Land use changes affect the surface radiative budget and energy balance by changing the surface albedo, which generates radiative forcing, impacting the regional and global climate. To estimate the effect of land use changes on the surface albedo and climate change in a mountainous area with complex terrain, we obtained MODIS data, identified the spatial–temporal characteristics of the surface albedo caused by land use changes, and then calculated the radiative forcing based on solar radiative data and the surface albedo in the Qinling-Daba mountains from 2000 to 2015. The correlation between the land use changes and the radiative forcing was analyzed to explore the climate effects caused by land use changes on a kilometer-grid scale in the Qinling-Daba mountains. Our results show that the primarily land use changes were a decrease in the cultivated land area and an increase in the construction land area, as well as other conversions between six land use types from 2000 to 2015. The land use changes led to significant changes in the surface albedo. Meanwhile, the radiative forcing caused by the land use had different magnitudes, strengths, and occurrence ranges, resulting in both warming and cooling climate change effects.


Egyptian culture of the old kingdom was locally and regionally simple and efficient; belief was in the sky and humanism was regulated by Ma'at as the key concept in Egyptian mentality. IUNU was the capital of the black land KEMET where "IUNU UNIVERSITY" is located. Physics were well studied; was already known; the right angle triangle of members 3, 4, and 5 with the 53o angle was in use. Supremacy was integrated on earth by multiple interpretations in architecture. The great pyramid of Giza was and still the best magnificent structure ever built on earth without having contemporary science's final word been said. Massive lime stone blocks are now arranged there in a huge massive number of about two and half million pieces; their weight could reach 6.5 million tons.
Conceptually there was a strong belief that symbolism connects hot spots on the Egyptian soil as it represented the known world, as well as the main stars were connected in multiple constellations on the dome of the observed sky. Pyramids of Giza plateau, Saqqara plateau, and Abusir plateau were all examples of that concept. Other pyramids of Iunu era were also related to the same concept.
Structurally the Giza axis coincided on the Giza plateau. Giza plateau was a part of the Moqattam plateau during the Eocene formation. Pyramids on the worked out surface of the plateau were built with the local lime stone.
Pyramids' blocks were extracted, shaped and transported to its definite place within the precinct of the plateau. Chiseled pieces of stone - as waste from shaping blocks - were thrown out on the northern edge of the plateau.
Constructional perception of what and why the Khufu pyramid took that shape shows some facts; two hundred courses composed the total existed mass where each group of courses composed a layer. Each layer started with thicker course and ended in thinner ones. Higher layers got lesser courses. So far, one should start thinking now why there were layers; why thicker and thinner courses existed.
In the mean time as mortar was not in use by that time, pyramids –as in Saqqara- were formed in inclined walls, as shown in the adjacent photo. In addition, inclined walls must have formed the whole structure of Khufu pyramid.


For domestic energy – fuel sources biomass such as wood, animal dung and agricultural waste that are normally burned in traditional stove is used by the developing world. Diverse biomass resource is found in Ethiopia which can be used for energy through pyrolysis cook stove co-producing biochar. Specifically, coffee husks are the major solid residues from the handling and processing of coffee in the study area. The purpose of this study is to evaluate these Biochar producing pyrolysis cooking stove with respect to energy and emission. The selection of the stove design was made from both allothermal and autothermal type of pyrolysis cook stove. Both with and without biomass insertion was the experiment done for the allothermal stove design to understand the effect of the pyrolysis gas. The Water boiling test was used for the selected indirect and direct type stove design using wood and Corn cob respectively as fuel for testing stove efficiency. Both coffee husk and corncob as a biomass resource was used for generating pyrolysis gas and biochar using the selected indirect stove design. HOBO Carbon Monoxide Data logger and University of California Berkeley Particle Monitor device was used for measuring Carbon Monoxide and Particle Matter. The results from the water boiling test suggest that the indirect type stoves, without biomass insertion, average thermal efficiency was found between 15.86 to 18.6% during high power test and 20.02% average thermal efficiency was found for clay made stove during low power test. With biomass insertion corn cob and coffee husk the maximum average thermal efficiency is obtained during low power test using clay made stove 23.78% and 24.19% respectively. For direct type stoves the maximum and minimum thermal efficiency was found 34.11% for clay made stove and 20.4% for ELSA stove respectively during high power hot start phase.


The present peper deals with aquatic higher plants which have been found so far in Guilin . They comprise 81 species, 53 genera and 31 families. 44 species are emerging ones covering about 53.4% of the total number of species in Guilin, 21 are submerged ones, about 25.6%, 11 are leaf-floating ones, about 13.4% and 6 are floating ones, 7.3%There are three aquatic vegetation types with fourteen communities commonly found in Guilin. They are as follows:1. Emerging types. Nelumbo nucifera community, Sagittariaa sagittifolia var. sin-ensis community, Eleocharis tuberosa community, Zizania latifolia community and Oryza sativa community.2.Floating types. Azolla imbricata community, Spirodela Polyrhiza community, Eichhornia crassipes community and Alternanthera philoxeroides community3. Submerged types:Potamogeton malaianus community, Vallisneria sp., Hydrilla verticillata community, Ceratophyllum demersum community, Hydrilla verticillata, Cer-atophyllum demersum community, and Myriophyllum spicatum community.


" If Pathology be to disease what Physiology is to health, it appears reasonable to conclude, that in any given structure or organ, the laws of the former will be as fixed and significant as those of the latter; and that the peculiar characters of any structure or organ may be as certainly recognized in the phenomena of disease as in the phenomena -of health. When investigating the pathology of the lungs, I was led, by the results of inflammation affecting the lung tissues, to infer, contrary to general belief, that the lining ,of the air cells was not identical and continuous with that of the bronchi; and microscopic investigation has since *demonstrated in a very striking manner the correctness of that inference-an inference, be it observed, drawn entirely from the indications furnished by pathology. Although pathology therefore, as a branch of medical science, is -.necessarily founded on physiology, questions may nevertheless arise regarding the true character of a structure or organ, to which occasionally the pathologist may be able to return .a more satisfactory and decisive reply than the physiologistthese two branches of medical knowledge being thus found mutually to advance and illustrate each other. Indeed as regards the functions of individual organs, the mutual aids of these two branches of knowledge, are probably much more nearly balanced than many may be disposed to admit; for in estimating them, we are apt to forget how large an .amount of our present physiological knowledge, respectinig the functions of these organs, has been the immediate result. of casual observations made on the effects of disease. Most of the important organs of the body, however, are so amen-able to direct observation and experiment, that in respect to them the modern physiologist may fairly lay claim to a large preponderance of importance, not only in establishing the solid foundation, but in raising and greatly strengthening the superstructure of rational pathology. There are still, however, certain organs of the body, the actual functions -and influence of which have hitherto entirely eluded the researches and bid defiance to the united efforts of both physiologist and pathologist. Of these not the least remark-able are the 'Supra Renal Capsules,' the atra-biliary capsules of Caspar Bartholinus; and it is as a first and feeble step towards an inquiry into the functions and influence of


Based on the concept of institutional design, this article explores a perspective on governance in technological regimes. This perspective complements the existing literature on management of change in technological regimes, which focuses on generating radical change or regime shifts. The institutional design approach is more incremental, as it is characterised by the simultaneous application of stretch and fit. On one hand, the existing regime should be stretched in order to change undesirable aspects. On the other hand, steering options should fit within other aspects of the regime. A case study of the diffusion of environmental technologies in the Dutch metal-plating industry is used to illustrate these two principles of institutional design. The article ends with the conclusion that the institutional design approach is a useful addition to the existing literature on managing technological regimes, although more research is needed into ways of extending its applicability to the physically embedded elements of technological regimes.


IoT is considered as very smart and intelligent devices and their sensors which results in many new challenges towards their security and privacy. Affirmation of data and assurance of things is one of the key challenges in the IoT. This paper gives a survey, examination and logically arrangement of security and assurance challenges in IoT.


We read with great interest the article by Veronese et al. (1). In their carefully performed parallel-group randomized controlled trial, they found that 12 wk of magnesium supplementation improved physical performance variables in healthy elderly women (mean 6 SD age: 72 6 5 y). This was particularly so among women who did not meet the Recommended Dietary Allowance for magnesium intake. These findings underscore the importance of sufficient magnesium intake for adequate muscle function. We laud the authors for using 24-h urinary excretion of magnesium as a marker of magnesium uptake. Timed 24-h urine collections can be used to accurately determine magnesium absorption (2), and clinical trials have consistently shown that dietary manipulation of magnesium is reflected in 24-h urinary magnesium excretion (3). We recently showed that 24-h urinary excretion of magnesium, as an estimate of gastrointestinal uptake of dietary magnesium, is prospectively associated with risk of hypertension (4) and heart disease (5). Importantly, the validity of findings on the basis of 24-h urinary excretions heavily relies on complete and accurately collected 24-h urine specimens. Veronese et al. (1) found an increase in 24-h urinary magnesium excretion of 1.36 mmol/24 h after supplementation of 900 mg magnesium oxide/d. Because 1.36 mmol is equivalent to ;33 mg of magnesium and 900 mg magnesium oxide/d corresponds to 300 mg of bioavailable magnesium, the reported increment appears to be rather low. Several factors may contribute to this discrepancy. First, compliance to the treatment might have been lower than reported. This is, however, not very likely because of the high reported percentage of prescribed magnesium supplements ingested. Second, the low increment in magnesium excretion after supplementation may be due to a lower rate of gastrointestinal absorption than the 30% which is usually taken as an estimate for magnesium (2, 4). Indeed, the fractional absorption of magnesium oxide has been shown to be lower than that of other forms of magnesium (6, 7). Third, there may have been potential undercollection of 24-h urine due to missed voids or urinary incontinence. Together, these 3 factors may have contributed to the absence of correlations between changes in 24-h urinary magnesium excretion and changes in physical performance variables (1). It would be of interest if the authors could give an indication of which of the aforementioned factors may be most likely. For instance, the authors could perform a check on completeness of the 24-h urinary collections by examining the differences between actually measured and expected 24-h urinary creatinine excretions (8, 9). Large differences between observed and expected values are indicative of inaccurate or incomplete collections. If little or no undercollection was present in the 24-h urine samples, does this mean that future clinical trials should use higher supplementation doses of magnesium oxide or use a magnesium preparation with a higher bioavailability? Perhaps the authors have alternative explanations for the relatively low increase in 24-h urinary excretion of magnesium after magnesium oxide supplementation of 900 mg/d for 12 wk. Nevertheless, the results by Veronese et al. undeniably highlight the importance of sufficient magnesium intake for delaying the age-related decline in physical performance. Furthermore, their findings add to the necessity of preventing magnesium deficiency and to the awareness of the favorable health effects of magnesium in general.


Although the further education and administration on Party members of college students is an important part in university party work,there are problems in terms of consistency,systematicness,regularity and integrity.In order to maintain the advancement of Party members of college students,and help them to fully play an exemplary and leading role,we should innovate the mechanism of Party member's education by the perfection of contents,methods,and carriers.We can perfect the mechanism of Party member's administration by refining system,responsibility,and organization.We can perfect the mechanism of Party member's assessment by strengthening rules,motivation,and supervision.We can enhance the team quality of Party members in terms of their specialty,ability and component.Only in this way can we propel the further education and administration on the Party members of college students.


Copyright © 2015 Address correspondenc Otorhinolaryngology Dep 999, Independencia, Sant The authors disclose n iffusion-weighted magnetic resonrevealed the presence of a small bon In recent years, d ance imaging (DW-MRI) has acquired a growing role in the diagnosis of middle ear cholesteatomas based on the restrictive pattern produced by the keratinized epithelial content. Conventional echo-planar (EPI) DW-MRI has been replaced by non-EPI DW-MRI sequences because they minimize susceptibility artifacts at the skull base and increase sensitivity for detection of cholesteatomas as small as 2 mm. Several authors have reported a high sensitivity and specificity (>90%) for the diagnosis of primary and secondary cholesteatomas with the HASTE protocol (a non-EPI DW-MRI sequence abbreviated from half-Fourier acquisition single-shot turbo spinecho) (1). Although the non-EPI DW-MRI sequence has been proposed as a key imaging technique for the diagnosis of congenital cholesteatoma, there is still little experience because only a few cases have been reported in the literature (1,2). Here, we present a case that had a preoperative diagnosis of congenital cholesteatoma with a positive HASTE DW-MRI, but the presence of a hairy polyp and dental tissue found during surgery, in addition to the histological analysis, confirmed the diagnosis of a mature middle ear teratoma.


To conserve water, some form of irrigation scheduling should be used by the farming community. The simulation study was conducted with the objectives of determining irrigation water requirement and irrigation scheduling of directed seeded rice (DSR) and wheat irrigated by sprinkler irrigation system. The irrigation efficiency of 80% was considered for the study. From the study, for DSR, at 20% critical depletion, the total seasonal water requirement and irrigation requirement was found as 639.4 mm and 207.8 mm, respectively. The crop water requirement was same for 20%, 30% and 40% critical depletion because it was calculated on the basis of meteorological data. Due to change in critical soil moisture depletion from 20% to 30%, the effective rain efficiency found to increase from 42.9 % to 49.6%. Again due to change in critical soil moisture depletion from 30% to 40%, the effective rain efficiency found to increase from 49.6% to 52.2%. Due to change in effective rain efficiency, the actual irrigation requirement varied from 321.4 mm at 20% critical depletion to 252.7 mm at 40% critical depletion. Results revealed that the irrigation should be done at 40% critical depletion to achieve 0% yield reduction. In case of wheat, the total seasonal water requirement and irrigation requirement was found as 411 mm and 334 mm, respectively. The actual water use by the crop was 407.7 mm at 92.4 % rainfall efficiency considering 50% critical depletion. The actual irrigation requirement was found to be 252.7 mm. Irrigation should be done at the critical depletion to achieve 0% yield reduction of wheat and maximum rainfall efficiency. Results also revealed that the irrigation flow requirement for wheat found maximum in the month of March, i.e. 0.52 l/s/ha whereas the irrigation flow requirement for DSR found maximum in the month of August, i.e. 0.24 l/s/ha.


ABSTRACT: Physically‐based models are extensively used to simulate the infiltration process under varied field conditions. Most models are based on the deterministic nature of input parameters related to the flow process (such as hydraulic conductivity). These models yield poor predictions of infiltration rates because they do not include the field‐scale variations of flow parameters. The paper presents an approach for integrating the field‐scale variability of hydraulic conductivity with an infiltration model to simulate infiltration under the rainfall conditions. A model describing the spatial structure of hydraulic conductivity has been developed using stochastic techniques. The stochastic structure of hydraulic conductivity was then incorporated in the Green‐Ampt and Mein‐Larson infiltration model. The model outputs on the instantaneous infiltration rates and cumulative infiltration were evaluated using the field infiltration data measured under simulated rainfall conditions. The results show that the combined model is capable of rep. resenting the instantaneous infiltration rates and cumulative infiltration of the study soils. The model may, therefore, be used to simulate the rainfall infiltration process for spatially‐variable soils under the field conditions.


Quasiparticle excitations in 3 + 1 dimensions can be either bosons or fermions. In this work, we introduce the notion of fermionic loop excitations in 3 + 1 dimensional topological phases. Specifically, we construct a new many-body lattice invariant of gapped Hamiltonians, the loop self-statistics μ = ±1, that distinguishes two bosonic topological orders that both superficially resemble 3 + 1d Z2 gauge theory coupled to fermionic charged matter. The first has fermionic charges and bosonic Z2 gauge flux loops (FcBl) and is just the ordinary fermionic toric code. The second has fermionic charges and fermionic loops (FcFl) and, as we argue, can only exist at the boundary of a non-trivial 4 + 1d invertible phase, stable without any symmetries i.e., it possesses a gravitational anomaly. We substantiate these claims by constructing an explicit exactly solvable 4 + 1d model using a method that bootstraps a boundary theory into a bulk Hamiltonian, analogous to that of Walker and Wang, and computing the loop self-statistics in the fermionic Z2 gauge theory hosted at its boundary. We also show that the FcFl phase has the same gravitational anomaly as all-fermion quantum electrodynamics. Our results are in agreement with the recent classification of nondegenerate braided fusion 2-categories by Johnson-Freyd, and with the cobordism prediction of a nontrivial Z2-classified 4 + 1d invertible phase with action S = 12 ∫ w2w3.


Nuclear and chemical accidents in modern society often cause devastating consequences to people, material resources and the environment. This kind of accident requires special procedures and activities during the elimination of the consequences, because of the specific characteristics of highly toxic  substances used in nuclear and chemical plants. The Serbian Army with its units and organizations can contribute significantly to the implementation of tasks of eliminating the consequences of such accidents. The paper describes the  role and the tasks of the Serbian Army as well as one of the methods to utilize its units to provide assistance to the population in case of nuclear and chemical accidents. Introduction Today, for peacetime applications, many different sources of radiation are used, among which nuclear reactors are certainly the most dangerous. Due to accidents that occurred in the previous period, the risk of nuclear accidents is not negligible, and potential consequences are usually disastrous. Accidents at chemical complexes and uncontrolled releases of hazardous substances into the environment are much more likely to happen. Accidents at such plants throughout the world are very common, and the resulting effects on people, property and the environment are often significant. The elimination of consequences occurring atnuclear sites or by chemical accidents engages all structures of the society, in accordance with the duties and assigned tasks, including a significant role of the units and institutions of the Serbian Army. Tasks, resources and forces of the Serbian Army to assist the population in nuclear and chemical accidents The tasks of the Army of Serbia arise from doctrinal documents on its use within assigned missions. Assisting the population in NC accidents is defined in the 3rd mission of the Army: "Support to civilian authorities in countering threats to security," and the central task within it is to assist civilian authorities in responding to natural, technological and other disasters. The Army of Serbia has no special forces intended for the implementation of these tasks, but it engages the existing ones depending on the extent of accident consequences. Also, when providing assistance to civilian authorities, the NC accident units of the Serbian Army use their equipment and, if necessary, supplement it with local and handy tools that can be used for this purpose. Display of the engagement of the Serbian Army to provide assistance to the population in case of nuclear or chemical accidents To assess the modeling power of the Army of Serbia to participate in the elimination of accident consequences, we first perform the modeling of accidental situations and budget resulting consequences.The probability of nuclear accidents in the territory of the Republic of Serbia is low, so chemical accidents have been modellled with their possible consequences as well as the forces of Serbia which can be used effectively with other entities of the society to solve the resulting problems. Engaging the SA units in eliminating the consequences of NC accidents would consist of several main tasks, namely: – Providing emergency care for injured and intoxicated – authorities realize the medical service by forming temporary clinics; – Removing obstacles and debris – mostly by engaging engineering units with their machinery, but for more considerable damage, armored and mechanised units, or infantry units may be included. – Fire fighting –  firefighting units trained for these tasks assist police; – Radiological and chemical reconnaissance – RBC survey service units are primarily engaged , but at higher concentrations of radioactivity and hazardous substances, armored mechanised units and aviation can also provide assistance; – Radiological and chemical decontamination – RBC service decontamination units are primarily engaged , and, if necessary,  engineering units, river flotilla and logistics services can be included; – Evacuation of civilians –  in accordance with the situation, all SA transport capacity can be engaged: transportation service units, aviation transport units, river flotilla, etc. Conclusion For an optimum response to the occurrence of nuclear or chemical accidents and in accordance with prescribed procedures, there is a need for trained and equipped forces of the State, which would be engaged in eliminating NC accident consequences. Successful and coordinated work on eliminating the consequences involves continuous training of units to operate in these conditions. This problem can be solved by the implementation of joint exercises of all forces involved in the integrated response to accidents ( businesses, local authorities, medical teams, the forces of the Ministry of Interior and the Ministry of Defence, etc.). Units and institutions of the Serbian Armed Forces can take an active part in the elimination of the consequences of NC accidents only if they are fully trained and equipped for the implementation of assigned tasks.


Since the 1970s, drug-producing regions have been the target of 'alternative development' policies. These policies aim to provide alternative crops to illegal coca, poppy, and marijuana growers, but also to initiate a greater development process in the regions concerned. The redefinition of these policies in international arenas has been widely studied, but little is known about the representations that farmers have of these policies in the production regions. This contribution proposes to overcome these limitations by examining more directly the effects of these policies at the subnational level. To this end, the case of the Valley of the Apurimac, Ene and Mantaro Rivers (VRAEM), Peru's main illegal coca-producing region and a post-conflict area, is analyzed. Despite an apparent consensus on development at the subnational level, tensions remain around these policies and their administration and occa-sionally arise between the Peruvian state and social organizations. This article shows that the implementation of development policies generates mistrust among farmers due to the ambi-guity of the future of crops and the uncertainty of the benefits derived from development programs. The distrust is mainly directed at the agents in charge of implementing the programs and the leaders of social organizations who act as intermediaries. Because these policies largely exclude collective actors, they undermine trust in political representation and the Peruvian state in a region still weakened by the post-conflict context.


Method for solving pin-ended, 1 or 2 span, gabled frames by method of consistent deformations; it utilizes moment distribution coefficients but does not require actual distribution of moments; solution does not require two simultaneous equations of moment distribution solution for single span frame, but it requires same number, three, for 2 span frame.


Carbonylation of o-amino-N-(1,1-dimethylprop-2-ynyl)-benzamide 3 with ethyl chloroformate gave 2-carbethoxyamino-N-(1,1-dimethylprop- 2-ynyl)-benzamide 6. Attempted cyclization of 6 under basic conditions did not give the quinazoline 8 but an oxazole 7. When 3 was also refluxed in triethylorthoformate-acetic anhydride mixture, 2-acetylamino-N-(1,1-dimethylprop- 2-ynyl)-benza-mide 4 was formed as the major compound with negligible amount of 3-(1,1- dimethylprop-2-ynyl)-quinazolin-4-(3H)-one 5.


On his way home from Troy, Odysseus had arrived within reach of Ithaca when a great storm blew up. He was swept away, and only several years later was he able to return to reclaim his rights from the rapacious suitors, with the aid of his son Telemachus. Some wonder whether this epic is repeating itself, if the Higgs weighs 115 GeV. If so, are CMS and ATLAS cast in the role of Telemachus? In this paper, I first discuss how close to Ithaca LEP may have been, the fact that a 115 GeV Higgs boson would disfavour technicolour, its potential implications for supersymmetry, and finally the prospects for completing the Higgs Odyssey. Invited contribution to the CMS Bulletin of December 2000 CERN–TH/2000-307 November 27th, 2000 1 How far from Ithaca? For several years now, the precision electroweak data have been suggesting [1] that the Higgs boson is very close to the present experimental limit of 113.5 GeV [2]. Fig. 1 shows a recent combination of the likelihood information from one precision electroweak fit with the lower limit from direct searches at LEP [3]. The central value of mH indicated by the precision electroweak data increases by about 30 GeV if the new BES data on σ (e+e− → hadrons) are used to re-evaluate αem(mZ) [1], but the message remains clear: Ithaca cannot be far away.


It has been suggested that the pathogenic process by Entanzoeba histolytica is a multifactorial phenomenon that occurs in three steps: adhesion, cytolytic and cyto-' toxic effect and phagocytosis. During the second part of the process, several parasitic components participate, among them, lytic enzymes such as proteases and acid phosphatase (AP). At least for other infectious microorganisms it has been shown that the acidphosphatase is a virulence factor. Eaton et al. (1) first reported acid phosphatase activity in E. histolytica trophozoites. Chemov et al. (2) and Agrawal et al. (3), proposed that this enzyme was secreted by the trophozoites and that it could play an important role lysing host cells at distant sites. In this work we report a further characterization of the secreted acid phosphatase (SAP) of E. histolytica strain HM1:IMSS.


Abstract A new synthetic approach to thieno[2,3-d]imidazoles is presented on the basis of the N′-(3-halothiophen-2-yl)amidine cyclization under copper-catalyzed cross-coupling. Using commercially available starting materials such as 2-aminothiophenes or their Boc-protected derivatives and copper catalysts, this method offers a convenient route to a wide range of thieno[2,3-d]imidazole derivatives, especially the 5-alkyl-subtituted thieno[2,3-d]imidazoles.


In a recent article, Hung, Wang, and Yang (2014) discussed the advantages and disadvantages of the CHW statistic for adaptive sample size re-estimation. Some statements in that article, notably the importance of having a fixed critical value for the final analysis, notwithstanding the sample size adaptation, have the potential to be misinterpreted. This letter attempts to clarify the issue. Hung, Wang, and Yang (2014) acknowledged that "a rejection reg ion based on the conventional statistic Z can be derived to be mathematically equivalent to the CHW test by making their conditional type 1 error functions equal." More precisely, as was previously noted by Mehta and Pocock (2011), for any observed value Zt 1⁄4 zt at stage 1, the CHW test ZwðztÞ; ffiffiffiffi n N r zt þ ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 1 n N r Z γ t cα (1)


According to the new kind of the upper arm mechanism of the slag pot carrier, optimization design, simulation and experimental research are carried out, in which the combination of conventional design, three dimensional virtual design and experimental study are applied. The motion law of multi-segment arc slide way of main arm is given by means of researching the motion process of slag ladle in the main arm slide way. The functional relationship among the internal parameters of the arm mechanism, and between load force and arm movement is revealed by studying kinematics of mechanism and dynamics law of the upper arm mechanism. The finite element analysis of the upper arm mechanism is carried out to get the weak links of structure strength, and then the improvement solution is proposed. After experiments, the method correctness of optimization and design of upper arm mechanism is testified by the coincidence of the trial results and experimentation results.


The effect of Nb on the equilibrium lattice parameters and relative stability between β and ω phases of Ti1-xNbx (0 < x 0.4) random alloys as well as their mechanical properties in body-centered-cubic crystallographic phase was investigated using the exact muffin-tin orbitals method in combination with the coherent potential approximation. It has been found that the calculated lattice parameters of the β phase agree well with the experimental data. For ω phase, the value of a increases almost linearly with increasing Nb concentration, while the opposite situation presented for c/a. Both Nb addition and increasing temperature enhanced the stability of β phase relative to ω phase. The critical Nb concentration for the complete stabilization of β phase at 300 K, 673 K and 1273 K was 22 at.%, 17 at.% and 9 at.%, respectively. The polycrystalline bulk modulus B, Youngs modulus E and shear modulus G increased monotonously with Nb addition and reducing the Nb concentration below 30 at.% resulted in lower E compared to that of Ti-6Al-4V. The calculated G/B values demonstrate that the bcc Ti1-xNbx (0 < x 0.4) random alloys should be intrinsically ductile.


The guidelines presented in this article have been prepared and approved in the I Meeting of Brazilian Guidelines in Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation (HSCT) - Rio de Janeiro, July 19-21, 2009. The event was sponsored by SBTMO (Brazilian Society of Bone Marrow Transplantation). In this paper, we treat the severe aplastic anemia (SAA), considered a hematological emergency, that when identified and medically treated early, shows a great chance of recovery of the hematopoiesis, either through bone marrow transplantation or immunosuppressive therapy. Its objective is to guide the management of the transplantation, and indicate methods of conditioning, according to clinical characteristics of each patient, including the number of transfusions, in order to minimize the primary and secondary rejection, ensuring better overall and disease-free survival observed in literature and already validated by the results in our population. In the Fanconi Anemia, transplantation is the only curative option for the aplastic bone marrow component, although insignificant for the other components of the syndrome, it also requires skill and agility in finding a donor with important results.


To better understand the transport in thin film devices and the role of the excitation density we have measured the photocurrent dynamic response of a photocell upon the switch on of light excitation. Unlike the standard time of flight methods that utilize a pulse excitation we employ a step function that is more compatible with real device operating conditions. The fact that the steady state of the step function is the cw operation of the device allows us to examine the role of charge density and use device analysis tools. To explain the broadened features measured we introduce a physical scheme by which the dispersive nature is due to spatial inhomogeneity, and the semiconducting layer is considered to be comprised of a distribution of parallel pathways (on the nanometer scale) each having a different, but well defined, mobility value. This insight allows us to extract, in a unique way, a mobility distribution function. The mean values of this distribution function are in good agreement with those deduc...


3-D models of stellar atmospheres predict spectral-line shapes with asymmetries and wavelength shifts, but the confrontation with observations is limited by blends, lack of suitable lines, imprecise laboratory wavelengths, and instrumental imperfections. Limits can be pushed by averaging many similar lines, thus averaging small random blends and wavelength errors. In non-solar cases, any detailed verification of 3-D hydrodynamics requires spectra of resolutions R = λ/∆λ ≈ 300,000, soon to become available. An issue is the optical interface of high-resolution spectrometers to [very] large telescopes with their [very] large image scales, possibly requiring adaptive optics. The next observational frontier may be spectroscopy across spatially resolved stellar disks, utilizing optical interferometers and extremely large telescopes.


Objective:To study the diagnostic value of ultrasonography in fetal deformities.Methods:Analyzed the status of 49 fetal congenital deformity retrospectively.Results:Prenatal diagnosis of the 42 deformity fetuses was the same as the prenatal,the detection rate of fetal deformities was 85.7%(42/49).7 cases were misdiagnosed,the misdiagnosed rate was 14.27%(7/49).The deformities in all of above fetuses were proved after either natural birth or induced abortion and some cases varied by autopsies.Conclusion:All the fetal organs can be visualized on sonograms.Ultrasound can not only detect the presence of deformities,but also can indicate the variety of deformities,it is invaluable for fetal deformity diagnosis,and it is of great value for eugenics.


Lightguides, devices incorporating lightguides, and processes for making lightguides are described. A lightguide includes light extractors arranged in a pattern on a surface of the lightguide. The pattern of light extractors is arranged to enhance uniformity of light output across a surface of the lightguide and to provide enhanced defect hiding. The efficiency of the light extractors is controlled by a shape factor. The areal density of the light extractors across the surface of the lightguide may be substantially constant or may decrease along the direction of propagation of light from the light source.


ObjectiveTo determine the medicinal parts and optimal harvest season of Herba Sarcandrae.MethodsHerba Sarcandrae were divided into roots,stems and leaves and triturated to powder.The samples were extracted 3 times(1h each time) by reflux using 60% ethanol-H2O.Fumaric acid and isofraxidin were determined by HPLC and the flavonoids were determined by UV to analyze the quality of Herba Sarcandrae.ResultsIn the three parts of Herba Sarcandrae,the content of isofraxidin in roots,fumaric acid in stems,and total flavonoids in leaves were the highest.The harvest season of Herba Sarcandrae would choose in June and August,because of the highest contents of three components.ConclusionThe optimal harvest season is in June or August.The whole herb should be collected to get the best medicinal components comparatively.


In order to reduce a road monitoring cost, we propose a system to monitor extensively road condition by cyclists with a smartphone. In this paper, we propose two methods towards road monitoring. First is to classify road signals to four road conditions. Second is to extract road signal from a smartphone's accelerometer in three positions: pants' side pocket, chest pocket and a bag in a front basket. In pants' side pocket, road signal is extracted by Independent Component Analysis. In chest pocket and bag in a front basket, road signal is extracted by selecting 1-axis affected from gravitational acceleration. In the experiment of the classification method, overall accuracy was 75%. The experimental results of the extraction methods with correlation coefficient showed the overall accuracy were more than 0.7 in pants' side pocket and chest pocket, the overall accuracy was less than 0.3 in bag in a front basket.


PURPOSE: A model testing device and a model testing method for a performance test of anti-rolling equipment for a ship is provided to simulate variations on a GM; a distance between a metacenter and a center of the gravity of a ship, thereby enhancing the reliability, accuracy, and the precision of an evaluation by performing a performance test in three dimensions. CONSTITUTION: A model testing device and a model testing method for a performance test of anti-rolling equipment for a ship comprises an actuator(10), a power transmission unit(20), a driving shaft(30), a fixed frame(40), a measuring unit(50), and an analyzer(60). The actuator generates power. The power transmission unit is connected to the actuator, thereby receiving the power. The driving shaft performs a reciprocating-rotational motion within a range of a limited angle by being connected to the power transmission unit. An anti-rolling equipment model is fixed to the fixed frame. The fixed frame is joined to the driving shaft and performs the reciprocating-rotational motion, thereby simulating the anti-rolling equipment of a ship. The measuring unit detects a rolling angle of a reciprocating rotational motion by the power transmission unit and actuator and a rolling moment by an anti-rolling equipment model. The analyzer analyzes the performance of the anti-rolling equipment model based on the rolling angle and rolling moment detected by the measuring unit. [Reference numerals] (10) Actuator; (20) Power transmission unit; (200) Anti-rolling equipment model; (30) Driving shaft; (40) Fixed frame; (50) Measuring unit; (60) Analyzer; (AA) Possible to regulate fixed height


A fixing structure is used for fixing a first component to a second component. The fixing structure comprises a first clamping hook and a first positioning column which are arranged on the second component at intervals. A position, corresponding to the first positioning column, on the first component is provided with a notch. When the first component is fixedly connected to the second component, the first clamping hook is clamped to the first component to prevent the first component from moving relative to the second component along a first direction. The first positioning column is embedded in the notch to prevent the first component from moving relative to the second component along a second direction. The invention further relates to an electronic device provided with the fixing structure.


We show that electric field can induce spin polarization and dichroism effects in angle resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) in spin orbit coupling systems. The physical origin behind the effects essentially is the same as the intrinsic spin Hall e


The invention discloses a multiple controller network device managing method applied to a software defined network. The method mainly comprises steps that a controller sends a request to the managed network device; the connection between the controller and the network device is established; a virtual network supporting a user application request is deployed; during the period of the connection between the controller and the network device, the network device automatically issues information to the controller to display the resource state; the controller understands forwarding node's condition of being involved in the virtual network according to the information issued by the network device; if the number of forwarding nodes which are not involved in the virtual network reaches a certain amount, the controller sends information to the network device and is disconnected from the network device; and after a period of time, the controller re-sends a connection request to the network device disconnected from the controller to establish connection. According to the invention, the method for multiple controllers to manage multiple network devices is provided, and a single network device is managed by multiple controllers.


Rokan Hulu regency government is very concerned with people's needs for clean water for the most budget Rokan Hulu regency government owned companies to build infrastructure through water distribution unit called the Badan Pengelolaan Air Bersih (BPAB), one unit of water distribution net is BPAB Pematang Barangan-Pasir Putih. A water distribution unit is a group function, system, sub system, and item components are complete and mutual support for the smooth operation and water distribution. In water distribution unit BPAB Pematang Barangan for water distribution system using a centrifugal pump, with sub pump system with a single puff volut brands Ebara PUMP. To reduce the downtime of time it needs to be done to improve the availability of treatment / usability (availability) in the system function. In order to serve the function of the system can then use Reliability Centered Maitenance(RCM) method to be implemented by means of qualitative analysis on the component item that can be analyzed in detail the use of Failure Mode Effect Analisys (FMEA), Logic Tree ANALISYS, and Maintenance Task.


With the assumption that the customary current distribution and far-field distance approximations apply, this paper develops the far-field expressions for short linear antennas (2h=l<?/10), each half immersed perpendicularly h meters in a dielectric. As an illustration of topics such as linear antennas, reflection and refraction at a dielectric interface, phasor addition of waves from several sources, etc., for the undergraduate student, the paper demonstrates that the E and H far fields at a given point in the first dielectric are invariant to the second dielectric provided the first dielectric is not changed.


Abstract In this article, I would like to draw attention to a not very widely researched phenomenon, namely the use of literature and, in the absence of a common language, of literary translations for constructing cultural communication between Jews and Lithuanians in interwar Lithuania. My aim is to emphasize the direction of translations and to provide biographies for the most active group of Jewish intellectuals in this field. A second goal is to understand the specific choices made by contemporaries to present their own culture and religious tradition more clearly.


The establishment of the Lincoln School of Teachers College at Columbia University in September 1917 was a reaction against the rigid educational practices of the time. The school developed from the ideas of Charles W. Eliot and Abraham Flexner, who were deeply concerned with the conservative philosophy and lock-step methods of education practiced in the existing schools and who advocated reform of these practices. The publication of Eliot's Changes Needed in Secondary Education and Flexner's A Modern School had influenced the General Education Board under the leadership of Mr. and Mrs. John D. Rockefeller Jr. and Mrs. Willard Straight to recommend to Teachers College that an institution be established that would incorporate the proposed ideas. Both Eliot and Flexner were extremely interested in what was being taught in the schools, feeling that tradition rather than individual or social needs were governing what was included in the curriculum. The General Education Board, in a series of meetings with representatives of Teachers College, convinced them of the value of participating in such an undertaking, and agreement was announced in May 1916. The agreement specified that the proposed modern school be a "laboratory for the working out of an elementary and secondary school curriculum, which shall eliminate obsolete material and endeavor to work up in usable form, materials adapted to the needs of modern living." The General Education Board agreed to underwrite the annual deficit incurred by the school, and instruction began in September 1917. The Lincoln School opened with a staff of twenty-five and an enrollment of one hundred sixteen in the first five grades and grew rapidly to a staff of over seventy and an enrollment of over five hundred. As had been expected, there was originally great difficulty in finding teaching materials as they had to be developed to fit the philosophy of the school, but contrary to Flexner's expressed fears, there was little difficulty in finding teachers for the enterprise.


Liver fibrosis is considered a serious health problem. Liver transplantation is almost the only curative treatment. The limited number of donors and the post-operative complications are major obstacles. Recent reports have shown that mesenchymal stem cells could improve chemical-ly-induced hepatic fibrosis. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effect of bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) transplantation on hepatic fibrosis in Schistosoma mansoni infected mice. Female mice infected with S. mansoni were divided into three test groups. One group received praziquantel drug orally. Another group received BMSCs, obtained from male mice, by intravenous injection. The last group received both. Two control groups were used, one was infected and untreated and the other was uninfected and untreated. Detection of BMSCs hepatic engraftment, morphometric analysis and histopathological evaluation of liver fragments, were done. Level of interleukin-10 (IL-10) mRNA expression was assessed. The results showed that BMSCs engrafted into the liver. There was significant improvement in morphometric and histopathological evaluation of liver fragments, and increase in IL-10 mRNA expression of all treated modalities. Promising result was achieved when BMSCs and PZQ used in treated mice.


Using the transfer matrix method, we examine the parametric behavior of the transmittance of an electromagnetic plane wave propagating in the lossless regime through a periodic multilayered system as a function of the frequency and angle of incidence of the electromagnetic wave for the case in which the periodic structure comprises alternating material-metamaterial layers. A specific example of high transmittance at any angle of incidence in the visible region of the spectrum is identified


Abortions in owl monkeys occurred in the late second and early third trimesters. Retrospective study of clinical records showed that handling, maternal anemia, karyotype, and season were unassociated with abortion. Most aborted infants had no gross lesions at necropsy. Some had renal tubular necrosis, probably a postmortem change.


Compilation of resources for the military officers in the seminar. This research guide includes library resources, but particularly focuses on .gov resources that will be useful for research during and after the seminar. Government and military resources on modern warfare.


In a capacitively coupled discharge with external electrodes, Ar, N2, H2 or He was used as plasma gas, polymerization of octafluorocyclobutane was carried out under different conditions by varying discharge power, pressure, plasma gas and plasma-gas/monomer ratio. Structure of polymerized products was characterized by IR spectroscopy and ESCA measurement. It was determined that there were six elements in the products, i.e. C, F, Si, O, N and H. The probably existed groups in the polymers were investigated. By analyzing the resolved peaks of C1 region in ESCA spectra, effect of the reaction conditions on degree of branching and cross-linking of the polymerized products was discussed.


Background Two recent epidemiological studies have reported that children using non-feather pillows su?ered from more frequent episodes of wheeze than those using feather pillows Objectives To evaluate the e?icacy of using feather bedding in the control of asthma symptoms. Search methods The Cochrane Airways Group Specialised Register was searched with pre-specified terms. Seaches are current to February 2009. Selection criteria Only randomised or controlled clinical trials were to be included. Data collection and analysis No trials met the inclusion criteria for the review. Main results From electronic literature searches a total of 15 studies have been retrieved for scrutiny as full-text papers. However, on review none of them have met the review entry criteria. Authors' conclusions Whilst recent epidemiological studies suggest that feather bedding is associated with less frequent wheeze than man-made fibre fillings, the evidence currently available is insu?icient to assess the clinical benefits of feather bedding in the management of asthma. P L A I N   L A N G U A G E   S U M M A R Y Feather versus non-feather bedding for asthma An allergen is the substance that causes an allergic reaction in someone who is hypersensitive to it. A major allergen for asthma is the house dust mite. It is thought that artificial (man-made) fibre fillings for pillows and bedding are less likely to gather allergens than feather-filled pillows and quilts. However, there is some evidence that in fact, feather bedding may in fact be less likely to cause asthma. The review found no trials comparing feathers with man-made fibres, and research is needed to be certain which is better for people with asthma. Feather versus non-feather bedding for asthma (Review) Copyright © 2010 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 1 Cochrane Library Trusted evidence. Informed decisions. Better health. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews


CHONDRULES FORMED BY HIGH-TEMPERATURE GAS-SOLID REACTION. D. L. Schrader, D. S. Lauretta, and H. C. Connolly, Jr.. University of Arizona, Lunar and Planetary Laboratory (LPL), Tucson, AZ 85721, USA, email@example.com, Dept. Physical Sciences, Kingsborough College of the City University of New York, 2001 Oriental Blvd., Brooklyn N.Y. 100235, Dept. Earth and Planetary Sciences, AMNH Central Park West, New York, N.Y. 110024.


We associate invariants such as permutation cycles and local cycles at infinity with $2-$standard consecutive structures (refer Definition $23$) to a line arrangement (refer Definition $2$) which has global cyclicity (refer Definition $19$) over fields with $1-ad$ structure (refer Definition $1$) to describe the gonality structures (refer Definition $8$) in Theorem $11$ when there exists a local permutation chart where the intersections points corresponding to simple transpositions satisfy One Sided Property $11$. While generalizing the features of a finite set of linear inequalities in two variables we compute modified simplicial homology groups of line arrangements over arbitrary fields in Theorem $2$ and ask Question $1$ about associating spaces which describe these invariant homology groups. In this article we could associate regions (refer Definition $5$) describing these invariants over fields with $1-ad$ structure. We construct a graph of isomorphism of classes of line arrangements over fields with $1-ad$ structure using the associated invariants and Elementary Collineation Transformations (ECT) in Theorem $13$ and in Note $11$. Here we prove a representation Theorem $13$ where we represent each isomorphism class with a given set of distinct slopes. We also prove a formulation of Polygonal Jordan Curve Theorem $3$ over fields with $1-ad$ structure and an isomorphism Theorem $14$ for those line arrangement collineation maps which preserve nook points and central pairs for quadrilateral substructures (refer Definition $30$). At the end of the article we ask some open questions on line-folds (refer Definition $31$).


A guide to help locate resources on the topics of children, family, school, and community in various countries. Recommended resources for specific group projects


Chapter 2 BASIC PRINCIPLES 2.1 Fundamentals of Vibration 2.2 The Equations of Motion 2.3 A Solution by Electric Circuit Analogy; Mechanical Impedance 2.4 General Behavior of Driven Damped Oscillator 2.5 Some Properties of Wave Motion 2.6 Velocity of Waves on a String 2.7 Vibrations in Solids 2.8 Sound Waves in Fluids 2.9 Acoustic Impedance and Plane-Wave Transmission 2.10 Pressure Reflectivity and Transmissivity 2.11 Energy, Intensity, and Power 2.12 Radiation Pressure 2.13 The Decibel Notation


A 50 wt% solution of the propylphosphonic anhydride in NMP as an activating agent was used for the synthesis of amides and polyamides. The activating agent was useful for the preparation of amides from carboxylic acids and amines. The direct polycondensation of dicarboxylic acids with aromatic diamines using the activating agent in the presence of pyridine proceeded at 100°C to produce polyamides with inherent viscosities up to 1.6 dl g−1. Furthermore, the activating agent was used for the chemoselective polyamidation; that is, polyamides from dicarboxylic acids and diamines containing various functional groups were prepared without special protection of the acylation-sensitive groups.


To solve the problem of time delay of current loop in permanent magnet linear servo system,the current vector control principle w as discussed. It w as indicated that a time delay phenomenon for the sampling period existed in the typical PWM time sequence. Based on the current decoupling control in synchronous rotating coordinates,the reasons about the amplitude variation and phase lag of given voltage values for the inverter caused by time delay w ere analyzed. The corresponding compensation methods w ere proposed,w here the amplitudes of given voltage values for the inverter w ere multiplied by a proportional coefficient and the decoupling for both d and q axes coupling voltages w as carried out. Through the current loop experiments for the permanent magnet linear servo system,the d and q axis current response for current loop before and after compensation w ere compared. It is proved that the current performances for d and q axes after compensation get obviously improved. The experimental results also verify the correctness of theoretical analysis and the effectiveness of compensation methods.


Although the skin of quince has a thick coat of fuzz, the fruit is tender and bruises easily. Quince fruits are sensitive to postharvest disorders and pathology caused by storage conditions and time period. Inappropriate conditions of storage results in fruit loss. Effect of potassium permanganate and heat treatments on fruit quality and storability was investigated in order to enhancing storability period and decreasing fruit losses. Fruits treated with two levels of potassium permanganate (2 and 4 g per kg of weight fruit) at 38 ᵒ C for 36 and 72 hr and packed in polyethylene bags. Bags stored in a 0 ᵒ C and 85-90% relative humidity, for 75 and 150 days. Results showed that the lowest decrease in flesh firmness, skin color change and astringent taste belonged to applying 4 g/kg of potassium permanganate and 36 hr of heat treatment. There was significant difference between applying 2 and 4 g/kg potassium permanganate in respect of B-carotene content, total soluble solids and astringent taste after 75 and 150 days of storage. After 150 days there was significant difference between 4g/kg potassium permanganate and 36 hr of heat treatment and 2g/kg potassium permanganate for 72 hours in respect of astringent taste and B-carotene content.


Elevated blood cholesterol levels are a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Clearance of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) from the bloodstream is dependent primarily on the LDL receptor (LDLR), a classic example of a membrane receptor that internalizes cargo via clathrin-coated pits. Scotti et al. (p. 1503–1514) show that the E3 ubiquitin ligase IDOL uses a previously unrecognized, clathrinindependent pathway to internalize and degrade the LDLR. Interestingly, this pathway is specific to IDOL and is not used by PCSK9, a secreted protein that also causes LDLR internalization and degradation. Better understanding of the cellular mechanisms controlling LDLR abundance may lead to the development of new lipid-lowering drugs.


The electronic phase diagram of strongly correlated systems with disorder is constructed using the typical-medium theory. For half-filled system, the combination of the linearized dynamical mean field theory and equation of motion approach allows to derive the explicit equations determining the boundary between the correlated metal, Mott insulator, and Anderson insulator phases. Our phase diagram is consistent with those obtained by the more sophisticated methods.


This work addresses the functional approach to ensuring cyber resiliency as a kind of adaptive security management. For this purpose, we propose a learning automaton model capable of self-learning and adapting to changes while interacting with the external environment. Each node in the under-controlled system has a set of probable actions with respect to neighboring nodes. The same actions are represented in the graph of the learning automaton, but the probabilities of actions in the graph model are permanently updated based on the received reinforcement signals. Due to the adaptive reconfiguration of the nodes, the system is able to counteract the cyberattacks, preserving resiliency. The experimental study results for the emulated wireless sensor network (WSN) are presented and discussed. The packets loss rate stays below 20% when the number of malicious nodes is 20% of the total number of nodes, while the common system loses more than 70% of packets. The network uptime with the proposed solution is 30% longer; the legitimate nodes detect malicious nodes and rebuild their interaction with them, thereby saving their energy. The proposed mechanism allows ensuring the security and functional sustainability of the protected system regardless of its complexity and mission.


The characteristics and the nonlinear phenomenon of traffic flow in the case of car-to-car communication (C2CC) are studied based on an improved coupled map (CM) car-following model. The model incorporates the modified optimal velocity (OV) function and appropriate control method. The conditions necessary to maintain the system stability and suppress traffic jams are obtained. To describe the car-following dynamics under C2CC accurately, different penetration rates of C2CC-vehicles such as, 10%, 30%, and 60% are considered. The simulation results suggest that the improved model can effectively suppress the traffic jams. The extent to which traffic jams are suppressed is increasing as the penetration rate increases. Moreover, the car-following stability has a noticeable improvement by analysing the time-space plots.


We have studied the electronic confinement in hexagonal (0001) $\mathrm{Ga}\mathrm{N}∕\mathrm{Al}\mathrm{N}$ multiple quantum wells by means of structural (high-resolution x-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy) as well as optical characterizations, namely intersubband absorption and interband photoluminescence spectroscopies. Intense intersubband absorptions covering the $1.33\char21{}1.91\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{m}$ wavelength range have been measured on a series of samples with well thicknesses varying from $1\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\text{to}\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}2.5\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm}$. The absorption line shape exhibits either a pure Lorentzian shape or multiple peaks. In the first case the broadening is homogeneous with a state-of-the-art low value of $67\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{meV}$. We deduce a dephasing time of the electrons in the excited subband ${T}_{2}$ of about $20\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{fs}$. For structured spectra the absorption can be perfectly reproduced with a sum of several Lorentzian curves; the individual peaks originate from absorption in quantum well regions with thickness equal to an integer number of monolayers. We have also carried out simulations of the electronic structure which point out the relevance of the nonparabolicity and many-body corrections on the intersubband absorption energy. The intersubband absorption exhibits a blue shift with doping as a result of many-body effects dominated by the exchange interaction. An excellent agreement with the experimental data is demonstrated. The best fit is achieved using a conduction band offset at the $\mathrm{Ga}\mathrm{N}∕\mathrm{Al}\mathrm{N}$ heterointerfaces of $1.7\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{eV}$ and a polarization discontinuity $\ensuremath{\Delta}P∕({ϵ}_{0}{ϵ}_{r})$ of $10\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{M}\mathrm{V}∕\mathrm{cm}$.


Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to establish the importance and approaches in securing an organization's legitimacy from the network community of customers, suppliers and manufacturers, including private investors and state‐owned institutions when marketing their products.Design/methodology/approach – The paper presents an inductive interpretative approach complimented by action‐based research founded on inquiry and testing.Findings – The paper finds that the key to legitimacy success involves using legitimacy orientations to demonstrate commitment to the interests of constituents, acquiring legitimacy from them, but concurrently considering the central government's influence on a firm's legitimacy performance.Research limitations/implications – The multiple interactions proposed in this paper remain untested and might have to be modified pending further empirical testing and analysis.Practical implications – In China's telecommunication market, a company's legitimacy emanates first and foremost fr...


Quick, how many of the following—eslicarbazepine, ezogabine, parampanel—do you recognize? These new entries into the medical armamentarium were highlighted at the AAN 2015 Annual Meeting.


Our purpose was to test the hypothesis that a high sodium intake promotes fluid volume expansion, and hence weight gain, in the left ventricle. Between 6 and 30 weeks of age, Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) were fed low-, control- or high-sodium chow. After treatment, known quantities of 22NaCl and Na2(35)SO4 were injected intravenously into each animal and permitted to equilibrate with body fluids in order to measure sodium and sulphate spaces in various tissues. Fluid spaces in left ventricle, as well as in right ventricle, skeletal muscle, kidney and whole-body, of high-sodium groups were similar to those of control- or low-sodium groups. We conclude that high intake of dietary sodium is a factor that promotes myocardial hypertrophy, and the mechanism appears to be independent of arterial blood pressure and intravascular volume.


The four previous articles in this series addressed the myths and facts surrounding lipoedema. We have shown that there is no scientific evidence at all for the key statements made about lipoedema – which are published time and time again. The main result of this "misunderstanding" of lipoedema is a therapeutic concept that misses the mark. The patient's real problems are overlooked. The national and especially the international response to the series, which can be read in both German and English, has been immense and has exceeded all our expectations. The numerous reactions to our articles make it clear that in other countries, too, the fallacies regarding lipoedema have led to an increasing discrepancy between the experience of healthcare workers and the perspective of patients and self-help groups, based on misinformation mostly generated by the medical profession. Parts 1 to 4 in this series of articles on the myths surrounding lipoedema have made it clear that we have to radically change the view of lipoedema that has been held for decades. Changing our perspective means getting away from the idea of "oedema in lipoedema" – and hence away from the dogma that decongestion is absolutely necessary – and towards the * All authors share the first authorship. Originalarbeit 31 Bertsch T et al. Lipoedema – myths... Phlebologie 2020; 49: 31–49 T hi s do cu m en t w as d ow nl oa de d fo r pe rs on al u se o nl y. U na ut ho riz ed d is tr ib ut io n is s tr ic tly p ro hi bi te d. Published online: 2020-01-31


We read with great interest the case reported by Stoller and colleagues, regarding the implantation of a centrifugal continuous left ventricular assist device (LVAD) as a long-term support in a patient with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) presented with cardiogenic shock. The authors addressed an important issue: despite increased awareness among clinicians, heart failure (HF) is increasingly becoming the leading cause of death in DMD patients. Unfortunately, none of the available therapeutic options address the progressive deterioration of ventricular performance. Moreover, DMD has traditionally been considered as a relative contraindication for cardiac transplantation. A possible treatment for end-stage HF in these patients is the use of LVAD as a destination therapy (DT). Nevertheless, caution has to be exercised since the current International Society for Heart & Lung Transplantation (ISHLT) indication, conceived for chronic old patients, excludes patients with important disability. Therefore, the frail status in DMD patients is an important point to be addressed and discussed with every single patient, especially when defining the strategy in accordance with the family's and caregivers' expectations. Our group reported in 2012 the first two cases of successful LVAD implantation as DT in adolescents with DMD, using the Jarvik 2000 (Jarvik Heart, Inc, New York), a thumb-sized axial flow impeller pump. Since that time, we have treated seven DMD patients. All patients survived to hospital discharge: this represents the most extensive cohort of patients available. At a median follow-up time of 21.7 months (range, 3–45 months), there have been three deaths: one patient died of a lung infection after 45 months, one died of tracheal bleeding after 29 months, and one died of cerebral haemorrhage after 14 months. Remarkably, a patient survived at a follow-up of 1825 days: to the best of our knowledge, this is the longest follow-up available for a patient with an LVAD affected by DMD. Our current data are consistent with those presented by Stoller et al. and also by other groups, confirming the feasibility of using LVAD as DT in DMD subjects with HF. A multidisciplinary approach with careful evaluation of frailty and co-morbidities is crucial to assess the proper selection of DMD patients. Actually, a shared decision process is needed to obtain a collaborative contact with patient, parents, and caregivers, making this strategy successful. We strongly believe that DMD patients deserve LVAD as DT, and so we encourage other groups to consider this therapeutic strategy and share it with patients, family, and all caregivers as a part of palliative strategy.


EXTENDED ABSTRACT.—It can often be difficult to compare and interpret results among studies measuring lead levels in varying tissues because of different tissue uptake rates. Further, it can be difficult to directly compare data among studies that sample the same tissue if different methods are used to determine lead levels (e.g., graphite furnace atomic absorption vs. inductively coupled mass spectrometry) without adjusting for discrepancies between techniques. Several recent studies have utilized a relatively new technology (ESA LeadCare® portable field tester) to assess blood lead levels in birds (e.g., Parish et al. 2007, Craighead and Bedrosian 2008). For human blood samples, Pineau et al. (2002) found the LeadCare® system (LCS) tended to underestimate blood lead levels when compared with graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS), and others have called into question the validity of this technique (Bossarte et al. 2007). Similarly, Parish et al. (2007) found that the LCS underestimated blood lead levels of California Condors (Gymnogyps californianus) when compared with laboratory techniques. We investigated potential discrepancies of blood lead level detection techniques among four avian species and three techniques. We sampled blood from California Condors, Common Ravens (Corvus corax), Bald Eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus), and Golden Eagles (Aquila chrysaetos) and compared inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS), graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry, and the LCS. In general, we found that ICPMS and GFAAS are directly comparable for all four species, but ESA LeadCare® systematically underestimates the blood lead levels of all species, as compared to ICPMS and GFAAS. Further, we found that the differences between techniques may vary among species. We conclude that while the LCS may underestimate the lead levels of individuals, it is a useful technique to gather data inexpensively and rapidly if a species-specific technique differential can be determined. If precise data are required, or to adequately compare LCS results to GFASS and/or ICPMS, then a speciesspecific calibration between techniques must be designed by analyzing a sub-set of samples with different techniques. Received 5 September 2008, accepted 22 October 2008.


Aiming at the practical application, two-way green wave design method is put forward considering the factors like real driving speed, queue length when red lighting at intersection, spacing of intersection, which is validated at four intersections along Dianchi Road in Kunming City. Traditional disposal and a new method are used to conduct green wave control. The comparison of evaluation index proves the utility and adaptability of the new method.


OBJECTIVE
To assess the effect of sodium nitroprusside on cerebral haemodynamics during cross-clamping of the descending thoracic aorta in pigs.

DESIGN
Non-randomised controlled animal study.

SETTING
University hospital, Norway.

MATERIAL
17 Pigs.

INTERVENTIONS
Cross-clamping of the descending thoracic aorta for 30 minutes. In 8 pigs sodium nitroprusside was given to prevent proximal hypertension (sodium nitroprusside group); 9 pigs were given no sodium nitroprusside (control group).

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
Intracerebral pressure, sagittal sinus pressure, cerebral flux, and internal carotid artery blood flow.

RESULTS
Intracerebral pressure, sagittal sinus pressure, and cerebral flux increased in both groups during cross-clamping of the descending thoracic aorta. There were no differences between the groups in these variables despite significantly lower mean proximal aortic pressure in the sodium nitroprusside group.

CONCLUSIONS
Sodium nitroprusside did not affect intracerebral pressure, sagittal sinus pressure, or cerebral flux during cross-clamping of the descending thoracic aorta. Increased cerebral blood flow rather than venous congestion is the most likely cause of increased intracranial pressure during cross-clamping of the descending thoracic aorta.


104 Introduction 105 Materials and Methods 111 RESULTS 116 DISCUSSION 178 REFERENCES 180 CHAPTER 6 185 OVERALL CONCLUSIONS 185 LIMITATIONS 186 VITA 188


Using Gaia Early Data Release 3 (EDR3) parallaxes and Bayesian inference, we infer a parallax of the Westerlund 1 (Wd1) cluster. We find a parallax of 0.34 ± 0.05 mas corresponding to a distance of 2.8−0.6+0.7 kpc. The new Gaia EDR3 distance is consistent with our previous result using Gaia Data Release 2 (DR2) parallaxes. This confirms that Wd1 is less massive and older than previously assumed. Compared to DR2, the EDR3 individual parallax uncertainties for each star decreased by 30%. However, the aggregate parallax uncertainty for the cluster remained the same. This suggests that the uncertainty is dominated by systematics, which is possibly due to crowding, motions within the cluster, or motions due to binary orbits.


Alizarin (1,2-dihydroxyanthraquinone) is a natural red dye extracted from the roots of Rubia cordifolia L. (family Rubiaceae). Alizarin has been used as a biological red stain for calcium. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) has critical roles in multiple physiological pathways. This study aimed to determine whether alizarin is an unreported ligand of AhR. In the present study, we investigated the effects on cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A1 mRNA, protein expression, AhR nuclear translocation, aryl hydrocarbon response element (AHRE) reporter activity, and AhR-specific antagonist following alizarin treatment of cells of the human hepatoma cell line, HepG2, and murine hepatoma cell line, Hepa-1c1c7. Alizarin induced CYP1A1 mRNA and protein expression in HepG2 and Hep-1c1c7 cells. Such induction was not present in C4 (B13NBii1) cells, which are AhR signal deficient, C12 (B15ECiii2) cells, which reduce AhR protein levels. The alizarin-induced responses were blocked by CH-223191, which is an AhR antagonist. Alizarin, the same as with the AhR ligand, induced the nuclear localization of AhR, as well as stimulated the transcriptional activity of AHRE. The results of this study suggest that alizarin is an AhR agonist.


Classical energy calculations are used in combination with Abraham's electrostatic theory of solvation energy to estimate rotamer energy differences for haloethane derivatives. The calculations are...


The response to legislation passed in France in 1912 and Sweden in 1917 increasing the father's responsibility for his illegitimate children is contrasted. In France, one side maintained that the ...


Five groundnut varieties with different levels of resistance to PBND were experimented for three rainy and two post rainy seasons to analyse their effect on management of PBND. The results revealed that final PBND incidence, apparent infection rate. Area under disease progress curves (AUDPC) value were consistent with the respective variety. Further, 'TG-26' out yielded other varieties in terms of pod yield (1,112, 1,943 kg/ha in rainy and post rainy season respectively) with less apparent infection rate (0.003494) low PBND % (17.76) low AUDPC value (741) indicating its tolerance and better performance.


Abstract : A mechanical timer has been developed which has a useful range from 0.10 to 100 milliseconds with an error of plus or minus 15.0 microseconds. It has been used successfully in connection with high-speed, multiple exposure photography in applications where electronic timers could not be employed. The device is constructed from standard, easily obtained parts. (Author)


The article considers a liberal approach to the problem of estimation of prospects of development of small-scale production of Central Russia in the post-reform period, which is reflected in the publications of one of the notable representatives of Russian economic thought - a senator and professor V.P. Bezobrazov. His work is distinguished by deep understanding of the specifics of Russian economic reality, creative search for ways to integrate traditional economy to the industrial paradigm of the second half of the XIX century.


In the article the analysis of the volunteer movement . The main directions of volunteer activity are given. The classification of volunteering according to different criteria is given. Principles of organization of volunteerism and the analysis of the concept of volunteer.


Part I. Translational Medicine: History, Principles and Application in Drug Development: 1. Overview of translational medicine and drug development Bruce H. Littman 2. Concepts and case studies: diabetes Ann Taylor and Roberto Calle 3. Challenges in atherosclerosis John Millar 4. Obesity: new mechanisms and translational paradigms Gregory Gaich and David E. Moller 5. Bone disorders: case studies of translational research S. Aubrey Stoch 6. Case studies in neuroscience: unique challenges and examples Gerard J. Marek 7. Translational medicine in oncology Dominic G. Spinella Part II. Biomarkers and Public-Private Partnerships: 8. Biomarker validation and application in drug development Pfizer Global Research and Development 9. Application of imaging methods in translational medicine Johannes T. Tauscher and Adam Schwarz 10. European innovative medicines initiative Ole J. Bjerrum and Hans H. Linden 11. Critical path institute and the predictive safety consortium Elizabeth Gribble Walker 12. The biomarker consortium David B. Lee Part III. Future Directions: 13. Improving the quality and productivity of pharmacometric modeling and simulation activities - the foundation for model-based drug development Thaddeus H. Grasela, Jill Fiedler-Kelly and Robert Slusser 14. Embracing change: a pharmaceutical industry guide to the 21st century Mervyn Turner.


The present invention relates to a method or physiological activity enhancement method of removing coloring of red beet extract with radiation, the radiation of the present invention irradiated with red beet extract the physiological activity promotes, red beet extract without complex dye removal process it is possible to remove the dye can be useful as a cosmetic composition, pharmaceutical composition or a health food composition.


Social enterprises – organisations that use market based-based activities to alleviate societal needs – and social entrepreneurs –individuals working for their own account to pursue prosocial goals to benefit others – work to address societal challenges such as social inequalities and exclusion. But how can social enterprises be a force for greater social inclusion and positive social change? This policy brief summarizes relevant evidence from two perspectives. First, from the perspective of the individual social entrepreneur by asking whether we may see greater inclusiveness in terms of who becomes a social entrepreneur. This perspective also explores whether social and commercial entrepreneurship may compete for the same entrepreneurially talented individuals. Second, from the perspective of the organisation, i.e. the social enterprise, by asking what are the mechanisms and strategies through which social enterprises may stimulate positive social change towards inclusive societies.


Objective To explore the value of a novel non-peptide renin inhibitor aliskiren on hypertension patients,and analyze the change of bradykinin (BK) and high sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP).Methods Eighty patients with mild to moderate hypertension were selected.Patients were randomized divided into ramipril group,aliskiren 75 mg/d group,aliskiren 150 mg/d group,aliskiren 300 mg/d group with 20 cases each by random digits table method and received the following types of intervention:ramipril 5 mg/d,aliskiren 75 mg/d,aliskiren 150 mg/d and aliskiren 300 mg/d.Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method was used for detecting hs-CRP.Radioimmunoassay method was used for detecting BK.Results After treatment,the levels of BK and hs-CRP in aliskiren 75 mg/d group,aliskiren 150 mg/d group and aliskiren 300 mg/d group [(5.06 ± 1.61),(5.05 ± 1.87),(5.27 ± 1.39) μg/L and (0.38 ± 0.11 ),(0.25 ± 0.05),(0.33 ± 0.11 ) mg/L] were significantly lower than those in ramipril group [ (7.12 ± 1.12) μ g/L,(0.49 ± 0.19) mg/L ] (P<0.05 ).After treatment,the levels of SBP and DBP had no significant difference among the four groups (P>0.05).Conclusion Aliskiren has a very good effect in decreasing blood pressure and does not cause the levels of BK and hs-CRP increasing.

Key words:
Hypertension ;  Bradykinin;  C-reactive proteins;  Aliskiren


Summary A small model of a box beam bridge was tested for its load distribution properties. The distribution was determined experimentally by deflexion and strain readings. The material used in the construction of the model was Xylonite, a cellulose-base material of Young's modulus 33·33 × 104 lb/sq.in. and modulus of rigidity 11·7 × 104 lb/sq.in. The experimental distribution of deflexions and longitudinal bending moments proved to be in close agreement with the distribution given by a theoretical treatment involving distribUlion factors. The distribution patterns were found to be virtually unaffected by changes in the longitudinal position of the load. On the other hand, there were large discrepancies between the experimental and theoretical transverse bending moments. The discrepancies were almost certainly due in part to the small absolute values of the bending moments, which were only about 40 per cent of the corresponding longitudinal moments, and to their high rate of variation across the transvers...


Although a significant number of environmental protection measures concerning industrial products and processes have emerged over the past few years, similar measures are only started to appear in road construction and related practices. There is a need for understanding what a "sustainable pavement" would entail in terms of greenhouse gas emissions and energy consumption. Since environmental impact assessment of major projects is becoming mandatory in many countries, various researches attempt to evaluate environmental impacts of different pavement materials, technologies or processes over the road life cycle. To support these efforts, there is a need to measure and describe different aspects of sustainability of road pavements. In particular, preventive maintenance (PM) applied at the right time during the pavement service life has been proven to provide significant improvement of its performance and reduce the deterioration rate. The present paper describes an innovative methodology to evaluate the environmental impacts of road preventive maintenance activities relating them to performance and costs during the service life of the pavement through a multi-attribute "life cycle cost, performance and environmental analysis." The methodology provided could be a part of a decision support system useful to assist authorities and evaluate different alternatives related to road pavements.


Background and objectives  Bacterial infection through contaminated blood is currently the greatest infection risk in relation to a transfusion. Deferral of prospective blood donors with a skin disorder is a common practise, because bacteria usually originate from the donor's skin. The effectiveness of current deferral guidelines to prevent the bacterial contamination of blood has not been assessed.


The Comatula-collection of the Leyden Museum is one of considerable importance, owing to its containing a large proportion of the types of the species described by Johannes Muller in his classical memoir ¹), »Ueber die Gattung Comatula Lam. und ihre Arten." Muller's descriptions, however, are notoriously incomplete, and have undergone no revision since their publication nearly forty jears ago, during which time a very large number of Comatulae have been discovered. Some of these have been referred with more or less success to one or other of Muller's species, but without careful comparison with his types no accurate specific determinatious have been at all possible. When I visited the Leyden Museum last autumn for the purpose of examining the seven types of Mullerian species which it contains, I was not surprised to find a number of other Comatulae in the collection. Thanks to the good offices of my friend Dr. Hubrecht, to whom I am indebted for many acts of kindness, the whole of the foreign Comatula-collection numbering twentyfive specimens was sent over to my laboratory at Eton, in order that I might study it in more detail than was possible during a short visit to the Museum. For this act of liberality on the part of the Director, Dr. Schlegel, I would here express my heartiest thanks.


Segmented active optics is a new design concept for making a lightweight optically stable primary reflector for large optical telescopes and especially for space telescopes. The concept applied to a threesegment 20-inch primary mirror has been proven feasible in laboratory experiments. Test results showed diffraction-limited performance with automatic optical figure control to better than L/50 rms.


The invention relates to an acrylate polymer integrating water and oil repellence with flame retardancy, which has the structural formula shown as the figure, and preparation and application thereof. The preparation of the acrylate polymer comprises the steps: at first, chlorine alkyl phosphate and alkyl alcohol amine are subject to ammonolysis reaction under certain conditions, the resultant alcohol is further subject to esterification reaction with acryloyl chloride at low temperature to prepare acrylate derivative consisting of phosphorus and nitrogen units, and finally the acrylate derivative, fluorine-containing acrylate, crosslinking monomer and long-chain acrylate monomer are subject to polymerization through emulsion. The acrylate polymer according to the invention can be diluted with water at any ratio, has no bioaccumulation toxicity, no or low VOC discharging and no formaldehyde and other harmful substances, and is an environmentally friendly, green, pollution-free water/oil-resisting antifouling flame-retardant finishing agent with high performance; in addition, the acrylate polymer not only can be used for the flame-retardant finishing of fabrics, but also has excellent water and oil repellence and eco-friendliness.


Based on quarter vehicle dynamic model of passive suspension,its state space equation is derived.In the same time,according to linear quadratic gaussian stochastic optimal control theory and fuzzy logic control theory,a LQG optimal controller and a fuzzy logic controller with two inputs and one output are designed.Road input model,passive suspension system,optimal control system and fuzzy logic control system are established in MATLAB/SIMULINK and simulation test output is applied to analyze the effect on body acceleration,suspension deflection and tire dynamic load.The result shows that the two control strategies can both improve car ride comfort.Finally,both the advantages and disadvantages of the two control strategies are discussed.


Neuropathic pain effects 100 million Americans and imposes a significant public health problem. This type of pain results from the dysfunction of the central nervous system (CNS) or the peripheral nervous system (PNS) that can occur in the presence or absence of an initial injury. Some of the current treatments for neuropathic pain involve opioids, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS), and anticonvulsants, namely gabapentin and pregabalin [1]. Many of these treatments are highly efficacious for acute pain but are not very effective in neuropathic pain and have serious side effects caused by long-term administration. Treatment for this disease is difficult with conventional methods, partly because the mechanism of this disease is not well known. One target for neuropathic pain treatment may be the blockade of Dynorphin A (Dyn A) (Figure 1). Dyn A, a proteolytic fragment derived from prodynorphin, has both inhibitory and excitatory effects in the spinal cord. The inhibitory effects of Dyn A are thought to act primarily through the opioid receptors, with the N-terminal tyrosine being essential for its high affinity and agonist activity. The opioid action of Dyn A is abolished by removing the N-terminal tyrosine, as the des-tyrosyl fragments of Dyn A do not bind to the opioid receptors (IC50 > 10 μM) [2]. However, these fragments are biologically active both in vitro and in vivo, and being neuroexcitatory and neurotoxic, suggest a non-opioid pathway. These des-tyrosyl fragments of Dyn A have been found to bind to the bradykinin 2 receptor (B2R) and cause an influx of calcium [3]. In a chronic pain model, Dyn A was found to be up-regulated and contributes to the maintenance of neuropathic pain [3,4]. Therefore, the development of B2R antagonists can be used to block the agonist actions of Dyn A which may lead to therapeutics for chronic pain.


Taobao is a promise of platform, a representative of e-commerce, a famous brand that offers a place for merchants and customers to sell and buy. It is Taobao that has opened up a new era of e-commerce and brought it into people's vision. Therefore, it is important to learn about how Taobao opened up that new era successfully and apply it to new ecommerce, especially in today's Chinese market. Generation Z rises as consumers, who were born with access to the Internet. As the leader in many e-commerce platforms, Taobao has its unique brand perception for Generation Z. Knowing what brand strategies Taobao has used would be significante for China's future development. This research focus more on Generation Z's brand perception of Taobao, how Taobao's brand awareness, and brand association would influence its brand loyalty? This paper further develops Aaker model by changing the relationship between Independent and dependent variables of the model in the structure model which start a new research direction of branding strategy. The paper used questionnaire survey to investigate Generation Z's perception of Taobao's brand loyalty, brand awareness, and brand association.


Repository Citation Middlebrook, Tom and Perttula, Timothy K. (2008) "Archaeological Investigations at the Henry M. Site (41NA60): An Early Historic Caddo Farmstead in Nacogdoches County, Texas," Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State: Vol. 2008 , Article 30. https://doi.org/ 10.21112/.ita.2008.1.30 ISSN: 2475-9333 Available at: https://scholarworks.sfasu.edu/ita/vol2008/iss1/30


The screech of green (olive-throated) parakeets awoke us from our tent signaling that it was time to take our positions on the rocky hillside. We were in the Sierras of Tamaul ipas censusing red-crowned (green cheeked) parrots, a species frequently encountered in captivity but rapidly becoming rarer in the wild. As I sat sipping a cup of instant coffee, a loud "swoose, swoose, swoose" noise increased in intensity from my right. Sounding like the noise created by one of those old planes in the days of the Wright brothers, the  source of the commotion would soon be unveiled. From the corner of my eye l could see a large, nearly totally black duck (although they do have white wing patches and underwing coverts) laboriously approaching. Soon several of these magnificent birds passed. Most were quite lean and flightworthy but one was obviously twice the size of the others and having a bit of trouble keeping aloft.


Processor speeds are improving at a much faster rate than the speeds of accessing main memory. As a result, data access time dominates the execution times of many programs. Understanding the behavior of programs executing in a memory hierarchy is therefore an important part of improving program performance. This dissertation describes an analytical framework for understanding the behavior of loop-oriented programs executing in a memory hierarchy. The framework has three components: (1) an alternative classification of cache misses that makes it possible to obtain the exact cache behavior of a sequence of program fragments by combining the cache behavior of the individual fragments; (2) the use of Presburger arithmetic to model data access patterns and describe events such as cache misses; and (3) algorithms exploiting the connection among Presburger arithmetic, automata theory, and graph theory to produce exact cache miss counts.
The analytical framework presented in this dissertation goes beyond existing analytical frameworks for modeling cache behavior: it handles set-associative caches, data cache and translation lookaside buffer (TLB) misses, imperfect loop nests, and nonlinear array layouts in an exact manner. Experiments show both the framework's value in the exploration of new memory system designs and its usefulness in guiding code and data transformations for improved program performance.


Sodium sebacate salts have several industrial applications as additives, lubricants, and a metal self-healing promoter in general industry, and some derivatives also have wide applications in cosmetics and pharmaceutical fields. Calcium sebacate formation and precipitation can be detrimental for the systems where sodium sebacate is used. It is thus important to investigate their crystallization features. Sodium and calcium sebacate were prepared, purified, and crystallized with different approaches to carry out a full X-ray diffraction powder diffraction structural analysis since suitable single crystals cannot be obtained. The calcium sebacate crystal structure was solved by simulated annealing. Calcium ions form layers connected by straight "all trans" sebacate molecules, a conformation that is also suggested by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy FTIR data. Water molecules are caged within calcium layers. The crystal structure is characterized by the calcium layers bent by 10.65° with respect to the plane where sebacate chains lie, different from other dicarboxilic salts, such as cesium suberate, where the layers are perpendicular to the cation planes. The sodium sebacate crystal structure resulted in being impossible to be solved, despite several crystallization attempts and the different data collection approaches. FTIR spectroscopy indicates marked differences between the structures of calcium and sodium sebacate, suggesting a different type of metal coordination by carboxyls. Calcium sebacate shows a bis-bidentate chelating and bridging configuration ((κ2)−(κ1−κ1)−μ3−Carb), while for sodium sebacate, FTIR spectroscopy indicates an ionic interaction between sodium and the carboxyls. A thermogravimetric analysis TGA was carried out to assess the hydration states of the two salts. Calcium sebacate shows, as expected, a total weight loss of ca. 7%, corresponding to the single water molecule located in the crystal structure, while sodium sebacate shows no weight loss before total combustion, indicating that its structure is not hydrated. Scanning electron microscopy SEM images show different morphologies for calcium and sodium salts, probably a consequence of the different interactions at the molecular lever suggested by FTIR and TGA. The used approach can be extended to fatty acid salt in general, a still under-explored field because of the difficulty of growing suitable single crystals.


Howard F. Fehr is Head of the Department of the Teaching of Mathematics, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, New York. 1 '.' ;' L HAVE looked at our mathematical house and have found some serious trouble. It is in pretty bad shape. One corner of the house has sagged, the supporting beams are not in good shape, the roof leaks, and, worst of all, the termites have come into the basement. What is even


A symptomatic proximal common carotid artery false aneurysm that oc curred ten years after the repair of an arteriovenous fistula caused by a stab wound to the neck was repaired by a reverse saphenous vein graft to restore continuity from the aortic arch to the common carotid artery.