in neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y retinoic acid (RA) differentiated cells with 6-hidroxidopamine (6-OHDA) induced cytotoxicity. Cells were plated in a 24 well plate in a density of 5x10 cells per well and treated with 10μM of AR for 7 days during the differentiation protocol. On day 7, cells were exposed to SMS for 24h in a culture plate support with 6 NdFeB (neodimium-iron-boro) magnets in an intensity of 0,3 T and on day 8 cells were treated with 15μM of 6-OHDA for 24h. On day 9, cell viability was evaluated by MTT (3-(4,5-dimetiltiazol-2-il)-2,5-difeniltetrazólio) assay, cell death by both propidium iodide (PI) and Hoescht_33342 (HO) staining, and neurite density of the differentiated cells was evaluated by the plugin "Neurongrowth" of ImageJ software. Treatment groups were divided in: control group (only RA); 6-OHDA group (RA + 6-OHDA); SMS (RA + SMS) group and SMS + 6-OHDA (RA, SMS and 6-OHDA) group. Cell differentiation protocol was successfully accomplished, as neurite projections of the cells could be visualized in day 7. Establishment of the PD in vitro model by 6-OHDA cytotoxicity was confirmed by MTT assay, in which cells treated with the substance had decreased viability (p<0,05) compared with cells that were not exposed. An increase in cell death was observed in the group previously exposed to SMS and subsequently to 6-OHDA in comparison to the group in wich the magnetic stimulation was not applied (p<0,05). Neurite density was similar in all treatment groups. The results indicate a possible sensitivity of the cells to 6-OHDA when SMS is previously applied. These findings demonstrate the relevance of studies that apply static magnetic fields on neuronal cellular models, especially with regard to intensity of the field applied, to the time of exposure and to the moment in which the magnetic stimulation is performed. New studies using this technique under different conditions on the same cellular model are essential to achieve a better comprehension of its possible neuroprotective effects and also its mechanism of action.


The aims of this work were to validate a new model of a fixed-bed drying process with experimental data, compare this model with a traditional one (MSU Model), and analyze the sensitivity of each model parameter. A low level model of a thin-layer was developed, based on mass and heat balance between the drying air and the product. It also considered the product physical properties variation during drying. Thus a high level model was created by connecting four thin-layer models, in order to represent a thick layer. The proposed model was validated by the analysis of model performance index between the experimental data and simulated results. Finally, the efficiency indexes of the proposed model and the MSU model were compared. The models and the simulation were done using OpenModelica ® 1.6.0, based on the Modelica language. The proposed model had shown good performance indexes compared with the MSU model.


AbstractA type of Strassen's Theorem for measures taking values in the pos-itive cone of a Banach lattice is proved. We generalize a result of A.Hirshberg and R. M. Shortt and formulate a type of Strassen's Theoremin a topological context via closed sets. 1 Introduction In joint work, M. Marz and R. M. Shortt [10, Theorem 3.7] generalize a versionof the theorem known in probability theory as \Strassen's Theorem" (see [13],[6], [5, x11.6]) to the context of measures assuming values in a reexive Banachlattice.Continuing the line of inquiry of [12], in [8, Theorem 2] A. Hirshberg andR. M. Shortt prove a result of this type for measures taking values in Banachlattices of a certain type: the KB-spaces. Since reexive )KB )ordercomplete, their result is a generalization of [10, Theorem 3.7].In this paper we give a formulation of Strassen's Theorem for measurestaking values in Banach lattices with order continuous norm [Theorem 3.10].These spaces occupy a position between the KB-spaces and the order completeBanach lattices (reexive )KB )order continuous norm )order complete),hence our result is a generalization of [8, Theorem 2].We also formulate a type of Strassen's Theorem in a topological contextvia closed sets [Theorem 3.15].


The field of marketing has had a history of individuals and organizations attempting short‐term gain through less than ethical means. The advent of the Web and other technological advances has placed powerful resources in the hands of practitioners. Coupled with that power is an acute public awareness of marketing abuses that have adversely hindered subsequent marketing efforts. Marketers need to address basic marketing skills through old‐fashioned personal contact and personal relations that probably never will be effectively replaced with modern IT methodology. Additionally, marketing should take a proactive approach to defining marketing responsibilities to the public it serves to overcome the reputation that is established by a few who are unethical in their approach to the craft.


Parus varius(Paridae Passeriformes) is one of the species with obvious rupture and narrow distribution,which only distributed in east Asia.To better understand the genetic variation level of different geographic group of Parus varius in mainland China,we analyzed the whole mitochondrial Cytb gene sequence(1143bp) and part of the ND5 gene sequence(957bp) in fortynine samples among eight geographic populations.The average length of tested samples is about2100 base pairs.Our result show that the base content for T,C,A and G bases were 21.5%,37.4%,28.9%,12.2%,respectively.The base content for A + T(50.4%) was a little more than that of G + C bases(49.6%).We found 17 genetic variation sites in which the single variation sites were 7 and parsimony-informative sites were 10.Moreover,14 haplotypes were detected,eight geographic populations share the same haplotype(Hap-1),which indicates this haplotype is an ancient one,reflecting that the genetic differentiation among them was not significant.The nucleotide diversity and the haplotype diversity of five geographic groups were 0.822 39 and0.000 82,respectively.The average number of nucleotide differences of them is 4.663 83.Overall,Parus varius has a lower haplotype diversity and nucleotide diversity.The Nm value of five geographic groups is 5.282 21 ~ 17.336 45 and the Fst value of them is 0.002 07 ~ 0.086 47.The results of phylogenetic and TCS network analysis further indicated that the genetic diversity of Parus varius was lower,gene flow of Parus varius was very frequent and the differentiation among the populations was not significant.The result of neutral test was deviated from neutral mutation,which could confer that the population expansion had ever happened in Parus varius evolution history.


Community Question Answering (CQA) websites, which archive millions of questions and answers created by CQA users to provide a rich resource of information that is missing at web search engines and QA websites, have become increasingly popular. Web users who search for answers to their questions at CQA websites, however, are often required to either (i) wait for days until other CQA users post answers to their questions which might even be incorrect, offensive, or spam, or (ii) deal with restricted answer sets created by CQA websites due to the exact-match constraint that is employed and imposed between archived questions and user-formulated questions. To automate and enhance the process of locating high-quality answers to a user's question Q at a CQA website, we introduce a CQA refinement system, called QAR. Given Q, QAR first retrieves a set of CQA questions QS that are the same as, or similar to, Q in terms of its specified information need. Thereafter, QAR selects as answers to Q the top-ranked answers (among the ones to the questions in QS) based on various similarity scores and the length of the answers. Empirical studies, which were conducted using questions provided by the Text Retrieval Conference (TREC) and Text Analysis Conference (TAC), in addition to more than four millions questions (and their corresponding answers) extracted from Yahoo! Answers, show that QAR is effective in locating archived answers, if they exist, that satisfy the information need specified in Q. We have further assessed the performance of QAR by comparing its question-matching and answer-ranking strategies with their Yahoo! Answers' counterparts and verified that QAR outperforms Yahoo! Answers in (i) locating the set of questions QS that have the highest degrees of similarity with Q and (ii) ranking archived answers to QS as answers to Q.


A physically open, but electrically shielded, microwave open oven can be produced by virtue of the evanescent fields in a waveguide below cutoff. The below cutoff heating chamber is fed by a transverse magnetic resonance established in a dielectric-filled section of the waveguide exploiting continuity of normal electric flux. In order to optimize the fields and the performance of the oven, a thin layer of a dielectric material with higher permittivity is inserted at the interface. Analysis and synthesis of an optimized open oven predicts field enhancement in the heating chamber up to 9.4 dB. Results from experimental testing on two fabricated prototypes are in agreement with the simulated predictions, and demonstrate an up to tenfold improvement in the heating performance. The open-ended oven allows for simultaneous precision alignment, testing, and efficient curing of microelectronic devices, significantly increasing productivity gains.


Now cloud computing provides many opportunities for enterprises by offering a range of computing services. Cloud computing has opened up a new frontier of challenges by introducing a different type of trust scenario. Today, the problem of trusting cloud computing is a paramount concern for most enterprises. It's not that the enterprises don't trust the cloud providers' intentions rather, they question cloud computing's capabilities regarding the security. To trust on the cloud, the cloud computing should have the appropriate technologies to tackle the accompanying challenges of trust. In this paper we proposed an algorithm which can increase the trust of the client on the cloud service provider. Different researchers have proposed different algorithms like data encryption and data decryption using private or public key concepts. But trust to cloud is basically based on cloud trust policies, which is not enough for the client to use cloud for the sensitive data. In this paper the proposed algorithm uses a function called key_function and the key which increases the trust to cloud during transmission. The cloud can ensure that the cloud server is providing necessary security for the user's data during transmission. By matching the key which is updated by the key_function, the user can be secured that the data accessed from the cloud server is secured.


The National Computational Science Alliance (NCSA) hopes to accelerate the creation of a nationwide parallel computing environment for the US by developing hardware and software that will ease desktop access to the National Technology Grid. NCSA's plans focus on experimental computer architectures, high performance user programs, machine independent analyzers for parallel computers and advanced application support that leverage parallel adaptive methods and numerical optimization.


The Functional Hardware Design Language is an expandable language that is designed to make it easy to specify gate-level. FHDL currently supports the specification of gates, high-level functional blocks, state machines, ROM and PLA contents, and parameterized functional blocks. The language is easily extendable. THE FUNCTIONAL HARDWARE DESIGN LANGUAGE Peter M. Maurer Department of Computer Science Baylor University Waco, TX 76798


It has been proved that Local-Period phenomena widely exist in any chaotic binary sequence. Among the reasons of Local-Period phenomena existing, quantifications of chaotic binary random number generators are the key factor. This paper proposed that different quantifications could make sequences have different randomness from the same chaotic realvalue sequence. The simulation results illustrated that the sequences from the same Logistic real-value sequence through different quantifications, such as L-bits quantification, C-threshold quantification and Region quantification, located different Local-Period phenomena by BSPD detecting method. Moreover, statistical data inferred that C-threshold quantification has less effect on the randomness of original chaotic realvalue sequence.


The growth and decline law of classical swine fever antibodies in suckling piglets were evaluated by IHA.The growth and decline law of CSF antibodies of brood were detected in the piglets delivered by healthy gestational sows which were picked out by the clinical phenomenon and the survey of whole pig farm.The result of IHA showed the average antibodies titer of piglets in 6 days,14 days,21 days,25 days,28 days and 30 days were 5,10.5,4.75,2.75,1.4 and 0.8,respectively.According to the test data above,a curve chart of growth and decline of CSF antibody was obtained and the optimal first immune time of 23~25days was recommended.


This study was conducted to identify new trends in the consumer behaviour in Vietnam under the impact of the Covid 19 epidemic. The pandemic has impacted many aspects of working, communication, and contacting. This has also changed purchasing habits such as product preferences and the way of buying things. The changes in consumer behaviour in the Vietnam market have similar characteristics to the world market but still have their own characteristics. Therefore, the aim of this study is to find out these changes and suggest implications for businesses to better meet consumer demands as well as contribute to building positive experiences in shopping during the pandemic. In addition, the study also impresses the significance of having more studies about the impact of Covid 19 on consumers to have more thoughtful understand about the market in Vietnam


The essence and structure of The Book of Songs and Chuci differ. In the source of culture, the form of art and content, they seem to be two extremes and yet also complement each other. The Book of Songs takes an appreciative attitude to folk songs while Chuci tends to mix up with folk songs. The Book of Songs is expressed in the form of folk songs and ballads while Chuci in the form of lines of songs intended to be sung. The Book of Songs reflects the society of the Zhou Dynasty and Chuci shows the depressions of the literatus who failed to achieve their ambition and career and this mostly reflects their inner minds and personality. Even though they are of the same subject, they differ in expressions.


A process execution apparatus includes a first input unit that receives an instruction from a user, an execution unit that executes a process according to the instruction, a transmitting unit that makes a call to a terminal device having a phone number corresponding to the user, a judging unit that judges whether connection to the terminal device is made, a first authentication unit that determines whether user authentication is successful when the judging unit judges that the connection to the terminal device is made, and a controller that permits execution of the process by the execution unit when the first authentication unit determines that the user authentication is successful.


Captopril, a potent and orally active converting enzyme inhibitor is believed to exert its hypotensive effect largely through the inhibition of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) . In order to examine the renin dependency of blood pressure (BP) in normal rats and rats with two-kidney Goldblatt hypertension (2KGH), spontaneous hypertension (SH) and DOCA-salt hypertension (DSH), we examined the responses of these animals to prolonged administration of captopril. Two types of studies were done on the hypertensive animals: one was performed in the chronic phase when hypertension was established (chronic phase study), and the other was started in the prehypertensive phase (prevention study). Normal rats were studied with and without captopril treatment. 2KGH rats and SHR in the chronic


This paper focuses on four ways to use sampling to obtain population and housing counts in the 1990 U.S. census: a sample census sampling for nonresponse follow-up sampling for verification and sampling for coverage improvement. Cost legal political perceptual adjustment-related technical and operational issues are among the subjects covered. (ANNOTATION)


Cross-median crashes are disproportionately represented with respect to fatalities on divided roadways. Many state DOTs seeking to mitigate cross-median crash risk installed cable median barriers, due to their versatility, flexibility, and low cost. However, cable median barriers are also roadside hazards. Conditions associated with cable median barrier containment failures and crash severity were investigated in this study. The 85th percentile trajectory angle associated with severe cable median barrier crashes was calculated to be 39 degrees. Severe median crashes frequently occurred with larger orientation angles than trajectory angles. Although high-tension cable median barriers have many advantages over low-tension systems, low-tension systems had the lowest severe crash rate of 1.7% despite penetration and rollover rates of 9.1% and 7.8%, respectively. Individual distributions of penetration and rollover crashes were not statistically different when compared by vehicle classification. Thus, vehicle make, model, and type may be equally important in full-scale crash testing as test vehicle weight and CG height. Future cable median barrier tests should be conducted at a CG trajectory angle of 39 degrees with large car and SUV vehicles to maximize safety potential of these systems. With these changes to full-scale test procedures, cable median barrier containment failure rates would decrease and many lives would be saved.


Gembili tuber contains 2,9% of glucomannan and potentially as food additive in chicken sausage processing. The purpose of this study was to determine the amount of the gembili's glucomannan addition on the physical, chemical and organoleptic characteristics of chicken sausage and knowing the amount of the gembili's glucomannan flour addition on chicken sausage processing and to produce sausage with a good characteristics and panelists preferred. The study was designed using completely randomized design with one factor and three replications. Parameter research includes characterization of gembili's glucomannan flour (brightness, WHC, ash content, protein content, moisture content, and the levels of glucomannan), brightness, texture, ash content, moisture content, protein content, fat content, the organoleptic properties, and effectiveness test to determine the best treatment. The results showed that the addition of gembili's glucomannan flour significantly affect the texture, moisture content, and organoleptic. But did not significantly affect the fat content, protein content, brightness, and ash content. Effectiveness test showed that the value of the highest combination of all parameters are in sausage meat chicken with the addition of 0.3% gembili's glucomannan flour with the analysis results that the brightness of 51.96, the texture of 75.57 g / mm, ash content of 1.41%, 1,78% WHC, levels water 52.13%, 16.47% protein content, fat content 8.84%, the organoleptic properties of flavor 3.88, 3.68 organoleptic properties of color, the organoleptic properties of elasticity of 3.64%, the organoleptic properties of the slices appearance of 3.92, and the nature of the overall preferences of 3.88. Keywords : food additive, gembili tuber, glucomannan, addition variation


3D scene sensing and understanding is a fundamental task in the field of computer vision and robotics. One widely used representation for 3D data is a voxel grid. However, explicit representation of 3D voxels always requires large storage space, which is not suitable for light-weight applications and scenarios such as robotic navigation and exploration. In this paper we propose a method to compress 3D voxel grids using an octree representation and Variational Autoencoders (VAEs). We first capture a 3D voxel grid –in our application with collaborating Realsense D435 and T265 cameras. The voxel grid is decomposed into three types of octants which are then compressed by the encoder and reproduced by feeding the latent code into the decoder. We demonstrate the efficiency of our method by two applications: scene reconstruction and path planing.


Current methods in combining Petri net modeling with fault tree analysis for systems failure and safety assessment assume that the failure rates of the basic events in a system are the same and the Petri net model of the system consists of only simple structures. These assumptions do not reflect the real industrial applications for system failure and safety analysis. To overcome the limitations of the current methods for systems failure and safety assessment, this paper extends the current methods to real applications where basic events can have different failure rates and the systems can be modeled with complex Petri net structures. Examples of failure and safety analysis of a nuclear waste carrying manipulator and an automated manufacturing and assembly system with a robot are provided to demonstrate the developed method.


Most virtual-reality systems use LCD-based displays that achieve a large field-of-view at the expense of resolution. A typical display will consist of approximately 86,000 pixels uniformly distributed over an 80-degree by 60-degree image. Thus, each pixel subtends about 13 minutes of arc at the retina; about the same as the resolvable features of the 20/200 line of a Snellen Eye Chart. The low resolution of LCD-based systems limits task performance in some applications. We have examined target-detection performance in a low-resolution virtual world. Our synthesized three-dimensional virtual worlds consisted of target objects that could be positioned at a fixed distance from the viewer, but at random azimuth and constrained elevation. A virtual world could be bounded by chromatic walls or by wire-frame, or it could be unbounded. Viewers scanned these worlds and indicated by appropriate gestures when they had detected the target object. By manipulating the viewer's field size and the chromatic and luminance contrast of annuli surrounding the field-of-view, we were able to assess the effect of field size on the detection of virtual objects in low-resolution synthetic worlds.


Against the background of unprecedented change in the Health Service, this article looks at the causes and effects of a major alteration in the delivery of services to people with learning difficulties in Oxfordshire. It describes the strategy used to address the issues and conflicts that emerged.


The Quieted Voice: The Rise and Demise of Localism in American Radio. Robert L. Milliard and Michael C. Keith. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press, 2005. 256 pp. $55 hbk. $28.50 pbk. For many, U.S. radio has become a poster child for media deregulation and conglomeration gone horribly wrong. In The Quieted Voice, Robert Milliard and Michael Keith study the impact on radio as a local medium. Milliard is a media arts professor at Emerson College and former chief of public broadcasting at the Federal Communications Commission; Keith teaches communications at Boston College. The two have collaborated previously on books examining broadcast indecency and right-wing electronic media as well as on a broadcasting history textbook. In their latest book, Milliard and Keith provide a thumbnail history of how radio localism has waxed and waned over the years. They describe how radio emerged as a cacophonous forum of local voices in the 1920s only to be transformed by the following decade into a national medium controlled by the networks. That transformation was largely due to regulatory action favoring big commercial interests, although the government still took steps to limit concentration of ownership and encourage local, independent stations and programming. By the 1950s, radio was forced to reinvent itself as television became the new national medium and the broadcast networks became pre-eminent. The result was a boon to local radio as stations targeted narrower audience niches via formats such as Top 40 music. Milliard and Keith argue that the FCC of the 1960s and 1970s included commissioners and staff "who consistently put the public interest and consumer needs above corporate profit and growth." Rules such as ascertainment (i.e., requiring stations to determine the key issues facing their communities and demonstrate how their programming addressed those issues) helped maintain a degree of localism in radio. Deregulation took hold during the Carter administration, however, and accelerated during the Reagan years. The culmination was the Telecommunications Act of 1996, which relaxed or eliminated rules regarding license renewals and ownership restrictions. Conglomerates such as Clear Channel acquired vast numbers of stations and in many cases replaced distinctively local voices with more homogenized and formulaic programming. When the FCC proposed further relaxation of ownership rules in 2003, there was a public backlash and a call for re-regulation. …


Genetic variation in Alternaria brassicae, A. brassicicola, and A. raphani collected from geographically diverse regions of the world was studied with RAPD and RFLP markers. Twenty 10-mer primers of arbitrary nucleotide sequences were tested for amplification of genomic DNA of A. brassicae using PCR. Of these, five primers amplified the genomic DNA from 20 A. brassicae isolates and produced reproducible RAPD profiles. UPGMA analysis of RAPD data showed that isolates collected from geographically distinct regions could be broadly classified into four groups. Intra-regional variation between isolates was less apparent. Variation was, however, higher in A. brassicicola, as based on RAPD analysis. Two isolates (from Canada and France) of A. raphani also showed variability with different RAPD profiles generated by all five primers tested. Five polymorphic, distinct RAPD products were used as hybridization probes for RFLP analysis to detect inter- and intra-specific variation. Variation among A. brassicae, A. brassicicola, and A. raphani was evident. Non-radioactive probes were also used to hybridize with Southern blots of A. brassicae, A. brassicicola, Leptosphaeria maculans, Rhynchosporium secalis and Brassica juncea for the selection of A. brassicae-specific probe(s). Probe AbP3 specifically hybridized with restriction digests of A. brassicae but not with those of A. brassicicola or other tested species. This probe should, therefore, be useful for distinguishing between two important pathogens of crucifers, i.e. A. brassicae and A. brassicicola both in culture and infected tissues.


A numerical method for interpolating the resistance-temperature relation of a platinum resistance thermometer is given. Calibration at three points such as 20°, 90°, and 273°K is required. The interpolation is then carried out by reference to the complete resistance-temperature relations of two other slightly different thermometers. Limited tests suggest that it is possible to achieve a temperature scale in this way using commercially available thermometers that is reproducible within 0.001 deg, provided the Callendar-van Dusen constants and the residual resistance ratio are sufficiently restricted.


7010 Background: Genetic polymorphic variants (SNPs) of DNA- and histone-modifying genes, in particular O6- methylguanine DNA-methyltransferase (MGMT), have been implicated in increased risk for development of lung cancer. Methods: 165 SNPs in these genes were genotyped in 461 stage 1 and 2 non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients treated with surgery (N=337) or surgery and chemotherapy (N=124) and analyzed for association with recurrence and survival. Median survival times and recurrence rates were 89.1 months and 27.5 % (93/337) for surgery and >133.6 months and 29% (36/124) for surgery and chemotherapy, respectively. Results: We identified three classes of SNPs that were differentially prognostic or predictive of recurrence and survival in early stage NSCLC. Class 1 contained two SNPs (in MGMT) which were prognostic biomarkers for clinical outcome independent of treatment modality. Six SNPs in class 2 (MBD2, SUV39H2, MBD4, EZH1(2x), EZH2) correlated with treatment outcome for surgery alone, but not ...


Over the last few decades, inclusive educational practice has developed into a guiding political vision in Norway, as it has in several other western countries. This article, and the larger study it is part of, takes a narrative approach to the study of how one particular Norwegian primary school teacher deals with realizing the ideology of inclusive teaching in her ordinary classroom activities. Inclusive practice is a complex field interwoven with a great variety of activities. This article, however, focuses on one aspect of the teacher's inclusive practice: how she facilitates her teaching so that everyone may participate in the various school‐day activities. The topic is examined by highlighting one recurring typical setting that occurs in the class. The teacher's reflections on the setting are presented, along with a story from the classroom. The story serves as an illustration of how she deals with the setting in question. It is analysed in the light of Bakhtin's (1986) notion of 'speech genre' and ...


The shift from a modem to a postmodern cuhure which is still in the making brings a new understanding of self and the world with it. Theology therefore has to reflect on the implications and compatibility of this new under standing of the self and the world for a Christian under standing of reality as revealed in the Bible and other relevant texts. In this paper I shall describe some dimensions of this cultural shift that is occurring and then reflect on the challenges and opportunities that they offer to theologians. The dimensions of the post modern culture discussed in the paper are the broader notion of rationality that the postmodern culture propo ses, its broader anthropology, the emphasis on the in volvement of both expertise and experience in decision making, and finally the reduction of the world to a 'glo


Two cultivars of tomatoes were home canned in a boiling water bath with various levels of citric acid and one level of sugar. After 7 months' storage, tomatoes to which lg of citric acid had been added had the lowest ascorbic acid content. Addition of smaller quantities of citric acid, however, did not significantly affect ascorbic acid retention, compared with that of the nonacidified control. Adding 0.5g of citric acid or lg of citric acid plus 1 tsp of sugar was found to be an acceptable method of decreasing the pH of tomatoes used in this study without seriously impairing the flavor or texture.


This study examines the underlying dynamics of strategic decisions that are subject to upward influence activity. The results suggest that the strategymaking process deviates considerably from typical rational comprehensive approaches in that strategies are affected by: initial sense-making activity, perceptions of risk and return, and power and negotiation skills. Differences due to functional area of the manager involved in the influence activity are discussed.


Objective To develop an HPLC method for the determination of 10-hydroxycarbamazepine( MHD) of oxcarbazepine active metabolite in human plasma and evaluate the relationship between concentration and efficacy. Methods Using 6-methoxysalicylic acid as internal standard,MHD was extracted by ethyl acetate. A Symmetry ShiledTMRP18column( 4. 6 × 250 mm,5 μm) was used,with the mobile phase of acetonitrile and water containing 0. 05% formic acid( v / v,23∶77) at the detection wavelength of 214 nm. The flow rate was 1. 0 m L / min and the column temperature was 40℃. Measured concentrations of MHD from 108 blood samples of 78 epileptic patients by HPLC-UV,and all corresponding clinical data were collected from the medical records of the population. The relationship between serum concentration and clinical efficacy was evaluated by assessing curative effect criterion. Results The calibration curve was linear in the range of 0. 4 ~ 40 μg / m L( r = 0. 998) and the detection limit was 0. 4 μg / m L. The RSD of intra-and inter-day precision was both less than 15%. The range of extraction recovery ratio of MHD was 75. 1% ~ 78. 5%. Extraction recovery ratio of internal standard was 86. 5%. The results of therapeutic drug concentration monitoring( TDM) for MHD showed that after taking epilepsy about 2 h,plasma drug concentration reached its peak,there was a large difference between different patients blood drug concentration. Conclusion The method is simple,accurate,sensitive. It is suitable for clinical to study MHD blood concentration monitioring of patients after taking OXC. It is more effective for most patients with epilepsy that the therapeutic drug concentration of MHD is higher than 8 μg / m L.


Solutions of most Partial Difierential Equations (PDEs) are dominated by coherent modes that can be extracted through the use of decomposition techniques. This paper focuses on a benchmark example for low dimensional modeling, named 2D Burgers (cid:176)ow. The boundary excitations are Dirichl¶et type and the technique results in a reduced order model of the inflnite dimensional process. The issues in(cid:176)uencing the performance are discussed and it is seen that the results obtained from the low order model are compliant with the desired results.


A novel technique to achieve output tracking via input estimation applicable to nonminimum phase nonlinear systems is presented. The earlier approaches to stable inversion is directly applicable only to nonminimum phase systems with hyperbolic internal dynamics. Systems with nonhyperbolic dynamics required modification of the internal dynamics. The method presented in this paper overcomes this drawback


We have recently completed a comprehensive photometric survey of 27 Abell clusters with the 8k mosaic camera on the KPNO 0.9m telescope. Preliminary luminosity functions and dwarf-to-giant galaxy ratios have been calculated for five galaxy clusters (A1185, A1656, A2151, A2152, and A2197). A significant increase in the faint end slope between the inner (0.0-0.75 Mpc) and outer (0.75-1.50 Mpc) luminosity function is measured for A2151 (H_o = 50 km/s/Mpc). All five clusters show a significant dip in the luminosity function at M_R = -19.5.


The massive open online course (MOOC) has expanded rapidly, providing users with a low-cost, high-quality learning experience. High dropout rate is a serious obstacle that restricts the development of ideological and political MOOC. One of the ways to solve this obstacle is to use the rich data resources in MOOC to explore the relevant factors of dropout. Reduce dropout rates by building drop-out prediction models and establishing early-warning mechanisms. However, the ideological MOOC data is huge and complex, which is prone to problems such as loss of data value, mismatch between data and models, and poor research reproducibility. This paper uses a more mature logistic regression method of machine learning to transfer it to the field of education, providing a new path for data-driven MOOC dropout prediction research.


In short, as Katterhagen said, "NCCN makes no secret of the fact that it hopes the guidelines will protect its [institutions'] market share." So far, NCCN has received "many positive comments," from third-party payers, according to Kovach. "The big companies are paying attention." In southern California, Kaiser Permanente will discuss the guidelines at its regional meeting, according to Kaiser's Allen Bredt, M.D. And Ross said that "at least one [managed care] company has gone so far as to say it would like to discuss piloting the guidelines." And what about legal issues? Some oncologists worry that following guidelines will make them more vulnerable to malpractice suits. Nonsense, said Frances Miller, who teaches at both the medical and law schools of Boston University. "Good medicine is good law," she insisted. Her argument is that if guidelines are based on sound science and expert opinion, they should protect against lawsuits. "The NCCN guidelines are not just a cost-containment tool," she said. "They are truly quality-control instruments, as well." No matter what legal and other issues loom, it seems clear that there is a strong impetus among oncologists to overcome the implementation hurdles ahead. "Guidelines were always a good idea," said Kovach. "Now, economics have driven them to the forefront."


This paper examines the impact of advertising on turnover of manufacturing companies with a view to rank the magnitude of importance of advertising among the multifarious factors of promotion, goodwill, product availability, pricing impacting on turnover. Both primary and secondary data used were analyzed using ordinary least square and a multiple regression models and were interpreted using R, adjusted R, and standard error of estimate and t statistics. These were supplemented with augmented Dikky Fuller Unit Root and causality tests. The study concludes that generally advertising is a powerful determinant of manufacturing company's turnover in Nigeria whether considered individually or in combination with other factors(for Nigerian Breweries)but ranked after goodwill for Guinness. It is recommended that advertising models of the brewery sector in Nigeria should consider goodwill sustainability to achieve advertising objectives.


Abstract : Two Monte Carlo codes, labeled MCABLE and MCIMP, were developed to determine the direct drive currents in cables due to gamma radiation. MCABLE was written in cylindrical coordinates for circular shaped cables and MCIMP in Cartesian coordinates for any arbitrary shape. A background into single and multiple scattering theory with an emphasis on the Moliere and Scott-Snyder distribution functions is presented. Range and emission current calculations are provided to substantiate the validity and accuracy of the technique used in the Monte Carlo codes. An experimental comparison was also made to verify the accuracy of the codes. A parametric study was conducted on the response of a coaxial cable due to variations in the dimensions and material types. Based on this study, a simple model for estimating the shield and center conductor currents is presented. Finally, a comparison is made between the response of eight cables measured in the laboratory and the Monte Carlo code MCABLE.


Storing refrigerated raw milk in the source of production reduces economic losses which occur due to the acidifying activity of mesophilic bacteria. Nevertheless, this process selects psychrotrophic bacteria that cause technological and economic problems to the dairy industry. Samples of individual and collective refrigerated tanks and samples from an industrial silo in a dairy industry were collected and analyzed to evaluate the microbiological quality of raw milk. Furthermore, proteolytic psychrotrophic bacteria were isolated from refrigerated raw milk and characterized according to the Gram reaction and glucose fermentation. The refrigerated raw milk from the industrial silo was not compatible with legal microbiological standards, and its microbial count was significantly higher than milk from individual and collective tanks. A significant difference of contamination by mesophiles, proteolytic and non-proteolytic psychrotrophs, and Pseudomonas was observed in samples collected from refrigeration tanks compared to samples collected from the industrial silo. The Gram-negative microbiota was isolated more often, especially the glucose non-fermentative Gram-negative bacteria.


TCA(Total Cost Assessment) can be defined by a tool to evaluate actual profit about investment. Also, It can be used by method to make more reasonable decision-making in business. Enforcement of 'direct payment system' for environment friendship farmhouse of government is spreading recent times. But, it is true that it is no definite standard about appropriation of disbursement amount of money. TCA method can be utilized usefully for solution of these problem. Also, It will help to decide price grasping invisible cost and environment cost. Therefore, We tried that may can apply TCA theory in farmhouse class, and attempted economic performance estimation which use this. This study introduces TCA theory and developed applicable expense list in agriculture field. Also, We applied TCA theory to farmhouse. This theories referenced domestic and the foreign countries' connection literature. But, It handled part about invisible cost and social cost etc..


value of aconitia as a remedial agent, but it is unnecessary to multiply examples, especially as testimony is forthcoming trom another source. In the price lists of different firms of druggists, we find aconitia quoted just like anyother alkaloid, and it maybe presumed that there isademand for it; in fact, in one of the trade journals it was stated, not very long ago, that the demand for crystallised aconitia was greatly in excess of the supply. At the International Medical and Sanitary Exhibition aconitia was shown by several firms, Merck, of Darmstadt, alone exhibiting three kinds. We find too, that aconitia is constantly quoted in chemists' retail lists, and that is a pretty good proof that somebody uses it. In Mr. Martindale's list an aconitia solution is mentioned for hypodermic use, the strength being I in 240 ; in Messrs. Savory and Moore's list we find gelatine discs each containing -5th of a grain, and in a list issued by another large firm we find quoLations for soluble aconitia pilules made with Duquesnel's crystallised alkaloid, the dose being either rhth of a grain or ',2th. It must not be forgotten too, that aconitia is largely used in what is called Dosimetric Medicine. As regards the treatment of poisoning by aconitia, there is little to be said. The stomach-pump or an emetic, and the free administration of stinulants-ammonia, brandy, champagne, etc., naturally suggest themselves. The patient should be kept strictly in the horizontal position, and warmth should be applied to the extremities; friction with the warn hand and a mustard leaf over the region of the heart would be of service. The physiological antidotes are atropia and digitaline, and it would be right to give a hypodermic injection of either, say a sixtieth of a grain of atropia or of twenty minims of tincture of digitalis. I saw one case in which inhalation of nitrite of amyl was given with marked benefit. When the patient is suffering intense pain, there is naturally a desire to give a hypodermic injection of morphia, but such a step would be unjustifiable.-I am, Sir, your obedient servant, WILLIAM MURRELL, M.D., Lecturer on Materia Medica and Therapeutics at the Westminster Hospital.


Aiming at the design of Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) course system in software engineering, the HCI course system in Stanford University and the teaching practice details of related courses are analysed and studied. We sum up nearly five-years of teaching experience, propose a theoretical knowledge system of three levels in HCI, and build up a suitable road to reform and practice the course system.


The article analyzes the philosophical, psychological, pedagogical, educational, and methodological literature on the research problem; the essence of the concepts "structuring of educational information", "professional and pedagogical training of masters of natural sciences for structuring educational information" is revealed, methods of structuring educational information are analyzed, forms of presenting educational information are revealed.


The interlayer debonding of bridge deck pavement affects the overall durability of the bridge. Monitoring of the bridge deck pavement using a non-destructive method is important in the formulation of rehabilitation strategies that may be applied to the structures. Impact sounding technique is one of the preferred approaches due to its simplicity and affordability. This study aims to determine the frequency range with reference to the bark scale at which the sound of interlayer debonding can be recognized. This study uses Principal Component Analysis to determine which frequency range gives a better cluster that will eventually make it easy to classify bonded and unbounded pavement.


Pound wrote and partially published two Cantos in Italian at the close of the war, 1944-45. He suppressed them during his lifetime because of their strenuous defence of Italian Fascism. They are among his most engaging and revealing writings. They are here translated into English, annotated thoroughly, and contextualized.


Abstract This paper reports on two different strategies that have been implemented in Iraq to improve quality assurance in the higher education sector in Iraq. One strategy has been developed by the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research in Baghdad. It involved conducting a pilot study at the University of Babylon. This pilot included establishing a quality development process that focused on training senior academic staff and quality reviewers who represented all the colleges of the University of Babylon. The University's goal is to become a pioneer in quality assurance in Iraq. Another strategy was implemented in the Kurdistan Region Governorate, where a team of reviewers from Exeter University, United Kingdom conducted an initial evaluation of quality practices in Kurdistan Region Governorate universities. In addition, following this review, selected staff members, representing the different ministries' specialisations, were then sent to the United Kingdom to be trained as quality reviewers and they will ultimately lead the programme from their ministries in the Kurdistan Region Governorate.


A distributed register, and an authentication system using biometric data, biometric data obtainer for acquiring biometric data; Wherein the terminal receiving at least a portion of the biometric data acquired from the biometric data obtainer; A first server for receiving at least a portion of the biometric data from the terminal; And a second server for receiving at least a portion of the biometric data from the first server; and mixing of, the biometric data acquisition group, the acquired biometric data in the registration process of the biometric data including, but at least the data in some interval, It characterized by transmitting at least part of the mixed data to the terminal. According to the distributed registration and authentication system using biometric data, and the multi-stage dispersion properties and distributed authentication, and by the mixing of the biometric data to enhance security.


Abstract This study aimed to characterize the morphology of the first permanent molars affected by molar-incisor hypomineralization (MIH) using a light microscope (LM) and scanning electronic microscope (SEM). A total of 8 teeth were divided into two groups: experimental group − 4 first permanent molars being clinically diagnosed as MIH, and control group − 4 sound and healthy first permanent molars. The free surfaces of each tooth were split in half across in a buccolingual direction and then were examined using SEM and LM. Under LM observation the hypomineralized enamel appeared opaquer and demonstrated areas of porosity. The SEM observation of enamel with MIH revealed superficial defects which embedded numerous colonies of microorganisms as well as disorganized prisms and loosely packed crystallites. Our results support the idea that there is a significant distinction between the structure of MIH-affected and sound unaffected enamel. The clinical appearance of MIH-affected enamel correlated with the severity of enamel changes.


The utility model relates to a work holder of welding frock, bent arc plate be through the shaping of bending, include from down supreme weld part, lower portion to reach book portion, lower with the opposite direction that bends of last book portion, the weld part is placed with the diaphragm level, is the face bonding between the welding ends of weld part and diaphragm, clamping device includes welded seat, and the grip block is installed to the last symmetry of welded seat, installs between two grip blocks bent arc plate and diaphragm and the screw locking through running through, bent arc plate's the weld part and the welding ends of diaphragm and close after place in between the bottom electrode, welded seat's upper surface is arranged in to the diaphragm, and the medial surface of grip block has installation cavity, the horizontal installation groove of erection welding portion and a spacing groove of installation stopper of the lower book portion of installing bent arc plate, the stopper offsets with lower portion and leans on.


Our research project is framed as biosocial analyzes of the etiology of criminal behavior. This research can be characterized as a conceptually and methodologically innovative attempt to connect the research areas that so far have not been considered together in one project. The research project is based on three components: sociological, psychological, and biological. The main aims of the article are to initiate and facilitate debate concerning the interaction between factors belonging to a variety of different areas and provide an interdisciplinary approach to the study of criminal behavior etiology. A discussion over proveniences of criminal behavior is needed both to enrich consciousness and knowledge about conditions lying under criminal behavior and to reshape practical solutions in the field of social rehabilitation. The article also concerns our methodological and ethical reflections coming from our pilotage project involvement.


A combination of two aspherical mirrors is considered which is aplanatic (i.e. axially stigmatic and satisfying the exact sine criterion). The shapes of the mirrors are determined analytically in finite form. The Schwarzschild-Chretien aplanatic telescope follows as a special case when one focus is at infinity.


In this paper, we show that the claim of the paper [Ali et al., Further discussion on modifi ed multivaluedα_*-Ψ-contractive type mappings, Filomat 29 (2015)] which says that the notion of α_*-η-Ψ-contractive multivaluedmappings can not be reduced into α_*-Ψ-contractive multi-valued mappings, is not true. Also, weprovide a common fixed point result for an α_*-admissible countable family of multi-valued mappings. Finally,we show that the common fixed point result of Ali et al. for a countable family of multi-valued mappingsusing α_*-admissible mappings with respect to η can be reduced to α_*-admissible mappings without usingthe auxiliary function].


In the evening between the hours of 8 and 9 o'clock of April 26, 1896, a messenger came to my office from Dr. O. N. Rice of Tipton, some six miles distant, requesting me to come to his assistance; that there were two persons in that hamlet who had recently received gunshot wounds. Eugene C., age 50 years, weight about 200 pounds, was shot in the chest while his assailant stood some fifteen feet from him; after shooting C., the young man fired a bullet through his own head, dying within an hour afterward. The revolver was a 32-caliber, and the bullet struck C., as the reader will observe from the photograph about two inches to the left of the right nipple passing through the lung, and although the missile has not been extracted, the present indications are that it is buried in the tissues on the anterior surface of


The reaction profile (energy profile) is a widely used conceptual tool in chemical kinetics to represent the progress of a chemical reaction. Quantitatively, a reaction profile can be viewed as a minimum energy path (MEP) on the potential energy surface (PES), which connects the reactants and products through one or more transition states or intermediates. In this article, we used Mathematica program to demonstrate a generic method for finding reaction profile on a Müller-Brown PES by applying steepest descent algorithm. The properties of the MEP and stationary points were discussed in detail. The general characteristics of the transition state (TS), and imaginary mode were illustrated with a vibrational analysis of hydrogen exchange reaction, H2+H → H+H2.


Polymer/clay nanocomposites are a group of hybrid materials made from layered silicates of clay dispersed in the polymer matrix with a layer thickness in nanometre. The ability of organoclay nanoparticle including cloisite 15A, cloisite 20A and cloisite 30B incorporated into a low‐density polyethylene (LDPE) polymeric matrix was investigated in order to inhibit the growth of coliform bacteria in ultra‐filtrated cheese. The number of surviving cells of coliforms was decreased by 2.21 log cfu/g after 4 weeks storage at 4 ± 0.5°C, while pure LDPE showed a reduction of only 0.759 log cfu/g. LDPE film composed of 3% cloisite 15A, 3% cloisite 20A, with no cloisite 30B nano‐filler was found as optimum point by combined design approach in design‐expert analysis. The resulting film showed coliform load decreased by 2.05 log cfu/g in the optimum point, which was in line with Japanese industrial standard (JIS Z 2801: 2000) about antibacterial effect on coliform bacteria. A suitable microbial model for bacteria growth reduction was also suggested. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


This article discusses the critical review ("crit") and the studio as the signature pedagogies of architecture schools, and suggests how that model might apply or help us to think about experiential education (both simulation and clinical instruction) in law schools.


Abstract During eighteen months of intensive study of her Bible, Anne Brontë recorded a large number of Old Testament passages as being of particular interest. She also made markings in the margins and noted the desirability of consulting the Methodist Bible commentator Adam Clarke. Close scrutiny of her copy of the Bible reveals that her chief aim was to explore the Old Testament basis for the idea of universal salvation, the unorthodox belief which features in Anne's second novel. Her pursuit of reassurance that a merciful God will not abandon his creatures bears witness to the religious struggles of Patrick Brontë's youngest daughter five years before she wrote The Tenant of Wildfell Hall.


Apoptosis has been implicated as a physiologic cell death program critical for homeostasis. Dysregulation of apoptosis may be involved in human diseases such as cancer, AIDS, degenerative and autoimmune diseases, and infectious diseases. Apoptosis may also play important roles in lung diseases in two different ways. First, failure to clear unwanted cells by apoptosis will prolong the inflammation because of the release of their toxic contents. Repair after an acute lung injury requires the elimination of proliferating mesenchymal and inflammatory cells from the alveolar air space or alveolar wall (1). Second, excessive apoptosis may cause disease. An intratracheal injection of agonistic anti-Fas antibody into adult mice causes epithelial cell apoptosis and lung inflammation, which subsequently leads to pulmonary fibrosis (2). DNA damage and apoptosis in lung epithelial cells have been reported in acute lung injury (3), diffuse alveolar damage (4), and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) (5). Therefore, epithelial cell injury is the common manifestation of lung injury, and apoptosis contributes to such injury of epithelial cells. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)a is a proinflammatory cytokine, which can induce a broad spectrum of biologic effects and is associated with inflammatory lung disease. TNF causes inflammation by damaging tissues and by inducing the expression of adhesion molecules and cytokines in epithelial and endothelial cells, as well as in inflammatory cells. The cellular effects of TNF are mediated by two distinct cell surface receptors termed TNF-receptor 1 (TNFR1) and TNF-receptor 2 (TNFR2) (6). Most cytotoxic effects of TNF are mediated by TNFR1 through interaction of its death domain with the TNFR-associated death domain protein (TRADD) (7). TRADD interacts with Fas-associated death domain protein (FADD) (8) to activate caspase-8, thereby initiating the apoptosis pathway. Death domain is the sequence in TNFR1, TRADD, and FADD. The death domain is a protein–protein interaction domain, and adopter molecules FADD and TRADD use these domains to interact with other death domain– containing molecules and trigger the apoptosis-signaling pathway. Another well known death receptor, Fas, also transduces apoptosis signal through FADD and shares the same signaling machinery downstream of FADD with TNFR (Figure 1). Since the Fas-mediated apoptosis-signaling pathway is relatively short and straight compared with that of TNFR, Fas-ligation takes hours to kill target cells, whereas TNF takes a day or more. Furthermore, TNF does not usually kill most type of cells without metabolic inhibitors, which is different from Fas-ligation. Although TNFR mediates apoptotic signal transduction, it can transduce intracellular signals that activate transcription factor nuclear factor k B (NFk B) by proteolytic breakdown of the inhibitor of k B (I k B). TNFR-associated factor-2 (TRAF2) and receptor interacting protein (RIP) (9) indirectly bind to TNFR1 through TRADD or directly bind to TNFR2 and activate the NFk B–inducing kinase (NIK) (10), which in turn activates the inhibitor of I k B kinase (IKK) complex (11–14). IKK phosphorylates I k B, which leads to I k B degradation and allows NFk B to translocate to the nucleus and activate transcription (Figure 1). TNF or agonistic anti-Fas antibody administration can lead to production of interleukin-8 (IL-8) by colon epithelial cells (15) or by bronchial epithelial cells, in addition to inducing apoptosis in vitro (16). As TNF activates the IL-8 promoter transcriptionally via NFk B activation, IL-8 secretion induced by Fas ligation also seems to be regulated via NFk B activation (16). It has been reported that the kinase activity of NIK is part of the signaling cascade that leads to NFk B activation and that this signaling pathway is common to TNFR and Fas (10). Disruption of the NFk B pathway with the dominant-negative TRAF2 enhances the cytolytic effects of TNF (17). NFk B subunit RelAdeficient (RelA 2 / 2 ) mouse fibroblasts and macrophages with TNF result in a significant reduction in viability, whereas RelA 1 / 1 cells were unaffected (18). Therefore, death receptor activation induces NFk B activation, which triggers inflammation and also plays an important role in regulating apoptosis. Cellular proteins homologous to baculovirus inhibitors of apoptosis (IAPs) block cell death. TRAF1, TRAF2, XIAP, c-IAP1, and c-IAP2 were identified as gene targets of NFk B transcriptional activity (19). The caspases are a family of cystein proteases, and it is now thought that many forms of cell death are ultimately dependent on caspase activation (Figure 1). XIAP, c-IAP1, and c-IAP2 are direct ( Received in original form November 24, 1999 )